摘要:

Abstract.Ecology and Global Ecology (GE) are terms by which the relations between the organism (or living matter as a whole) and the environment (or Earth as a whole) have been treated for almost a century. Geophysiology and Parahistology (PH) are terms slowly replacing older scientific thoughts jointly with an increasing number of modifications and alterations of the Darwinian Evolution (DE) concept. Somehow Geophysiology and Parahistology seem to describe evolution in a non‐Darwinian domain. According to V.I. Vernadsky (1929,1930,1988) ‐ the great Russian naturalist and biogeochemist ‐ the biogeochemical processes on Earth are controlled by the force of living matter rather than by species associations developing in and with individual ecosystems as expressed by darwinian evolutionary terms. He also claimed that Goethe was incorrectly regarded as a predecessor of DE by some authors (including Darwin) and that “Natur” (nature) and “Lebendige Natur” (the totality of creatures) are two very different things for Goethe. Detailed analyses of microbial mat systems in the German Wadden Sea and in artificial hypersaline WInogradsky columns have shown that the totality of creatures and matter around themi.e., the “lebendige Natur”sensuGoethe or “living matter”sensuVernadsky of such environments control to a considerable extent the structure, stability. and (geo‐)morphology of sediments and thereby the geological structure of the living Earth. These structures do not follow the rules of sedimentation formulated by the laws of Stokes They represent growth structures (Aufwuchs), whose physics and dynamics are controlled by complex fractal systems. The factors controlling the ultimate shape and stabilisation potential of the eventually resulting rocks and fossils are comparable to tissue development in macroorganisms. Also, certain microbial associations in the sub‐recent and in the fossil record may be compared to metazoan tissues. Chemical gradients in the sedimentary column, regulated by the interplay of living matter and sluggish (slow‐reactive to non‐reactive) compounds, combine to create a pattern of porosity and structure of the resulting deposits that clearly indicates microbial influences and especially those of extracellular polymeric substances on the morphology and texture. The combined effects of microbiota or living matter on the sedimentary record are described as parahistology of sediments in analogy of the histology of tissue on a geological scale. This conceptual living tissue made up of microbially generated rocks and ore deposits cycled through metabolic processes andforcedinto tissue‐like structures by microbial biofilms and mats may extend down to the upper mantle of Earth and far up into the stratosphere when Earth is regarded as a living entity over geological periods. We may have to conceive Earth as a living specimen, which is breathing at a frequency of thousands of years instead of the normal physiological breathing rate of man or an insect. Macroorganisms in all terrestrial systems represent the transport and logistic media, which, however, utterly depend on myriads of intra‐, inter‐, and extrace

ISSN:0173-9565    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1996.tb00486.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The red band‐fish,Cepola rubescensL., lives in burrows in sublittoral muddy sediments. The authors first presented information on the burrows of this species in the 1970s. The present paper presents new information on burrow structure, describes the method of excavation, and comments on the bioturbatory significance of the species. The work derives from field and laboratory studies. A burrow typically consists of a vertical shaft which opens into an expanded terminal chamber. In some cases a side shaft may be added. The paper includes a size analysis of 130 burrows measured in the field and detailed morphological information from a selection of burrows which were cast with polyester resin. The fish burrows are frequently intersected by the burrows of other species and interspecific associations may develop. Burrow size reflects the size of the occupant and may approach 1 m in depth. The biogenic movement of water and particles to this depth is often overlooked in bioturbation studies and is discussed. Burrow distribution is aggregate, which has implications for the bioturbatory impact of the species. Burrows are constructed by mouth excavation and this is described in detail. Fish transport fine material within their mouths and coarse material is grasped in the jaws. Large spoil heaps occur at burrow openings. One obvious effect of this bioturbatory activity at the field site was the redistribution of coarse material (shell gravel) from depth to the sediment surfac

ISSN:0173-9565    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1996.tb00487.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The importance of sponge spicules in the turnover of biogenic silica (BSi) in the detritic bottoms of the Eastern Ligurian Riviera was evaluated by studying sediment cores and the detrital matter collected by a trap over a one year period.This study made evident that: i) Sponge spicules represent the main component of the BSi both in the sediments and in the trapped matter; ii) A correlation exists between the sponge biomass present on the overhanging cliff and the amount of sponge spicules found in the sediment below; iii) Inside the sediments, a superficial layer (10 cm deep) characterized by intensive silica dissolution processes can be observed; and iv) The amount of spicules collected using the trap is not constant throughout the year, but shows a characteristic trend with low values in spring and summer and high values in autumn and winter.

ISSN:0173-9565    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1996.tb00488.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The serpulid polychaeteFicopomatus enigmaticus(Fauvel, 1923) builds huge aggregates in the “Sacca del Canarin”, a brackish inlet of the Po River Delta (Italy). Distribution, structure and development of these ‘reefs’. together with their associated biota, were studied by field observations and settlement panels from 1977 to 1979. Some aspects of the serpulid biology (settlement periods, tube growth, life strategy) were also taken into account.Ficopomatusreefs influence in many ways the brackish‐water ecosystem: they form the main hard substrate; are major sediment source; help in regulating the trophic status of the lagoon; and act as refuge for many invertebrat

ISSN:0173-9565    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1996.tb00489.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Fucus serratusprovides a habitable site For much epifauna if conditions are right. Epifaunal colonies in their turn as well Provide habitats in which meiofauna can dwell. Thus micro‐environment is provided which is Dependent on colony‐species, ‐size and silt for its riches. Analysis of population data shows the facts are Turbellarian abundance rarely relates to other taxa, However the flatworms' population count Closely relates to total meiofaunal amount. Experiments on bryozoan‐choice byMonocelis lineatashow This worm prefersFlustrellidraas a place to go. This may in part be due to thigmotactic deference But mainly seems related to a feeding preference. In addition to behaviour towards food and concavity, Responses are shown to light, temperature, current and gravity. In the discussion thus it is partly explained How meiofauna finds epifauna and there is mai

ISSN:0173-9565    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1996.tb00490.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Among the bottom‐living cephalopods, those able to dig into soft substrata show special behaviour patterns involving coordinated mantle/funnel, fin, and arm movements. This activity is triggered by light, and in the euphotic zone thus occurs at least once in a 24 h cycle. Effects of burial on the sediments are considered, drawing attention to the likely chemical side effects, especially relating to the mucus released by burying cephalopods. Persistent burrows are produced only by some octopuses. Their burial activities and the sand/mud digging of many squids and cuttlefishes are likely to play a notable role in bioturbatio

ISSN:0173-9565    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1996.tb00491.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The cockleCerastoderma eduleis one of the large and important species of the tidal flats of the Wadden Sea.C. eduledisturbs the upper sediment layer due to its crawling and “shaking” behaviour. About 7% of a cockle population move within one week. The mean distance of movement is ‐4 cm per week, which, in the case of a 2‐year‐old cockle with a length of ˜3 cm, means that ˜20 cm2of sediment is disturbed to a depth of ˜3 cm. Besides these measurable movements, cockles also regularly “shake” themselves, thereby disturbing the sediment around them to at least ˜0.5 cm. At a density of 500 cockles per m2of a mean length of 3 cm, ˜16% of the sediment surface is occupied by cockles and another ˜29% is disturbed by cockles within one week.To study the effects of cockles on recruitment of other benthic species, densities of 0, 125, 250, 375 and 500 cockles (mean length 3 or 3.5 cm) were added to 1‐m2plots within large depopulated squares in April. Subsequently, sediment samples were sieved once a month (from June to September) and the densities of all macrozoobenthic species were estimated. The presence of cockles significantly reduced the densities of juveniles of the bivalve speciesC. edule, Macoma balthica, Mya arenaria, Tellina (Angulus) tenuis, andEnsis directusand of the worm speciesPygospio elegans, Lanice conchilega, Eteone longa, Anaitidesspec.,Nephtys hombergii, Heteromastus filiformis, Scoloplos armiger, andTharyx marioniand of the amphipodsCorophium volutatorandC. arenarium. Non‐significant effects were found only inCapitella capitataandNereis diversicolor. For all species mentioned above a negative effect was already observed at the lower cockle densities of 125 ‐ 250 per m2. Reductions of about 50% or more were found at densities of 500 per m2, which was more than could be expected based on the area occupied by the cockles (˜16%), but close to the area occupied plus disturbed (˜45%). It is concluded that (dense) assemblages of adult cockles can have a strong influence on th

ISSN:0173-9565    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1996.tb00492.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Microzooplankton grazing and protozooplankton community structure was investigated in austral summer (Jan./Feb.) and winter (June/July) 1993 in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the SAAMES (South African Antarctic Marine Ecosystem Study) Il and III cruises. Grazing was estimated at 22 stations in summer and at 15 stations in winter by employing the sequential dilution technique. Nano‐heterotrophic flagellates (<20 μm) and ciliates (aloricate ciliates and tintinnids) dominated the protozooplankton assemblages along both transects. Densities in winter were, however, nearly an order of magnitude lower than in summer. Microzooplankton grazing removed between 0 and 28% (mean = 13.2%) of the initial phytoplankton stock in summer and, between 24 and 51 % of the initial stock (mean = 37.6%) in winter. The potential primary production removed during summer ranged between 0 and 46% (mean = 22.0%) compared with the winter range of 56–83% (mean = 67.2%). Size selectivity grazing experiments conducted during both studies suggest that microzooplankton preferentially graze on the nano‐ (20–2.0μm) and picophytoplankton (2.0–0.2μm) size fractions. These results have important implications for the efficiency of the carbon pump in the Southern Ocean. During summer when the larger cells dominate phytoplankton biomass, the bulk of the photosynthetically fixed carbon appears to be channelled to the meso‐ and macrozooplankton fractions. This results in a rapid transfer of organic carbon out of the zone of regeneration to the deep ocean via vertical migration and large faecal pellet production. During winter, however, an increase in the contribution of the smaller size fractions to total phytoplankton biomass results in a greater proportion of the photosynthetically fixed carbon being channelled to the microzooplankton fraction. The efficiency of the carbon pump is, therefore, reduced in that the transfer of carbon below the zone of regeneration is reduced as carbon is recycled mostly within the microbial loop in the upp

ISSN:0173-9565    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1996.tb00493.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The development of temporaryMytilus edulisbeds and their associated macro fauna was studied on an intertidal sand flat in the German Wadden sea during 1986 by comparing mussel beds with bare sandy areas of the same tidal elevation. Macro fauna samples We taken with a 100 cm2corer (penetration depth 27 cm, mesh size 0.5 mm, 5 parallel samples).Numbers of taxa and diversity were higher in the mussel beds compared to the sandy areas. The abundance of macro fauna organisms decreased with the age of the mussel bed, whereas the relative abundance of species was not strongly affected.Hydrobia ulvae, oligochaetes, andHeteromastus filiformisdominated the macro fauna inside as well as outside the mussel beds. Among the lower ranks of dominance changes in species composition were observed due to increasing densities of opportunistic polychaetes.About six weeks after the establishment of the mussel beds a higher abundance ofCapitellaspp.,Polydora ligni, Tharyx marioni, and nemerteans occurred within the mussel beds while other species such asHydrobia ulvaeandPygospio elegansshowed a significantly lower abundance compared to the adjacent flat.Macoma balthicaas well asMya arenariawere not affected by the alteration of a bare sand flat to a mussel bed. O‐groupCarcinus maenasreached their highest abundance in the mussel beds (over 1000 indiv. m‐2). In contrast juvenileCrangon crangonpreferred the bare sand flat. After destruction of the mussel beds by an early autumn storm, species abundance and composition was similar to the situation before the mussel beds had become establis

ISSN:0173-9565    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1996.tb00494.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Biofacies development, sedimentology, and geochemical properties of intertidalMytilusbeds in the German Wadden Sea have been studied in vertical profiles insituand in box core samples. Characteristic features of both the live mussel beds and the underlying sediment sequences were detected. The deposition of faeces, pseudofaeces, and trapped fine‐grained material results in the formation of well‐defined biosedimentary mud layers of several centimetres thickness. The initial stages of this deposition process were observed in a young, growingMyriluscolony over a 17‐month period. In an old mussel bed, being in state of decline, both reworking of dead shells and erosion of the biosedimentary mud layers were recognisable. However, deeper parts of the sediment column reveal shell horizons rich in “pairs” of deadMytilusshells,i.e., corresponding right and left valves found close together. These represent subrecent records of formerMytiluscolonisation. Historically, they point to long‐term occurrence of mussel beds at typical localities, in the framework of fluctuation and patchiness patterns, in the more recent past. On the other hand, mud banks at tidal flat margins adjacent to channels suggest a high preservation potential of biosedimentary mud layers in the low‐water level environment. Geochemical properties of these muddy sediments corroborate their biodeposi

ISSN:0173-9565    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1996.tb00495.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY