ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239389

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1995

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239390

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1995

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Infections of the gastrointestinal tract are a major health problem for both adults and children worldwide. Changes in the normal human gut microflora result in the development of intestinal disorders. Pathogenic bacteria alter the intestinal microecology and intestinal colonization resistance. A healthy gastrointestinal microflora forms a barrier against invading organisms. Normal intestinal microbes and some probiotic bacteria can enhance the host’s defence mechanisms against pathogens. They can also improve intestinal immunity by adhering to intestinal mucosa and stimulating local immune responses. Thus the maintenance of a balanced intestinal microecology improves the ability to preserve intestinal integrity.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239391

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1995

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The narrow therapeutic/toxic ratio of existing aminoglycosides has led to a search for safer drugs of this class. Isepamicin is a semi-synthetic aminoglycoside with a significantly low nephro as well as ototoxicity in animals and which is expected to have a clinical efficacy comparable to that of amikacin. We therefore compared its antibacterial activity with amikacin against 817 recent clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The in vitro activity of isepamicin was comparable or slightly greater than amikacin against Staphylococcus aureus and most Enterobacteriaceae. However, it was significantly more inhibitory towards Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239319

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1995

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Tourism is an important part of world trade. One of its side-effects is infectious diarrhea in the traveler. The community costs of traveler’s diarrhea mainly relate to the loss of production covered by social insurance, which, in the Swedish example, exceeds direct medical expenses by a factor of five. The responsibility for preventive measures in charter tourism rests with the tourism-exporting countries and organizations and should constitute an important sales argument.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239393

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1995

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Representative antimicrobial drugs were examined under aerobic and hypercapnic (3 and 5% v/v CO2) incubation with the Bauer-Kirby agar disk diffusion, a broth microdilution method, and the agar dilution procedure against nonfastidious, standard ATCC quality control strains and against two β-hemolytic streptococcal, two pneumococcal, and three Haemophilus influenzae ATCC strains. It was found that an atmosphere of 3-5% CO2 merely antagonized amikacin, gentamicin, and netilmicin; the activity of penicillin G was antagonized only against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 in broth media, but not against any of the other strains. The activity of teicoplanin, and less so that of vancomycin, was enhanced only against S. aureus strain ATCC 25923, but not against the other strains. It was concluded that susceptibility tests, excluding aminoglycoside antibiotics, of β-hemolytic streptococci, pneumococci, and H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae should be incubated under 3% (candle jar or incubator) or 5% CO2 (incubator) so as to ensure optimal growth of capnephilic strains and thus avoid potentially misleading large inhibition zones or deceptively low minimal inhibitory concentrations.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239320

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1995

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Annually, over 75 million international passengers travel to tropical areas, more than 20 million of whom come from industrialized countries. They experience a high rate of traveler’s diarrhea (TD), varying from 20 to 56%, which may result in serious limitations to their activities. The cause of TD is considered to be infectious in the overwhelming majority of cases and, apart from differences in relative importance, the list of responsible microbial agents is fairly constant regardless of geographic origin. The ingestion of contaminated food or water is considered to be the principal mode of transmission of the enteric pathogens of TD. Several factors have been proposed as playing a role in the etiogenesis of diarrhea in travelers, including personal (age, socioeconomic status, body weight, preexisting gastrointestinal illnesses), behavioral (mode of travel, standard of accommodation, eating in public places, dietary errors) and travel-related (destination, duration of stay, country of origin, season) factors, which are reviewed in detail.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239394

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1995

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Diarrhea is the most common medical complication among persons venturing into tropical and semitropical regions of the developing world from industrialized regions. The illness is characteristically caused by one of a variety of bacterial agents, of which enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is the most important. Intestinal electrolyte fluid movement explains the pathophysiology of most cases while in certain situations osmotic diarrhea or altered intestinal motility may lead to passage of unformed stools. In 1-2% of traveler, diarrhea lasts more than 1 month. Most of the patients will have diarrhea that is eventually self-limiting. The cause and mechanisms of diarrhea in these settings are largely unknown although a focal intestinal inflammation lesion may be found.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239395

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1995

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Ofloxacin, a newer fluorinated 4-quinolone having a broad spectrum of activity was evaluated against 5,553 clinical pathogens isolated from urine, respiratory tract, skin and genital tract infections at 18 Canadian Medical Centers spread across the nation. Approximately 300 strains were reported (zone diameters) from each site. The zones of ofloxacin, other fluoroquinolones, oral cephalosporins and penicillins were analyzed and interpreted by NCCLS criteria. Ofloxacin had the widest spectrum of activity against gram-positive organisms and most gram-negative organisms, while ciprofloxacin was only superior for the Pseudomonas spp. The percentage of isolates susceptible to ofloxacin was as follows: for respiratory tract pathogens = 94%, for skin and soft tissue infections = 94%, for urinary tract organisms = 93% and for genital tract isolates = 94%.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239321

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1995

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

During the 5-year period 1989-1993, the incidence of Candida krusei, and other non-albicans Candida spp., was analyzed in a 60-bed cancer department. The frequency of C. krusei, before fluconazole was introduced into therapeutic protocols in 1990, was 16.5%, and after introduction of fluconazole into prophylaxis in acute leukemia in 1991, the incidence of C. krusei was 12.7%. After 3 years of using this drug in therapy and prophylaxis, the incidence of C. krusei in 1993 was 14.8%, what was lower than before this drug was introduced in our country. 97.6% of all isolated fungi were yeasts and only 2.4% were molds. Among yeasts, the most frequently isolated pathogen was Candida albicans with 64.3% in 1989 and 74.2% in 1993. The next was C. krusei with 21.2% in 1992 and 16.5% in 1989, but 14.8% in 1993, and Candida tropicalis and Candida glabrata with 9.03% in 1989 and 2.7% in 1993. Among the molds, Aspergillus spp. was the most frequently isolated genus. Analyzing the etiology of mycologically proven fungal infections confirmed by positive blood cultures or biopsies, C. albicans and Aspergillus spp. were the most common causative organisms.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239322

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1995

数据来源: Karger