摘要:

TOC-50, a new parenteral cephalosporin, was assessed for antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the activity of TOC-50 was greater than ampicillin, erythromycin and gentamycin, and was equal to that of imipenem. The MICs of TOC-50 for 90% of the clinical isolates tested (MIC90 values) were 0.0125 μg/ml for penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae, 0.2 μg/ml for intermediately penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae, and 0.39 μg/ml for fully penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. In murine systemic-infection models, TOC-50 had a potent protective activity against penicillin-susceptible or fully penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. Its protective activity was stronger than that of imipen

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239527

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Comparative in vitro activity of sparfloxacin was determined by the broth dilution method against 104 clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi. All of the isolates were inhibited by ≤ 0.12 mg/l of this fluoroquinolone. Its inhibitory activity was slightly superior or comparable to that of other fluoroquinolones tested, namely ciprofloxain and norfloxain, and significantly greater than the conventional drugs, such as amikacin, ampicillin, Augmentin, ceftazidime, clindamycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, used in the treatment of typhoid feve

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239528

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A total of 312 clinical β-hemolytic streptococcal isolates (Streptococcus pyogenes, group A = 63; Streptococcus agalactiae, group B = 145; group C = 50; group F = 27; group G = 27) were examined for susceptibility to 23 and 24 antimicrobial drugs with the Bauer-Kirby agar disk diffusion and the agar dilution method, respectively. Sheep blood Mueller-Hinton agar served as the reference medium. Wilkins-Chalgren agar supported optimal growth of group A and B, but not of all group C, F, and G streptococci. The group A streptococci were susceptible to all β-lactam antibiotics, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, rifampin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin, but resistant to cotrimoxazole, fusidic acid, and, except for 2 strains, to fosfomycin. Resistance (R)/intermediate susceptibility (I) rates (R/I%) to ciprofloxacin (0/2%), ofloxacin (1/2%), erythromycin (1.6 / 0%), and clarithromycin (0/1%) were low. Higher resistance rates were noted with tetracyclines (doxycycline 23.8/15.9%; tetracycline 39.7/3.2%). Among the group B streptococcal isolates, one strain was resistant against oxacillin and of intermediate susceptibility to penicillin G and cefoxitin. All isolates were susceptible to teicoplanin and rifampin. Conversely, all group B isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole and fusidic acid; 69% and 51 % of these isolates were susceptible to fosfomycin and rifampin, respectively. R/I rates of the group B streptococcal isolates were low for ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin (0/0.7%), clindamycin (0.7/0%), erythromycin (1.4/ 3.5%), clarithromycin (1.4/0%), and chloramphenicol (0.7/0%). Resistance to tetracyclines was significant (doxycycline: 72.4/2.1%; tetracycline: 74.5/1.4%). Among the non-A, non-B β-hemolytic streptococci, 2 group C strains were resistant to oxacillin and showed intermediate susceptibility to penicillin G. All isolates were susceptible to third and fourth-generation cephalosporins, imipenem, chloramphenicol, rifampin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin. R/I rates to the other antimicrobial drugs were: ciprofloxacin (3.9/1.9%), ofloxacin (2.9/1.9%), clindamycin (2.9/1%), erythromycin (5.8/0%), clarithromycin (3.8/2.9%), and cotrimoxazole (16.4/3.9%). Resistance against tetracyclines was more frequent (doxycycline: 18.3/2.9%; tetracycline: 20.2/6.7%). On the basis of various minor discrepancies between MIC and disk diffusion test results, it is proposed that the current NCCLS inhibition zone (diameter, mm) criteria indicative of intermediate susceptibility of β-hemolytic streptococci be changed for the following antimicrobial drugs: ampicillin: 22-27 mm (only for group A and B β-hemolytic streptococci); ciprofloxacin: 16-18 mm; clindamycin: 15-18 mm; doxycycline: 17-19 mm; tetracycline: 17-19 mm, and erythromycin: 14-1

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239529

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Cefpodoxime proxetil is a new orally administered prodrug which is absorbed and de-esterified by the intestinal mucosa to release the third-generation cephalosporin, cefpodoxime, and which is undergoing in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Using the standard agar dilution method, we compared the in vitro activity of this drug with other oral cephalosporins and quinolones against 637 recent clinical isolates from Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital in Taiwan. Against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, cefpodoxime showed excellent activity, inhibiting over 90% of these isolates at 1 mg/l. Like other oral drugs of its class, it had little activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. Against Haemophilus influenzae, irrespective of (3-lactamase production, its activity was similar to comparative drugs. Against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, cefpodoxime showed moderate activity, inhibiting 90% of these isolates at 4 mg/l, whereas it was inactive against methiciilin-resistant S. aureus. However, all cephalosporins have shown little in vivo activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus regardless of in vitro results. Cefpodoxime was inactive against Enterococcus spp. Against other streptococci, its activity was similar to other oral cephalosporins and quinolones tested. The results of this in vitro study indicated that oral administration of cefpodoxime should be an ideal agent in the empirical outpatient treatment for community-acquired cutaneous, respiratory and urinary tract infections.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239530

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Previously, it has been postulated that the porin OprC facilitates the diffusion of ceftazidime through the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To further investigate this claim, the outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles of 22 ceftazidime-susceptible clinical isolates were analyzed. No correlation was found between MIC values and the level of expression of OprC. Further, OprC was either undetectable or expressed in reduced amounts in 12 isolates. In contrast, OprF and OprE were present in all isolates studied. This study suggests that OprC is dispensable for the permeation of ceftazidime through the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239531

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Deoxyspergualin (DSG), which was discovered to be an immunosuppressive agent, was examined for its in vivo effect on parasites of rodent malaria. Although the mice that were not treated by DSG had an increased parasite percentage (% parasitemia) until they died, those that were treated with DSG had a decreased parasitemia and finally had 0% parasites. The spleens of infected mice became small by DSG treatment. Parasitemia of mice increased again after DSG treatment was stopped. However, DSG was a polyamine inhibitor. The two other types of polyamine inhibitors used in this study were not effective for decreasing the % parasitemia of Plasmodium berghei. Only DSG was available and the survival time of mice increased. The antiprotozoal effects shown by DSG – even this chemical is an immunosuppressive agent – suggest that there is a relation between the inhibition of the polyamine synthetic pathway or immunosuppression of DSG and the suppressive effect of malarial parasi

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239532

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The aminoglycoside antibiotics are polycationic at physiological pH and hence do not enter most cells. Indeed, when intact mast cells were incubated with gentamicin or tobramycin, extremely low concentrations of the two drugs could be measured. In contrast, when a controlled, specific degranulation of mast cells was induced by treating the cells with compound 48/80, Adriamycin or concanavalin A, a dose-dependent histamine release was observed and a significant increase of the intracellular concentrations of the aminoglycosides resulted. The uptake of gentamicin and tobramycin was not dependent on the type of stimulus, but was proportional to the quantity of histamine released. The aminoglycoside binding to granular material obtained from sonicated cells was similar to that of degranulating mast cells. These data suggest the occurrence of ionic interactions between the positively charged groups of the aminoglycosides and the negatively charged groups of granular matrix that are exposed as a consequence of exocytosis. The significance of this phenomenon is at present unclear but studies are in progress to clarify the fate of the aminoglycosides bound to mast cells.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239533

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of hyperthermia (42 or 44 °C) as a modifier of cis-diamminedichloro-platinum (II) (CDDP) cytotoxicity and platinum incorporation in human pharyngeal carcinoma KB cells. To maximize the interactive effect, we examined the time sequence of high (above 43 °C) or low (below 43 °C) hyperthermia and CDDP. Within the dose range of CDDP studied, there was a marked synergism between the effects of heating at 44 °C and subsequent CDDP exposure for 5 h. Pretreatment at 44 °C for 30 min or at 42 ° C for 4 h enhanced CDDP cytotoxicity more than posttreatment at 44 °C for 30 min or at 42 °C for 4h. However, the chemoenhancement ratio of pretreatment at 44 ° C for 30 min was higher than that of pretreatment at 42 ° C for 4 h, although the thermal isotoxic dose decreased the cell count to 60% under both conditions. There was a significant increase in CDDP uptake after hyperthermia at 44 °C. These results indicate that high hyperthermia effectively enhances subsequent CDDP cytotoxicity in human pharyngeal carcinom

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239534

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Although utility of β-lactams in the treatment of legionnaire’s disease could not be demonstrated, clinical cures of human legionellosis with imipenem have been reported. We report the case of a 45-year-old man who presented clinical and radiological features of ‘typical’ bacterial pneumonia. He was successfully treated with imipenem. Serologic studies showed seroconversion for Legionella pneumophila.Although several (3-lactam antibiotics have shown a high activity against Legionella pneumophila in vitro, their clinical utility has not been demonstrated [1]. We report a case of legionnaire’s disease (LD) associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which was successfully treated with

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239535

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Reductions of frequency of administration and dosage of antibiotic agents used in colorectal surgery may lower cost and the occurrence of adverse side effects. In a prospective randomized trial we evaluated two single-shot regimens, a low dose of 1 g cefotiam against a standard dose of 2 g cefotiam, both in combination with 500 mg metronidazole. The low-dose group had twice the number of patients with wound sepsis (4 of 30) than the group receiving the standard antibiotic regimen (2 of 30). Two hours after infusion, the antibiotic concentrations in samples of serum, subcutaneous fatty tissue, and colonic wall of those patients receiving 1 g cefotiam were < 1 mg/l. The concentrations after administration of 2 g cefotiam were higher, as expected, and without any adverse side effects. In conclusion, we prefer infection prophylaxis by the standard dose of 2 g cefotiam plus 500 mg metronidazole in colorectal surgery.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000239536

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger