Carcinoma of the cervix is the third most common gynecologic malignancy in women in the United States. Dysplasia and carcinoma in situ are significant factors of the cervical cancer problem. Research shows a significant increase in the diagnosis of cervical dysplasia, especially in younger women. The mounting frequency of this diagnosis is directly related to the increased use of the Papanicolaou smear. Recently, significant attention has been directed toward the viral agents, herpes virus and papillomavirus, as possible etiologic factors in the development of this disease. The epidemiology, histology, detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cervical dysplasia are discussed. The oncology nurse must have a comprehensive understanding about the disease entity and treatment. With this knowledge, the nurse will be able to identify the high-risk patient and provide effective care to the patient.