摘要:

The susceptibilities of 171 bacteria which caused meningitis in 200 children were tested for their susceptibility as minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the antibiotics used in therapy. These antibiotics were chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. The MICs were compared to the minimal concentrations of the drugs seen in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. The minimal bacteriostatic capacity (lowest concentration in CSF/MIC) of both cephalosporins was superior to that of chloramphenicol and ampicillin. The correlation of the finding with the speed of liquor sterilization in the treatment groups is discussed.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238825

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Ofloxacin, like other 4-quinolones, is unusual among front line drugs available to treat bacterial infections since it affects bacterial DNA synthesis, rather than cell wall or protein synthesis. The 4-quinolones are also unusual because even for serious infections they can be given orally. Most unusually transferable resistance mediated by plasmids does not affect the 4-quinolone antibacterials. Thus the only way that bacteria can resist these drugs is by chromosomal mutation. However, when mutants gain resistance, they can also lose pathogenicity, and even should mutants remain pathogenic then their resistance cannot transfer to other bacteria by conjugation.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238899

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The antimicrobial activity of intravenously given quinolones on the intestinal microflora was unknown and therefore studied in dogs with a surgically isolated loop of the jejunum. Ciprofloxacin, enoxacin and norfloxacin were actively excreted by the intestinal mucosa and achieved therapeutic levels within the lumen of this isolated jejunal loop. Also the total counts of enterococci and Escherichia coli decreased in this loop of the jejunum as well as in the stool. All three quinolones, when given intravenously, decreased the total counts of anaerobic bacteria including Bacteroides fragilis.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238826

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The efficacy of ofloxacin for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection was evaluated in aged patients with chronic lung disease. Results are the following: improvement of leukocytosis and arterial oxygen tension was observed; peripheral blood cell analysis showed a decrease in natural killer cell counts and in helper/suppressor T cell ratio; superoxide production by peripheral blood white cells was decreased after treatment; interleukin-2 production was rather increased. We concluded that improvement in the immunological parameters indicated the efficacy of ofloxacin for lower respiratory tract infection in aged patients with chronic lung disease.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238901

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In vitro antibacterial activity of the new penem FCE 22101 was tested against blood culture isolates from 1,374 consecutive patients in a major tertiary care referral center in Saudi Arabia. Many of the isolates were significantly more resistant to commonly used beta lactams. Of the 809 members of Enterobacteriaceae tested all but 14 isolates of Enterobacter were susceptible to FCE 22101 with an MIC range of 0.12–8.0 μg/ml. It inhibited all the 183 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant. Ninety percent of coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterococci were susceptible to this new penem. All isolates of Acinetobacter, CDC group VE-2 and Brucella melitensis from blood were inhibited by FCE 22101. However, it was ineffective against pseudomonads. Of the nine other beta lactam drugs tested for comparison, only imipenem was found to be more inhibitory, at lower MIC values, than FCE 221

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238827

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In a prospective randomized study ofloxacin (400 mg orally once daily) versus co-trimoxazole (320/1,600 mg orally once daily) were given for 3 weeks in 30 and 22 elderly semimobile patients respectively, suffering from asymptomatic bacteriuria. From the obtained results it was evident that: (a) ofloxacin was superior to co-trimoxazole regarding eradication of bacteriuria (p < 0.05) particularly in patients with a positive antibody-coated bacteria test; (b) a high rate of superinfections and reinfections with strains resistant to co-trimoxazole was observed in both groups indicative of hidden underlying conditions predisposing to urinary tract infections and (c) ofloxacin did not accumulate in serum during prolonged therapy but the half-life ranged between 8.3 and 10.2 h.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238902

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The in vitro activity of fluconazole was tested against 13 yeast species (119 strains) isolated from clinical specimens during a 3-month period. For comparative purposes, three other antifungal compounds (5-fluorocytosine, amphotericin B and ketoconazole) were also tested. The tests were carried out using a microautomated method previously developed in our laboratory. The method allowed us to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the four antifungal drugs used. For each of the drugs we utilized different media. The MIC ranges (mg/l) of fluconazole were: 0.04–12.5 for Candida albicans, 0.19–6.25 for Candida parapsilosis, 12.5–50 for Candida krusei, 0.04–100 for Candida tropicalis 100 for Candida glabrata 25 for Cryptococcus neoformans, 0.09–0.78 for Saccharomyces cerevisiae 100 for Trichosporon beigelii and 0.09–0.19 for Blastoschizomyces capitatus (Trichosporon capitatum). The MIC value (mg/l) was 0.39 for Candida guilliermondii and Candida lusitaniae 100 for Cryptococcus laurentii and 0.09 for the 3 isolates of Torulopsis Candida. These results were obtained using the medium recommended for in vitro testing of fluconazole (high-resoluti

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238828

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

We evaluated the effectiveness of ofloxacin (OFX) administered for prophylactic purposes during 77 episodes of neutropenia ( < 500/mm3) in 54 patients with hematological malignancies and to combat infection in 17 patients with both hematological malignancies and secondary infections. The prophylactic effect of OFX was demonstrated by the absence of febrile episodes in 73.3% of patients during the neutropenic phase. Of 16 patients who developed secondary infections, 13 showed good responses with other antibiotics. The overall efficacy rate of OFX in secondary infections was 64.7%. Although 4 patients developed elevated SGOT and SGPT levels and 1 showed an elevated BUN level, OFX was generally well tolerated.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238903

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (SDSS), an anionic surfactant used at a non-antimicrobial concentration, increased the sensitivity of Candida albicans to fluconazole in complex media (such as Sabouraud). The conditions were assessed to determine the in vitro sensitivity to fluconazole. In this connection, the use of a liquid medium at a non-alkaline pH is important. The presence of SDSS in complex media does not seem to affect the neutralization of a particular substances but favours the activity of fluconazole.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238829

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Bacterial infection is a common complication after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. It is related to the toxic effects of the conditioning regimen on mucosal surfaces, to bone marrow aplasia and to the prolonged lymphopenia with immune deficiency that lasts for several weeks after bone marrow transplantation. We have performed a prospective randomized study comparing two methods of prophylaxis. Group I (OA) received a combination of ofloxacin 400 mg/day and amoxicillin 20 g/day; group II (VTC) received the oral nonabsorbable antibiotics vancomycin 450 mg/day, tobramycin 450 mg/day and colistin 4.5 · 106 units daily, from day ––15 to 15 days after discharge from laminar air flow (LAF) rooms. All patients were nursed in LAF rooms with a strict isolation procedure and sterile water and food. They were evaluated daily for clinical symptoms, and bacterial culture samples were taken from the throat, stools and blood twice weekly. Forty-four patients were randomized, 22 entered in group I (OA) and 22 in group II (VTC). There were no differences between the two groups in age (mean 33 years, range 11–54), sex, diagnosis and mean duration of agranulocytosis (21.8 days, range 10–49). Seven patients were excluded because of the selection of a resistant bacteria, 5 were in group I (OA), and 2 were in group II (VTC). The mean duration of fever was 9.2 ± 7.1 days in group I (OA) and 13.7 ± 6.8 days in group II (VTC; p = 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in graft-versus-host disease. During the period of follow-up, 3 patients died in group I (OA) of nonbacterial infections after cessation of the antibiotic prophylaxis. Five patients (all from group I) never received intravenous antibiotics; the mean duration was 28.7 ± 21.2 days in group I (OA) and 35.9 ± 13.1 days in group II (VTC). Failure to isolate bacteria from the feces occurred in 16/22 patients (72.7%) in group I (OA) and in 15/22 (68.2%) in group II (VTC). In group I, they were gram-positive streptococci and staphylococci while in group II they were gram-negative species. In the throat, no bacteria were isolated in 16/22 patients (72.7%) in group I and 11/22 patients (50%) in group II. Blood cultures were negative in 17/22 patients (77.3%) in group I and in 10/22 patients (45.5%) in group II. The main species found was Staphylococcus epidermidis in 4 cases in group I and in 19 cases in group II. There was no toxicity in either group, but the compliance seemed better in group I. In conclusion, this study shows that bacterial complications are a minor problem after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. This is due to an improvement in strict isolation procedures and to decontamination. We show in this study that gut decontamination by oral nonabsorbable antibiotics is not sufficient and that the utilization of a combination of a new quinolone and amoxicillin provides a better protection again

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238904

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger