THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART I: 1941. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Sccrectwy. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. February, I94I. Publications Committee, 1940-41. A. L. BACHARACH (Chaisnzan), J. J. FOX (Presideat), W. M. AMES, M. BOGOD, R.R. BUTLER, A. COULTHARD, F. P. DUNN, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, W. GODDEN, E. GREGORY, A. A. HALL, J.W. HAWLEY, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H.HUNTER, G. KING, P. LEWIS-DALE, G.W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A. C. MONKHOUSE, H. W. MOSS, J. R.NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, D. W. PARKES, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, I?. M. ROWE, 5. B.WATKINS. Report of the Council: 1940-1 941 (To be submitted at the Sixty-third A nimd General Meeting of the Institute, to be held on Monday, 3rd March, 1941.) I. THEOWAR. The activities of the Institute in matters relating to the War have been reported in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.Close contact has been maintained with the Ministry of Labour in connexion with the engagement and the conditions of appoint-ments of personnel for technical service in industry and in matters concerning the Schedule of Reserved Occupations, and with the Ministry of Home Security in connexion with Air Raid Precau- tions.Representations have been made to the appropriate depart- ments with reference to the technical pay of officers with pro- fessional qualifications, the reservation and recall from active service of trained men in key industries, offers of service from analytical and consulting chemists in independent practice and others, also with regard to the action of the Directors of Emer- gency Public Health Laboratories in seeking analytical practice normally entrusted to public analysts. A satisfactory communication was received from the Com- missioners of Customs and Excise in reply to an inquiry regarding the non-liability to Purchase Tax of laboratory apparatus and chemicals. The officers of the Institute have advised many individual members and students on reservation, on national service, and on difficulties arising out of War conditions.2. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. During the twelve months ending 31st January, 1941,-80 new Fellows have been elected, of whom 73 were formerly Associates, and 3 Fellows have been re-elected. 346 new Associates have been elected, of whom 96 were Registered 4 Students and 10 Associates have been re-elected. 155 new Registered Students have been admitted and one Student re- admitted. The Council records with regret the deaths of 38 Fellows, 20 Associates and 3 Registered Students, namely:- Fellows. Nicholas Alexander Anfilogoff, James Bell. John William Blagden. Arthur George BlGxam. Hugh Charles Loudon Bloxam. Alexander Charles Gumming, O.B.E.David Brown Dott. Thomas William Drinkwater. Hugh Gilmour. Charles Adolphus Hackman. Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield, Bart., F.R.S. John Hunter Haldane. Sir Arthur Harden, F.R.S. John Haycock. James Hembrough. Joseph Robert Johnson. Harold King. Edward William Lucas, C.B.E. Thomas Lawson McEwan. Sir Gilbert Thomas Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S. Frank Mod. George Perkins. Benjamin Dawson Porritt. Charles Proctor, I.S.O. Christopher Rawson. Ezra Lobb Rhead. William Colebrook Reynolds. Harry Shankster. Angus Smith. George Stubbs, C.B.E. Henry Livingstone Sulman. Leo Taylor, O.B.E. SirJocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. John Trotter. Edward Henry Watson. John White.Norman Thomas Mortimer Wilsmore. Associates. William Arthur Hirst Asquith. Eric William Austin. Lewis Edward Bolwell. Eric Charles Flower Bradbrook. Arthur Brennm. Henry Fairley. William Johnstone Galloway. Fred Green. Charles Hayne. 5 Eric Stanley Hillman. Percy Edmund Howes. Robert Irving. Percy Gnynn Jenkins. Francis Henry Newey Lane. Percy George Mander. John Arthur Lindsay Royds. George Leger Rusby. Hubert Henry Stroud. Mrs. Dorothy Bessie Storey. Harry Witham. Registered S'tudents. William Edward Howkins. Cyril Horace Purser Owen. Dennis Herbert Phillips. The Council has accepted the resignations of 7 Fellows, 28 Associates and 20 Students. The names of 9 Fellows, 44 Associates and 12 Students have been removed from the Register, in accordance with the By-laws.The Register at 31st January, 1941, contains the names of 2269 Fellows, 5506 Associates (in all 7,775 members), and 806 Registered Students. The number of members has increased by 241 (30 Fellows, 191 Associates) and the number of Registered Students has increased by 21. 3. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIVES. The Council has held 10 meetings; the Committees, Sub- Committees and Board of Examiners have held 55 meetings. COMMITTEESAND THEIR CHAIRMEN. Emergency . . .. .. Appointments .. .. . . Benevolent Fund. . .. Finance and House .. 1 Legal and Parliamentary .. Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee .. Pedler Research Scholarship ..Publications and Library .. Joint Committee with the Board of Education (National Certi- ficates in Chemistry; .. .. Joint Committee with the Scot- tish Education Department(National Certificates) .. Supplemental Charter . . .. The President. H. A. Tempany.John C. White, Hon. Treasurer. The President. The President, with Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe. Vice-president,a8 Vice. Chairman. A. L. Bacharach. The President. John Weir. The President. 6 rSpecbZ Committees:-Publicity . . .. .. .. A. L. Bacharaoh. Re Composition and Nomination of the Council .. *. . . The President. Dr. Normar. Lindsay Sheldon, C.I.E., was elected District Member of Council, in the place of Dr. H. A. Tempany, C.B.E., who had been elected a Vice-president.Dr. Francis H. Carr, C.B.E., Vice-president, was elected a Censor, in the place of the late Sir Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. The Institute has been represented as follows :-STATUTORYAPPOINTNENT. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Vice-President,-on the Poisons Board, constituted under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933. -The President,-on the Chemical Council, on the Sir George Reilby Memorial Fund Committee; also at a conference to consider the proposed memorial to the late W. A. S. Calder (President 1939-40). Sir Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., Past PTesident,-on the Parlia-mentary and Scientific Committee. Dr. Francis H. Carr, C.B.E., Vice-P~esident,--on the British Management Council. Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., Vice-President, Pa& President,-on the Advisory Council of the Ministry of Labour, and on the National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Elociety.(The late) Sir Jocelyn Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Pmt President,-on the Chemical Council, and on the Advisory Committee on the Dyeing of Textiles of the City and Guilds of London Institute in connexion with the Examinations of the Department of Technology. Dr. H. A. Tempany, C.B.E., Vice-President,-on the Chemical Council. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Vice-President, Mr. A. L. Bacharach, Hember of Council, Mr. H. W. Cremer, and Dr. E. Vanstone,-on the Joint Library Committee of the Chemical Society. Mr.J. C. White, O.B.E., Honorary Treasurer,-at a conference to consider the proposed memorial to the late W.A. S. Calder (President 1939-40).Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Member of CounciZ,an the Chemical Council, in the place of the late Sir Jocelyn Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. Dr. Harold G. Colman,---on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference, of which he is Hon. Treasurer. Dr. H. E. Cox,-on the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. Mr. William Herbert Simmons,-on the Oils, Fats and Waxes Advieory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute. Dr. J. F. Tocher,--on the Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act. The Registrar,--on the Headmasters of Secondary Schools Employment Committee, Ministry of Labour, and on the Parlia- mentary and Scientific Committee. The Assistant Secretary,--on the Chemical Trades’ Advisory Committee, and the Chemical Trades’ Examination Board of the Union of Lanoashire and Cheshire Institutes. 7 The Institute and Fellows and Associates have continued to co-operate with the British Standards Institution in the drafting of Specifications for Standards and by giving their opinions on Draft Specifications. Mr.Leslie Aitchison,-Chemical and Chemical Plant for Electro-plating; Plated Finishes for Fittings and Equipment. Mr. 8. A. Rrazier.-TeRtR for Rubber and Rubber Products. (The Specification for testing Latex, Raw Rubber, and Un- vulcanised Compounded Rubber has been issued.) Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Vice-Presidelzt, Dr. E. H. Farmer, Member of Council, Dr. A. G. Francis, Mr.W.G. Messenger, and the Assistant Secretary,-on Technical Cornnittee Cj8 on Standardisation of Scientific Glassware. RIr. TV. J. A. Butterfield,-on the Chemical Divisional Council, and on a Committee to co-ordinate the work of the Building, Chemical and Engineering Divisional Councils in its Relation to Industrial Units and Data. Dr. Harold G. Colman,-Benzole for Motor Fuel; Sampling of Tar Products. Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., President,-Analysis of Chemicals and Materials used in Electro-plating. Mr. Walter C. Hancocl<,-High Alumina Cements. Mr. F. W.Harbord, C.B.E.,-Cement. Mr. William Herbert Simmons,-on a Technical Committee to examine the draft methods for the analysis of soaps and fats, prepared by the International Commission for the Study of Fats.Dr. James Watson,-Sand Lime Bricks; Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement; Containers for Heavy Acids and Solvents. 4. THE FISANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. The Accounts for 1940 are attached to this Report. The income of the Institute from annual subscriptions of Fellows and Associates showed an increase of 5541 10s.zd. over the income from the same source in 1939. Receipts for sub-scriptions and fees in Australia and New Zealand also showed an increase,-L62 3s. 5d. The Institute received 5100 towards incidental expenses incurred in connexion with the work of the Chemical Council. Other receipts showed a decrease, in the aggregate, of 5562 8s. gd. The expenditure was reduced sub- stantially by holding meetings of Committees on the same days as those of the Council, by limiting publications, by Local Sections requiring less in grants and by a marked decrease in extraordinary expenses, such as were incurred in the previous year.The abbreviated Register cost (5494 17s. Id.) about half of the anticipated estimate for the book in its usual form. The 8 Council has placed LI,OOOto reserve for intermittent publications and LI,OOOfor contingencies arising from the war. At 31st December, 1939, a sum of l1,033 19s. 5d. was due for investment and, during 1940, a further sum of LI,I~~18s. also became due for investment, bringing the total to L2,207 17s. 5d.; but owing to the savings already referred to, the amount actually invested (including the redemption premium of LIIO 8s.4d.) was l2,610 8s. 4d., of which LI,OOO is lent to the Government free of interest, The Council has continued to supplement the pay of members of the staff who are serving with the Forces. The Chemical Council, under provision of its constitution, has again contributed a sum of l250 to the cost of the mainten- ance of the Library of the Chemical Society, whereby the con- tributions of the Institute and the other Chartered Bodies were reduced, and has also refunded to the Institute the sum of LIOO towards expenses incurred in connexion with the business of the Council. The basement of the premises of the Institute has been in constant use as a public air-raid shelter, day and night. The premises have been maintained in as good a state of repair as is possible in prevailing circumstances.5. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE. The Executive Committee of the Benevolent Fund expresses its sincere thanks to all who have contributed to the fund during the past year, and especially to collectors of “group” subscrip- tions and the anonymous donor of L500 to the capital account. In the first half of the year, the receipts for the Benevolent Fund were less than for the corresponding period in 1939, and the Committee feared that there would be a deficit at the end of the year. A further appeal, issued with the JOURSAL AND PROCEEDINGS,brought a good response, and at about the same time a sum of k82 16s. 5d. for income tax was recovered. More-over, a widow who had been receiving a regular allowance relinquished it on obtaining employment, a number of loans were repaid and, fortunately, no further appeals were received.As the result, the current account showed a balance of L127 17s. Iod. at 31st December, 1940. The Committee is gratified to note the increasing interest shown in the fund by the Officers and Committees of the Local 9 Sections, and following the suggestion made at the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Sections, held in June, the President has addressed a special appeal to Fellows and Associates personally, emphasising particularly the importance of building up the fund so that the Committee may be able to meet, not only present calls upon it, but those of the future, when the demands on the fund may become greater.The Committee hopes to secure the further help of the Local Sections on behalf of the fund, and will ask the Sections to appoint members to be specially in charge of the interests of the fund. The Committee also intends to secure the help of individual members to maintain personal contact with cases receiving regular allowances. 6. THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL. During the year, the Chemical Council submitted a new Scheme for further co-operation between the Chemical Society, the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, which was approved by a Special General Meeting of the Institute, held on 4th October, 1940, when the Institute agreed to extend the Agreement entered into on 1st July, 1935,for a further period of five years, i.e.altogether for twelve years instead of seven. In accordance with the new Agreement, the Chartered Bodies will continue to contribute, until 1947, to the cost of the main- tenance of the Library of the Chemical Society, in return for the privilege of the use of the Library. Special reference was made to the Library of the Chemical Society in JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS,Part V. The Scheme of Co-operation which provides chemists with facilities for obtaining the publications of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry on exceptional terms came into operation on 1st January, 1941. The Chemical Council strongly advocated bringing it into force as soon as possible, but in the prevailing circumstances, it was difficult to complete the preliminary arrangements in time to give as long notice to those who were invited to co-operate, as would have been desirable.At the date of this Report, over goo Fellows and Associates have decided to participate in the Scheme, but it is hoped that as its advantages become better known and appreciated, the number of those participating will steadily increase. (See also under “Finance and House.”) 10 7. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY. Mention has already been made of the action taken by the Council regarding the exemption from Purchase Tax on Apparatus and Laboratory Equipment. Notes appeared in JOURNAL AXD PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, on the liability of authors and of patentees to income tax on royalties, and in Part 111, on the subject of professional fees for scientific witnesses in courts of law.The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShas also contained frequent references to questions concerning matters of interest to chemists raised in the Houses of Parliament and to the replies given. The Unemployment Insurance Act, 1940,is under considera- tion by the Emergency Committee. 8. LOCAL SECTIONS. The activities of the Local Sections have been to som,e extent restricted. The following records of meetings held and of papers submitted have been received from the Honorary Secretaries :-BELFASTAND DISTRICT. Dr. Wm. Honneyman (Member of Couricil) .. .. “Mustard Gas.” Dr. &l,i€. Hali * .. .. “Tobacco and its Manufacture.” BIRMINQHAMAND MIDLANDS.*Mr. A. L. Racharach (Member of Couiioil) .. .. . . “Links in Kutrition.” *Joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry, Birmingham and Nldland Section. BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERNCOUXTIES. Dr. H. Baines . . .. .. “Photographiu Materials: What they are and how they work.” Professor H. W. Melville .. “The hlechariism of the Synthesis of Large hIolecules.” Mr. S. H. Wilkes .. ., “Dangers in Chemical Works.” Dr. Cwyn Williams . . . . “By-Pro(1uctsof Industrial Research.” Dr. Janet Matthews .. . . “Micro-Chemistry.” CAPE OF GOODHOPE. Visits to Railway Workshops, the Cellars of E. K. Green & Co., and the Cape Explosives Works. Professor W. Pugh . . ,. “Recent Work on the Discovery of Rare Elements.” Dr.A. H. Spong .. .. “Some Aspects of the Modern Theory of Valency.” I.Dr. F. Sebba .. .. “Cnimolecular Films on Water.” Dr. G. C. Linder .. .. “Calcium in the Blood and its Relation to Calcium in the Bones.” 11 CARDIFF AND DISTRICT. Dr. K. W. Pepper .. . . “Plastics and Coal.” *Mr. A. L. Bacharach (Member of Council) .. *. ., “Links in Nutrition.” Congratulatory Dinner to Dr. J. H. Quastel, F.R.S. Mr. W. D. Williams .. .. “Some New Developments in the Petroleum Industry.” The meetings for lectures were held under the joint auspices of the Institute of Chemistry, the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. * Held jointly with the Food Group (Sutrition Panel) of the Society of Chemical Jndustry. DUBLIN. Professor K.C. Bailey .. “The Retardation of Chemical Re-actions.” Visit to works of Cement, Ltd., at Drogheda. Mr. W. V. Grifliths . . .. “Jam.” EAST ANOLIA. Dr. J. W. Corran .. .. “Gas Warfare and the Civil Population.” hh. K. R. Price .. .. “The Standardisation of Solutions.” Mr. G. H. Whyatt .. . . “Registration.” EASTMIDLANDS, *Professor E. C. Dodds, M.V.O. “Hormones.” Dr. A. E. Everest .. .. “Some Problems of the Dyestuff Manu- fltcturer.” tDr. A. Hickling .. .. “Some Recent Developments in the Theory of Electrolytic Oxidation Processes.” *Mr. A. L. Bacharach (Member of Council) . . .. .. “The Biochemistry of the Vitamins.” *Professor N. V. Sidgwick,C.B.E., F.R.S. .. .. “Stereochemistry and Valency Groups.” * Joint meetings with the Society of Chemical Industry, Sottingham Section.t Joint meeting with the Chemistry Section of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Soriets. EDINBURGEIAND EASTOF SCOTLASD. *hlr. G. Elliot Dodds .. .. “Gas Identification in S.E. Scotland.” Mr. William Smith ,. .. “Anthraquinone Vat Dyes.” Dr. W. G. Hiscock . . .. “High Explosives and the OrdinaryCitizen.” Professor F. A. Paneth .. “The Chemical Exploration of the Stratosphere.”Mr. W. A. Alexander .. . . “War-time problems of a ConsultingChemist.” *Joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. 12 GLASGOWAND WEST OF SCOTLAND. *Mr. Kennedy Campbell .. “The Manufacture of Industrial Extracts for Leather and Textiles.” tProfessor W. F.K. Wynne-“Ionization and its Chemical Signi-Jones ficance.” *Sir John Boyd Orr, F.R.S. .. “Chemical Aspects of Nutrition in Relation to Animals and Human Beings.”fProfesbor E. C. Dodds, M.V.O. “Synthetic Oestrogens.” tDr. W. T. Astbury .. .. “The Structure of Proteins.” *Under the auspices of the Society of Chemical Industry t Ijnder the auspices of the Chemical Society. HUDDERSFIELD. Mr. B. J. Habgood .. .. “Synthetic Rubber.” Dr. M. W. Goldblatt . . . . “The Reaction of the Living Organism to Organic Compounds.” INDIA. Or. Gilbert J. Fowler .. “Chemistry in the Service of the Nation.” LEEDSAREA. Professor D. T. A. Townend . . “The Combustion of Hydrocarbons.” Dr. J. W. Baker and Dr. A. L. “The Detqption and Identification of War Roberts Gases.Mr. A. L. Bacharach (Member “Vitamins and Cell Life.” of Council)Mr. H. M. Bunbury .. .. “The Duties and Liabilities of the Chemist at Common Law.” LIVERPOOLAND XORTH-WESTERN. *Mr. W. Doran .. . . “Micro-Chemical Methods.” *Mr. P. Hamer .. . . “Water Treatment and the Efficient Management of Boiler Plant.” *Professor J. Chadwick, F.R.S. “Nuclear Chemistry.” Dr. J. V. Loach .. , . “Some Sulphonamide Antiseptics.” Mr. G. X. Copley .. . . “Enantiomorphism and Enantiomerism.” * Joiiit meetings with the Liverpool Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists. AND SOUTH-EASTERNLONDOK COUNTIES. Dr. J. T. Martin .. , . “Plant Insecticides.” Dr. H. J. Emel6us .... “The Silicon Hydrides and some of their Simuler Derivatives.” *Dr. D. A. Spencer .. .. “Colour’ Photography.” Visits to Charles Brown & Co., Ltd., Whitbreed’s Brewery, London & North-Eastern Railway Works, and Kodak, Ltd. * Joint meeting bith the London and Home Coiinties Branch, The Institute of Physics. MASCHESTERAND DISTRICT. Professor J. D. Bernal, F.R.S. “The Social Function of Science.” *Professor J. B. Speakman .. “Some Relationships between the Con- stitution Properties and Uses of Animal Fibres.” tMr. S. Horrobin and Dr. 0. L. “Statistics. +,Technical Tool in Chemical Davies Industry.Mr. S. A. Brazier .. ., “A Chemist in Industry.” * Jointly with other Kanrhester Societies. t Jointly with the Mancheater Statistical Society.13 NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE NORTH-EASTAND COAST. Mr. E. M. Myers .. , . “The Coal Industry in War-time.’’ Professor H. L. Riley. . .. “Some Recent Investigations of the Northern Coke Research Laboratory.” Dr. W. M. Madgin .. ,. “Equilibria in Some Solutions.” hhw ZEALAND. Mr. R. L. Andrew .. .. “Some Aspects of Standardisation.” Conference jointly with the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry. Papers contributed by Messrs. H. F. Harvey, R. &I. Bruce, F. J. Filmer,I. G. Cunningham, R. E. R. Grimmett, and R. Gardner. Visit to the Centennial Exhibition. SOUTH WALES. *Professor G. M. Bennett ., “Liquid Crystals.” tDr. J. H. Quastel, F.R.S. .. “Tissue Respiration.” Dr. H. L1. Bassett .. . . “Some Aspects of Gas Detection.” *Dr.H. J. Emel6us .. . . “Fluorine.” *Professor E. K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S. .. ,. “Some Aspects of Surface Action.” §Nr. A. R. Ubdelohde . . “The Combustion of Gaseous Hydro- carbons.” * Joint meeting with the Cheniical Society. t Joint meeting with the University College, Swansea, Chemical Society. $Joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Institute of Petroleum. SOUTH YORKSRIRE. Excursion into Derbyshire. Mr, R. Belcher .. .. “Microchemical Analysis and its Applica- tions.” Local Sections were advised on precautions to be taken to prevent the disclosure of confidential matters which might be the subject of discussion at meetings of professional institutions. The Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, held at the Institute on 22nd June, 1940,was attended by the President, the Honorary Treasurer and the Chairman of the Publications Committee.9. HONORARY CORRESPONDISG SECRETARIES. The Council gratefully acknowledges the services rendered by the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries in the Overseas Domin- ions and in the Colonies for help in various matters affecting the interests of the Institute and the profession in their respective districts. 10. NOMIXL4TIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee (the Council in Committee) has held g meetings, and the examin- ing Sub-committee has held g meetings. 14 The Committee has reported on 726 applications for Student- ship, Examination and Membership, and on numerous enquiries in connexion with the training for admission to the Associateship and Fellowship.Sub-committees and Local Interviewing Committees have interviewed many candidates for the Associateship and Fellow- ship, and the Council records its indebtedness to the Advisory Committee in India, and particularly to its Honorary Secretary, Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, for assistance and advice in connexion with applications and enquiries from that Empire. Special thanks are also accorded to the Sub-committee for conducting oral Examinations. Applications for Studentship, Examination and Membership are summarised below :-Applicationsfor Admission to Studentship, including re-admission Accepted .... .. .. .. .. I56 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 -157 Applications for Admission to Examination for the Associateship Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .* 117 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 -118 Applications for Election (and re-election) to the Associateship Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 356 Referred for Examination . . .. .. 7 -363 Applications for Admission to Examination for the Fellowship Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 Applications from Associates jor election to the Fel1ow:ship Accepted .. .. *. .. *. .. 73 Applications from Non-Associates for election to the FelIowship Accepted . . .. .. .. .. .. Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. Applications for re-election to the Fellowship Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 -735 -EXAMIKATIOXS.-NO examinations have been held in the laboratories of the Institute since the outbreak of war but by the courtesy of the Universities of London and blanchester and 15 the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, practical examinations were held in April and September, 1940~and in January, 1941.Theoretical examinations were held at the Institute and by the courtesy of many FELLOWS,in a number of local centres. The Council records its indebtedness to the authorities of the above Institutions and to the Fellows whose help is much appreciated. The entries and results are here summarked:- SUMMARY OF RESULTS. Associateahip EXAMLVED.PASSED. General Chemistry . . .. .. 145 85 FellowshipBranch C. Organic Chemistry ..1 1 Branch E. Chemistrv (includine Micro-scopy)"of Food ad Drugsand of Water .. .. 13 6 Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry .. 2 1 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry .. 1 0 -__ 162 93 In the corresponding summary for 1939-40,the number of candidates examined for the Associateship was 147,of whom 8j passed; 30 candidates were examined for the Fellowship, of whom 20 passed. The total number of candidates examined for the Associateship and Fellowship was 177,of whom Ioj passed. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners, and to the Assessors who have reported on records of research, specifications for patents, etc., submitted by candidates for admission to the Fellowship. EXAMINERS.-&. G. D. Elsdon has completed his term of office as Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch E, The Chemistry (including Microscopy), of Food and Drugs and of Water.The Council has appointed Dr. H. E. Cox as his successor. Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham was unable, owing to pressure of work, to act as Examiner for the Associateship in respect of the January examinations this year. The thanks of the Council are accorded to Professor W. Wardlaw, who acted for Dr. Ellingham on this occasion. STUDENTS.-It is satisfactory to find that many students have been able to continue systematic courses of study, but 16 many are, as was expected, unable to comply with the Regula- tions owing to military service, war work, or local difficulties. INSTITUTIONS.-The Stockport College for Further Education and the Sunderland Technical College have been added to the list of Institutions approved for the training of candidates for the Associateship. AWARDS.-with the concurrence of the Society of Macca- baeans, the donors, the Council has awarded the Meldola Medal for 1940to Ewart Ray Herbert Jones, Ph.D.(Wales), A.I.C. The Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize has not been awarded this year. 11. .4PPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. At the date of this Report, the number of Fellows and Asso-ciates known to be disengaged is 66, and of these not more than zg have been unemployed for more than 6 months. The number unemployed at the same date in 1939 was 109. The Appointments Register has continued to be of service to chemists seeking work in industry of national importance.12. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY. The JOURSAL AND PROCEEDIXGShas been published in six Parts during the year 1940. The Committee has made a number of suggestions, here briefly recorded, which were adopted by the Council and sub- sequently received by the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Sections held in June, 1940,in order to encourage, in the Reports of the Sections’ activities, special reference to matters of pro- fessional interest, to enable the Committee to exert fuller control over the reports of lectures given before the Sections and to economise paper and printing. Special consideration, therefore, will be given to discussions on Institute affairs and professional matters. Reports of meet- ings at which lectures are given will be confined to such particulars as the names of the lecturer and the Chairman and the title of the lecture.In appropriate circumstances, however, lecturers will be asked to provide summaries for the approval of the Publications 17 Committee, although this procedure may not always be accept- able,-for example, when lecturers wish to use the same material upon subsequent occasions. The Honorary Secretaries, at their discretion, will ask for summaries consisting of 400 or 500 words, in the form of articles, and will make perfectly clear the proce- dure which the Publications Committee will adopt, giving no undertaking that such articles will be published, although the chances that they will be declined by the Committee are slight.The Honorary Secretaries and members present at lectures will thus act as the first selectors of matters suitable for publica- tion in the JOURXAL AND PROCEEDIKGS,bearing in mind the interests of over 8,000 members and students scattered through- out the world. With the consent of the lecturers, papers of unusual interest or importance may be deposited at the office of the Institute to be available to Fellows and Associates. Should a lecture of exceptional merit be recommended by a Section, the Publications Committee will consider the possibility of publishing it at greater length in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS or as a separate monograph. The Institute has published the following lectures as separate monographs :-The Registrar’s lecture on “A Century of Chemistry: From Boyle to Priestley ” ; Dr.Quastel’s lecture on “The Mechanism of Enzyme Action” and Mr. S. J. Johnstone’s (Streatfeild Memorial) Lecture on “Empire Mineral Resources and their Relation to the \Var Effort.” The publications of the Institute have been regularly passed by the Press Censorship Bureau. The Register, pub- lished in September, 1940, could not contain the information usually supplied, but the Council felt that it was essential to maintain and publish it, in view of the numerous changes arising from elections, resignations and deaths since the publication of the previous edition in 1938, and in view also of the importance of maintaining the register of qualified chemists.LIBRARY.-The thanks of the Council are recorded to authors, publishers and others who have kindly presented books and journals to the Library of the Institute. Fellows, Associates and Registered Students have continued to enjoy the use of the Library of the Chemical Society and of the Science Library, South Kensington. LANTERS SLIDES.-%leCtiOnS from the Institute’s collection 18 of lantern slides have been loaned to Fellows and Associates for the illustration of lectures. The Publications Committee hopes to be able in the near future to hand over to Messrs. Constable & Co., the matter con- tributed to the new edition of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science,” to which over 50 Fellows and Associates have kindly contributed; it will be published in due course for the benefit of the Benevolent Fund.13. SPECIAL COMMITTEES. The Emergency Committee.-The Emergency Committee, consisting of the Honorary Officers, has dealt with a number of matters of urgency for the consideration of which it was not necessary to summon special meetings of the Council, and also has under consideration the Unemployment Insurance Act, 1940,which affects chemists and others whose incomes are less than L420 per annum. Publicity Committee.-The Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, on receiving a report from a Sub-Committee appointed to consider the matter, suggested that it was desirable that the general question of publicity, for Chemis- try and the Institute, should be reviewed by the Council, and that consideration should be given to the formation of a Public Relations Committee on lines suggested by the Sub-Committee.The Council thereupon appointed a Special Committee to consider the matter. The Special Committee reviewed the present expenditure of the Institute-between i400 and L500 per annum-on yarious activities considered to have publicity value. The Committee did not desire any reduction of those activities. Publicity for chemists was not, as had been suggested, a question for the Chemi- cal Council, whose objects are restricted to administering a fund for the Publishing Societies; but the Committee was of opinion that the services rendered by chemists should be made more widely known by the Institute, and it is hoped that the new edition of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science” will be useful in that connexion.The Committee proposes to discuss the matter more fully and to put forward its views on the possible means of securing the desired end; but it was generally considered that the present 19 time is not opportune for promoting publicity either in the press or by broadcasting, or films, or other means. Nomination and Election of the Council.-On receiving the Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections and a special representation from the South Wales Section, the Council appointed a Special Committee to consider the question of the constitution and method of nomination of the Council, on which the commknts of the Fellows and Associates are being invited.The Special Committee has held a preliminary meeting and proposes to review the question in its widest aspects, having regard to the importance of securing adequate repre-sentatives not only of areas, but of various forms of practice and of different branches of the science of chemistry. 14. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. The arrangements for the award of National Certificates in Chemistry by the Institute jointly with the Board of Education (England and Wales), the Scottish Education Department and the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) have been con-tinued. Dr. Joseph Kenyon, F.R.S., and Professor William Wardlaw, have acted as Assessors for England and Wales: Dr.F. D. Miles has continued to act as Assessor for Scotland, and the Council has concurred in the appointment of Mr. Leslie Arndell, by the Ministry of Education, Belfast, as Examiner for the corresponding Certificates in Northern Ireland. The Council records its thanks to Professor G. G. Henderson, F.R.S., who has retired from the Chairmanship of the Joint Committee with the Scottish Education Department. Professor Henderson has been succeeded by Dr. John Weir. Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., has been appointed as one of the Institute’s representatives on this Committee. 15. PEDLER RESEARCH SCHOLARSHIP. Dr. Charles Simons, Associate, continued his research on “The Formation of Volatile Compounds of Arsenic and Selenium by Micro-organisms,” until March, 1940, when his Scholarship terminated.20 The consideration of the appointment of a successor in the Scholarship has been postponed. 16. SIR GEORGE BEILBY MEMORIAL FUND. The Administrators of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund made an award of one Hundred Guineas to Dr. Frederick Measham Lea, Fellow, in recognition of his researches on the constitution of silicate systems and the chemistry of cement in its physico chemical aspects. 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. 31st January, 1941. 21 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS. We have examined the Balance Sheet at 31st December, 1940, of the Institute of Chemistry, also the Statements of Accounts for the year ended 31st December, 1940, with the books and vouchers.The values of the Lease and Premises of the Institute, Furni- ture, Library, Apparatus, etc., are not included in the Balance Sheet. Subject to that remark, we have obtained all the in- formation and explanations we have required and in our opinion the Balance Sheet and Statements of Accounts are properly drawn up and are in accordance with the entries in the books. We certify that we have received from the Bank of England, the Westminster Bank, Ltd., the Bank of Montreal, Ltd., and the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Ltd., certificates that they hold on behalf of the Institute the Investments shown on the Statement of Investments. J. Y.FINLAY, & Co., Chartered Accountants.PEARSOS C.L. CLAREMONT )How Auditors, J. G. A. GRIFFITHS 1940-41. 17th February, 1941. 22 THE INSTITUTE OF GHEJITSTRY OF GREAT BRlTAIN AND IRELAND. 23 ALND EXPENDITURE 1940.INCOME Accom FOR THE YEARENDED 31s~DECEMBER. 1939 EXPENDITURE. 1040 1839 INCOME. 1940 t s. d.lTo Premises- 2 6. d. E 8. d. E s. d. € s. d. BySubscriptions-S s. d. 5 s. d. 300 0 0 Rent . . .. .. . . 300 0 0 3,661 0 0 Fellows . . *. .. .. .. 3,830 10 11550 2 10 RatesandScheduleATax .. 632 6 8 106 8 6 Insurance . . .. .. 107 12 10 7,749 3 9 Associates . . .. .. *. .. 8,121 3 0 249 13 8 RepairsandMaintenance . . 187 5 2 411 0 0 Students . . .. .. .. . . 390 0 0 1,227 4 8 12,341 13 111,208 5 0 99 Staff-ii,8zi 3 9 5,283 5 5 Salaries, Wages, Gratuities. . 6,274 12 6 1,443 4 6 Examination and Assessment Fees .... 1,270 10 0 375 16 3 SuperannuationPremiums.. 392 9 2 99 1,191 19 0 Dividends and Interest .. ..1,206 9 550 0 0 SuperannuationReserve . . 60 0 0 6,717 1 8 394 19 3 Less Income Tax .. .. .. 482 19 10 P 99 5,709 1 8 House and Office Expenses- 796 19 5 723 9 7 3,164 6 9 Repairs and Renewals .. 77 3 ti 277 5 0 Appointments Register .. .. .. 201 13 0 79225 14 11 Fuel, Water,andLight . . 310 2 7 143 1 3 Advertisements in Journal .. .. .. 31 3 0 Telephone . . .. .. 34 4 2 99565 1 11 Printingandstationery .. 458 15 2 49 0 1 Sale of Publications . . .. .. .. 28 14 10 99586 13 11 Postage .. .. . . 574 9 11 666 Fees Forfeited . . .. .. .. .. ---18 17 3 TravellingExpenses . . 6 17 2 National Certificates- 208 17 6 Advertisements .. .. 203 12 5 39 75 0 0 Englandand WalesA4/c . . 42 0 0 Auclitors’Honorarium .. 42 0 0 97 18 I1 Miscellaneous .. .. 117 14 10 50 0 0 ScotlandA/c . . .. 1,854 19 0 125 0 Q 75 0 0 79 1,940 14 2 14 J Sundry Receipts . . .. .. .. 14 6I y>668 12 2 MembersofCouncilTraveIlingExpenses . . 359 15 3 121 4 2 Australian and New Zealand A/c . . .. 183 7 799 D 9>a) Publications-9,159 1 4 _--The Chemical Council for expenses incurred 100 0 0 1,072 13 4 Journd f656 14s. Od., Postage E3007s. 3d. 967 1 3 600 0 0 Intormittent Publications Reserve . . 1,000 0 0 532 7 3 Lectures and Lantern Slides .. 192 6 7 2,149 7 10 2,205 0 7 c99 Examinations-Examiners, Assessors, Assistants and 916 19 1 Accommodations .... .. 719 14 1 137 14 8 Apparatus and Materials . . .. .. 151 2 7 870 16 8 1,054 13 9 r $9 Local Sections- 452 4 4 Grants .. .. .. ., .. 3G8 19 7 65 0 6 Section Secretaries’ Conference . . .. 48 0 0 416 19 7 51’9 4 10 10 10 01 Frankland Medal Award . . .. ..9’ P ~ 9931 2 2 Library .. .. .. .. . . 25 17 10 Chemical Society Library . . 682 11 4 9I522 15 LessTaxonf550underDeed 233 15 0 448 16 4 II 474 14 2 653 17 11 3959 13 0 Donations . . .. .. .. .. 39117 15 7 Proposed Supplemental Charter Expenses .. 9392 0 8 Logal Expenses .. .. .. .. 99 National Register and Gas Identification 65 19 11 Service -. .. .. .. .. --128 9 5 ..A.R.P. .. .. .. .. .* .. 141 19 4 ---’1 Reserve for Wax Contingencies .... 1,000 0 0 453 19 11 -Excessofhmeover Ezcpandifvre .. .. 652 11 6 €14,783 18 7 €14,923 3 6 €14,783 18 7 $14,925 3 5 24 25 € s. d. 180 18 8 303 6 8 96 0 6 126 0 0 399 3 11 35,780 6 5 600 0 0 50 0 0 69 13 10 €37,605 10 0 BALANCE SHEET as at 31st December, 1940. € s. d. S s. d. Sundry Creditors .. .. .. .. Income Tax Reserve .. .. .. Examination Fees paid in advance .. .. Application Fees- Subscriptions paid in advance .. .. Retained pending further application- Balance, 1st January, 1940 . . .. 54 12 0 123 17 4 434 1 6 132 6 0 94 23 11 1,677 10 938 12 2,616 2 243 0 34,746 7 I 3 3 1 1 Balance at Bankers in London .. ..2,280 Balance at Bankers in Australia and New ..1,147Zealand (Sterling Value) .. Sundry Debtors, Rates, etc., paid in advanceInvestments at Cost (including Redemption Fund) 2 3 3 10 3,427 6 275 4 ..37,356 15 1 04 Add Fees retained during year . . 8 8 0 54 12 0 63 0 0 344 11 11 decision . . In abeyance awaiting .. .. 329 14 0 -___ 392 14 0 Investment Account .. .. .. 36,954 I5 Reserve Accounts- Intermittent Publications Reserve Staff Superannuation Reserve War Contingencies Reserve .. .. 1,105 2 11 .. 100 0 0 .. 1,000 0 0 3,203 2. 11 Income and Expenditure Account- Balance at Credit, 1st January, 1940 .. Add Excess of Income over Expenditure for year ended 31st December, 1940 69 13 10 652 11 6 -722 .j 4 --___ S41,059 3 5 __- €37,605 10 0 €41,059 6 5 26 Investment Account for the year ended 31st December, 1940.€ s. d. € s. d Balance of Accumulated Fund, 1st January, 1940 , . .. .. 35,780 6 5 Funds received for Investment during year-Entrance Fees .. .. .. .. 954 9 0 Entrance Fees, Australia and New Zealand ., .. .. .. 990 Life Composition Fees .... .. 194 5 0 Life Composition Fees, Australia and New Zealand . . .. .. 1.5 15 0 1,173 18 0 $36,954 4 5 Investments, at cost, held at 1st January, 1940 . . .. .. .. .. 34,746 7 0 Investments made during year- $1,000 3% Defence Bonds €1,000 0 0 $5003~oWarLoan . . 500 0 0 21,0002~WarBonds . . 1,000 0 0 Redemption Fund Policy Premium .. .. 110 8 4 2,610 8 4 €37,356 15 4 Amount in excess of Life Compositions and Entrance Fees .. .. .. 402 10 11 ~ €36,954 4 5 -7 Intermittent Publications Reserve Account. (The Register, “Official Chemical Appointments” and “The Profession of Chemistry”) € s.d. ’ E s. d. To Cost ofRegister .. 494 17 1 ByBalanco brought ,, Balance carried ! forward, 1st Jan- forward, 31st De- uary, 1940 . . 600 0 0 cember, 1940 . . 1,105 2 ll I ,, Amount transferred 1 from Income and I Expenditure Ac- .Icount . . 1,000 0 0 -$1,600 0 0 I $1,600 0 0-1 Staff Superannuation (Contingencies) Reserve Account. ~€ a. d. € s. d. To Balance carried for- 1 BvBalance, 1st Janu-ward, 31st Decem- ary, 1940, brought ber, 1940 .. .. 100 0 0 forward . . .. 50 0 0 Amount transferred from Income and Expenditure Ac-count .. .. 50 0 0 €100 0 0 , $100 0 0 c STATElVIENT OF INVESTMENTS HELD AND DIVIDENDS RECEIVED THEREFROM. Market Holding.Cost. Va1ue.t Gross. Tax. Net. L € 8. a. € s. d. € 8. d. E s. d. E 8. d. Great Western Railway 24% Debenture Stock 500 384 16 3 305 0 0 12 10 0 4 10 8 719 4 L.M.S. Rly. 5% Redeemable Preference Stock 500 503 0 0 382 10 0 25 0 0 913 15 18 9 L.M.S. Rly. 4% Preference Stock .. .. 2,000 1.843 15 1 1,030 0 0 8000 31 0 0 49 0 0 34% war Loan .. .. .. .. 13,000 131554 16 8 13,390 0 0 455 0 0 193 7 6 261 12 63&y0Conversion Loan.. .. .. .. 750 738 19 6 776 5 0 26 5 0 10 3 5 16 1 7 Dominion of Canada 3fY0 Loan, 1950-55 . . 1,000 973 17 0 1,040 0 0 32 10 0 13 16 3 18 13 9 Dominion of Canada 4% Loan, 1953-58 .. 1,000 1,090 3 0 1,120 0 0 40 0 0 15 10 0 24 10 0 Government of Commonwealth of AustraLia 3&%Stock, 1964-74 .... .. 4,000 3,985 6 7 3,720 0 0 130 0 0 47 2 6 82 17 6 Union of South Africa 5% Loan, 1945-75 .. 1,000 1,136 8 0 1,070 0 0 50 0 0 18 2 6 31 17 6 Union of South Africa 34% Loan, 1953-73 .. 700 670 7 0 714 0 0 24 10 0 10 8 2 14 1 10 t.New Zealand 5% Loan, 1949 . . 1,000 1,141 8 0 1,050 0 0 50 0 0 21 6 0 28 15 0 3% Local Loans .. .. .. .. 4,800 4,329 15 0 4,296 0 0 144 0 0 55 16 0 88404 Port of London Authority 34% RegisteredStock, 1964-75 . . .. .. .. 1,000 1,033 4 9 910 0 0 35 0 0 12 13 9 22 6 3 Southern Rly. Company 50/, Redeemable Guaranteed Preference Stock, 1957 . . 1,000 1,174 6 2 1,085 0 0 50 0 0 19 7 6 30 12 6 3% Defence Bonds .. .. .. .. 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,010 0 0 23 1 1 915 6 13 5 7 3% War Loan .... .. .. 500 500 0 0 505 0 0 710 0 339 463 29 National War Bonds (Intere~t waived) . 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,002 10 0 -__ _---_-Bank Deposit Interest .. .. .. -___ -_-21 3 4 7 16 1 13 7 3 €35,060 2 0 €33,406 5 0 ;E1,206 9 5 €482 19 10 €723 9 7 Redemption Fund Policy* (Accumulated Premiums) .. .. .. .. .. 2,296 13 4 €37,356 15 4 -f At Slat December, 1940. * To real& €50,000 in year 2010. 28 Subscriptions and Fees Paid in and Retained (in Currency) in Australia and New Zealand. Receipts. Expenditure. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. To Balance, 1st January, 1940-OnDeposit .. .. ..1,112 13 8 Curre& Accounts , . .. 60 11 8 1,173 5 4 ,, Subscriptiom-Fellows .. .. .. 75 8 10 Associates .. .... 132 6 0 207 14 10 ,, Entrance Fees .. .. 990 ,, Assessment Fees . . .. 550 ,, Deposit Interest, less Taxes 22 4 11 ,, Life Composition Fee .. 15 15 0 By Bank Charges . . .. .. 129 ,, Balance at Bankers, 31st De-cember, 1940-On Deposit .. ..1,350 2 4 Current Accounts . . .. 82 9 0 *1,432 11 4 €1,433 14 1 €1,433 14 1 *Equivalent in Sterling, €1,147 38. 1Od. STATEMENT AND FEESRECEIVEDOF SUBSCRIPTIONS LESS OUTGOINGS € s. d. € s. d. Subscriptions-Fellows Associates . . .. .. *. .. *. .. .. . . .. 75 132 8 10 6 0 207 14 10 Assessment Fees .. .. .. .. 550 Entrance Fees . . *. .. .. .. 990 Life Composition Fees .. Deposit Interest, less Taxes .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 15 0 22 4 11 €260 8 9 Lem Bank Charges .. .. *. .. 129 €259 6 0 Less Loss on Exchange into Sterling 50 14 5 €208 11 7 Less Entrance and Life Composition Fees taken to Investment Account *. .. 25 4 0 Amount (in Sterling) taken to Income andExpenditure Account El 83 7 7 BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for 1939. Receipts. 1940. 1939. Payments. 1940. € s. d. € a. d. € a. d. € s. d. 8 7 1 Balancc, 1st January, 1939 .. .. __----Dr. Balance, 1st January, 1940 .. 34 0 11 860 4 5 Subscriptions .. .. .. .. 891 14 0 154 3 4 Grants .. .. .. .. .. 151 19 0 540 9 8 Annual Subscriptions .. .. 524 7 7 1,433 5 0 Regular Payments .. .. .. 1,316 13 4 169 10 10 Dividends and Interest .. .. 158 17 10 51 7 4 Printing .. .. .. .. 51 7 9 1I5 17 9 Income Tax recovered ..._ 82 16 6 5 5 0 Audit E'ee . . .. .. .. 550 35 10 0 Loans repaid .. .. .. .. 170 8 0 95 0 0 Loans granteddnring 1940 .. .. 116 0 0 34 0 I1 Dr. Balancc, 31st December, 1939 .. ---25 0 0 DonationtoLondonOrphanSchool . . 25 0 0 Balance at Credit, 31st December, 1940 127 17 10 -__ Sl,764 0 8 S1,828 3 10 __ -Capital Account. € a. d. € a. d. Balance Uninvested Capital, 1st Inveatments-165 11 11 January, 1940 .. .. .. 339 10 6 621 6 5 €500 3+y0 Conversio~ Loan .. 501 19 6 245 5 0 Donations .. .. .. . . 765 7 3 €500 2&% National War Bonds 500 0 0 550 0 0 Legacies .. .. .. .. ______ I -. 339 10 6 Balance Uninvested Capital 31st December, 1940 .. .. .. 102 18 3 S1,104 17 9 €960 16 111 E1,104 17 9 ._ ---Statement of Loans. E s.d. € s. d. E 8. d. € a. d. 2,562 6 0 Loans to 31at Uecerriber, 1939 .. 2,657 6 0 1,344 13 4 Loans repaid to 31at December, 1940 1,515 1 4 96 0 0 Loansgrantoddwing 1940 .. .. 116 0 0 Loans written off prior to 31at Decem- 751 14 0 ber, 1939 .. .. .. .. 751 14 0 ---Loans written off during 1939 .. ---Loans outstanding at 31at December,I 560 18 8 1940 .. .. .. .. 506 10 8 €2,773 6 0 €2,773 6 0-P BENEVOLENT FUND :CAPITAL ACCOUNT Investments held and Dividends received therefrom. 1939 1940 Value. Cost. value.* Gross. Tax. Net. € 8. d. € s. d. € s. d. € 8. d. € 8. d. € 8. d. 1,033 15 0 €1,000 Consols 4% .. .. .. 1.077 13 0 1,105 0 0 40 0 0 16 0 0 24 0 0 1,120 10 0 €1,200 War Loan 3+% .. .. 1,296 3 0 1,236 0 0 42 0 0 ___ 42 0 0 1,811 5 0 €2,250 Local Loans 3% .... 1,973 6 1 2,013 15 0 67 10 0 28 13 9 38 16 3 €500 Port of London Authority, 34y0 456 S 0 Registered Stock, 1965-75 .. . . 516 17 11 455 0 0 17 10 0 6 19 11 10 10 1 €500 Dominion of Canada, 34% 1950- 503 2 6 55 .. .. .. .. 486 18 6 520 0 0 16 5 0 618 2 9 6 10 €400 Canmonwc%th of Australia, 34% 332 0 0 Stock, 1964-74 .. .. .. 398 10 7 372 0 0 13 0 0 540 716 0 505 0 0 €500 New Zealand 5% Loan, 1949 . . 570 14 6 525 0 0 25 0 0 10 12 6 14 7 6 National War Bonds .. 500 0 0 501 5 0 ___€500 %+yo ___ _--__-€500 3+y0 Conversion Stock .. .. 501 19 6 517 10 0 17 10 0 7 8 10 lo 1 2 339 10 6 Balance at Bank, 31st December, 1940 102 18 3 ___ 200 ___ 200 €6,101 8 0 €7,425 1 4 €7,245 10 0 €240 15 0 €81 17 2 €158 17 10 *Value at 31st December, 1940.31 SIR ALEXANDER PEDLER SCHOLARSHIP ACCOUNT 31st December, 1940I Receipts. Expediture.€ s. d. € s. d. To Balance, 1st January, 1940 .. .. .. .. .. 191 5 7 Interest on Investments .. .. .. .. .. 158 8 4 Bank Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. .. 10 5 Income Tax Recovered .. .. .. .. .. 47 14 2 By Payments to Scholar .. *. .. .. .. .. 125 0 0 ,, Balance at Bankers, 31st December, 1940- Deposit Account . . .. *. .. .. .. 220 0 0 Current Account .. .. .. .. .. .. 62 18 6 €397 18 6 €397 18 6 Securities held at 31st December, 1940.-Income for Year. Cost. t Value. Gross. TCCZ. Net. € s.d. E s.d. €s.d. €s.d. €s.d. €100 Greet Western Rail- way 5% Consolidated PreferenceStock .. 94 0 0 84 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 €900 Royal Mail Steam Packet Ordinary ..787 10 O* ------------E2,6003@0WarLoan .. 2,808 6 0 2,678 0 0 91 0 0 ---91 0 0 €500 Port of London Authority 34y0 Regis- teredstock, 1965-76 516 17 11 455 0 0 17 10 0 7 0 1 10 9 11 €500 Southern RailwayCompany 5% Re-deemable Cutkanteed PreferenceStock,1957 587 4 10 642 10 0 25 0 0 10 12 6 14 7 6 2500 New Zealand 5y0,1949 .. .. .. 560 14 6 525 0 0 25 0 0 10 12 6 14 7 6 E3004~oConsols.. .. 323 1 0 331 10 0 12 0 0 4 16 0 7 4 0 €500LocalLoans3~0 .. 433 13 3 447 10 0 15 0 0 6 7 6 8 12 6 €500 Dominion of Canada 3fy0Loan, 1950-55.. 486 18 6 520 0 0 16 5 0 6 18 1 9 6 11 €6,608 6 055,583 10 0 €206 15 0 €48 6 8 €168 8 4 = The total value of the original legacy was €4,785 16s.2d. net. * Value when bequeathed. t Value at 31st December, 1940. 32 t 8. d. € 8. d Balance, 1st January, Balance on Deposit, 31st 1940 .. .. .. 58 4 11 December, 1940 .. 65 7 9 Dividends and Interest 7 2 10 €65 7 9 €65 7 9 € s. d. € s. d. Balance, 1st January, Meldola Award, 1940.. 2 10 0 1940 .. .. .. 2 11 2 Balance on Deposit, 31st Dividends and Interest 1 9 5 December, 1940 .. 4 8 4 Income Tax Recovered 2 17 9 €6 18 4 €6 18 4 S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture Fund. 31et December, 1940. €240 34% Conversion Loan. Value €248 8s. Od. € s. d. € 8. d. Balance, 1st January,1940 .. .. .. 8 3 11 December, 1940 .. Balance on Deposit, 31st 16 12 4 Dividends and Interest 4 17 1 Income Tax Recovered 3 11 4 €16 12 4- flB 12 4 33 Proceedings of the Council.Council Meeting 20th December, 1940.-A letter was received from Dr. H. E. Cox accepting appointment as Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch E : the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs afid of Water. A letter was received from the Ministry of Health, in reply to representations made by the Council regarding the interference of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service with the work of independent practitioners in chemistry, in which surprise was expressed that some of the complaints referred to bacteriological examinations of water and milk, as such work “did not appear to be a proper field for the activities of chemists.” It was stated that the service had been instituted with the object of securing a more adequate public health laboratory service under the conditions of war than existed in peace time.It was not intended to replace normal arrangements where they existed and were satisfactory, nor did it undertake chemical examinations of water. Chemical as well as bacteriological examinations of water might, however, be undertaken in special cases, at the request of medical officers of health. The Service restricted its activities to work required for public health purposes, and did not undertake clinical pathological work such as was carried out in hospital laboratories. Fellows of the Institute, by whom the matter had been raised, had been sent copies of the above reply, and had protested at the views expressed.The Council decided to make further appropriate representa- tion to the Ministry. Correspondence was submitted from Dr. A. L. Roberts, Co- ordination Officer, City of Leeds Gas Identification Services, and the Honorary Secretary of the Leeds Area Section, and a resolu- tion was received from the Annual Meeting of the Section, asking the Council to consider the question of higher compensation for Gas Identification Officers, in view of the fact that they were acting in a professional, although honorary, capacity and that their service differed in that respect from that of other Air-Raid Precautions Services. The local authorities at Leeds required 34 their officers should be on phour periods of stand-by duty, but they were classed as Civilian Duty Volunteers only when called out to an incident.The Institute, with the help of the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, had recruited most of these Officers, the majority of whom were Fellows and Associates, and it was thought that the duties would include the examination of food- stuffs. The Council discussed the matter, but before a reply was sent to the Section, a communication was addressed to A.R.P. Headquarters. (See Report of Council Meeting held on 31st January, 1941.) A letter was received from a Fellow expressing his concern that the Government might not be making the best use of the services of chemists in wartime, and raising the question whether the younger chemists in various departments should be debarred from accepting offers of better posts.Some, no doubt, had been disappointed in their appointments, in connexion with which promises made to them had not always materialised, and they felt they could be of more service to the country by accepting posts carrying more responsibility. It was reported that the Institute had been able, from time to time, to make representa- tions on particular instances, which had led to the transference of men with special experience to posts where such experience was required. On the other hand, the attention of certain depart- ments had been directed to the Undertakings (Restriction of Engagement) Order I940 and the Defence (General) Regulations 1939 warning persons employed in certain types of Government work against the acceptance of other posts.It was intimated that the Minister of Labour and National Service had power to prevent an employee from leaving the service of his Department and he could decide whether or not the legal powers in regard to the detention of essential staffs should be exercised in any particular case, A Department wishing to have action taken with regard to any of its staff was required to make application to the Minister setting out the facts. If the employee objected to such application being made, his representations must be sent on with an official statement for consideration by the Minister. Where an application covered a number of resignations, the Department would notify in advance the staff associations which would be given an opportunity of submitting observations to the Minister.The Council decided that if particulars of any special case of 35 the kind referred to were brought to the notice of the Officers of the Institute, they would be investigated with a view to taking such action as should be deemed advisable. Further correspondence was received regarding the desire of chemists in independent practice to be of service during the war. It was reported that a Department of the Ministry of Supply had asked for, and had been supplied with, a list of such practi- tioners. A communication was received from the Chemical Council to the effect that, in the constitution of the Chemical Council for the present year, no change was required in the representation of the Institute.The Administrators of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund reported that an award of one hundred guineas had been made to Dr. Frederick Measham Lea in recognition of his work on the constitution of silicate systems and the chemistry of cement in its physico-chemical aspects; also that the Administrators had resolved to invest LIOOin 3 per cent. Wa.r Stock. Reports of the Standing Committees were received. The Finance Committee reported that LI,OOOhad been placed to Intermittent Publications Reserve Account, and a further i50 to Staff Superannuation (Contingencies) Reserve Account. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that L25 had been con- tributed to the London Orphan School, where five orphans of members of the Institute have been educated for some years past.The Committee hoped to secure the further help of the Local Sections on behalf of the Fund, and to ask the Sections to appoint members to be specially in charge of its interests. The Committee also intended to secure the help of individual members to main- tain personal contact with cases receiving regular allowances. The Emergency Committee reported that it had considered a letter from Mr. F. Twyman, F.R.S., embodying a suggestion for the establishment of a Refugees Research Institute. The Council concurred in the view of the Committee that the proposal would not fall within the scope of the Institute’s activities and that, if it should be adopted, it should be sponsored by the Government.On the Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee, it was decided to add, to the Regulations for the Examination for the Fellowship, a new branch to be termed Branch H: Analytical Chemistry, and the Council requested the President and Professor Briscoe, Vice-chairman of the Committee, 36 to draft a syllabus for the examination. The Council also decided to send a letter of enquiry to professors in the universities asking what changes in the Regulations, both as regards training and examinations, had been made or were proposed to be made in consequence of the war. In considering the preliminary arrangements for the election of the new Council, to take office on 3rd March, 1941,nominations of the following new District Members of Council were received:- Messrs.Garfield Thomas (Birmingham and Midlands) ; S.W. A. Wikner (Xewcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast) ; W. G. Hiscock (Edinburgh and East of Scotland) ; J. S.Allan (Aberdeen and North of Scotland); J. W. Cook (Glasgow and West of Scotland); and E. E. Ayling (Wales and the County of Mon- mouth). It was further reported that the following Members of Council would retire on 3rd March, 1941,in accordance with the By-laws:-A. L. Bacharach, P. F. Gordon, H. H. Hodgson, George King, W. S. Patterson and J. Weir. Council Meeting, 24th January, 1941-The Council authorised the seal of the Institute to be affixed to the Agreement for the extension of the constitution of the Chemical Council by five years, and reappointed the representatives of the Institute on the Joint Library Committee. It was reported that a reply had been sent to the Ministry of Health regarding Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service dealing fully with the views of the Council on the subject of the chemical and bacteriological examination of milk and water, and urging the Ministry to do all it could to maintain the original intention that the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service should not interfere with normal arrangements where they existed and were satisfactory.On the Report of the Finance and House Committee, the Council resolved to offer from stock, copies of publications of the Institute to the universities and colleges free of charge.A brief report was received from the Censors, stating that few complaints had been received during the past twelve months. The Council proceeded to prepare the balloting list for the election of the new Council. Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., was nominated for re-election as President; Mr. J. C. White, O.B.E., M.C., was nominated for re-election as Honorary Treasurer, and the following were re-nominated for re-election as Vice-presidents, -Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Dr. F. H. Carr, C.B.E., Professor 37 T. P. Hilditch, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., and Dr. H. A. Tempany, C.B.E. Nominations for elec- tion as Members of Council were received in favour of Messrs.H. Baines,* S. R. Carter, J. R. Fraser, E. S. Hiscocks, S. J. Johnstone, J. G. King, S.B. Watkins, F. J. Wilson. The Council nominated the following Fellows for election as General Members of Council:-E. B. Anderson, F. Challenger, A. Coulthard, W. M. Cumming, J. C. Drummond, F. P. Dunn, A. E. Dunstan, G. D. Elsdon, L. Eynon, E. H. Farmer, A.Findlay, I. M. Heilbron, T. R. Hodgson, R. H. Hopkins, H. Hunter, L. A. Jordan, L. H. Lampitt, G. W. Monier-Williams, J. R. Nicholls, A. J. Prince, T. F. E. Rhead, W. H. Roberts, F. M. Rowe and G.Taylor. The following six Fellows were nominated, from whom four shall be elected as Censors at the Annual General Meeting:- Dr. F. H. Carr, C.B.E., Professor A. Findlay, Dr. L. H. Lampitt, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S.and Sir Robert Robinson, F. R .S. It was decided to ask Mr. B. A. Ellis and Dr. C. A. Bassett to act as Scrutineers to report on the ballot for the election of Officers, Members of Council and Censors. Council Meeting, 31st January, 1941.-Replies were received from Fellows accepting nomination as candidates for election as Officers, Members of Council and Censors. A reply was received from A.R.P. Headquarters. It was found that while some Gas Identification Officers complained that they were treated as Civil Defence Volunteers instead of highly-qualified consultants, others complained that they were treated as consultants and not as members of the Civil Defence Services. The authorities stated that the risks run by such officers were no greater than those run by other members of the Civil Defence Services, so that there could be no claim for higher rates of compensation on that score.As to their claim to be treated on a completely different basis, the authorities could not * NOMISATIONOF ConxcIL.-In the information regarding the candi- dates nominated for election as Officers and Members of Council, the description attached to the name of Dr. H. A. Tempany should have read- “Agricultural Adviser to the Secretary of State for the Colonies”; that attached to the name of Dr. H. Baines should have read--“Assistant Director of Research, Kodak, Ltd.”; and Dr. J. G. King should have been clescribed as D.Sc. 38 admit such a position since such officers were expressly recruited as Civil Defence Volunteers: they had never been given to understand that they would be treated differently from Civil Defence Volunteers.There had been no question of their being required to examine contaminated footstuffs: in fact the Ministry of Food accepted the position that if a G.I.O. was suitably quali- fied, he might assist a public analyst in his capacity as a chemist, but definitely should not do so in his capacity as a Gas Identifica-tion Officer-beyond confirming the presence and nature of the gas used. Apart from the above, it appeared that 42 hours of stand-by duty was unusual except in the London area; if such stand-by duty was required, the officers should be classed as Civilian Duty Volunteers during such duty and not only when called out for an incident.The Draft Report of the Council for the year 1940-1941pre-pared by the Publications Committee, and the Financial State- ments prepared by the Finance and House Committee were amended and approved for issue to the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students. The Report of the Assessor for the award of the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize was submitted. Only one essay was received and, although deserving of commendation, was not judged of sufficiently high standard to merit the award. The Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee embodied the Report of the Board of Examiners on the January Examinations and a recommendation regarding the award of the Meldola Medal, referred to in the Report of the Council.39 Local Sections. Cardiff and District.-During the autumn of I940 it was found necessary to modify the programme of lectures which had been planned. Two successful meetings were held and arrange- ments were made for four further meetings to take place between February and May this year. Mr. S. B. Watkins, who will conclude his term of office as District Member of Council on 3rd March, will be succeeded by Mr. E. E. Ayling, of Swansea University College. Dublin,--The paper on “Jam,” read by Mr. W. V. Griffiths at the meeting in December, provoked the longest and most animated discussion which the Section has so far experienced. The Honorary Secretary reports that a number of housewives of the kitchen front were present, but none of them took up the cudgels in their own defence, though “they were of the same opinion still” after the meeting.Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held in the University of Leeds on 13th January,-Professor F. M. Rowe in the Chair. The Chairman extended the congratulations of the Section to Mr. W. McD. Mackey, Fellow, on his recent attainment of his 80th birthday. Mr. H. M. Bunbury addressed the Section on “The Duties and Liabilities of the Chemist at Common Law.” A long and interesting discussion followed. Liverpool and North-Western.-h Lunch-hour Meeting of the Section was held on Thursday, 12th December, 1940,at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool,-Mr.J. R. Stubbs in the Chair. Following lunch, a short talk on “Enantiomorphism and Enantiomerism” was given by Mr. G. N. Copley, MSc. (City of Liverpool Technical College). London and South-Eastern Counties.-Meetings for lectures during February and April will be held at the Institute,- not at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, as previously announced. 40 Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Twenty-second Annual General Meeting of the Section was held under the chairmanship of Dr. W. M. Madgin, on 18th January, 1941, at the University Union, King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and the Hon. Treasurer for the year ending 30th September, 1940, were adopted.The following Officers and Committee members were elected :-Chairman: Mr. S. A. Wikner, in succession to Dr. W. M. Madgin; Hon. Treasurer: Dr. W. M. Madgin, in succession to Dr. P. L. Robinson; Hon. Secretary: Mr. H. E. Blayden, in succession to Dr. E. E. Aynsley; Members of Committee: Messrs. R. W. Bolland and E. G. Hancock, in succession to the retiring members, IvIessrs. F. H. Walker and S. W. A. Wikner. Members were unanimous in their appreciation of the services of the retiring officers and members of the Committee. Arising out of a discussion of the activities of the Section, it was agreed that members should be kept informed of the lectures of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. South Wales.-On 18th January, members of the Section participated in a meeting, arranged jointly by the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Institute of Petroleum, held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,- Prof.J. E. Coates presiding. hlr. A. R. Ubbelohde gave a lecture on “The Combustion of Gaseous Hydrocarbons.” South Yorkshire.-On 4th October, 1940, at the Memorial Service to Sir Robert A. Hadfield, Bart., F.R.S., the Institute was represented by Mr. B. W. Methley and Mr. G. Parkin, Chairman and Hon. Secretary, respectively, of the South Yorkshire Section. On 30th November, at a joint meeting with the East Midlands Section, Dr. E. Gregory submitted a report on the proceedings of the Council which was subsequently discussed.On 10th December, at a joint meeting with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association, held at the Metallurgical Club, Sheffield, Mr. R. Belcher read a paper on “Microchemical Analysis and its Applications.” The meeting was well attended, hIessrs. G. 1%’. Stanfield, E. Gregory, J. West, R. A. Mott, B. W. 3lethley and G. Parkin participated in the discussion. A programme of future meetings has been arranged. 41 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Some Recent Developments of Microchemistry BY JANET W. MATTHEW, Ph.D., F.I.C. [Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, on 7th Kovember, 1940.1 Most of the basic operations of organic micro-analysis have been little altered or improved since they were developed by the Pregl School 15-25 years ago.There have been some additions to the elements or groups that can be determined on the micro scale; the determination of active hydrogen is an outstanding example. The two methods of organic micro-analysis most extensively used are the micro-combustion of carbon and hydrogen and the micro-Kjeldahl determination of nitrogen ; for both these the apparatus and procedure described by Pregl twenty years ago still work excellently. Modern practice in the combustion method, however, is to use sodium asbestos (or ascarite) and magnesium perchlorate in the absorption tubes, instead of soda- lime and calcium chloride, respectively. Electric heating for all except the moveable burner is also an advantage. For accurate work, pre-heating of the oxygen, and sometimes even of the air, used in the combustion is advisable.The micro-Kjeldahl method has proved so generally satis- factory that little improvement has been needed; selenium or selenium compounds as catalyst are, however, definitely to be preferred to the original mixture of copper sulphate and potassium sulphate, and obviate the use of perhydrol for most substances. It is, however, in the treatment of hygroscopic material that the greatest advances in accuracy have been made in recent years. (H. K. Alber, “Hygroscopic Substances in micro-analysis, Parts I and 11, Mikrochemie, 1938, 25, 47 and 167.) A micro- weighing bottle with a tight-fitting cap made to hold the boat or crucible containing the substance is suitable for weighing moderately hygroscopic solids.The substance is dried, the 42 moisture content is determined and the analysis is carried out on the dry sample, which, for the combustion, need only be for a few seconds in contact with the moist air while being transferred in the boat to the combustion tube. For very hygroscopic substances even the few seconds in the air are sufficient to cause large errors in the carbon-hydrogen determination, and it is sometimes advisable to carry out the analysis on the moist sample (in equilibrium with the air on the day of sampling) and to correct for the moisture content determined at the same time. An ingenious and simple device renders it possible to fill the capillaries out of contact with moist air.In preparative organic chemistry there are available a number of simple and useful devices for all the necessary operations, such as distillation, filtration and extraction (e.g. J. Erdos and B. Laszto, Mikrochemie, 1939, 27, 211; L. Tihus and V. M. Meloche, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1933, 5, 286; Youbach, 2, Milchwirt. Forsch., 1935,17, 190). Determination of melting points should always be carried out using a microscope, even if only of low power, rather than by the old-fashioned method, because the accompanying phenomena such as sublimation and decomposition may be observed. If a heating block for the microscope stage can neither be pur- chased nor constructed, the melting point may be observed on crystals placed on the flattened bulb of a thermometer, heated by gas or electrically in a small metal block.Micro-sublimation is useful for obtaining a few pure crystals for melting-point deter- mination. Methods of inorganic micro-analysis, using filter sticks of porcelain, glass or platinum, enable complete analyses of silicates to be carried out with accuracy. Finally, it may be urged, with additional force in war time, that micro-methods should be more generally adopted, owing to their great economy in time, material and bench space (where two colleges share buildings this is an important point) and because for much of the work only very simple and inexpensive apparatus is required. Two films illustrating microchemical technicque, the property of the Microchemical Club, were shown.43 Jam BY W. V. GRIFFITHS publin Section, on 11th December, 1940.1 Ten years ago agreement was reached in Great Britain between the Food Manufacturers’ Federation and the Society of Public Analysts, whereby jams are labelled either “Full Fruit Standard,” or “Lower Fruit Standard.” Minimal fruit contents were specified for all common varieties. Thus, “Full Fruit Standard” jams contain not less than 30 (the figure for blackcurrants) to 45 (apricots, rhubarb) pounds of fruit per IOO pounds of jam. Early this year a majority of the jam manufacturers in Eire agreed, analysts concurring, that for a product to be entitled to the description Jam, without qualification, it should contain not less than an amount of fruit which was specified for each variety.The agreed minima were equal to, or slightly less than, the minimal fruit contents laid down for “Full Fruit Standard” jams in Great Britain, that is, the products of these manufacturers will not be described as jams unless they contain at least 30 (black or red currants) to 40 (strawberries, apricots) pounds of fruit per IOO pounds of jam. These standards are in conflict with the time-honoured, domestic standard of a pound to a pound. The manufacturers have good reasons for discarding this domestic standard, reasons which are not mainly economic, but derive from properties inherent in fruits and sugar and from the nature of the product they seek to provide. Experimental work and manufacturers’ experience have shown that in order to minimise liability to mould growth and to attack by yeasts and to make maximum use of the setting power of pectic substances available in fruits, jams must contain as much sugar as they will hold without crystallis- ing, actually about 68 per cent., when about half is sucrose and the rest invert sugar. Sugars naturally present in the fruits amount to only about 2 per cent. of most jams, so that jams must contain about 60 per cent.of added sugars. If they also contain from 30 to 45 per cent. of fruit, they can be made with little or no concentration of the fruit. If; on the other hand, they contain 66 per cent, of fruit-the pound-to-pound standard-the fruit must be concentrated to something like half its weight.Such concentration, by methods normally available, ‘Is detrimental. 44 Volatile flavours are lost, the jellying power of the pectic substances is reduced and there is destruction of ascorbic acid. These three are measurable. It is likely that other undesirable changes take place, but they may be detectable only by taste. Enantiomorphism and Enantiomerism BY G. N. COPLEY, MSc. [Liverpool and North-Western Section, on 12th December, 1940.1 Optical isomers may be enantiomers, when they are related as object and non-superposable mirror-image (e.g. d-tartaric acid and 1-tartaric acid), or they may be diastereoisomers,when the mirror-image relationship is no longer true (eg. d-glucose and d-galactose). Enantiomers always occur in pairs and have the same physical constants, and their optical rotatory powers are equal and opposite; diastereoisomers do not of necessity occur in pairs and do not have the same physical constants, and their optical rotatory powers are not equal or even opposite in sign. A phenomenon similar to enantiomerism occurs among macroscopic objects; it is convenient to call this enantiomorphism,a term used by crystallographers to describe the mirror-image relationship between crystals (eg.dextrorotatory and lzvorotatory quartz). Familiar instances of enantiomorphism are hands, feet, gloves, shoes, golf clubs, and screws. A more pertinent and simple example of enantiomorphism is the cubic die used in games of chance (G. N.Copley, School Science Review, 1940, 21, 1161). For such games these two enantiomorphous dice are equivalent, and both are sold haphazardly in the shops. This might be likened to the equivalence of a pair of enantiomers in the majority of chemical reactions in which they take part; it is only when enantiomers encounter an asymmetric agent such as circularly-polarized light, an enzyme, a living organism, another enantiomeric molecule, or perhaps an enantiomorphous surface, that their individualities are in evidence and they behave differently. It is possible to construct a tetrahedral “die” having enantiomorphous properties; instead of bearing the numerals I to 6 on six faces as in the cubic die, it carries the numerals I to 4 on four faces. An authentic cubic die has I opposite 6, 2 opposite 5, and 3 opposite 4, in both enantiomorphs.45 Spurious dice may have the six numerals arranged in ways different from the proper way, nevertheless, each spurious die has its enantiomorph. There cannot be a spurious tetrahedral “die,” only one form and its enantiomorph being possible, just as there are only two enantiomers containing one “asym- I‘metric carbon atom.” For the tetrahedral die ” corresponds to the so-called “asymmetric carbon atom ”; it is immaterial whether the four groups are attached to the centre of the faces or to the vertices of a tetrahedron, for a little consideration shows that the same geometrical relations still hold. With the aid of large cardboard models of cubic and tetrahedral die it is easy to show that any one of them can be changed into its enantiomorphous counterpart by turning it inside out, a change analogous to optical inversion.It is interesting to consider the progressive formation of the “asymmetric carbon atom” in a molecule such as CHFCIBr, passing through the stages CH,, CH3F, and CH,FCl. The initial molecule loses in turn its centre, its planes and its axes of symmetry, until, finally, the molecule as a whole is literally asymmetric, and has the shape of an irregular tetrahedron because the four bond lengths are all different: CH is 1.09,A CF is 1-42A,CC1 is 1.76 A, and CBr is 1-91A (L. 0.Brockway and T. W. J. Taylor, Annual Reports Chem. Soc., 1937,34,197 and 205).Enantiomers need not be literally asymmetric in every instance; that is why the word “dissymmetry” is to be preferred to “asymmetry.” Cis-1,4-Dimethyl-2,5-Diketopiperazinehas an axis of digonal symmetry and yet is enantiomeric. The triethy- lenediaminecobaltic ion [Co en,]+++has four axes of trigonal symmetry which pass through the centres of the octahedral faces in the customary model. In this instance there is an octahedral distribution of six valencies about the cobalt atom, as in so many inorganic compounds. Alternative ways of depicting this type of valency distribution can be derived from a cubic model instead of from the more frequently used octahedral model (G. N. Copley, Chem. G Ind., 1940,59,334; School Science Review, 1940, 22,219).In cubic models of jCo en,]+++the four axes of trigonal symmetry are the diagonals of the cube. One of the cubic models of [Co en3]+++is almost like a triple-bladed propellor. 46 The Combustion of Gaseous Hydrocarbons BY A. R. UBBELOHDE [South Wales Section on 18th January.] In reviewing possible mechanisms of hydrocarbon oxidation the combustion of any molecule containing carbon and hydrogen might be included. Technical applications and theoretical con- siderations make it advisable to discuss separately the oxidation of paraffins and their derivatives. In the region of “low tempera- ture” combustion (220-350” C.), the oxidation mechanism of aliphatic compounds appears to follow a common scheme. Molecular collisions involving more than two or at the most three molecules are so infrequent that a paraffin such as heptane must pass through a series of intermediate stages before complete oxidation to carbon dioxide and water.The nature of these combustion intermediates, particularly those first formed from the paraffin, is important in elucidating the mechanism of oxida- tion and deciding the possibility of producing valuable deriva- tives on a technical scale from waste paraffins. Partial oxidation of a paraffin can be secured by heating with insufficient oxygen to permit complete combustion and chemical tests on the products show the appearance of both aldehydes and peroxides at an early stage. When the absorption spectrum is suitable, the first appearance of a compound during combustion can also be detected by ultraviolet spectroscopy.Measurements on the reaction kinetics show that low tempera- ture combustion involves chain reactions, which are very sensitive to positive catalysts, such as NO, and aldehydes, and negative catalysts, such as aniline and other antiknocks. A mixture of hydrocarbon and air, freshly introduced into a vessel at a suitable temperature, generally exhibits an induction period, during which practically no oxidation can be detected. Added substances such as aldehydes greatly shorten the induction period, which is also sensitive to the treatment of the walls of the containing vessel. Most hydrocarbon combustions are autocatalytic, since the aldehydes which appear as intermediates themselves catalyse oxidation. Striking evidence for closely related mechanisms of oxidation with different aliphatic compounds is obtained from spectroscopic studies on the chemiluminescence, showing that the emitting molecule is the same for the oxidation of hexane, acetaldehyde, and diethyl ether.47 Detailed information on the mechanism of combustion is most conveniently obtained with aldehydes. The photochemical oxidation can be studied at room temperature and the thermal oxidation at temperatures sufficiently low to permit the isolation and identification of labile intermediates, such as acetyl peroxide. In the oxidation of aldehydes, the chain carriers appear to be a ketyl radical, R-C- //*, and the peroxide of this radical, //O R-c\ o-o-Similarly, in the low temperature oxidation of paraffins, the chain carriers appear to be alkyl and alkyl peroxide radicals, aGd also ketyl radicals.Hydroperoxides of the general formula RCH,OOH, which can be formed, would normally change to aldehydes, but under favourable conditions they can disrupt and bring about ignition. Evidence in support of this mechanism is obtained both from the chemistry of free radicals and from the effect of adding pro-knocks to the combustible mixture in spark and compression ignition engines. Microchemical Analysis and its Applications BY R. BELCHER,A.I.C. [South Yorkshire Section, on 10th December, 1940.1 Since the development of quantitative microanalysis by Emich, Pregl and others, the subject has expanded rapidly, and may be divided into several branches.Spot Tests.-These methods are becoming of increasing importance in qualitative analysis and have many applications. The tests are usually carried out on a tile or filter paper. The latter medium has the advantage that its capillary action may give a positive test where the reaction in solution fails. Of particular interest to metallurgists is the printing and developing method for detecting heterogeneity in metal cuttings. Electrographic Methods.-This interesting technique has also been used for examination of heterogeneity in metals and alloys, 48 and has many other applications. The necessary apparatus is simple and easy to set up.The test substance is placed between a copper nail (anode) and a piece of aluminium foil (cathode). Between the latter and the test substance are placed two filter papers, one next to the foil, impregnated with KC1 as electrolyte, and the other impregnated with a suitable reagent. A flash lamp battery is used as the source of current, and when this is passed the metal dissolves anodically and reacts with the reagent. By the use of comparison papers the method may be made quantitative. Micro Gas Analysis.-The simplest types of apparatus are those in which the gas is measured between mercury threads in a capillary. Absorption is usually accomplished by solid reagents, but liquid reagents can be used absorbed on sintered glass beads. The sa'me accuracy as is obtainable in macro-gas analysis may be achieved with 0.1-0.2C.C.Polarographic Analysis.-By using this technique a qualita- tive and quantitative analysis of inorganic or organic substances may be carried out rapidly. The apparatus may also be used for amperometric titrations with solutions of concentrations as low as N/xooo. Organic Micro Analysis.-The three outstanding methods for determining carbon and hydrogen are those of Pregl, Friedrich and Lindner. The Friedrich method has many advantages over the other two methods, and it is surprising it is so little used in this country. Micro methods have been used as a basis for developing semi micro methods suitable for routine analysis. My colleagues and I have evolved new methods for the ultimate analysis of coal; these, in our view, offer a considerable saving of time without loss of accuracy.49 Examinations: January, 1941. Report cf the Board of Examiners. An Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry was held as under:-No. No. Entered. Passed. Theoi-etical-At the Institute and at a number of local Centres .. .. .. .. --Friday and Saturday, 10th and 11th January. PTactical-At the University of Manchester (lo),Monday-Thursday, 6th-9th January inclusive. In the Laboratories of the University of London (16), Monday-Thursday, 13th-16th January inclusive . . .. .. 27 14* * One candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the examination and 4 candidates satisfied the Examiners in those parts of the examination in which they had previously failed.The Pass List is attached. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.AND PHYSICAL In spite of the difficulties of these times the standard reached by the candidates was not noticeably below that of pre-war days. Most candidates managed to attempt on both papers the required number of questions and generally the answers were adequate. The answers submitted on “chain reactions” were an exception to this, for they were usually sketchy. Some excellent answers dealt with transition temperatures and surface tension. The accounts of the reactions between ammonia and metals and metallic halides lacked variety for most candidates restricted their discussion to sodium and ammonia and the cobaltammines.In dealing with hydrogen peroxide very few candidates mentioned that the molecular weight can be established by the cryoscopic method using an aqueous solution. In discussing the chief points of similarity and difference between the metals mentioned. in Question 2 in the second paper, most candidates showed a lack of acquaintance with many important analogies and distinctions. Most candidates appreciated that the key to the chemistry of the silicates and to the remarkable differences between the behaviour 50 of carbon and silicon turns on the fact that while double bonds are formed very readily between the carbon and oxygen, silicon dioxide must be represented without double bonds. The practical exercises were in some cases not done as well as usual.The least satisfactory results were obtained in the distribution experiment and in the interpretation of the experi- mental data. ORGANICTHEORY. The proportion of candidates who answered this paper really well was smaller than usual. Quite a number of candidates appeared to be unfamiliar with modem catalytic processes, with the result that incomplete answers were given to questions dealing with acetic acid, n-butyl alcohol and cyclo-hexanol. The impression was given that a number of candidates, instead of studying to obtain a sound knowledge of general organic chemistry, had devoted an undue proportion of their energies to preparing answers to likely questions. Unless the second procedure is based on the former, weaknesses in funda- mental knowledge readily betray themselves and the candidate cannot expect to obtain good marks.These observations are particularly applicable to the question asking for an essay on tautomerism or the structure of diazo-compounds. ORGANICPRACTICAL. The practical exercises were often not done so well as usual, probably because of restricted laboratory training. Several candidates were led astray through not being able to detect the presence of bromine in p-bromoacetanilide or of nitrogen in anthranilic acid. Two candidates were completely misled, through referring to tables of melting points, before they had adequately assigned the substance under investigation to its proper class. Translations.With a few exceptions these were done satisfactorily. 51 Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. The following exercises were given :-FRIDAY, 10th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m. to 12 noon. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of the preparation, properties, constitution and methods of detection of hydrogen peroxide. 2. Define the term “transition temperature” and give examples of the existence of transition temperatures for (a) metals, (b) non-metals, and (c) salts. Describe briefly in each case a method by which the transition tem- perature can be dgtermined. 3. Illustrate, by two examples of each phenomenon, the use of electrochemical methods of oxidation and reduction in inorganic chemistry.4. Describe, in some detail, the preparation of four of the following substances and discuss any points of interest in connexion with the substances you select :-aluminium trichloride, thallous chloride, lithium hydride, barium dithionate, calcium carbide, mercurous chloride. 5. Define what is meant by a “chain reaction.” Describe, wlth examples, the principal characteristics of reactions of this type. 6. Write an essay on either-(a) Deuterium and its compounds, or (b) The concept of resonance and its experimental basis. 7. Give some account of the history of our ideas of the nature of acids from the time of Lavoisier to the present day. 1 to 3.30 p.nz.(Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point.Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of some of the reactions which can take place between ammonia and (a)metals, (b) metallic halides. Comment upon any structural problems connected with the substances formed. 2. What is meant by a “concentration cell”? Outline the theory of the production of an E.3I.I.F.by such a cell. For what purposes are concentration cells used ? 3. Outline the chief points of similarity and difference between either (a) chromium, maganese and iron; or (b) zinc, cadmium and mercury. 4. Discuss either-(a) The theory and application of adsorption indicators; or (a) The use of micro-methods in inorganic analysis.5. Compare and contrast the chemistry of the oxides of carbon and silicon, accounting, as far as you can, for these differences in propertiesin terms of modern ideas as to the linkages contained in these molecules. 6. Describe methods by which the surface tension of a liquid may be measured. Outline the results of measurements of surface tension of liquids which have contributed to the development of chemistry. 7. Give an account of the chemistry of the qualitative separation of arsenic, antimony and tin. Discuss the quantitative determination of any one of the elements named when present in pure compounds. 52 SATURDAY, 11th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m. to 12 noon. (Answer FOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equutions where possible.) 1.Give a brief description of the industrial preparation of four of the following compounds :-(a) acetic acid; (b) n-butyl alcohol; (c) carbon tetrachloride; (d) p-naphthylamine; (e) anthranilic acid; (f) salicylic acid. 2. By means of typical examples illustrate the uses of malonic and acetoacetic esters as synthetical agents. 3. Outline the methods of preparation of FOUR of the following reagents and give one example of the use of each of the six:- (a) ethyl magnesium bromide; (b) methyl sulphate; (c) bromo-acetyl bromide; (d) phenylisocyanate ; (e) phenylhydrazine; ( f ) p -toluene -sulp honic chloride, 4. Give the evidence, analytical as well as synthetical, on which the structure of ONE of the following compounds is based:-(a) camphor,(b) glucose, (c) indigo.5. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:-(a) The reactions and structure of aromatic diazo compounds; (b) Tautomerism; (c) The Walden Inversion. 6. By means of equations and short notes indicate the methods of preparation of the following compounds from benzene :-(a) dimethyl-aniline; (b) cyclohexanol; (c) p-nitraniline; (d) benzidine. 7. Give examples to illustrate the uses of the more commonlyemployed methods of reduction in organic chemistry. MONDAY, 6th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Identify, as completely as time permits, compounds (A) and (B).(A1: Anisaldehyde; A2: cinnamic aldehyde; B1: p-chloracetanilide;B2 : Benzanilide. TUESDAY, 7th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m.to 3.30 p.m. Characterise as completely as time allows the two components of the mixture (C) and state the approximate proportions in which they are present. (C. Benzene and aniline; or toluene and toluidine.) WEDNESDAY, 8th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. 1. Assuming that the zinc dust provided contains zinc and zinc oxide only, determine the total zinc content volumetrically, by titration with ferrocyanide solution. Also estimate the zinc, present as metal, by any suitable method. Return your results as grams of zinc per 100 grams of zinc dust. 2. Analyse qualitatively (D) and (E). (D =Basic lead chromate; E = Witherite.) THURSDAY, 9th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. 1. The mixture (F) contains potassium chloride and potassium chlorats.Determine the weight of KCl and the weight of KClO, in 100 grams of (F), You are provided with decinormal silver nitrate solution. Take 10 grams of (F)and separate the constituents in a state of purity.Leave your specimens of pure chloride and pure chlorate for inspectionwith a record of the weights. 2. Identify the substances (G) and (H). (G = Silicon; H = BtaSO,.) - 53 MONDAY, 13th JANUARY, 1941, 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Identify, as completely as time permits, compounds (A) and (B). (Al: Urea nitrate; A2: urea oxalate; B1: anthranilic acid; B2: p-bromo- acetanilide.) TUESDAY, 14th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Characterise as completely as time allows the two components of the mixture (C) and state the approximate proportions in which they are present.(C1: Cyclohexanol and phenol; or cyclo-hexanol and p-cresol.) WEDNESDAY, 15th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. 1. The solution (J)is a solution of an organic acid in toluene con- taining 50 grams of the acid per litre of solution. Investigate the distri- bution of the acid between toluene and water at 25" C. over a concentration range corresponding roughly to between 50 grams and 40 grams per litre of acid in the toluene layer. Express your results graphically and interpret them. 2. Identify the substances (K) and (L). (K = Cadmium Lithopone; L = Spethic iron ore.) THURSDAY, 16th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. 1. Identify the two substances present in the mixture (M).(M = MOO, + CaSO,.) 2.You are provided with a sample of finely divided Witherite (natural barium carbonate). Determine the percentage of barium car-bonate in the sample. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Carroll, Arthur, The University, and the College of Technology, Manchester. Daniell, Kenneth Laurence, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. Fitzgerald, Edwin Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), Battersea Polytechnic, and Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Greenhalgh, Frank Rushton, College of Technology, Manchester. Holden, Wilfrid, City Technical College, Liverpool. Hughes, Francis Derek, College of Technology, Manchester, and Woolwich Polytechnic, London. Hustwick, Kenneth, Municipal Technical College, Hull.Merrick, William, Royal Technical College, Salford, and College of Tech- nology, Manchester. Parmella, Ralph, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and Con-stantine Technical College, Middlesbrough. Pritchard, Reginald Raymond, B.Sc. (Liv.), The University, and the City Technical College, Liverpool. Speight, Christopher, Municipal Technical College, Blackburn. Stone, Eric Hayes Frederick, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Whincup, Sydney, Royal Technical College, Salford. Wiggins, Arthur Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Battersea Polytechnic London. 54 Notes. SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT. In the House of Commons on 23rd January, Captain Plugge asked the Lord President of the Council whether he could arrange for the newly-appointed Scientific Advisory Committee to review the adequacy or otherwise of the scientific appointments to the various Government Departments, including the permanent scientific advisory personnel and the personnel of the various scientific committees which advise Departments, with a view to ensuring that the fullest use is being made of scientific knowledge in the administration of the national war effort? The Lord President of the Council (Sir John Anderson) replied that the purpose which the Government had in view in establishing. the Scientific Advisory Committee was “to ensure the continuance of the fullest co-operation of scientific workers with the Government in the national war effort,” and one of the functions specifically assigned to the Committee was to advise on the selection of individuals for scientific work in, or for, the various Government Departments.He thought that the object indicated by Capt. Plugge was sufficiently met. On the same day, Mr. Salt asked the Financial Secretary to the Treasury whether he was aware that the Bank of England was refusing applications for sufficient foreign exchange to enable British subjects to continue their annualsubscriptions to American learned technical and scientific societies; and whether arrange- ments could be made to enable such small payments to continue to be made, having regard to the value of the connexions involved ? Captain Crookshank replied that it was not the present practice of the Bank of England to refuse applications for reasonable amounts of dollars in respect of subscriptions to recognised American learned, technical and scientific societies.If Mr. Salt had any specific case in mind, he (Captain Crookshank) would be glad to have the particulars. Leverhulme Research Fellowships, 1941.-Application is invited for (i) Fellowships or (ii) Grants in aid of research. The Fellowships or Grants are intended for senior workers who are prevented from carrying out research work by routine duties or pressure of other work. They are limited to British-born subjects normally resident in Great Britain. In exceptional circumstances the Trustees may waive the condition as to resi- dence. The Trustees are also prepared to consider applications from groups of workers engaged upon co-operative programmes of research-particularly from those engaged upon long-distance programmes or in Institutions in which the normal facilities for research have been curtailed by the War.The duration of the awards will not normally extend over more than two years or less than three months and the amount will depend on the nature of the research and the circumstances of the applicant. Forms of application may be obtained from the Secretary, Dr. L. Haden Guest, M.C., RI.P., Leverhulme Research Fellow- ships, Kingscote House, I, Watergate, Blackfriars, London, E.C.4. Applications must be received on or before 1st March, 1941. Awards will be announced in July and will date from 1st Septem-ber, 1941.Adoption.-Amember of the Institute would be willing to adopt a girl, aged 5 to 7 years, in the event of her being left an orphan through enemy adtion or other circumstances. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 56 Obituary. JAMES BELL died at Dublin on 24th January, in his 43rd year, after an illness contracted while serving with the Irish Army. Born at Belfast, he was educated at the Royal Academics1 Institution in that city and continued his training at Trinity College, Dublin, from 1916-1921, gaining the Senior Moderatorship and Gold Medal in Experimental Science, a Junior Moderatorship in Mathematics, graduating B.A. and Sc.B. In 1920 he was appointed demonstrator and lecturer in chemistry, and from 1921-1927 assisted Professor E.A. Werner in research in organic chemistry. From 1923-1927 he was also part-time assistant to Dr. J. Joly, F.R.S., professor of geology. In 1927 he became assistant to the Professor of Physiology, Lecturer in Biophysics in the University, and part-time lecturer in physical chemistry at the Dublin Technical School. He proceeded to &LA., M.Sc. and Sc.D., and turning his attention to medicine, qualified as M.B., B.Ch. in 1934, M.D. in 1936, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Irish Academy of Medicine. He was a Fellow and tutor of Trinity College, Dublin, and, for about 10 years, Secretary of the College Appointments Association. Jointly with Professor Werner and inde- pendently he was the author of many papers contributed to the Journal of the Chemical Society and to the proceedings of other scientific and medical societies.He took a large part in the formation of a volunteer Sluagh (the equivalent of O.T.C.), and was the first volunteer of a UniversitySluagh to receive a commission in the Irish Army. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921 and a Fellow in 1935. He served as a Member of Council from 1936 to 1939 and was for over 12 years Honorary Treasurer of the Dublin Section. Many members of the Institute were present at his funeral. DAVID BROWN DOTT died at Musselburgh on 6th January, in his 89th year. Educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, he was trained for pharmacy, and was for many years chemist, and later consultant, to Messrs.J. F. Macfarlan 8; Co., of Edinburgh. From 1876 onwards, until recently, he contributed papers on subjects of pharmaceutical interest- especially on the estimation of alkaloids and their constituents, but some- times on inorganic chemistry-to the British Pharmaceutical Conference and to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In the Pharmaceutical Journal (18th January, 1941) it is recorded that in the Index of the Year Book of Pharmacy (1904-1927) references to Mr. Dott fill three columns. He was a Member of the Committee for Reference in Pharmacy for the British Pharmacopoeia, 1914. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. The Institute has recently been informed of the death of HENRY FAIRLEY, on 16th October, 1938, at the age of 43 years.Educated at West Calder Higher Grade Public School and Broughton Junior Student Centre, he studied under Sir James Walker at the University of Edinburgh, and graduated in 1921, his training having been interrupted by service in the Navy from 1916 to 1919. In 1921 he was engaged with Scottish Oils Ltd., and in the following year obtained an appointment with the Anglo-Persian-now the Anglo-Iranian-Oil Co., Ltd., with which he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate in 1921, 57 GEORGEHARRISON died at Edinburgh, on 1st February, in GEMXELL his 81st year. The son of a shipbuilder of Liverpool, he was born at Birkenhead, educated at Hull Grammar School and received his early training in chemistry under G.Carr Robinson at the Royal Institution in the same town. In 1873-1874 he studied under Professor-later Sir-Edward Frankland at the Royal School of Mines and, after acting as pupil- teacher and assistant master at Hull Grammar School for about eight years became analytical assistant to Professor J. Campbell Brown in Liverpool. In 1887 he joined J. B. Readman in Edinburgh, eventually succeeding to the practice in which he was subsequently joined by Mr. Russell G. Thin, He was public analyst and official agricultural analyst for Clackmannanshire, East Lothian (Haddington), Midlothian. West Lothian and Peebles, and public analyst for many burghs. He was official analyst for the North British Association of Gas Managers and gas examiner for several districts.He was also Professor of Chemistry at the Royal (Dick) Veterinary College and lecturer in chemistry at the School of Nedicine of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons of Edinburgh. He contributed papers to The Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Royal Scottish Society of Arts. He was elected a Fellow in 1887. His son, Captain Alexander Gemmell, D.Sc., Fellow, was associated with Lieut.-Colonel E. F. Harrison during the previous war, and died from the effects of his work on defensive measures against poison gas. CHARLES HAYXEdied at Exmouth, Devon, on 31st December, 1940, at the age of 32 years. Educated at Exmouth Grammar School, he matriculated in 1925 and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemiu- try in 1931, having been an assistant chemist with the Gramophone Co., Ltd., at Hayes, Middlesex, while continuing his studies by evening classes at Regent Street and Chelsea Polytechnic.From 1932 to 1935 he was chemist to British Glues and Chemicals, Ltd., Sewport (Mon.) Branch, and in the latter year obtained an appointment with RIessrs. Soakes Bros., process engravers and stereotypers, of Kew Street Square, London. Later he was on the staff of a Government department until he was obliged to cease work through ill-health. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1933. HAROLDKINQ died in India in July, 1940, in his 42nd year. Educated at Holy Trinity Higher Grade and the Secondary School, Stockton on Tees. He enlisted in 1916 in the London Rifle Brigade, was commissioned in December, 1917, served with his regiment in France, was later transferred to the King’s Royal Rifle Corps, with the Army of Occupation.In 1920 he was demobilised and entered at King’s College, London, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry in 1924. In the following year he broadcast a series of lectures from Newcastle upon Tyne and instituted a course in physical chemistry at Rutherford College. Also in 1925 he was appointed chemist to Royle, Robson and Barnet, Ltd., in the same city, with whom he developed three well-equipped laboratories, with a staff of 14 chemists and assistants, and became works manager, before he was appointed, in 1930, to the Board of Directors of the Indian subsidiary company as Works Director, becoming Managing Director in 1933.In these positions he also controlled research, the results of which were successfully applied on the manufacturing scale. He was elected an Associate in 1924 and a Fellow in 1936. LAWSONTHOMAS MCEWANdied on 13th January, at Withycombe, Exmouth, in his 49th year. Educated at Liff Road School, Lochee, and at the Harris Academy, he proceeded to TJniversity College, Dundee, in 58 1913, and graduated BSc. (St. Andrews), taking the higher standard in chemistry. He was an assistant under Mr. J. F. Briggs, with Tullis Russell & Co., Ltd., at the paper works at Markinch, before he was appointed chemist to Messrs. Marsden & Co., Paper Works, Barnsley.From 1914 to 1916 he was assistant to Cecil H. Cribb and then proceeded to an appointment with Messrs. F. W, Berk & Co. with whom he obtained experience on acid manufacture before joining the Research Department of the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, when he was personal assistant to Sir Robert Robertson. In 1924 he returned to Dundee and studied medicine, qualifying as M.B., Ch.B. (St. Andrews) in 1928. He assisted in the Bacteriology Department at St. Andrews for two years, and in 1030 was appointed Bacteriologist in the Medical Department of the Devon County Council at Exeter. He was elected an Associate in 1916 and a Fellow in 1920. GEORGE was killed by enemy action at his home in Liverpool PERKIKS in January, in his 34th year.He was educated at Featherstone Road Boys’ School, Southall, and at Southall Commercial College, and in 1923 became a chemical assistant at the Brentford Gas Company-later amalga-mated with the Gas Light & Coke Co.,-while studying at tlie Sir John Cass Technical Institute. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry in 1935, passed the examination for the Fellowship in Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Coal Tar and Ammonia Technology, in 1938. In 1935 he was placed in charge of the by-products laboratory at the Southall Products Works. He moved to Liverpool in 1939 to take an appointment at the tar distillery of Messrs. Brotherton & Co., Ltd. He was elected an Associate in 1935 and a Fellow in 1038.CHARLESPROCTOR,who died at Huntly, Aberdeenshire, on 13th December, 1940, in his 87th year, was a member of the staff of the Govern- ment Laboratory from 1874 until his retirement in 1919, when he held the position of superintending chemist and received the Imperial Service Order in recognition of his services. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, served as a Member of Council from 1910 to 1913, and wat) for 20 years a helpful Member of the Benevolent Fund Committee. ARTHLT LINDSAY ROYDSJOHN died, after a brief illness, at the British Military Hospital, T$7ellington, Madras Presidency, India, on 16th May, 1940, at the age of 30 years. He received his early education at Reading School and proceeded to the Royal College of Science wherp he graduated B.Sc.(Lond.) with honours in chemistry in 1934, and was awarded the Associateship of the College. After some industrial experience at Luton Gas Works, and with the Northern Smelting and Chemical Co., Ltd., he joined the staff of the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey, in 1936. In 1937 he was gazetted as an officer in the Indian Ordnance Services and, until the time of his death, he was assistant Works Manager at the Cordite Factory, Aruvankadu. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936. GREVILE REDDOCKFREDERICK died at Slough, Bucks., on 16th January, in his 81st year. He studied at the Royal College of Chemistry under Professor-later Sir Edward-Frankland and acted for two years as assistant to H.S. Bell, A.R.S.M., at Sheffield, before he was appointed, in 1881, chemist to the White Cross Co. of Warrington with which post he held until 1888, when he established a practice in the same town, of which 69 he was appointed public analyst and official agricultural analyst. He retired in 1929. His son, F. A. Ruddock, Associate, is Professor of Chemistry and Metal-lurgy at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. He was elected a Fellow in 1888. MRS. DOROTHYJESSIE STOREY(nee Bartlett) died on 20th January, at Manchester, in her 53rd year. She was educated at Streatham Hill High School and received her training at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society and at King’s College, London, passed the Major Examination of the Pharmaceutical Society, and continued work on research under Professor A.W. Crossley, F.R.S., during 1911-1912. She was a research chemist with Burgoyne Burbridges & Co. Ltd., for a few years, and married Mr. W. A. Storey, Fellow, in 1915. She was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1913. LEO TAYLOR died at Kingswood, Surrey, on 20th December, 1940, in his 80th year. He was educated at the Cowper Street Schools in the City of London, and in his youth assisted Professor Barff and Dr.-later Sir-Oliver Lodge, at Bedford College. He subsequently assisted Dr. Frederick Versmann, and from 1879 to 1881 attended evening classes at King’s College, London, under Professor Xillar Thomson. In 1881 he became analyst to the London and General Water Purifying Co., and in 1884 established a consulting and analytical practice at \Valthamstow, which in the course of time he developed at Moorgate Street in the City of London, where he was later joined by Mr.D.T. Lucke. He was public analyst for the Metropolitan Borough of Hackney and the Borough of Southend.on-Sea, official agricultural analyst for the latter Borough and consulting chemist to the Walthamstow Borough Council. In 1909 he was elected a Member of the Corporation of the City of London for the Ward of Coleman Street and took a keen interest in Corporation affairs until, owing to failing health, shortly before his death, he sent in his resignation to the Lord Nayor. He was Chairman, inter alia, of the Music Committee, the Sanitary, Port Sanitary, County Purposes and, lastly, the City Lands Committee, which carried with it the title of Chief Commoner, and he was subsequently appointed Deputy Alderman and DeputyLieutenant.He represented the Corporation on the Metropolitan Water Board, and served as Chairman of the Water Examination Committee at the time of the construction of their new Laboratories, in the building of which he took great interest. In 1927 he was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888 and served as a Bleniber of Council from 1902 to 1905. Joar; TROTTERdied in Edinburgh, on 4th March, 1939, in his 75th vear. He attended Caddonfoot School, near Clovenfords, and, in his South he was engaged in farm work at Fairnalee Farm on Tweedale, at Blainslee, near Lauder, and at Greenlaw, Berwickshire.He attended classes in agricultural science and, after a course under (Sir) Edward Thorpe, at the Royal College of Science, London, and some experience in teaching, went to Edinburgh and attended evening classes at Heriot-Watt College, where he gained the diploma in science and many certificates of the Department of Science and Arts. In 1895, having also studied book- keeping and shorthand, he secured a post with the Edinburgh Corporation and, gaining scholarships, continued his studies at the University. In 1898 he was awarded the diploma of the Highland Agricultural Society, and in 1899 and 1900 gained the senior medal in agriculture and rural economy.He graduated B.Sc. in pure science in 1905 and in agriculture in 1908. 60 In 1910 he was awarded the degree of D.Sc. for research in organic chemis- try carried out under Professor Boon and, in 1915, he received the degree of M.A. Dr. Trotter held appointments from 1905 to 1908 with the Sudan Plantation Syndicate; from 1908 to 1910 with the Jewish Territorial Organisation in Cyrenaica; from 1910 to 1913 as manager of a West African cocoa, rubber and tobacco estate; from 1914 to 1915 in the Gold Coast Colony, and from 1915 to 1918 with Chance & Hunt, Ltd., at Oldbury.From 1918 until his death he practised as a gold refiner and assayer in Edinburgh. He founded the Clarinda Burns Club. He was elected a Fellow in 1918.HERBERTLOUISWATSOSdied at Pollokshields, Glasgow, on 27th January, in his 51st year. Educated at Aberdeen Grammar School and Aberdeen University, he graduated B.Sc. in 1911. He was on the staff of Lever Bros., Ltd., at Port Sunlight, as chemist and assistant works manager for over 3 years, but in September, 1914, enlisted and served for a year in the King’s Liverpool Regiment and for a further year with the Royal Engineers in France. In September, 1916, he was lent by the Ministry of Munitions to Messrs. Ogston & Tennant, Ltd., at Renfrew, with whom he continued as technical chemist and works manager, until he was com- pelled, in 1940, to cease work through ill-health. He was a Governor of Paisley Technical College. He was elected an Associate in 1918.Mr. H. G. A. Anderson, Assistant Secretary of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, represented the Institute at the funeral service at Pollokshields on 30th January. 61 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-Plastics in Industry. “Plastes.” Pp. s + 242. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 12s.6d. net. Definitions and the plastics industry; thermo-plastic and thermo.-settFg resins ; specifications ; moulding and fabrication technique ; engmeermg and chemical machinery and plant; the electrical industry; aircraft construction; motor-car manufacture; textile industry; building industry; synthetic glues; synthetic rubber in modern industry; fancy goods trade ; furniture manufacture; packaging and display; misrel- laneous ;design ; index.Poisons, their Isolation and Identification. Frank Bamford. Foreword by Professor Sydney Smith. Pp. viii + 344. (London: J. & A. Churchill, Ltd.) 18s.net. Preface ; introduction ; organisation and equipment ; classification of poisons ; volatile poisons ; common metallic poisons ; other metals; corrosive acids and alkalis ; non-volatile organic poisons (alkaloids) ; non-basic organic poisons; the isolation of non-volatile poisons; a systematic scheme for the identification of alkaloids ;systematic testing for non-basic poisons; miscellaneous poisons; drugs of addiction; author and subject indexes.The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association has forwarded a copy of a “ Bibliography of Spectrochemical Analysis ” compiled by D. M. Smith, second edition, 1940. This Bibliography includes all the reference previously pub- lished in Research Monogrq5h No, 2. (“ Metallurgical Analysis by the Spectrograph”), supplemented by papers published since 1933 up to August, 1940. The first edition of this Bibliography, published in 1935,was entitled “Bibliography of Literature on Spectrum Analysis.” Books of reference ; wavelength tables ; general ; apparatus ; technique ; logarithmic sector method; applications of the microphotometer;quantitative interpretation of spectra; analysis of metals and alloys; miscellaneous; author index.Imperial Institute : Annual Report, 1940, by the Director, Sir Harry Lindsay, K.C.I.E., K.C.B., to the Board of Governors. a The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 20th December, 1940,and 24th and 31st January, 1941, I new Fellow was elected, 14 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 54 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 20 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of 11 Fellows and 4 Associates. New Fellow. Howes, Donald Albert, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), Anglo Iranian Oil Co., P.O. Box 1, Chertsey Road, Sunbury-on-Thames. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Balfour, Arthur Eadie, B.Sc. (Lond.), lla, Cambridge Park, Redland, Bristol. Banks, Bernard George, A.C.G.F.C., A.M.I.Chem.E., F.Inst .P., Messrs.Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad, B.W.I. Bodger, Walter Henry, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 51, First Avenue, Bexley Heath, Kent. Campbell, John Reid, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glm.), A.R.T.C., 19, StamperlandDrive, Clarkston, Glaapow. Cuthill, Ronald, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 14, Woodsley Road, Bolton, Lancs. Farquharson, John, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Aberd.), Chemistry Department,University College, Rangoon, Burma. Gooderham, Walter Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 43, Harrow View Road, London, W.5. Hill, John Stableford, I.C.I. (Explosives), Ltd. Kennedy, Walter Phillips, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), L.R.C.P.E., L.R.C.S.E., L.R.F.P. & S.G., F.R.S.E., Ministry of Health, Whitehall, London, S.W.1.Lloyd, Peter, B.A. (Cantab.), Streatham Hall Farm, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter. Pates, Edward William, M.Sc. (Lond.), 19, West Lodge Court, Uxbridge Road, London, W.3. Pooley, John William, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Wing, Lindsey House, Lloyd's Place, Blncklieath, London, S.E.3. Suaden. Professor Samuel, D.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.S., 42, Devonshire Road, Salisbury.Wootton-Davies, James Henry, M.P., Messrs. Peter Lunt & Co., Ltd.,Aintree, Liverpool, 10. New Associates. Ackroyd, Gordon Campbell, BSc. (Lond.), 24, Micheldever Road, London,S.E.12. Ady, Miss Peter Honorine, M.Sc. (Rangoon),c/o Messrs. John Palmer, Jr., & Co., Imperial House, South Street, London, E.C. Allan,James MacGregor, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Glenshiel Road,London, S.E.9. 63 Arnold, James Eric, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Lond.), 119, Dawpool Road, London, N.W.2. Beattie, Arthur Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 43, Calton Avenue, London, S.E.21. Brown, William Bernard, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 29, Highgate, Beverley, E. Yorks. Busfield, Thomas William, M.Sc. (Leeds), 34, West Acres, Ahwick, .. . Northumberland. Carroll, Arthur, 9, Central Avenue, Woodheys, Sale, Cheshire. Carter, Paul Evan, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 16, Weston Avenue, Milton, Southsea. Crofts, John Bruce, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chemical Dept., Chemical Defence Research Station, Porton. Daniell, Kenneth Laurence, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, St. Michael’s Avenue, Wembley.Ellis, Bernard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 259, Evering Road, London, E.5. Fitzgerald, Edwin Ernest, B.Sc.(Lond.), 181, Dalling Road, London, W.6. Flint, Frederick Maurice Valentine, B.Sc. (Lond.), Greenways, The Drive, Banstead, Surrey. Greenhalgh, Frank Rushton, 35, Lansdowme Road, Higher Crumpsall, Manchester, 8. Gudgeon, Herbert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Sheff.), 16, Ash Walk, Alkrington, Middleton, Manchester. Holden, W’ilfrid, 33, Bailey Avenue, Ellesmere Port, Wirral. Horn, Robert Colvin, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 11,Highburgh Road,Glasgow, w.2. Hughes, Francis Derek, Cromer Lodge, Cambridge Park, London, E.ll. Hustwick, Kenneth, 105, College Grove, Preston Road, Hull. Hutchings, Raymond George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 99, St. Andrews Drive, Stanmore, Middx. James, Eric Francis, B.Sc. (Leeds), Chestnut Hill, Nailsworth, Stroud, Glos.Jones, Richard, B.Sc. (Wales), 110, Morley Road, Chaddesden, nr. Derby. Keys, Oswald Hilton, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 35, Mersey Street, Island Bay, Welling- ton, S.2, New Zealand. Lean, Wilfrid Scarnell, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Manor Farm, Wootton St. Lawrence, Basingstoke. Lowther, Harry Vincent, B.Sc. (Lond.), 58, Church Street, Brierley Hill, Staffs. Macdonald, James Olaf Sidney Ilich, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Mr. F. Phillips,60, Stanhope Park Road, Greenford, Middx. Naggs, Frederick Arthur Pomroy, 13.S~.(Lond.), 175, Wimbledon Park Road, London, S.W.18. Xartin, Arnold Edward, B.Sc. (Reading), 57, Sunnyside Gardens, Upminster, Essex. lterrick, William, 18, Rosehay Lane, Failsworth, Manchester. Noon, Francis Eric, M.Sc., P1i.D. (Durham), 38, Chalmers Street, Edin- burgh.Jlorris, Leonard, B.Sc.Tech.(Nanc.), 193, Bury New Road, Breightmet, Bolton. Musgrave, Si’illiain Kenneth Rodgerson, BSc. (Birm.), Beechwood, Dipton, Newcastle-on-Tyne.Parkinson, Alexander, RI.Sc. (Mane.), 319, Highfield Road, Blackpool. Parmella, Ralph, 16, Westmorland Grove, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. Pritchard, Frederick William, B.Sc. (Birm.), 39, Quantock Road, Bridg- water. Pritchard, Reginald Raymond, DSc. (Liv.), 36, Butterbrtche Road, FTllntinrrtnn Phea+n- 64 Senior, Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), College of the Pharmaceutical Society, University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff. Smith, John Norman, B.Sc. (Liv.), 4, Huyton Lane, Huyton, Lancs. Smith, Lewis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 113, Hanbury Street, London, E.l.Speight, Christopher, 71, Cherry Street, Blackburn. Stone, Eric Hayes Frederick, 81, Selwyn Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham,l6. Stopher, Eric George, B.Sc. (Birm.). 24, Maurice Road, King's Heath, --Birmingham, 14. Swinburn, Kenneth Arthur, B.Sc. (Land.), 43, Prince's Road, Cleethorpes. Svmons, Korman Kendall Jelinger, B.Sc. (Lond.), 75, College Road, L v Bromley, Kent. Tebboth, John Arthur, B.Sc. (Land.), 42, Churchill Road, South Croydon, Surrey.Thrift, Douglas tl'illiam, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Brooke Forest, Fairlands Estate, Guildford, Surrey. Walsh, Edward O'Farrell, B.Sc. (Land.), Ph.C., 57, Primrose Gardens, London, N .W.3. Webber, Harold, B.Sc. (Land.), 90, Outwoods Drive, Loughborough. Weil, Roderick Francis ,Joseph, Dr.Tech., Dip.Ing.(I'ienna), 23, Errwood Road, Levenshulme, Manchester, 19. Welton, Norman William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 44, Vale Road, Northfleet, Kent. Wiggins, Arthur Charles, B.Sc. (Land.), 59, Kyrle Road, London, S.W.ll. Wood, Leslie Ballentyne, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5R, Chalgrove Crescent, Ilford, Essex. Woolfall, Reginald Charles, B.Sc. (Land.), 25, Banks Avenue, Meols, Wirral. Re-elected Associate. Battie, Miss Marion Alice, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Orchard, Ivy Lane, Woking, Surrey. New Students. Aikman, James Muirhead Clark, 5, Hillington Park Circus, Cardonald, Glasgow, S.W.2. Atlas, Peter Xathan, 13, Wren Avenue, London, N.W7.2. Bloomfield, Kenneth Vincent, The Lodge, The Redbridge School, College Gardens, Ilford, Essex. Breaden, Thomas William, 340, Clontarf Road, Dollymount, Dublin.Britton, Leslie George, 13, Uphall Road, Ilford, Essex. Duerden, Alan Beardwood, 79, Highfield Road, Blackburn, Lancs. Evans, Alfred Alexander, 173, Argyle Avenue, Hounslow. Greenhow, Edward Joshua, 18, Green Acres Road, Kings Korton, Birmingham, 30. Hincklieff, Henry Russell, 9, Spring Gardens, Sowerby Bridge, Yorks. Humphries, John, 17, Pinehurst Cottages, Farnborough, Hants. Lovering, Philip Edward, The School House, Soham, Ely, Cambs. Maynard, Leonard Charles, Lansdowne, Lodge Lane, Havering, Romford, Essex. Mordant, Desmond Fred Isaac Alfred, Hoyal College of Science, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Murphy, Peter Joseph, 1, Whitehall Lane, Grays, Essex. Nicholson, Dennis Clifford, 61, Clonmell Road, London, N.17. Priestley, Donald, 52, Union Street South, Halifax. Roberts, George Edward, 60, Castle Avenue, Rochester, Kent. Stevens, Charles Crichton Birnie, 732, Stratford Road, Birmingham, 11. Williams, Edward Arthur, 9, Pargeter Road, Smethwick, Staffs. Wood, Anthony Arthur Robinson, 80, Marion Crescent, Maidstone, Kent. 65 DEATHS. Fellows. James Bell, M.A., M.D., Sc.D. (Dublin), F.T.C.D. David Brown Dott, Ph.C. George Harrison Gemmell. Harold King, B.Sc. (Lond.). Thomas Lawson McEwan, B.Sc., M.B., Ch.B. (St. Andrews). George Perkins. Charles Proctor, 13.0. Frederick Grevile Ruddock. (Mrs.) Dorothy Jessie Storey. Leo Taylor, O.B.E. John Trotter, D.Sc. (Edin.). Associates. Henry Fairley, B.Sc. (Edin.).Charles Hayne, B.Sc. (Lond.). John Arthur Lindsay Royds, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Herbert Louis Watson, B.Sc. (Aberd.). 66 Coming Events. MarchI 7 SOCIETY ANALYSTS CHEMISTS:OF PUBLIC AND OTHERANALYTICAL Annual General Meeting, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 3.46 p.m.; followed by an address by Sir Harry Lindsay on “The Work of the Imperial Institute for the British Empire,” at 4.30 p.m. OF8 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (South Wales Section): “Micro-chemistry, with special reference to Spbt Tests.” Mr. F. Hudswell, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Singleton Park, Swansea. 10 ASSOCIATIONFOR THE STUDY OF SNOW AND ICE. “The Structure of a Temperate Glacier.” Mr.G. Seligman, at a meeting of the Royal Geographical Society, at the Society’s House, Kensington Gore, London, S.W.7, at 5 p.m. 11 CHEYICAL SOCIETY (Leeds Area Section): Joint Meeting with the Leeds University Chemical Society: Discussion on “Some Aspects of Adsorption.” Opened by Illessrs. R. R1. Barrer and R. S. Bradley. 15 MIDLANDCHEMISTS’Annual Dinner, at the Midland Hotel, New Street, Birmingham. 19 INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties OF CHEMISTRY Section) and INSTITUTE (London and Home Counties OF PHYSICS Branch) :Joint Meeting. “Infra-Red Absorption and Molecular Structure.” Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 2.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Microbiological Panal: Discussion on Technique for Culture of Anierobes.20 CHEMICAL with the South Wales Section of the Institute SOCIETY, of Chemistry: “The Life and Work of ITilliam Jackson Pope.” Professor C. S. Gibson, O.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Singleton Park, Swansea. 21 INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) : “MoreOF CHEMISTRY Recent Investigation on Organic Compounds of Gold.” Professor C. S. Gibson, O.B.E., F.R.S., at University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): “The Chemist in Modern Agriculture.” Sir E. J. Russell, F.R.S. 26 INSTITUTE (South Yorkshire Section) :Joint meeting OF CHEMISTRY with the Society of Chemical Industry. “Some Aspects of Boiler Water Treatment.” Dr.A. W. Chapman, at the Technical College, Rotherham, at 0.30 p.m. 26 INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) :OF CHEMISTRY Annual General Meeting, at the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce. 67 April 16 INSTITT-TE (London and South-Eastern Counties OF CHEMISTRY Section): “Chromatographic Analysis.” Dr. A. H. Cook, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 2.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEJIISTRY(Cardiff and District Section) : “Some Recent Developments in Microchemistry.” Dr. Janet Matthews, at University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff. 22 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(South Yorkshire Section): A Series of short papers of topical interest. At the Metallurgical Club, 198, West Street, Sheffield. 24 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(South Wales Section): Annual General Meeting, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Singleton Park, Swansea.May13 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY (Leeds Arza Section): Eighth Liversidge Lecture : “Complex Formation. Professor N. V. Sidgwick,C.B.E., F.R.S. 68 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute on Monday, 3rd March, 1941, at 3 p.m. Election of Officers and Council.-The Balloting List for the election of Officers, Censors and Members of Council was issued at the end of January. Votes should be received at the oflice of the Institute not later than 3 o’clock on 1st March. In accordance with By-Law zg (2) the vote of any member who is in arrear with his annual subscription must be disallowed.Examinations.-Arrangements have been made to hold examinations for the Fellowship and Associateship in April. It is hoped that examinations will also be held in September. Full information will be given at a later date. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 69 Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Asso- ciates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are ordinarily required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. For the time being the payment of 6s. 6d. is suspended. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours.It will be open from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. from Monday to Friday, but for the present will re- main closed on Saturdays. Members and Students of the Insti- tute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. 70 The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Icine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expire on 1st March. The subscriptions rates are 6s. 6d. for Class B, and 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boots’ Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.C.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDIKCSat 5s. 2d. each. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 71 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Copies of “The Profession of Chemistry” (Fourth Edition, 1938)will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis- tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar.Journal and Proceedings, Part VI, 1939.-A few copies of Part VI of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,1939, were imperfect owing to faulty collation before binding. Any recipient of an imperfect copy will be sent a good copy on communicating with the Registrar. Laboratory Assistants (male and female) are urgently required by the Ministry of Supply in the provinces. Candidates must be of British birth and parentage. Should be not less than 16 years of age and should have had a secondary school training in subjects which include chemistry, or should have attained a standard equivalent to the General Schools Certificate in that subject. Inclusive weekly rate of pay between 33s. od. and 75s. od.(male) or 61s. od. (female) according to age and experience. Fellows and Associates are invited to bring these vacancies to the notice of qualified candidates known to them who are not at present doing work of National importance. Applications should be forwarded to the Secretary (S.E.3.B.), Ministry of Supply, Adelphi, London, W.C.2. Experimental Assistants should have obtained Higher School Certificates or equivalent qualifications in subjects which include chemistry. Inclusive annual salaries for Experimental Assistants are between i11319s. od. (at age 17)and ;6260 (male) or ;6250 (female) according to age, qualifications and experience. 72 Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18.Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, FUND,INSTITUTEBENEVOLENT OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar. 73 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY REGISTER ADDRESSES REQUIRED Fellows. Bardsley, Joshua. Bascombe, Frederick. Boyce, Frank. Browning, Ronald George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Darling, Charles Robert, A.R.C.Sc.1. Eastburn, Major Gerald Jerome, M.C., A.R.T.C. Edwards, Vincent. Glendinning, Tom Aldrich, M.Sc. (N.Z.). Hogben, Walter. Ingle, Herbert, B.Sc.(Leeds). Loudon, Alexander, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), M.Sc. (Lond.). Paterson, John Hamilton, D.Sc. (Dunelm). St. Johnston, James Hallewell, M.A. (Cantab.). Saunders, Wilfrid, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sinclair, St. Clair Overbeek, M.A. (Cape), D.Sc. (Stellenbosch). Watson, Eric Edmund. Willey, Eric John Baxter, Ph.D. (Cantab.), M.Sc. (Dunelm), D.Sc. (Lond.). Wright, Charles James, B.A. (Cantab.). Associates. Barclay, Miss Judith Margaret, B.Sc. (Lond.). Behram, Jal D. Edal, M.Sc. (Bombay). Brandt, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.). Brodie, Neal, M.Sc. (Dunelm). Chattin, Alan Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.). Claudet, Richard Arthur Ormerod, B.Sc. (Lond.). Clulow, Frederick Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Coles, George Lemuel, B.Sc. (Lond.). Collins, William Jonathan Henn, B.A.(Cantab.), Ph.D. (Lond.). Cook, Harry Aaron, B.Sc. (Lond.). Davies, George Parker, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Brig.). Davis, Frederick Victor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Dawson, Thomas Theodore, KSc. (Birm,). Dean, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Manc.). Eastman, Clifford William, B.Sc. (Birm.). Evans, Thomas Leslie, B.A. (Cantab.). Fletcher, Peter Bainbrigge, M.Sc. (Lond.). Gardner, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Gardner, William Kidston, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.). 74 Gibson, Peter Robert Saaife, B.Sc. (Lond.), Gilbert, Frank Lathe, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Cantab.). Goodwin, Harold Walter, B.Sc. (Glas.). Gordon, Roy Robert, M.A., Ph.D. (Glas.). Graham, Frank Nelson, B.Sc. (Liv.). Gresham, Harold Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Grieve, Stanley Trethowa, M.Sc.(Audubon). GrBth, Goronwy, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales). Hall, Donald Hugh, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Harden, Harold Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.). Harrison, Christopher Jerome, B.Sc. (Birm.). Hodson, William Brook, A.C.G.F.C. Hole, Ernest George, B.Sc. (Birm.). Holman, Henry John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Horton, Laurence, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Jackson, Emmanuel, B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Johnson, Sydney Walgate, BSc. (Dun.), Ph.D. (Lond.). Johnston, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.). Jones, Edward Henry. Kay, John Louden, A.R.T.C. Kent, Arthur Vincent, M.Sc. (Wales). Khin, Maung Aung, B.Sc. (Rangoon). Kingcome, John Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.). Laurie, Leonard Llewelyn, M.Sc. (Lond.). Maitra, Manan Kumar, Ph.D. (Lond.). Mansell, Richard Ivor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Massie, Duncan McRobert. Matheeon, Donald, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D.(Aberd.). PlcCullagh, Thomas Anthony, MSc. (N.U.1.). McGregor, Thomas, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.), Mein, Henry Cranston, B.Sc. (Edin.). Milne, Stephen George Mount Stephen, B.Sc. (Aberd.). Mitra, Bhupendra Nath, D.Sc. (Dacca). Morris, John Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.). Nixon, Richard Herbert. Norris, Walter Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Parker, Hugh Edmund, M.Sc. (Lond.). Pearson, Ernest Leigh, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Peel, Patrick Robert Elliott, B.Sc. (Lond.). Pemberton, Douglas Gordon, M.Sc. (Manc.). Penny, Ernest Edgar, B.Sc. (Lond.). Pinder, Harold William, A.Met. (Sheffield). Redmond, Nathan, B.Sc. (Lond.). Rigby, Joe, M.Sc. (Manc.). Robert, Roger Felix Laurent, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Smnders, Benjamin, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sharman, Ivan Michael, B.Sc.(Lond.). Sheldon, Wilfred, M.Sc. (Vict.). 73 Sheldrick, George, JI.Sc., I'1i.D. (Dunelm). Snow, Frederick Henry, O.C.G.F.C. Squire, George Victor Vincent, BSc. (Lond.). Syines, Thomas Edward, M.Sc. (Lond.). Tavroges, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.). Taylor, William Edward Leslie. Thi, Uaung Ba, B.Sc. (Rangoon). Thom, IVilliam Albert Strang, BSc. (Mas.). Thornley, Derek George Claude, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Tonkm, James Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Walden, -4lfred Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.). IValker, Eric, B.Sc. (Lonrl.). Walkey, Wilfred Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.). TT'allbaiik, Albert William, B.Sc. (Birm.). TVigran, Peter Wodmore, B.A. (Cantab.). JVildman, Harry, B.Sc. (Xanc.). Williams, Benjamin Haydn, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.). IYillianis, Frank Archer, XSc., Ph.D.(Lond.). IVilson, Kenneth Mackenzie. IVrather, Harry Coupe, M.Sc. (Manc.). Tates, Edmund Denys, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Teats, Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.). 76 “NEVER IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN CONFLICT WAS SO MUCH OWED BY SO MANY TO SO FEW” The Prime Minister YOU CAN BACK UP OUR AIRMEN by buying NATIONAL WAR BONDS SAVINGS CERTIFICATES DEFENCE BONDS or by depositing in the POST OFFICE or TRUSTEE SAVINGS BANKS Issued by The National Savings Committee, London