Different kinds of Phlebotomus, which are responsible for the infectiousness of cutaneous leishmaniasis, have been identified at different places in Europe. The pathogenic agent, Leishmania tropica, essentially linked to climatic circumstances, seems slowly to gain ground north of the Mediterranean Sea. The chance of having an autochthonous case in Ticino (Southern Switzerland) is existing. A treatment with Rifampicin has been successful.