摘要:

The wide spectrum of antibacterial activity of cefmenoxime as well as its resistance to β-lactamase degradation, confers upon this drug a probable efficacy in the treatment of common respiratory infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the penetration of cefmenoxime into bronchial secretions taken in patients, mostly with chronically superinfected bronchial pathology. Bronchial samples were collected by means of fiber-optic bronchoscopy; simultaneous serum samples were also taken after bolus intravenous injection of 1 g of cefmenoxime, after a single dose in 12 patients (group I); after multiple doses in 12 patients (group II). Concentrations of cefmenoxime were determined by means of microbiological procedure. The results showed: bronchial kinetics of cefmenoxime similar to those of other cephalosporins studied previously; after multiple doses a bronchial steady state with a slow decrease of bronchial levels as a function of time; no difference between levels measured after single or multiple doses; a ratio between bronchial levels (B) and simultaneous serum (S) levels (B/S, %) of about 10% at the 2nd hour, 20% at the 4th hour. Due to the extremely low MICs for most bacteria responsible for respiratory infections, cefmenoxime might be expected as the drug of choice in the treatment of bronchopulmonary infections

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238382

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Penetration activities of ciprofloxacin into female genital tract tissues were studied following a single oral administration of 500 mg and an intravenous injection of 100 mg. Serum and tissue concentrations were within the same order of magnitude 1 and 3 h after oral administration; 3 h after intake of ciprofloxacin, however, tissue concentrations exceeded the corresponding serum levels twofold. Similarly, tissue concentrations following intravenous injection exceeded the corresponding serum levels by 60–190% 0.5 h after injection and were consistently higher throughout the study period of 2 h. These data confirm that ciprofloxacin disposition is characterized by a remarkably pronounced diffusion into the extravascular space, generating tissue levels exceeding the minimal inhibitory concentrations of most pathogens severalfol

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238383

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In a standardized experimental model 51 antimicrobial agents were coincubated with polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PNG) of healthy human donors and then screened for a modulation of chemiluminescence (CL) reaction during zymosan phagocytosis. Initial studies with low, therapeutic and high, nontherapeutic conentrations showed CL suppression by amoxicillin, tetracycline, doxycycline, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazol, clindamycin, fusidic acid, rifampicin, isoniazid and amphotericin B, yet stimulation of CL reaction by ceftriaxone, enoxacin, and norfloxacin. Dose-effect relationships for most of these substances showed a sigmoid-like graph with little influence upon most of the therapeutic range, but markedly increasing suppression (or stimulation) from a certain ‘threshold’ concentration. For certain substances this curve might indicate a narrowed therapeutic range of antimicrobial chemotherapy due to impairment of phagocytic functi

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238384

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

We have investigated the in vitro antibacterial activity of 13 2-acetylpyridine-1-oxide thiosemicarbazones and 5 thiosemicarbazides against 80 clinically significant bacterial cultures, including 13 isolates with known antibiotic resistance. Of the thiosemicarbazones tested, 5 had minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.25 μg/ml for Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates; 1 of these had an MIC range of 0.25–0.5 μg/ml for the Neisseria meningitidis cultures, and 2 had MICs of 2 and 2–4 μg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis isolates, respectively. Two of the thiosemicarbazides had MICs of 0.25 μg/ml for N. gonorrhoeae, whereas 2 others had MICs of 2–4 and 4–8 μg/ml for S. aureus and S. faecalis isolates, respectively. The test compounds were ineffective against the gram-negative enteric cultures and the Pseudomonas

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238385

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The in vitro activity of fosfomycin (an antibiotic that has clinically not been widely used in Nigeria) against 516 clinical bacteria isolates and the screening for the presence of R plasmid conferring resistance to fosfomycin among the test bacteria isolates were determined. In the presence of added glucose-6-phosphate (25 μg/ml) to the growth medium, all the isolates were inhibited at fosfomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ≤ 32–64 μg/ml. Without the glucose-6-phosphate, fosfomycin had MIC75, MIC70, MIC48, and MIC20 at 64 μg/ml against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., and Serratia spp., respectively, while the rest of the strains maintained about the same susceptibility as in the presence of glucose-6-phosphate. An R plasmid of about 59 megadaltons in size, conferring resistance to streptomycin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and fosfomycin, was obtained from a Serratia liquifacens isolated in an area where fosfomycin had not been clinicall

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238386

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Traditional antimicrobial susceptibility testing uses fixed concentrations of an antibiotic over 24 hours. In order to imitate conditions closer to the actual in vivo situation we developed a model which allows us to simulate serum and tissue concentrations observed under clinical conditions in vitro. Kill kinetics and regrowth pattern of various bacteria have been investigated under the influence of different antibiotics in this kinetic model.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238387

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Differences in kill kinetics and regrowth patterns of bacteria under the influence of various antibiotics are frequently not represented by their MIC values. The area under the concentration curve represents antimicrobial activity more accurately than the peak concentration. Readministration of antibiotics should occur prior to bacterial regrowth for optimal efficacy. When administering antibiotics in combinations nonsimultaneous dosing is superior to simultaneous administration.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238388

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Penicillin G and imipenem (N-formimidoyl thienamycin) in vitro were the most active of twelve examined antimicrobial drugs against clinical and fecal isolates of Clostridium perfringens type A. However, vancomycin and fosfomycin, which revealed suboptimal in vitro bactericidal activity, proved as efficacious as penicillin G and imipenem in an experimental mode of murine gas gangrene. Thus, conventional in vitro tests were not uniformly predictive for in vivo (murine) chemotherapeutic efficacy.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238389

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro synergism between piperacillin and netilmicin against microorganisms isolated from Danish patients with septicemia and to examine the influence of inactivation of piperacillin among these bacteria on the synergy results. A total of 132 strains was examined: Escherichia coli 20, indole-positive Proteus 17, Klebsiella pneumoniae 18, Enterobacter cloacae 20, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 20, Staphylococcus aureus 20, and coagulase-negative staphylococci 17. Synergy testing was performed by checkerboard titration in microtiter trays. The ability of the strains to inactivate piperacillin was examined by the clover-leaf test. Synergism was found for 52% of the strains and partial synergism for 32%. Antagonism was not found. Of the piperacillin-resistant strains synergism could be demonstrated in 80% compared with 33% of the piperacillin-susceptible strains (p < 0.001). No significant correlation was seen between the results of the synergy test and the results of the susceptibility test to netilmicin. The frequency of piperacillin inactivation according to the clover-leaf test was significantly higher among the strains with synergism than among all the others (p < 0.02). The combination of piperacillin and netilmicin gave good results concerning the in vitro synergism. This synergism was probably sometimes caused by netilmicin disturbing the bacterial production of piperacillin-inactivating proteins.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238390

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Hamsters infected with laboratory-adapted preadult Necator americanus were dosed with 6 reference anthelmintics. Their efficacy was measured in terms of percentage cure of infected animals as well as percentage worm reduction following treatment. Mebendazole and pyrantel were equally effective in this system. Other anthelmintics, including anti-hookworm compound, bephenium hydroxynaphthoate, were less effective. The comparative results revealed that the N. americanus model is sensitive and reliable for identifying and characterizing new anti-parasite preparations.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238391

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger