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THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART I: 1941. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Sccrectwy. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. February, I94I. Publications Committee, 1940-41. A. L. BACHARACH (Chaisnzan), J. J. FOX (Presideat), W. M. AMES, M. BOGOD, R.R. BUTLER, A. COULTHARD, F. P. DUNN, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, W. GODDEN, E. GREGORY, A. A. HALL, J.W. HAWLEY, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H.HUNTER, G. KING, P. LEWIS-DALE, G.W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A. C. MONKHOUSE, H. W. MOSS, J. R.NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, D. W. PARKES, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, I?. M. ROWE, 5. B.WATKINS. Report of the Council: 1940-1 941 (To be submitted at the Sixty-third A nimd General Meeting of the Institute, to be held on Monday, 3rd March, 1941.) I. THEOWAR. The activities of the Institute in matters relating to the War have been reported in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.Close contact has been maintained with the Ministry of Labour in connexion with the engagement and the conditions of appoint-ments of personnel for technical service in industry and in matters concerning the Schedule of Reserved Occupations, and with the Ministry of Home Security in connexion with Air Raid Precau- tions.Representations have been made to the appropriate depart- ments with reference to the technical pay of officers with pro- fessional qualifications, the reservation and recall from active service of trained men in key industries, offers of service from analytical and consulting chemists in independent practice and others, also with regard to the action of the Directors of Emer- gency Public Health Laboratories in seeking analytical practice normally entrusted to public analysts. A satisfactory communication was received from the Com- missioners of Customs and Excise in reply to an inquiry regarding the non-liability to Purchase Tax of laboratory apparatus and chemicals. The officers of the Institute have advised many individual members and students on reservation, on national service, and on difficulties arising out of War conditions.2. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. During the twelve months ending 31st January, 1941,-80 new Fellows have been elected, of whom 73 were formerly Associates, and 3 Fellows have been re-elected. 346 new Associates have been elected, of whom 96 were Registered 4 Students and 10 Associates have been re-elected. 155 new Registered Students have been admitted and one Student re- admitted. The Council records with regret the deaths of 38 Fellows, 20 Associates and 3 Registered Students, namely:- Fellows. Nicholas Alexander Anfilogoff, James Bell. John William Blagden. Arthur George BlGxam. Hugh Charles Loudon Bloxam. Alexander Charles Gumming, O.B.E.David Brown Dott. Thomas William Drinkwater. Hugh Gilmour. Charles Adolphus Hackman. Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield, Bart., F.R.S. John Hunter Haldane. Sir Arthur Harden, F.R.S. John Haycock. James Hembrough. Joseph Robert Johnson. Harold King. Edward William Lucas, C.B.E. Thomas Lawson McEwan. Sir Gilbert Thomas Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S. Frank Mod. George Perkins. Benjamin Dawson Porritt. Charles Proctor, I.S.O. Christopher Rawson. Ezra Lobb Rhead. William Colebrook Reynolds. Harry Shankster. Angus Smith. George Stubbs, C.B.E. Henry Livingstone Sulman. Leo Taylor, O.B.E. SirJocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. John Trotter. Edward Henry Watson. John White.Norman Thomas Mortimer Wilsmore. Associates. William Arthur Hirst Asquith. Eric William Austin. Lewis Edward Bolwell. Eric Charles Flower Bradbrook. Arthur Brennm. Henry Fairley. William Johnstone Galloway. Fred Green. Charles Hayne. 5 Eric Stanley Hillman. Percy Edmund Howes. Robert Irving. Percy Gnynn Jenkins. Francis Henry Newey Lane. Percy George Mander. John Arthur Lindsay Royds. George Leger Rusby. Hubert Henry Stroud. Mrs. Dorothy Bessie Storey. Harry Witham. Registered S'tudents. William Edward Howkins. Cyril Horace Purser Owen. Dennis Herbert Phillips. The Council has accepted the resignations of 7 Fellows, 28 Associates and 20 Students. The names of 9 Fellows, 44 Associates and 12 Students have been removed from the Register, in accordance with the By-laws.The Register at 31st January, 1941, contains the names of 2269 Fellows, 5506 Associates (in all 7,775 members), and 806 Registered Students. The number of members has increased by 241 (30 Fellows, 191 Associates) and the number of Registered Students has increased by 21. 3. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIVES. The Council has held 10 meetings; the Committees, Sub- Committees and Board of Examiners have held 55 meetings. COMMITTEESAND THEIR CHAIRMEN. Emergency . . .. .. Appointments .. .. . . Benevolent Fund. . .. Finance and House .. 1 Legal and Parliamentary .. Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee .. Pedler Research Scholarship ..Publications and Library .. Joint Committee with the Board of Education (National Certi- ficates in Chemistry; .. .. Joint Committee with the Scot- tish Education Department(National Certificates) .. Supplemental Charter . . .. The President. H. A. Tempany.John C. White, Hon. Treasurer. The President. The President, with Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe. Vice-president,a8 Vice. Chairman. A. L. Bacharach. The President. John Weir. The President. 6 rSpecbZ Committees:-Publicity . . .. .. .. A. L. Bacharaoh. Re Composition and Nomination of the Council .. *. . . The President. Dr. Normar. Lindsay Sheldon, C.I.E., was elected District Member of Council, in the place of Dr. H. A. Tempany, C.B.E., who had been elected a Vice-president.Dr. Francis H. Carr, C.B.E., Vice-president, was elected a Censor, in the place of the late Sir Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. The Institute has been represented as follows :-STATUTORYAPPOINTNENT. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Vice-President,-on the Poisons Board, constituted under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933. -The President,-on the Chemical Council, on the Sir George Reilby Memorial Fund Committee; also at a conference to consider the proposed memorial to the late W. A. S. Calder (President 1939-40). Sir Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., Past PTesident,-on the Parlia-mentary and Scientific Committee. Dr. Francis H. Carr, C.B.E., Vice-P~esident,--on the British Management Council. Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., Vice-President, Pa& President,-on the Advisory Council of the Ministry of Labour, and on the National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Elociety.(The late) Sir Jocelyn Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Pmt President,-on the Chemical Council, and on the Advisory Committee on the Dyeing of Textiles of the City and Guilds of London Institute in connexion with the Examinations of the Department of Technology. Dr. H. A. Tempany, C.B.E., Vice-President,-on the Chemical Council. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Vice-President, Mr. A. L. Bacharach, Hember of Council, Mr. H. W. Cremer, and Dr. E. Vanstone,-on the Joint Library Committee of the Chemical Society. Mr.J. C. White, O.B.E., Honorary Treasurer,-at a conference to consider the proposed memorial to the late W.A. S. Calder (President 1939-40).Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Member of CounciZ,an the Chemical Council, in the place of the late Sir Jocelyn Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. Dr. Harold G. Colman,---on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference, of which he is Hon. Treasurer. Dr. H. E. Cox,-on the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. Mr. William Herbert Simmons,-on the Oils, Fats and Waxes Advieory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute. Dr. J. F. Tocher,--on the Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act. The Registrar,--on the Headmasters of Secondary Schools Employment Committee, Ministry of Labour, and on the Parlia- mentary and Scientific Committee. The Assistant Secretary,--on the Chemical Trades’ Advisory Committee, and the Chemical Trades’ Examination Board of the Union of Lanoashire and Cheshire Institutes. 7 The Institute and Fellows and Associates have continued to co-operate with the British Standards Institution in the drafting of Specifications for Standards and by giving their opinions on Draft Specifications. Mr.Leslie Aitchison,-Chemical and Chemical Plant for Electro-plating; Plated Finishes for Fittings and Equipment. Mr. 8. A. Rrazier.-TeRtR for Rubber and Rubber Products. (The Specification for testing Latex, Raw Rubber, and Un- vulcanised Compounded Rubber has been issued.) Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Vice-Presidelzt, Dr. E. H. Farmer, Member of Council, Dr. A. G. Francis, Mr.W.G. Messenger, and the Assistant Secretary,-on Technical Cornnittee Cj8 on Standardisation of Scientific Glassware. RIr. TV. J. A. Butterfield,-on the Chemical Divisional Council, and on a Committee to co-ordinate the work of the Building, Chemical and Engineering Divisional Councils in its Relation to Industrial Units and Data. Dr. Harold G. Colman,-Benzole for Motor Fuel; Sampling of Tar Products. Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., President,-Analysis of Chemicals and Materials used in Electro-plating. Mr. Walter C. Hancocl<,-High Alumina Cements. Mr. F. W.Harbord, C.B.E.,-Cement. Mr. William Herbert Simmons,-on a Technical Committee to examine the draft methods for the analysis of soaps and fats, prepared by the International Commission for the Study of Fats.Dr. James Watson,-Sand Lime Bricks; Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement; Containers for Heavy Acids and Solvents. 4. THE FISANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. The Accounts for 1940 are attached to this Report. The income of the Institute from annual subscriptions of Fellows and Associates showed an increase of 5541 10s.zd. over the income from the same source in 1939. Receipts for sub-scriptions and fees in Australia and New Zealand also showed an increase,-L62 3s. 5d. The Institute received 5100 towards incidental expenses incurred in connexion with the work of the Chemical Council. Other receipts showed a decrease, in the aggregate, of 5562 8s. gd. The expenditure was reduced sub- stantially by holding meetings of Committees on the same days as those of the Council, by limiting publications, by Local Sections requiring less in grants and by a marked decrease in extraordinary expenses, such as were incurred in the previous year.The abbreviated Register cost (5494 17s. Id.) about half of the anticipated estimate for the book in its usual form. The 8 Council has placed LI,OOOto reserve for intermittent publications and LI,OOOfor contingencies arising from the war. At 31st December, 1939, a sum of l1,033 19s. 5d. was due for investment and, during 1940, a further sum of LI,I~~18s. also became due for investment, bringing the total to L2,207 17s. 5d.; but owing to the savings already referred to, the amount actually invested (including the redemption premium of LIIO 8s.4d.) was l2,610 8s. 4d., of which LI,OOO is lent to the Government free of interest, The Council has continued to supplement the pay of members of the staff who are serving with the Forces. The Chemical Council, under provision of its constitution, has again contributed a sum of l250 to the cost of the mainten- ance of the Library of the Chemical Society, whereby the con- tributions of the Institute and the other Chartered Bodies were reduced, and has also refunded to the Institute the sum of LIOO towards expenses incurred in connexion with the business of the Council. The basement of the premises of the Institute has been in constant use as a public air-raid shelter, day and night. The premises have been maintained in as good a state of repair as is possible in prevailing circumstances.5. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE. The Executive Committee of the Benevolent Fund expresses its sincere thanks to all who have contributed to the fund during the past year, and especially to collectors of “group” subscrip- tions and the anonymous donor of L500 to the capital account. In the first half of the year, the receipts for the Benevolent Fund were less than for the corresponding period in 1939, and the Committee feared that there would be a deficit at the end of the year. A further appeal, issued with the JOURSAL AND PROCEEDINGS,brought a good response, and at about the same time a sum of k82 16s. 5d. for income tax was recovered. More-over, a widow who had been receiving a regular allowance relinquished it on obtaining employment, a number of loans were repaid and, fortunately, no further appeals were received.As the result, the current account showed a balance of L127 17s. Iod. at 31st December, 1940. The Committee is gratified to note the increasing interest shown in the fund by the Officers and Committees of the Local 9 Sections, and following the suggestion made at the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Sections, held in June, the President has addressed a special appeal to Fellows and Associates personally, emphasising particularly the importance of building up the fund so that the Committee may be able to meet, not only present calls upon it, but those of the future, when the demands on the fund may become greater.The Committee hopes to secure the further help of the Local Sections on behalf of the fund, and will ask the Sections to appoint members to be specially in charge of the interests of the fund. The Committee also intends to secure the help of individual members to maintain personal contact with cases receiving regular allowances. 6. THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL. During the year, the Chemical Council submitted a new Scheme for further co-operation between the Chemical Society, the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, which was approved by a Special General Meeting of the Institute, held on 4th October, 1940, when the Institute agreed to extend the Agreement entered into on 1st July, 1935,for a further period of five years, i.e.altogether for twelve years instead of seven. In accordance with the new Agreement, the Chartered Bodies will continue to contribute, until 1947, to the cost of the main- tenance of the Library of the Chemical Society, in return for the privilege of the use of the Library. Special reference was made to the Library of the Chemical Society in JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS,Part V. The Scheme of Co-operation which provides chemists with facilities for obtaining the publications of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry on exceptional terms came into operation on 1st January, 1941. The Chemical Council strongly advocated bringing it into force as soon as possible, but in the prevailing circumstances, it was difficult to complete the preliminary arrangements in time to give as long notice to those who were invited to co-operate, as would have been desirable.At the date of this Report, over goo Fellows and Associates have decided to participate in the Scheme, but it is hoped that as its advantages become better known and appreciated, the number of those participating will steadily increase. (See also under “Finance and House.”) 10 7. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY. Mention has already been made of the action taken by the Council regarding the exemption from Purchase Tax on Apparatus and Laboratory Equipment. Notes appeared in JOURNAL AXD PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, on the liability of authors and of patentees to income tax on royalties, and in Part 111, on the subject of professional fees for scientific witnesses in courts of law.The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShas also contained frequent references to questions concerning matters of interest to chemists raised in the Houses of Parliament and to the replies given. The Unemployment Insurance Act, 1940,is under considera- tion by the Emergency Committee. 8. LOCAL SECTIONS. The activities of the Local Sections have been to som,e extent restricted. The following records of meetings held and of papers submitted have been received from the Honorary Secretaries :-BELFASTAND DISTRICT. Dr. Wm. Honneyman (Member of Couricil) .. .. “Mustard Gas.” Dr. &l,i€. Hali * .. .. “Tobacco and its Manufacture.” BIRMINQHAMAND MIDLANDS.*Mr. A. L. Racharach (Member of Couiioil) .. .. . . “Links in Kutrition.” *Joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry, Birmingham and Nldland Section. BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERNCOUXTIES. Dr. H. Baines . . .. .. “Photographiu Materials: What they are and how they work.” Professor H. W. Melville .. “The hlechariism of the Synthesis of Large hIolecules.” Mr. S. H. Wilkes .. ., “Dangers in Chemical Works.” Dr. Cwyn Williams . . . . “By-Pro(1uctsof Industrial Research.” Dr. Janet Matthews .. . . “Micro-Chemistry.” CAPE OF GOODHOPE. Visits to Railway Workshops, the Cellars of E. K. Green & Co., and the Cape Explosives Works. Professor W. Pugh . . ,. “Recent Work on the Discovery of Rare Elements.” Dr.A. H. Spong .. .. “Some Aspects of the Modern Theory of Valency.” I.Dr. F. Sebba .. .. “Cnimolecular Films on Water.” Dr. G. C. Linder .. .. “Calcium in the Blood and its Relation to Calcium in the Bones.” 11 CARDIFF AND DISTRICT. Dr. K. W. Pepper .. . . “Plastics and Coal.” *Mr. A. L. Bacharach (Member of Council) .. *. ., “Links in Nutrition.” Congratulatory Dinner to Dr. J. H. Quastel, F.R.S. Mr. W. D. Williams .. .. “Some New Developments in the Petroleum Industry.” The meetings for lectures were held under the joint auspices of the Institute of Chemistry, the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. * Held jointly with the Food Group (Sutrition Panel) of the Society of Chemical Jndustry. DUBLIN. Professor K.C. Bailey .. “The Retardation of Chemical Re-actions.” Visit to works of Cement, Ltd., at Drogheda. Mr. W. V. Grifliths . . .. “Jam.” EAST ANOLIA. Dr. J. W. Corran .. .. “Gas Warfare and the Civil Population.” hh. K. R. Price .. .. “The Standardisation of Solutions.” Mr. G. H. Whyatt .. . . “Registration.” EASTMIDLANDS, *Professor E. C. Dodds, M.V.O. “Hormones.” Dr. A. E. Everest .. .. “Some Problems of the Dyestuff Manu- fltcturer.” tDr. A. Hickling .. .. “Some Recent Developments in the Theory of Electrolytic Oxidation Processes.” *Mr. A. L. Bacharach (Member of Council) . . .. .. “The Biochemistry of the Vitamins.” *Professor N. V. Sidgwick,C.B.E., F.R.S. .. .. “Stereochemistry and Valency Groups.” * Joint meetings with the Society of Chemical Industry, Sottingham Section.t Joint meeting with the Chemistry Section of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Soriets. EDINBURGEIAND EASTOF SCOTLASD. *hlr. G. Elliot Dodds .. .. “Gas Identification in S.E. Scotland.” Mr. William Smith ,. .. “Anthraquinone Vat Dyes.” Dr. W. G. Hiscock . . .. “High Explosives and the OrdinaryCitizen.” Professor F. A. Paneth .. “The Chemical Exploration of the Stratosphere.”Mr. W. A. Alexander .. . . “War-time problems of a ConsultingChemist.” *Joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. 12 GLASGOWAND WEST OF SCOTLAND. *Mr. Kennedy Campbell .. “The Manufacture of Industrial Extracts for Leather and Textiles.” tProfessor W. F.K. Wynne-“Ionization and its Chemical Signi-Jones ficance.” *Sir John Boyd Orr, F.R.S. .. “Chemical Aspects of Nutrition in Relation to Animals and Human Beings.”fProfesbor E. C. Dodds, M.V.O. “Synthetic Oestrogens.” tDr. W. T. Astbury .. .. “The Structure of Proteins.” *Under the auspices of the Society of Chemical Industry t Ijnder the auspices of the Chemical Society. HUDDERSFIELD. Mr. B. J. Habgood .. .. “Synthetic Rubber.” Dr. M. W. Goldblatt . . . . “The Reaction of the Living Organism to Organic Compounds.” INDIA. Or. Gilbert J. Fowler .. “Chemistry in the Service of the Nation.” LEEDSAREA. Professor D. T. A. Townend . . “The Combustion of Hydrocarbons.” Dr. J. W. Baker and Dr. A. L. “The Detqption and Identification of War Roberts Gases.Mr. A. L. Bacharach (Member “Vitamins and Cell Life.” of Council)Mr. H. M. Bunbury .. .. “The Duties and Liabilities of the Chemist at Common Law.” LIVERPOOLAND XORTH-WESTERN. *Mr. W. Doran .. . . “Micro-Chemical Methods.” *Mr. P. Hamer .. . . “Water Treatment and the Efficient Management of Boiler Plant.” *Professor J. Chadwick, F.R.S. “Nuclear Chemistry.” Dr. J. V. Loach .. , . “Some Sulphonamide Antiseptics.” Mr. G. X. Copley .. . . “Enantiomorphism and Enantiomerism.” * Joiiit meetings with the Liverpool Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists. AND SOUTH-EASTERNLONDOK COUNTIES. Dr. J. T. Martin .. , . “Plant Insecticides.” Dr. H. J. Emel6us .... “The Silicon Hydrides and some of their Simuler Derivatives.” *Dr. D. A. Spencer .. .. “Colour’ Photography.” Visits to Charles Brown & Co., Ltd., Whitbreed’s Brewery, London & North-Eastern Railway Works, and Kodak, Ltd. * Joint meeting bith the London and Home Coiinties Branch, The Institute of Physics. MASCHESTERAND DISTRICT. Professor J. D. Bernal, F.R.S. “The Social Function of Science.” *Professor J. B. Speakman .. “Some Relationships between the Con- stitution Properties and Uses of Animal Fibres.” tMr. S. Horrobin and Dr. 0. L. “Statistics. +,Technical Tool in Chemical Davies Industry.Mr. S. A. Brazier .. ., “A Chemist in Industry.” * Jointly with other Kanrhester Societies. t Jointly with the Mancheater Statistical Society.13 NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE NORTH-EASTAND COAST. Mr. E. M. Myers .. , . “The Coal Industry in War-time.’’ Professor H. L. Riley. . .. “Some Recent Investigations of the Northern Coke Research Laboratory.” Dr. W. M. Madgin .. ,. “Equilibria in Some Solutions.” hhw ZEALAND. Mr. R. L. Andrew .. .. “Some Aspects of Standardisation.” Conference jointly with the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry. Papers contributed by Messrs. H. F. Harvey, R. &I. Bruce, F. J. Filmer,I. G. Cunningham, R. E. R. Grimmett, and R. Gardner. Visit to the Centennial Exhibition. SOUTH WALES. *Professor G. M. Bennett ., “Liquid Crystals.” tDr. J. H. Quastel, F.R.S. .. “Tissue Respiration.” Dr. H. L1. Bassett .. . . “Some Aspects of Gas Detection.” *Dr.H. J. Emel6us .. . . “Fluorine.” *Professor E. K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S. .. ,. “Some Aspects of Surface Action.” §Nr. A. R. Ubdelohde . . “The Combustion of Gaseous Hydro- carbons.” * Joint meeting with the Cheniical Society. t Joint meeting with the University College, Swansea, Chemical Society. $Joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Institute of Petroleum. SOUTH YORKSRIRE. Excursion into Derbyshire. Mr, R. Belcher .. .. “Microchemical Analysis and its Applica- tions.” Local Sections were advised on precautions to be taken to prevent the disclosure of confidential matters which might be the subject of discussion at meetings of professional institutions. The Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, held at the Institute on 22nd June, 1940,was attended by the President, the Honorary Treasurer and the Chairman of the Publications Committee.9. HONORARY CORRESPONDISG SECRETARIES. The Council gratefully acknowledges the services rendered by the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries in the Overseas Domin- ions and in the Colonies for help in various matters affecting the interests of the Institute and the profession in their respective districts. 10. NOMIXL4TIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee (the Council in Committee) has held g meetings, and the examin- ing Sub-committee has held g meetings. 14 The Committee has reported on 726 applications for Student- ship, Examination and Membership, and on numerous enquiries in connexion with the training for admission to the Associateship and Fellowship.Sub-committees and Local Interviewing Committees have interviewed many candidates for the Associateship and Fellow- ship, and the Council records its indebtedness to the Advisory Committee in India, and particularly to its Honorary Secretary, Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, for assistance and advice in connexion with applications and enquiries from that Empire. Special thanks are also accorded to the Sub-committee for conducting oral Examinations. Applications for Studentship, Examination and Membership are summarised below :-Applicationsfor Admission to Studentship, including re-admission Accepted .... .. .. .. .. I56 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 -157 Applications for Admission to Examination for the Associateship Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .* 117 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 -118 Applications for Election (and re-election) to the Associateship Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 356 Referred for Examination . . .. .. 7 -363 Applications for Admission to Examination for the Fellowship Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 Applications from Associates jor election to the Fel1ow:ship Accepted .. .. *. .. *. .. 73 Applications from Non-Associates for election to the FelIowship Accepted . . .. .. .. .. .. Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. Applications for re-election to the Fellowship Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 -735 -EXAMIKATIOXS.-NO examinations have been held in the laboratories of the Institute since the outbreak of war but by the courtesy of the Universities of London and blanchester and 15 the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, practical examinations were held in April and September, 1940~and in January, 1941.Theoretical examinations were held at the Institute and by the courtesy of many FELLOWS,in a number of local centres. The Council records its indebtedness to the authorities of the above Institutions and to the Fellows whose help is much appreciated. The entries and results are here summarked:- SUMMARY OF RESULTS. Associateahip EXAMLVED.PASSED. General Chemistry . . .. .. 145 85 FellowshipBranch C. Organic Chemistry ..1 1 Branch E. Chemistrv (includine Micro-scopy)"of Food ad Drugsand of Water .. .. 13 6 Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry .. 2 1 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry .. 1 0 -__ 162 93 In the corresponding summary for 1939-40,the number of candidates examined for the Associateship was 147,of whom 8j passed; 30 candidates were examined for the Fellowship, of whom 20 passed. The total number of candidates examined for the Associateship and Fellowship was 177,of whom Ioj passed. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners, and to the Assessors who have reported on records of research, specifications for patents, etc., submitted by candidates for admission to the Fellowship. EXAMINERS.-&. G. D. Elsdon has completed his term of office as Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch E, The Chemistry (including Microscopy), of Food and Drugs and of Water.The Council has appointed Dr. H. E. Cox as his successor. Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham was unable, owing to pressure of work, to act as Examiner for the Associateship in respect of the January examinations this year. The thanks of the Council are accorded to Professor W. Wardlaw, who acted for Dr. Ellingham on this occasion. STUDENTS.-It is satisfactory to find that many students have been able to continue systematic courses of study, but 16 many are, as was expected, unable to comply with the Regula- tions owing to military service, war work, or local difficulties. INSTITUTIONS.-The Stockport College for Further Education and the Sunderland Technical College have been added to the list of Institutions approved for the training of candidates for the Associateship. AWARDS.-with the concurrence of the Society of Macca- baeans, the donors, the Council has awarded the Meldola Medal for 1940to Ewart Ray Herbert Jones, Ph.D.(Wales), A.I.C. The Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize has not been awarded this year. 11. .4PPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. At the date of this Report, the number of Fellows and Asso-ciates known to be disengaged is 66, and of these not more than zg have been unemployed for more than 6 months. The number unemployed at the same date in 1939 was 109. The Appointments Register has continued to be of service to chemists seeking work in industry of national importance.12. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY. The JOURSAL AND PROCEEDIXGShas been published in six Parts during the year 1940. The Committee has made a number of suggestions, here briefly recorded, which were adopted by the Council and sub- sequently received by the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Sections held in June, 1940,in order to encourage, in the Reports of the Sections’ activities, special reference to matters of pro- fessional interest, to enable the Committee to exert fuller control over the reports of lectures given before the Sections and to economise paper and printing. Special consideration, therefore, will be given to discussions on Institute affairs and professional matters. Reports of meet- ings at which lectures are given will be confined to such particulars as the names of the lecturer and the Chairman and the title of the lecture.In appropriate circumstances, however, lecturers will be asked to provide summaries for the approval of the Publications 17 Committee, although this procedure may not always be accept- able,-for example, when lecturers wish to use the same material upon subsequent occasions. The Honorary Secretaries, at their discretion, will ask for summaries consisting of 400 or 500 words, in the form of articles, and will make perfectly clear the proce- dure which the Publications Committee will adopt, giving no undertaking that such articles will be published, although the chances that they will be declined by the Committee are slight.The Honorary Secretaries and members present at lectures will thus act as the first selectors of matters suitable for publica- tion in the JOURXAL AND PROCEEDIKGS,bearing in mind the interests of over 8,000 members and students scattered through- out the world. With the consent of the lecturers, papers of unusual interest or importance may be deposited at the office of the Institute to be available to Fellows and Associates. Should a lecture of exceptional merit be recommended by a Section, the Publications Committee will consider the possibility of publishing it at greater length in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS or as a separate monograph. The Institute has published the following lectures as separate monographs :-The Registrar’s lecture on “A Century of Chemistry: From Boyle to Priestley ” ; Dr.Quastel’s lecture on “The Mechanism of Enzyme Action” and Mr. S. J. Johnstone’s (Streatfeild Memorial) Lecture on “Empire Mineral Resources and their Relation to the \Var Effort.” The publications of the Institute have been regularly passed by the Press Censorship Bureau. The Register, pub- lished in September, 1940, could not contain the information usually supplied, but the Council felt that it was essential to maintain and publish it, in view of the numerous changes arising from elections, resignations and deaths since the publication of the previous edition in 1938, and in view also of the importance of maintaining the register of qualified chemists.LIBRARY.-The thanks of the Council are recorded to authors, publishers and others who have kindly presented books and journals to the Library of the Institute. Fellows, Associates and Registered Students have continued to enjoy the use of the Library of the Chemical Society and of the Science Library, South Kensington. LANTERS SLIDES.-%leCtiOnS from the Institute’s collection 18 of lantern slides have been loaned to Fellows and Associates for the illustration of lectures. The Publications Committee hopes to be able in the near future to hand over to Messrs. Constable & Co., the matter con- tributed to the new edition of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science,” to which over 50 Fellows and Associates have kindly contributed; it will be published in due course for the benefit of the Benevolent Fund.13. SPECIAL COMMITTEES. The Emergency Committee.-The Emergency Committee, consisting of the Honorary Officers, has dealt with a number of matters of urgency for the consideration of which it was not necessary to summon special meetings of the Council, and also has under consideration the Unemployment Insurance Act, 1940,which affects chemists and others whose incomes are less than L420 per annum. Publicity Committee.-The Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, on receiving a report from a Sub-Committee appointed to consider the matter, suggested that it was desirable that the general question of publicity, for Chemis- try and the Institute, should be reviewed by the Council, and that consideration should be given to the formation of a Public Relations Committee on lines suggested by the Sub-Committee.The Council thereupon appointed a Special Committee to consider the matter. The Special Committee reviewed the present expenditure of the Institute-between i400 and L500 per annum-on yarious activities considered to have publicity value. The Committee did not desire any reduction of those activities. Publicity for chemists was not, as had been suggested, a question for the Chemi- cal Council, whose objects are restricted to administering a fund for the Publishing Societies; but the Committee was of opinion that the services rendered by chemists should be made more widely known by the Institute, and it is hoped that the new edition of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science” will be useful in that connexion.The Committee proposes to discuss the matter more fully and to put forward its views on the possible means of securing the desired end; but it was generally considered that the present 19 time is not opportune for promoting publicity either in the press or by broadcasting, or films, or other means. Nomination and Election of the Council.-On receiving the Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections and a special representation from the South Wales Section, the Council appointed a Special Committee to consider the question of the constitution and method of nomination of the Council, on which the commknts of the Fellows and Associates are being invited.The Special Committee has held a preliminary meeting and proposes to review the question in its widest aspects, having regard to the importance of securing adequate repre-sentatives not only of areas, but of various forms of practice and of different branches of the science of chemistry. 14. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. The arrangements for the award of National Certificates in Chemistry by the Institute jointly with the Board of Education (England and Wales), the Scottish Education Department and the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) have been con-tinued. Dr. Joseph Kenyon, F.R.S., and Professor William Wardlaw, have acted as Assessors for England and Wales: Dr.F. D. Miles has continued to act as Assessor for Scotland, and the Council has concurred in the appointment of Mr. Leslie Arndell, by the Ministry of Education, Belfast, as Examiner for the corresponding Certificates in Northern Ireland. The Council records its thanks to Professor G. G. Henderson, F.R.S., who has retired from the Chairmanship of the Joint Committee with the Scottish Education Department. Professor Henderson has been succeeded by Dr. John Weir. Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., has been appointed as one of the Institute’s representatives on this Committee. 15. PEDLER RESEARCH SCHOLARSHIP. Dr. Charles Simons, Associate, continued his research on “The Formation of Volatile Compounds of Arsenic and Selenium by Micro-organisms,” until March, 1940, when his Scholarship terminated.20 The consideration of the appointment of a successor in the Scholarship has been postponed. 16. SIR GEORGE BEILBY MEMORIAL FUND. The Administrators of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund made an award of one Hundred Guineas to Dr. Frederick Measham Lea, Fellow, in recognition of his researches on the constitution of silicate systems and the chemistry of cement in its physico chemical aspects. 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. 31st January, 1941. 21 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS. We have examined the Balance Sheet at 31st December, 1940, of the Institute of Chemistry, also the Statements of Accounts for the year ended 31st December, 1940, with the books and vouchers.The values of the Lease and Premises of the Institute, Furni- ture, Library, Apparatus, etc., are not included in the Balance Sheet. Subject to that remark, we have obtained all the in- formation and explanations we have required and in our opinion the Balance Sheet and Statements of Accounts are properly drawn up and are in accordance with the entries in the books. We certify that we have received from the Bank of England, the Westminster Bank, Ltd., the Bank of Montreal, Ltd., and the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Ltd., certificates that they hold on behalf of the Institute the Investments shown on the Statement of Investments. J. Y.FINLAY, & Co., Chartered Accountants.PEARSOS C.L. CLAREMONT )How Auditors, J. G. A. GRIFFITHS 1940-41. 17th February, 1941. 22 THE INSTITUTE OF GHEJITSTRY OF GREAT BRlTAIN AND IRELAND. 23 ALND EXPENDITURE 1940.INCOME Accom FOR THE YEARENDED 31s~DECEMBER. 1939 EXPENDITURE. 1040 1839 INCOME. 1940 t s. d.lTo Premises- 2 6. d. E 8. d. E s. d. € s. d. BySubscriptions-S s. d. 5 s. d. 300 0 0 Rent . . .. .. . . 300 0 0 3,661 0 0 Fellows . . *. .. .. .. 3,830 10 11550 2 10 RatesandScheduleATax .. 632 6 8 106 8 6 Insurance . . .. .. 107 12 10 7,749 3 9 Associates . . .. .. *. .. 8,121 3 0 249 13 8 RepairsandMaintenance . . 187 5 2 411 0 0 Students . . .. .. .. . . 390 0 0 1,227 4 8 12,341 13 111,208 5 0 99 Staff-ii,8zi 3 9 5,283 5 5 Salaries, Wages, Gratuities. . 6,274 12 6 1,443 4 6 Examination and Assessment Fees .... 1,270 10 0 375 16 3 SuperannuationPremiums.. 392 9 2 99 1,191 19 0 Dividends and Interest .. ..1,206 9 550 0 0 SuperannuationReserve . . 60 0 0 6,717 1 8 394 19 3 Less Income Tax .. .. .. 482 19 10 P 99 5,709 1 8 House and Office Expenses- 796 19 5 723 9 7 3,164 6 9 Repairs and Renewals .. 77 3 ti 277 5 0 Appointments Register .. .. .. 201 13 0 79225 14 11 Fuel, Water,andLight . . 310 2 7 143 1 3 Advertisements in Journal .. .. .. 31 3 0 Telephone . . .. .. 34 4 2 99565 1 11 Printingandstationery .. 458 15 2 49 0 1 Sale of Publications . . .. .. .. 28 14 10 99586 13 11 Postage .. .. . . 574 9 11 666 Fees Forfeited . . .. .. .. .. ---18 17 3 TravellingExpenses . . 6 17 2 National Certificates- 208 17 6 Advertisements .. .. 203 12 5 39 75 0 0 Englandand WalesA4/c . . 42 0 0 Auclitors’Honorarium .. 42 0 0 97 18 I1 Miscellaneous .. .. 117 14 10 50 0 0 ScotlandA/c . . .. 1,854 19 0 125 0 Q 75 0 0 79 1,940 14 2 14 J Sundry Receipts . . .. .. .. 14 6I y>668 12 2 MembersofCouncilTraveIlingExpenses . . 359 15 3 121 4 2 Australian and New Zealand A/c . . .. 183 7 799 D 9>a) Publications-9,159 1 4 _--The Chemical Council for expenses incurred 100 0 0 1,072 13 4 Journd f656 14s. Od., Postage E3007s. 3d. 967 1 3 600 0 0 Intormittent Publications Reserve . . 1,000 0 0 532 7 3 Lectures and Lantern Slides .. 192 6 7 2,149 7 10 2,205 0 7 c99 Examinations-Examiners, Assessors, Assistants and 916 19 1 Accommodations .... .. 719 14 1 137 14 8 Apparatus and Materials . . .. .. 151 2 7 870 16 8 1,054 13 9 r $9 Local Sections- 452 4 4 Grants .. .. .. ., .. 3G8 19 7 65 0 6 Section Secretaries’ Conference . . .. 48 0 0 416 19 7 51’9 4 10 10 10 01 Frankland Medal Award . . .. ..9’ P ~ 9931 2 2 Library .. .. .. .. . . 25 17 10 Chemical Society Library . . 682 11 4 9I522 15 LessTaxonf550underDeed 233 15 0 448 16 4 II 474 14 2 653 17 11 3959 13 0 Donations . . .. .. .. .. 39117 15 7 Proposed Supplemental Charter Expenses .. 9392 0 8 Logal Expenses .. .. .. .. 99 National Register and Gas Identification 65 19 11 Service -. .. .. .. .. --128 9 5 ..A.R.P. .. .. .. .. .* .. 141 19 4 ---’1 Reserve for Wax Contingencies .... 1,000 0 0 453 19 11 -Excessofhmeover Ezcpandifvre .. .. 652 11 6 €14,783 18 7 €14,923 3 6 €14,783 18 7 $14,925 3 5 24 25 € s. d. 180 18 8 303 6 8 96 0 6 126 0 0 399 3 11 35,780 6 5 600 0 0 50 0 0 69 13 10 €37,605 10 0 BALANCE SHEET as at 31st December, 1940. € s. d. S s. d. Sundry Creditors .. .. .. .. Income Tax Reserve .. .. .. Examination Fees paid in advance .. .. Application Fees- Subscriptions paid in advance .. .. Retained pending further application- Balance, 1st January, 1940 . . .. 54 12 0 123 17 4 434 1 6 132 6 0 94 23 11 1,677 10 938 12 2,616 2 243 0 34,746 7 I 3 3 1 1 Balance at Bankers in London .. ..2,280 Balance at Bankers in Australia and New ..1,147Zealand (Sterling Value) .. Sundry Debtors, Rates, etc., paid in advanceInvestments at Cost (including Redemption Fund) 2 3 3 10 3,427 6 275 4 ..37,356 15 1 04 Add Fees retained during year . . 8 8 0 54 12 0 63 0 0 344 11 11 decision . . In abeyance awaiting .. .. 329 14 0 -___ 392 14 0 Investment Account .. .. .. 36,954 I5 Reserve Accounts- Intermittent Publications Reserve Staff Superannuation Reserve War Contingencies Reserve .. .. 1,105 2 11 .. 100 0 0 .. 1,000 0 0 3,203 2. 11 Income and Expenditure Account- Balance at Credit, 1st January, 1940 .. Add Excess of Income over Expenditure for year ended 31st December, 1940 69 13 10 652 11 6 -722 .j 4 --___ S41,059 3 5 __- €37,605 10 0 €41,059 6 5 26 Investment Account for the year ended 31st December, 1940.€ s. d. € s. d Balance of Accumulated Fund, 1st January, 1940 , . .. .. 35,780 6 5 Funds received for Investment during year-Entrance Fees .. .. .. .. 954 9 0 Entrance Fees, Australia and New Zealand ., .. .. .. 990 Life Composition Fees .... .. 194 5 0 Life Composition Fees, Australia and New Zealand . . .. .. 1.5 15 0 1,173 18 0 $36,954 4 5 Investments, at cost, held at 1st January, 1940 . . .. .. .. .. 34,746 7 0 Investments made during year- $1,000 3% Defence Bonds €1,000 0 0 $5003~oWarLoan . . 500 0 0 21,0002~WarBonds . . 1,000 0 0 Redemption Fund Policy Premium .. .. 110 8 4 2,610 8 4 €37,356 15 4 Amount in excess of Life Compositions and Entrance Fees .. .. .. 402 10 11 ~ €36,954 4 5 -7 Intermittent Publications Reserve Account. (The Register, “Official Chemical Appointments” and “The Profession of Chemistry”) € s.d. ’ E s. d. To Cost ofRegister .. 494 17 1 ByBalanco brought ,, Balance carried ! forward, 1st Jan- forward, 31st De- uary, 1940 . . 600 0 0 cember, 1940 . . 1,105 2 ll I ,, Amount transferred 1 from Income and I Expenditure Ac- .Icount . . 1,000 0 0 -$1,600 0 0 I $1,600 0 0-1 Staff Superannuation (Contingencies) Reserve Account. ~€ a. d. € s. d. To Balance carried for- 1 BvBalance, 1st Janu-ward, 31st Decem- ary, 1940, brought ber, 1940 .. .. 100 0 0 forward . . .. 50 0 0 Amount transferred from Income and Expenditure Ac-count .. .. 50 0 0 €100 0 0 , $100 0 0 c STATElVIENT OF INVESTMENTS HELD AND DIVIDENDS RECEIVED THEREFROM. Market Holding.Cost. Va1ue.t Gross. Tax. Net. L € 8. a. € s. d. € 8. d. E s. d. E 8. d. Great Western Railway 24% Debenture Stock 500 384 16 3 305 0 0 12 10 0 4 10 8 719 4 L.M.S. Rly. 5% Redeemable Preference Stock 500 503 0 0 382 10 0 25 0 0 913 15 18 9 L.M.S. Rly. 4% Preference Stock .. .. 2,000 1.843 15 1 1,030 0 0 8000 31 0 0 49 0 0 34% war Loan .. .. .. .. 13,000 131554 16 8 13,390 0 0 455 0 0 193 7 6 261 12 63&y0Conversion Loan.. .. .. .. 750 738 19 6 776 5 0 26 5 0 10 3 5 16 1 7 Dominion of Canada 3fY0 Loan, 1950-55 . . 1,000 973 17 0 1,040 0 0 32 10 0 13 16 3 18 13 9 Dominion of Canada 4% Loan, 1953-58 .. 1,000 1,090 3 0 1,120 0 0 40 0 0 15 10 0 24 10 0 Government of Commonwealth of AustraLia 3&%Stock, 1964-74 .... .. 4,000 3,985 6 7 3,720 0 0 130 0 0 47 2 6 82 17 6 Union of South Africa 5% Loan, 1945-75 .. 1,000 1,136 8 0 1,070 0 0 50 0 0 18 2 6 31 17 6 Union of South Africa 34% Loan, 1953-73 .. 700 670 7 0 714 0 0 24 10 0 10 8 2 14 1 10 t.New Zealand 5% Loan, 1949 . . 1,000 1,141 8 0 1,050 0 0 50 0 0 21 6 0 28 15 0 3% Local Loans .. .. .. .. 4,800 4,329 15 0 4,296 0 0 144 0 0 55 16 0 88404 Port of London Authority 34% RegisteredStock, 1964-75 . . .. .. .. 1,000 1,033 4 9 910 0 0 35 0 0 12 13 9 22 6 3 Southern Rly. Company 50/, Redeemable Guaranteed Preference Stock, 1957 . . 1,000 1,174 6 2 1,085 0 0 50 0 0 19 7 6 30 12 6 3% Defence Bonds .. .. .. .. 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,010 0 0 23 1 1 915 6 13 5 7 3% War Loan .... .. .. 500 500 0 0 505 0 0 710 0 339 463 29 National War Bonds (Intere~t waived) . 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,002 10 0 -__ _---_-Bank Deposit Interest .. .. .. -___ -_-21 3 4 7 16 1 13 7 3 €35,060 2 0 €33,406 5 0 ;E1,206 9 5 €482 19 10 €723 9 7 Redemption Fund Policy* (Accumulated Premiums) .. .. .. .. .. 2,296 13 4 €37,356 15 4 -f At Slat December, 1940. * To real& €50,000 in year 2010. 28 Subscriptions and Fees Paid in and Retained (in Currency) in Australia and New Zealand. Receipts. Expenditure. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. To Balance, 1st January, 1940-OnDeposit .. .. ..1,112 13 8 Curre& Accounts , . .. 60 11 8 1,173 5 4 ,, Subscriptiom-Fellows .. .. .. 75 8 10 Associates .. .... 132 6 0 207 14 10 ,, Entrance Fees .. .. 990 ,, Assessment Fees . . .. 550 ,, Deposit Interest, less Taxes 22 4 11 ,, Life Composition Fee .. 15 15 0 By Bank Charges . . .. .. 129 ,, Balance at Bankers, 31st De-cember, 1940-On Deposit .. ..1,350 2 4 Current Accounts . . .. 82 9 0 *1,432 11 4 €1,433 14 1 €1,433 14 1 *Equivalent in Sterling, €1,147 38. 1Od. STATEMENT AND FEESRECEIVEDOF SUBSCRIPTIONS LESS OUTGOINGS € s. d. € s. d. Subscriptions-Fellows Associates . . .. .. *. .. *. .. .. . . .. 75 132 8 10 6 0 207 14 10 Assessment Fees .. .. .. .. 550 Entrance Fees . . *. .. .. .. 990 Life Composition Fees .. Deposit Interest, less Taxes .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 15 0 22 4 11 €260 8 9 Lem Bank Charges .. .. *. .. 129 €259 6 0 Less Loss on Exchange into Sterling 50 14 5 €208 11 7 Less Entrance and Life Composition Fees taken to Investment Account *. .. 25 4 0 Amount (in Sterling) taken to Income andExpenditure Account El 83 7 7 BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for 1939. Receipts. 1940. 1939. Payments. 1940. € s. d. € a. d. € a. d. € s. d. 8 7 1 Balancc, 1st January, 1939 .. .. __----Dr. Balance, 1st January, 1940 .. 34 0 11 860 4 5 Subscriptions .. .. .. .. 891 14 0 154 3 4 Grants .. .. .. .. .. 151 19 0 540 9 8 Annual Subscriptions .. .. 524 7 7 1,433 5 0 Regular Payments .. .. .. 1,316 13 4 169 10 10 Dividends and Interest .. .. 158 17 10 51 7 4 Printing .. .. .. .. 51 7 9 1I5 17 9 Income Tax recovered ..._ 82 16 6 5 5 0 Audit E'ee . . .. .. .. 550 35 10 0 Loans repaid .. .. .. .. 170 8 0 95 0 0 Loans granteddnring 1940 .. .. 116 0 0 34 0 I1 Dr. Balancc, 31st December, 1939 .. ---25 0 0 DonationtoLondonOrphanSchool . . 25 0 0 Balance at Credit, 31st December, 1940 127 17 10 -__ Sl,764 0 8 S1,828 3 10 __ -Capital Account. € a. d. € a. d. Balance Uninvested Capital, 1st Inveatments-165 11 11 January, 1940 .. .. .. 339 10 6 621 6 5 €500 3+y0 Conversio~ Loan .. 501 19 6 245 5 0 Donations .. .. .. . . 765 7 3 €500 2&% National War Bonds 500 0 0 550 0 0 Legacies .. .. .. .. ______ I -. 339 10 6 Balance Uninvested Capital 31st December, 1940 .. .. .. 102 18 3 S1,104 17 9 €960 16 111 E1,104 17 9 ._ ---Statement of Loans. E s.d. € s. d. E 8. d. € a. d. 2,562 6 0 Loans to 31at Uecerriber, 1939 .. 2,657 6 0 1,344 13 4 Loans repaid to 31at December, 1940 1,515 1 4 96 0 0 Loansgrantoddwing 1940 .. .. 116 0 0 Loans written off prior to 31at Decem- 751 14 0 ber, 1939 .. .. .. .. 751 14 0 ---Loans written off during 1939 .. ---Loans outstanding at 31at December,I 560 18 8 1940 .. .. .. .. 506 10 8 €2,773 6 0 €2,773 6 0-P BENEVOLENT FUND :CAPITAL ACCOUNT Investments held and Dividends received therefrom. 1939 1940 Value. Cost. value.* Gross. Tax. Net. € 8. d. € s. d. € s. d. € 8. d. € 8. d. € 8. d. 1,033 15 0 €1,000 Consols 4% .. .. .. 1.077 13 0 1,105 0 0 40 0 0 16 0 0 24 0 0 1,120 10 0 €1,200 War Loan 3+% .. .. 1,296 3 0 1,236 0 0 42 0 0 ___ 42 0 0 1,811 5 0 €2,250 Local Loans 3% .... 1,973 6 1 2,013 15 0 67 10 0 28 13 9 38 16 3 €500 Port of London Authority, 34y0 456 S 0 Registered Stock, 1965-75 .. . . 516 17 11 455 0 0 17 10 0 6 19 11 10 10 1 €500 Dominion of Canada, 34% 1950- 503 2 6 55 .. .. .. .. 486 18 6 520 0 0 16 5 0 618 2 9 6 10 €400 Canmonwc%th of Australia, 34% 332 0 0 Stock, 1964-74 .. .. .. 398 10 7 372 0 0 13 0 0 540 716 0 505 0 0 €500 New Zealand 5% Loan, 1949 . . 570 14 6 525 0 0 25 0 0 10 12 6 14 7 6 National War Bonds .. 500 0 0 501 5 0 ___€500 %+yo ___ _--__-€500 3+y0 Conversion Stock .. .. 501 19 6 517 10 0 17 10 0 7 8 10 lo 1 2 339 10 6 Balance at Bank, 31st December, 1940 102 18 3 ___ 200 ___ 200 €6,101 8 0 €7,425 1 4 €7,245 10 0 €240 15 0 €81 17 2 €158 17 10 *Value at 31st December, 1940.31 SIR ALEXANDER PEDLER SCHOLARSHIP ACCOUNT 31st December, 1940I Receipts. Expediture.€ s. d. € s. d. To Balance, 1st January, 1940 .. .. .. .. .. 191 5 7 Interest on Investments .. .. .. .. .. 158 8 4 Bank Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. .. 10 5 Income Tax Recovered .. .. .. .. .. 47 14 2 By Payments to Scholar .. *. .. .. .. .. 125 0 0 ,, Balance at Bankers, 31st December, 1940- Deposit Account . . .. *. .. .. .. 220 0 0 Current Account .. .. .. .. .. .. 62 18 6 €397 18 6 €397 18 6 Securities held at 31st December, 1940.-Income for Year. Cost. t Value. Gross. TCCZ. Net. € s.d. E s.d. €s.d. €s.d. €s.d. €100 Greet Western Rail- way 5% Consolidated PreferenceStock .. 94 0 0 84 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 €900 Royal Mail Steam Packet Ordinary ..787 10 O* ------------E2,6003@0WarLoan .. 2,808 6 0 2,678 0 0 91 0 0 ---91 0 0 €500 Port of London Authority 34y0 Regis- teredstock, 1965-76 516 17 11 455 0 0 17 10 0 7 0 1 10 9 11 €500 Southern RailwayCompany 5% Re-deemable Cutkanteed PreferenceStock,1957 587 4 10 642 10 0 25 0 0 10 12 6 14 7 6 2500 New Zealand 5y0,1949 .. .. .. 560 14 6 525 0 0 25 0 0 10 12 6 14 7 6 E3004~oConsols.. .. 323 1 0 331 10 0 12 0 0 4 16 0 7 4 0 €500LocalLoans3~0 .. 433 13 3 447 10 0 15 0 0 6 7 6 8 12 6 €500 Dominion of Canada 3fy0Loan, 1950-55.. 486 18 6 520 0 0 16 5 0 6 18 1 9 6 11 €6,608 6 055,583 10 0 €206 15 0 €48 6 8 €168 8 4 = The total value of the original legacy was €4,785 16s.2d. net. * Value when bequeathed. t Value at 31st December, 1940. 32 t 8. d. € 8. d Balance, 1st January, Balance on Deposit, 31st 1940 .. .. .. 58 4 11 December, 1940 .. 65 7 9 Dividends and Interest 7 2 10 €65 7 9 €65 7 9 € s. d. € s. d. Balance, 1st January, Meldola Award, 1940.. 2 10 0 1940 .. .. .. 2 11 2 Balance on Deposit, 31st Dividends and Interest 1 9 5 December, 1940 .. 4 8 4 Income Tax Recovered 2 17 9 €6 18 4 €6 18 4 S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture Fund. 31et December, 1940. €240 34% Conversion Loan. Value €248 8s. Od. € s. d. € 8. d. Balance, 1st January,1940 .. .. .. 8 3 11 December, 1940 .. Balance on Deposit, 31st 16 12 4 Dividends and Interest 4 17 1 Income Tax Recovered 3 11 4 €16 12 4- flB 12 4 33 Proceedings of the Council.Council Meeting 20th December, 1940.-A letter was received from Dr. H. E. Cox accepting appointment as Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch E : the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs afid of Water. A letter was received from the Ministry of Health, in reply to representations made by the Council regarding the interference of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service with the work of independent practitioners in chemistry, in which surprise was expressed that some of the complaints referred to bacteriological examinations of water and milk, as such work “did not appear to be a proper field for the activities of chemists.” It was stated that the service had been instituted with the object of securing a more adequate public health laboratory service under the conditions of war than existed in peace time.It was not intended to replace normal arrangements where they existed and were satisfactory, nor did it undertake chemical examinations of water. Chemical as well as bacteriological examinations of water might, however, be undertaken in special cases, at the request of medical officers of health. The Service restricted its activities to work required for public health purposes, and did not undertake clinical pathological work such as was carried out in hospital laboratories. Fellows of the Institute, by whom the matter had been raised, had been sent copies of the above reply, and had protested at the views expressed.The Council decided to make further appropriate representa- tion to the Ministry. Correspondence was submitted from Dr. A. L. Roberts, Co- ordination Officer, City of Leeds Gas Identification Services, and the Honorary Secretary of the Leeds Area Section, and a resolu- tion was received from the Annual Meeting of the Section, asking the Council to consider the question of higher compensation for Gas Identification Officers, in view of the fact that they were acting in a professional, although honorary, capacity and that their service differed in that respect from that of other Air-Raid Precautions Services. The local authorities at Leeds required 34 their officers should be on phour periods of stand-by duty, but they were classed as Civilian Duty Volunteers only when called out to an incident.The Institute, with the help of the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, had recruited most of these Officers, the majority of whom were Fellows and Associates, and it was thought that the duties would include the examination of food- stuffs. The Council discussed the matter, but before a reply was sent to the Section, a communication was addressed to A.R.P. Headquarters. (See Report of Council Meeting held on 31st January, 1941.) A letter was received from a Fellow expressing his concern that the Government might not be making the best use of the services of chemists in wartime, and raising the question whether the younger chemists in various departments should be debarred from accepting offers of better posts.Some, no doubt, had been disappointed in their appointments, in connexion with which promises made to them had not always materialised, and they felt they could be of more service to the country by accepting posts carrying more responsibility. It was reported that the Institute had been able, from time to time, to make representa- tions on particular instances, which had led to the transference of men with special experience to posts where such experience was required. On the other hand, the attention of certain depart- ments had been directed to the Undertakings (Restriction of Engagement) Order I940 and the Defence (General) Regulations 1939 warning persons employed in certain types of Government work against the acceptance of other posts.It was intimated that the Minister of Labour and National Service had power to prevent an employee from leaving the service of his Department and he could decide whether or not the legal powers in regard to the detention of essential staffs should be exercised in any particular case, A Department wishing to have action taken with regard to any of its staff was required to make application to the Minister setting out the facts. If the employee objected to such application being made, his representations must be sent on with an official statement for consideration by the Minister. Where an application covered a number of resignations, the Department would notify in advance the staff associations which would be given an opportunity of submitting observations to the Minister.The Council decided that if particulars of any special case of 35 the kind referred to were brought to the notice of the Officers of the Institute, they would be investigated with a view to taking such action as should be deemed advisable. Further correspondence was received regarding the desire of chemists in independent practice to be of service during the war. It was reported that a Department of the Ministry of Supply had asked for, and had been supplied with, a list of such practi- tioners. A communication was received from the Chemical Council to the effect that, in the constitution of the Chemical Council for the present year, no change was required in the representation of the Institute.The Administrators of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund reported that an award of one hundred guineas had been made to Dr. Frederick Measham Lea in recognition of his work on the constitution of silicate systems and the chemistry of cement in its physico-chemical aspects; also that the Administrators had resolved to invest LIOOin 3 per cent. Wa.r Stock. Reports of the Standing Committees were received. The Finance Committee reported that LI,OOOhad been placed to Intermittent Publications Reserve Account, and a further i50 to Staff Superannuation (Contingencies) Reserve Account. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that L25 had been con- tributed to the London Orphan School, where five orphans of members of the Institute have been educated for some years past.The Committee hoped to secure the further help of the Local Sections on behalf of the Fund, and to ask the Sections to appoint members to be specially in charge of its interests. The Committee also intended to secure the help of individual members to main- tain personal contact with cases receiving regular allowances. The Emergency Committee reported that it had considered a letter from Mr. F. Twyman, F.R.S., embodying a suggestion for the establishment of a Refugees Research Institute. The Council concurred in the view of the Committee that the proposal would not fall within the scope of the Institute’s activities and that, if it should be adopted, it should be sponsored by the Government.On the Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee, it was decided to add, to the Regulations for the Examination for the Fellowship, a new branch to be termed Branch H: Analytical Chemistry, and the Council requested the President and Professor Briscoe, Vice-chairman of the Committee, 36 to draft a syllabus for the examination. The Council also decided to send a letter of enquiry to professors in the universities asking what changes in the Regulations, both as regards training and examinations, had been made or were proposed to be made in consequence of the war. In considering the preliminary arrangements for the election of the new Council, to take office on 3rd March, 1941,nominations of the following new District Members of Council were received:- Messrs.Garfield Thomas (Birmingham and Midlands) ; S.W. A. Wikner (Xewcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast) ; W. G. Hiscock (Edinburgh and East of Scotland) ; J. S.Allan (Aberdeen and North of Scotland); J. W. Cook (Glasgow and West of Scotland); and E. E. Ayling (Wales and the County of Mon- mouth). It was further reported that the following Members of Council would retire on 3rd March, 1941,in accordance with the By-laws:-A. L. Bacharach, P. F. Gordon, H. H. Hodgson, George King, W. S. Patterson and J. Weir. Council Meeting, 24th January, 1941-The Council authorised the seal of the Institute to be affixed to the Agreement for the extension of the constitution of the Chemical Council by five years, and reappointed the representatives of the Institute on the Joint Library Committee. It was reported that a reply had been sent to the Ministry of Health regarding Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service dealing fully with the views of the Council on the subject of the chemical and bacteriological examination of milk and water, and urging the Ministry to do all it could to maintain the original intention that the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service should not interfere with normal arrangements where they existed and were satisfactory.On the Report of the Finance and House Committee, the Council resolved to offer from stock, copies of publications of the Institute to the universities and colleges free of charge.A brief report was received from the Censors, stating that few complaints had been received during the past twelve months. The Council proceeded to prepare the balloting list for the election of the new Council. Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., was nominated for re-election as President; Mr. J. C. White, O.B.E., M.C., was nominated for re-election as Honorary Treasurer, and the following were re-nominated for re-election as Vice-presidents, -Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Dr. F. H. Carr, C.B.E., Professor 37 T. P. Hilditch, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., and Dr. H. A. Tempany, C.B.E. Nominations for elec- tion as Members of Council were received in favour of Messrs.H. Baines,* S. R. Carter, J. R. Fraser, E. S. Hiscocks, S. J. Johnstone, J. G. King, S.B. Watkins, F. J. Wilson. The Council nominated the following Fellows for election as General Members of Council:-E. B. Anderson, F. Challenger, A. Coulthard, W. M. Cumming, J. C. Drummond, F. P. Dunn, A. E. Dunstan, G. D. Elsdon, L. Eynon, E. H. Farmer, A.Findlay, I. M. Heilbron, T. R. Hodgson, R. H. Hopkins, H. Hunter, L. A. Jordan, L. H. Lampitt, G. W. Monier-Williams, J. R. Nicholls, A. J. Prince, T. F. E. Rhead, W. H. Roberts, F. M. Rowe and G.Taylor. The following six Fellows were nominated, from whom four shall be elected as Censors at the Annual General Meeting:- Dr. F. H. Carr, C.B.E., Professor A. Findlay, Dr. L. H. Lampitt, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S.and Sir Robert Robinson, F. R .S. It was decided to ask Mr. B. A. Ellis and Dr. C. A. Bassett to act as Scrutineers to report on the ballot for the election of Officers, Members of Council and Censors. Council Meeting, 31st January, 1941.-Replies were received from Fellows accepting nomination as candidates for election as Officers, Members of Council and Censors. A reply was received from A.R.P. Headquarters. It was found that while some Gas Identification Officers complained that they were treated as Civil Defence Volunteers instead of highly-qualified consultants, others complained that they were treated as consultants and not as members of the Civil Defence Services. The authorities stated that the risks run by such officers were no greater than those run by other members of the Civil Defence Services, so that there could be no claim for higher rates of compensation on that score.As to their claim to be treated on a completely different basis, the authorities could not * NOMISATIONOF ConxcIL.-In the information regarding the candi- dates nominated for election as Officers and Members of Council, the description attached to the name of Dr. H. A. Tempany should have read- “Agricultural Adviser to the Secretary of State for the Colonies”; that attached to the name of Dr. H. Baines should have read--“Assistant Director of Research, Kodak, Ltd.”; and Dr. J. G. King should have been clescribed as D.Sc. 38 admit such a position since such officers were expressly recruited as Civil Defence Volunteers: they had never been given to understand that they would be treated differently from Civil Defence Volunteers.There had been no question of their being required to examine contaminated footstuffs: in fact the Ministry of Food accepted the position that if a G.I.O. was suitably quali- fied, he might assist a public analyst in his capacity as a chemist, but definitely should not do so in his capacity as a Gas Identifica-tion Officer-beyond confirming the presence and nature of the gas used. Apart from the above, it appeared that 42 hours of stand-by duty was unusual except in the London area; if such stand-by duty was required, the officers should be classed as Civilian Duty Volunteers during such duty and not only when called out for an incident.The Draft Report of the Council for the year 1940-1941pre-pared by the Publications Committee, and the Financial State- ments prepared by the Finance and House Committee were amended and approved for issue to the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students. The Report of the Assessor for the award of the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize was submitted. Only one essay was received and, although deserving of commendation, was not judged of sufficiently high standard to merit the award. The Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee embodied the Report of the Board of Examiners on the January Examinations and a recommendation regarding the award of the Meldola Medal, referred to in the Report of the Council.39 Local Sections. Cardiff and District.-During the autumn of I940 it was found necessary to modify the programme of lectures which had been planned. Two successful meetings were held and arrange- ments were made for four further meetings to take place between February and May this year. Mr. S. B. Watkins, who will conclude his term of office as District Member of Council on 3rd March, will be succeeded by Mr. E. E. Ayling, of Swansea University College. Dublin,--The paper on “Jam,” read by Mr. W. V. Griffiths at the meeting in December, provoked the longest and most animated discussion which the Section has so far experienced. The Honorary Secretary reports that a number of housewives of the kitchen front were present, but none of them took up the cudgels in their own defence, though “they were of the same opinion still” after the meeting.Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held in the University of Leeds on 13th January,-Professor F. M. Rowe in the Chair. The Chairman extended the congratulations of the Section to Mr. W. McD. Mackey, Fellow, on his recent attainment of his 80th birthday. Mr. H. M. Bunbury addressed the Section on “The Duties and Liabilities of the Chemist at Common Law.” A long and interesting discussion followed. Liverpool and North-Western.-h Lunch-hour Meeting of the Section was held on Thursday, 12th December, 1940,at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool,-Mr.J. R. Stubbs in the Chair. Following lunch, a short talk on “Enantiomorphism and Enantiomerism” was given by Mr. G. N. Copley, MSc. (City of Liverpool Technical College). London and South-Eastern Counties.-Meetings for lectures during February and April will be held at the Institute,- not at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, as previously announced. 40 Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Twenty-second Annual General Meeting of the Section was held under the chairmanship of Dr. W. M. Madgin, on 18th January, 1941, at the University Union, King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and the Hon. Treasurer for the year ending 30th September, 1940, were adopted.The following Officers and Committee members were elected :-Chairman: Mr. S. A. Wikner, in succession to Dr. W. M. Madgin; Hon. Treasurer: Dr. W. M. Madgin, in succession to Dr. P. L. Robinson; Hon. Secretary: Mr. H. E. Blayden, in succession to Dr. E. E. Aynsley; Members of Committee: Messrs. R. W. Bolland and E. G. Hancock, in succession to the retiring members, IvIessrs. F. H. Walker and S. W. A. Wikner. Members were unanimous in their appreciation of the services of the retiring officers and members of the Committee. Arising out of a discussion of the activities of the Section, it was agreed that members should be kept informed of the lectures of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. South Wales.-On 18th January, members of the Section participated in a meeting, arranged jointly by the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Institute of Petroleum, held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,- Prof.J. E. Coates presiding. hlr. A. R. Ubbelohde gave a lecture on “The Combustion of Gaseous Hydrocarbons.” South Yorkshire.-On 4th October, 1940, at the Memorial Service to Sir Robert A. Hadfield, Bart., F.R.S., the Institute was represented by Mr. B. W. Methley and Mr. G. Parkin, Chairman and Hon. Secretary, respectively, of the South Yorkshire Section. On 30th November, at a joint meeting with the East Midlands Section, Dr. E. Gregory submitted a report on the proceedings of the Council which was subsequently discussed.On 10th December, at a joint meeting with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association, held at the Metallurgical Club, Sheffield, Mr. R. Belcher read a paper on “Microchemical Analysis and its Applications.” The meeting was well attended, hIessrs. G. 1%’. Stanfield, E. Gregory, J. West, R. A. Mott, B. W. 3lethley and G. Parkin participated in the discussion. A programme of future meetings has been arranged. 41 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Some Recent Developments of Microchemistry BY JANET W. MATTHEW, Ph.D., F.I.C. [Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, on 7th Kovember, 1940.1 Most of the basic operations of organic micro-analysis have been little altered or improved since they were developed by the Pregl School 15-25 years ago.There have been some additions to the elements or groups that can be determined on the micro scale; the determination of active hydrogen is an outstanding example. The two methods of organic micro-analysis most extensively used are the micro-combustion of carbon and hydrogen and the micro-Kjeldahl determination of nitrogen ; for both these the apparatus and procedure described by Pregl twenty years ago still work excellently. Modern practice in the combustion method, however, is to use sodium asbestos (or ascarite) and magnesium perchlorate in the absorption tubes, instead of soda- lime and calcium chloride, respectively. Electric heating for all except the moveable burner is also an advantage. For accurate work, pre-heating of the oxygen, and sometimes even of the air, used in the combustion is advisable.The micro-Kjeldahl method has proved so generally satis- factory that little improvement has been needed; selenium or selenium compounds as catalyst are, however, definitely to be preferred to the original mixture of copper sulphate and potassium sulphate, and obviate the use of perhydrol for most substances. It is, however, in the treatment of hygroscopic material that the greatest advances in accuracy have been made in recent years. (H. K. Alber, “Hygroscopic Substances in micro-analysis, Parts I and 11, Mikrochemie, 1938, 25, 47 and 167.) A micro- weighing bottle with a tight-fitting cap made to hold the boat or crucible containing the substance is suitable for weighing moderately hygroscopic solids.The substance is dried, the 42 moisture content is determined and the analysis is carried out on the dry sample, which, for the combustion, need only be for a few seconds in contact with the moist air while being transferred in the boat to the combustion tube. For very hygroscopic substances even the few seconds in the air are sufficient to cause large errors in the carbon-hydrogen determination, and it is sometimes advisable to carry out the analysis on the moist sample (in equilibrium with the air on the day of sampling) and to correct for the moisture content determined at the same time. An ingenious and simple device renders it possible to fill the capillaries out of contact with moist air.In preparative organic chemistry there are available a number of simple and useful devices for all the necessary operations, such as distillation, filtration and extraction (e.g. J. Erdos and B. Laszto, Mikrochemie, 1939, 27, 211; L. Tihus and V. M. Meloche, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1933, 5, 286; Youbach, 2, Milchwirt. Forsch., 1935,17, 190). Determination of melting points should always be carried out using a microscope, even if only of low power, rather than by the old-fashioned method, because the accompanying phenomena such as sublimation and decomposition may be observed. If a heating block for the microscope stage can neither be pur- chased nor constructed, the melting point may be observed on crystals placed on the flattened bulb of a thermometer, heated by gas or electrically in a small metal block.Micro-sublimation is useful for obtaining a few pure crystals for melting-point deter- mination. Methods of inorganic micro-analysis, using filter sticks of porcelain, glass or platinum, enable complete analyses of silicates to be carried out with accuracy. Finally, it may be urged, with additional force in war time, that micro-methods should be more generally adopted, owing to their great economy in time, material and bench space (where two colleges share buildings this is an important point) and because for much of the work only very simple and inexpensive apparatus is required. Two films illustrating microchemical technicque, the property of the Microchemical Club, were shown.43 Jam BY W. V. GRIFFITHS publin Section, on 11th December, 1940.1 Ten years ago agreement was reached in Great Britain between the Food Manufacturers’ Federation and the Society of Public Analysts, whereby jams are labelled either “Full Fruit Standard,” or “Lower Fruit Standard.” Minimal fruit contents were specified for all common varieties. Thus, “Full Fruit Standard” jams contain not less than 30 (the figure for blackcurrants) to 45 (apricots, rhubarb) pounds of fruit per IOO pounds of jam. Early this year a majority of the jam manufacturers in Eire agreed, analysts concurring, that for a product to be entitled to the description Jam, without qualification, it should contain not less than an amount of fruit which was specified for each variety.The agreed minima were equal to, or slightly less than, the minimal fruit contents laid down for “Full Fruit Standard” jams in Great Britain, that is, the products of these manufacturers will not be described as jams unless they contain at least 30 (black or red currants) to 40 (strawberries, apricots) pounds of fruit per IOO pounds of jam. These standards are in conflict with the time-honoured, domestic standard of a pound to a pound. The manufacturers have good reasons for discarding this domestic standard, reasons which are not mainly economic, but derive from properties inherent in fruits and sugar and from the nature of the product they seek to provide. Experimental work and manufacturers’ experience have shown that in order to minimise liability to mould growth and to attack by yeasts and to make maximum use of the setting power of pectic substances available in fruits, jams must contain as much sugar as they will hold without crystallis- ing, actually about 68 per cent., when about half is sucrose and the rest invert sugar. Sugars naturally present in the fruits amount to only about 2 per cent. of most jams, so that jams must contain about 60 per cent.of added sugars. If they also contain from 30 to 45 per cent. of fruit, they can be made with little or no concentration of the fruit. If; on the other hand, they contain 66 per cent, of fruit-the pound-to-pound standard-the fruit must be concentrated to something like half its weight.Such concentration, by methods normally available, ‘Is detrimental. 44 Volatile flavours are lost, the jellying power of the pectic substances is reduced and there is destruction of ascorbic acid. These three are measurable. It is likely that other undesirable changes take place, but they may be detectable only by taste. Enantiomorphism and Enantiomerism BY G. N. COPLEY, MSc. [Liverpool and North-Western Section, on 12th December, 1940.1 Optical isomers may be enantiomers, when they are related as object and non-superposable mirror-image (e.g. d-tartaric acid and 1-tartaric acid), or they may be diastereoisomers,when the mirror-image relationship is no longer true (eg. d-glucose and d-galactose). Enantiomers always occur in pairs and have the same physical constants, and their optical rotatory powers are equal and opposite; diastereoisomers do not of necessity occur in pairs and do not have the same physical constants, and their optical rotatory powers are not equal or even opposite in sign. A phenomenon similar to enantiomerism occurs among macroscopic objects; it is convenient to call this enantiomorphism,a term used by crystallographers to describe the mirror-image relationship between crystals (eg.dextrorotatory and lzvorotatory quartz). Familiar instances of enantiomorphism are hands, feet, gloves, shoes, golf clubs, and screws. A more pertinent and simple example of enantiomorphism is the cubic die used in games of chance (G. N.Copley, School Science Review, 1940, 21, 1161). For such games these two enantiomorphous dice are equivalent, and both are sold haphazardly in the shops. This might be likened to the equivalence of a pair of enantiomers in the majority of chemical reactions in which they take part; it is only when enantiomers encounter an asymmetric agent such as circularly-polarized light, an enzyme, a living organism, another enantiomeric molecule, or perhaps an enantiomorphous surface, that their individualities are in evidence and they behave differently. It is possible to construct a tetrahedral “die” having enantiomorphous properties; instead of bearing the numerals I to 6 on six faces as in the cubic die, it carries the numerals I to 4 on four faces. An authentic cubic die has I opposite 6, 2 opposite 5, and 3 opposite 4, in both enantiomorphs.45 Spurious dice may have the six numerals arranged in ways different from the proper way, nevertheless, each spurious die has its enantiomorph. There cannot be a spurious tetrahedral “die,” only one form and its enantiomorph being possible, just as there are only two enantiomers containing one “asym- I‘metric carbon atom.” For the tetrahedral die ” corresponds to the so-called “asymmetric carbon atom ”; it is immaterial whether the four groups are attached to the centre of the faces or to the vertices of a tetrahedron, for a little consideration shows that the same geometrical relations still hold. With the aid of large cardboard models of cubic and tetrahedral die it is easy to show that any one of them can be changed into its enantiomorphous counterpart by turning it inside out, a change analogous to optical inversion.It is interesting to consider the progressive formation of the “asymmetric carbon atom” in a molecule such as CHFCIBr, passing through the stages CH,, CH3F, and CH,FCl. The initial molecule loses in turn its centre, its planes and its axes of symmetry, until, finally, the molecule as a whole is literally asymmetric, and has the shape of an irregular tetrahedron because the four bond lengths are all different: CH is 1.09,A CF is 1-42A,CC1 is 1.76 A, and CBr is 1-91A (L. 0.Brockway and T. W. J. Taylor, Annual Reports Chem. Soc., 1937,34,197 and 205).Enantiomers need not be literally asymmetric in every instance; that is why the word “dissymmetry” is to be preferred to “asymmetry.” Cis-1,4-Dimethyl-2,5-Diketopiperazinehas an axis of digonal symmetry and yet is enantiomeric. The triethy- lenediaminecobaltic ion [Co en,]+++has four axes of trigonal symmetry which pass through the centres of the octahedral faces in the customary model. In this instance there is an octahedral distribution of six valencies about the cobalt atom, as in so many inorganic compounds. Alternative ways of depicting this type of valency distribution can be derived from a cubic model instead of from the more frequently used octahedral model (G. N. Copley, Chem. G Ind., 1940,59,334; School Science Review, 1940, 22,219).In cubic models of jCo en,]+++the four axes of trigonal symmetry are the diagonals of the cube. One of the cubic models of [Co en3]+++is almost like a triple-bladed propellor. 46 The Combustion of Gaseous Hydrocarbons BY A. R. UBBELOHDE [South Wales Section on 18th January.] In reviewing possible mechanisms of hydrocarbon oxidation the combustion of any molecule containing carbon and hydrogen might be included. Technical applications and theoretical con- siderations make it advisable to discuss separately the oxidation of paraffins and their derivatives. In the region of “low tempera- ture” combustion (220-350” C.), the oxidation mechanism of aliphatic compounds appears to follow a common scheme. Molecular collisions involving more than two or at the most three molecules are so infrequent that a paraffin such as heptane must pass through a series of intermediate stages before complete oxidation to carbon dioxide and water.The nature of these combustion intermediates, particularly those first formed from the paraffin, is important in elucidating the mechanism of oxida- tion and deciding the possibility of producing valuable deriva- tives on a technical scale from waste paraffins. Partial oxidation of a paraffin can be secured by heating with insufficient oxygen to permit complete combustion and chemical tests on the products show the appearance of both aldehydes and peroxides at an early stage. When the absorption spectrum is suitable, the first appearance of a compound during combustion can also be detected by ultraviolet spectroscopy.Measurements on the reaction kinetics show that low tempera- ture combustion involves chain reactions, which are very sensitive to positive catalysts, such as NO, and aldehydes, and negative catalysts, such as aniline and other antiknocks. A mixture of hydrocarbon and air, freshly introduced into a vessel at a suitable temperature, generally exhibits an induction period, during which practically no oxidation can be detected. Added substances such as aldehydes greatly shorten the induction period, which is also sensitive to the treatment of the walls of the containing vessel. Most hydrocarbon combustions are autocatalytic, since the aldehydes which appear as intermediates themselves catalyse oxidation. Striking evidence for closely related mechanisms of oxidation with different aliphatic compounds is obtained from spectroscopic studies on the chemiluminescence, showing that the emitting molecule is the same for the oxidation of hexane, acetaldehyde, and diethyl ether.47 Detailed information on the mechanism of combustion is most conveniently obtained with aldehydes. The photochemical oxidation can be studied at room temperature and the thermal oxidation at temperatures sufficiently low to permit the isolation and identification of labile intermediates, such as acetyl peroxide. In the oxidation of aldehydes, the chain carriers appear to be a ketyl radical, R-C- //*, and the peroxide of this radical, //O R-c\ o-o-Similarly, in the low temperature oxidation of paraffins, the chain carriers appear to be alkyl and alkyl peroxide radicals, aGd also ketyl radicals.Hydroperoxides of the general formula RCH,OOH, which can be formed, would normally change to aldehydes, but under favourable conditions they can disrupt and bring about ignition. Evidence in support of this mechanism is obtained both from the chemistry of free radicals and from the effect of adding pro-knocks to the combustible mixture in spark and compression ignition engines. Microchemical Analysis and its Applications BY R. BELCHER,A.I.C. [South Yorkshire Section, on 10th December, 1940.1 Since the development of quantitative microanalysis by Emich, Pregl and others, the subject has expanded rapidly, and may be divided into several branches.Spot Tests.-These methods are becoming of increasing importance in qualitative analysis and have many applications. The tests are usually carried out on a tile or filter paper. The latter medium has the advantage that its capillary action may give a positive test where the reaction in solution fails. Of particular interest to metallurgists is the printing and developing method for detecting heterogeneity in metal cuttings. Electrographic Methods.-This interesting technique has also been used for examination of heterogeneity in metals and alloys, 48 and has many other applications. The necessary apparatus is simple and easy to set up.The test substance is placed between a copper nail (anode) and a piece of aluminium foil (cathode). Between the latter and the test substance are placed two filter papers, one next to the foil, impregnated with KC1 as electrolyte, and the other impregnated with a suitable reagent. A flash lamp battery is used as the source of current, and when this is passed the metal dissolves anodically and reacts with the reagent. By the use of comparison papers the method may be made quantitative. Micro Gas Analysis.-The simplest types of apparatus are those in which the gas is measured between mercury threads in a capillary. Absorption is usually accomplished by solid reagents, but liquid reagents can be used absorbed on sintered glass beads. The sa'me accuracy as is obtainable in macro-gas analysis may be achieved with 0.1-0.2C.C.Polarographic Analysis.-By using this technique a qualita- tive and quantitative analysis of inorganic or organic substances may be carried out rapidly. The apparatus may also be used for amperometric titrations with solutions of concentrations as low as N/xooo. Organic Micro Analysis.-The three outstanding methods for determining carbon and hydrogen are those of Pregl, Friedrich and Lindner. The Friedrich method has many advantages over the other two methods, and it is surprising it is so little used in this country. Micro methods have been used as a basis for developing semi micro methods suitable for routine analysis. My colleagues and I have evolved new methods for the ultimate analysis of coal; these, in our view, offer a considerable saving of time without loss of accuracy.49 Examinations: January, 1941. Report cf the Board of Examiners. An Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry was held as under:-No. No. Entered. Passed. Theoi-etical-At the Institute and at a number of local Centres .. .. .. .. --Friday and Saturday, 10th and 11th January. PTactical-At the University of Manchester (lo),Monday-Thursday, 6th-9th January inclusive. In the Laboratories of the University of London (16), Monday-Thursday, 13th-16th January inclusive . . .. .. 27 14* * One candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the examination and 4 candidates satisfied the Examiners in those parts of the examination in which they had previously failed.The Pass List is attached. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.AND PHYSICAL In spite of the difficulties of these times the standard reached by the candidates was not noticeably below that of pre-war days. Most candidates managed to attempt on both papers the required number of questions and generally the answers were adequate. The answers submitted on “chain reactions” were an exception to this, for they were usually sketchy. Some excellent answers dealt with transition temperatures and surface tension. The accounts of the reactions between ammonia and metals and metallic halides lacked variety for most candidates restricted their discussion to sodium and ammonia and the cobaltammines.In dealing with hydrogen peroxide very few candidates mentioned that the molecular weight can be established by the cryoscopic method using an aqueous solution. In discussing the chief points of similarity and difference between the metals mentioned. in Question 2 in the second paper, most candidates showed a lack of acquaintance with many important analogies and distinctions. Most candidates appreciated that the key to the chemistry of the silicates and to the remarkable differences between the behaviour 50 of carbon and silicon turns on the fact that while double bonds are formed very readily between the carbon and oxygen, silicon dioxide must be represented without double bonds. The practical exercises were in some cases not done as well as usual.The least satisfactory results were obtained in the distribution experiment and in the interpretation of the experi- mental data. ORGANICTHEORY. The proportion of candidates who answered this paper really well was smaller than usual. Quite a number of candidates appeared to be unfamiliar with modem catalytic processes, with the result that incomplete answers were given to questions dealing with acetic acid, n-butyl alcohol and cyclo-hexanol. The impression was given that a number of candidates, instead of studying to obtain a sound knowledge of general organic chemistry, had devoted an undue proportion of their energies to preparing answers to likely questions. Unless the second procedure is based on the former, weaknesses in funda- mental knowledge readily betray themselves and the candidate cannot expect to obtain good marks.These observations are particularly applicable to the question asking for an essay on tautomerism or the structure of diazo-compounds. ORGANICPRACTICAL. The practical exercises were often not done so well as usual, probably because of restricted laboratory training. Several candidates were led astray through not being able to detect the presence of bromine in p-bromoacetanilide or of nitrogen in anthranilic acid. Two candidates were completely misled, through referring to tables of melting points, before they had adequately assigned the substance under investigation to its proper class. Translations.With a few exceptions these were done satisfactorily. 51 Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. The following exercises were given :-FRIDAY, 10th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m. to 12 noon. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of the preparation, properties, constitution and methods of detection of hydrogen peroxide. 2. Define the term “transition temperature” and give examples of the existence of transition temperatures for (a) metals, (b) non-metals, and (c) salts. Describe briefly in each case a method by which the transition tem- perature can be dgtermined. 3. Illustrate, by two examples of each phenomenon, the use of electrochemical methods of oxidation and reduction in inorganic chemistry.4. Describe, in some detail, the preparation of four of the following substances and discuss any points of interest in connexion with the substances you select :-aluminium trichloride, thallous chloride, lithium hydride, barium dithionate, calcium carbide, mercurous chloride. 5. Define what is meant by a “chain reaction.” Describe, wlth examples, the principal characteristics of reactions of this type. 6. Write an essay on either-(a) Deuterium and its compounds, or (b) The concept of resonance and its experimental basis. 7. Give some account of the history of our ideas of the nature of acids from the time of Lavoisier to the present day. 1 to 3.30 p.nz.(Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point.Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of some of the reactions which can take place between ammonia and (a)metals, (b) metallic halides. Comment upon any structural problems connected with the substances formed. 2. What is meant by a “concentration cell”? Outline the theory of the production of an E.3I.I.F.by such a cell. For what purposes are concentration cells used ? 3. Outline the chief points of similarity and difference between either (a) chromium, maganese and iron; or (b) zinc, cadmium and mercury. 4. Discuss either-(a) The theory and application of adsorption indicators; or (a) The use of micro-methods in inorganic analysis.5. Compare and contrast the chemistry of the oxides of carbon and silicon, accounting, as far as you can, for these differences in propertiesin terms of modern ideas as to the linkages contained in these molecules. 6. Describe methods by which the surface tension of a liquid may be measured. Outline the results of measurements of surface tension of liquids which have contributed to the development of chemistry. 7. Give an account of the chemistry of the qualitative separation of arsenic, antimony and tin. Discuss the quantitative determination of any one of the elements named when present in pure compounds. 52 SATURDAY, 11th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m. to 12 noon. (Answer FOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equutions where possible.) 1.Give a brief description of the industrial preparation of four of the following compounds :-(a) acetic acid; (b) n-butyl alcohol; (c) carbon tetrachloride; (d) p-naphthylamine; (e) anthranilic acid; (f) salicylic acid. 2. By means of typical examples illustrate the uses of malonic and acetoacetic esters as synthetical agents. 3. Outline the methods of preparation of FOUR of the following reagents and give one example of the use of each of the six:- (a) ethyl magnesium bromide; (b) methyl sulphate; (c) bromo-acetyl bromide; (d) phenylisocyanate ; (e) phenylhydrazine; ( f ) p -toluene -sulp honic chloride, 4. Give the evidence, analytical as well as synthetical, on which the structure of ONE of the following compounds is based:-(a) camphor,(b) glucose, (c) indigo.5. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:-(a) The reactions and structure of aromatic diazo compounds; (b) Tautomerism; (c) The Walden Inversion. 6. By means of equations and short notes indicate the methods of preparation of the following compounds from benzene :-(a) dimethyl-aniline; (b) cyclohexanol; (c) p-nitraniline; (d) benzidine. 7. Give examples to illustrate the uses of the more commonlyemployed methods of reduction in organic chemistry. MONDAY, 6th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Identify, as completely as time permits, compounds (A) and (B).(A1: Anisaldehyde; A2: cinnamic aldehyde; B1: p-chloracetanilide;B2 : Benzanilide. TUESDAY, 7th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m.to 3.30 p.m. Characterise as completely as time allows the two components of the mixture (C) and state the approximate proportions in which they are present. (C. Benzene and aniline; or toluene and toluidine.) WEDNESDAY, 8th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. 1. Assuming that the zinc dust provided contains zinc and zinc oxide only, determine the total zinc content volumetrically, by titration with ferrocyanide solution. Also estimate the zinc, present as metal, by any suitable method. Return your results as grams of zinc per 100 grams of zinc dust. 2. Analyse qualitatively (D) and (E). (D =Basic lead chromate; E = Witherite.) THURSDAY, 9th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. 1. The mixture (F) contains potassium chloride and potassium chlorats.Determine the weight of KCl and the weight of KClO, in 100 grams of (F), You are provided with decinormal silver nitrate solution. Take 10 grams of (F)and separate the constituents in a state of purity.Leave your specimens of pure chloride and pure chlorate for inspectionwith a record of the weights. 2. Identify the substances (G) and (H). (G = Silicon; H = BtaSO,.) - 53 MONDAY, 13th JANUARY, 1941, 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Identify, as completely as time permits, compounds (A) and (B). (Al: Urea nitrate; A2: urea oxalate; B1: anthranilic acid; B2: p-bromo- acetanilide.) TUESDAY, 14th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Characterise as completely as time allows the two components of the mixture (C) and state the approximate proportions in which they are present.(C1: Cyclohexanol and phenol; or cyclo-hexanol and p-cresol.) WEDNESDAY, 15th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. 1. The solution (J)is a solution of an organic acid in toluene con- taining 50 grams of the acid per litre of solution. Investigate the distri- bution of the acid between toluene and water at 25" C. over a concentration range corresponding roughly to between 50 grams and 40 grams per litre of acid in the toluene layer. Express your results graphically and interpret them. 2. Identify the substances (K) and (L). (K = Cadmium Lithopone; L = Spethic iron ore.) THURSDAY, 16th JANUARY, 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. 1. Identify the two substances present in the mixture (M).(M = MOO, + CaSO,.) 2.You are provided with a sample of finely divided Witherite (natural barium carbonate). Determine the percentage of barium car-bonate in the sample. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Carroll, Arthur, The University, and the College of Technology, Manchester. Daniell, Kenneth Laurence, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. Fitzgerald, Edwin Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), Battersea Polytechnic, and Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Greenhalgh, Frank Rushton, College of Technology, Manchester. Holden, Wilfrid, City Technical College, Liverpool. Hughes, Francis Derek, College of Technology, Manchester, and Woolwich Polytechnic, London. Hustwick, Kenneth, Municipal Technical College, Hull.Merrick, William, Royal Technical College, Salford, and College of Tech- nology, Manchester. Parmella, Ralph, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and Con-stantine Technical College, Middlesbrough. Pritchard, Reginald Raymond, B.Sc. (Liv.), The University, and the City Technical College, Liverpool. Speight, Christopher, Municipal Technical College, Blackburn. Stone, Eric Hayes Frederick, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Whincup, Sydney, Royal Technical College, Salford. Wiggins, Arthur Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Battersea Polytechnic London. 54 Notes. SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT. In the House of Commons on 23rd January, Captain Plugge asked the Lord President of the Council whether he could arrange for the newly-appointed Scientific Advisory Committee to review the adequacy or otherwise of the scientific appointments to the various Government Departments, including the permanent scientific advisory personnel and the personnel of the various scientific committees which advise Departments, with a view to ensuring that the fullest use is being made of scientific knowledge in the administration of the national war effort? The Lord President of the Council (Sir John Anderson) replied that the purpose which the Government had in view in establishing. the Scientific Advisory Committee was “to ensure the continuance of the fullest co-operation of scientific workers with the Government in the national war effort,” and one of the functions specifically assigned to the Committee was to advise on the selection of individuals for scientific work in, or for, the various Government Departments.He thought that the object indicated by Capt. Plugge was sufficiently met. On the same day, Mr. Salt asked the Financial Secretary to the Treasury whether he was aware that the Bank of England was refusing applications for sufficient foreign exchange to enable British subjects to continue their annualsubscriptions to American learned technical and scientific societies; and whether arrange- ments could be made to enable such small payments to continue to be made, having regard to the value of the connexions involved ? Captain Crookshank replied that it was not the present practice of the Bank of England to refuse applications for reasonable amounts of dollars in respect of subscriptions to recognised American learned, technical and scientific societies.If Mr. Salt had any specific case in mind, he (Captain Crookshank) would be glad to have the particulars. Leverhulme Research Fellowships, 1941.-Application is invited for (i) Fellowships or (ii) Grants in aid of research. The Fellowships or Grants are intended for senior workers who are prevented from carrying out research work by routine duties or pressure of other work. They are limited to British-born subjects normally resident in Great Britain. In exceptional circumstances the Trustees may waive the condition as to resi- dence. The Trustees are also prepared to consider applications from groups of workers engaged upon co-operative programmes of research-particularly from those engaged upon long-distance programmes or in Institutions in which the normal facilities for research have been curtailed by the War.The duration of the awards will not normally extend over more than two years or less than three months and the amount will depend on the nature of the research and the circumstances of the applicant. Forms of application may be obtained from the Secretary, Dr. L. Haden Guest, M.C., RI.P., Leverhulme Research Fellow- ships, Kingscote House, I, Watergate, Blackfriars, London, E.C.4. Applications must be received on or before 1st March, 1941. Awards will be announced in July and will date from 1st Septem-ber, 1941.Adoption.-Amember of the Institute would be willing to adopt a girl, aged 5 to 7 years, in the event of her being left an orphan through enemy adtion or other circumstances. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 56 Obituary. JAMES BELL died at Dublin on 24th January, in his 43rd year, after an illness contracted while serving with the Irish Army. Born at Belfast, he was educated at the Royal Academics1 Institution in that city and continued his training at Trinity College, Dublin, from 1916-1921, gaining the Senior Moderatorship and Gold Medal in Experimental Science, a Junior Moderatorship in Mathematics, graduating B.A. and Sc.B. In 1920 he was appointed demonstrator and lecturer in chemistry, and from 1921-1927 assisted Professor E.A. Werner in research in organic chemistry. From 1923-1927 he was also part-time assistant to Dr. J. Joly, F.R.S., professor of geology. In 1927 he became assistant to the Professor of Physiology, Lecturer in Biophysics in the University, and part-time lecturer in physical chemistry at the Dublin Technical School. He proceeded to &LA., M.Sc. and Sc.D., and turning his attention to medicine, qualified as M.B., B.Ch. in 1934, M.D. in 1936, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Irish Academy of Medicine. He was a Fellow and tutor of Trinity College, Dublin, and, for about 10 years, Secretary of the College Appointments Association. Jointly with Professor Werner and inde- pendently he was the author of many papers contributed to the Journal of the Chemical Society and to the proceedings of other scientific and medical societies.He took a large part in the formation of a volunteer Sluagh (the equivalent of O.T.C.), and was the first volunteer of a UniversitySluagh to receive a commission in the Irish Army. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921 and a Fellow in 1935. He served as a Member of Council from 1936 to 1939 and was for over 12 years Honorary Treasurer of the Dublin Section. Many members of the Institute were present at his funeral. DAVID BROWN DOTT died at Musselburgh on 6th January, in his 89th year. Educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, he was trained for pharmacy, and was for many years chemist, and later consultant, to Messrs.J. F. Macfarlan 8; Co., of Edinburgh. From 1876 onwards, until recently, he contributed papers on subjects of pharmaceutical interest- especially on the estimation of alkaloids and their constituents, but some- times on inorganic chemistry-to the British Pharmaceutical Conference and to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In the Pharmaceutical Journal (18th January, 1941) it is recorded that in the Index of the Year Book of Pharmacy (1904-1927) references to Mr. Dott fill three columns. He was a Member of the Committee for Reference in Pharmacy for the British Pharmacopoeia, 1914. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. The Institute has recently been informed of the death of HENRY FAIRLEY, on 16th October, 1938, at the age of 43 years.Educated at West Calder Higher Grade Public School and Broughton Junior Student Centre, he studied under Sir James Walker at the University of Edinburgh, and graduated in 1921, his training having been interrupted by service in the Navy from 1916 to 1919. In 1921 he was engaged with Scottish Oils Ltd., and in the following year obtained an appointment with the Anglo-Persian-now the Anglo-Iranian-Oil Co., Ltd., with which he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate in 1921, 57 GEORGEHARRISON died at Edinburgh, on 1st February, in GEMXELL his 81st year. The son of a shipbuilder of Liverpool, he was born at Birkenhead, educated at Hull Grammar School and received his early training in chemistry under G.Carr Robinson at the Royal Institution in the same town. In 1873-1874 he studied under Professor-later Sir-Edward Frankland at the Royal School of Mines and, after acting as pupil- teacher and assistant master at Hull Grammar School for about eight years became analytical assistant to Professor J. Campbell Brown in Liverpool. In 1887 he joined J. B. Readman in Edinburgh, eventually succeeding to the practice in which he was subsequently joined by Mr. Russell G. Thin, He was public analyst and official agricultural analyst for Clackmannanshire, East Lothian (Haddington), Midlothian. West Lothian and Peebles, and public analyst for many burghs. He was official analyst for the North British Association of Gas Managers and gas examiner for several districts.He was also Professor of Chemistry at the Royal (Dick) Veterinary College and lecturer in chemistry at the School of Nedicine of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons of Edinburgh. He contributed papers to The Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Royal Scottish Society of Arts. He was elected a Fellow in 1887. His son, Captain Alexander Gemmell, D.Sc., Fellow, was associated with Lieut.-Colonel E. F. Harrison during the previous war, and died from the effects of his work on defensive measures against poison gas. CHARLES HAYXEdied at Exmouth, Devon, on 31st December, 1940, at the age of 32 years. Educated at Exmouth Grammar School, he matriculated in 1925 and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemiu- try in 1931, having been an assistant chemist with the Gramophone Co., Ltd., at Hayes, Middlesex, while continuing his studies by evening classes at Regent Street and Chelsea Polytechnic.From 1932 to 1935 he was chemist to British Glues and Chemicals, Ltd., Sewport (Mon.) Branch, and in the latter year obtained an appointment with RIessrs. Soakes Bros., process engravers and stereotypers, of Kew Street Square, London. Later he was on the staff of a Government department until he was obliged to cease work through ill-health. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1933. HAROLDKINQ died in India in July, 1940, in his 42nd year. Educated at Holy Trinity Higher Grade and the Secondary School, Stockton on Tees. He enlisted in 1916 in the London Rifle Brigade, was commissioned in December, 1917, served with his regiment in France, was later transferred to the King’s Royal Rifle Corps, with the Army of Occupation.In 1920 he was demobilised and entered at King’s College, London, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry in 1924. In the following year he broadcast a series of lectures from Newcastle upon Tyne and instituted a course in physical chemistry at Rutherford College. Also in 1925 he was appointed chemist to Royle, Robson and Barnet, Ltd., in the same city, with whom he developed three well-equipped laboratories, with a staff of 14 chemists and assistants, and became works manager, before he was appointed, in 1930, to the Board of Directors of the Indian subsidiary company as Works Director, becoming Managing Director in 1933.In these positions he also controlled research, the results of which were successfully applied on the manufacturing scale. He was elected an Associate in 1924 and a Fellow in 1936. LAWSONTHOMAS MCEWANdied on 13th January, at Withycombe, Exmouth, in his 49th year. Educated at Liff Road School, Lochee, and at the Harris Academy, he proceeded to TJniversity College, Dundee, in 58 1913, and graduated BSc. (St. Andrews), taking the higher standard in chemistry. He was an assistant under Mr. J. F. Briggs, with Tullis Russell & Co., Ltd., at the paper works at Markinch, before he was appointed chemist to Messrs. Marsden & Co., Paper Works, Barnsley.From 1914 to 1916 he was assistant to Cecil H. Cribb and then proceeded to an appointment with Messrs. F. W, Berk & Co. with whom he obtained experience on acid manufacture before joining the Research Department of the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, when he was personal assistant to Sir Robert Robertson. In 1924 he returned to Dundee and studied medicine, qualifying as M.B., Ch.B. (St. Andrews) in 1928. He assisted in the Bacteriology Department at St. Andrews for two years, and in 1030 was appointed Bacteriologist in the Medical Department of the Devon County Council at Exeter. He was elected an Associate in 1916 and a Fellow in 1920. GEORGE was killed by enemy action at his home in Liverpool PERKIKS in January, in his 34th year.He was educated at Featherstone Road Boys’ School, Southall, and at Southall Commercial College, and in 1923 became a chemical assistant at the Brentford Gas Company-later amalga-mated with the Gas Light & Coke Co.,-while studying at tlie Sir John Cass Technical Institute. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry in 1935, passed the examination for the Fellowship in Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Coal Tar and Ammonia Technology, in 1938. In 1935 he was placed in charge of the by-products laboratory at the Southall Products Works. He moved to Liverpool in 1939 to take an appointment at the tar distillery of Messrs. Brotherton & Co., Ltd. He was elected an Associate in 1935 and a Fellow in 1038.CHARLESPROCTOR,who died at Huntly, Aberdeenshire, on 13th December, 1940, in his 87th year, was a member of the staff of the Govern- ment Laboratory from 1874 until his retirement in 1919, when he held the position of superintending chemist and received the Imperial Service Order in recognition of his services. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, served as a Member of Council from 1910 to 1913, and wat) for 20 years a helpful Member of the Benevolent Fund Committee. ARTHLT LINDSAY ROYDSJOHN died, after a brief illness, at the British Military Hospital, T$7ellington, Madras Presidency, India, on 16th May, 1940, at the age of 30 years. He received his early education at Reading School and proceeded to the Royal College of Science wherp he graduated B.Sc.(Lond.) with honours in chemistry in 1934, and was awarded the Associateship of the College. After some industrial experience at Luton Gas Works, and with the Northern Smelting and Chemical Co., Ltd., he joined the staff of the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey, in 1936. In 1937 he was gazetted as an officer in the Indian Ordnance Services and, until the time of his death, he was assistant Works Manager at the Cordite Factory, Aruvankadu. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936. GREVILE REDDOCKFREDERICK died at Slough, Bucks., on 16th January, in his 81st year. He studied at the Royal College of Chemistry under Professor-later Sir Edward-Frankland and acted for two years as assistant to H.S. Bell, A.R.S.M., at Sheffield, before he was appointed, in 1881, chemist to the White Cross Co. of Warrington with which post he held until 1888, when he established a practice in the same town, of which 69 he was appointed public analyst and official agricultural analyst. He retired in 1929. His son, F. A. Ruddock, Associate, is Professor of Chemistry and Metal-lurgy at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. He was elected a Fellow in 1888. MRS. DOROTHYJESSIE STOREY(nee Bartlett) died on 20th January, at Manchester, in her 53rd year. She was educated at Streatham Hill High School and received her training at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society and at King’s College, London, passed the Major Examination of the Pharmaceutical Society, and continued work on research under Professor A.W. Crossley, F.R.S., during 1911-1912. She was a research chemist with Burgoyne Burbridges & Co. Ltd., for a few years, and married Mr. W. A. Storey, Fellow, in 1915. She was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1913. LEO TAYLOR died at Kingswood, Surrey, on 20th December, 1940, in his 80th year. He was educated at the Cowper Street Schools in the City of London, and in his youth assisted Professor Barff and Dr.-later Sir-Oliver Lodge, at Bedford College. He subsequently assisted Dr. Frederick Versmann, and from 1879 to 1881 attended evening classes at King’s College, London, under Professor Xillar Thomson. In 1881 he became analyst to the London and General Water Purifying Co., and in 1884 established a consulting and analytical practice at \Valthamstow, which in the course of time he developed at Moorgate Street in the City of London, where he was later joined by Mr.D.T. Lucke. He was public analyst for the Metropolitan Borough of Hackney and the Borough of Southend.on-Sea, official agricultural analyst for the latter Borough and consulting chemist to the Walthamstow Borough Council. In 1909 he was elected a Member of the Corporation of the City of London for the Ward of Coleman Street and took a keen interest in Corporation affairs until, owing to failing health, shortly before his death, he sent in his resignation to the Lord Nayor. He was Chairman, inter alia, of the Music Committee, the Sanitary, Port Sanitary, County Purposes and, lastly, the City Lands Committee, which carried with it the title of Chief Commoner, and he was subsequently appointed Deputy Alderman and DeputyLieutenant.He represented the Corporation on the Metropolitan Water Board, and served as Chairman of the Water Examination Committee at the time of the construction of their new Laboratories, in the building of which he took great interest. In 1927 he was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888 and served as a Bleniber of Council from 1902 to 1905. Joar; TROTTERdied in Edinburgh, on 4th March, 1939, in his 75th vear. He attended Caddonfoot School, near Clovenfords, and, in his South he was engaged in farm work at Fairnalee Farm on Tweedale, at Blainslee, near Lauder, and at Greenlaw, Berwickshire.He attended classes in agricultural science and, after a course under (Sir) Edward Thorpe, at the Royal College of Science, London, and some experience in teaching, went to Edinburgh and attended evening classes at Heriot-Watt College, where he gained the diploma in science and many certificates of the Department of Science and Arts. In 1895, having also studied book- keeping and shorthand, he secured a post with the Edinburgh Corporation and, gaining scholarships, continued his studies at the University. In 1898 he was awarded the diploma of the Highland Agricultural Society, and in 1899 and 1900 gained the senior medal in agriculture and rural economy.He graduated B.Sc. in pure science in 1905 and in agriculture in 1908. 60 In 1910 he was awarded the degree of D.Sc. for research in organic chemis- try carried out under Professor Boon and, in 1915, he received the degree of M.A. Dr. Trotter held appointments from 1905 to 1908 with the Sudan Plantation Syndicate; from 1908 to 1910 with the Jewish Territorial Organisation in Cyrenaica; from 1910 to 1913 as manager of a West African cocoa, rubber and tobacco estate; from 1914 to 1915 in the Gold Coast Colony, and from 1915 to 1918 with Chance & Hunt, Ltd., at Oldbury.From 1918 until his death he practised as a gold refiner and assayer in Edinburgh. He founded the Clarinda Burns Club. He was elected a Fellow in 1918.HERBERTLOUISWATSOSdied at Pollokshields, Glasgow, on 27th January, in his 51st year. Educated at Aberdeen Grammar School and Aberdeen University, he graduated B.Sc. in 1911. He was on the staff of Lever Bros., Ltd., at Port Sunlight, as chemist and assistant works manager for over 3 years, but in September, 1914, enlisted and served for a year in the King’s Liverpool Regiment and for a further year with the Royal Engineers in France. In September, 1916, he was lent by the Ministry of Munitions to Messrs. Ogston & Tennant, Ltd., at Renfrew, with whom he continued as technical chemist and works manager, until he was com- pelled, in 1940, to cease work through ill-health. He was a Governor of Paisley Technical College. He was elected an Associate in 1918.Mr. H. G. A. Anderson, Assistant Secretary of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, represented the Institute at the funeral service at Pollokshields on 30th January. 61 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-Plastics in Industry. “Plastes.” Pp. s + 242. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 12s.6d. net. Definitions and the plastics industry; thermo-plastic and thermo.-settFg resins ; specifications ; moulding and fabrication technique ; engmeermg and chemical machinery and plant; the electrical industry; aircraft construction; motor-car manufacture; textile industry; building industry; synthetic glues; synthetic rubber in modern industry; fancy goods trade ; furniture manufacture; packaging and display; misrel- laneous ;design ; index.Poisons, their Isolation and Identification. Frank Bamford. Foreword by Professor Sydney Smith. Pp. viii + 344. (London: J. & A. Churchill, Ltd.) 18s.net. Preface ; introduction ; organisation and equipment ; classification of poisons ; volatile poisons ; common metallic poisons ; other metals; corrosive acids and alkalis ; non-volatile organic poisons (alkaloids) ; non-basic organic poisons; the isolation of non-volatile poisons; a systematic scheme for the identification of alkaloids ;systematic testing for non-basic poisons; miscellaneous poisons; drugs of addiction; author and subject indexes.The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association has forwarded a copy of a “ Bibliography of Spectrochemical Analysis ” compiled by D. M. Smith, second edition, 1940. This Bibliography includes all the reference previously pub- lished in Research Monogrq5h No, 2. (“ Metallurgical Analysis by the Spectrograph”), supplemented by papers published since 1933 up to August, 1940. The first edition of this Bibliography, published in 1935,was entitled “Bibliography of Literature on Spectrum Analysis.” Books of reference ; wavelength tables ; general ; apparatus ; technique ; logarithmic sector method; applications of the microphotometer;quantitative interpretation of spectra; analysis of metals and alloys; miscellaneous; author index.Imperial Institute : Annual Report, 1940, by the Director, Sir Harry Lindsay, K.C.I.E., K.C.B., to the Board of Governors. a The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 20th December, 1940,and 24th and 31st January, 1941, I new Fellow was elected, 14 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 54 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 20 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of 11 Fellows and 4 Associates. New Fellow. Howes, Donald Albert, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), Anglo Iranian Oil Co., P.O. Box 1, Chertsey Road, Sunbury-on-Thames. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Balfour, Arthur Eadie, B.Sc. (Lond.), lla, Cambridge Park, Redland, Bristol. Banks, Bernard George, A.C.G.F.C., A.M.I.Chem.E., F.Inst .P., Messrs.Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad, B.W.I. Bodger, Walter Henry, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 51, First Avenue, Bexley Heath, Kent. Campbell, John Reid, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glm.), A.R.T.C., 19, StamperlandDrive, Clarkston, Glaapow. Cuthill, Ronald, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 14, Woodsley Road, Bolton, Lancs. Farquharson, John, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Aberd.), Chemistry Department,University College, Rangoon, Burma. Gooderham, Walter Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 43, Harrow View Road, London, W.5. Hill, John Stableford, I.C.I. (Explosives), Ltd. Kennedy, Walter Phillips, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), L.R.C.P.E., L.R.C.S.E., L.R.F.P. & S.G., F.R.S.E., Ministry of Health, Whitehall, London, S.W.1.Lloyd, Peter, B.A. (Cantab.), Streatham Hall Farm, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter. Pates, Edward William, M.Sc. (Lond.), 19, West Lodge Court, Uxbridge Road, London, W.3. Pooley, John William, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Wing, Lindsey House, Lloyd's Place, Blncklieath, London, S.E.3. Suaden. Professor Samuel, D.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.S., 42, Devonshire Road, Salisbury.Wootton-Davies, James Henry, M.P., Messrs. Peter Lunt & Co., Ltd.,Aintree, Liverpool, 10. New Associates. Ackroyd, Gordon Campbell, BSc. (Lond.), 24, Micheldever Road, London,S.E.12. Ady, Miss Peter Honorine, M.Sc. (Rangoon),c/o Messrs. John Palmer, Jr., & Co., Imperial House, South Street, London, E.C. Allan,James MacGregor, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Glenshiel Road,London, S.E.9. 63 Arnold, James Eric, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Lond.), 119, Dawpool Road, London, N.W.2. Beattie, Arthur Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 43, Calton Avenue, London, S.E.21. Brown, William Bernard, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 29, Highgate, Beverley, E. Yorks. Busfield, Thomas William, M.Sc. (Leeds), 34, West Acres, Ahwick, .. . Northumberland. Carroll, Arthur, 9, Central Avenue, Woodheys, Sale, Cheshire. Carter, Paul Evan, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 16, Weston Avenue, Milton, Southsea. Crofts, John Bruce, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chemical Dept., Chemical Defence Research Station, Porton. Daniell, Kenneth Laurence, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, St. Michael’s Avenue, Wembley.Ellis, Bernard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 259, Evering Road, London, E.5. Fitzgerald, Edwin Ernest, B.Sc.(Lond.), 181, Dalling Road, London, W.6. Flint, Frederick Maurice Valentine, B.Sc. (Lond.), Greenways, The Drive, Banstead, Surrey. Greenhalgh, Frank Rushton, 35, Lansdowme Road, Higher Crumpsall, Manchester, 8. Gudgeon, Herbert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Sheff.), 16, Ash Walk, Alkrington, Middleton, Manchester. Holden, W’ilfrid, 33, Bailey Avenue, Ellesmere Port, Wirral. Horn, Robert Colvin, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 11,Highburgh Road,Glasgow, w.2. Hughes, Francis Derek, Cromer Lodge, Cambridge Park, London, E.ll. Hustwick, Kenneth, 105, College Grove, Preston Road, Hull. Hutchings, Raymond George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 99, St. Andrews Drive, Stanmore, Middx. James, Eric Francis, B.Sc. (Leeds), Chestnut Hill, Nailsworth, Stroud, Glos.Jones, Richard, B.Sc. (Wales), 110, Morley Road, Chaddesden, nr. Derby. Keys, Oswald Hilton, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 35, Mersey Street, Island Bay, Welling- ton, S.2, New Zealand. Lean, Wilfrid Scarnell, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Manor Farm, Wootton St. Lawrence, Basingstoke. Lowther, Harry Vincent, B.Sc. (Lond.), 58, Church Street, Brierley Hill, Staffs. Macdonald, James Olaf Sidney Ilich, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Mr. F. Phillips,60, Stanhope Park Road, Greenford, Middx. Naggs, Frederick Arthur Pomroy, 13.S~.(Lond.), 175, Wimbledon Park Road, London, S.W.18. Xartin, Arnold Edward, B.Sc. (Reading), 57, Sunnyside Gardens, Upminster, Essex. lterrick, William, 18, Rosehay Lane, Failsworth, Manchester. Noon, Francis Eric, M.Sc., P1i.D. (Durham), 38, Chalmers Street, Edin- burgh.Jlorris, Leonard, B.Sc.Tech.(Nanc.), 193, Bury New Road, Breightmet, Bolton. Musgrave, Si’illiain Kenneth Rodgerson, BSc. (Birm.), Beechwood, Dipton, Newcastle-on-Tyne.Parkinson, Alexander, RI.Sc. (Mane.), 319, Highfield Road, Blackpool. Parmella, Ralph, 16, Westmorland Grove, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. Pritchard, Frederick William, B.Sc. (Birm.), 39, Quantock Road, Bridg- water. Pritchard, Reginald Raymond, DSc. (Liv.), 36, Butterbrtche Road, FTllntinrrtnn Phea+n- 64 Senior, Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), College of the Pharmaceutical Society, University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff. Smith, John Norman, B.Sc. (Liv.), 4, Huyton Lane, Huyton, Lancs. Smith, Lewis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 113, Hanbury Street, London, E.l.Speight, Christopher, 71, Cherry Street, Blackburn. Stone, Eric Hayes Frederick, 81, Selwyn Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham,l6. Stopher, Eric George, B.Sc. (Birm.). 24, Maurice Road, King's Heath, --Birmingham, 14. Swinburn, Kenneth Arthur, B.Sc. (Land.), 43, Prince's Road, Cleethorpes. Svmons, Korman Kendall Jelinger, B.Sc. (Lond.), 75, College Road, L v Bromley, Kent. Tebboth, John Arthur, B.Sc. (Land.), 42, Churchill Road, South Croydon, Surrey.Thrift, Douglas tl'illiam, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Brooke Forest, Fairlands Estate, Guildford, Surrey. Walsh, Edward O'Farrell, B.Sc. (Land.), Ph.C., 57, Primrose Gardens, London, N .W.3. Webber, Harold, B.Sc. (Land.), 90, Outwoods Drive, Loughborough. Weil, Roderick Francis ,Joseph, Dr.Tech., Dip.Ing.(I'ienna), 23, Errwood Road, Levenshulme, Manchester, 19. Welton, Norman William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 44, Vale Road, Northfleet, Kent. Wiggins, Arthur Charles, B.Sc. (Land.), 59, Kyrle Road, London, S.W.ll. Wood, Leslie Ballentyne, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5R, Chalgrove Crescent, Ilford, Essex. Woolfall, Reginald Charles, B.Sc. (Land.), 25, Banks Avenue, Meols, Wirral. Re-elected Associate. Battie, Miss Marion Alice, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Orchard, Ivy Lane, Woking, Surrey. New Students. Aikman, James Muirhead Clark, 5, Hillington Park Circus, Cardonald, Glasgow, S.W.2. Atlas, Peter Xathan, 13, Wren Avenue, London, N.W7.2. Bloomfield, Kenneth Vincent, The Lodge, The Redbridge School, College Gardens, Ilford, Essex. Breaden, Thomas William, 340, Clontarf Road, Dollymount, Dublin.Britton, Leslie George, 13, Uphall Road, Ilford, Essex. Duerden, Alan Beardwood, 79, Highfield Road, Blackburn, Lancs. Evans, Alfred Alexander, 173, Argyle Avenue, Hounslow. Greenhow, Edward Joshua, 18, Green Acres Road, Kings Korton, Birmingham, 30. Hincklieff, Henry Russell, 9, Spring Gardens, Sowerby Bridge, Yorks. Humphries, John, 17, Pinehurst Cottages, Farnborough, Hants. Lovering, Philip Edward, The School House, Soham, Ely, Cambs. Maynard, Leonard Charles, Lansdowne, Lodge Lane, Havering, Romford, Essex. Mordant, Desmond Fred Isaac Alfred, Hoyal College of Science, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Murphy, Peter Joseph, 1, Whitehall Lane, Grays, Essex. Nicholson, Dennis Clifford, 61, Clonmell Road, London, N.17. Priestley, Donald, 52, Union Street South, Halifax. Roberts, George Edward, 60, Castle Avenue, Rochester, Kent. Stevens, Charles Crichton Birnie, 732, Stratford Road, Birmingham, 11. Williams, Edward Arthur, 9, Pargeter Road, Smethwick, Staffs. Wood, Anthony Arthur Robinson, 80, Marion Crescent, Maidstone, Kent. 65 DEATHS. Fellows. James Bell, M.A., M.D., Sc.D. (Dublin), F.T.C.D. David Brown Dott, Ph.C. George Harrison Gemmell. Harold King, B.Sc. (Lond.). Thomas Lawson McEwan, B.Sc., M.B., Ch.B. (St. Andrews). George Perkins. Charles Proctor, 13.0. Frederick Grevile Ruddock. (Mrs.) Dorothy Jessie Storey. Leo Taylor, O.B.E. John Trotter, D.Sc. (Edin.). Associates. Henry Fairley, B.Sc. (Edin.).Charles Hayne, B.Sc. (Lond.). John Arthur Lindsay Royds, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Herbert Louis Watson, B.Sc. (Aberd.). 66 Coming Events. MarchI 7 SOCIETY ANALYSTS CHEMISTS:OF PUBLIC AND OTHERANALYTICAL Annual General Meeting, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 3.46 p.m.; followed by an address by Sir Harry Lindsay on “The Work of the Imperial Institute for the British Empire,” at 4.30 p.m. OF8 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (South Wales Section): “Micro-chemistry, with special reference to Spbt Tests.” Mr. F. Hudswell, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Singleton Park, Swansea. 10 ASSOCIATIONFOR THE STUDY OF SNOW AND ICE. “The Structure of a Temperate Glacier.” Mr.G. Seligman, at a meeting of the Royal Geographical Society, at the Society’s House, Kensington Gore, London, S.W.7, at 5 p.m. 11 CHEYICAL SOCIETY (Leeds Area Section): Joint Meeting with the Leeds University Chemical Society: Discussion on “Some Aspects of Adsorption.” Opened by Illessrs. R. R1. Barrer and R. S. Bradley. 15 MIDLANDCHEMISTS’Annual Dinner, at the Midland Hotel, New Street, Birmingham. 19 INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties OF CHEMISTRY Section) and INSTITUTE (London and Home Counties OF PHYSICS Branch) :Joint Meeting. “Infra-Red Absorption and Molecular Structure.” Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 2.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Microbiological Panal: Discussion on Technique for Culture of Anierobes.20 CHEMICAL with the South Wales Section of the Institute SOCIETY, of Chemistry: “The Life and Work of ITilliam Jackson Pope.” Professor C. S. Gibson, O.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Singleton Park, Swansea. 21 INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) : “MoreOF CHEMISTRY Recent Investigation on Organic Compounds of Gold.” Professor C. S. Gibson, O.B.E., F.R.S., at University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): “The Chemist in Modern Agriculture.” Sir E. J. Russell, F.R.S. 26 INSTITUTE (South Yorkshire Section) :Joint meeting OF CHEMISTRY with the Society of Chemical Industry. “Some Aspects of Boiler Water Treatment.” Dr.A. W. Chapman, at the Technical College, Rotherham, at 0.30 p.m. 26 INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) :OF CHEMISTRY Annual General Meeting, at the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce. 67 April 16 INSTITT-TE (London and South-Eastern Counties OF CHEMISTRY Section): “Chromatographic Analysis.” Dr. A. H. Cook, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 2.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEJIISTRY(Cardiff and District Section) : “Some Recent Developments in Microchemistry.” Dr. Janet Matthews, at University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff. 22 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(South Yorkshire Section): A Series of short papers of topical interest. At the Metallurgical Club, 198, West Street, Sheffield. 24 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(South Wales Section): Annual General Meeting, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Singleton Park, Swansea.May13 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY (Leeds Arza Section): Eighth Liversidge Lecture : “Complex Formation. Professor N. V. Sidgwick,C.B.E., F.R.S. 68 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute on Monday, 3rd March, 1941, at 3 p.m. Election of Officers and Council.-The Balloting List for the election of Officers, Censors and Members of Council was issued at the end of January. Votes should be received at the oflice of the Institute not later than 3 o’clock on 1st March. In accordance with By-Law zg (2) the vote of any member who is in arrear with his annual subscription must be disallowed.Examinations.-Arrangements have been made to hold examinations for the Fellowship and Associateship in April. It is hoped that examinations will also be held in September. Full information will be given at a later date. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 69 Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Asso- ciates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are ordinarily required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. For the time being the payment of 6s. 6d. is suspended. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours.It will be open from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. from Monday to Friday, but for the present will re- main closed on Saturdays. Members and Students of the Insti- tute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. 70 The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Icine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expire on 1st March. The subscriptions rates are 6s. 6d. for Class B, and 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boots’ Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.C.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDIKCSat 5s. 2d. each. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 71 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Copies of “The Profession of Chemistry” (Fourth Edition, 1938)will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis- tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar.Journal and Proceedings, Part VI, 1939.-A few copies of Part VI of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,1939, were imperfect owing to faulty collation before binding. Any recipient of an imperfect copy will be sent a good copy on communicating with the Registrar. Laboratory Assistants (male and female) are urgently required by the Ministry of Supply in the provinces. Candidates must be of British birth and parentage. Should be not less than 16 years of age and should have had a secondary school training in subjects which include chemistry, or should have attained a standard equivalent to the General Schools Certificate in that subject. Inclusive weekly rate of pay between 33s. od. and 75s. od.(male) or 61s. od. (female) according to age and experience. Fellows and Associates are invited to bring these vacancies to the notice of qualified candidates known to them who are not at present doing work of National importance. Applications should be forwarded to the Secretary (S.E.3.B.), Ministry of Supply, Adelphi, London, W.C.2. Experimental Assistants should have obtained Higher School Certificates or equivalent qualifications in subjects which include chemistry. Inclusive annual salaries for Experimental Assistants are between i11319s. od. (at age 17)and ;6260 (male) or ;6250 (female) according to age, qualifications and experience. 72 Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18.Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, FUND,INSTITUTEBENEVOLENT OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar. 73 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY REGISTER ADDRESSES REQUIRED Fellows. Bardsley, Joshua. Bascombe, Frederick. Boyce, Frank. Browning, Ronald George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Darling, Charles Robert, A.R.C.Sc.1. Eastburn, Major Gerald Jerome, M.C., A.R.T.C. Edwards, Vincent. Glendinning, Tom Aldrich, M.Sc. (N.Z.). Hogben, Walter. Ingle, Herbert, B.Sc.(Leeds). Loudon, Alexander, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), M.Sc. (Lond.). Paterson, John Hamilton, D.Sc. (Dunelm). St. Johnston, James Hallewell, M.A. (Cantab.). Saunders, Wilfrid, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sinclair, St. Clair Overbeek, M.A. (Cape), D.Sc. (Stellenbosch). Watson, Eric Edmund. Willey, Eric John Baxter, Ph.D. (Cantab.), M.Sc. (Dunelm), D.Sc. (Lond.). Wright, Charles James, B.A. (Cantab.). Associates. Barclay, Miss Judith Margaret, B.Sc. (Lond.). Behram, Jal D. Edal, M.Sc. (Bombay). Brandt, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.). Brodie, Neal, M.Sc. (Dunelm). Chattin, Alan Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.). Claudet, Richard Arthur Ormerod, B.Sc. (Lond.). Clulow, Frederick Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Coles, George Lemuel, B.Sc. (Lond.). Collins, William Jonathan Henn, B.A.(Cantab.), Ph.D. (Lond.). Cook, Harry Aaron, B.Sc. (Lond.). Davies, George Parker, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Brig.). Davis, Frederick Victor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Dawson, Thomas Theodore, KSc. (Birm,). Dean, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Manc.). Eastman, Clifford William, B.Sc. (Birm.). Evans, Thomas Leslie, B.A. (Cantab.). Fletcher, Peter Bainbrigge, M.Sc. (Lond.). Gardner, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Gardner, William Kidston, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.). 74 Gibson, Peter Robert Saaife, B.Sc. (Lond.), Gilbert, Frank Lathe, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Cantab.). Goodwin, Harold Walter, B.Sc. (Glas.). Gordon, Roy Robert, M.A., Ph.D. (Glas.). Graham, Frank Nelson, B.Sc. (Liv.). Gresham, Harold Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Grieve, Stanley Trethowa, M.Sc.(Audubon). GrBth, Goronwy, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales). Hall, Donald Hugh, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Harden, Harold Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.). Harrison, Christopher Jerome, B.Sc. (Birm.). Hodson, William Brook, A.C.G.F.C. Hole, Ernest George, B.Sc. (Birm.). Holman, Henry John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Horton, Laurence, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Jackson, Emmanuel, B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Johnson, Sydney Walgate, BSc. (Dun.), Ph.D. (Lond.). Johnston, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.). Jones, Edward Henry. Kay, John Louden, A.R.T.C. Kent, Arthur Vincent, M.Sc. (Wales). Khin, Maung Aung, B.Sc. (Rangoon). Kingcome, John Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.). Laurie, Leonard Llewelyn, M.Sc. (Lond.). Maitra, Manan Kumar, Ph.D. (Lond.). Mansell, Richard Ivor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Massie, Duncan McRobert. Matheeon, Donald, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D.(Aberd.). PlcCullagh, Thomas Anthony, MSc. (N.U.1.). McGregor, Thomas, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.), Mein, Henry Cranston, B.Sc. (Edin.). Milne, Stephen George Mount Stephen, B.Sc. (Aberd.). Mitra, Bhupendra Nath, D.Sc. (Dacca). Morris, John Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.). Nixon, Richard Herbert. Norris, Walter Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Parker, Hugh Edmund, M.Sc. (Lond.). Pearson, Ernest Leigh, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Peel, Patrick Robert Elliott, B.Sc. (Lond.). Pemberton, Douglas Gordon, M.Sc. (Manc.). Penny, Ernest Edgar, B.Sc. (Lond.). Pinder, Harold William, A.Met. (Sheffield). Redmond, Nathan, B.Sc. (Lond.). Rigby, Joe, M.Sc. (Manc.). Robert, Roger Felix Laurent, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Smnders, Benjamin, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sharman, Ivan Michael, B.Sc.(Lond.). Sheldon, Wilfred, M.Sc. (Vict.). 73 Sheldrick, George, JI.Sc., I'1i.D. (Dunelm). Snow, Frederick Henry, O.C.G.F.C. Squire, George Victor Vincent, BSc. (Lond.). Syines, Thomas Edward, M.Sc. (Lond.). Tavroges, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.). Taylor, William Edward Leslie. Thi, Uaung Ba, B.Sc. (Rangoon). Thom, IVilliam Albert Strang, BSc. (Mas.). Thornley, Derek George Claude, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Tonkm, James Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Walden, -4lfred Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.). IValker, Eric, B.Sc. (Lonrl.). Walkey, Wilfred Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.). TT'allbaiik, Albert William, B.Sc. (Birm.). TVigran, Peter Wodmore, B.A. (Cantab.). JVildman, Harry, B.Sc. (Xanc.). Williams, Benjamin Haydn, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.). IYillianis, Frank Archer, XSc., Ph.D.(Lond.). IVilson, Kenneth Mackenzie. IVrather, Harry Coupe, M.Sc. (Manc.). Tates, Edmund Denys, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Teats, Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.). 76 “NEVER IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN CONFLICT WAS SO MUCH OWED BY SO MANY TO SO FEW” The Prime Minister YOU CAN BACK UP OUR AIRMEN by buying NATIONAL WAR BONDS SAVINGS CERTIFICATES DEFENCE BONDS or by depositing in the POST OFFICE or TRUSTEE SAVINGS BANKS Issued by The National Savings Committee, London

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9416500001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1941

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER,1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART 11: 1941. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. April, I94I. Publications Committee, 194 1-42. F. P. DUNN (Chairman), J. J. FOX (President), E. E. AYLING, H.BAINES, M. BOGOD, R.R. BUTLER, F. CHALLENGER, J. W. COOK, A. COULTHARD, A. E. DUNSTAN, G. D. ELSDON, L. EYNON, E. GREGORY, T. P. HILDITCH, W. G. HISCOCK W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H. HUNTER, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A. C.MONKHOUSE, H.W. MOSS, J. R.NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, F. M. ROWE, GARFIELD THOMAS, S. W.A. WIKNER, F. J. WILSON. Officers and Members of Council, 1941-42. PRESIDENT: JOHN JACOB FOX, c.B., o.B:E., D.SC. VICE-PRESIDENTS : HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.I.C. FRANCIS HOWARD CARR, C.B.E., D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. THOMAS PERCY HILDITCH, D.Sc. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. SIR ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. HAROLD AUGUSTINE TEMPANY, C.B.E., D.Sc. HON. TREASURER: JOHN CHRISTISON WHITE, M.C., O.B.E., A.K.C. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: JOHN STEELE ALLAN: Aberdeen and North of Scotland. EDWARD BERTRAM ANDERSON, M.Sc.: London. ERNEST EDWARD AYLING, M.Sc., A.K.C.: Wales and the County of HARRY BAINES, D.Sc.: London. [Monmouth. MARK BOGOD, A.R.C.S. : London and South-Eastern Counties. RAYMOND RENARD BUTLER, M.Sc.: Liverpool and North- West Coast. SYDNEY RAYMOND CARTER, D.Sc. : Birmingham.FREDERICK CHALLENGER, PH.D., D.Sc. : Leech. JAMES WILFRED COOK, PH.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.: Clasgow and West of ALBERT COULTHARD, PH.D. : Manchester. [Scotland.WILLIAM MURDOCH CUMMING, D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : Olasgow.JACK CECIL DRUMMOND, D.Sc.: London. FREDERICK PERCY DUNN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S.: London. ALBERT ERNEST DUNSTAN, D.Sc.: London. GEORGE DAVIDSON ELSDON, D.Sc. : Manchester. LEWIS EYNON, B.Sc.: London. ERNEST HAROLD FARMER, D.Sc., D.I.C. :London. ALEXANDER FINDLAY, M.A., PH.D., D.Sc.: Aberdeen. EDWIN GREGORY, M.Sc., PH.D.: East Midlands and South Yorkshire.IAN MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S.: London. WALTER GEORGE HISCOCK, B.Sc., PH.D.: Edinburgh and East of THOMAS REGINALD HODGSON, h1.A.: Manchester. [Scotland.WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, B.Sc., PH.D.: Northern IreZand. REGINALD HAYDN HOPKINS, D.Sc. : Birmingham.HAROLD HUNTER, D.Sc., A.INsT.P., A.M.I.CHEM.E.: Munchester. LOUIS ARNOLD JORDAN, D.Sc., A.R.C.S.: London. JAMES GRIEVE KING, PH.D., D.Sc.: London. LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT, D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. :London. JOSEPH HENRY LESTER, XSc. : Manchester and District. GORDON WICKHAM MONIER-WILLIAMS, O.B.E., M.C., M.A., PH.D.: [London.ALLAN CUTHBERTSON MOKKHOUSE, B.Sc., PH.D. : Bristol a& [South-Western Counties. HENRY WEBSTER MOSS, A.R.C.Sc.1. : Yorbhire.JOHN RALPH NICHOLLS, B.Sc.: London. THOMAS JOSEPH NOLAN, B.A., D.Sc. : Dublin. ALFRED JOHN PRINCE, M.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E.: Billingham.THOMAS FRED ERIC RHEAD, M.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. :Birmingham.WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.Sc. : Liverpool.FREDERICK MAURICE ROWE, D.Sc.: Leeda. NORMAN LINDSAY SHELDON, C.I.E., PH.D. :The Overseas Dominions [and Elsewhere Abroad. GARFIELD THOMAS, M.Sc. :Birmingham and Midlunch. SIGURD WALFRID ALBERT WIKNER: Newcastle upon Tyne a& FORSYTH JAMES WILSON, PH.D., D.SC.: Ghgow. [North-East Coat. 80 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: FRIDAY: 25~~APRIL, 1941. FRIDAY: 21ST NOVEMBER, 1941. 23~~ 1941.MAY, 1941. ,, ~~THDECEMBER,,9 ZOTH JUNE, 1941. ,, 23~~and 30~~,9 ,, 18r~JULY, 1941. JANUARY, 1941. t 1 ~ ~ FEBRUARY, 1942.7 OCTOBER, 1941. ,, 20~~ ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: MONDAY, ZND MARCH, 1942. CENSORS : 1941-42. THE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. FRANCIS HOWARD CARR, C.B.E.. D.Sc.. M.I.CHEM.E. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, .o.B.E.,'M.B., B.s. SIR ROBERT PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. SIR ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1941-42. Chairman* FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, F. H. CARR, A. COULTHARD, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, A. FINDLAY, L. A. JORDAN. J. G. KIKG. L. H. LAMPITT. G. ROCHE LYNCH. G. w. MONIER-WILLIAMS, H. A. TEMPANY, AND J.c.WHITE*. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT*, WITH F. H. CARR, L. H. LAMPITT, J. H. LESTEH, G. ROCHE LYNCH, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, H. W. MOSS, J. R.NICHOLLS, W. H. ROBERTS, AND H. A. TEMPANY. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT*; H. V. A. BRISCOE (VICE-CHAIRMAN);ANT) COUNCIL IN COMNITTEE. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESlDENT, WITH E. E. AYLING, H. BAINES, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, F. CHALLENGER, J.W. COOK, A. COULTHARD, F. P. DUNN*, A. E. DUNSTAN, G. D. ELSDON, L. EYNON, E. GREGORY,-T. P. HILDITCH, W. G. HISCOCK, W. HONNEY-MAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H. HUNTER, G. W. NONIER-WILLIAMS,A. C. MONKHOUSE. H. W. MOSS. J. R. NICHOLLS. T.J. NOLAN. SIR ROBERT PICKARD, F. M. ROWE, GARFIELD THOMAS, S. W. A. WIKNER, AND F. J. WILSON. SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, J. C. WHITE (HoN.TREASURER)*,THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, H. G.COLMAN, E. M. HAWKINS, AND G. RUDD THOMPSON. 81 APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE: THE: PRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, A. COULTHARD, H. E. COX, J. C. DRUXMOND, A. G. FRANCIS, E. GREGORY, W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, L. A. JORDAX, J. G. KING, J. H. LESTER, G. ROCHE LYSCH, J. R. XICHOLLS, A. J. PRINCE, W. H. ROBERTS, R. E. SLADE, H. A. TEMPANY*, AKD W. WARDLAW. EMERGENCY COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT*, THE VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND THE HONORARY TREASURER. PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, F. H. CARR*, F. CHALLENGER, W. CUMMING, E. H. FARMER, I.M. HEILBRON, T. P. HILDITCH, R. H. HOPKINS, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, L. H. LAMPITT, H. McCOMBIE, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, E. K. RIDEAL, SIR ROBERT ROBINSON, D. F. TWISS, AND WILLIAM WARDLAW.PUBLICITY COMMITTEE : A. L. BACHARACH*, H. BAINES, L. EYNOX, T. P. HILDITCH, ,J. G. KING, AND E. Q. LAWS (REPRESENTING THE COXMITTEE OF THE LONDON AND SOUTH-EASTERNCOUNTIESSECTION). SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*, WITH W. M. AMES, E. E. AYLING, H. V. A. BRISCOE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, H. E. COX, A. E. EVEREST,I. M. HEILBRON, T. P. HILDITCH, H. HUNTER, G. ROCHE LYNCH. D. W. PARKES. SIR ROBERT PICKARD, W. H. ROBER‘TS, AND S. B. WATKINS. Special Committee appointed to “consider the whole question of the constitution and method of nomination of the Council.” THE PRESIDENT*, THE HONORARY TREASURER, E. E. AYLING, A. L. BACHARACH, H. BAINES, MARK BOGOD, A. FINDLAY, I. M. HEILBROK, T. P. HILDITCH, G. KING, J. H. LESTER, G.ROCHE LYNCH, A. J. PRINCE, W. H. ROBERTS, AND S. B. WATKINS. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON THE JOINT COMMITTEE WITH (a) THE BOARD OF EDUCATION (ENGLAND AND WALES): THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYKON, AND SIR ROBERT PICKARD. (b) THE SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT: THE PRESIDENT, WITH R. BRUCE, J. W. COOK, W. M. CUMMING, A. FINDLAY, P. F. GORDON, J. W. HAWLEY, F. D. MILES,N. PICTON, J. WEIR*, AND F. J. WILSON. 82 (c) THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, NORTHERN IRELAND: THE PRESIDENT, WITH W. H. GIBSON, J. HAWTHORNE, W. HONNEYMAN, AND G. S. ROBERTSON. REPRESENTATIVE ON THE POISONS BOARD: (Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933) G. ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S.REPRESENTATIVES ON THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL: J. J. FOX (PRESIDENT), A. E. DUNSTAN, AND H. A. TEMPANY. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE JOINT LIBRARY COMMITTEE OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: A. L. BACHBRACH, H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. 1%'.CREMER, AND ERNEST VANSTONE. BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1941-42. Chairman :THE PRESIDENT. Representatives of the h70minations, Examinations and Institutions Com- mittee: H. V. A. BRISCOE, E. H. FARMER, G. ROCHE LYNCH, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, AND W. H. ROBERTS. Examiners for the Associateship : JOSEPH KENYON, D.SC. (LoND.), F.R.S. WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc. (DUNELM). Examiners for the Fellowship : Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc. (DUNELM). Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: RONALD GEORGE WREY-FORD NORRISH, Sc.D.(CANTAB), F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: JOSEPH KENYON, D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCREMISTRY: HAROLD RAISTRICK, B.A., Sc.D. (CANTAB.),DSc. (LEEDS), F.R.S. Branch E.-CHEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: HENRY EDWARD COX, D.Sc. (LoND.). THERAPEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY, AND MICROSCOPY:CHARLES HERBERT HAMPSHIRE, M.B., B.S., B.Sc. (LoND.), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: ERNEST VANSTONE, D.Sc. (BIRM.). Branch G.-INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY(General Chemical Technology) : HERBERT WILLIAM CREMER, M.Sc. (LoND.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required. 83 HON. AUDITORS, 1941-42: CLAUDE LEOPOLD CLAREMONT, B.Sc.(LosD.), AND JOHN GNUS ASHTVELL GRIFFITHS, B.A., PH.D. (CAKTAB.). AUDITORS, 1941-42: DAVID HENDERSON, in association with MESSRS. J. Y. FINLAY & CO., Chartered Accountants. SOLICITORS: MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 6, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C.1. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAW PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY: RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CANTAB.), F.I.C. 84 Sixty-Third Annual General Meeting. MONDAY, 3rd MARCH, 1941. -The Sixty-third Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Monday, 3rd March, 1941, at 3.0 p.m.,-Dr. J. J.Fox, C.B., O.B.E., President, in the Chair. MINUTES. The Minutes of the previous Annual Meeting, which had been published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,were taken as read, and signed. PRESENTATIONTHE MELDOLA MEDAL. OF The PRESIDENT: “We are opening the proceedings pleasantly by presenting the Meldola Medal to Dr. Ewart Ray Herbert Jones. “Educated at Grove Park School, Wrexham, Dr. Jones has since studied at University College of North Wales, Bangor, and the University of Manchester. In 1929 he was awarded a major open scholarship to University College, Bangor, and a Denbigh- shire County Exhibition. In 1932, he graduated B.Sc. with first class honours in Chemistry; in 1933, he gained a University of Wales Studentship for research in Organic Chemistry under Professor J.L. Sirnonsen; in 1935, he was awarded the Fellow- ship of the University of Wales; in 1936, he proceeded to the degree of Ph.D. for a thesis entitled ‘Syntheses in the Sesquiter- pene Series,’ and became research assistant to Professor I. M. Heilbron with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation ; in 1938, he was appointed an Assistant Lecturer in Organic Chemis- try at the Imperial College, London; and since 1939, he has been engaged on work for the Government. “Dr. Jones’ synthesis of a sesquiterpene ketone containing an angle methyl group led directly to the complete synthesis of cyperone. Some of his papers have been concerned with attempts either to discover a more satisfactory route to pro- vitamin-D,, or to convert sterol ketones to aromatic compounds related to the natural oestrogens. As an outcome of this work, valuable insight into the stereochemistry, isomerism and ab- sorption spectra of the sterols was obtained.85 “Two papers clarified to a large extent the chemistry of lupeol, a complex triterpene alcohol. Hitherto this had proved a serious stumbling block in an interesting field which in recent years has made a wide appeal to organic chemists throughout the world, Further papers revealed the probability of a close relationship between the constituents of the parasitic fungi and their hosts; others first recorded direct transformation of chole- sterol into its epimer and established the constitution of zymo-sterol, thus settling a problem which had been attacked by numerous workers over a period of years. “I would remind you that we have been very fortunate in those to whom we have presented the Meldola Medal; they have without exception proved themselves chemists of outstanding importance and there is not the slightest doubt that Dr.Jones is in the direct line and will fully justify the confidence that we have shown in awarding him this Medal.” Presenting the Medal to Dr. Jones, the President added: “From a small fund which we have available for the purpose, it is our custom also to present a book to the recipient of the Meldola Medal. We give you this with our congratulations, though we are sure that there is little in it that you do not know already.” (Applause.) Dr.EWARTJONES: “It is with deep gratitude that I thank you, Sir, the Council of the Institute and the Society of Macca- baeans for this award of the Meldola Medal. Although it is barely 20 years since it was first instituted, one has only to examine the list of previous recipients of this Medal to realise that a great tradition has been established. I can assure you that I shall do my utmost to maintain the high tradition of academic achievement which has been set by my predecessors. It is difficult for me adequately to thank my co-workers, and particularly those distinguished men of science with whom it has been my pleasure and privilege to work. Whatever I may have achieved is largely to be attributed to the patience and constant encouragement of my teachers.It gives me great pleasure to think that, in being awarded the Meldola Medal, honour is being done to Professor Simonsen and Professor Heilbron, for whose knowledge, skill and patience I have the deepest regard, and whose enthusiasm for organic chemistry, particularly in relation to the study of natural products, has infected not only myself but all their research associates with an intense desire to delve more deeply into these fascinating fields. At the present moment it is not possible for us, nor would we wish, to prosecute those rather more academic researches in which our main interest lies. In this war-which, incidentally, is being fought in the true Maccabaean tradition-we can only hope that any contributions which we may be able to make to our country’s magnificent effort will bring us the more speedily to that final victory on which depends not only the future of scientific thought in this country, but indeed our very existence.” (Applause.) ANNUALACCOUNTS.Mr. J. C. WHITE (Hon. Treasurer): “In presenting the Accounts, I do not propose to deal with them at length inasmuch as you have the full statement before you. I will, however, draw attention to the fact that while the income for the year has actually increased-that being something over which we have no control-the expenditure has been reduced substantially by the holding of meetings of Committees on the same day as the meetings of the Council, thereby avoiding double travelling expenses.Local Sections have absorbed less from the funds of the Institute, and the Register in its abbreviated form (the reason for which you already know) has cost less than was anticipated. As a result of that and of strict economy in all other directions, we have been put in the position of being able to invest L2,610 instead of the sum of approximately L2,208 which was actually due for investment this year. “You will notice also that we have made provision for the Intermittent Publications once again; we have added to the Staff Superannuation Reserve, and we have established a reserve for war contingencies with a first contribution of LI,OOO. I think you will all agree that the future holds many possibilities that the establishment of such a reserve must be regarded as a wise step at this stage.In spite of this we have an excess of income over expenditure of L652 11s.6d., which is more than the normal. “If there are any questions on these Accounts I shall do my best to deal with them, but the Accounts are clearly set out in the various statements which you have before you. Having said that, I beg to move-‘That the Annual Accounts for 1940,with the Report of the Auditors, be received and adopted, and that the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the Honorary Auditors, Messrs. C. L. Claremont and J. G. A. Griffiths, and to Messrs. J. Y. Finlay, Pearson & Co. for their services.’ ” 87 Mr. J. B. WILTON seconded the motion.The PRESIDENT:“Are there any comments or questions? If not, I will put the motion to the meeting.” The motion z’as carried unanimously and the Honorary Auditors replied. REPORTOF THE COUNCIL. The PRESIDENT:“It is now my pleasure to ask you to receive and adopt the Report of the Council. “In the present circumstances you will forgive me if, in submitting the Report, my remarks are brief. The Report itself is, I think, clear and needs no explanation. “We regret the loss by death of many good friends, and not a few whose names will long be remembered in the history of our science, as having contributed to the advancement of chemistry and to the interests of members of our profession. Among these I should like to mention Sir Robert Hadfield, Sir Arthur Harden, Sir Gilbert Morgan, Sir Jocelyn Thorpe and Professor Wilsmore.Professor Wilsmore, who died in Australia, was known to many of us as a student in his younger days. I may be pardoned if I also refer to two friends who were associated with me in my own Department: George Stubbs and Charles Proctor. George Stubbs was at one time Deputy Government Chemist, and, as you all know, a man of outstanding ability. Charles Proctor left my Department over twenty years ago after a most successful career. “I need hardly say that, thanks to the able control of your Honorary Treasurer, Mr. White, and his Committee, our finances are in a sound position. The Benevolent Fund, too, has been administered with great care, the fullest consideration being given to all cases brought to the notice of the Institute.In no case which has come to us have we failed to extend assistance on your behalf, when the case was worthy of support. I should like to take this opportunity of thanking all who have so gener-ously responded to the appeal which I made at the close of 1940. There was some fear that the scheme of co-operation initiated by the Chemical Council might affect the Fund, and therefore you will be glad to know that the receipts for 1941so far amount to k1,365 compared with k1,135 at the same date in 1940, an increase of L230. “The number of Fellows and Associates who have decided to participate in the co-operation scheme now stands at 1,153. As a first effort, I think it is a remarkable tribute that our Fellows 88 and Associates have so far taken advantage of the possibilities which the scheme affords.It is too early yet to assess the full value of the scheme which is the beginning of a carefully con- sidered experiment, backed by the resources of the Chemical Council, supplied by industry and by chemists themselves, for the safeguarding of British publications produced by the Chartered Chemical Societies. I would remind you that the Institute has resolved to urge its Fellows and Associates to support the scheme, in which they can participate at any time. One can look forward to the day when there will be very few Fellows and Associates who are not in the scheme. It is an excellent opportunity of lending support to the Societies at small cost to the individual. “The Local Sections have presented, as usual, a report on their activities, and we gladly acknowledge the valuable services of their officers and committees. They work very hard, as those of us who meet them know.The Annual Conference of the Honorary Secretaries again afforded a valuable opportunity for the interchange of ideas, and we hope to make arrangements for obtaining a good agenda of matters for consideration in June this year. “It is a matter of personal regret that circumstances at the moment prevent me from meeting my colleagues in the various Local Sections, for I regard such personal contact as a most important part of my job. “The report shows that we have continued to hold our ex- aminations and increased in membership by over 220.* By means of our Appointments Register, in connexion with which Dr. Tempany has rendered yeoman service, we have substantially contributed to the full employment of our profession. This valuable service has been readily acknowledged, as has also the assistance of our executive officers in supplying information from our unrivalled records of chemical personnel. I believe that our records are unique in the information which we possess about our Fellows and Associates, and I think it is right to say that the Institute has rendered very great assistance to the authorities in connexion with the supply of chemists. I should like to take this opportunity of congratulating Dr.Tempany on his appointment as Chief Agricultural Adviser to the Colonial Office. *In the Report of Council the figure was accidentally recorded as 241. 89 “The increase in the numerical strength of the Institute, since our last trial of strength in 1914-1918, has been very remarkable; it has been multiplied more than five times; and no less remarkable is the record of unemployment during the same period. Membership. Unemployed. Jan. 1914 . . 1464 Not recorded ,, 1921 .. 3270 25 -0.76 per cent. ,, 1928 .. 5388 104-1.93 ,, ,, 1936 .. 6285 123 -1.95 ,, ,, 1941 .. 7775 66-0.85 ,, “I should like to point out that the overwhelming proportion of our members has been fully employed during the whole of that period.In 1921, for example, the percentage of our members unemployed was only 0.76; in 1928 and in 1935 it was just under 2 per cent., and this year it is less than I per cent. Those figures are to some extent misleading, because they include a number of older members who wish to be considered available, as well as young members who have just finished their courses of training and have only lately qualified. “I am aware that some have been disappointed in the positions which have been offered them and some in the positions they have accepted. Many of us can cast our minds back to the state of affairs which existed at the time of the last war so far as chemists were concerned. It was well that industry was far better supplied with chemists in September, 1939, than in July, 1914.“The Report deals fully with the work of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, and in this connexion I should like especially to acknowledge the services of Professor Briscoe, who has undertaken the arduous duties of Chairman of the Sub-committee for Interviews and Oral Examinations, and also to express our thanks to Dr. G. J. Fowler, Honorary Secretary of the Indian Advisory Committee, for his invaluable help in connexion with applications received from India. “I would also like to express to all Members of Council who are now retiring from office grateful thanks for all the time and trouble which they have given to the affairs of the Institute, and I know that I express your feelings when I say that we hope to see some of them on the Council again.Special thanks are due to Mr. -4.L. Bacharach and his Committee for their work during 90 the past year, which I am sure will conduce to the future improve- ment in our publications. Even in the presence of the Registrar, I venture to think that it is possible to improve our JOURNAL. “When you did me the honour, a year ago, to elect me President of the Institute, I knew that the position was no sinecure. The duties attached to the office are many and various and, in these times especially, also often responsible; but I esteem the honour very highly, and enjoy the agreeable associa- tion with the Officers and Council and many members of the Institute with whom I am brought into contact, to whom I am grateful for their loyal and devoted co-operation in our ever- increasing activities.I have had a very pleasant year of office, and I hope that the members of the Institute will think that I have served them reasonably well. This reminds me to tell you that the scheme of co-operation has imposed on the officers of the Institute an extremely onerous task. I have seen it from the inside, and I can assure you that it has meant working day and night, every day and all day. Owing to unfortunate cir- cumstances, due to illness and other reasons, the work has been doubly onerous, and I should like to express my and your gratitude for the work that the officers have done. “The Council is a body representative of all branches of the profession, and the fact that its members are elected both by the general body of the Fellows and Associates and by districts should ensure that such representation is adequate and effective.However, we have been asked to review the constitution, as well as the method of nomination and election of the Council, and this will be part of the business in the near future. “I am informed that the record of Council attendances during the past two years has been the subject of criticism, but it will not surprise you to know that many Members of Council are actively engaged on work for the Government and others are finding it difficult to undertake journeys as often as they could and would in normal times.It is only fair to state that the Council often has before it the views of those who are absent for the reasons that I have indicated. These views are taken into consideration by the Council as fully as if the members con-cerned were actually present. We have carefully considered the possibility of holding meetings in other centres, but, although many reside at considerable distances from our headquarters, we have come to the conclusion that London is at the present 91 time more easily accessible than any other centre, notwith- standing difficulties. We had contemplated meeting at a Midland centre, but circumstances made it difficult to do so. “I submit that the Annual Report now before you is a record bearing evidence of steady effort to carry on our normal business, and to watch the interests of the profession, while at the same time holding ourselves in readiness to meet any call which may be made upon us in the national effort.“Other parts of the Report before you call for no special comment at the present time, and I shall not detain you further, but now move formally ‘That the Report of the Council be received and adopted.’ ” Nr. A. L. BACHARACH:“I have much pleasure in seconding the motion which the President has proposed. It is quite un- necessary after the President’s survey of the Council’s activities during the past year, as detailed in the Report, for me to com- ment on any one of those activities in particular. I should like to refer in passing, however, to the spiritual atmosphere of the Council during the past year, because this has, I think I can say- and I am sure that my fellow-members of the Council will agree with me-in no way been affected by the change in the physical atmosphere in which the Council has found it necessary to meet.U’hen, as has occasionally happened, the deliberations of the Council have been accompanied by gun-fire, this has not made the Council deaf to the opinions of members: when it has been necessary to meet in the black-out, which has an effect not only on the light but on the atmosphere, making it even thicker than usual, we hope that members will find that the vision of the Council has not thereby been dimmed. The work of Members of Council has not afforded them a bed of roses; it has been increasingly difficult for them to attend meetings, and even more difficult sometimes to get away again to wherever they wanted to return.In spite of that, as the record of the year shows, the amount of business transacted has been greater, rather than less, in extent than before, because of the number of new matters arising directly out of the war situation with which the Council has had to deal. I can say both for those who are continuing to serve on the Council and for those who have, with a mixture of reluctance and thankfulness, to retire, that we have done our best; and I hope that your acceptance of the Report will indicate that you appreciate this.” 92 The PRESIDENT: “There is one omission which I should like to repair before I ask for questions.You will have seen that the Institute has decided to set up a a new branch, to be termed Branch H : Analytical Chemistry, in the Fellowship Examination. It is extraordinary that it should have taken all these years for the Institute to set up a branch in the Fellowship Examination in Analytical Chemistry, seeing that so many of its members are occupied in that branch. I have said on other occasions that it is surprising that there is not anywhere in this country a Chair of Analytical Chemistry. Those of us who have spent our time in analytical chemistry know perfectly well that such a professor- ship ought to exist in this country as it does in others, and why one has not been set up I cannot tell you.There was one originally, but it was discontinued. I hope that we shall have one again.” “Does any member wish to raise any question on the Report ?” The motion was carried unanimowly. ON THE ELECTIONREPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS OF OFFICERS, MEMBERSOF COUNCILAND CENSORS. The REGISTRAR read the following Report of the Scrutineers : The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 1114. The following were elected:- President: J. J. Fox. A.Vice-presidents: H. IT,Briscoe, F. H. Carr, T. P. Hilditch, G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Pickard, and H. A. Tempany. Honorary Treasurer: John C. White. The number of valid votes cast for General Members of Council was 1108. The following were elected:- Alexander Findlay, A.E. Dunstan, L. H. Lampitt, I. M. Heilbron, J. C. Drummond, F. Challenger, W. M. Cumming, F. M. Rowe, T. F. E. Rhead, E. B. Anderson, G. W. Monier-Williams, G. D. Elsdon, H. Hunter, E. H. Farmer, F. P. Dunn, A. J. Prince, R. H. Hopkins, A. Coulthard, L. A. Jordan, W. H. Roberts, J. R. Nicholls, L. Eynoii, T. R. Hodgson,J. G. King, F. J. Wilson, H. Baines, S. R. Carter. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censorb was 1065. The following were elected:- G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Pickard, Sir Robert Robinson and F. H. Carr. The following voting papers were disallowed according to the By- laws :-90 from Fellows and Associaties whose subscriptions for 1941 had not been received.1 unsigned.7 received after the close of the poll. 4 in respect of votes for Council, more than 27 votes having been recorded in each instance. The total number of papers received was 1212. 93 The PRESIDENT:“I declare the Officers and Members of Council whose names have been read to be duly elected. It is amazing to me that out of nearly eight thousand members hardly more than one-eighth take the trouble to record their votes. We have to thank the Scrutineers, Mr. Ellis and Mr. Bassett. I saw them hard at work and, frankly, it is a job that I should not like to do myself.” Mr. C. L. CLAREMONT:“I have great pleasure in proposing a vote of thanks to the Scrutineers. They have a very onerous task; it is far worse than that of an Honorary Auditor.We owe them a vote of thanks for doing a troublesome piece of work.” The motion was duly seconded and carried unanimously. ELECTION AUDITORS.OF The PRESIDENT: “The present Auditors are willing to help us again. I shall therefore nominate Mr. C. L. Claremont as Honorary Auditor.” Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths was nominated from the body of the hall. The motion for the re-election of Messrs. C. L. Claremont and J. G. A. Gri$iths as Honorary Auditors was carried unanimously. Mr. J. C. WHITE (Hon. Treasurer) :“I should like to move that Messrs. J. Y. Finlay, Pearson & Co., Chartered Accountants, be re-appointed Auditors, and with that I should like to couple the recommendation that their fee for the current year be in- creased to 50 guineas, i.e.an increase of 10 guineas. I would explain, having had considerable contact with the work which they have to do for the Institute, that with the increasing member- ship, and with all the ramifications which exist to-day but which did not exist previously, the present fee of 40 guineas is in my opinion and in the opinion of my colleagues inadequate.” Mr. C. L. CLAREMONT:“I should like to be allowed to second the motion. It certainly seems to me that the fee which they were receiving was not altogether adequate. There is a great deal of work to be done.” Dr. J. G. A. GRIFFITHS: “I should like to associate myself with Mr. Claremont’s remarks. The professional Auditors have a very heavy task to perform, and they help us very considerably.” The motion was carried unanimously. VOTEOF THANKS MEMBERS OF COUNCIL.TO THE RETIRING Mr.BUTTERFIELD: “I should like to propose a vote of thanks to the retiring Members of the Council. As a former Member of 94 Council, I can speak of the energy which my fellow-members have always shown in furthering the interests of the profession and of the members of the Institute. I should like to draw attention to the signal services of Mr. Bacharach as Chairman of the Publica- tions Committee. As a former Chairman of that Committee I can without a vestige of self-adulation say that he has immensely improved the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,which is the chief item with which the Chairman of the Publications Committee is con- cerned.He might say, ‘Well, that is very faint praise, because you left me something which was easily capable of improve- ment.’ (Laughter.) I shall therefore put it in another way, and say that he has done extremely good work in most difficult times in carrying on in the way that he has. The publication is called ‘JOURNAL but, by tradition and by AND PROCEEDINGS’; character, ‘journalese,’ as it is generally understood, is rigidly suppressed in our Journal, which may therefore be regarded as primarily the Proceedings of the Institute. I am sure that Mr. Bacharach will not mind my saying that he has had, as former Chairmen of that Committee have had, the untiring and fortu- nately non-retiring assistance of the editor-in-chief ; but that comes outside the scope of this motion.We owe retiring Members of the Council a deep debt of gratitude for their services during the past session, when they have been faced with heavy difficulties in carrying on the work of the Council. I therefore propose most sincerely that a vote of thanks be accorded to them.” Mr. WALTER C. HANCOCK:“I have very much pleasure in seconding that. As an old member of the Publications Com- mittee, I remember something of the difficulties involved in the work, and I heartily endorse what Mr. Butterfield has said, that there has been a great and very marked improvement in the character of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.” The motion was carried uvtanimously. THE STREATFEILD BY MR. S. J. JOHNSTONE.MEMORIALLECTURE The PRESIDENT:“As Mr.Johnstone is here I should like to say how much we appreciate his recent lecture, which has been printed and circulated. If there are any members who have not devoted any time to the study of the matter, I recommend them to do so as soon as possible. The lecture is a very fine document, and I should like to thank Mr. Johnstone personally for all the trouble he has taken in producing it.” 95 Mr. S. J. JOHNSTONE: “I am very gratified indeed by the President’s kind remarks about my effort. Doubtless there are many shortcomings in it, and I should explain that the work had to be done principally between 7 p.m. and 2 a.m. during the ‘blitz’ in November and December. I was very glad, however, to be able to offer some little token of my appreciation of our old friend Streatfeild. Although it is 35 years since I left Finsbury, my recollection of him is still very clear indeed, and it is since leaving his wing that I have realised what a wonderful teacher he was.His idea seemed to be that teaching, in those days at all events, was a full-time occupation and did not leave time for a great deal of research work. He devoted the whole of his time to his students and to their needs, and had it not been for this fact, doubtless we should now be referring to him as ‘Professor Streatfeild, F.R.S.’ But he lives in our memories as a man who gave us a marvellous lead in the most difficult time of our lives, and so I was glad to be able to contribute my small effort to his memory.” The PRESIDENT: “That concludes our business, and we thank you all very much for coming here in these difficult times.” The proceedings then terminated.96 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 21st February, 1941.-The Council received a suggestion that representations might be made to the appropriate authority regarding the proposed Voluntary Insur- ance Act, with particular reference to laboratory apparatus and fittings of universities and institutions, and of private practitioners and others. Whereas it was provided that saleable goods could be, and were already, insured, it appeared doubtful (at the time) whether laboratory equipment could be insured beyond a limit of L1,goo.The Council agreed, therefore, to refer the matter to the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. (It was subse-quently ascertained that such property would be insurable beyond the suggested limit.) The question was also raised whether there was any restriction on the supply of Swiss technical journals. It was thought that while universities, research institutions and the like could obtain them comparatively easily, individual chemists and firms experienced more difficulty in obtaining such supplies. The matter was referred for enquiry. Further correspondence was received regarding the action of Directors of Emergency Public Health Laboratory Services, offering to undertake professional work hitherto satisfactorily performed by public analysts and other chemists. (Correspond-ence on the subject, between the Institute and the Ministry of Health, is proceeding.) Reports were received from Standing Committees. The Benevolent Fund Committee, in addition to reporting on cases, mentioned that a Fellow had suggested that the President’s letter asking for help for the Fund should be read at Local Section meetings.The Committee concurred that this should be done on appropriate occasions. The Publications Committee made proposals regarding future lectures, which were appioved by the Council. The Chairman of the Committee mentioned that he had received a letter from a Fellow criticising the attendances of Members of Council, recorded in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI. (See President’s Address, page go.) 97 The Council confirmed the appointment of the Board of Examiners, re-appointed the Honorary Corresponding Secre-taries and the Executive Officers of the Institute, for the ensuing year.A vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Members of Council for their services. Council Meeting, 21st March, 1941.-The President welcomed the new Members of Council who attended for the first time,-Mr. E. E. Ayling, Dr. H. Baines, Dr. S. R. Carter, Professor Frederick Challenger, Professor J. W. Cook, Mr. Garfield Thomas and hlr. S. W. A. Wikner,-as well as those who had been re-elected. The President presented the Streatfeild Memorial Medal for 1940,the gift of the Governors of the City and Guilds of London Institute, and a photograph of F.W. Streatfeild, to hlr. Sydney James Johnstone, Fellow, whom he thanked again for his lecture on "Empire Mineral Resources and their Relation to the War Effort ." A letter was received from Dr. Lampitt reporting that there appeared to be no restriction of facilities for obtaining Swiss scientific journals, although orders should be pre-paid and there might be delay of eight to twelve weeks. Further correspondence was received from the Ministry of Health regarding the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service, and, at the suggestion of Dr. F. H. Carr, the COuncil agreed to ask the Council of the Society of Public Analysts to appoint representatives to a Joint Committee with representa- tives of the Institute, to consider the whole matter,-the repre-sentatives of the Institute being Dr.F. H. Carr, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Mr. E. B. Anderson and Mr. Edward Hinks. The Council was informed that a cablegram had been received from a combined conference of the New Zealand Section of the Institute with the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, held in Dunedin in January,-" The Annual Conference of New Zealand Chemists sends greetings and good wishes to our British colleagues. White." An appropriate acknowledgment had been returned. Mr. Philip White, Honorary Secretary of the Section, in confirming the cablegram, added-" Please convey to members of the Institute the admiration of chemists in New Zealand for their courage and devotion in very trying conditions." 98 A letter on the method of transfer of suitable students from secondary to technical education, received from Dr.E. A. Rudge, Fellow, was referred to a Sub-committee, to whom Members of Council were invited to communicate their views. Memoranda, received from two members, on the constitution and method of nomination of the Council, were referred to the Special Committee appointed to deal with that subject. A letter referring to the statutory position of Public Analysts in relation to their authorities was referred to the Legal and Parliamentary Commit tee. Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, having expressed his desire’to retire from representing the Institute on the Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution, the Council accorded Mr.Buttefield their best thanks for his services and appointed Professor Briscoe to succeed him as the Institute’s representative. A letter was received from the Secretary of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee on the question whether the Govern- ment was making full use of scientists during the war, on which Viscount Samuel proposed to ask a question in the House of Lords. The feeling was expressed that, in using the word “scientist,” it should be made quite clear that it referred not only to academic chemists, physicists and others, but to all scientific workers who were engaged in industry and in consulting practice. Complaints received regarding the action of a public utility company soliciting practice were referred to the Emergency Committee.The Committees for the year 1941-1942were appointed with their Chairmen, and the dates of future Council Meetings were fixed. 99 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Section held in the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast, on 18th February,- Dr. R. H. Common in the Chair-Mr. Oliver Davies read an interesting paper entitled “Ancient Metallurgical Technique.” Dr. Common also presided at a meeting of the Section held in the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Queen’s University, Belfast, on 6th March, when Mr. R. A. Hamilton read a paper entitled “Soil Fertility-its measurement on a large scale,” later demonstrating the apparatus in the laboratories. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Carlton, Belfast, on 28th March,-Dr.R. H. Common in the Chair. The Annual Report and Financial Statement were presented and adopted. The following Officers and Committee were elected for the session 1941-42:-Chairman, Dr. R. H. Common; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. W. Honneyman; Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. S. McDowell; Committee, Drs. M. H. Hall, E. M. Reid, E. Wright and Mr. R. V. Manning. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Annual Meeting of the Section was held at the Chamber of Commerce, Birmingham, on 26th March. The following Officers, Committee and Auditors were appointed for next Session:-Chairman, Mr. T. H. Gant; Vice- Chairman, Dr. s. R. Carter; Treasurer, Dr. W. J. Hickinbottom; Secretary, Mr.E. M. Joiner; Committee, Mr. Geo. King, Mr. A. Churchman, Mr. T. F. E. Rhead, Mr. E. G. K. Pritchett, Mr. H. A. Caulkin, Mr. F. W. Pinkard, Mr. A. Black, Mr. G. H. Edwards and Dr. G. W. Usherwood ;District Member of Council, Mr. Garfield Thomas. Auditors, Dr. A. G. R. Whitehouse and Mr. F. G. Broughall. In moving the adoption of the Report, Mr. T. H. Gant said that technical men, generally, would have to take a wider interest in the industries in which they are concerned. When faced with a dearth of materials one finds chemicals which dominate a process manufactured in one place only. Such centralisation involves considerable risks. 100 He pleaded for a greater study of industrial diseases and thought Birmingham might well play an important part in such a project.He hoped to arrange for a lecture to be given on the subject. The revised Rules of the Section were accepted and the Secretary was instructed to submit them for Council’s approval. The meeting discussed the desirability of the Institute adopting a post-war policy, and after a full discussion the Secretary was instructed to propose the following resolution at the Conference of Secretaries:- “That this meeting requests the Council of the Institute to appoint a committee representative of all members of the Institute to formulate a post-war policy for the Institute. That such a committee include in its terms of reference (u) The reconstruction of the Council. (b) The holding of a triennial Congress.(c) The possibility of union of chemical bodies.” Bristol and South-Western Counties .-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Depart- ment of Bristol University, on 27th March,-Professor W. E. Gamer in the Chair. The Report of the Hon. Secretary and Treasurer was read and adopted. Professor H. T. S. Britton was elected to the vacancy on the Committee, and Mr. F. P. Hornby was re-elected Hon. Secretary. Mr. Edward Russell and Mr. W. J. Carter were re-elected Hon. Auditors to the Section. A vote of thanks was passed to the authorities of the Uni- versity for the facilities granted to the Section in allowing the use of the Chemical Department of the University for its meetings. Dr. A, C.Monkhouse, District Member of Council, emphasised the Council’s recent appeal for increased support for the Benevolent Fund. The Annual General Meeting was followed by a joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society, when Mr. A. L. Bacharach gave a paper on “Biochemistry and the Vitamins,” illustrated by means of the epidiascope. In co-operation with other societies, it is hoped to continue the sectional meetings further into the summer than usual, order to compensate for those which have been abandoned during the winter. 101 East Ang1ia.-Conditions in East Anglia prevent arrange- ments of regular meetings, but members are constantly in touch with one another.Glasgow and West of Scotland.-On 24th January members of the Section, on the invitation of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, attended a lecture on “The Organisation of an Industrial Laboratory,” delivered by Mr. W. G. Bailey. On 21st February, on the invitation of the Chemical Society, members attended a lecture on “Correlations among Cancer- producing Compounds” by Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S. Both meetings were held in the Royal Technical College. Mr. James Simpson presided at the first and Professor Forsyth J. Wilson at the second. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held in the University of Leeds on 10th F’ebruary-Dr. H. Burton in the Chair. Professor N. M. Comber gave a lecture on “The Chemistry of Soil Fertility.” There was a good attendance, and the interest aroused by the subject was well reflected in the discussion. Manchester and District.-A meeting for Lunch was held on 8th March, in the Staff House of the University.,4 message was received from the President, Dr. Fox, expressing his regret that he was unable to be present. The Chairman, Mr. S. A. Brazier, welcomed a number of new Associates. A discussion took place on Institute matters and on the future activities of the Section. South Wales.-On 8th February members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,-Mr. J. Christie presiding. Dr.J. A. Sugden gave a lecture on “The Development of Ceramic Electrical Insulating Materials.” The discussion was opened by Mr. G. P. Bntton. On 8th March, a meeting of the Section was held jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea, Mr. J. Christie presiding. 102 Mr. F. Hudswell delivered a lecture on “Microchemistry, with special reference to Spot Tests.” The meeting was well attended and, in the discussion which followed, great appreciation of the lecture and demonstrations was expressed. On 20th March, members of the Section participated in a meeting, arranged by the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society, held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,-Professor J.E. Coates presiding. Professor C. S. Gibson, F.R.S., delivered aolecture on “The Life and Work of Sir William Jackson Pope.” 103 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES The Duties and Liabilities of the Chemist at Common Law BY H. M. BUNBURY,MSc., A.I.C. [Leeds Area Section, on 13th January, 1941.1 For the present purposes common law may be defined as the law between subject and subject, consisting largely of the law of contract and the law of tort. The duties and liabilities of the chemist arise directly or indirectly out of some contract of employment. There are many kinds of employer, but as employee the chemist belongs to one of three classes, the servant, the agent, or the independent contractor, though he may be, and frequently is, both a servant and an agent.The characteristic which distinguishes a servant is that his services must be personal, i.e. personally performed: he has no powers of delegation unless these are given to him. He is personally liable to the master and the latter is always he who has control of the servant's work: the payment of wages or salary and the right of dismissal, though relevant, are not conclusive in deciding who is the master. The contract of personal service does not in itself impart duties to third parties. If such duties arise, then the chemist will generally be acting as an agent, i.e. he will be acting on behalf of his employer (or principal). A chemist frequently acts in this capacity and when so doing he must be careful to see that he does not go beyond the authority vested in him.Provided he acts within this authority his principal will be bound by what he does, but the principal can revoke the authority at any time. On the other hand, the principal can adopt or ratify an otherwise unauthorised act. The independent contractor, e.g. a private practitioner such as a private analyst or consultant, is in quite a different category. He is employed to carry out a particular piece of work or produce a particular result. When this is done the relationship between him and his employer ceases. The employer has usually little or no control over the manner in which the work is done. The duties and liabilities of the chemist 104 vary, according as he is a servant, an agent, or an independent contractor.Although not a matter of common law, the dis- tinction is well illustrated by the provisions of sec. 5 of the Copy- right Act, which applies only to servants. Contrary to the general rule that the author is the first owner of the copyright, the Act vests the copyright in the employer (unless of course the contract of service provides otherwise) provided that the written matter-report, memorandum, scientific paper, etc.-is composed in the course of the service. Even where the servant is the owner, the employer can always restrain publication of confidential information. There is no similar statutory provision in the Patents Acts as regards inventions, but the courts have applied a similar principle, as was exemplified in the recent case of Triplex Safety Glass v.Scorah. In his judgment in this case Farwell J. said: “In my judgment it is a term of all employment that any invention made in the course of employment and in doing what he is engaged to do is the property of the employer, and having made such an invention he becomes the trustee of the employer and is bound to give him the benefit. He cannot cease to be a trustee after he has left the employment.” As regards breaches of confidence, although the general rule is that a chemist cannot be prevented from making use of general knowledge acquired in his employment, he will be restrained from disclosing secret processes or confidential information.There are a number of cases involving chemists which have decided this general rule, the most recent being British Industrial Plastics v. Ferguson and others. On the subject of the duties of fellow servants to one another the question of personal injuries is of special importance. It is usual in such cases for the employer to be sued in an action for damages. There are three defences : contributory negligence, volenti non Jit injuria (i.e. “taking the risk”) and common em- ployment. Contributory negligence, which can be pleaded even in cases of breach of statutory duties, will, in most cases, succeed. In pleading the defence of volenti non Jit injuria it is essential that there should be knowledge of the risk and voluntary acceptance of it.Chemical practice often involves some element of danger, and qualified men are taken to know and to accept the normal risks of their calling. The third defence, that of common employment, applies only to cases where a servant is injured owing to the negligence of a fellow servant (servant may be acting as agent). There must be a common master. 105 The injury must arise out of and in the course of the employment, i.e. they must both be engaged at the time on the master’sbusiness and the business must be such as to bring them into association. The doctrine of common employment cannot be invoked in cases of breach of statutory duties, nor in cases under the Employer’s Liability and Workmen’s Compensation Acts. The duties and liabilities to third parties are of considerable importance. Here the chemist is in most cases acting as agent.The liability of the employer rests upon the principle that “he who acts through another acts himself.” This is the reason why an employer can be sued for the wrongful acts of his servant or agent, but it must be remembered that the servant is also liable for his own acts and can be sued, and if sued cannot plead the orders of his master. In acting on behalf of his employer an agent must not exceed his authority and must not make a contract which his principal has no power to make: if he does so he will not bind his principal and will be personally liable. Similarly if a servant or agent acts tortiously and so injures a third party the employer will only be liable if the wrongful act arises out of, and in the course of, the employment.The position of the independent contractor is quite different from that of the servant or agent. Only in certain special cases is there any vicarious liability on the part of the employer, e.g. where the employer is under some statutory or contractual duty, or where the work may cause a nuisance or be dangerous to others, in which case he must see that proper precautions are taken. An independent contractor must not, of course, be employed to do anything which is itself unlawful. So far the War Legislation has not interfered with the common law rights and liabilities of the chemist, but powers to do so (not yet exercised) have been conferred on the Crown by the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1940. The Chemistry of Soil Fertility BY PROFESSORN.M. COMBER,D.Sc., F.I.C. [Leeds Area Section, on 10th February, 1941.1 The industry based on soil fertility is obviously the oldest and most necessary of industries. It is, however, only about a century ago that the fundamental chemical process of that industry, namely, the process of photosynthesis, was generally 106 accepted. From that time onwards the chemistry of soil fertility has been essentially the chemistry of those soil factors that control photosynthesis and the ensuing changes in the plant. Fertility maintained by Soil Treatment.-A vast amount of empirical observation on the effects of soil treatment has been made by field, pot and water culture experiments during the last century. The knowledge thereby established is not as great as might be at first expected, since the technique of field and pot experiments is not easy and the statistical treatment of results is sometimes complicated.Qualitatively it has been established that compounds of potassium and of phosphorus, organic matter and nitrogenous compounds and certain basic compounds of calcium comprise for the most part those substances which can often be added to the soil with consequent enhancement of fertility. Only in rare circumstances are other substances profitably added. Quantitatively, the effect of increasing doses of one particular factor is still not finally determined.It was claimed by Mitscherlich that the increase in yield (y)is related to increases in the factor applied (x) by the equation- 2= (A -y)Cdx where A represents the maximum yield that full treatment of the factor in the circumstances of the experiment can bring about and C is a constant. This equation has been much discussed and many modifications have been introduced into it. It is accepted tentatively by many as the basis of our quantitative knowledge of the relation between yield and increasing treatments. The Inherent Fertility of the Soil.-In addition to our empirical knowledge of the effects of adding certain substances to the soil it is known that soils vary in their inherent potentialities for crop production.This inherent fertility is commonly associated with the soil colloids-the clay and the humus. These two soil constituents are both characterised by marked base exchange capacity which is to some extent correlated with certain physical properties such as the heat of wetting. While a good deal of progress has been made in the study of the mineralogy of clay and of the chemical structure of the humus nucleus, it still has to be confessed that the relationship between these colloids and the fertility of the soil in which they occur is very little understood. On the one hand botanists have established much scientific 107 knowledge of the plant. On the other hand the more recent science of Pedology has established knowledge of the constitution of soil constituents and the changes involved in soil formation.The actual relationship, however, between plant and soil which must be the basis of any study of soil fertility, has hardly been investigated at all. The inadequacy of the old assumption that plants “dip into” the soil, soluble nutrients diffusing into the roots hairs, has long been recognised. It is probable that the mucilaginous colloids of the plant roots and the colloids of the soil intermingle to form one system so that plant and soil are related as one system, and not as two systems in mere contact. Availability of Plant Food.-The analytical examination of soils for the purpose of determining the probable response to compounds of phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen and lime is still very empirical and different methods are used by different soil chemists.For the determination of available mineral plant food (i.e. phosphorus and potassium) extraction by I per cent. citric acid as introduced by Dyer many years ago (a method originally intended to imitate the dissolving effects of root sap) is still very largely used. Other methods are based on the use of the Mitscherlich equation mentioned above, while some Continental workers draw their conclusions from the amounts of phosphorus and potassium taken up from the soil by rye seedlings. A still further method is to measure the growth of a mycelium in a nutrient solution devoid of phosphorus or potassium except in so far as some of the soil under examination added to the solution can supply that missing element.Appropriate applications of nitrogenous fertilisers can usually be assessed without analytical data since available nitrogen is not stored up in the soil. The diversity of methods used by soil chemists in connexion with their advice on the application of lime to soils can be illus- trated by reference to the methods that are in actual use in three different Advisory Provinces in this country to-day. In one Province the titration curve of the soil is determined by measuring the fH value resulting from treatments by different concentra- tions of lime in sugar solution. The quantity of lime to bring the soil to fH 7 is thereby determined. In another Province the absolute amount of exchangeable calcium in the soil is deter- mined and used as the analytical indication of the appropriate liming treatment.In other Provinces the reduction in the titre 108 of a solution of calcium bicarbonate after shaking with the soil is measured. Since most of the methods in use are largely em- pirical and arbitrary,each chemist is, inthe present state of know-ledge, entitled to develop the use of those methods which he has correlated with his experience. It is also probable that differ- ences of rainfall such as exist, for example, between North Wales and the East of England, make different methods appropriate in different areas. Ancient Metallurgical Technique BY OLIVERDAVIES,M.A. [Belfast and District Sectioii, on 18th February, 1941.1 The ancients had practically no idea of systematic research and co-ordination in any branch of science.They relied on two classes of material, the speculations of the philosophers, which were seldom related to observation of phenomena, but were derived from a primi systems, and rule of thumb observations of technicians, who usually had no contact with the speculators, and so could neither assist nor be assisted by them. Indeed, the ancient theory of cause and effect as immanent in each other, and their lack of an idea of progression, due to their momentary out- look on life, would have made the creation of scientific systems very difficult. Their greatest advances were in medicine, which in addition to its practical utility interested their anthropocentric point of view.Metallurgy, geology and chemistry were sciences in which the divorce between speculation and technique was not marked. The early alchemical treatises consist of a heterogene- ous mass of data, partly the experiments of would-be magicians, partly the recipes of fraudulent metal-workers. In geology and metallurgy there was no close distinction between substances, the roughest criteria such as colour being used; even common metals like lead and tin or silver and zinc were not sharply differentiated,while gold electrum (gold-silver alloy) andsilver were. Some metals were obtained native, such as gold, and more rarely copper and silver, probably only in early days when there were come native deposits at the lode outcrops.The discovery of the property of fusibility as well as malleability was made at an early date. Copper must have been smelted from early times, the oxides being readily reducible provided a sufficient tempera- ture was obtained; the more difficult sulphides were already being worked soon after 1000 B.C. Many impurities, like zinc, nickel, 109 cobalt, would remain in the smelted metal: gold and silver were extracted by liquation in Etruria in pre-Roman times. The alloying of copper with tin was known in the early part of the bronze age; occasionally antimony was substituted for tin, when the latter was expensive or unprocurable. In the late bronze age in W. Europe, copper was often debased with lead.The manufacture of brass by bedding copper in calamine and heating was discovered probably in Asia Minor a few centuries B.C. Casting copper was highly developed, normally in clay moulds; stone moulds have often been found, but many of them are of inferior stone and can only have been used as a matrix to con- struct the mould of clay. Skim-casting, core-casting and cire perdue were developed in the first millennium B.C. For iron working the ancients had to use rich ores, owing to the wastefulness of their smelting. The iron was reduced at a low temperature and hammered; much of the metal was then lost in the slag, but impurities such as phosphate were little reduced. The ancients were able to produce very pure malleable iron or mild steel.Their steel tended, however, to be patchy and of uncertain quality, owing to the difficulty of controlling car-burisation, but cementation and annealing were occasionally practised, and by Roman times complex damascening was regular for weapons. Cast iron of ancient date is extremely rare, and perhaps was never intentionally produced. Greece contributed little to none specialised metallurgical knowledge, which seems to have been derived mainly from Sumeria, Egypt and Etruria. Such knowledge perhaps arose partly as an esoteric temple-technique in the East, though in Etruria it had become thoroughly industrialised. Nor did the Romans contribute greatly to metallurgical or to any other sciences, though their work is characterised by large-scale operations which their political power and control of capital enabled them to practise.The Energy Output and Food Requirementsof a Miner By Professor K. NEVILLEMOSS. [Birmingham and Midlands Section, on 26th February, 1941.1 Professor Moss said that his research on problems connected with miners’ food was first designed to find if any relationship existed between the amount of food taken into the pit by the 110 miner and the pit temperature. He made the quite unexpected discovery that where the underground temperature was highest, the miners’ food requirements were highest. He actually determined the food in-put of 60 miners over a period of ten days and found that their average food intake amounted to 4,700 calories per 24 hours.Pit temperature had an important bearing on the loss of body weight through excessive perspiration. Loss of body weight had been as high as 18.5 lbs. in 5.5 hours. Excessive perspiration losses had been related to miner’s cramp, which was found to be due to lack of chlorides in the body or to “water poisoning” caused by the excessive drinking of salt-free water. The increased rations in hot mines yielded additional chlorides to the body; in some cases, miners obtained the same benefit by salting their beer. Having determined the amount of food required by a miner, Professor Moss then discussed its relation to energy output. He criticised the report on “Nutrition of Miners and their Families” published by the British Medical Research Council.In this report the Council averred that the output of a coal miner was equivalent to that of a South African native hammer boy, basing their conclusions on the work of Orenstein and Ireland. In the opinion of Professor Moss a coal-face worker did about three times more work than that suggested by the Medical Research Council. Such reports were both dangerous and misleading. If the miner were given insufficient food, his coal output would decline or he would lose weight. On the other hand, output could only be maintained at the expense (in food) of his wife and family. Professor Moss referred to energy requirements for different body postures. The positions vaned from upright to “all fours”; in the latter case the energy output (allowing for oxygen debt) was 400 per cent.greater. High roads underground meant the miner dissipated less energy in getting to his job. Mining was severe work and frequent short periods of several minutes’ rest were necessary to recover the oxygen debt. Time studies showed, frequently, that the rest period amounted to one-third of the shift; in hot mines the period was even greater. Roof height, also, was an important factor. Where men worked under roof heights of 5 or of 2 ft. there was noticeable stooping or back-bending and this, no doubt, accounts 111 for the lower mechanical efficiency of work under these conditions. For roof heights of 3 and 4 ft. the men knelt and maintained a comparatively straight back, using mainly arm and shoulder muscles and this no doubt accounts for an improved working efficiency.Hence it is clear that the larger back muscles play an import- ant part in lowering the efficiency where they participate in the mechanics of loading. Moreover, in ascertaining the critical rate of loading it was shown that the heavier a man the lower was the critical rate, due no doubt to the greater inertia of his body and limbs. Microchemistry, with Special Reference to Spot Tests BY F. HUDSWELL,M.A. [South Wales Section, on 8th March, 1941.1 The use of spot tests in qualitative analysis is responsible for a considerable saving in time and material. The reactions involved in such tests need not be quantitative; the important factor is that some easily recognisable change should occur when the substance under test is treated with a reagent.For example, a marked change in colour, evolution of a gas or fluorescence are all phenomena which fulfil this requirement. Spot tests are characterised by their sensitivity and specificity; there are various devices by which the former may be increased- by the formation of domplex compounds, exemplified by the greater sensitivity of phosphomolybdates when compared with a simple molybdate; by the inclusion of heavy groups in the reagent, as in the reaction of the silver ion with p-dimethyl- aminobenzalrhodanine ; by induced reactions, as in the co-precipitation of zinc and cobaltic ions with ammonium mercury thiocyanate; by extraction of colour from a solution with another solvent or by concentration of a precipitate at the interface of two immiscible liquids; and by the use of spot paper impregnated with a reagent.The question of specificity of tests yields scope for much more investigation, although a number of specific reactions have been made available through intensive empirical investigations. Organic compounds, as a result of their multiplicity, and also as 112 a result of their ability to form internal complexes with metals, will probably be the most fruitful field in this respect. Even when a reagent is not specific, it may be used for the detection of one ion in the presence of an interfering ion, if use is made of the capillary separation which occurs when a drop of the solution of the ions is placed on spot paper which has previously been impregnated with the reagent.Examples of this technique are provided by the detection of bismuth in the presence of copper, lead and mercury by the use of cinchonine and potassium iodide, and by the separation of copper, nickel and cobalt on spot paper impregnated with rubeanic acid. If this method fails, resort may be had to the use of a masking agent for the interfering ion-thus, ferric iron and cobaltic ions both give a colour reaction with thiocyanate ions, but if an excess of alkali fluoride is added to the solution before the addition of the reagent, only the colour due to the reaction of the cobalt is observed, as the complex ion FeF6"' is formed.Spot tests may be utilised in almost any branch of qualitative analysis, whether inorganic or organic, and on that account are finding increasing application in many of the chemical industries. They are particularly valuable in the investigation of impurities in all classes of substances. 113 Notes. SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT. In the House of Lords, on 2nd April, Viscount Samuel asked the Government whether they could make any statement on the extent to which the assistance of scientists had been enlisted in the prosecution of the war, and referred to the feeling that had been expressed by the Council of the Institute that, in the view of some Government Departments, the word “scientist ” had too narrow an application, and that those engaged in industry, or in practice as consultants, ought to be more frequently employed than they were.Lord Hankey, replying, said that the system of harnessing research to the war effort was built upon foundations which were laid before the war. The three main pillars were the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Medical Research Council, and the Agricultural Research Council,-all responsible to the Lord President of the Council. There were joint com-mittees on matters of common concern and contacts could hardly be closer. There were important research organisations in the Admiralty, the Ministry of Supply-which undertook most of the research for the War Office-the Air Ministry, which had now handed over most of its research to the Ministry of Aircraft Production, and the Ministry of Home Security, which occupied a position intermediate between the Service Departments and the Civil Servants.In addition, there was a good deal of research in the Civil Departments. The Scientific Advisory Committee was in close touch, through the Royal Society, with the great stream of scientific research and development, through the representatives of Government research, with Government activities, and through the Chairman and the Lord President of the Council, with the policy of the Government in these matters. He did not agree that the Government interpreted the term “scientist ” rather narrowly. He said that the reason for the non-inclusion of applied scientists on the Scientific Advisory Committee was not a failure to appreciate their great importance in our war effort, but simply that the proposal did not fit into the Government conception of 114 the Scientific Advisory Committee. The Government was in touch with the professional societies concerned with a view to the possible establishment of a separate organisation working in the field of applied science and in close touch with the Scientific Advisory Committee, and an announcement might be expected before long.Our scientists were at least as good as the enemies’ and better, and with the aid of the scientific resources of the Empire, and especially of the United States, we were building a scientific equipment which was destined to play an ever-increasing part in our war effort and the period of reconstruction to follow. Experimental and Laboratory Assistants (male and female) are urgently required by the Ministry of Supply in the provinces.Candidates must be of British birth and parentage. Laboratory assistants should be not less than 16 years of age and should have had a secondary school training in subjects which include chemistry, or should have attained a standard equivalent to the General Schools Certificate in that subject. Inclusive weekly rate of pay between 33s. od. and 75s. od. (male) or 61s. od. (female) according to age and experience. Experimental Assistants should have obtained Higher School Certificates or equivalent qualifications in subjects which include chemistry. Inclusive annual salaries are between Q13 19s.od. (at age 17) and L260 (male) or L250 (female) according to age, qualifications and experience. Applications should be forwarded to the Secretary (S.E.3.B.), Ministry of Supply, Adelphi, London, W.C.2. Fellows and Associates are invited to bring these vacancies to the notice of suitable candidates known to them who are not at present doing work of national importance. The Co-operation Scheme.-Fellows and Associates who are participating in the Co-operation Scheme, under which they can obtain publications of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, are advised that formal application for mem- bership of both Societies is necessary to comply with the By-laws.Applications forms are obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute and, when completed, should be sent to the General Secretaries respectively of the Societies. 115 There has been unavoidable delay in the supply of journals, largely due to lack of staff and the great variety of requirements of the subscribers; but, by now, the distribution should have been completed. Any who have not yet received the publications applied for should communicate with the General Secretary of the Society concerned. The number of members participating in the Scheme is now approximately 1,300. Science, National and International, and the Basis of Co-operation.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, held at the House of Commons on 28th January, Professor A.V. Hill, M.P., F.R.S., gave an address, entitled as above. It is here summarised, as a contribution to the discussion on present and post-war problems, but its publication does not imply endorsement by the Institute of the views expressed therein. Professor Hill said that scientific.men as a class were not less liable to prejudice, on grounds of self-interest, race, politics or religion, than other educated people, and would deceive them- selves if they assumed that scientific eminence, or the scientific habit of mind, as such, gave any special virtue to their opinions on more ordinary topics. The nature of their work made them particularly inter-national in outlook.Science claimed to be independent of political opinion, of nationality, or of material profit. Scientific people, throughout the world, were convinced of the necessity for international collaboration, had practised such collaboration throughout the centuries and had built up a system of congresses, of unions, of standards, units and nomenclature and of abstracting journals, together with a widespread interchange of research workers and of ideas between countries. There existed a general understanding or appreciation of fellow workers in other parts of the world and a realisation that international co-operation was the basis of progress in science and learning. One of the great tasks before scientific people, after the war, would be to rebuild international scientific organisations on a firmer and better foundation.The reconstruction of Britain and of our international relationships, in learning and the arts of peace, as well as in social and economic directions, was a matter of great concern about which we should all be thinking. Science had a special part to play in national and international affairs, 116 and it was right that independent science should have access to the chief centre of government. Science was coming into its own and the influence of learning as a whole would be increased. In order to preserve the integrity of science in our own country, it was very important that strong and independent scientific bodies should be maintained and, for the sake of inter- national scientific relations, it was desirable, in other countries also, that the domination of the State over science should be tempered by public appreciation of the part played by scientific agencies and institutions.Our American scientific friends would regard it as a sacred trust of friendship to bear a large part in restarting international co-operation in scientific endeavour, Referring to the importance and necessity of scientific or- ganisations within the framework of the State, Professor Hill said that there were several things to be feared- (i) the condition of stagnation and complacency which tended to develop in any department or establishment which is cut off from outside criticism or ideas; (ii) the danger that science would be planned by administrators in offices; (iii) the disadvantage of separating teaching from research; (iv) a decrease in the influence of independent scientific bodies; (v) the danger that he who paid the piper might call the tune, and that research might be devoted primarily to objects which the politician, or the civil servant, regarded for the moment as of national im-portance.In departments of Government where scientific research is undertaken, the condition of secrecy rendered them, in ordinary times, unattractive to many who preferred the freer atmosphere of the university and the possibility of discussing and publishing their results. When an emergency occurred, the ability and imagination of such workers might for long be imperfectly used, because at first they had no experience of service conditions and needs.To obviate this, Professor Hill suggested-(i) the introduction into each department or organisation of some kind of advisory council, similar to that now existing under the Ministry of Supply, consisting partly of independent scientific men with special knowledge and wide contact with the scientific com- munity, and partly of official personnel, representing not only the department or organisation itself, but a variety of other depart- ments, so that a good cross-section of official knowledge and experience might be available, and (ii) provision for the regular interchange of personnel between Govern- ment research establishments or organisations, and universities and other independent institutions where research is oarried on.117 The aim should be to build up a reserve of scientific talent to be available for service when needed, and, in so doing, to introduce a new spirit and a new outlook into Government scientific establishments. Professor Hill then commented on the need for better financial support of research, at the same time stipulating- (i) that the State should not interfere with the integrity and indepen- dence of research; that “it should not be overplanned and directed by officials sitting in Government offices”; (ii) that it is often better to employ existing and experienced agencies to undertake new work “rather than allow our young revolution- aries to scrap old and set up new schemes”; and (iii) that the chief value of research grants will often be to young and comparatively unknown workers, the responsibility resting with the university or other institution where they work and are known.If a Government fund of a million pounds were available for research, it might be allocated by the University Grants Com- mittee, and each university empowered to dispose of the sum allotted to it. For research in industry, medicine and agriculture, the machinery already exists in the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Medical Research Council and the Agricultural Research Council-with extended financial provision from the Treasury, if necessary.Professor Hill concluded his address,- “One last word. In recent years a number of brilliant revolu- tionaries, filled with political zeal, but without experience of affairs, have won great fame and applause, by showing how Science is going to change the face of Society. The public is inclined to place these gentlemen on the same intellectual pedestal as Einstein, supposing that their science is as great as their chatter. The more responsible members of the scientific community are a little frightened by these activities-not because they grudge their colleagues their easy fame- but because the impression is put about that scientists as a whole claim to be allowed to dominate policy: and so resistance is aroused to their more modest suggestion that they ought to be consulted.If these remarks should reach the ears of those on whom the task of formulating public policy falls, they can be reassured. The majority of scientific man are quite reasonable and have no grandiose ideas. We know our limitations-as we are well aware of yours. All we ask is that we should be considered aa equals in a common task-not merely aa superior technicians paid to dish up the magic which you order.” 118 Local Sections.-The approximate number of members at present attached to each Local Section is given below. Section. No. of members. Aberdeen and North of Scotland .. .. 58 Belfast and District .. .. .. .. .. 53 Birmingham and Midlands .. .. Bristol and South-Western Counties .... .. .. 601 322 Cape of Good HopeCardiff District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 109 Dublin and District .. .. .. .. .. 51 East Anglia . . East Midlands .. .. .. *. .. I. .. .. .. 68 273 Edinburgh and East ofScotlld Glasgow and West of Scotland Huddersfield .. .. .. India .. .. .. .. . . .. *. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 204 413 82 295 ~eecisArea . . .. .. .. .. 298 Liverpool and North-Western Counties London and South-Eastern Counties .. .. .. .. 576 2689 Malaya . . .. .. Manchester and District .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 634 Newcastle and North-East Coast . . .. .. 187 New Zealand . . .. .. .. .. .. 79 South Wales (Swansea) South Yorkshire ., . . .. .. .. .. .. *.139 134 War Gases.-An article on “The Detection of War Gases in Foodstuffs,” contributed by the British Association of Research for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar, Confectionery and Jam Trades, was published in The Analyst, February, 1941,with the approval of the Ministry of Supply and the Ministry of Food. Professor J. C. Philip, O.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow, was elected President of the Chemical Society, at the Annual General Meeting of the Society held on 3rd April. Professor Harry Work Melville, Fellow (Meldola Medallist, I935), has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Mr. William Gordon Adam, Fellow, Superintendent of the Gas Light and Coke Co., has been awarded the George Medal. Mr. Adam and members of his staff entered burning retort- houses to shut off valves of broken mains.119 Obituary. ANDREWCAXPBELLdied on 16th February in his 74th year. In his youth he was assistant to J. Falconer King, Fellow, at Edinburgh, and also assisted in the laboratories of the Edinburgh School of Medicine, for some years, before he obtained an appointment as chemist to the Linlithgow Oil Co., Ltd., which he held from 1885 to 1889. In the latter year he joined the Burmah Oil Co.,Ltd., in Rangoon, where he became works manager in 1893 and continued for 20 years, designing, developing and superintending refineries. In the meantime, in 1908, he was sent to Persia to select sites and erect plant for the Anglo-Persian-now the Anglo-Iranian-Oil Co. From 1913 he continued to serve both companies in an advisory capacity.He was largely responsible for the design and execution of the Anglo-Uranian’s large refinery in this country, and served as a Director of riational Oil Refineries, Ltd. He had served as a Member of the Council of the Institute of Petroleum Technologists-now the Institute of Petroleum,-of the Society of Chemical Industry and of the Council of the Chemical Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. HAROLDMATTHEWCOOPER died, as a result of enemy action, in March, 1941, in his 25th year. Educated at the Riley High School from 1927-1931, he received his chemical training at the Hull Technical College from 1931-1935 and, in the latter year, passed the technological examina- tion of the City and Guilds of London Institute with first class honours in oils, fats and waxes. He then obtained an appointment as a works chemist to Messrs.Storry, Witty & Co., Ltd. (paint manufacturers), which position he held at the time of his death. He was also a lecturer in paints and varnishes at the Hull Technical College, and a member of the Gas Identi- fication Service. He was the brother of Leslie Ernest Cooper, Associate. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936. At his funeral, the Institute was represented by Mr. D. J. T. Bagnalland Mr. Leonard Balmforth. JAMESPICXENdied at Sheffield, on 17th February, in his 47th year. Educated at the John Neilson Institution and the Grammar School, Paisley, he studied chemistry at the University of Glasgow from 1912 to 1915, in which latter year, after assisting in research work in the physio- logical department for five months, he joined the staff of H.M.Factory,Oldbury, where he continued until April, 1918. He had enlisted in 1915, but was not called to the colours until April, 1918. He served with the Royal Garrison Artillery in France until March, 1919, returned to the University, and graduated B.Sc. in Pure Science. He then obtained a position as a supervising chemist in the By-products Department of the Glasgow Corporation Gas Department, Dalmarnock, where he became works manager in 1920. Later he was transferred to similar positions at Dawsholm Works and Provan Works. In September, 1924, he was appointed an Inspector under the Alkali, etc., Works Regulation Act, 1906, in charge of the Sheffield district, which position he still held at the time of his death.He was elected an Associate in 1919 and a Fellow in 1927. 120 In order to augment the obituary notice of Charles Proctor (JOURNBL AND PROCEEDINQS,Part I, 1941, p. 48) further information has been obtained. Mr. Proctor was born on 23rd September, 1863, and was in his 88th year when he died on 13th December, 1940. He entered the service of the Board of Inland Revenue in 1875 and was appointed in 1884 to the staff of the Inland Revenue Laboratory-now the Government Laboratory- then at Somerset House. He retired from the service in 1919 having attained the position of superintending chemist and received the Imperial Service Order.He was the author of a paper on the determination of s&ccharin in beers, contributed to the T‘ransactions of the Clbemical Society, in 1906, and was largely responsible for a report to the Board of Customs and Excise on the determination of the original gravity of beer. He also published a paper on the glaze on the surface of stones discovered in a dry stone wall at a hill fort on the Tap 0’ North, near Huntly. His conclusion, after analysis of the glazes, was that attackers had made a fire against the wall. For over 40 years he was closely associated with the Civil Service Insurance Society; he was on the Committee of Management at the time of his death, and was honorary secretary of the Widows’ and Orphans’ Fund from 1908 to 1924.He was elected a Fellow in 1887, served on the Council from 1910 to 1913, and for 20 years was a helpful member of the Benevolent Fund Committee of the Institute. JOHNGUSTAF ADOLF RRODIN died at Ilford on 20th March, in his 70th year. Born in Sweden, he was educated at the GothenburgReallaroverk, matriculated at Wenersborg in 1888, and entered the University of Upsala, where he studied for two years before he became assistant to J. Men, Municipal Analyst of Gothenburg. In 1890 he contributed his first paper-on the hydrostatic pyknometer-to the Swedish Chemical Society. In 1891 and 1892 he was chemist to the Swedish Moor Cultivation Society. In the latter year, he decided to come to England, but before doing so visited several important laboratories in Denmark.For two years he assisted (Sir) Joseph Wilson Swan, with whom, in 1894, he was joint author of a paper, given before the Royal Society, on “Measurements of the absolute Specific Resistance of pure Electrolytic Copper.” Next, he was for three years chief assistant to the Chloride Electrical Storage Syndicate, Ltd., at Manchester. He waa the patentee of secondary battery plates which are still in use, as well as of a number of improved electro-chemical methods adopted on the manu-facturing scale. For several years, from 1896, he practised independently in Manchester. In 1898 he contributed to the Swedish Academy of Sciences a “Contribution to the theory of Voltaic Combinations of Lead and Peroxide of Lead.” Later, he held appointments with the Muntz Metal Company, the Westinghouse Brake Company, Raphael’s Refinery and the British Celanese Co., finally, since 1925, resuming independent practice at his home at Ilford.He was the author of numerous contributions to the scientific and technical press. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1899. ANDREWJom ROBERTSONdied at Glasgow on 2lst February, in hie 62nd year. From 1898-1898, he was a pupil assistant with Messrs. Tatlock and Thomson, before he proceeded to University College, Dundee, where he worked under Professor-later Sk-James Walker, and graduated B.Sc. 121 (St. Andrews) in 1901, subsequently proceeding to D.Sc. He was, for some months, research assistant to Professor Walker, and towards the end of 1901, worked for a time with Professor J.Hendrick, at Aberdeen. Earlyin 1902, he became an assistant in the Customs Laboratory in London, and in 1903 was appointed chemist and physicist to the Scottish Fishery Board, being engaged upon the investigation of sea water in connexion with the hydrographic survey of the North Sea. In 1907, he was appointed chief chemist with the Blaydon Chemical Company, and from 1913 until his death, he was chief chemist to hlessrs. J. & J. White, Ltd., of Rutherglen.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1901 and a Fellow in 1904. He was Secretary of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section of the Institute for the years 1921-1922, and served on the Committee of the Section for three years following. ROGERSONHAROLD died suddenly at Bromborough, Cheshire, in November, 1940, at the age of 58 years.Born at Preston, Lanes., he was educated at Hutton Grammar School, and in 1899 proceeded to the Victoria University of Manchester, where he continued until 1905, in-cluding post -graduate research under Professor-later Sir-Jocelyn Thorpe, and obtained the degree of 1f.S~. From 1905 to 1912, he was a research chemist in the Wellcome Research Laboratories, and was joint-author, with Dr. Power, of many papers contributed to the Journal of the Chemical Society and other scientific journals. From 1912 to 1917 he was lecturer and demonstrator in public health at Guy’s Hospital, London, and from 1917 to 1921 he was a chief chemist and plant superintendent with Messrs.Brotherton & Co. He then rcturnod to academic research and worked for a few months with Professor F. L. Pyman at the School of Technology, Manchester, before he was appointed Assistant Director of Chemical Laboratories at the University of Liverpool, where he continued in an administrative capacity and as a demonstrator until his death. He was a pianist of distinction and took an active part in the affairs of the University Music Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1922. 122 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:-Canning Practice and Control.Osman Jones and T. W. Jones. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Pp. xiv + 312. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 32s. Some preliminary statistics; cannery and preliminary equipment;canning; packing foods in glass containers; cannery laboratory and its work; examination of raw foodstuffs; examination of the can or glass; water for the canning factory and its examination; examination of canned foods; general outline of the microbiology of canning; preparation and use of culture media; staining of micro-organisms for microscopical examination; cultural notes of the principal food-spoiling organisms ; effect of canning upon nutritive values; cannery waste; canneryhygiene ; index. Intermediate Inorganic Chemistry. (The late) J.W. Mellor, F.R.S. New Edition: Revised by H. Irving. Pp. xx + 690. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & CO.) 9s. Physical properties of gases; chemical nature of air; ice, water and steam ; mixtures and compounds ; three gases-hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen; atomic hypothesis; composition of water; revision of the atomic hypothesis; chlorine and some of its compounds; acids, bases and salts; gaseous oxides of carbon; energy and matter; relations of chlorine -iodine, bromine and fluorine; oxygen compounds of the halogens; classification of the elements; alkali metals; copper, silver and gold; osmotic pressure ; ionic hypothesis ; alkaline earths ; magnesium, zinc, cadmium and mercury ;boron, aluminium and related elements ; carbon ; compounds of carbon with hydrogen and nitrogen; combustion and flame; compounds of nitrogen and carbon; silicon; tin and lead; nitric, nitrous and hyponitrous acids and their salts; nitrogen oxides ;ammonia; atmosphere ; phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth ; sulphur and its compounds; chromium and compounds; manganese and its com-pounds; iron, nickel and cobalt; platinum metals.Index. Qualitative Chemical Analysis, A Text-Book of. Arthur I. Vogel. 2nd Edition. Pp. xii + 486. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co.) 10s. 6d. The theoretical basis of qualitative analysis; analytical operations ; reactions of the metal ions or cations-silver group, copper and arsenic group; iron and zinc group; calcium group; alkali group; reactions of the acid radicals or anions; systematic qualitative analysis of inorganic substances; modification of the systematic analysis when organic acids, silicates, borates, fluorides and phosphates are present; reactions of some of the rarer elements; appendix; index.123 A Survey of Insecticide Materials of Vegetable Origin. Edited by H. J. Holman; issued under the auspices of the Consultative Committee on Insecticide Materials of Vegetable Origin. Pp. .viii + 156. (London: The Imperial Institute.) 3s. 6d. net. Introduction; Part I. Alkaloid-containing materials: nicotine; nicotine products ; anabasine ; hellebore ; other alkaloids having insecticidal action; Part 11. Plants containing rotenone and allied compounds: chemical constituents ; occurrence of the toxic constituents in the tissues of the plant; effects of cultivation and soil conditions on toxic content; derris; lonchocarpus; physiological action of derris and allied materiale ; pest control with derris and lonchocarpus ; relative toxicity of derris and lonchocarpus; methods of evaluation of derris and lonchocarpus; production and trade in derris; production and trade in lonchocarpus ; consumption of derris and lonchocarpus; tephrosia ; mundulea; other rotenone-containing plants; characteristics of the chief crystalline compounds derived from derris root; Part 111.Pyrethrum:botany of pyrethrum; chemical constituents of pyrethrum; distribution of the toxic principles in the plant; effect of drying pyrethrum flowers; effect of storage, etc., on pyrethrum; evaluation of the active principles of pyrethrum; physiological action of pyrethrum ; insecticidal properties of pyrethrum; the pyrethrum industry; consumption of pyrethrum; Part IV.Quassia: introduction; botany; chemistry of quassia; insecti- cidal properties of quassia; production and consumption; Part V. Plant oils: essential oils; fatty oils; cashew nut-shell oil; references; appendix. Bibby’s Book on Milk.-Section I (2nd Edition). (1933,)- Sampling and Analysis of Milk. Pp. 56. 7s. 6d. Progress in Milk Technology. (1936.) Edited by John Hanley. Vol. I. Knowledge extant at the beginning of the 20th Century. Pp. 188. 11s. 6d. Section I (Supplement No.2) (1925-1931.) The appeal to the cow; Minimum variation in Quality of Milk; What is Normal Milk? Pp. 46. 4s. Section I1 (12th Edition). (1928.) The Law relating to the Sale of Milk: its History; Criticism of its Administration; Sug- gestions for its Amendment. Pp. vi + 482 + Insets. (1928.) 30s. Section I1 (Supplement to 12th Edition). A cloth folder containing Acts of Parliament (1889-1938) ; Statutory Rules and Orders (1922-1939) ; Circulars (1922-1938) ; Forms (1936) ; Memoranda (1929-1937) ;Decided Cases (Divisional Court) (1917) ; Police Court (1925-1932) ; Miscellaneous (192 5-1937). Section 1V.-Bovine Tuberculosis. Chart and Plate. Ab-stracts from Section 8 (IgIg).-Calving. Pp. 48. IS. 6d. 124 The British Standards Institution.-A review of British Standards for Paint Materials has recently been under- taken and modifications thereto and additional specifications have been issued in special publications beariDg the reference numbers B.S.925 to B.S.929.War Emergency Revision Slips have been issued for :-Linseed Oil Putty; Green Pigments; Linseed Oil; White Spirit; Extenders; Zinc Oxide and Ochre; Ready Mixed Paints (Oil Gloss); Black (Carbon) Pigments; Red Oxides of Iron; Lead Chromes and Zinc Chromes; Aluminium (Powder and Paste) for Paints, and Tung Oil. War Emergency Revision Slips have also been issued-for determining the Percentage of Fat in Milk and Milk Products by the Gerber Method; for the determination of the percentage of Fat in Milk and Milk Products by the Babcock Method; for Coal Tar Creosote for the Preservation of Timber, and for Soft Solders.The Institution has also issued, recently,-No. 945 (1941) : for Rubber and Insertion Jointing for Flange and similar joints subject to water pressure. Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., has kindly presented the Institute with a copy of the Report of the Tenth International Congress of Chemistry, held in Rome, May, 1938: Volume IV, Sections 11-V. India.-Professor H. B. Dunnicliff, C.I.E., Fellow, contrib-uted to the December, 1940, issue of Current Science an interest- ing illustrated account of the Central Revenues Control Laboratory at New Delhi, opened by Sir Jeremy Raisman, Finance Minister of the Government of India, in April last year.The Laboratory is primarily intended to deal with the examina- tion of imported goods, to determine their assessment to customs duty; but it also is concerned with the examination of explosives and petroleum products for the Labour Department, with food- stuffs for the Port Health Department, and with many other matters, such as come within the control of the Government Laboratory in London. 125 The Library, 1940-41. Since the issue of the JOURKAL AKD PROCEEDINGS, Part 11, 1940, the Council has had the pleasure to acknowledge the following gifts:- MESSRS. EDWARD ARNOLD& Co.: Analytical Processes. T. B. Smith. London, 1940. H. F. BAMFORD,B.A., A.I.C. : Poisons : Their Isolation and Identification. F.Bamford. London, 1940. MESSRS. BLACKIE& SON,LTD.: Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Analysis. Vol. 11. Gravi-metric Electrolytic Analysis and Electrolytic Marsh Tests. H. J. S. Sand. London and Glasgow, 1940. MRS. W. A. S. CALDER: Atti del Xo Congress0 Internazionale Di Chimica. Roma: 15-21 Maggio, 1938. Vol. V. Roma, 1939. CAMBRIDGE PRESSUNIVERSITY : An Introduction to the Kinetic Theory of Gases. Sir James Jeans. Cambridge, 1940. Surface Tension and the Spreading of Liquids. R. S. Burdon. Cam-bridge, 1940. MESSRS.CHAPMAH& HALL,LTD.: Advanced Readings in Chemical and Technical German. J. T. Fotos and R. N.Shreve. London and New York, 1940. An Introduction to Chemical Science. W. H. Hatcher. London and New York, 1940.Brewing: Science and Practice. H. Lloyd Hind. Vol. 11. BrewingProcesses. London, 1940. Calculations of Quantitative Analysis. C. J. Engelder. London and New York, 1939. Canning Practice and Control. 0. Jones and T. W. Jones. 2nd Edition, Revised and Enlarged. London, 1941. Chemical Computations and Errors. T. B. Crunipler and J. H. Yoe. Londork and New York, 1940. Chemicals of Commerce. F. D. Snell and C. T. Snell. London, 1940. Chemistry, Life and Civilisation. A Popular Account of Modern Advances in Chemistry. H. T. S. Britton. London, 1940. Colloid Chemistry. A Text Book. H. B. Weiser. London and Bew York, 1940. Conversion of Petroleum. Production of Notor Fuels by Thermal and Catalytic Processes. A. N. Sachanen. New York, 1940. Forensic Chemistry.H. T. F. Rhodes. London, 1940. Handbook of Chemical Microscopy. Vol. 11. Chemical Methods and Inorganic Qualitative Analysis. 2nd Edition. London and NEW York, 1940. Insect Pests in Stored Products. H. Hayhurst. London, 1940. 126 Introductory College Chemistry. N. E. Gordon and W. E. Trout, Jr. 2nd Edition. London and New York, 1940. Methane. Its Production and Utilisation. J. P. Lawrie. London, 1940. Organic Syntheses. An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals. Vol. XIX. Editor-in-Chief-4. R. Johnson. London and New York, 1939. Also Vol. XX. Editor-in-Chief-C. F. H. Allen. London and New York, 1940. Plastics in Industry. By “Plastes.” London, 1940. Records and Research in Engineering and Industrial Science.J. E. Holmstrom. London, 1940. Starch and its Derivatives. J. A. Radley. London, 1940. The Chemical Constitution of Natural Fats. T. P. Hilditch. Lodon, 1940. The Manufacture of Compressed Yeast. F. G. Walter. London, 1940. Thermodynamics and Chemistry. F. H. MacDougall. 3rd Edition. London and New YoTk, 1939. Thermodynamics for Chemical Engineers. H. C. Weber. London and New York, 1939. The Tools of the Chemist. Their Ancestry and American Evolution. E. Child. London and New York, 1940. DR. V’ILFRED FRANCIS, F.I.C.: Boiler House and Power Station Chemistry. W. Francis. London, 1940. DR. J. NEWTONFRIEND, F.I.C.: Lectures on History and General Policy, to which is prefixed an Essay on a Course of Liberal Education for Civil and Active Life.JosephPriestley. A New Edition with numerous enlargements by J. T. Rutt. London, 1826. The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experi- ments. Joseph Priestley. The 5th Edition, Corrected. London, 1794. MESSRS.GURNEY& JACKSON: Lunge and Keane’s Technical Methods of Chemical Analysis. 2nd Edition. Edited by C. A. Keane and P. C. L. Thorne. Vol. IV. London and Edinhrgh, 1940. THE IKPERIAL :INSTITUTE Annual Report, 1940. Survey of Insecticide Materials of Vegetable Origin. London, 1941. INSTITUTE :OF PETROLEUM Annual Reviews of Petroleum Technology. Vol. V (covering 1939).F. H. Garner. Birmingham, 1940. J. P. LAWRIE: Methane. Its Production and Utilisation.J. P. Lawrie. London, 1940. MESSRS.LONQMANS,GREEN& Co., LTD.: A New Dictionary of Chemistry. S. Miall. London, 1940. A Text-Book of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. A. I. Vogel. 2nd Edition. London, 1941. Intermediate Inorganic Chemistry. J. W. Mellor. London, 1941. Thorpe’e Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. J. F. Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley. 4th Edition, revised and enlarged, Vol. IV. London, 1940. 127 J. E. R. MCDONAGH, F.R.C.S. : The Universe through Medicine. J. E. R. McDonagh. London, 1940. E. W. MUDDIMAN,B.Sc., F.I.C.: Handbook on Witherite and its Industrial Uses. Newcastle-on-Tyne,1940. H. T. F. RHODES: Forensic Chemistry. H. T. F. Rhodes. London, 1940. DR.H. J. STERN,A.I.C.: Practical Latex Work.H. J. Stern. Leicester, 1940. Books Purchased. The Mineral Industry. Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1939. Edited by G. A. Roush. Vol. XLVIII. Supplementing Vols. I-XLVII. London and New York, 1940. 128 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on zIst February, 1941, 2 new Fellows were elected, I Fellow was re-elected, 8 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 41 New Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 36 new Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of 8 Fellows and I Associate. New Fellows. Emelbus, Harry Julius, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Stein, Norman Oscar, B.Sc. (Manitoba), M.S.(Michigan), Ph.D. (Lond.), 60, Holly Road, Quinton, Birmingham, 32. Re-elected Fellow. West, Charles Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 327, West Avenue, Rochester, New York, U.S.A. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Berry, Arthur George Vale, 8, End Ridge Road, Pointe-&Pierre, Trinidad, B.W.I. Colborne, Robert Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., A.M.I.Chem.E., Old Hadleigh, Cape1 St. Mary, Ipswich. Livingston, Charles Sinclair, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.M.I.Chem.E., Irvine, Ayrshire. Metcalfe, William John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 7, Glenmore Road, Salisbury.North, Charles William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.K.C., 582, Nottingham Road, Chaddesden, Derby. Stacey, Maurice, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), The A.E. Hills Laboratories, The University, Edgbaston, Birmingham.Sumner, Major Andrew Theodore, B.Sc. (Lond.), Directorate of Scientific Research, Ministry of Supply, London, W.C.2. Walley, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 43,Langdale Road, Bebington, Cheshire. New Associates. Ames, Alexander King, B.Sc. (Lee&), 45, Polefield Road, Blackley, Manchester, 9. Bramley, Donald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Highfield Crescent, Baildon, Shipley, Yorks. Buchanan, Charles, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.), Organic Chemistry Department, The University, Glasgow. Bull, Lawrence Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 47, Chester Avenue, Cranham, Upminster, Essex. Coats, Robert Reid, B.Sc. (Glas.), 18, Douglas Street, Motherwell, Scotland. Cowling, Richard Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Radmoor Road, Lough- borough.Crawford, Aynsley, M.Sc., Ph.D.(Dunelm), Deneburn, Wansbeck Road, Ashington, Northumberland. Flavell, William, B.Sc. (Birm.), 2, Brook Street, Woodsetton, nr. Dudley,Worcs. Greenhalgh, Richard, B.Sc. (Mane.), 2, Claxton Avenue, Blackley,Manchester, 9. 129 Gregg, Eric French, B.Sc. (Glas.), 2, Colebrooke Street, Glasgow, W.2. Hawkes, John Arthur, B.Sc. (Bris.), The Hollies, Ravenscroft Drive, Chaddesden, Derby. Humphreys, James Leslie, B.So. (Lond.), 139, Worton Road, Isleworth, Mid&. Hunter, Frederick, B.Sc. (Dunelm), North Farm, Newbottle, Houghton- le-Spring, Co. Durham. Johnston, Kerr, B.Sc. (Glas.), Kerston, Knoxland Square, Dumbarton, Scotland. Knight, Claude Leonard, B.Sc. (Birm.), 95, Albert Street, Rugby. MacLean, James Alistair Ross, B.Sc.(Edin.), Ellangowan, Croyard Road, Beady, Invernesshire. March, Peter James, B.Se. (Lond.), 11, Sherdley Road, Crumpsall,Manchester, 8. Martin, David Christie, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), 12a, Westbourne Square, London, W.2. Mason, William Alexander, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 85, Londonderry Road, Stockton-on.Tees, Co. Durham. Meachen, Walter, B.Sc. (Leeds), 136, Blake Road, West Bridgford, Notts. Meakins, Reginald John, B.Sc. (Sydney), Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Mene, Purushottam Sadashio, B.Sc. (Nagpur), c/o S. R. Mahajan, Esq., Imperial Bank of India, Nagpur, C.P., India. Molloy, Cornelius Christopher, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Sandhurst Drive, Ilford, Essex. Morgan, William McGillivray, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Dunelm), 19, Ladybridge Road, Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire. Ormrod, Albert, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 51, Cheviot Avenue, Oldham, Lanes. Owen, Edmund Cecil, B.Sc. (Liv.), 14, Heaton Road, Gledholt, Huddersfield. Pinnington, Edward, B.Sc. (Liv.), 11, Oakdale Road, Waterloo, Liver- pool, 22. Quennell, Cyril, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., 1, Parkway, Weston Favell, Northampton.Rama Rao, Govindacharla, 1M.Sc. (Benares), Osmania Technical College, Hyderabad, Deccan, India. Ratcliff, Anthony Charles, B.Sc. (Birm.), 55, Lickhill Road, Stourport-on- Severn, Worcs. Rexworthy, Desmond Ramsay, B.Sc. (Bris.), Royal Liver Buildings,Liverpool.Reynolds, Reginald John William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 13, Brierley Drive, Alkrington, Middleton, Manchester.Rossell, Stanley Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 38, Selston Drive, Wollaton Park, Nottingham.Sager, Frederick Haworth, 21, Hawthorn Avenue, Oswaldtwistle, Lancs. Sarathy, Manickam Partha, c/o Dr. B. Subramaniam, Mount Road, Coonoor R.E., Nilgiris Dist., India. Steel, Peter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Montem Lane, Slough. Tubb, Clifford Mervyn, B.Sc. (Mane.), 1, Mount Road, Fleetwood, Lancs. Whitney, John Edward Seager, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Brookfields Avenue, Mitcham, Surrey. Wilde, Bertrand Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o 37, Stanmore Road, Mount Florida, Glasgow, 5.2. Williams, George Cuthbert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 82, Borough Road, Wallasey.Williams, Richard Eryl, B.Sc. (Liv.), Cavendish Villa, Aubrey Street, Liverpool, 6. Re-elected Associate. Murch, Mrs.Edith Hilda, XSc. (Lond.), Walcot, Chirbury, nr. Montgomery. 130 New Students. Allen, David George, 43, Coombe Gardens, New Malden, Surrey. Bell, Jack Gorman, 25, Cherry Street, Blackburn. Benzie, Robert John, 7, Ulster Gardens, Edinburgh, 8. Blackburn, Francis Henry Bernard, Xeedler Hall, Cottingham, E. Yorks. Bristow, Howard Arthur Stanley, 107, Claverdale Road, London, S.W.2. Burkin, Alfred Richard, 68, Walnut Tree Road, Dagenham, Essex. Bushnell, Alexander Claud, 18-24, Baldwin Street, Bristol, 1. Carson, Robert George, 6, Kilbrannan Drive, Greenock, Renfrewshire. Cassini, Carl Winston, c/o 43, Narchmont Crescent, Edinburgh, 9. Cory, Miss Frances Margaret Joan, 5,Humberstone Road, Radford, Coventry. Curran, Bernard Cyril, 9, Westcliffe Road, Liverpool, 12.Gibbons, George Cuthbert, 25, Mentone Road, Heaton Moor, Stockport. Glover, Jack Harry, 88, Gordon Street, Burton-on-Trent. Greenhalgh, Alan D., 21, Bushey Mill Lane, Watford. Hadley, Frederick Charles, 86, Hillaries Road, Erdington, Birmingham, 23. Hall, Ronald Henry, 41, Crescent Road, London, S.E.18. Heath, Harold, 18, Egleston Road, Morden, Surrey. Henbest, Harold Bernard, 244, Upminster Road, Rainham, Essex. Henley, Eric Douglas, 74, Sebert Road, London, E.7. Hiscox, Norman Geoffrey, 3, Kilworth Drive, Leicester. Hornby, Edward Stuart, 9, Cissbury Ring North, London, N.12. Jarvis, Peter Charles, 184, Tottenhall Road, London, N.13. Jordan, Anthony, 4, Park Road, London, W.7. Levitsky, Boris Nicholas, 2, Itayner’s Road, London, S.W.15.Membery, Donald Percy, 69, The Drive, Isleworth. Parvin, Kenneth, 33, Thayer Street, London, W.l. Raw, Francis William, 72, Barnes Street, Clayton-le-Xoors, nr. Accrington. Rees, Philip Owen, 4, Dyffryn Villas, Ferndale, Rhondda, Glam. Riley, Cyril James, 74, lllanser Road, Rainham, Essex. Salmon, John Ernest, 4, Grey Close, Rleadway, London, N.W.11. Smith, Ronald Francis, 183, Earlshall Road, London, S.E.9. Smith, Thomas Sydney, The Brand, Griffydam, Leicester. Stephens, Francis Frederick, 1012, Ashton New Road, Clayton, Man- Chester, 11. Taylor, Peter William, 20, Tylehurst Gardens, Ilford. Tissier, Joseph John, 282, Beulah Hill, London, S.E.19. Walden, Harold Elborough, 149, Hearsall Lane, Earlsdon, Coventry. -DEATHS.Fellows. Andrew Campbell. Arthur Lapworth, B.Sc. (Birm.), KSc. (Manc.), D.Sc. (Lond.), Hon. LLD. (St. Andrews and Birm.), F.R.S. Frank Maudsley, B.Sc. (Vict.). James Picken, B.Sc. (Glas.). John Gustaf Adolf Rhodin. William Thomas Rigby. Andrew John Robertson, D.Sc. (St. Andrews). Harold Rogerson, M.Sc. (Vict.). Associate. Harold Matthew Cooper. CHANGE OF NAMES. (Mrs.) Tillie Zeidenfeld, Associate, to Denfield, by Deed Poll. (Miss) WFifred Osman Jones, Associate, to (Mrs.) Walder, on her marriage. 131 Coming Events. April 22 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (South Yorkshire Section): A Series of short papers of topical interest. At the Metallurgical Club, 198, West Street, Sheffield.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section): Joint Meeting with Leeds University Chemical Society. Films on Petroleum Pro -duction. “Chemicals from Petroleum.” Mr. R. H. Morley, at the University, at 5.15 p.m. 24 THE CHEXICAL SOCIETY: Tilden Lecture. “Some Problems in Macro-molecular Chemistry.” Professor H. W. Melville, F.R.S., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 4.15 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North Western Section) : “The Profession-Some Observations Sub Rosa.” Mr. J. R. Stubbs, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool, at 6.15 p.m. Annual General Meeting. OF CHEXICALINDUSTRY:25 SOCIETY Joint Meeting with the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section of the Institute. Jubilee Memorial Lecture.“Reflections on the Philosophy of Science.” Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., at King’s College, Newcastle upon Tpe, at 6 p.m. OF28 INSTITETECHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section). Annual General Meeting, in the Palace Hotel, Aberdeen, at 7.30 p.m. 28 & ROYALSOCIETYOF ARTS: “Chemotherapy.” G. Stafford Whitby, MAY 5 at the Society, John Adam Street, Adelphi, W.C.2, at 2.30 p.m. 30 THE PHYSICALSOCIETY (Colour Group): “Colour Tolerance.” Mr. H. W. Ellis; “Colour Terminology.” Mr. H. D. Murray, at the Royal Photographic Society, 16, Princes Gate, London, S.W.7, at 2.30 p.m. INSTITUTE : Joint Meeting with the Coke Oven Managers’ OF FUEL Association. “Research and the Coking Industry.” Dr. E. W. Smith, C.B.E., at the Royal Victoria Station Hotel, Sheffield, at 2.30 p.m.May6 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(South Yorkshire Section): Annual General Meeting, at the Rotherham Technical College, at 7.30 p.m. 8 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (South Wales Section): Annual General Meeting, at Mackworth Hotel, High Street, Swansea. 13 THE CHEXICAL SOCIETY (Leeds Are& Section): Eighth Liversidge Lecture: ‘‘ Complex Formation.” Professor N. V. Sidgwick,C.B.E., F.R.S. 15 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Eighth Liversidge Lecture: “Complex Formation.” Professor N. V. Sidgwick, C.B.E., F.R.S.,at Burlington House, Piccadillp, London, W.1, at 4.15 pm, 132 General Notices. Lecture.-Dr. A. E. Dunstan has kindly consented to give a lecture before the Institute on the “Recent Syntheses in the Petroleum Industry,” at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, on Friday, 16th May, at 5 p.m.,-Dr.J. J. Fox, C.B., President, in the Chair. Examinations.-It is hoped that examinations for the Associateship and for the Fellowship will be held in September as usual. Candidates whose applications have not yet been accepted by the Council must forward them to reach the Institute not later than Monday, 16th June. It is hoped that candidates whose applications have then been accepted, may be informed early in July as to the arrange- ments for the examinations. The last date for actual entries and payment of examination fees will be 14th July. Addresses Unknown.-The particular attention of Fellows and Associates is directed to the list of Addresses Unknown at the end of this Part of the Journal and Proceedings.The Council will be greatly obliged if Fellows and Associates, who are able to give the present addresses of the members referred to, will communicate with the Registrar. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the Regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 133 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Asso- ciates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are ordinarily required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. For the time being the payment of 6s. 6d. is suspended. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or 134 borrow books. Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours.It will be open from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. from Monday to Friday, but for the present will re- main closed on Saturdays. Members and Students of the Insti- tute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expired on 1st March. The subscriptions rates are 6s.Gd. for Class B, and 16s.Gd. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boots’ Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 2d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSat 5s.2d. each. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 135 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.A copy of “The Profession of Chemistry” (Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis- tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar. SALTERS’ INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY. Scholarships.-Applications are invited for Salters’ Scholar- ships available for chemists of post-graduate standing. The object of the Scholarships is to afford special training by means of a course of Chemical Engineering at an approved College, for one year. The value of a Scholarship is L250. Applications should be received by the Director, Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry, Salters’ Gardens, Church Road, Watford, Herts., on or before 3rd May, 1941.Full particulars and forms of application may be had on request. 136 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY REGISTER ADDRESSES REQUIRED Fellows. Anderson, Frederic Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.). Bardsley, Joshua. Bowles, Horace Edgar, Boyce, Frank. Browning, Ronald George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Darling, Charles Robert, A.R.C.Sc.1. Drinkwater, Basil Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., A.R.S.M. Eastburn, Major Gerald Jerome, M.C., A.R.T.C. Edwards, Vincent. Glendinning, Tom Aldrich, M.Sc. (N.Z.). Gray, Archibald. Hart-Jones, Cyril William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Hogben, Walter. Homer (Miss) Annie, M.A. (Cantab.), Sc.1). (Dub.). King, Charles Arthur, M.Sc.(Leeds). Loudon, Alexander, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), M.Sc. (Lond.). Morley, Henry Forster, M.A., D.Sc. (Lond.). Peterson, John Hamilton, D.Sc. (Dunelm). Robertson, Joseph Gold, Ph.D. (Jena). Robertson, William Stirling, B.Sc. (Glaa.). Saunders, Wilfrid, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sinclair, St. Clair Overbeek, M.A. (Cape), D.Sc. (Atellenhosch). Subrahmanyan, Vaidyanatha, B.A. (Madras), D.Sc. (Lond.). Watson, Eric Edmund. 'M'illey, Eric John Baxter, Ph.D. (Cantab.), M.Sc. (Dunelm),D.Rc. (Lond.). Wright, Charles James, B.A. (Cantab.). Associates. Barclay, Miss Judith Margaret, R.Sc. (Lond.). Bean, Philip Leslie, A.R.C.S. Behram, Jal D. Edal, M.Sc. (Bombay). Bhavnagri, Shapur Khushro, B.A., B.Sc. (Bombay), B.Sc. (Mane.). Bond, George Douglas, B.Sc.(Lond.). Brandt, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.). Brodie, Neal, M.Sc. (Dunelm). Claudet, Richard Arthur Ormerod, B.Sc. (Lond.). Clulow, Frederick Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Cole, Henry George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Cole, Reginald Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.). 137 Cook, Harry Aaron, B.Sc. (Lond.). Davies, George Parker, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Bris.). Davis, Frederick Victor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Dawson, Thomas Theodore, M.Sc. (Birm.). Dean, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Rlanc.). Diamond, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Bris.). Eastman, Clifford William, B.Sc. (Birm.). Eccott, Eustace Nevill, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Evans, Thomas Leslie, B.A. (Cantab.). Evans, Thomas Watcyn, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales). Fletcher, Peter Bainbrigge, M.Sc. (Lond.). Gardner, William Kidston, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Glas.). Gilbert, Frank Lathe, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Cantab.). Goodwin, Harold Walter, B.Sc. (Glas.). Gordon, Roy Robert, MA., Ph.D. (Glas.). Graham, Frank Nelson, B.Sc. (Liv.). Gresham, Harold Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Grieve, Stanley Trethowa, M.Sc. (Audubon). Grfith, Goronwy, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales). Hall, Donald Hugh, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Harden, Harold Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.). Harrison, Charles Frederick Reed, B.Sc., PILL).(Birm.). Harrison, Christopher Jerome, B.Sc. (Birm.). Helsby, Frank William, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hodson, William Brook, A.C.G.F.C. Holman, Henry John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Horton, Laurence, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Jackson, Emmanuel, B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Johnson, Sydney Walgate, B.Sc. (Dun.), Ph.D. (Lond.).Johnston, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.). Jones, Edward Henry. Kay, John Louden, A.R.T.C. Kent, Arthur Vincent, M.Sc. (Wales). Khin, Maung Aung, B.Sc. (Rangoon). Kingcome, John Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.). Laurie, Leonard Llewelyn, M.Sc. (Lond.). Lawton, John Huntly Tarring, Ph.D. (Lond.). Lempert, Hyme, M.Sc. (Manc.). Linzell, Leslie, A.C.G.I. Rlahal, Harbhajan Singh, M.Sc. (Punjab). Maitra, Manan Kumar, Ph.D. (Lond.). Manchester, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Mansell, Richard Ivor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Markham, Peter John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Marsh, Ernest Victor, B.Sc. (Vict.). Matheson, Donald, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Aberd.). RlcCullagh, Thomas Anthony, M,Sc, (N.U.I.). McGregor, Thomas, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.). 138 Mein, Henry Cranston, B.So.(Edin.). Milne, Stephen George Mount Stephen, B.Sc. (Aberd.). Morris, John Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.). Norris, Edward Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), Parker, Hugh Edniund, MSc. (Lond.). Pearson, Ernest Leigh, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Peel, Patrick Robert Elliott, B.Sc. (Lond.). Pemberton, Douglas Gordon, M.Sc. (Mano.). Penny, Ernest Edgar, B.So. (Lond.). Pinder, Harold William, A.Met. (Sheffield). Randall, Robert Bennet, B.So., Ph.D. (Lond.). Ransome, Harry Norman, B.So. (Lond.). Richmond, Kenneth William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.). Rigby, Joe, M.Sc. (Manc.). Robert, Roger Felix Laurent, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Robinson, Rupert Eardley. Rose, Leslie. Salt, Wilfred Austin, M.C., B.So.Tech. Sames, Kenneth, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Saunders, Benjamin, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sheldon, Wilfred, M.Sc.(Vict.). Sheldrick, George, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dunelm). Tavroges, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.). Taylor, William Edward Leslie. Thi, Maung Ba, B.So. (Rangoon). Thom, William Albert Strang, B.So. (Glas.). Thornley, Derek George Claude, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Tonkin, James Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Walden, Alfred Edward, B.So. (Lond.). Walkey, Wilfred Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.). Wallbank, Albert William, B.So. (Birm.). Wallis, Norton James Hugh, BSc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Wigram, Peter Woolmore, B.A. (Cantab.). Wild, George Lewis Edgar, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Wildman, Harry, B.So. (Manc.). Williams, Benjamin Haydn, B.So., Ph.D. (Liv.). Williams, Evan, M.So. (Wales). Williams, Frank Archer, M.So., Ph.D. (Lond.). Wood, Reginald John. Wrather, Harry Coupe, M.Sc. (Manc.).Yates, Edmund Denys, B.So., Ph.D. (Lond.). Yeats, Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.). 139 Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, FUND,INSTITUTEBENEVOLENT OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar. 140 THEGOVERNMENT IS ASKING YOU to help your country by subscribing to Savings Bonds and ATational Wnr Bonds. Money thus placed at the disposal of the State strengthens our financial structure and so gives us more power to defeat the enemy, and shorten the war.Money is needed and needed urgently. Every effort you make to lend the State more money; is an efort made on behalf of your country. 3% SAVINGS BONDS (1955-1965) and 2115% NATIONAL WAR BONDS (1946-1948) Full Trustee Securities having the following features in comnion : Payment in full on application- Price of issue f 100 per cent.-Subscriptions of flOO or any higher multiple of f50 will be received until further notice- Interest accrues from date of purchase-No limit to holdings. Prospectus and application forms obfainable from Banks or Stockbrokers.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9416500077

出版商:RSC    

年代:1941

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART 111: 1941. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registvav and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. June, 1941. Publications Commit tee, 1941-42. F. P. DUNN (Chairman), J. J. FOX (President), E. E. AYLING, H.BAINES, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, F. CHALLENGER, J. W. COOK, A. COULTHARD, A. E. DUNSTAN, G. D. ELSDON, L. EYNON, E.GREGORY, T. P. HILDITCH, W. G. HISCOCK W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H.HUNTER, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A. C.MONKHOUSE, H.W. MOSS, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, F. M. ROWE, GARFIELD THOMAS, 5.W. A. WIKNER, F. J. WILSON. 143 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 25th April, 1941.-The President reported that on the occasion of the celebration of the Centenary of the foundation of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, a message of congratulation had been sent to the Society on behalf of the Institute. The message referred to the high ideals and useful service of the Society in raising the standard of know-ledge and practice of pharmacy, and recalled with gratitude the names of many who were associated with both the Society and the Institute in the past, including John Attfield, Michael Carteighe, Arthur William Crossley, Henry George Greenish, Edward Frank Harrison, Alexander Pedler, Theophilus Redwood, William Augustus Tilden and Edmund White, who had contrib- uted materially to the furtherance of the interests of both institutions and of the callings they represent. The attention of the Council was directed to the report of the proceedings in the House of Lords on 2nd April, when Viscount Samuel raised the general question whether the Government could make any statement on the extent to which the assistance of scientists had been enlisted in the prosecution of the war.The view was expressed that the Government was not yet making the fullest possible use of existing information. The matter- which was mentioned in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, p.113-is not being neglected. A letter was received from the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, following up its cablegram received in January, conveying appreciation of the work which the chemists of Great Britain were doing, and conveying greetings to all members of the Institute and other chemists. The Society of Public Analysts thanked the Council of the Institute for inviting the Society to appoint representatives to a Joint Committee to consider the correspondence between the Institute and the Ministry of Health relating to the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service. The Council of the Society appointed Dr. E. B. Hughes, Mr. F. W. F. Amaud, 144 Dr.H. E. COX,Mr. S. E. Melling and Dr. E. V. Suckling as repre-sentatives to serve on the Committee. Mr. Edward Hinks agreed to serve as one of the representatives of the Institute on the same Committee. A letter was received from Mr. Bacharach, recently Chairman of the Publications Committee, referring to a letter which he had received from a Fellow criticising Council attendances. The matter is under the consideration of the Special Committee appointed to review the constitution and method of election of the Council. Modified Section Rules for the Birmingham and Midlands Section were approved. Reports of the Standing Committees were received, including a report from the Finance and House Committee to the effect that arrangements were being made for the insurance of the chattels of the Institute under the War Damage Act, 1941. On a report from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, a new Branch in the Examination for the Fellowship, to be called Branch H: General Analytical Chemistry, was introduced into the Regulations, the syllabus being as follows:-The candidate will be expected to show a broad and fundamental knowledge of chemistry, theoretical and practical, as applied to analysis, including-the selection, collection and preparation of samples ; the theory and technique of standard analytical processes; the nature and control of errors in sampling and analysis ; the principles, design, calibration and use of physical apparatus ordinarily employed in analysis.The candidate must be familiar with current literature and practice and with the preparation of reports, and he will be expected to show also a more intimate knowledge of any special methods of analysis applicable to the particular field of work in which he is or has been engaged; but the examination will not require or imply a specialised knowledge of the work required under Branches E or F. At least two written papers will be set and practical ex- aminations will be held extending over not less than four days. While the examiners will bear in mind the special experience of individual candidates, questions and exercises bearing upon general analytical chemistry may be set, 145 The Publications Committee reported that Dr.A. E. Dunstan had kindly consented to give a lecture on “Recent Syntheses in the Petroleum Industry” on 16th May. The Council adopted the recommendation of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee that a question be prepared for Counsel regarding the legal position of part-time public analysts under the Food and Drugs Act, 1938. Council Meeting, 23rd May, 1941.-The President reported that the following message of congratulation had been sent to the Chemical Society on attaining the Centenary of its foundation 1-“The President, Officers and Council, Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland send most cordial greetings and congratulations to the Chemical Society on attaining the Centenary of its foundation.“The Institute of Chemistry recognises how much the Chemical Society has done, in the fulfilment of its primary object as defined at the time of its foundation in 1841, for the honour and prestige of British science, in the advancement of chemistry, by the discussion and publication of new discoveries and the interchange of information respecting them. “No Society exclusively devoted to the interests of chemis- try previously existed in this or in any other country, and no Society has done more to maintain the progress of the science during the past hundred years. “The Institute will continue to co-operate with the Society in every possible way and gladly welcomes this opportunity of expressing its belief that the Society will continue to prosper.J. J. FOX, President. 30th April, 1941. A reply was received from the President, Professor J. C. Philip, F.R.S., expressing the thanks of the Council of the Society and the hope that, when days of peace permitted, the Institute would be associated with the celebrations. A letter received from the Manchester and District Section regarding travelling expenses for Members of Council was referred to the Finance and House Committee, 146 The Council agreed to make representations to the appro- priate authorities on behalf of consultants and analysts whose laboratories had been destroyed by enemy action, in the hope that they might be given priority facilities in obtaining apparatus and materials and a measure of compensation towards the cost of re-equipment. The Finance and House Committee reported that advice was being obtained regarding the investments of the Institute.The report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee embodied the rcport of the Board of Examiners on the April exarninations. Lecture.-On 16th May, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Dr. A. E. Dunstan gave a lecture before the Institute entitled “Recent Syntheses in the Petroleum Industry,”--the President in the chair. At the conclusion, a vote of thanks was proposed by the President, seconded by Professor I. M. Heilbron. Dr. Dunstan delivered his lecture ex tempove, but he has kindly consented to prepare a monograph for publication later in the year.Council, Constitution, Nomination and Election.-A Special Committee has under consideration the present constitu- tion of the Council and the advisability of modifying the method of nomination and election of Members of Council. Fellows and Associates are invited to forward any views that they may have on the subject to the Registrar. Co-operation.-Fellows and Associates of the Institute who are participating in the Co-operation Scheme are requested to forward, if they have not already done so, their applications for membership of the other two Societies as soon as possible. If they have any difficulty in complying with the conditions, they should communicate with the Registrar. 147 Local Sections.Birmingham and Midlands.-The Annual Dinner of the Section, which for 18years has been held jointly with the Local Sections of the other Chemical Societies in the Midlands, was this year replaced by a luncheon, which took place in Birmingham on 26th April. The guests included the Lord Mayor of Birmingham and the Lady Mayoress (Ald. and Mrs. Wilfrid Martineau), Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., representing the President of the Institute, and Mr. Austin Lowe (Chairman of the Plastics Group). Mr. A. Churchman presided. In proposing the toast “The City of Birmingham,” Sir Robert Pickard referred to the contribution of Birmingham to chemical science; to the pioneer research work of Tilden, of Frankland, and of Morgan, who, in succession, occupied the Chair of Chemis- try of the University of Birmingham, and added that chemists were happy that the traditions set by them were being worthily maintained by Professor W.N. Haworth. The Lord Mayor, in reply, dwelt on the early history of the city and the part played by chemical science. “I do not mean to adduce that we are particularly good examples in Birmingham because we burned Priestley’s house.” In the days of Robert Boyle, the scientific investigator who wrote “The Sceptical Chemist,” Birmingham was beginning to come into the picture as the forerunner of what is now known as “the workshop of the world.” The Lord Mayor stressed the need for intense research in pure science and closer co-operation with industrial laboratories. It was a pity that in the years of Birmingham’s early development there was not a closer link between chemical science and the manufacturers.There were, however, notable exceptions; but, until fairly recently, the industries of Birmingham were conducted on the “hit and miss” principle. Sometimes they made a successful hit, but there was much missing and wasted energy. Since the Great War there had been a realisation, by in- dustrialists in Birmingham and elsewhere, that in order to make business successful, research was essential. The link between scientific knowledge and industrial production was created in the 148 Midlands largely by Mason College, and afterwards by the University of Birmingham. Mr. Austin Lowe, chairman of the Plastics Group, replied to the toast “The Guests,” proposed by the Chairman.The luncheon was followed by dancing and a special display of cinematograph films. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held at Bristol University on 24th April, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society,-Mr. A. Sanders, Chairman of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, presiding. A paper was read by Dr. C. G. Addingley, on “Some Aspects of the use of Asbestos in Plastics. ’’ A joint meeting of the Chemical Society with the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Chemical Department of Bristol University on 5th June,-Dr.E. B. Maxted in the Chair. Professor G. M. Bennett gave a lecture-demonstration on “Liquid Crystals,” illustrated by projection in polarised light as well as by lantern slides. Cape.-On 29th November, 1940, a party of members of the Section, accompanied by members of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society, visited the Cape Explosives Works Factory at Somerset West, where they were entertained to tea by the management and shown over the sulphuric and nitric acid and superphosphate fertiliser plants, The members were interested in recent improvements in the catalyst chambers of the sulphuric acid plant and in the effect of war-time conditions on the manu- facture of superphosphate.Later, visitors were entertained to dinner by the factory management, after which a meeting was held in the staff club- room. Mr. J. E. Worsdale made a statement regarding a proposed wage determination for some branches of the chemical industry in South Africa, It appeared that, owing to a somewhat u11-fortunate classification of employees, “chemists ” might be placed at a disadvantage when compared with “pharmacists.” The Section agreed to co-operate with the South African Chemical Institute in making representations to the Ministry of Labour to prevent this. The S.A.C.I. suggested that the best course would 149 be to exclude employees of this type from the operation of the wage determination, feeling that the salaries of professional men should not be regulated in such a manner.The meeting was then addressed by Dr. Mally on “Some Chemical Aspects of Entomology,” dealing mainly with work now in progress in the Cape Explosives Works Laboratories on the resistance shown by some strains of codlin moth to the ordinary arsenical insecticides. An interesting discussion followed. Cardiff and District.-During 1940-41 the following lectures were held in the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff (jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry :-On 7th December, I940-“ Some New Developments in the Petroleum Industry,” by Mr. W. D. Williams. On 15th February-“Disinfectants,” by Mr. H. Berry. On 21st March-“ More Recent Investigations of the Organic Com-pounds of Gold,” by Professor C. S.Gibson, F.R.S. ; and on 18th April-“ Some Recent Developments in Micro-chemistry,” by Dr. Janet W. Matthews. Dr. N. hl. Cullinane presided at all four lectures. On each occasion there was a good attendance and the discussions proved of considerable interest. The sixth annual general meeting of the Section took place in the Philharmonic Hotel, St. Mary Street, Cardiff, on 16th May,- Dr. N. M. Cullinane in the Chair. The reports of the hon. secretary and treasurer were read and adopted. Mr. E. E. Ayling, District Member of Council, gave an account of his service on the Council. Subjects to be discussed at the annual conference of honorary secretaries were then considered. The retiring chairman, Dr.Cullinane, referred to the success achieved by the Section in maintaining its activities during a difficult period. The chairman and the hon. secretary were thanked for their services. A report on the collection in aid of the Benevolent Fund was given by Dr. D. P.Evans, who was responsible for its organisation. The following officers and committee were elected for 1941-42 : Chairman, Dr. J. H. Quastel, F.R.S.; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. J. F. J. Dippy; Committee, Mr. H. F. Adams, Dr. N. M. Cullinane, Dr. D. P. Evans, Mr. A. G. Fishburn, Mr. S. A. de Lacy and Mr. R. G. Minor. District Member of Council (ex-o$cio member of Committee), Mr. E. E. Ayling; Hon. Auditor, Mr. D. Hicks. 150 Dublin.-(See p. 166.) East Ang1ia.-The Third Annual General Meeting of the East Anglian Section was held at the Great White Horse Hotel, Ipswich, on 5th April,-Mr. W.Lincolne Sutton in the Chair. Reports of the Honorary Secretary and the Honorary Treasurer were received and adopted, and the Officers and Committee were re-elected for the ensuing year, except that Mr. R. L. Edwards was elected to fill a vacancy caused by the removal of Mr. G. C. Green from the district. The meeting was followed by a discussion on the Gas Identi- fication Service. The members present urged that all Gas Identification Officers should regularly receive technical bulletins, including the information supplied to other A.R.P. services relative to gas and chemical warfare. It was further agreed that it was essential for such officers to be supplied with authentic samples of gases.There was a strong desire for further co-ordination of the Gas Identification Service and for the appoint- ment of a special organisation for that purpose. East Midlands.-The Sixth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Bell Hotel, Leicester, on 10th April,- Mr. G. F. Hall in the Chair. The Officers and Committee for the coming year were elected as follows: Chairman, Mr. G. F. Hall: Committee (Derbyshire), Messrs. R. Davidson, C. W. North and G. E. Wilson; (Notting- hamshire) Dr. H. H. Barber and Messrs. E. M. Bavin and C. F. Ward; (Leicestershire) Messrs. S. W. Atherley and H. L. Long; (Loughborough) Dr. G. M. Dyson; (Lincolnshire) Mr.D. H. Campbell; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. J. Ratcliffe; Hon. Auditor, Mr. C. W. North. Mr. G. F. Hall then gave a lecture on “Flavines” (see p. 164). Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Since the last report from the Section a number of interesting and well attended meetings have been held. At the Annual General Meeting, held on 20th December, 1940, the office bearers were re-elected en bloc for a further period of one year. In December, 1940, Mr. W. A. Alexander, Member of Com- mittee, spoke on the subject “Problems of an Analyst”; in January a lecture was given by Prof. J. M. Gulland, entitled “Nucleic Acids”; and in February, Prof. H. W. Melville lectured on the subject “Some Problems of Macromolecular Chemistry.” 151 In May a successful informal social meeting was held, when skittle matches were played against members of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section, to which mem- bers of the Society of Dyers and Colourists were invited, was held at Field’s CafC, Huddersfield, on 3rd March. The Chair was taken by Dr. J. W. Whitaker, and Professor J. B. Speakman gave a lecture on “Alginate Fibres.” The lecture was followed by a good discussion. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Field’s CafC on 27th May,-Dr. J. W. Whitaker in the Chair. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer were read and adopted. Dr. H. H. Goldthorpe and Dr. W. R. H. Hurtley were elected to the vacancies on Committee, and Messrs.C. E. Randolph and H. S.Pink were elected Hon. Auditors. After a brief account of Institute activities had been given by Dr. H. H. Hodgson, the meeting proceeded to consider items suggested for discussion at the Hon. Secretaries’ Conference. The first item was that suggested by the Birmingham and Midlands Section urging the appointment of a representative Committee to consider the post-war policy of the Institute with particular reference to: (a) the reconstruction of the Council, (b) the holding of a triennial Congress, and (c) the possibility of union of chemical bodies. With regard to (a) the main feature of the discussion centred round the desirability of tht representation of Associates on the Council, and on this point opinion appeared to be divided about equally for and against.On the question of the holding of a Triennial Congress, the general opinion was that, while such functions are socially useful, they are expensive and of doubtful professional value. On the third item there was not much discussion, and, although the meeting appeared to be in agreement with the principle of union, no concrete suggestions were made. A discussion followed on the desirability of changes in the present methods of preliminary education of students in chemistry. The discussion covered a wide field, and the meeting was generally of the opinion that the present methods left a good deal to be desired, particularly in the secondary schools, where the standard attained on the manipulative side was poor.The 152 point was stressed that facilities for further education of assistants in industry were still inadequate and almost non-existent after reaching the age of 21. The strain of evening study was heavy, and even where one afternoon a week was allowed for daytime work this was not sufficient to allow of an honours degree standard to be reached except after a number of years. It was finally agreed that this item should be put forward for discussion at the Honorary Secretaries’ Conference, and it was arranged that the Chairman would deputise for the Secretary at the conference. A brief discussion followed on future activities of the Section, and it was agreed that, if conditions were suitable, meetings should be arranged in the early autumn.Leeds Area.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held in the University on zznd April. Dr. J. Colvin, President of the University Chemical Society, presided at the first part of the meeting, at which the following sound-films, dealing with petroleum production, were shown to a large and appreciative audience by courtesy of the Petroleum Films Bureau:--“The A.B.C. of Oil,” “Oil from the Earth,” “Distillation,” ‘‘Paraffin Young.” After an interval for refreshments, the Chair was taken by Professor F. M. Rowe, Chairman of the Section, and Mr. R. H. Morley, of Messrs. Technical Products, Ltd., gave a lecture on “Chemicals from Petroleum,” the discussion on which reflected the keen interest taken in the subject.Liverpool and North-Western.-A lunch-hour meeting of the Section was held at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool, on 13th February,-Mr. J. R. Stubbs in the Chair. A short talk on “The Chemist, the Engineer and Viscose Rayon” was given by Mr. E. Finklestone, of British Enka, Limited. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool, on 24th April,- Mr. J. R. Stubbs in the Chair. The business of the meeting was preceded by an address by the Chairman entitled: “The Profession-Some Observations sub Yosa.” 153 The following officers were elected for the Session 1941-42:- Chairman, Mr.H. Humphrey Jones; Vice-chairman, Mr. J. R. Stubbs; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. G. W. Beaumont. Dr. W. F. Higgins, Dr. R. A. Morton and Messrs. E. Finklestone and G. E. Knowles were elected to the Committee to replace Dr. H. Jasperson and Messrs. R. Crosbie-Oates and T. C. Williams, who retire in accordance with the section rules, and to fill one casual vacancy. Messrs. L. V. Cocks and B. D. W. Luff were re-elected Auditors; Dr. F. J. SmithandMr. E. Reidwere re-electedHonorary Secretary and Honorary Assistant Secretary, respectively. The resolution to be proposed at the Conference of Secretaries by the Birmingham and Midland Section was discussed. While some criticism was directed at details, there was support for the general principle, and the Secretary was instructed to support the resolution at the Conference.London and South-Eastern Counties.-Three lectures have been delivered before the Section this year and have been well attended. On 19th February, at the Institute, Dr. V. G. W. Harrison, F.Inst.P., Senior Physicist to the Printing and Allied Trades Research Association, spoke upon “Colour Printing,” and showed many exhibits demonstrating the processes employed. The second joint meeting with the London and Home Counties’ Branch of the Institute of Physics was held at the Royal Institu- tion on 19th March when Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., President, gave an address entitled “Infra-red Absorption and Molecular Structure.” “Chromatographic Analysis” was the subject of a lecture by Dr.A. H. Cook, of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, given at the Institute on 18th April. The discussion which followed emphasised the scope of this comparatively new technique. The Committee of the Section has met on two occasions recently. At the first meeting the programme of lectures for the session 1941-2 was discussed, but no arrangements for works visits were made, owing to the war. At the second meeting the Committee considered a resolution bearing upon the re-organisa- tion of the Council and the possibilities of unifying chemical bodies, which the Birmingham and Midland Section propose to place before the Conference of Hon. Secretaries in June. The 154 Committee decided upon an amendment to this resolution to put before the Conference, and appointed a sub-committee to in- vestigate the terms of the motion.As a war time experiment it was decided that the Summer Meeting should be held in June, jointly with the Institute of Physics, Home Counties’ Branch. Dr. D. A. Spencer, Fellow, lectured upon “Photography in Industry,” on 17th June, at 6 p.m., in the Lecture Hall of Messrs. Kodak, Ltd., The Works, Wealdstone, Harrow. New Zealand.-The Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Lecture Room of Otago University, Dunedin, on 24th January. A cable of greetings and good wishes was sent by the members to their British colleagues, together with similar messages from the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, which was holding its Conference in Dunedin at the same time.The Officers and Committee were elected for the ensuing year :-Chairman : Dr. R. 0. Page ; Secretary and Treasurer: Mr. Philip White; Auditor; Mr. T. A. Glendinning; Committee: Mr. F. W. Fielder, Mr. T. H. M. Combs, Dr. F. H. McDowall, Dr. H. 0.Askew, Dr. R. Gardner, Dr. G. M. Moir, andMr. M. L. H. Stewart. In the unavoidable absence of Dr. R. 0. Page, Chairman of the Section, his address on “The Training of the Industrial Chemist” was read by the Honorary Secretary. A discussion followed, and an address was given by Dr. R. Gardner, President of the New Zealand Institute, entitled “New Industries in New Zealand.” The members of both Institutes visited the Research Labora- tories of the Wool Research Association, as well as the plants of Messrs. Cadbury, Fry and Hudson, the Millburn Cement Co., and the Dunedin Engineering and Steel Co.The Conference concluded with a discussion on the war effort of New Zealand chemists. South Wales.-The Twenty-third Annual General Meeting was held on 8th May, at the Mackworth Hotel, Swansea,-Mr. J. Christie presiding. The Annual Report of the Committee and the Financial Statement were received and adopted. Despite the difficulties of the present times, members had been able to attend a full and varied programme of meetings. Two business meetings and two 155 lectures were arranged by the Section and a joint meeting was held with the Chemical Society. In addition, members were invited to attend three meetings arranged by the Chemical Society and one arranged by the Society of Chemical Industry.Mr. S.B. Watkins, immediate-past District Member of Council, spoke briefly of various Council activities and was thanked by the Chairman on behalf of the Section for his services during his term of office. The Officers and Members of the Committee for the ensuing session were elected, as follows :-Chairman: Mr. R. H. Jones; Honorary Secretary: Mr. E. E. Ayling; Committee: Mr. T. Hedley Barry, Mr. J. Christie, Professor J. E. Coates, Dr. L. E. Hinkel, Mr. E. Thornton and Mr. F. G. Willson. Messrs. J. W. Adye and C. R. N.Strouts were re-elected Honorary Auditors. On the proposition of the newly elected Chairman, a vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Chairman, Mr.J. Christie, who was the first Chairman of the Section in 1918, and who had again accepted office for the session during which the “Coming of Age” of the Section was celebrated. The President’s letter of appeal on behalf of the Benevolent Fund was read, and it was decided that the Committee should appoint a member to be specially in charge of the interests of the Fund. The meeting then considered a memorandum from the Birm- ingham and Midlands Section, which embodied a proposal to be submitted to the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Sections. It was decided that the memorandum should be retained for future discussion when further details on some points would be available, and that the representative of the Section at the Conference should voice approval of the general terms of the proposal and outline the views of the Section on the suggested terms of reference.South Yorkshire.-A joint meeting with Fellows of the Chemical Society, postponed from zIst January, was held on 8th February at Sheffield University, when Prof. R. D. Haworth presented a paper on “Resins.” Following a very successful meeting in December, 1940,a further joint meeting with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association was held at the latter’s premises on 15th March, when Mr. E. J. Vaughan presented a paper on “Modern Methods of Metallurgical Analysis.” 166 Mr. Vaughan’s paper is to be published separately as a monograph.A joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 25th March at Rotherham Technical College, when Dr. A. W. Chapman gave a talk on “Some Aspects of Boiler Water Treatment.” On aand April, at a meeting in Sheffield, short papers were read as follows:-by Mr. C. E. Spooner on “A New Rapid Method for the Ultimate Analysis of Coals”; by Mr. J. L. West on “The Determination of Silver in Steels of the 18 per cent. Chromium, 8 per cent. Nickel Type”; by Mr. A. H. Dodd on “Coal Tar Spirits as Possible Motor Fuels.” The meeting was concluded by a brief talk on “Sheffield and the Chemist,” by Mr. B. W. Methley, chairman of the Section. The meetings were well attended and the papers aroused interesting discussions.On 6th May, the Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Technical College, Rotherham. The year’s activities were reviewed and the Treasurer’s and Auditor‘s reports were received. The Officers for 1941-42were elected as follows :-Chairman, Mr. B. W. Methley; Vice-Chairmen, Mr. A. H. Dodd and Dr. E. Gregory (Member of Council): Hon. Treasurer, Mr. W. W. Stevenson; Hon. Auditor, Dr. A. W. Chapman; Hon. Secretary, Mr. G. Parkin. The Section Committee includes-Mr. W. F. Andrews, Mr. R. Belcher, Mr. S. D. Carson, Prof. R. D. Haworth, Dr. G. Lawton, Mr. P. Lord, Dr. R. A. Mott, Mr. G. E. Speight and Mr. E. J. Vaughan. The Chairman spoke on the activities of the Section, and mentioned the effects of war conditions which made participation by many local members difficult.Much excellent work was being done by the Institute for the war effort, and the mainten- ance of local activity was of first importance. It was hoped that the success of the past year would be repeated and perhaps be increased. The Section Committee met frequently during the year and addressed a letter to the South Yorkshire members asking their support for the Chemical Council Scheme and the Institute Benevolent Fund. It is hoped to arrange at least one summer excursion, and consideration has already been given to proposed meetings for the autumn session. 157 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES. Soil Fertility-Its Measurement on a Large Scale By R. A. HAMILTON,BSc., B.Agr., Univ.Dip.Agri.(Cantab), A.I.C.T.A.[Belfast and District Section, on 6th March, 1941.1 The soil chemist engaged on advisory work on an extensive scale is obliged to take cognizance of the six principal factors conditioning soil fertility, viz., (I)soil moisture, (2)soil nutrients, (3) soil air, (4) soil temperature, (5) root space, (6) injurious substances. All of these factors must be taken into consideration when advising suitable measures for maintaining or increasing soil fertility, Hence it is of fundamental importance that concise and accurate field notes should be made by the person responsible for sampling the soil for laboratory examination. Such notes should include particulars of the geology, elevation, aspect, drain- age, topography, vegetation and, so far as is practicable, of the soil profile.It is furthermore essential to have particulars of past husbandry and of the intended future use of the land. When the time comes for framing practical recommendations based on the field work and on the results of the laboratory examination, it is necessary to take into account prevailing local agricultural conditions. In the laboratory, mechanical analyses are frequently under- taken in order to define the texture class of the soil according to the proportions of sand, silt and clay or soil colloids present. For extensive work the Bouyoucos hydrometer method has proved extremely useful in this connexion and may be used to replace more laborious methods. Efficient mechanical dis-persion is essential to the success of the method. Provided this is secured by a satisfactory mechanical disperser, adequate mechanical analyses may be carried out with ease and speed.One of the most useful and accurate laboratory soil deter-minations is that of “lime requirement.” It is the practice in this laboratory* to regard soils whose pH is greater than 6.0 as not requiring lime except for crops such as barley. The @H *The Department of Agricultural Chemistry, at Queen’s University. 158 measurements are performed electrometrically, using a glass electrode and cross-checking by the quinhydrone electrode. Soils whose +H fall below 6.0 are further examined to deter- mine their “lime requirement ’’ by adding successive amounts of standard calcium sucrate solution to portions of the soil, shaking overnight and preparing buffer curves from subsequent pH determinations on the several mixtures.The lime required to bring the soil to +H 6.0 is adopted as the “lime requirement” in most cases. Such potentiometer titration methods provide considerably more information than older routine methods such as the Hutchinson-McClennan method, and are more easily carried out with accuracy. The most generally satisfactory chemical method for assessing available soil P,O, is probably the original Dyer method of extraction with citric acid; but unfortunately the rate at which such analyses can be carried out accurately is a serious limitation to its practical usefulness. The Egnh method of extraction with calcium lactate-HC1 buffer, followed by colorimetric estima- tion of the P,O, in the extract using the Spekker photoelectric absorptiometer, has proved to be an extremely useful substitute for Dyer’s method.Large numbers of estimations can be made with great rapidity by EgnCr’s method, which at the same time is free from the objections to many of the so-called “rapid field tests” which have been tried out in recent years. The estimation of “available” or exchangeable K,O is a matter of considerable importance at the present time, especially to the flax grower, The classical chemical methods are well-nigh useless for extensive advisory work on account of their lengthy nature, while various colorimetric and other rapid methods have been found in this laboratory to have a limited applicability.Fortunately during the past few years the Macaulay Institute of Soil Research has applied spectrographic methods to problems of soil analysis with conspicuous success, and some of their methods have now been adopted in this laboratory, more especially in connexion with the determination of available soil potash. The technique consists in determining the potash in acetic acid extracts of soil by the Lundegardh flame spectra technique, using a Hilger medium quartz spectrograph and microphotometer. By these means two trained assistants can perform some 50 to 60 analyses in duplicate each day with an accuracy of 15 per cent. The spectrograms also provide permanent records of several other soil constituents.The spectrograph also offers a 159 practical approach to the many soil fertility problems bound up with the rather mis-named “minor nutrient” elements, many of which can be determined by the flame or arc technique. The data from the field survey of the soil and the laboratory examination by the above methods are summarised on field record cards, which also provide the farmer with the chemist’s verdict on his soil, in terms intelligible to the layman, together with advice as to the most suitable manurial treatment for future crops.It is only by systematic survey and analysis on a large scale that any comprehensive view of the state of fertility over any significant area can be attained in a reasonable time.Significant data have already been secured with regard to the lime and phosphate status of the soils of Northern Ireland, and it is already possible in a general way to correlate fertility with geology, prevailing local efficiency of farming and other factors. Of more immediate interest is the practical possibility of giving individual advice on manuring with some degree of confidence, obviously a matter of considerable national im-portance at the present time. It may be of interest to chemists engaged in this type of work to know that soils from approximately 300 fields are being examined in this laboratory each week by the foregoing methods. Colour Printing By Dr. V. G. W. HARRISON,F.Inst.P., A.R.P.S., Senior Physicist to Printing and Allied Trades Research Association [London and South Eastern Counties’ Section, on 19th February, 1941.1 The essential feature of a print is that it is obtained by applying ink to paper through the medium of a surface which accepts or rejects ink according to a definite design.The first printing blocks were cut by hand from wood, but these are now largely replaced by metal blocks reproduced from black and white drawings by photomechanical means. Any coloured ink may be used, but with only one block the effects are limited to monochrome. To produce a colour print, two or more blocks are necessary, one for each colour. Thus for a print in red, green, blue and black, four blocks are required and the paper has to pass through 160 the press four times before the print is complete.The blocks have to be designed so that all the parts fit into place without overlapping or leaving blank paper: this is usually done from a master drawing which serves as a “key.” Tracings or transfers are made from this and laid on the blocks; the parts which it is desired shall not print are then etched or cut away, the rest of the design being protected by a varnish applied locally by hand. In some cases the separations could be made photographically, if the original line drawing was prepared with coloured inks. Additional colours can be obtained by overlapping or double printing. In this way two blocks may be made to give a possible three colours, three blocks seven colours, and four blocks a possible fifteen, though not all of these may be suitable for any given design.In all cases, however, only a strictly limited number of colours can be obtained and continuous tone gradations are impossible. In lithography, continuous tone gradations are obtained by the method of “chalking.” In the half-tone process a continuous tone image is broken up into dots of varying sizes spaced at anything between fifty and two hundred to the inch. By super- imposing half-tone images in colour, various colour effects can be obtained by mixture, continuous gradations of both tone and hue being possible. Most colours met with in nature can be “resolved ” into three “primary colours ”-red, green and blue-violet.This fact is utilised in the three-colour process of reproduction. Photographs of a coloured original are made with red, green and blue-violet filters over the lens, and from the corresponding negatives three blocks are prepared and printed with green-blue, magenta and yellow inks, colours complementary to those of the taking filters. The combined print is a close reproduction of the original, although, on account of imperfections in the filters and inks, certain errors in re-production occur which have to be corrected by hand retouch- ing on the blocks. Originals containing dark colours are reproduced more faithfully by a four-colour process, in which a black printer is added, the purpose of which is to reinforce the dark tones.Though the three- and four-colour processes sufice for the rendering of most colours, there are still some which cannot be so reproduced, as, for example, bright blue-greens. If large areas of these occur, an additional printing in the special colour is usually necessary. Theoretically, almost perfect re-production could be obtained by a five- or six-colour process, 161 but the additional technical difficulties so introduced more than offset any improvement in colour rendering, so that the three- and four-colour processes are likely to remain the foundation of colour printing. Colour printing is still far from being an automatic process in which certain instructions have merely to be followed in order to obtain a perfect reproduction of a coloured original.The skill and experience of the craftsman are still essential. The three- and four-processes will probably be improved so as to give, by automatic means, sufficiently good reproduction for most commercial purposes, leaving the artist-craftsman free to devote his time to the production of colour printing of the highest quality. Landmarks in Chemotherapy [The 49th Bedson Lecture was delivered by Professor C. H. Browning, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne, on March IIth, 1941.1 The first great advance in the search for synthetic compounds with curative action in infections due to trypanosomes, spiro- chaetes, malarial parasites and bacteria was the discovery of trypan red, with whichEhrlichand Shiga (1904)cured an otherwise fatal infection due to certain trypanosomes in mice.It had the disadvantage of staining the body tissues and was of little practical value; but it led to Bayer-205, a colourless symmetric- ally substituted urea derivative. In the case of the latter the ratio of the maximum tolerated to the minimum curative dose is very large; any change, however slight, in its molecular structure causes a great diminution in its activity. It is the most effective drug for the cure of the African forms of human trypanosomiasis, provided that treatment is begun early. About the same time as the discovery of trypan red, the organic arsenical atoxylwas shown by Thomas at Liverpool to be active against trypanosomes in vivo.Although inactive ilz vitro, it becomes active in the test tube on reduction to the trivalent arsenic state. Therefore it seems that the drug is reduced in the body or even inside the trypanosome itself. The outcome of the investigation of arsenicals in Ehrlich’s laboratory was salvarsan and its derivative neosalvarsan. The latter, especially from convenience in use, has come to be the most important drug in the treatment of syphilis. Ehrlich and Guttmann in 1891 found methylene blue to be active in the 162 quartan variety malaria. In 1926 Roehl showed that a quinoline derivative, plasmoquine, was effective and especially that it destroyed the sexual stage or crescent of the tropical variety, which is resistant to other drugs.Schulemann (1932) introduced atebrin, an acridine derivative which, like quinine, acts on the asexual stage. It is noteworthy that both these synthetic anti-malarial drugs possess the same side-chain-NH.CH(CH,).(CH,),.N(C,H,),, although they differ in the stage of the parasite which is attacked. Scientific attempts to destroy bacteria in the tissues date from 1867, when Lister experimented with some success on the use of crude carbolic acid in the treatment of compound fractures. This was an example of the application of a “surface” antiseptic which could be brought into intimate contact with an infected site. Up to about 1914 it was believed that an antiseptic must be a general protoplasm poison, harmful alike to the bacteria and the infected host.But this idea was disproved by observations with the newer antiseptics, such as acriflavine and proflavine. An example is afforded by Blake’s experiments on trout ova infected with €3. salmonicida; although carbolic acid is almost equally toxic to both, a concentration of I: 2000 acri-flavine will kill the bacteria without appreciably damaging the ova. Experimental streptococcal infections have also been successfully treated with acriflavine as well as with certain quino- line compounds of the Schiff’s base type (anils), the method being to inject the organisms into the abdominal cavity and then after an interval to follow up with a solution of the drug. Such antiseptics are valuable for the prevention and treatment of local infections of wounds.As regards the treatment of general bacterial infections, in 1911 Morgenroth and Levy showed ethylhydrocupreine (optoquine) to be active against experimental pneumococcal infection in mice ;this observation was of scientific interest only. The first compounds of practical value were the azo dyes derived from p-aminobenzenesulphonamide, used by Domagk, such as “prontosil soluble.” Trefouel et al. showed that it is the sulphonamide part of the molecule which is effective and that the removal of the part linked by the azo grouping does not cause loss of activity. Sulphanilamide itself is fairly soluble and rapidly absorbed and excreted. Analogues, such as sulphapyridine, which have proved very useful clinically, are much less soluble and more slowly absorbed, so tending to maintain a more continuous action.Compounds of this class 163 which are effective against streptococci in experimental infections, may fail with staphylococci. While these drugs have revolu- tionised the treatment of meningococcal meningitis and gono- coccal infections and have profoundly modified the course of pneumonia, they appear to have little effect on some other infections, e.g. tuberculosis. Infra-red Absorption in Relation to Chemical Constitution By J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., DSc., President [London and South-Eastern Counties’ Section, on 19th March, 1941.1 Study of infra-red spectra leads to much information con-cerning molecular structure and dimensions.The infra-red spectra are capable of comparatively simple interpretation as they are largely concerned with molecular vibrations and rotations (vibration-rotation spectra, 2 to 22p; pure rotation bands, 22 to zoop, ~p = ~o-~mrn.),whereas in the visible and near infra-red (0.4 to zp) and in the ultra-violet (<0.4~)regions electronic transitions are also concerned. It has been found possible to interpret the spectra of simple molecules in a fundamental manner. If a molecule is vibrating and rotating simultaneously then the simple vibration spectrum becomes much more complex. Bjerrum utilised these vibration- rotation bands to calculate the moment of inertia of the HC1 molecule and thence the atomic separation from the 1.76~ doublet band (under poor resolution; Av v I/.rr2/kT/I, where k is Boltzmann’s constant and I is the moment of inertia).More recently it has been shown that this doublet can be resolved into a complex system of rotation bands, the energy of any rotational level being given by where n and j are the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers. The frequency separation of the individual rotation bands is h/4n21, and this serves to give a very accurate value for I. DCl gives more closely spaced rotation bands, while the whole band system is shifted to a lower frequency region. D3Tl and D3’Cl give slightly different rotation bands and from these an estimate of the relative proportions of the chlorine isotopes can be made. Once the laws governing the production of the band systems for various molecular types (e.g.HCI, a linear molecule, or NH,, a symmetrical top) have been mastered, a cursory examination of the bands of a molecule such as HCN suffices to show that this molecule is indeed linear. The spectrum of NH, (or ND,) indicates that the molecule is pyramidal, with N at the apex at a distance 0.36A. from the base (NH and ND 1.02A.). It is but 35 years since Coblentz carried out his classic work in the infra-red, when he mapped the spectra of a great many organic substances. He found that compounds containing CH linkages always had a strong absorption band close to 3.4~. Allocation of characteristic frequencies to various groups in complex molecules is valuable when complete analysis is im- possible,' In dilute solution hydroxylic bodies such as alcohols, phenols, and carboxylic acids have a band near 2.75,~~,but on association this OH frequency is reduced and a displaced, frequently much distorted, band results.An examination of salicyl aldehyde solution discloses no band attributable to free OH, and here intramolecular association is complete. Methoxybenzoic acids show an interesting case of intramolecular association between the carboxylic OH and the oxygen of the methoxy group. With phenol or benzyl alcohol at low con-centrations the association band is absent but grows rapidly as the concentration increases. Measurement of these bands gives information regarding the nature of the molecular interactions and also some idea of the relative proportions of different mole- cular aggregates present at a particular concentration. The Flavines BY G.F. HALL,M.B.E., B.Sc., F.I.C. [East Midlands Section, on 10th April, 1941.1 The word flavine is open to criticism since it is the name given to diaminobenzophenone, to a colouring matter extractable from quercitron bark, to acriflavine and to euflavine. In the plural, however, the word is generally used to indicate the group of compounds acriflavine, euflavine and proflavine which were formerly regarded as being derivatives of 3 : 6-diamino-acridine, 165 but are now, owing to the adoption of a different system of nomenclature, described as being derivatives of 2 : 8-diamino-acridine.Hale White describes acriflavine as being “therapeutically perhaps the best antiseptic.” In this respect the value of these compounds is firmly established. The use of dyes in differential staining suggested to Ehrlich that it should be possible to prepare chemical compounds which were lethal to parasites causing disease, and which would not affect the cells of the host. He investigated, therefore, the effect of a large number of dyes on trypanosome-infected animals, and acridine yellow, dimethyl-diamino-acridine, was found to have marked therapeutic activity. By modifications in the chemical structure, improvements in the therapeutic action were obtained, and the flavines came into being as a result of the work of Benda at Frankfort in 1912.In 1914, Browning and his colleagues extended the uses of these compounds as general antiseptics. The parent substance 2 : 8-diamino-acridine may be prepared by condensing aniline and formaldehyde to produce 4 :+’-diamino-diphenylmethane, and this is then nitrated to give the z : 2’-dinitro-derivative. On reduction with tin and hydrochloric acid the tetra-amino-compound is produced, and this is autoclaved producing 2 : 8-diamino-acridine. The sulphate of this base is proflavine. If the amino groups are protected by acetylation, and the product is methylated, subsequent hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid gives acriflavine. Euflavine may be prepared from acriflavine by neutralisation and precipitation with sodium chloride. The bactericidal properties have been dealt with by Browning.He has called attention to the fact that the anti-bacterial properties of the flavines, unlike those of many antiseptics, including mercuric compounds and chlorine derivatives, are not reduced by serum; also, that the flavines, unlike many anti- septics, inhibit streptococci in a concentration lower than that damaging to the tissues (B.M.J., 1934, 579). The flavines are used in a variety of medicinal preparations; eufiavine is always used in intravenous injections because of its lower acidity; proflavine is specially indicated in ophthalmic surgery. Recent developments include the use of buffered isotonic proflavine solutions in brain surgery. Formerly the quality of these compounds was usually deter- mined by an analysis involving estimations of nitrogen, and 166 either chloride or sulphate with tests for freedom from insoluble impurities and from excess of inorganic salts.The nitrogen assay does not necessarily give a true indication of the quality, as it gives no indication of possible nitrogenous impurities present either from the time of manufacture or produced as a result of decomposition afterwards. Determination by the diazotisation method of Udall (Analyst, 1932, 57, 297) is impossible of application, but the ferricyanide method (Powell and Hall, Q. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1g33,6, 389) has been adopted by the British Pharmaceutical Codex. Marshall (Q. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1934, 7, 514) has shown that acriflavine is not merely the hydrochloride of 2 : 8-diamino-10-methylacridiniumchloride as had first been supposed, but a mixture of this compound with the hydrochloride of 2 :8-diamino-acridine, and Gailliot (Q.J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1934, 7, 63), who has noticed variations in solubility of samples of acriflavine has come to the same conclusion. The estimation of the two constituents is of some importance, particularly because of solubility effects, and estimation of the methyl radical by the method of Herzig and Meyer (Monatsh. fur. Chemie, 1894, 15, 613) has been attempted. Separation by silver oxide (Gailliot, loc. cit.), a volumetric method (Hall and Powell, Q. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1934, 7, 522, and 1936, 9, ~IO),and electrometric and colorimetric titration methods (Reimers, Q.J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1935, 8, 218) have been proposed and criticised. -Local Sections-continued. Dublin.-Members of the Section visited the Seed Testing Station of the Department of Agriculture on 26th March, when Dr. H. Lafferty explained the nature of the work carried out at the station and its beneficial effect on the quality of seed sold in Ireland. The Abert Farm, Glasnevin, was visited on 21st May. Pro-fessor J. P. Drew conducted the party round the laboratories and farm, where there was much to interest the members, who were also entertained to tea. 167 Examinations: April, 1941. Abstract of the Report cf the Board of Examiners. 23rd April, 1941 Examinations were held as under :-For the Associateship in General Chemktry- Entered.Passed. At the Institute, in the laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, and of the University of Manchester, theoretical papers being also taken at a number of local centres. Theoretical-Friday and Saturday, 4th and 5th April.Practical-Monday to Thursday, 7th-10th April 45 20 For the Fellowship- Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry, with special re-ference to the analysis of metals ferrous and non-ferrous. Under the auspices of Professor C. W. Dannatt, of the Royal School of Mines.-Monday to Friday, 31st March to 4th April .. *. .. .. 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry. At the Institute and at Battersea Polytechnic,-Monday, 31st March, to Friday, 4th April ..*. 1 1 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. At the Institute and in the laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, -Friday and Saturday, 4th and 5th April, Monday to Thursday, 7th to 10th April .. 6 2 Branch (7. Industrial Chemistry, with special re-ference to Paper Technology .. .. 1 -1 -54 25 The following exercises were given:- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. FRIDAY, 4th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Uive jormulce and equations where possible.) 1. Give a general account of the methods which are available for the 2. Define the term “heat of reaction.” determination of atomic weights.168 Describe one form of calorimeter designed to measure heats of re-action accurately and explain how it is operated.Discuss the use in physicochemical theory of measurements of heats of reaction. 3. Describe and account for the principal features of the chemistry of nitric oxide and the nitrosyl radical. 4. Deduce the formula for the hydrolysis constant of a salt formed from a weak acid and a weak base. Calculate the degree of hydrolysis and the pH at N/100 concentration of a salt BA, given that for the acid HA, Ka = 1.5 x and for the base BOH, ~b = 2.0 x 10-7, K~ = 10-14. 5. Elucidate points of interest in connection with FIVE of the follow- ing :-mercurous chloride, graphite, ceric sulphate, osmium tetroxide, diammino platinous chloride, arsine, titanous chloride.6. Write an essay on EITHER (a) The colloidal state, OR (b) The vapour pressure of pure substances. 7. Discuss EITHER Chemistry in Dalton’s time, OR Advances in chemical science associated with the names of Bunsen and Kirchhoff. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give fomulce and equations where possible.) 1. What methods have been proposed for the classification of the elements? Describe in detail the one which you consider has led to the greatest advancement of chemical knowledge and state your reasons for this opinion. 2. Give an account of the theory of indicators. 3. Comment on features of note amongst the oxides and oxyacids of the halogens. 4.Write an essay on EITHER (a) The liquefaction of gases, OR (b) The appli&tions of X rays in the study of inorganic sub- stances. 5. Describe the chemical characteristics of boron and its compounds. Discuss the relationship of this element to (a)aluminium, (b) silicon. 6. Define precisely what is meant by the AFFINITY of a chemical change. Give TWO methods which are used to determine the affinity of a chemical change and in ONE case derive the formula you use. 7. Discuss EITHER (a) The use of potassium iodate and of potassium bromate in (b) The factors affecting the physical character of a precipitate.volumetric analysis, OR Show how these factors are taken into consideration in methods of precipitation for gravimetric purposes.SATURDAY, 5th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1p.m. ((AnswerFOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Outline the methods by which SIX of the following compounds are prepared industrially :- 160 (a)urea: (b) oxalic acid; (c) chloroform; (d) anthraquinone; (e) p-nitraniline; (f)benzidine ; (9) a-naphthylamine; (h)hydroquinone. 2. Describe the preparation of a typical Grignard reagent. Give examples illustrating the use of Grignard reagents in synthesis. 3. Give an account of the uses of the following reagents in organic chemistry :-(a) metallic nickel, (b) thoria, (c) selenium, (d) selenium dioxide.4. Give the evidence, analytical as well as synthetical, on which the structure of ONE of the following compounds is based:-(a) a-terpheol, (b)papaverine, (c) nicotine. 5. Write a short account of the chemistry of quinoline and {SO-quinoline. 6. Give examples to illustrate the uses of the more commonly em- ployed methods of oxidation in organic chemistry. 7. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a)Stereoisomerism in nitrogen compounds; (b) Free radicals; (c)Some applications of the electronic theory of valency to organic reactions. iMONDAY, 7th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. Identify compounds (A)and (B). (A)=methylaniline hydrochloride or dimethylaniline hydrochloride ;(B)= o-chlorophenol or p-chlorophenol. TUESDAY, 8th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Identify the two components of (C) and state the approximate pro- portions in which they are present. (0)= toluene (4)+ p-bromoaniline (I), or chlorobenzene (4)+ a-naph-thylamme (1)). WEDNESDAY, 9th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (D)is a mixture of ferrous and ferric sulphates dis- solved in dilute sulphuric acid. Determine the weights of Fe(ous), Fe(ic) and SO, in 1 litre of (D). An approximately decinormal solution of potassium dichromate is provided. 2. Identify the substances (E)and (3'). ((E)= cryolite; (B)= finely divided bone charcoal. THURSDAY, 10th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Using the adsorption indicators available, determine the weights of sodium chloride and sodium iodide in 100grams of the solid (a)provided.Standard 0.1 N silver nitrate is provided.Comment critically on the use of these indicators for the above deter- mination. 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the substance (H)which contains six radicals. (H)= ZnFa + NH, Br + Also,+ AlPO,, w Z%(POd), + Zfis + MgBdO, + A2039 cW MgdPOda + ZnF, + NH4Br. 170 Examinations for the Fellowship. Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to the Analysis of Metals. MONDAY, 31st MARCH, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted. Answer briejy and to the point.) 1. Write a short essay on ONE of the following:- (a) Industrial electrolysis; (b) Radioactive elements; (c) The corrosion of metallic surfaces. 2. Discuss modern views on the structure of potassium ferrocyanide, potassium ferricyanide and prussian blue.3. Describe two modern methods for the determination of atomic weights. 4. Write a short essay on the rare earth elements. 6. Compare and contrast the chemical properties of ONE of the following series :-(a) Aluminium, boron and silicon; (b) Cadmium, mercury and zinc; (c) Chromium, molybdenum and vanadium. 6. Give a brief account of the chemistry of either (a) Fluorine, OT (b) Germanium. 7. What are intermetallic compounds? What views are held as to their constitution ? 8. Describe, briefly, the preparation and properties of persulphuric and perchromic acids. Discuss the evidence on which the formulae of these compounds are based.2 to 5 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted. Answer brieJty and to the point.) 1. How would you carry out the following determinations? (a) Selenium in refined copper; (b) Tellurium in metallic lead; (c) Phosphorus in phosphor-tin. 2. Discuss, critically, the application of the spectrograph to metal 3. Outline schemes suitable for the complete analysis of TWO of the analysis. following:-(a) a magnesium-base alloy, such as elektron; (b) an aluminium-silicon alloy, such as alpax; (c) duralumin. 4. Write a short essay on the use of oxidation and reduction indica- 5. Give a brief description of the methods available for the deter- 6. How would you proceed to make an accurate and complete 7.Give an outline of the methods available for the separation and tors in metallurgical analysis. mination of aluminium, molybdenum and nitrogen in steels. analysis of a sample of refined tin? 171 determination of either (a) the rare earth metals, or (b) the metals of the platinum group. 8. Write a short essay on the application of electrometric titration to metallurgical analysis. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 1st to 4th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. As far as. time permits, make complete analyses of the given samples:- (a) Chrome-vanadium steel. (b) Aluminium alloy. (c) Tin-base white metal. (d) Copper ore. Branch C: Organic Chemistry. XONDAY, 31st MARCH, 9.30 a.m.to 12.30 p.m. (Answer TAREE questions.) 1. Give an account of catalytic processes in organic chemistry which involve the use of the following metals :-Nickel, copper, silver, platinum, palladium. 2. Give an account of the Friedel-Crafts synthesis and of its late developments. 3. By means of equations and short notes illustrate the uses of the following reagents for synthetical purposes :-(a) Acetoacetic ester, (b)acetylene, (c) the Grignard reagents. 4. By means of suitable examples illustrate the uses of the following reagents in organic chemistry:- (a)phenylhydrazine;(b) phenylisocyanate;(c) p-toluenesulphonic chloride; (d) diazomethane; (e) dilute caustic soda. By means of equations indicate the methods of preparation of reagents (a)-(d).MONDAY, 31st MARCH, 1.30 to 4.30 p.m. (Answer THREE questions.) 1. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a)the stereochemistry of nitrogen;(b) the structure and reactions of diazo-compounds ; (c) optical activity in (i) diphenyl derivatives and (ii) allene derivatives. 2. Give an account of the evidence on which the structure of ONB of the following compounds is based:- (a)indigo;(b) atropine;(c) piperine. 3. Outline present day views on the structures of glucose end fructose. 4. Give a short account of the chemistry of:- (a)camphor OT (b)5. Outline the methods of preparation and uses of some organic a-terpineol and carvone. compounds which are employed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of metals.172 TUESDAY, 1st APRIL, 9.30a.m. to 4.30p.m. (A)is a mixture of THREE compounds; you are required:-(i) to isolate each of them in a pure condition; (ii) to identify each; (iii) to prepare two crystalline derivatives of each; (iv) to state the approximate composition of (A). ((A)= toluene 7oy0,p-toluidine 15%, and phenol 15%). This exercise may be completed to-morrow. WEDNESDAY to PRIDAY, 2nd to 4th APRIL, 9.30 a.m. to 4.30 pm.each clay. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. From the benzaldehyde supplied prepare pure specimens of the following derivatives :-(i) benzoic acid; (ii) benzyl alcohol; (iii) benzyl hydrogen phthalate; (iv) benzylidene chloride ; (v) benzoin; (vi) benzil; (vii) mandelic acid; (viii) cinnamic acid; (ix)benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone; (x)benzylidene aniline.The m.p. or b.p. to be recorded on each specimen. Branch E:The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of’Water. FRIDAY, 4th APRIL, 10 to 11.30a.m. (THREEquestions should be answered) 1. In what circumstances, and how may proceedings under the Food and Drugs Act be taken against the manufacturer of an adulterated sample instead of againet the retailer P 2. Describe a procedure suitable for the bacteriological examination of drinking water. Note the ingredients of any special culture media to be used. 3. How is “processed” cheese made? How does its composition differ from that of ordinary cheese.What standards would you apply to it and what tests ? 4. How would you analyse a sample of malted milk with the view to determining its ingredients and genuineness ? PRIDAY, 4th APRIL, 11.30 a.m. to 1 pm. (THREEquestions only to be answered.) 1. Discuss the methods used for the comparison of the efficiency of bactericides. Compare, from that point of view, the following sub- stances:-acriilavine, mercuric chloride, parachlorometacresol, Dakin’s solution. 2. Describe the analytical procedures necessary in the investigation of a case of suspected acute arsenical poisoning. 173 3. Classify. the laxatives and purgatives on the basis of their modes of action. Write short notes on the following:-(a) senna, (b) aloes, (c) sodium sulphate, (d) phenolphthalein, giving references to preparations of the British Pharmacopceia.4. Compare the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of (a) opium, (b) morphine hydrochloride, (c) diamorphhe hydrochloride. State the position of each of these drugs in relation to the law and regula-tions governing the supply and storage of poisons and dangerous drugs. FRIDAY, 4th APRIL, 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEqwtwns should be ansurered.) 1. Describe chemical methods for the estimation of vitamins B, C and E, noting the underlying principles. In what foods would you expect to find these substances ? 2. Give a critical survey of methods proposed for the examination of a milk showing a small deficiency in non-fatty solids.What circum-stances would be likely to produce such e result ? 3. Discuss the use of (a)saccharin and (b)saponins in foodstuffs. How is (a)determined quantitatively and (a) qualitatively? 4. Write an essay on the methods and effects.of gas storage of food- stuffs. 5. What are the causes and products of rancidity in fatty foods; how is it detected, accelerated and retarded? 6. Discuss the composition, storage and testing of eggs. SATURDAY, 5th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the stomach contents (A) for a vegetable poison. (Minced belladonna leaves.) 2. Determine the reducing sugar in the urine (B)and the urea in the urine (C). 3. Identify by microscopical examination the vegetable powders (D),(E), (F), (G).[(D) = ipecacuanha; (E) = rhubarb; (F)= fennel;(G) = clove stalk.] MONDAY, 7th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine and report upon the baking powder (H). TUESDAY, 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the preservatives and ascorbic acid present in the 2. Report upon the small sample of raspberry jam (J). (Full Fruit grape fruit juice (I). Standard.) WEDNESDAY, 9th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. The dried milk (K) is submitted as full cream milk powder. Draw up a formal certificate upon it. THURSDAY, 10th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine and report upon the efficacy of the bleach ointment (L). 2. Report upon the sample of flour (M) which is thought to contain one of the war gases. 174 Branch 0:Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to PaperTechnology.MONDAY, 21st APRIL,10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. What is meant by “Air Conditioning”? Select some instance where air conditioning is essential, ’and describe the object to be attained, the plant involved and the method of control employed. 2. Which varieties of nitrated cellulose are in common use and for what purposes are they employed? Describe one commercial method for nitrating cellulose, illustrating your answer by means of a diagrammatic sketch. What precautions must be observed to safeguard the workers engaged in this operation ? 3. Give an account of recent developments in the uses of alloy steels for chemical plant. 4. It is desired to check carefully the operation of a boiler plant of steaming capacity 30,000 lbs. per hour, equipped with economisers and superheaters.Write a short report suitable for the guidance of a board of directors, indicating the instruments you would propose to instal and the purpose of each. . 5. Write a brief essay on “Factory Effluents and their Treatment,” selecting a typical example from your experience. 6. What different types of cell are used in the electrolytic production of caustic soda and chlorine from common salt ? Describe with sketches any cell used for this purpose, stating the materials from which each part is constructed. Discuss briefly the merits and disadvantages of each type of cell you mention. 7. Discus8 the methods which are available for drying substances which are sensitive to heat.2 to 5 p.m. 1. Give your reasons for the possible presence of “pitch” in certain grades of wood pulp; give its approximate composition, and state how you would deal with the impurity to minimise its effect on the machine wire and furnishes of paper. 2. Write a concise essay on the constitution of a “Normal cellulose” as brought out by recent investigations, more especially with regard to the configuration of the cellulose molecule. 3. There are two well known quantitative methods of determining lignone; describe these methods and state in your answer the proof of definite groupings in the lignone complex. 4. What type of furnish would you use for the manufacture of high grade cable papers. State, also, what tests should be employed to fulfil the exacting requirements in such a type of paper.5. A paper is required for records, as far as possible, permanent. What furnish would you propose to use ? State the tests you would apply to the basic material before com- mencing beating in order to ensure the essential features of such a class of paper. 175 TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 22nd to 25th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the sample of paper marked A1 chemically and micro- scopically. 2. Carry out a microscopical examination of the samples A2, and B2. State the respective proportions of constituent fibres. 3. Examine the sample of semi-treated material and ascertain its suitability for papermaking.Identify the fibrous constituent. 4. Report upon the sample of paper as to its suitability for wrapping foodstuffs and make as complete a qualitative examination as possible in the time available. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Adcock, Leonard Harold, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Agnew, John, City Technical College, Liverpool. Bell, James, City Technical College, Liverpool. Bowman, Miss Margaret Mary, University College, London; and Chelsea Polytechnic.Bridgwater, Albert William, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Brown, Miss Kathleen Fane, College of Technology, Manchester. Cooper, Graham Percy, Brighton Technical College. Cornish, George Reginald, Battersea Polytechnic, London.Gurnell, Christopher, Portsmouth Technical College. Gurnell, Philip, Portsmouth Technical College. Heafield, Thomas Gilbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Leioester. Kennedy, Charles, College of Technology, Manchester. Macfarlane, Harold Colin, Royal Technical College, Salford. Matthews, William Kenneth, City Technical College, Liverpool. Mills, John Eric, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Reeve, Thomas John, Battersea Polytechnic, London. Samuel, Reginald Oliver, B.Sc (Lond.)., Battersea Polytechnic, London. Styan, George Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.)., Bradford Technical College. Unstead-Joss, Leslie Gordon Lovett, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Webster, Harold Lawson, College of Technology, Manchester. Examination for the Fellowship: In Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to the Analysis of Metab: Butement, Francis Dudley Stewart, B.Sc.(Lond.). In Branch C: Organic Chemistry: Reed, Ronald Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E: The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs and of Water : Goodrick, Cecil Edward Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.). Mathews, Miss Dorothy Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to PaperTechnology: Carter, Alan John, B.Sc. (Lond.). 176 Examination for tbe Associateship. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The work done by many of the candidates on the theoretical papers was somewhat below the usual standard. The answers to the questions on physical chemistry were very uneven.A reasonable number of first-class answers was returned, but in too many cases the know- ledge displayed was fragmentary. Perhaps the most consistently good batch of answers came from the question on colloids. It was evident from the attempts made to answer the historical question in paper I that the majority of the candidates had little acquaintance with the history of chemistry. Possibly the great demands made on a student’s time by other branches of chemistry may be the reason for this. Most of the questions on inorganic chemistry were reasonably well answered. Certain candidates confused methods for molecular weight determinations with those for atomic weight determinations, and it was not infrequent to find titanous chloride formulated as TiC1,.Some good work was done in the practical examination. It was interesting to find that candidates concluded that adsorption indicators did not always have the virtues attributed to them by enthusiastic writers of text-books. The identification of bone charcoal seemed to be a difficult problem. ORGANICTHEORY.-The average standard of attainment was not quite so high as usual and few candidates succeeded in obtaining really high marks. In the first question many candidates did not appear to notice that industrial methods of preparation were asked for and not those of purely academic interest, such as, for example, the production of oxalic acid by the action of nitric acid on sucrose. Few candidates seemed to know that oxalic acid can be prepared from sodium formate or anthraquinone from naphthalene.While quite satisfactory accounts were given of the uses of the Grignard reagent, it was clear that many candidates had neither carried out, nor seen carried out, the preparation of this very useful reagent. Once again it seems desirable to point out that detailed ana- lytical evidence has to be obtained before it is possible to devise syntheses of such moderately complicated molecules as are mentioned in Question 4. The few answers to the essay question were superficial. 177 ORGANICPRAcTIcAL.-In general the standard of attainment in practical work was higher than in the theoretical work and some candidates carried out the exercises in a very competent manner.It was surprising to find that several candidates failed to detect the presence of chlorine in chlorobenzene or chlorophenol. A few candidates were clearly ill-prepared and ought not to have presented themselves for the examination. TRANSLATIONS.-For the most part, these were satisfactorily done. Examination for the Fellowship. BRANCHE.-The written work as a whole was not well done. Some candidates gave good answers on topics of which they evidently had a particular experience, but there was lack of general reading in the chemistry of food, and insufficient know- ledge of recent developments. The new matters introduced into the Food and Drugs Act, 1938, have not been sufficiently appreciated. The practical work showed too rigid adherence to text book methods without adequate preliminary thought and the recog- nition of what substances were present.THERAPEUTICS,PHARMACOLOGY AND MIcRoscoPY.-The standard attained in Therapeutics and Pharmacology was fairly good, having regard to the fact that the candidates are not attempting to qualify to practice medicine or to dispense pre- scriptions. A fair degree of skill was shown in the identification of powdered drugs and the routine analysis of urine was quite well done. The examination of a stomach contents for vegetable poison gave difficulty to some candidates, largely because of a tendency to follow general routine procedures. 178 FIFTH REPORT OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Under Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, The Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, 1st July, 1935.The Fourth Annual Report, with Financial Statements for the year ended 30th September, 1939, was published in December, 1939. In December, 1939, Dr. Francis H. Carr and Dr. J. Vargas Eyre were nominated by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, as representatives of “Industry,” to fill the vacancies caused by the retirement of Dr. A. E. Dunstan and Dr. R. E. Slade, who had been members of the Council since 1935 and 1936, respectively. In January, 1940, Mr. F. P. Dunn joined the Council on the nomination of the Council of the Chemical Society, in the place of (the late) Sir Gilbert Morgan, who had completed his term of office.In January, 1940, the Council had to deplore the loss by death of Mr. W. A. S. Calder, in whose place Dr. J. J. Fox was nominated as a representative of the Institute of Chemistry. In May, 1940,the Council was obliged to accept the resignation of Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, Vice-chairman, owing to his having been called upon to undertake important work for the Govern- ment. The Council accepted Mr. Pratt’s resignation with particular regret, expressing their grateful thanks to him not only for obtaining very substantial support for the fund but for the thought and care which he had given to the affairs of the Council since its inception. Mr. Kenneth H. Wilson was nominated by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers as a representative of Industry in the place of Mr.Pratt. In June, the Council suffered the further loss through death of Sir Jocelyn Thorpe, who had given valuable service in the capacity of Honorary Treasurer since the formation of the Council. Dr. A. E. Dunstan was nominated, as the representa- tive of the Institute of Chemistry, in the place of Sir Jocelyn Thorpe, and Mr. Kenneth H. Wilson was appointed Honorary 179 Treasurer. Professor I. M. Heilbron, having completed his term of office in September, 1940,has retired from the Council, and Dr. C. W. Davies, Honorary Secretary of the Chemical Society, has been nominated by the Society to fill the vacancy. By February, 1940, in spite of the fact that most of the members of the Council were engaged upon work of national importance, considerable progress had been made in the prepara- tion of an Agreement and Scheme of Co-operation between the three Chartered Bodies.For this, the Council was mainly in- debted to Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, Chairman, and Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, then Vice-chairman. The documents were submitted to Solicitors and Counsel, and later transmitted to the Councils of the three bodies for approval. They were then modified on suggestions received from the Councils before being adopted by the general bodies of members of both Societies and the Institute. Under the Agreement, the three Chartered Bodies undertook to continue to contribute to the Library of the Chemical Society for seven years from 1st July, 1940, and to encourage their members to participate in the Scheme of Co-operation. The Scheme provided that Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry, for a joint subscription, could acquire membership of the Chemical Society and of the Society of Chemical Industry and obtain the publications of those Societies on advantageous terms; similar facilities were afforded members, other than Fellows or Associates of the Institute, who desired to pay a joint subscription to the Chemical Society and to the Society of Chemical Industry.The Scheme aimed at supplying the literature of the two Societies at little more than “run-on ”, cost, thereby inducing chemists to take a wider interest in the progress of their science, pure and applied, and in the activities of the Societies.The Council decided that the scheme should be brought in operation as from 1st January, 1941,notwithstanding the con- tinuance of the war. Over 1300 chemists have participated to date as joint members of all three bodies; about 250 as joint members of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, and there is good reason to believe that those numbers will be steadily increased in future. The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry will each gain about 600 members. 180 The Council has given further consideration to the possibility of centralising the distribution of publications, but the Special Committee appointed to investigate and report on the matter confirmed the decision of a previous committee that the proposal would not be practicable until two or more bodies were housed in one building.Library.-The Council has continued to receive reports from the Joint Library Committee, now constituted as follows :-Representative. Assocn. of British Chemical Manufacturers . . Dr. F. H. Carr.a. Biochemical Society , . . . Dr. W. Robson. Chemical Society .. . . Prof. A. J. Allmand, Prof. H. Bassett, Dr. 0. L. Brady, Prof. C. H. Desch, Mr. M. B. Donald, Dr. H. J. Emelkus, Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham, Dr. C. F. Goodeve, Dr. P. Haas, Prof. C. R. Harington, Dr. T. A. Henry, Dr. E. W. McClelland, Dr. E. E. Turner, Prof. W. Wardlaw. Faraday Society .. . . Prof. J.R. Partington. Institute of Brewing . . , . Mr. H. W. Harman. Institute of Chemistry . . . . Mr. A. L. Bacharach, Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe, Mr. H. W. Cremer and Dr. E. Vanstone. Societyof Chemical Industry . . Dr. H. E. Cox, Dr. L. A. Jordan and Dr. R. Lessing. Society of Dyers and Colourists . . Mr. J. Blair. Society of Public Analysts . . Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell. The contributions of the Chartered Bodies towards the maintenance cost of the Library during 1939,calculated propor- tionately on the roll of members respectively, and taking into account donations received from other sources and ,6250 contri-buted by the Chemical Council itself under Section 7 of the Constitution, were allocated as follows :-,6 s. a. Institute of Chemistry .. 50 per cent. . . 682 11 4 Society of Chemical Industry 26 ,, ,, * 354 I9 5 Chemical Society . . -* 24 1) )> .. 327 11 11 181 In July, 1940, the Council received a Report on the working of the Library during the past 20 years, which was substantially reproduced in the publications of the three Chartered Bodies. The Financial Statements for the twelve months ended 30th September, 1940, show that the Council has continued to assist the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry in meeting the cost of publications. The Societies have negotiated their own contracts of printing and paper supplies individually. As is mentioned above, the Council has again contributed k250 to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society, in addition to k150 for the inclusion of “Summaries” in the Journal of the Society.The Council also contributed l250 towards the cost of the Quinquennial Index (1933-37) of British Chemical Abstracts, thus completing a donation of k500 voted for this purpose. Since the formation of the Council, its secretarial work has been carried on by the Registrar and staff of the Institute of Chemistry, and the Institute has borne all the necessary expense. The Chemical Council asked for a report on the matter and subsequent to a reply by the Council of the Institute, the Chemical Council decided to make a yearly contribution of LIOO towards the expenses, the amount of the contribution to be reviewed annually. At the same time, the Chemical Council thanked the Council of the Institute for suggesting that expenses incurred prior to the 31st December, 1939, should be accepted by the Chemical Council as a contribution to the General Fund.No further appeal for funds has been made, but since closing the books on 30th September, 1940, the Council has been much gratified to receive further donations amounting to L711 9s. 7d. The Chemical Council wishes to place on record its thanks to Mr. Pilcher who has acted as Hon. Secretary of the Chemical Council, to his colleagues in the Institute of Chemistry and to the staffs of the Chemical Society and of the Society of Chemical Industry for the way in which during difficult times they have collaborated in the work of launching the scheme of collaboration.LESLIEH. LAMPITT, Chairman. 30, Russell Square, London, ’IV.C.1. 13th May, 1941. 182 Notes. Honours.-Dr. Harold Augustine Tempany, C.B.E., Vice- Presided, Agricultural Adviser to Secretary of State for Colonies, -C. M,G. Dr. Richard Charles Bowden, Fellow, Assistant Director, Ordnance Factories, Ministry of Supply,-O.B.E. Dr. Arthur George Francis, Fellow, Deputy Government Chemist,-0 .B.E. Mr. Percy George Knapman, Fellow, Superintendent, Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey,-M.B.E. William 0dling.-The thanks of the Institute are due to Mr. H. N. Wilson, Fellow, who has lately forwarded to the Institute two books and a number of miscellaneous papers associated with Professor William Odling, F.R.S., President of the Institute, 1883-1888:-Books.-“ Outlines of Chemistry or Brief Notes of Chemical Facts.” (London: Longmans, Green & Co.).1870. “A Course of Practical Chemistry arranged for the use of Medical Students.” 5th edition. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.). 1876. Papers.-Parts of a manuscript dealing with urea, cyanogen and other derivatives; a lecture on Benzene; a Prospectus for an Elementary Textbook; a lecture on Dissolved Gases in Water, and Methods of Determination of Dissolved Oxygen, giving the notes of a hydrosulphite method for estimating 0, in water, and a method depending on the catalysis of the oxidation of -SO, to -S0,by manganese salts, with a letter from A. Boake & Co., Ltd., announcing the gift of two syphons of SO, (1884) ; various rough notes and letters to Professor Debus. an- nouncing a forthcoming attack on (Sir Edward) Frankland’s notation; a report from Odling to Alfred Smee* on water from an artesian well at the Bank of England (1875); a sheet of Birmingham Daily Post (3rd August, 1874) containing the * Odling married Smee’s daughter.183 account of the unveiling of the statue of Priestley.* (TheMayor at the time was Alderman Chamberlain. The unveiling was performed by Huxley and at the luncheon held on the occasion, Odling, then President of the Chemical Society, replied on behalf of the Learned Societies). Manuscript of articles on Sir Humphry Davy, and on Volta and Galvani; tables on Rotham- sted Field Experiments (1852-1868)signed Lawes and Gilbert; also several letters from Gilbert to Odling (1870);Notes on Phlogiston by Crum Brown (1871);Letters of Frankland on Corrosion; a draft of a letter to Williamson on Atoms, etc.The books and documents have been placed in the library with similar collections associated with other past Presidents. X-ray Analysis in Industry.-Copies of two special issues of the Journal of Scientific Instruments containing series of papers especially devoted to X-ray analysis in industry may be obtained from the Institute of Physics, at the University of Reading. Price 2s. 8d. each, post free. X-ray analysis is now employed to investigate many characteristics of the solid state, such as the identification of crystalline constituents of minute samples, the structure of alloys, the identification of intermediate products in chemical processes, the identification of allotropic changes in refractories, and the determination of sub-microscopic crystal size and orientation. The Glass Manufacturers' Federation has established a Defence Panel to advise on scientific, technical and allied problems relating to glass, which may arise during the war.The Chairman is Professor W. E. S. Turner, O.B.E., F.R.S., of the Department of Glass Technology in the University of Sheffield. Communications for the Panel should be addressed to the Director, Glass Manufacturers' Federation, Orleans, Latimer Road, New Barnet, Herts. -SCIENCEINPARLIAMENT In the House of Commons, on 20th March, Captain Elliston asked the Minister of Labour whether, in revising the Schedule of Reserved Occupations, he would safeguard the position of publishers, bookbinders, printers and others concerned with the * The statue was by Williamson, father of the late Dr.SydneyWilliamson, Fellow, and the figureis reproduced on the seal of the Institute. 184 production of scientific works and educational textbooks. Mr. Bevin, in reply, said that all relevant factors were taken into account, including the importance of the industry or occupation in relation to the export trade. Captain Elliston asked Mr. Bevin to bear in mind how import- ant it was to ensure early publication of research results and recent scientific experience likely to assist the war.Mr. Bevin assured Captain Elliston that consideration was given to every factor: a reserved occupation was not merely an age determination but a job determination. On 11th March, in the House of Commons, Major Nield asked the Secretary of State for War whether he was satisfied with the existing machinery for finding suitable employment in the Army for officers and men who were specialists or technicians, or who had particular qualifications; and what was the best way to bring such particular qualifications to the notice of the proper authori- ties? Captain Margesson, in reply, said that officers and men, possessing special qualifications of which use could be made in the Army, were invited to submit particulars to their Commanding Officers.Dr. William Cullen, Fellow, has been nominated as President- Elect of the Society of Chemical Industry. The medal of the Society for 1941 will be awarded to Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., Past President of the Institute. Dr. Cecil H. Desch, F.R.S., Fellow, has been awarded the Platinum Medal of the Institute of Metals. Sir Santi Swarup Bhatnagar, O.B.E., Fellow, has been co-opted a Member of the Industrial Research Utilisation Committee to consider how best to utilise the results of the Board of Scientific and Industrial Research, Calcutta. Laboratory Precautions.-The Glaxo Laboratories, Limited, of Greenford, Middlesex, have as part of a “safety flrst” campaign arranged for a series of lectures to be given by a senior member of the staff, with the object of preventing accidents.They have also decided to circulate among the staff, both senior and junior, an occasional bulletin describing accidents, in the 185 hope that this will emphasise the importance of taking adequate precautions when carrying out chemical operations, in a way that an impersonal account in technical literature would not. The Glaxo Laboratories, Limited, propose to provide the Institute with copies of the Bulletins as issued which can be rendered available to members of the Institute in other organisa- tions who may be interested, and the Institute has reciprocated by providing the firm with copies of the Laboratory Precau- tions Leaflets issued from time to time with the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.The British Standards Institution has recently issued War Emergency Revision Slips for the following:- C.F. (C) 7363. Coal Tar Creosote. C.F. (IS) 7375. Carbon Steel Castings. C.F. (IS) 7376. Structural Steel for Bridges, etc. C.F. (IS) 7433. Cold Worked Steel Bars and Strip. C.F. (IS) 7619. Flat Bottom Railway Rails. Rationing of Clothing.-An enquiry has been addressed to the Board of Trade as to whether special provision can be made in respect of the rationing of overalls and clothing of chemists and other workers in laboratories. 186 Obituary. WILLIAM LEWIS DAVIES died at New Delhi, India, at the age of 45 years. Educated at Llandillo County School, he served with the Forces from 1915 to 1919, and studied at University College, Aberystwyth, graduating B.Sc (Wales) with first class honours in chemistry. Havingincluded agriculture as a subject in his college course, he obtained a research scholarship under the Ministry of Agriculture and became a resident student at the Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Cambridge. He was awarded the degree of M.Sc.(Wales) in 1924, Ph.D. (Cantab.) in 1925 and D.Sc. (Wales) in 1935. In 1924 he was appointed Advisory Agricultural Chemist at the University of Reading, and continued a8 a member of the staff of the National Institute for Research in Dairying until 1939, when he was appointed Director of Dairy Research, Government of India, which post he held at the time of his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922 and a Fellow in 1927. THOMASGIFFORD ELLIOT died at Hathersage, Sheffield, on 25th May, in his 68th yew. He was educated at the Sheffield Central Secondary School and continued his studies in science at the Sheffield Tech+cal School-now incorporated in the University-passing Honours Examma- tions of the Science and Art Department in chemistry and other subjects. From 1892 to 1896 he was works chemist on the staff of the Sheffield Gas Company; from 1896 to 1899 he was an assistant in the laboratory of Alfred H. Allen, FeZZow, and from 1899 until his death he was chief chemist to Hadfields, Ltd. He contributed papers to the Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute, and was a member of the Sub-committee appointed by that Institute to deal with metallography, chemistry and physics.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. John Evans. ROBERT FLORISBROOKE died at Surbiton, on 12th June, at the age of 71 years. Educated at St. George’s College, Wimbledon, he matriculated at London University and studied at University College from 1888 to 1891. He was an assistant in the laboratory of Alfred H. Allen, FeZZow, at Sheffield for about a year, and from 1893 to 1899 was assistant to Dr. William Marcet, F.R.S., Fellow, with whom he was associated in a series of papers read before the Royal Society (1896-1899) on human respiration and calorimetry, including the results of analyses of the gases of respiration.In 1899 he was appointed chief chemical assistant to the Royal Com- mission on Sewage Disposal, under Dr. McGowan, Fellow, and for a time was also engaged on work for the Arsenical Poisoning Commission. He remained with the Sewage Commission until 1905, when he was appointed senior chemical assistant to the Metropolitan Water Board, where, in due course, be became deputy director of water examination and chief chemist, retiring in 1935. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1901 and a Fellow in 1905. 187 FRANCIS died at Bristol on 14th April, in his 70th ERNESTFRANCIS year. Trained under Campbell Brown at University College, Liverpool, from 1888 to 1892, he graduated B.Sc.(Vict.), later proceeding to D.Sc. He remained at College as assistant demonstrator for some months, and then continued his studies at the University of Erlangen, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. In 1895 he was appointed assistant lecturer at Liverpool, and in the following year senior lecturer and demonstrator. In 1904 he became assistant professor and lecturer in organic chemistry at University College, Bristol, and in 1906 he succeeded Dr. Morris Travers as Professor, which position he held until his retirement in 1936. In 1909 the College was incorporated by Royal Charter as the University of Bristol, the Chair of Chemistry being endowed by Mr. A. D. Capper Pass. From 1919 to 1931 Professor Francis was Pro Vice-Chancellor of the University. He was the author of “Notes on Inorganic Chemistry for first-year University Students” (1921) and of many papers on organic chemistry contributed to the Transactions of the Chemical Society and the Berichte.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1892, and a Fellow in 1896, and mas Examiner to the Institute in Organic Chemistry from 1924 to 1928. HERBERTLLOYDHINDdied at Manchester on 5th June, in his 62nd year. Trained at University College, Nottingham, and at the Technical College, Derby, he graduated B.Sc. (Lond.), with honours in chemistry, and in 1905 obtained an appointment as chemist with Worthington & Co., Ltd., Brewers, of Burton-on-Trent. In 1907 he became senior chemist in control of the laboratories, which position he held until the war of 1914-1918, when he served with the Expeditionary Force, with the rank of Captain, A.S.C., and was concerned with the control of breweries in France.In 1919 he joined the staff of Barclay, Perkins & Co., Ltd., Brewers, of Southwark, and about two years later established a practice as a consulting and analytical chemist in London, first at New Court, Lincoln’s Inn, where he remained until 1929, and then at Stuart House, Tudor Street. In 1934 he acquired the practice of Dr. A. K. Miller, Fellow, at Manchester, and later that of Mr.William Duncan, Pellow, of Birmingham, continuing both practices until his death. He made numerous contributions to the technological literature of brewing and allied industries, contributing many articles to The Brewer’s Journal, of which he was technical adviser for about twenty years, and to the Journal of the Institute of Brewing.In 1938 he published Volume I of his great work-“Brewing Science and Practice.” The first volume dealt with “Brewing Materials; ” the second volume, dealing with “Brewery Processes,” appeared in 1940; and the third volume, containing chapters on Bottling, Brewery Cleaning, By-products and Analysis, is in the final stages of completion. He also translated, revised and enlarged M. Schoen’s “The Problem of Fermentation,” a monograph of the Institut Pasteur (1928), and he wm joint author with Mr. W.B. Randles of a Handbook of Photomicrography (second edition, 1927).He was a Member of the Council of the Institute of Brewing from 1920 to 1925, and again from 1927 until his death. He was an Examiner for that Institute from 1923 to 1931, Research Organiser from 1927 to 1934, and had been Foreign Secretary since 1936. He was elected an Associate of the Institute of Chemistry in 1906 and a Fellow in 1910. 188 ARTHUR LAPWORTH,who died at Withington, Manchester, on 5th April, in his 69th year, was trained from 1888 at Mason College, Bking ham, where he continued, later as a research worker, until 1893. He then moved to the Central Technical College, South Kensington, continuing the study of chemistry and crystallography until 1896, after which he held appointments as lecturer and demonstrator in chemistry at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society, as lecturer at the Goldsmiths College, New Cross, and, from 1913 to 1923, as Professor of Organic Chemistry, and from 1923-1935 as Sir Samuel Hall Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Laboratories, in the University of Manchester.He gave un-stintingly of his best in the service of the University as teacher, investigator and administrator. Most of his research work was concerned with the mechanism of organic reactions, and his name will always be associated with the pioneering as well as with the later work in this field. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.), later proceeding to D.Sc., and also held the degrees of B.Sc. (Birm.), 1II.Sc. (Manc.), and LL.D. honoris causa (St.Andrews and Birmingham).He waa elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1910, served on the Council of the Society from 1927 to 1929, and was awarded the Davy Medal in 1931. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1902 and served on the Council in 1916. MAUDSLEYFRANK died at Burnley on 23rd January, in his 59th year. He studied at Owens College, Manchester, graduating B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1902, before he became pupil with Mr. Raymond Ross, Fellow, then public analyst for the Borough of Burnley.During 1909 he worked for several months in the laboratory of G. W. Slatter, Fellow, at Leeds, but at the end of that year returned to the Burnley Corporation Laboratory, where he continued under Mr. Ross, whom he succeeded as Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst in 1930.He also served the Corporation of Burnley as Water Examiner, Chemist to the Gas Department, and Consulting Chemist to the Sewage Works. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1907 and a Fellow in 1910. WILLIAM THOMAS RIGBY died at Wylde Green, Birmingham, on 26th March, in his 78th year. Trained at University College, Nottingham, where he was for several years a lecturer-demonstrator, he became an assistant in the laboratory of Dr. Alfred Hill, Pellow, and was later partner in the firm of Bostock Hill and Rigby, holding the appointments as Public Analysts for Warwickshire, Coventry, Leamington, Warwick, Hereford, West Bromwich and Dudley, Official Agricultural Analysts for Warwick- shire, and Water Examiners for Warwick.Mr. Rigby was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1894. EDWARDNORMAN died at Hull on 1st January, 1941, in his REDSELL 42nd year. He was educated at Hull Grammar School and the Municipal Technical College, and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with first-class honours in chemistry, his training being interrupted by service with the Forces during 1918-19. In 1921 he was appointed Chemist with the Humber Portland Cement Co., Ltd. In 1928 he became Head Chemist to the Oxford and Shipton Cement Co., Ltd. and later Chief Chemist to the Alpha Cement, Ltd. In 1940 he obtained an appointed with Messrs. Thomas Hedley & Co., Ltd., at Newcastle upon Tyne, but towards the end of the year was obliged to resign owing to ill health.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. 189 Books and their Contents. Chromatography, Principles and Practice of. L. Zechmeister and L. Cholnoky. Translated by A. L. Bacharach and F. A. Robinson. Foreword by I. M. Heilbron. Pp. xviii + 362. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 25s. Principles ; methods, Application to naturally occurring pigments : chlorophyll; hemin; porphyrins; bile pigments; carotenoids; naphtha- quinone and anthraquinone pigments ; flavins (lyochromes) ; pterks ; anthocyanins; other natural pigments. Application to synthetic dye- stuffs. Application to colourless and faintly coloured substances : miscellaneous aliphatic compounds ; terpenes. Essential oils : benzene and naphthalene series ; di- and triaryl-alkyls; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with condensed ring systems and related substances ; sterols and bile acids; sapogenins; plant and animal poisons possessing a sterol skeleton; heterocyclic bases. Alkaloids; vitamins; hormones; enzymes, co-enzymes and biochemical activators. Applications to technology.Inorganic chromatography. Photographs of Chromato- grams ; bibliography ;index of names ; general index. Molecular Spectra, The Identification of. R. W. B. Pearse and A. G. Gaydon. Pp. viii + 222. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 42s. Introduction ; table of persistent heads ; individual band systems ; practical hints; description of plates; appendix; author index ; subject index. Food: The Deciding Factor.(A Penguin Special.) Frank Wokes. Pp. xii + 13-144. (London: Allen Lane.) 6d. Foreword: the energy value of foods; food values of starches, sugars and fats; body-building values of foods; the value of mineral salts; the vitamin value of foods; losses of food value; the food value of dishes and diets; appendix-tables of food values. Steel Manufacture Simply Explained. Eric N. Simons and Edwin Gregory. Foreword by C. K. Everitt. Pp. xii + 172. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 6s. net. From mine to blast-furnace; from iron ore to pig iron; from pig to iron bar; from bar iron to blister steel; from blister bar to shear steel; manufacture of steel by the Huntsman crucible process; high frequency or “coreless” electric induction crucible process; from ingot to finished bar; British blast-furnace practice; acid and basic steel-the difference; the Bessemer process; the tropenas acid process; the basic Bessemer process ; the open-hearth process ; the acid open-hearth process; the basic open-hearth process; the electric arc furnace; steel ingots; steel castings; refractories in the steel foundry.Index. 38 illustrations. 190 The Register. -At the meetings of Council held on 25th April and 23rd May, 1941,g new Fellows were elected, 20 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 77 new Associates were elected, 4Associates were re-elected, and 52 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 5 Fellows and I Associate. New Fellows.Cullen, William, LL.D., M.Inst XM., M.I.Chem.E., 73, Cheapside,London, E.C.2. Hepburn, Jack Reginald Irons, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 6, Court Road, Caterham, Surrey. Mathews, Miss Dorothy Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.), 106, Beechcroft Avenue, Rayners Lane, S. Harrow, Middx. Nickels, Herbert Eustace, The Laboratory, 32, Elmwood Road, Croydon. Oriel, John Augustus, M.C., M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Wales), M.I.Chem.E., Madingley, Eastham Rake, Eastham, Wirral, Cheshire. Raper, Richard, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), Henderson Hall, Cochrane Park, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 7. Wandless, Anthony Muncaster, M.A. (Cantab.), Coal Survey Laboratory, The University, Leeds, 2. Williams, David John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Malvern Lodge, Camden Road, Bath. Woodward, Foster Neville, B.Sc.(Lond.), Rosegarth, Hest Bank, nr. Lancaster. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Brittain, Eric Walter, B.A. (Cantab.), 4, Wyndale Close, Liverpool, 18. Broughall, Frederick George, B.Sc. (Birm.), 33, Bernard Road, Edgbaston, Birmineham. 17. Butement, Francis Dudley Stewart, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Research Depart- ment, Tondu House, Tondu, Glam. Carter, Alan John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Melvern Way, Croxley Green, Herts. Cheshire, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lib-.), 36, Eppleworth Road, Cottingham, E. Vnrkr.-V.--I. Dawe, Alfred, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 56, Selby Road, West Bridgford,Nottingham.Goodrick, Cecil Edward Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), 28, Millway Gardens, Northolt, Middx. Macrae, John Campbell, B.Sc. (Glas.), 23, Cromer Terrace, Leeds, 2. Martin, Austin Raymond, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., The Sheiling, North Albert Road, Norton-on-Tees. Megson, Norman Joseph Lane, M.Sc. (Birm.), 28, Cardinal’s Walk, Hampton, Middx. Mitchell, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Edin.), 3, Allen Park Loan, Edinburgh, 11. Pitkethly, Robert Chalmers, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 163, Tudor Avenue, Hampton, Middx. 191 Price, William Bennett, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 21, Dunriding Lane, St. Helens. Reed, Ronald Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 34, The Woodlands, London, S.E.13. Rendall, Arthur Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Messrs. Morland & Impey, Ltd., Kalamazoo Works, Northfield, Birmingham. Thomas, Henry Augustus, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 21, Avondale Avenue, Torkington, Hazel Grove, Cheshire.Underhay, George Flaxman, l3.S~. (Lond.), Ashgores, Rodmersham, Kent. Wild, Francis Eric, B.Sc. (Birm.), c/o Sational Research Council, Ottawa, Canada. Wilkes, Sydney Herbert, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 6, The Grangeway, Grange Park, London, N.21. Williams, Edmund Gardner, M.A. (Cantab.), 61, Earlsway, Curzon Park, Chester. New Associates. Adcock, Leonard Harold, 1, Maplestead Road, London, S.W.2. Agnew, John, 18, Rock Lane West, Rock Ferry, Cheshire. Atherton, Donald, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 46, Booker Avenue, Liverpool, 18. Barber, Harry James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 20, Crossways, Gidea Park, Romford. Barke (n6e Bowman), Mrs. Margaret Mary, Grove House, Lacock, Wilts. Barnes, Harold, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Albert Terrace, Princetown, Devon.Belcher, Kenneth Booth, 30, Stoats Nest Road, Coulsdon, Surrey. Bell, James, 296, New Chester Road, Port Sunlight, Cheshire. Blackmur, Thomas Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Stowe Road, London, W.12. Bourne, Charles Lancelot Cleveland, Science and Agriculture Department, Georgetown, Demerara, British Guiana, S. America. Bowen, Glyndwr, B.Sc. (Wales), Clifton House, Blaina, Mon. Bridgwater, Albert William, 237, Hagley Road, Birmingham, 17. Brown, Miss Kathleen Fane, A.M.C.T., 11, Meadow Bank, Chorltonville, Manchester, 21. Bulcraig, William Raymond, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), The Kirkby Club, Kirkby, nr. Liverpool.Campbell, George, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 16, James Street, Dalry, Ayrshire.Clark, George Alexander Sutton, B.Sc.(Glas.), A.R.T.C., 10, Abbeyview,Causewayhead, Stirling. Clissold, Miss Elsie May, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Wonford Road, Exeter. Collie, George Alexander, B.Sc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews), Woodburn Villa, Oban, Argyll. Cook, Joseph, B.Sc. (Liv.), Chorley, Lancs. Cornish, George Reginald, 8, Mayfield Road, Brimsdown, Middx. Davies, David John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Brynmyfyr, Wind Street, Llandyssul, Cardiganshire.Del Mar, Ronald Henry, B.A. (Cantab.), Waygill, Burtons Lane, Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks. Dyer, Bernard Stephen, B.Sc. (Lond.), Roseneath, Tennyson Road,Parkstone, Dorset. Elks, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 25, Woodlands Road, Hertford. Entwistle, Donald, B.Sc. (Mane.), The Gables, Chapel Street, Sharnford, nr. Leicester.Garland, Richard Trill, A.R.T.C., 36, Kirkwell Road, Glasgow, 5.4. Gloyne, Herbert Whincup, B.Sc. (Lond.), 349, Stockport Road, Mossley, Manchester. Godman, George Leonard, B.Sc. (Birm.), 317, Barkerhouse Road, Nelson, Lancs. 192 Golding, Ernest, P.O. Box 366, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia. Goodings, Eric Paul, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Maureen Avenue, Crumpsall,Manchester, 8. Green, Sydney James, B.Sc. (Birm.), 52, Kingscote Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 15. Gregory, John Edwin, B.Sc. (Birm.), 3, Canal Street, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Gregory, Melville, B.Sc. (Lond.), 62, BroexLhurst Avenue, Ilford. Hale, Jeremy Bowdich, B.So., Ph.D. (Lond.), 23, Leyton Road, Harpenden. Heafield, Thornas Gilbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Mill House, Packington, Ashby- de-la-Zouch, Leics.Heaven, Herbert Stone, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 200, Bath Road, Bridgwater, Somerset. Hopkins, Robert William Brent, 72, Westbury Road, Finchley, N.12. Johnson, Arnold, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.C.T., 84, Ealing Avenue, Manchester, 14. Jones, Kenneth Wilfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), Roseville, Hamilton Street, Hoole, Chester. Jones, Thomas Gwilym, B.Sc. (Wales), 66, Blaendare Road, Pontypool, Mon. Jukes, Reginald William, B.Sc. (Lond.), South West Essex Technical College, Walthamstow, London, E.17. Kay, James Arthur, 80, Birley Street, Newton-le-Willows, Lancs. Kennedy, Charles, 33, Princess Road, Urmston, Manchester. Kirk, William Ewart, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Mrs. Halstead, 241, Nithsdale Road, Pollokshields, Glasgow. Lewis, Walter Probert Glover, M.Sc.(Wales), 70, Waterside, Irvine, Ayrahire.Macfarlane, Harold Colin, 142, Swinton Park Road, Pendleton, Salford, 6. Maddison, Lionel, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 2, Milne Road, Liverpool, 13. Mathera, Ronald Grenville, B.A. (Cantab.), Biochemical Laboratory,Westminster Hospital Medical School, London, S.W. 1. Matthews, William Kenneth, 34, Rundle Road, Liverpool, 17. McLintock, Stanley, B.Sc. (Glas.), Thornclifle, Motherwell Road, Bellshill, Lanarkshire. Michael, Thomas Vaughan, B.Sc. (Wales), 66, Blaendare Road, Pontypool, Mon. Milligan, James, 3, Kingsley Avenue, Glasgow, 5.2. Moss, Percy Frederick, B.Sc. (Edin.), 30, Seymour Road, Crumpsall, Manohester, 8. --Mmav. Robert Hugh. B.So. (Birm.), 38. Dudlev Gardens, London, W.13.“r Neale, Edgar, B.Sc.(Lond.), ‘74, NGhdale Road, London, S.E.18. Parker, Cecil Allen, B.Sc. (Lond.), Kosicott, Bere Road, Wareham, Dorset. Parkinson, Douglas Noel, B.A. (Oxon.), 2, Coveness Bank, Seascale, Cumberland. Peacocke, Major Thomas Arthur Hardy, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Casa Blanca, Ckowthorne, Berks. Porter, Stanley Credland, 10, Belstead Avenue, Ipswich. Ramanathan, Selvanayagam, B.Sc. (Lond.), Government Analyst’sLaboratory, Torrington Square, Colombo, Ceylon. Raper, Alan Richardson, M.A. (Cantab.), Hill View, Hill Waye, Gerrard’s Cross, Bucks. Rigden, David Thomas, B.So. (Lond.), 18, Cambray Road, Gynn Square,Blackpool.Robertson, Walter Munro, B.Sc. (Lond.), 123, Victoria Road, Tunstall, Stoke-on -Trent.Samuel, Reginald Oliver, B.Sc. (Lond.), 266, Chiswick Village, London, w.4. 193 Snow, George Alan, M.Sc. (Lond.), Stone House, East Malling, Kent. Stanley, Robert Holroyd, M.Sc. (Manc.), 10, Napier Road, Heaton Moor, Stockport.Styan, George Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Hoyle Ing Road, Thornton, Bradford. Tebbett, Robert Wilson, B.Sc. (Birm.), 16, Derwent Avenue, Chorlton- cum-Hardy, Manchester, 21. Walker, Nathaniel, B.Sc. (Manc.), 27, Durley Avenue, Cowplain, Ports- mouth. Walton, Frank Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 48, Bourne Vale, Hayes, Kent. Webb, Kenneth Richard, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Connaught Hall, Swayth- ling, Southampton. Webster, Harold Lawson, 58, Egerton Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy,Manchester, 2 1. Whitfield, Ian Cunliffe, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Lond.), Flagstaff Cottage, Mudeford, Christchurch, Hants. Wild, Leonard, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 41, De Villiers Avenue, Gt. Crosby, Liverpool, 23. Winslow, Harry, 8, Cumming Drive, Glasgow, 5.2. Wyllie, David, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), 4, Bembridge Crescent, Southsea. Zatman, Joseph, 5, Castlefield Avenue, Higher Broughton, Salford, 7. Re-elected Associates. Lucas, Charles Edward Leslie, No. 5 Flat, 15, North Common Road, London, W.5. Morgan, Richard Harold, M.Sc. (Wales), Croft House Laboratory, Dollis Avenue, London, N.W.3. Northover, Roland, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o The Manganese Bronze & Brass Co., Ltd., Watling Street, Dunstable. Stafford, Fred Raymond, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 15, High Crest Avenue, Gatley, Cheshire.New Students. Agius, Peter Joseph Vermont, c/o 4, Woodbourne Drive, Claygate, Surrey. Aldridge, Wilfred Norman, Porton, Wilts. Atkinson, Harold Holland, Kindal, Woodland Road, Halewood, Liverpool. Bentley, Ronald, 5, Cheshire Street, Allenton, Derby. Bishop, Edmund, 93, Gauldry Avenue, Cardonald, Glasgow, S.W.2. Boff, George Albert, 61, Corwen Avenue, Harpurhey, Manchester, 9. Boyce, Eric Arthur, 11, Briar Road, Skellow, nr. Doncaster. Brimelow, Harold Crowther, 3, Blackburn Street, Heaton Park, Prestwich, nr. Manchester. Campbell, Peter Nelson, Westfield, Holbrook Lane, Chislehurst, Kent. Coen, James, 552, London Road, Glasgow, S.E. Coleman, Cyril, 1, Garmoyle Road, Liverpool, 15. Cooper, Kenneth Charles, 17, Peasholm Drive, Scarborough.Davies, John Douglas, 3, Prendergast Hill, Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire. Duddington, Jack Ernest, 241, Bury Road, Rawtenstall, Rossendale,Lancs. Edmondson, Basil Ronald, Carn-Brae, Trinity Vicarage Road, Hinckley. Ford, Korman, 62, Strathdene Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham, 29. Greenberg, Henry, 81, Headley Drive, Eastern Avenue, Ilford. Henly, Albert Arthur, 8, Hilton Place, Llandaff North, Cardiff. Johnson, Arnold, 84, Ealing Avenue, Manchester, 14. Jones, Ronald Charles, 52, Aintree Avenue, London, E.6. Lloyd, Jack, Royal Oak Hotel, High Lane, Stockport. Longbottom, Kenneth William, 88, Bennetthorpe, Doncaster. 194 Looney, Reginald Frederick, 149, King’s Road, Bebington, Wirral. Macinnes, Callum Angus, 67, Kenneth Street, Stornoway, Isle of Lewis.Makeham, Frank Raymond, 4, Winchester Drive, Wallasey. Manahan, William Augustine, 258, North Circular Road, Dublin. Mansfield, John Leonard, 89, Alexandra Road, Peterborough, Northants. McGrath, Leonard, 7, Old Hall Drive, Ellesmere Port. Milne, John Noel, 7, Montague Street, Edinburgh. Musty, John William George, Folly Hill View, Mildenhall, Marlborough. Napier, Douglas Herbert, 18, Northcote Road, Sidcup, Kent, Nutt, Cecil Wilfred, Thirlmere, Huntspill Road, Highbridge, Somerset. O’Neill, Thomas Gerard, 23, Carisbrooke Road, Walton, Liverpool, 4. Ottway, Denis Silvester, 60, Stanham Road, Dartford, Kent. Phillips, Derek Michael Phillips, 31, Green Lane, London, N.W.4. Pierce, Robert, Ph.C., N.P.S., 18, Sunnyside Gardens, Upminster, Essex.Riordan, Richard James, 49, Airstone Road, Askern, nr.Doncaster. Robertson, Andrew Kinloch, 4,Braefoot Avenue, Milngavie, Dumbarton- shire. Robinson, Ralph Sidney, 27, Clovelly Road, Swinton, Lancs. Robinson, Wilfred Parr, Ihndal, Sea View, Hoylake, Wirral. Settle, George Eric, 17, Colcroft Road, Fartown, Huddersfield. South, Desmond Hugh Willoughby, 18, Marlborough Place, Brighton. Stobbs, Robert William, 13, Molyneux Road, Waterloo, Liverpool, 22. Strachan, Mark Noel, The Orchard, Hook Green, Meopham, Kent. Sutcliffe, Gordon Roy, 7, Ellesmere Road South, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester, 21. Tompkins, William Arthur, 607, Foleshill Road, Coventry. Wickham, Kenneth Alan, 39, Smitham Downs Road, Purley, Surrey.Wilson, John Bryan Spencer, 22, Abbey Road, Bush Hill Park, Enfield. Wilson, Keith Rowley, 22, Melton Crescent, Horfield, Bristol, 7. Wood, Charles William, 24, Quarry Avenue, Womersley Road, Knottingley, Yorks. Worrall, Edgar John, 48, Moor Lane, Thornton, Liverpool, 23. Wright, William Herbert Garfield, Whitfield, Queen’s Avenue, Whitby, Wirral. DEATHS. Fellows. William Lewis Davies, Ph.D. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Wales) Thomas Gifford Elliot. Robert Brooke Floris. Francis Ernest Francis, Ph.D. (Erlangen), D.Sc. (Vict.). Herbert Lloyd Hind, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Associate. Edward Norman Redsell, B.Sc. (Lond.). -CHANGE OF NAMES. (Mfss) Margaret Mary Baker, Associate, to Barke, on her marriage. (Mlss) Judith Margaret Barclay, Associate, to Corkhill, on her marriage.195 Coming Events. June OF23 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of Scotlani Section): ‘‘Polycyclic Hydrocarbons related to Fluorene. Professor J. W’. Cook, F.R.S., at the Palace Hotel, Aberdeen, at 7.30 p.m. JdY 8 SOCIETY Annual General Meeting, at the OF CHEMICALINDLSTRY: Royal Institution of Great Britain, 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 2.30 p.m. OF12 INSTITUTE CHEXISTRY (Manchester and District Section): Annual General Meeting, at the Shirley Institute, Didsbury, at 3 p.m.; “Some Hazards in the Chemical Industry,” by Dr. Goldblatt, at 3.30 p.m.; visit to the laboratories and workshops. OF (Birmingham and Midlands Section) :30 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY “The Electron Microscope.” Mr.-4.L. G. Rees, at the Chamber of Commerce, New Street, Birmingham, at 6 p.m. 196 General Notices. In the prevailing circumstances, Fellows and Associates are asked not to expect formal acknowledg- ments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. Addresses Unknown.-The particular attention of Fellows and Associates is directed to the list of Addresses Unknown at the end of this Part of the Journal and Proceedings. The Council will be greatly obliged if Fellows and Associates, who are able to give the present addresses of the members referred to, will communicate with the Registrar. Notice to Fellows, Associates or Registered Students who are serving in the Forces.-From time to time the Institute is asked to suggest the names of Officers and other ranks who may be considered suitable for employment within the Forces on special duties.All Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who are serving are earnestly desired to send to the Registrar, as soon as possible, full particulars of their rank, unit and employment. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship and for the Fellowship are being arranged to be held in September as usual. Candidates whose applications have not yet been accepted by the Council cannot now enter for these Examinations. Candidates whose applications have been accepted will be informed early in July as to the detailed arrangements. The last date for actual entries and payment of Examination fees will be 14th July.Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the Regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published 197 chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1942. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1941,to work of the character indicated.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students-A medal and prize (LIO10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1942,and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professio?zal,rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject.Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1941, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. 198 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Asso-ciates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are ordinarily required to pay 6s.6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. For the time being the payment of 6s. 6d. is suspended. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held.The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute's practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours. It will be open from 10a.m. 199 to 5 p.m. from Monday to Friday, but for the present will re- main closed on Saturdays. Members and Students of the Insti- tute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules regarding the use of the books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute.Boots' Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots' Booklovers Library expired on 1st March, The subscriptions rates are 6s. 6d. for Class B, and 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boots Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis's Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute.Covers €or Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 7d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSat 5s. 2d. each. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. 200 All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, A copy of “The Profession of Chemistry” (Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis- tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar.Correspondence should normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communi- cating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at g, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.Iz. Telephone No. Hillside 1859. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENTFUND,INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON, W.C.I. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar.201 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY REGISTER ADDRESSES REQUIRED Fellows. Anderson, Frederic Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.). Bardsley, Joshua. Bennett, William Gordon, M.C., D.Sc. (Lee&). Bowles, Horace Edgar, Boyce, Frank. Browning, Ronald George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Darling, Charles Robert, A.R.C.Sc.1. Eastburn, Major Gerald Jerome, M.C., A.R.T.C. Edwards, Vincent. Gray, Archibald. I-Iogben, Walter. Homer (Miss) Annie, M.A. (Cantab.), Sc.D. (Dub.). Loudon, Alexander, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), M.Sc. (Lond.). Morley, Henry Forster, M.A., D.Sc. (Lond.). Paterson, John Hamilton, D.Sc. (Dunelm). Robertson, Joseph Gold, Ph.D.(Jena). Robertson, William Stirling, B.Sc. (Glas.). Saunders, Wilfrid, B.Sc. (Lond.). Slack, Harry, D.C.M., B.Sc. (Vict.). Watson, Eric Edmund. Wright, Charles James, B.A. (Cantab.). Associates. Atkinson, Samuel Comber, B.Sc. (Lond.). Ball, Francis Edward, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Barklie, Robert Henry Douglas, M.Sc. (Lond.). Barnett, Adam John Guilbert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.). Bean, Philip Leslie, A.R.C.S. Bell, David James, M.S. (Cantab.)., B.Sc. (Glas.), Ph.D. (St. Andrews). Bennett, William Frank, A.R.C.S. Bhavnagri, Shapur Khushro, B.A., B.Sc. (Bombay), B.Sc. (Manc.). Brightwell, Stanley Thomas Patrick, M.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C. Brodie, Neal, M.Sc. (Dunelm). Bruce, James, B.Sc. (Glas.). Chayen, Israel Harris, M.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., A.M.1.Chem.E. Claudet, Richard Arthur Ormerod, B.Sc. (Lond.). Clulow, Frederick Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Cole, Henry George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Cook, Harry Aaron, B.So. (Lond.). 202 Cooper, Arthur Thomas, Ph.D. (Lond.). Crombie, William. Davis, Frederick Victor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Dawson, Thomas Theodore, M.Sc. (Birm.), Day, James Nelson Edmund, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Dean, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Manc.). Diamond, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Bris.). Doyne, Humphry Cathair, M.A. (Oxon.). Eastman, Clifford William, B.Sc. (Birm.). Eccott, Eustace Nevill, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Evans, Thomas Watcyn, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales). Finegan, Eugene Benediot, B.A., €3.8~.(N.U.I.). Flannery, Frederick Edward.Fletcher, Peter Bainbrigge, M.Sc. (Lond.). Gilbert, Frank Lathe, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Cantab.). Goodwin, Harold Walter, B.Sc. (Glas.). Graham, Frank Nelson, B.Sc. (Liv.). Gresham, Harold Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Grieve, Stanley Trethowa, M.Sc. (Audubon). Griffith, Goronwy, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales). Gunde, Balwant Gangadher, M.Sc. (Benares). Hall, Donald Hugh, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Harden, Harold Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.). Helsby, Frank William, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hodson, William Brook, A.C.G.F.C. Holman, Henry John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Jackson, Emmanuel, B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Johnson, Sydney Walgate, B.Sc. (Dun.), Ph.D. (Lond.). Johnston, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.). Kay, John Louden, A.R.T.C. Kent, Arthur Vincent, M.Sc. (Wales). King, David Wylie, B.Sc. (Lond.).Kingcome, John Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.). Laurie, Leonard Llewelyn, M.Sc. (Lond.). Lempert, Hyme, M.Sc. (Manc.). Maitra, Manan Kumar, Ph.D. (Lond.). Manchester, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Mansell, Richard Ivor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Markham, Peter John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Marsh, Ernest Victor, B.Sc. (Vict.). Matheson, Donald, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Aberd.). McGregor, Thomas, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.). Mein, Henry Cranston, B.Sc. (Edin.). Milne, Stephen George Mount Stephen, B.Sc. (Aberd.). Mirichin, Sidney Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.1nst.Pet. Norris, Edward Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), Olpin, Henry Charles, M.So. (Leeds). Packman, Percival Gilbert, M.8c. (Lond.). 203 Padmanabhan, Renga Ayyangar, M.A., M.Sc. (Madras). Parker, Harold Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.).Parker, Hugh Edmund, MSc. (Lond.). Parsons, Leslie George Brett, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Pearson, Ernest Leigh, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Peel, Patrick Robert Elliott, B.Sc. (Lond.). Penny, Ernest Edgar, B.Sc. (Lond.). Ransome, Harry Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.). Reynolds, Thomas Edward Stewart. Rigby, Joe, M.Sc. (Manc.). Robert, Rogor Felix Laurent, M.Sc.Tech. (Mano.). Robinson, Rupert Eardley. Rose, Leslie. Salt, Wilfred Austin, M.C., B.Sc.Tech. Sanford, Lieutenant-Colonel Chris., B.A. (Oxon.). Saunders, Benjamin, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sheldon, Wilfred, M.Sc. (Vict.). Sheldrick, George, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dunelm). Sheppard, George Wilhelm, BSc. (Lond.), A.K.C. Simpson, Thomas Wake, M.Sc. (Dunelm). Smith, George Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Smith, Sydney Kerr, B.Sc., B.Sc.Eng.(Glas.). Stephens, Bruce Ashley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Tavroges, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.). Taylor, William Edward Leslie. Thom, William Albert Strang, B.Sc. (Glas.). Thornley, Derek George Claude, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Walden, Alfred Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.). Walkey, Wilfred Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.). Wallbank, Albert William, B.Sc. (Birm.). Wallis, Norton James Hugh, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Watson, William, Junior. Whale, William. Wigram, Peter Woolmore, B.A. (Cantab.). Wildman, Harry, B.Sc. (Manc.). Williams, Evan, ik1.S~.(Wales). Williams, Frank Archer, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Wood, Reginald John. Wrather, Harry Coupe, M.Sc. (Manc.). Yeats, Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.). “THEREFORE WE STAND, all of us, upon the watch-towers of history, and have offered to us the glory of making the supreme sacrifices and exertions needed by a cause which it may not be irreverent to call sublime.” The Prime Minister.Help our cauge suving lending c 3% SAVINGS BONDS (1955-1965) 2Q% NATIONAL WAR BONDS (1946-1948) 3% DEFENCE BONDS NATIONAL SAVINGS CERTIFICATES or make a deposit in a POST OFFICE SAVINGS BANK or a TRUSTEE SAVINGS BANK c Issued by The National Savings Committee, London

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9416500141

出版商:RSC    

年代:1941

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER,1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART IV: 1941. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, August, I94I. Publications Cornmi t tee, 1941-42, F. P. DUNN (Chairman), J. J. FOX (President), E. E. AYLING, H. BAINES, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, F.CHALLENGER, J. W. COOK, A. COULTHARD, A. E. DUNSTAN, G. D. ELSDON, L. EYNON, E. GREGORY, T. P. HILDITCH, W.G. HISCOCK W. HONNEYMAN, R. H.HOPKINS, H. HUNTER, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A.C.MONKHOUSE, H.W. MOSS, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, F. M. ROWE, GARFIELD 'THOMAS, S. W. A. WIKNER, F. J. WILSON. Editorial. Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. -The attention of chemists generally is directed to the advice and information afforded by the President and other Officers on various subjects discussed at the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections of the Institute held in June. Particular attention is directed to the consideration of the position of chemists in war-time-their rights and their obligations, both in respect of their employment and of their recruitment or non- recruitment for service with the Forces. The Officers of the Institute will endeavour to advise any Member or Student on difficulties concerning registration, calling- up for military service, change of employment, etc.; but it is essential that full particulars should be communicated to the Institute immediately any difficulty arises so that action may be taken before a definite decision is reached.It must also be emphasised that the outcome of any difficulty cannot always be foreseen on the basis of previous known cases, since, in the meantime, there may have been changes in the regulations. It should be noted that the Ministry of Supply ensures that information on recent and improved methods of analysis and on suitable substitutes for materials which are now no longer easily obtainable is sent to those concerned. Other parts of the Report deal with chemists with the Forces and with Civil Defence, as well as with questions affecting professional training, regulations for the transference of Asso-ciates to the Fellowship, remuneration, and the future policy of the Institute.208 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 20th June, 1941.-Arising from the Minutes of the meeting held on 25th April, the Council gave further consideration to the statement made by Lord Hankey that the Government would set up a Committee to deal with applied science in connexion with the War. The Government actually set up a new Committee dealing with engineering, and the Chairman of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee (Captain Plugge) then asked whether the Government proposed to set up a Committee dealing with chemistry and physics.Sir John Anderson, who replied, said that he had conferred with Lord Hankey, who was of opinion that the Scientific Advisory Committee and the Engineering Advisory Committee could supply all the apparatus necessary to enable the Govern- ment to take advantage of science in every form. These Committees were empowered to call in any expert advice that might be of assistance, and Lord Hankey felt that it would be impossible to give permanent representation to every branch of science or to create separate Advisory Committees, in order to secure the representation of various branches of applied science. He hoped that the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee would feel that the steps which the Government had taken would secure the approval and willing co-operation of scientists in general.The Council felt that such Advisory Committees should have directly associated with them representatives of chemistry and physics, who had industrial experience. (These views were subsequently communicated to the Parlia- mentary and Scientific Committee.) In a letter from a Member of Council, attention was directed to the rates of pay offered to chemists in some factories. It was agreed that the matter should be watched and suitable oppor- tunities should be taken of discussion with Government authori- ties and leaders in industry. Enquiries were received from several members as to whether 209 any provision had been made for allowing extra coupons for clothes and overalls for chemists.It was reported that an enquiry had been addressed to the Board of Trade, but beyond a formal acknowledgment, no reply had been received. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Publications Committee reported that it had decided to publish a lecture by Mr. E. J. Vaughan, Fellow, Chemist to the Admiralty Chemical Pool, on “Modern Methods of Metallurgical Analysis,” and a lecture by Dr. A. H. Cook, Associate, on “Chromatographic Analysis.” The Committee also reported that Dr. Dunstan had kindly promised to prepare for publication a monograph on “Recent Syntheses in the Petroleum Industry” based on the lecture which he gave before the Institute on 16th May.On the Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, it was resolved to ask Professor William Wardlaw to continue as an Examiner in General Chemistry for the Associateship; and Mr. Herbert Newton Wilson, Fellow, was appointed Examiner in Branch H: General Analytical Chemistry, for the Fellowship. The Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists appointed to consider the correspondence between the Institute and the Ministry of Health relating to the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service, reported that a further letter had been addressed to the Ministry urging that it should insist on the fulfilment of the terms of its own circular, dated 5th September, 1939,in which it was expressly stated that it was not intended that the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service should interfere in any way with the operation of normal services where these could be maintained.The Council gave authority for communicating the results of Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales) to the schools, on the understanding that the Report of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Board of Educa- tion would be submitted to the Council in October. The Council received the Fifth Report of the Chemical Council (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111, page 178). It was agreed that the President, with Professor Briscoe and Mr. White, the Honorary Treasurer, should attend the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections to be held at the Institute on the following day. 210 Council Meeting, 18th July, 1941.-Arising from the Minutes, it was reported that no reply, beyond an acknowledg- ment, had been received from the Board of Trade, in answer to the question concerning coupons for chemists’ clothes and overalls.The Registrar reported that the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee had appointed a Sub-committee to consider the reply given by Sir John Anderson to the question, put by Captain Plugge, whether the Government proposed to appoint a Committee dealing with chemistry and physics in connexion with the war. A further complaint was received from a Fellow regarding the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service.The Fellow concerned was advised to make a claim for compensation in respect of the practice of which he had been deprived. The Council considered a letter received from Dr. Francis H. Carr, Vice-president, Chairman of the Pedler Fund Committee. Having been consulted on the question of appointing a new Pedler Scholar, Dr. Carr stated that although it was more than a year since the last Pedler Scholar terminated his tenure of the scholarship, he was of opinion that the Council should not proceed to appoint a new Scholar during the continuance of the war, Fellows and Associates qualified to receive the scholarship were mainly engaged on work of national importance. Moreover, conditions in the universities and research laboratories were abnormal, and it was not the most opportune time for those who wished to undertake research.When the war was finished, there would probably be a need for scholarships of the kind, and questions, such as whether the Institute should award a scholarship of the same or of a different character, or one of equal or greater value, or whether for a period the Institute should award more than one scholarship might well be left for consideration after the war. The Council concurred. The Finance and House Committee reported that the Auditors had examined the books to 30th June and had certified to the correctness of the half-yearly statement. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that the loans repaid during 1941,so far, amounted to k78 9s.6d. On the adoption of the Report of the Nominations, Examina- tions and Institutions Committee, the name of the Denbighshire 211 Technical Institute, Wrexham, was added to the list of institu- tions recognised for the training of candidates for the admission to the Associateship,-such recognition to be subject to the appointment of an additional member on the staff of the Chem- istry Department on the termination of the war, or as soon as a suitable chemist is available. The Council received the Report from the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Scottish Education Department on the examinations for the award of National Certificates in Chemistry. Of nine candidates for the Higher Certificate, six passed, and of twenty-three candidates for the Ordinary Certificate, twenty-one passed.The Council decided to ask Principal T. J. Drakeley, Dr. Joseph Kenyon and Professor William Wardlaw to serve on the Sub-committee appointed to consider the letter received from Dr. E. A. Rudge on the method of transfer of suitable students from secondary to technical education,-the other members of the Committee being Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Mr. R. R. Butler and Mr. H. Webster Moss. The Council received a preliminary report from the Special Committee on the Constitution and Nomination of the Council. The Committee recorded their agreement on the following points,-that the Council of the Institute is too large; that Members of Council should be elected for three years subject to an adequate rule as to attendance, and that a third of the Council should retire annually, retiring members being ineligible for re-election for twelve months; that some form of district or regional representation (irrespective of whether districts or regions included Local Sections) should be retained and that regional members of Council should be elected by the Fellows and Associates within their respective regions.The Committee, which has also under consideration the method of nominating the General NembeLs of Council, holds the view that the Council should retain the right of nominating a certain number of General Members, bearing in mind the importance of the repre- sentation of various branches of the science and of the profession.The Committee will report further in due course. The Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections was submitted. The matters dealt with under sections I and z were referred to the Publications Committee, it being understood that information received by the Institute on substitutes for materials now no longer easily obtained would 212 be passed on to the appropriate quarters. The Council directed that section 4 be brought to the notice of the Special Committee on the Constitution and Nomination of the Council. It was referred to the Officers to make enquiries regarding remuneration received by members of other professions. Section 7 was referred to the Sub-committee appointed to consider Dr.Rudge’s letter. Section g was referred to the Finance and House Committee. The Council directed that the resolution under 10 be placed on the agenda for the Council Meeting in October. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Mr. Hugh Gordon Dale, Fellow, has kindly consented to give the next Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, and will deal with the subject of “The Precious Metals.” A further announcement will be made in due course. 213 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-At the Annual General Meeting held in the Palace Hotel, Aberdeen, on 28th April, the following officers were elected for 1941-42 : Chairman-Dr. J. A. Lovern; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer-Dr. W. M. Todd: Committee-Capt.J. S.Allan (ex o$cio), Mr. A. Dargie, Mr. H. G. M. Hardie, Dr. F. L. Hudson, Mr. M. J. Robb, Dr. A. B. Stewart, and Dr. R. B. Strathdee. After discussion it was decided to revoke the decision of a previous committee meeting, namely, “to discontinue Sectional meetings during the war,” and to endeavour to arrange a limited programme of meetings, preferably of an informal nature. A meeting of the Section was held in the, Palace Hotel, Aberdeen, on 23rd June-Dr. J. A. Lovern in the chair. A paper on “Polycyclic Hydrocarbons related to Fluorene” was given by Professor J. W. Cook of Glasgow University. This was followed by questions and discussion. In view of the excellent attendance, it was felt that the decision taken at the General Meeting was fully justified, and arrangements are accordingly being made for the holding of regular meetings during autumn and winter.Bristol and South-Western.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department of Bristol University on 17th July, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemi- cal Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society. Mr. Sanders, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, presided. Dr. A. E. Dunstan gave a lecture on “Oil in Peace and War,” illustrated by lantern slides. Cape.-The Annual General Meeting was held in the Depart- ment of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, on 6th June,- Prof. W. Pugh presiding. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and the Hon. Treasurer for the year 1940-1941 were read and adopted, and the retiring Officers and Committee were then re-elected en bloc, namely, Chairman: Prof.W. Pugh; Hon. Secretary: Dr. A. H. Spong; Hon. Treasurer: Mr. R. J. Kruger; Committee 214 members: Mr. A. L. Abbott and Mr. W. H. Seath; Hon. Auditors: Dr. I. Donen and Mr. H. Green. On the conclusion of formal business, Prof. Pugh delivered an address on “Metals and Intermetallic Compounds.” By invitation of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society, members of the Section attended two meetings held by that society :-On 16th May, in the Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, when Miss H. M. Schwartz read an interesting paper on “The Production of Vitamin Oils in South Africa”; and on 20th June, in the Agricultural Faculty Building, University of Stellenbosch, when Mr.P. E. Kriel gave a lecture on “Recent Local Investigations on the Importance of the Minor Elements in the Nutrition of Fruit Trees.” East Ang1ia.-Mr. G. Colman Green, referring to the state- ment under East Anglia, on page 150, in JOURXAL AND PROCEED-INGS, Part 111, desires it to be known that his removal from the district is only temporary and for the duration of the war. Manchester and District.-The Annual General Meeting this year was combined with the Annual Summer Meeting and held on 12th July, at the Shirley Institute, Didsbury, by the kind permission of the Director, Sir Robert Pickard. The recently elected chairman of the Section, Dr.Harold Hunter, presided over a large gathering. The following new members of Committee having been duly nominated were declared elected :-Dr. A. E. Gillam (Fellow), Dr. M. E. Probert (Fellow), Mr. N. Strafford (Fellow), and Mr. G. A. Perry (Associate). The retiring members were: Mr. J. H. Lester, Mr. F. Scholefield and Mr. J. Maddocks. The chairman announced that Dr. A. Coulthard had tendered his resignation as Hon. Secretary. He paid a tribute to the work of Dr. Coulthard, who had held the office for sixteen years, during which period the section had grown to be the largest provincial section in the kingdom with a membership exceeding 600. This tribute was warmly echoed by all members present. Dr. D. A. Harper was elected Hon. Secretary in place of Dr.Coulthard. The Honorary Auditors, Mr. L. Thompson and Mr. H. H. Stocks were thanked for their services and re-elected. The Chairman welcomed the presence of Lieut.-Col. W. L. Gadd, who was elected to the Fellowship in the year 1888. 215 Another visitor was Mr. V. S. Rawson, Associate, of Sydney, who brought greetings from his Section in Australia. An address entitled :‘I Some Hazards in the Chemical Industry,” was given by Dr. Goldblatt, Medical Officer of the Dyestuffs Group of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. Dr. Goldblatt dealt with the dangers of handling both well known and lesser known chemicals, illustrating his points with lantern slides and pictures. The members and their friends were entertained to tea by members of the staff of the Shirley Institute, and afterwards, under the leadership of Dr.Hunter, Dr. J. C. Withers and other members of the staff, paid a visit to the machinery halls where the visitors were shown models of the latest types of cotton machinery, and given an insight into the work carried out by the Research Association of the British Cotton Industry. 216 Lecture Summary. Modern Industrial Toxicology By Dr. J. M. DAVIDSON,H.M. Medical Inspector of Factories. [Birmingham and Midlands Section on 11th June, 1941.1 Poisons can be absorbed by swallowing, passage through the skin and inhalation. By far the most important method, industrially, is inhalation. In this case, the poison can be absorbed unknowingly and the lungs afford a vast reception area; consequently the protection of the pulmonary system is very necessary.Toxicity in industry depends more on the physical state of the poison than on its chemical nature. Lead preparations vary considerably in toxicity according as they are encountered solid, liquid, or fume. Their physical state determines the mode of absorption and, to some extent, the part of the body likely to be affected; most important is the ease with which a poison may enter the blood stream. Arsenious oxide as a powder may cause skin or nose irritation, but seldom poisoning, whilst arsine generated accidentally is responsible for a high rate of mortality among cases of industrial poisoning. The three principal factors affecting severity of poisoning are dosage, rate of absorption and rate of excretion. It is axiomatic that slow or delayed action of a poison leads to contempt of danger.Absence of odour increases risk. Carbon monoxide can be more dangerous than chlorine or sulphur dioxide. Industrial poisons may be divided into four main groups: metals, coal-tar derivatives, petroleum products, and radio- active substances. In regard to the metals, lead, one of the oldest industrial poisons, is still one of the most dangerous, although modern methods of manufacture and restrictive legislation have con-siderably reduced the cases of lead poisoning. Lead poisoning occurs, almost entirely, from inhalation, the severity of the symptoms depending as usual upon the amount absorbed, and the rate of absorption.The fate of lead in the body, in many respects, is similar to that of calcium, and where there is a 217 calcium deficiency lead may continue to circulate instead of being stored in the bones. Lead tetraethyl absorbed through the skin shows a predilection for the fatty tissues and tends to accumulate in the nervous system. Manganese is a troublesome metallic poison, and the in- halation of the dioxide during grinding or roasting of the ore produces distressing symptoms. Nickel carbonyl is absorbed unchanged into the blood stream, and affects the lungs in a manner similar to that of phosgene. In the coal-tar group, benzene is a substance of known toxicity which, in normal times, tends to be replaced by the less toxic toluene.Nitrobenzene can be absorbed through the pulmonary system and through the unbroken skin, and results in a fixation of the haemoglobin of the blood. Some of the amino derivatives of benzene, while appearing not to affect the liver, cause irritation during excretion and, sometimes, induce a cancerous condition. With reference to petroleum products, those characteristics which render them valuable as industrial solvents make them dangerous in the ‘toxic sense. Chlorinated hydrocarbons used in cellulose lacquers, enamels and photographic films, produce an acute narcotic effect, even if breathed in low concentrations. Radio-active substances are a relatively new type of industrial poison which require stringent precautions. Exposure to these materials leads to dermatitis, blood changes, and local death of bone parts.In conclusion, substances of known toxicity in industry are best eliminated if at all possible. Where precautions have to be instituted, they should be of a kind that cannot be interfered with by those working the process. 218 Report of the Ninth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. 21st June, 1941. Present:-Dr. J. J. Fox, President, in the Chair; Mr. J. C. White, Honorary Treasurer ; Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Vice- President, and the following:- Mr. E. E. Ayling, South Wales (Swansea). Mr. H. E. Blayden, Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast. Dr. J. W. Corran, East Anglia.Dr. A. Coulthard, Manchester and District. Dr. J. F. J. Dippy, Cardiff and District. Mr, G. Elliot Uodds, Edinburgh and East of Scotland. Mr. D. M. Freeland, London and South-Eastern Counties. Mr. E. M. Joiner, Birmingham and Midlands. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Dublin. Mr. G. Parkin, South Yorkshire. Mr. J. Ratcliffe, East Midlands. Dr. F. J. Smith, Liverpool and North-Western. Dr. J. Whitaker, vice Dr. E. H. Goodyear, Huddcrsfield. Mr. W. A. Wightman, Leeds Area. Mr. J. L. Wild, vice Mr. F. P. Hornby, Bristol and South-Western Counties. The Registrar and the Assistant Secretary were also present. Letters regretting absence were received from Mr. J. G. Duncan (Glasgow and West of Scotland), Dr. E. H. Goodyear (Huddersfield), Mr.F. P. Hornby (Bristol), Mr. C. S. PvlcDowell (Belfast) and Mr. W. M. Todd (Aberdeen). The President welcomed the Honorary Secretaries to the Conference, remarking that they had suggested a programme of subjects for discussion which would afford them an interesting sitting. (1)CHEMISTSIN WARTIME.-Mr. Parkin raised a number of questions regarding the freedom of Fellows and Associates of the Institute to change their employment during war-time. Under normal conditions such changes were decided by the 219 individual, subject to any contract, but in war-time restrictions were imposed and some might be victimised by the new regula- tions. Cases occurred where the employers were in a position to refuse to release chemists, although their present positions might offer no prospects and they had been invited to apply for posts of increased responsibility at higher salaries on work of national importance.Mr.Parkin asked whether the Essential Work (General Provisions) Order, 1941,applied to qualified chemists, and if so, whether chemists had the same right of appeal, as “workers” have, to a National Service Officer or Appeal Board. He asked whether the Institute had information as to the procedure to be followed when a chemist was asked by the Ministry of Labour (Central Register) to become a candidate for a post and his employer would not agree to release him, and whether the same procedure was adopted in both “protected ” and ((unprotected” establishments with regard to requests from the Central Register.He understood that executives, chief chemists and managers were free to apply for new positions, irrespective of whether they were employed in scheduled or non-scheduled establishments, but that assistants did not possess this right. Mr. Parkin also remarked that the treatment of the profes- sions of medicine, dentistry and chemistry might be contrasted with results unfavourable to the chemist. A newly qualified doctor or dentist might join the Forces with a particular rank, but this was not the case with a qualified chemist. Mr. Parkin felt that members of the Institute should have a professional status as officers in the Army, and have the right to resign. The Assistant Secretary explained that the question of change of employment was, in the long run, governed by the power of the Minister of Labour under Section 58 (a) of the General Defence Regulations to direct any person either to remain in his employment or to go elsewhere.This power applied to all categories of employees, whether qualified or unqualified, but was rarely enforced. Any chemist employed in an undertaking scheduled under the Essential Work (General Provisions) Order could only leave his employment with the permission of the Minister of Labour: his employer had the right to object to releasing him even if he received an offer from a Government Department. However, the chemist could fill up Form E.D. 337 at the Local Exchange, stating his reasons for his desire to be released and, in this connexion, a request to become a candidate 220 for a post under the Ministry of Supply would undoubtedly strengthen his case.The employer had the right to give his reasons for objecting to release his employee, and the National Service Officer, after having heard both sides, must come to a decision within a week; but either side had the right to appeal to the local Appeal Board. The question as to whether an establishment was “protected” or “unprotected” only concerned the age at which a man might be called up under the provisions of the Schedule of Reserved Occupations and did not affect transfers. More than one case had been brought to the notice of the Institute where a chemist employed in a “scheduled undertaking” was not actually employed on work of primary national importance, but, in spite of this, his employers had objected to his release. The Institute had frequently advised members on these matters; but it had not been considered desirable to publish detailed advice in the Journal, because regulations were fre-quently changed and any statement made could not be cor-rected until the next Part of the journal was published, after an interval of two months.*** The President promised, however, that an endeavour would be made to refer to the matter in the Journal, at the same time warning members that changes in the regulations might take place at any time. Referring to Mr. Parltin’s remarks contrasting other pro- fessional men with chemists, the Assistant Secretary said that he was not aware that Officers in the Forces had the right to resign in war time.The Registrar said that on the question of rank, much depended on considerations other than professional qualification. Young medical men with several years O.T.C. and Territorial training were called up at the outbreak of war. They were given the rank of Lieutenant and, at the end of a year, attained Cap- taincy; but they complained that older men, without any O.T.C. or Volunteer training, were given higher rank immediately on offering their services. There were many chemists holding commissions, but rank depended very much on whether they had been in the Territorial Force before the war, whether they offered themselves for the Emergency Officers Reserve, and in what capacity they were required to serve.The President said that with regard to the first question raised 221 by Mr. Parkin, the Government departments concerned were very careful to send competent officials to investigate cases, such as had been mentioned. If such cases were brought to the notice of the Institute they would be promptly dealt with. *** It transpired that a case to which Mr. Parkin referred had not been brought to the notice of the Institute, and the President emphasised the importance of communicating with the Institute on such matters promptly in order that action might be taken before any definite decision had been reached. It was much more difficult to get a decision reversed.Dr. Corran raised the question whether it was likely that chemists who had left their peace-time employment in the circumstances indicated by Mr. Parkin would be likely to be taken back into their original employment after the war. The President said that he hoped that steps would be taken to protect chemists against injustice. If a chemist feels that he is called upon to undertake work of national importance, he must do what he feels is his duty and, if necessary, take the risk of dis- pleasing his employers. Reference was made to cases in which students had registered for military service before reaching the age of 21 and had sub- sequently qualified as Associates of the Institute. Such juniors might be considered by the Joint Recruiting Boards; in recent months the tendency had been to continue their reservation only if they accepted positions of primary national importance.The same consideration applied to those who were occupa- tionally graded as teachers and specially reserved on the request of a University or College (Form N.S.88). Before any member, after having been so reserved, accepted a post as a chemist, he would be wise to ascertain whether the Ministry would be willing to re-classify him as a chemist or he might find that he was still graded as a teacher to whom the special reservation no longer applied. A member of the Conference said that he thought that the information given was very useful. He hoped that a statement on these subjects would be published in the Journal.(2) PUBLICITYFOR METHODSOF ANALYSIS.-Mr. Parkin then introduced a discussion on the desirability of providing for rapid and efficient dissemination of information on recent and improved methods of analysis among industrial laboratories at present 222 directly or indirectly engaged on war work. The published abstracts were often not sufficient in detail. *** The President thought that was amatter for the Publications Committee and mentioned that two lectures of analytical import- ance were shortly to be published as monographs. The Local Sections had from time to time promoted symposia on analytical methods, but he suggested that all chemists would be wise to ensure that nothing of importance published in the scientific journals escaped their attention.Steps were taken by the Ministry of Supply to see that reports were sent to those con- cerned. *** Dr. Smith said that he would be glad if further information could be available on suitable substitutes for materials which are now no longer easily obtained. (3)CHEMISTS IN THE SERVICES AND CIVIL DEFENCE.-r\r. Corran raised the question of the utilisation of chemists in the Services and in Civil Defence. He said that the Institute had made representations with regard to matters of concern to the Gas Identification Officers which had resulted in action being taken by headquarters. The Registrar reminded the meeting that the Institute had been asked by the Ministry of Home Security to help local authorities to obtain such officers, and that, both through head- quarters and through the Local Sections, a large number of names of chemists suitable for appointment had been supplied, but the Institute was not responsible for the appointments which hadbeen made.The Ministry had dealt promptly with representa- tions made by the Institute. Dr. Corran mentioned that, in some cases, Gas Identification Officers had been asked to co-operate directly with the military authorities, He thought that certain Officers in the Army, such as Divisional Gas Officers, should be chemists, although a large part of their work might be merely concerned with the issue and supervision of gas masks. In the discussion, it transpired that many junior chemists were desirous of military service and did not wish to be reserved under the Schedule of Reserved Occupations.At the same time, they would like to be given commissioned rank, and to be utilised in positions where their technical knowledge would be useful. It was pointed out that the number of chemists as such 223 actually required in the fighting Forces was small, and the meeting was reminded that professional qualifications were not a substitute for military training when it came to a question of commissioned rank. (4)ASSOCIATESAND THE FELLoWSHIP.-Dr. Coulthard intro- duced a discussion on the desirability of providing further inducements to encourage Associates to proceed to the Fellow- ship.He suggested that the ratio between the numbers of Associates and Fellows was not satisfactory, and that should be a matter of concern to the Council. He suggested, incidentally, that Associates should have stronger representation on the Committees of Local Sections. He considered that the fees payable on transference to Fellowship were too high and that Associates holding responsible positions were diffident about making applications which might be declined. *** The President said that the question whether Associates should serve on the Council was within the terms of reference of a Special Committee recently appointed by the CounciI. Dr. Dippy said that if the fees were reduced and it became easier for Associates to qualify for the Fellowship, there would be less support for the claim that Associates should be eligible to serve on the Council.The President said that in some cases fees were paid to asses- sors in connexion with applications for exemption from examina- tion, and it was not possible to ascertain whether such assessment was necessary until the application had been considered. The Examinations for the Fellowship in special subjects were expen- sive, and the fees paid by those exempted therefrom helped to cover the cost. Mr. Dodds asked whether it would not be possible that Associates who had passed the Examination of the Institute should automatically be entitled to claim election to the Fellow- ship after they had been registered for say, 10or Ij years. The President said that it was unlikely that the Council would take any steps which would tend to lower the standard of the higher qualification. Mr.Wild doubted whether a fee of LIO 10s. was a real obstacle and, at this point, it was remarked that under the Co-operation Scheme, the annual joint subscription was only js. higher for Fellows than for Associates. 224 Mr. Joiner thought that the risk of forfeiting a fee was a strong deterrent; but it was pointed out that the fees for higher univer- sity degrees-Ph.D., D.Sc.,-were often more than twice as much as those required for the Fellowship, yet they did not deter graduates from seeking higher academic honours. *** The Hon. Treasurer said that the Finance and House Committee might consider the question whether it was desirable to reduce the fees.*** The President moved and Mr. Dodds seconded,--“ That the Council be asked to reconsider the fees of Associates proceeding to the Fellowship.” Dr. Dippy moved an amendment, seconded by Dr. Coulthard “That the fees payable by Associates on proceeding to the Fellowship without examination be substantially reduced.” The voting on the amendment was 7 to 7. The President decided not to give a casting vote. The original motion was then put to the meeting and carried as a substantive motion by 8 to 6. (5) REMUNERATION.-Mr. Wightman had suggested as a subject for discussion-the influence of the Institute on salaries commanded by its members. He referred to the remuneration statistics which had been published in the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS prior to the war and suggested that the market value of a qualified chemist was lower than it should be.He feared that at the end of the war it would be lower still and thought that the question should be considered now. The Institute’s powers were limited under its Charter, but he felt that certain steps could be taken. Working men often earned more than qualified chemists. The Institute should be able to formulate opinions on the subject and make them known. It should get in touch with the Government and large combines. Vacancies should not be notified on the Appointments Register unless adequate salaries were offered. He suggested there was a feeling growing among young members that, without employing trade union methods, the Institute might do something and, in any case, the subject should be ventilated in order to ascertain the views held in the profession.The President agreed that they would all like to see chemists earning better pay.The difficulty was that there were many posts in which only routine work was required. Newly qualified 225 chemists who had to find work took such posts, and then there was criticism that they were earning low salaries. He had often found difficulty in dealing with chemists who became better qualified than they need be for the posts they filled; the difficulty frequently was to find suitable posts for the better qualified men. The Hon. Treasurer stated that his experience in industry was of a similar kind.The President said that an additional difficulty was that some men had experience which had a high value in peace time but could not be utilised in war time. Concerning notifications in the Institute’s Appointments Register lists, the Registrar stated that much had been done to improve the offers made by employers and that several technical journals had agreed to the suggestion of the Institute that unsuitable advertisements should not be published in their columns. Mr. Wightman reiterated the view that unskilled men were often receiving more than qualified chemists: the difference between the salaries offered to Associates and to unqualified assistants was still too often insignificant.The President said that every man had to learn his business, and that the qualified professional man had better prospects than operatives. Mr. Joiner suggested that in some organisations the chief chemist received a very high salary, but the juniors did not receive salaries in suitable proportion, or sufficient credit for their share in the work, or credit for the introduction of new ideas. The Registrar stated that such cases had come to his notice. He also stated that organisations with which he is acquainted had informed him that the salaries of young chemists were much better than those received by other newly qualified professional men, such as engineers. Qualified Chartered Accountants and solicitors had to pay heavy premiums if they hoped to reach positions where the remuneration was commensurate with that obtained by chemists. Medical men, whose courses were longer, had to work for very little for several years, before they could attain remunerative practices.*** Professor Briscoe believed that something could be done by the Institute in the way of quiet pressure to influence the attitude of its own members who were in positions where they could use their power to improve matters. 226 *** It was suggested that the Institute should endeavour to obtain statistical information as to the remuneration received by members of other professions. (6) JURY SERVICE.-Dr. Leonard raised the question whether members of the chemical profession should be exempt from service on juries.The Registrar mentioned that the matter had received con- sideration from time to time. The Government authorities who had been consulted held the view that it would not be in the public interest to increase the number of educated men who were so exempt. Dr. Leonard did not press the matter, and the general feeling of the meeting was that no claim for such exemption should be put forward. (7)PROFESSIONALTRAINING.-Dr. J. W. Whitaker asked the Conference to consider the question whether any changes were desirable in the present methods of education of prospective chemists. At present, too much attention was perhaps focused on full-time training: the Institute might do more to encourage employers to release junior employees for part-time day training as well as for evening classes.Mr. Dodds supported Dr. Whitaker’s views and said that, in the Edinburgh district, employers released engineering and other students, and the same should apply to chemists. The Assistant Secretary mentioned that, in Lancashire and Yorkshire, there had been joint committees organised by the Board of Education, consisting of representatives of the Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry, of the educational authorities and of the technical colleges. He understood that these Committees had been established in order to increase co-operation between the employers and the technical colleges. Dr. Smith said that the Committees had been almost entirely concerned with post-graduate courses, but that in the Liverpool area many employers had co-operated as a war-time measure in releasing juniors for part-time day courses, and he hoped that this system would become permanent after the war.It was suggested that Mr. Dodds might approach the authorities of the Heriot-Watt College as to whether they could ask the Scottish Education Department to move in the matter. 227 Dr. Smith said that he would be very glad to pass on to Mr. Dodds any information in his possession. Mr. Ratcliffe referred to the success of the scheme in the neighbourhood of Derby. It was largely used in connexion with engineers, but juniors preparing for A.I.C. had been released for part-time day training.Dr. Dippy was not certain that this day-time release would be granted so readily when normal peace-time conditions were restored.*** The President thought that this was a matter in which the Local Sections might be able to use influence in their respective districts, and he felt that employers would co-operate both in their own interests and in those of the juniors concerned. Mr. Freeland referred to the views of Dr. E. A. Rudge, of West Ham Technical College, published in the chemical press. The President informed the meeting that Dr. Rudge’s views were being considered by another Special Committee appointed by the Council. Dr. Whitaker mentioned that, at Huddersfield, employers were asking for considerable improvement in the manipulative skill of the juniors from the secondary schools.Mr. Joiner mentioned that in some cases the firms paid the fees for these classes, and was of opinion that this should be encouraged. (8) PENSIONS.-Mr. Dodds raised the question as to whether it was possible for the Institute to organise a contributory pensions fund for its members. The Treasurer said that he had given thought to this question but had come to the conclusion that the premiums required would be high. He doubted whether the Institute would be able to secure better terms than individuals could obtain directly with the insurance companies. Under the F.S.S.U.Scheme, the employing authority contributed 10 per cent. of the employee’s remuneration. There were not many firms who would be willing to do that, and without any such contribution the scheme would be expensive.The Registrar said that, apart from the question whether the Institute could form such a fund within the provisions of its Charter, it would be taking an enormous responsibility if it guaranteed benefits to be paid by any company. Dr. Whitaker suggested that enquiries might be made from 228 the Secondary Technical and University Teachers Insurance Society (38, Montpelier Crescent, Brighton, I). (9) REGIONALEMERGENCIES.--Mr, Dodds suggested that a number of regional committees might be formed to advise the Institute on local affairs and, if necessary, to act for the Institute in an emergency. The President said that the suggestion might come within the terms of reference of the Committee appointed to consider the constitution of the Council.*** In the event of exceptional emergency during war time, he thought that it would be quite possible for the Sections in any region to come together to act in conjunction with Members of Council in the area on any matters of urgency. He felt sure that the Council would support any necessary action taken in such emergency. Mr. Ayling suggested that as a precaution against such an emergency, Local Sections should be provided with reserved funds. *** The Hon. Treasurer thought that the proposal was worthy of consideration, but remarked that in such emergency a large proportion of the Local Sections work would probably come to a temporary standstill.CONGRESSES:(10) CONSTITUTIONOF THE COUNCIL; UNIONOF CHEMICALBODIES.-A memorandum from the Birmingham and Midlands Section, which had previously been circulated to the Honorary Secretaries, was submitted by Mr. Joiner, who pro- posed the following resolution :-“That this meeting requests the Council of the Institute to appoint a Committee representative of all members of the Institute to formulate a post-war policy for the Institute. That such a Committee include in its terms of reference (a)the reconstruction of the Council, (b) the holding of a triennial congress, (c) the possibilities of union of chemical bodies.” Mr. Joiner said that these matters had been in the minds of many Members of the Institute for some years past, particularly with regard to the possible union of chemical bodies, which had been advocated by at least two Past Presidents of the Institute.Referring to (a) The reconstruction of the Council,-Mr. Joiner stated that many had wondered why Associates had been unrepresented for 64 years, and that siich a record was probably 229 unique. As a basis for discussion, it was suggested that, for a Council of 50,-25 should be Fellows, 5 Associates and 20 District Members elected from Fellows and Associates according to the wishes of the electorate. With regard to (b)The holding of a Triennial Congress,-it was proposed that it should be a general meeting for business purposes, to discuss items of professional interest and to settle matters of policy by a card vote, or in some other democratic way.Public meetings would be held, at which papers might be read and lectures given ; works would be visited and social amenities provided. The congresses would be held at different centres and the Local Sections would organise them. On the subject of (c), it was felt that the conclusion of war would provide an unparalleled opportunity for effecting union among chemical bodies. The co-operation of sections of Societies and of the Institute in various centres was proof that the rank and file realised the value of such co-operation, and the Chemical Council was a pointer to the financial advantages to be gained. The Institute was in the privileged position of being able to render signal service to chemistry by taking the initiative in the matter.No Society need lose its identity in the union, which would promote greater professional status, simpler administra- tion, improved literature, a single subscription, an insurance scheme, chemical clubs and other facilities. Mr. Joiner dealt in detail with the statement from his Section emphasising the third proposal-the possibility of union of chemical bodies. The President said that the reconstruction of the Council was a matter that had been already referred to a Special Committee which had held several meetings on the subject. The proposal to hold congresses was one that could be considered as a matter of ordinary business. Conferences had been held from time to time but the Council had decided that it was unwise and unprofitable to hold congresses except for specific purposes,-when some question of important general interest was involved. Referring to the Chemical Council, the President said that about 1420 chemists were participating as members of the three Chartered Bodies and a further 250, or rather more, were partici- pating as members of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry.He asked whether Mr. Joiner visualised the incorporation of all the bodies interested in chemistry, of which there were about 20. Many of them would probably prefer 230 to continue an independent existence. They provided oppor- tunities for those who were concerned with a particular subject to come together for their mutual interest.The subject raised,- of a central administration, while preserving the individuality of the different chemical organisations,-would have to be considered by the appropriate organisations when the time came. Mr. Joiner said he had in view the main Societies devoted to chemistry, but they should aim at the union of all qualified chemists. He wanted fusion, not co-operation. Dr. Smith asked how it would be possible to combine qualify- ing with non-qualifying bodies?-to which the President replied that he thought that that problem was not insuperable. There were federations consisting of members representing different interests. The Institute was a professional and educational body, and its functions were different from those of the other bodies.It would represent the professional part of a union or federation. Mr. Joiner suggested grades such as Fellows, Associates, Licentiates and Members. On this, it was remarked that it might not be easy to induce prospective members to accept the grades assigned to them. Mr. Wild doubted whether 20 per cent. of chemists would be enthusiastic about such a union. Letters from various members contributed to Sections were submitted, some expressing the opinion that the functions of the various chemical bodies should not merge; others that the control of the Institute should be in the hands of the most eminent chemists. Several members thought that it was unreasonable to expect a Society to lose its identity in any new Federation. Mr.Ayling suggested that the joint subscription under the Chemical Council Scheme of Co-operation was too high for young Associates. The Chemical Council might have put the fee at a lower figure, on the understanding that members would buy any publications which they required at scheduled prices. The Assistant Secretary said that the essence of the Chemical Council Scheme was to provide further funds for publications. Mr. Joiner suggested that the Chemical Council Scheme showed that the publishing societies could not survive without outside financial support. 231 Mr. Freeland, for the London Section, proposed an amendment to the Birmingham motion- “That this meeting request the Council of the Institute to appoint a Committee to formulate the future policy for the Institute with particular reference to the post-war period, and to consider the desirability of Associates serving on this Com- mittee.” Mr.Freeland felt that the Birmingham. motion implied, rather than suggested definitely, that Associates should serve on this Committee, but the Committee of the London and South- Eastern Counties Section envisaged that there might be further opportunities for closer collaboration between the chemical bodies during the war, and hence would like the future policy, rather than the post-war policy, to be contained in the resolution. As a personal view he would like to see a British institution corresponding to the Maison de la Chimie in Paris,-a Chemistry House,-a general meeting place for the profession.It was realised, however, that it would not always be easy to make arrangements to suit various bodies wishing to use the same rooms for meetings at the same times, although if several bodies were under one roof, certain benefits could be obtained. Mr. Parkin thought that fusion of chemical bodies was certainly desirable but perhaps hardly possible at this stage. In viewof theexistence of the Committee on the constitution of the Council, to which reference had been made, Mr. Joiner agreed not to press for including (a)and (b),above in the terms of reference to the proposed new Committee. He moved, Dr. Whitaker seconded, and it was resolved- *** “That this special meeting requests the Council of the Institute to appoint a Special Committee representative of both Fellows and Associates to consider and makerecommenda- tions on the future policy of the Institute with particular reference to the post-war period and to the possibility of union of chemical bodies.” Dr.Smith, who had been obliged to leave the meeting a little earlier, left a memorandum on behalf of the Liverpool and North- Western Section suggesting that the terms of reference to the Special Committee should include (d) the provision of adequate facilities for chemical training in the period immediately following the war. He felt this was a subject which would definitely arise and should be dealt with. He thought that they did not wish a 232 recurrence of what happened after the last war, when chemists who had been engaged with the Forces and with munition industries returned to the universities, colleges and technical schools to resume training with little thought being given to the needs of the men or of industries. Chemical industry had not been deprived of its chemists to the same extent during the present war, but he (Dr.Smith) suggested that the Institute should consider how best to deal with an unusually large influx of students who would be of a type very different from the new entrants to the profession and would need a training suited to more adult mentality. He asked whether the Institute could not promote co-operation between educational institutions and industry and therefore proposed the addition of (d)as above to the terms of reference.The President said that this was a matter for the Council. The Honorary Secretaries lunched together at the Hotel Russell and resumed their sitting in the afternoon. At the conclusion of business, the President again thanked the Honorary Secretaries for their attendance and said that a report of the proceedings would be prepared for the Council and would be published in the Journal. A vote of thanks was accorded the President for presiding. 233 Notes. -Gas Identification Officers.-In some districts, chemists who had volunteered for service as Gas Identification Officers have been called upon to take up work in other parts of the country, with the result that A.R.P.authorities are anxious to obtain offers from chemists who are willing to give their services as G.1.0.’~. It is desirable, therefore, that such volun- teers should ascertain from their local A.R.P. authorities whether their services are required. Protective Clothing.-In answer to communications addressed by the Institute to the Board of Trade with reference to the supply of protective clothing, the Board has directed attention to a general licence (S.R. & 0. 1941,1093) under which industrial concerns may purchase (without the surrender of coupons and free of quota), such protective clothing or footwear as is necessary for the safety and health of their employees, by surrendering to the supplier a certificate in the prescribed form signed by one of H.M.Inspectors of Factories or of Mines. The Order does not appear to apply to places other than industrial concerns, factories or mines. In some cases, chemists have been required to hand over five coupons and, in other cases, six, for laboratory coats. The Board has been asked to make some provision in respect of protective clothing for chemists, whether engaged in industry, private practice, Government service, or teaching, as it seems not quite reasonable that dungarees and overalls should be provided “coupon free ” while laboratory coats are not so provided. (The correspondence is proceeding.) The Ministry of Supply announces that the Miscellaneous Chemicals Control has been established at Iron Trades House, I, Chester Street, Grosvenor Place, London, S.W.1, to deal with certain chemicals which hitherto have been administered directly by the Raw Materials Department, Warwick.Responsibility for the following chemicals has been transferred to the Control and correspondence concerning them should be addressed to Mr. D. J. Bird, Controller :-Titanium dioxide ; chromium pig- ments and compounds including bichromates, chromates, chrome 234 oxide and chromic acid ; chlorates. Correspondence relating to other miscellaneous chemicals should be addressed to The Raw Materials Department, Ministry of Supply, The Castle, Warwick. Science Bursaries.-In order to supply the needs of the services and of industry for technical officers, the Board of Education have established a scheme of State Bursaries to be tenable at universities and technical colleges by boys and girls who have reached the required educational standard.The bursaries will be sufficient to cover fees and maintenance allow- ances and will be offered without regard to parents’ circum- stances. The qualifying standard will be a pass in physics, chemistry, or mathematics in certain combinations in the higher certificate examinations, and bursaries will shortly be offered to candidates who have reached the necessary standard in such examinations held recently. Applications are being accepted also from those who have passed the London Inter. Sc. in the appropriate subjects.The minimum age is 18 years, unless the applicant possesses exceptional qualifications ; but applications cannot, as a rule, be entertained from pupils who left school before the end of last term and are now in employment, nor will students at present attending universities and university colleges be considered as eligible. Some holders of these bursaries may be able to qualify for degrees before they are required for national service; others will have to relinquish their university courses at the end of a year’s training; but the Board have promised that in suitable cases these will be considered, after the war, for assistance to enable them to graduate. Any eligible candidate, who has not already done so, is invited to communicate with the Board of Education, Brank- some Dene Hotel, Bournemouth, giving his or her name, age, address and school, together with information as to the university or college to which he or she would wish to be allocated, and the course-in physics with radio, in electrical engineering with radio, in chemistry or engineering-that he or she would prefer to take. Harrison Memorial Prize.-In accordance with the Trust Deed governing the Harrison Memorial Fund, the Selection Committee consisting of the Presidents of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, 235 and the Pharmaceutical Society, will proceed to make an award of the Harrison Memorial Prize in December next.The Prize, of the value of about L150,will be awarded to the chemist of either sex, being a natural-born British subject and not at the time over thirty years of age, who, in the opinion of the Selection Committee, during the previous five years has conducted the most meritorious and promising original investiga- tions in any branch of pure or applied chemistry and published the results of those investigations in a scientific periodical or periodicals.Provided that, in the opinion of the Selection Committee, there is a candidate of sufficient distinction to warrant an award of the Prize, the next award will be made in December, 1941. Applications, five copies of which must be submitted, should contain the following information: (a) Name (in full). (b) Age (Birth certificate must accompany application).(c) Degrees (name of University where obtained). (d) Other qualifications. (e) Experience. (f) Titles of published papers, with authors' names, includ- ing full references to publication. (g) Where research was carried out. (h) Testimonials or references. (i) Any other particulars bearing on the application. The Selection Committee is prepared to receive applications, nominations, or information as to candidates eligible for the Prize. Any such communication must be received by The President, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, not later than Monday, 1st December, 1941. Candidates for the Prize must not be more than 30 years of age at this date.Sir Robert Robinson, F.R.S., Fellout, has been awarded the first Paracelsus Gold Medal of the Swiss Chemical Society. Mr. John Simpson Ford, Fellow, has been awarded the Horace Brown Medal of the Institute of Brewing. The Council of the City and Guilds of London Institute has conferred the distinction of F.C.G.I. upon Dr. Francis Howard Carr, C.B.E., Vice-president,and Dr. John Vargas Eyre, Fellow. 236 Dr. Cyril John Turrell Cronshaw, Fellow, has been re-elected President of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. Dr. Clarence A. Seyler, Fellow, is to be awarded the Melchett Medal of the Institute of Fuel in recognition of his research work on coal and its constitution. Mr. W. M. Selvey, A.R.C.Sc., M.Inst.C.E., has been elected President of the Institute of Fuel in succession to Lieut.-Colonel Sir John Greenly, K.C.M.G., C.B.E., as from October, 1941.Mr. Ronald Belcher, Associate, has been awarded a Lever- hulme Research grant. Professor Jack Cecil Drummond, Member of Council, Professor of Biochemistry in the University of London and Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Food, has been elected Fullerian Professor of Physiology in the Royal Institution, in succession to Sir Frederick Keeble. Professor Walter Phillips Kennedy, Fellow, Dr. Harold Augus- tine Tempany, and Mr. Thomas Edward Wallis, Fellow, have been appointed to a Committee of the Ministry of Health to consider the position of Vegetable Drugs. Mr. Geoffry Thomas Shipston, Fellow, has been appointed Director of Fruit Juices and Pectin in the Ministry of Food.The Council of the University of Leeds has conferred the title of Honorary Reader in Organic Chemistry upon Dr. John W. Baker, Fellow, Lecturer in Organic Chemistry. Dr. Raymond James Wood Le FCvre, Fellow, has been appointed Reader in Chemistry in the University of London. Dr. Frank Bell, Fellow, Head of the Science Department of Blackburn Technical College, has been appointed Principal of the Technical College of the Storey Institute, Lancaster. Mr. W’illiam Wilders Taylor, Fellow, Public Analyst for the County Borough of Nottingham, has been appointed Public Analyst for the City and Soke of Peterborough. Professor Charles Olden Bannister, Fellozzl, is resigning from the Chair of Metallurgy in the University of Liverpool, which he has occupied since 1920.237 Obituary. BASCOMBEFREDERICK died at Paignton, Devonshire, on 23rd June, in his 92nd year. Born at Tadnoll, Dorset, he began his career as a pupil of Thomas Bennett Groves, Fellow, of Weymouth, and subsequently studied at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society, where he gained the Medal for Analytical Chemistry, and, after eight months’ experience as analytical assistant with Messrs. Burrow of Malvern, and six months with James Eaynes, Fellow, of Hull, he became assistant to Michael Carteighe, Fellow, in the business of Dinneford & Co., of New Bond Street, London. Later he joined Fletcher, Fletcher & Co., Ltd., of Holloway.He was for several years a member of the Board of Examiners of the Pharmaceutical Society.In 1910 he was elected to the Lambeth Borough Council and in 1925-26 he was Mayor of that Borough. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1878 and a Fellow in 1882. Information of the death of FRANK BOYCE,in May, 1935, in his 67th year, has only lately been received. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1890 and a Fellow in 1894. JOHN ARTHURCARPENTER died on 1st December, 1940, in his 56th year, Born at Exeter, he was educated at Hele’s School, Exeter School, and Oxford University, graduated B.A. with first class honours in chemistry in the Final Honours Schools in 1906, and in due course proceeded to M.A. In 1907-1908 he was a demonstrator and lecturer in chemistry in Christ Church, Oxford, and from 1908-1910 was senior lecturer in physics in University College of the South-West of England, Exeter. From 1910-1914, he was a science master at St.Paul’s School, London, and from 1911-1914, lecturer in physics at the Royal Dental Hospital. Duringthe war of 191P1918, he served with the Special Brigade R.E. attaining the rank of Major, and was later on the staff for Defensive Gas Services. He was joint author with G. F. Hood of a “Textbook of Practical Chemis- try” (1921). In 1922, he was appointed Chief Research Chemist and Physicist to the Burmah Oil Co., Ltd., at Rangoon, and published a series of original papers in the Journal of the Institute of Petroleum, and Reports to the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and to the Society of Chemical Industry.He was a member of the Board of Studies and of Examiners in Chemistry in the University of Rangoon, and also External Examiner for Degree and other examinations in that University. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922 and a Fellow in 1929. PETERBAISBRIGGE died in March of this year, at the age FLETCHER of 37 years. Educated at Wimbledon College and Chelsea Polytechnic, he graduated B.Sc. (Lond.), with honours in Chemistry in 1925, proceeding to M.Sc. in 1928, in which year he became assistant lecturer in chemistry at Chelsea Polytechnic and a part-time lecturer at the Borough Poly- technic. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1928.238 STONEHEAVENHERBERT died at Bristol on 17th June, in his 28th year. The son of George Samuel Heaven, FeZZow, he was educated at the Cheltonia College, Streatham, and King Henry VIII School, Coventry, and continued at Merton College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A., B.Sc., with honours in chemistry, subsequently proceeding to M.A. From 1935 to 1936 he was a junior brewer with Messrs. A. Guinness, Son & Co., Dublin; from 1936-39 he was attached to the Chemical Defence Research Department, and in 1939 was appointed Development Manager with British Cellophane Ltd., which position he held at the time of his death. He was a Gas Identifica- tion Officer, and Secretary of the Bridgwater and District Air Training Corps Committee.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in May, 1941. The Australian Chemical Institute has reported the death, at Sydney, in CEARLESHOLMESMay, of PHILXP HUNT,of Melbourne, at the age of 67 years. Educated at Malvern, he received his professional training under Tilden at Mason College-now the University-Birmingham, and, in 1896, obtained an appointment as Analyst at the Birmingham Corporation Gas Works. In 1903, he was appointed Assistant Engineer at the Metropolitan Gas Company, Melbourne, where he became Engineer in 1907. In 1914, he was elected a Director of the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Co., Ltd., and Chairman of the Local Board of the Colonial Gas Association, Ltd. Subsequently, he was also a Director of Johns & Weygood, Ltd., and of the Wallaroo-Mount Lyell Fertiliser Co., Ltd.; in 1919, he became Managing Director for the Colonial Gas Association, an undertakingeventually controlling twenty-three works.He practised as a ConsultingEngineer to the Australia Gas Light Co., Sydney, the South Australian Gas Co., the City of Newcastle Gas and Coke Co., and the Hobart Gas Co., and initiated the establishment of the chemical research orgenisation of the National Gas Association. He was also associated with the develop- ment of a number of subsidiary chemical companies connected with gas manufacture and, at the time of his death, was Controller of substitute fuels for the Commonwealth Government. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1896 and a Fellow in 1900.FREDERICE JOHNSONMURRAY GODSCHALL died at Montreal on 7th April, at the age of 58 years. He was educated at McGill University, where he obtained the degree of KSc. He continued his studies, under an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship, at University College, London, and at the University of Breslau, where he was awarded the degree of Ph.D. In 1908, he returned to Montreal as R lecturer in inorganic chemistry and, in 1929, succeeded R. F. Ruttan es Director of the Department of Chemis-In 1935, he was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Graduate Studies, kyk, in 1937, resigned from the University and from the Institute, to pursue art. He was active in the administration of his university and latterly in work connected with allied war supplies.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1906, and a Fellow in 1909. JAMES KENTISH (Junior) died at Frimley, Surrey, on 13th August, in his 38th year. Educated at Eltham College, he obtained his pro-fessional training at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute and Wool-wich Polytechnic. He graduated B.Sc. at London University in 1925 with &st-clam honours in chemistry and subsequently proceeded to M.So. From 1921 to 1924 he was an Assistant in the Chemical Laboratory of 239 H.M. Fuel Research Station, East Greenwich, and from 1924 was an Assistant Chemist with the Greenwich Inlaid Linoleum Co., Ltd., where he remained until 1934, when he became Chemist and Manager of the Cork Department of British Technical Cork Products, Ltd., which position he held at the time of his death.He was an Associate of the Royal College of Organists. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1925. HERMANN GOTTSCHALDTG~~XTHER MOHRHENNdied on 3rd July, as the result of an accident, in his 33rd year. Educated at TollingtonSchool, Muswell Hill, London, he entered University College, London, in 1928, graduating B.Sc., with honours in chemistry in 1930, and proceeding to Ph.D. in 1935. During the last three years of his training at University College he was a Student Demonstrator and carried out research under Professor C. K. Ingold on the calculation of the distance apart of the carboxyl groups of the isomeric cyclopentanedicarboxylic acids from a study of the first and second dissociation constants of the acids and of the first and second saponification constants of the corresponding methyl esters. In 1936 he became research assistant to the British Launderers' Research Association, and from 1937 was a lecturer in laundry technology at The Institution of British Launderers, Lancaster Gate, London.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1935. OSCAR LENNOX OCHSE died at Richmond, Johannesburg, on 17th February, in his 43rd year. Educated at King Edward VII School, Johannesburg, and at the South African School of Mines and Technology -now the University of Witwatersrand-he graduated B.Sc. (S.A.). From 1916 he was an Assayer with the New Modderfontein Gold Mining Co., Ltd., until 1934, when he became Assayer to Barclay's Bank, Johannes- burg.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1928. JAMESCHARLES PHILIPdied at a nursing home in London on 6th August, in his 69th year. The son of the late Rev. Dr. J. Philip, he was born at Fordoun, Kincardineshire, and educated at Aberdeen Grammar School and at Aberdeen University, where he was Town Council medallist of King's College and, in 1895, Murray Scholar. He graduated M.A., BSc., and eventually D.Sc., and continued at Gottingen, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. He returned from Germany in 1897 and after working for some months with H. E. Armstrong, was appointed assistant in teaching and research to C. T. Heycock and F. H. Neville at Cambridge. From 1900 he was on the chemistry staff of the Royal College of Science, London, first as a demoilstrator and lecturer, then as assistant professor in the Imperial College (1909) and finally as professor of physical chemistry from 1913 to 1938.In 1939 he returned to become Deputy Rector of the college, and at the outbreak of war was appointed Chairman of the University Joint Recruiting Board, and Chairman both of the Indust- rial Chemistry Committee and of the Chemistry Sub-Committee of the Scientific Research Committee of the Ministry of Labour. Professor Philip served on the Council of the Chemical Society from 1910 to 1913, was one of the Honorary Secretaries of the Society from 1913 to 1924, a Vice-president from 1924 to 1927 and from 1928 to 1931, and President of the Society at the time of his death, having previously held office as President of the Society of Chemical Industry.He was Chairman of the Bureau of Chemical Abstracts from 1923 to 1932, Member of the Senate of London University from 1932 to 1938, and President of the Chemistry Section of the British Association in 1936. He was the 240 author of “Romance of Modern Chemistry” (1909), “Physical Chemistry : Its Bearing on Biology and Medicine” (1928), and “Achievements of Chemical Science” (1913), and contributed articles to Thorpe’s Dictionaryof Applied Chemistry. He also contributed many papers to the Journal of the Chemical Society and other scientific journals. He was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1918, was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1921, and served on the Council of the Society from 1928 to 1930.He was awarded the degree of LL.D. (Aberdeen), honoris caum, shortly before his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919, served on the Council from 1922 to 1925 and as an Examiner in Physical Chemistry from 1925 to 1929. At the Service at St. John’s Presbyterian Church, Kensington, on 9th August, the Institute was represented by Dr. J. J. Fox, President, and the Assistant Secretary. ROBERTROBISONdied at Putney on 18th June, in his 58th year. Born at Mewark-on-Trent, he was educated at Rlagnus, Grammar School in that town, and proceeded to University College, Kottingham.He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) and later proceeded to D.Sc. His first research was carried out with F. S. Kipping and he continued his training as an 1851 Exhibition Research Scholar, under Hantzsch, at the University of Leipzig, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. In 1909, he was appointed lecturer and demonstrator in chemistry at University College, Galway, and, in 1910, obtained a similar appointment in University College, Nottingham. In 1913, he was appointed assistant biochemist at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, where, in 1931, he became head of the Depart,ment of Biochemistry, which position he held at the time of his death. He was also Professor of Biochemistry in the Univer- sity of London. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1930, was Herter Lecturer in New York University in 1931, and received the Baly Medal from the Royal College of Physicians in 1933.During 1915-19 he served with the Mediterranean, Egyptian, and Italian Expeditionary Forces with the rank of Captain, R.A.N.C. (T.), and was mentioned in despatches. He was the author of The Signijkance of Phosphoric Esters in Metabolism (1932), and of many papers on chemical and biochemical subjects in the biochemical and other scientific journals. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1905 and a Fellow in 1908. TEMPLELEONARD TRORNEdied at St. Leonards-on-Sea on 23rd July, 1941, in his 87th year. He worked under Edward Frankland at the Royal College of Chemistry from 1874 to 1577, gaining the first Jodrell Scholar- ship, taking a high first class in the college examination, and becoming joint author with Frankland of R paper on the i1luminat)ing powor of benzol, contributed to the Journal of the Chemical Society.He continued his training under Wislicenus at Wdrzburg, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D., and during 1878 acted as lecture assistant and demonstrator. Subsequently, he held appointments as science master at the Fellenberg Institute, Hofwyl, and was private assistant and demonstrator of the Academy of Woods and Forestry, at Sschaffenburg, before he returned to act as private assistant to (Sir) William H. Perkin, Sen., at Sudbury. Later, he help appointments with t,he Brin’s Oxygen Co., Ltd.-later the British Oxygen Co., Ltd.,-for several years, before he became (c. 1896)chemist to Garton, Hill & Co.-since incorporated with Manbre R: Garton, Ltd.-with whom he remained until his retirement in 1933.Early in his career (c. 1884) he was for some time Honorary Librarian of the Chemical Society. He was Honorary Secretary of tho London Section 241 of the Institute of Brewing from 1904 to 1913 and Chairman of the Section in 1914. He was elected a Vice-President of that Institute in 1933, he was Honorary Foreign Secretary from 1918 to 1936, and was elected an Honorary Member in 1939. He was elected an Associate of the Institute of Chemistry in 1878 and a Fellow in 1884. PERCY WARD, who died on 8th July, at the age of 48 years,JAMES was born at Coventry.The second son of William Ward, a freeman of that city, he was educated at Bablake School, and obtained a scholarship to the Cniversity of Birmingham, where he studied chemistry under Professor P. F. Frankland, F.R.S. He graduated B.Sc. in 1913 with honours in chemistry, and in the same year was awarded the degree of M.Sc. for research on the action of chlorine on m-iodoaniline and m-bromo- aniline. On leaving Birmingham in 1913, he was employed as chemist by Messrs. Strange and Graham, first at King’s Lynn and later at Ponders End. In 1915 he joined the Indo-Burma Petroleum Co. of Rangoon, a subsidiary of Messrs. Steel Brothers, and, in 1918, was promoted to Chief Chemist. In 1920 he was transferred to The Attock Oil Co.at Rawalpindi, where he was in charge of the construction of a new refinery, of which he became works manager, remaining in this post until 1934. He was then appointed to carry out research work in collaboration with Dr. (now Sir Shanti) Bhatnagar, Felllow, in the Chemical Research Laboratories founded and endowed by Steel Brothers at the Punjab University, Lahore. In 1940 the laboratories were moved to Calcutta, where Sir Shanti had been transferred by Government, and their collaboration continued until Mr. Ward’s death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1939. The Institute has been informed that HARRY died in 1937, WILDMAN at the age of 34 years. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1931.SIR WILLIAM HENRY WILLCOX died at 40, Welbeck Street, London, W.l, on 8th July, at the age of 71 years. The son of W. Willcox of Melton Mowbray, he was educated at Wymondham Grammar School, Oakham, and Wyggeston School, Leicester. He studied chemistry under Clowes at University College, Nottingham, and graduated B.Sc.(Lond.) in 1892. His first appointment was that of Lecturer in Chemistry at Queenswood College, Hants, where he was also engaged on research in bacteriological chemistry; then, from 1895 to 1900, he studied medicine at St. Mary’s Hospital, Paddington, where, in 1900, he was appointed pathological chemist, and, in the following year, lecturer in the medical school on chemistry and physics, chemical pathology and forensic medicine.He qualified M.B.(Lond.) in 1900; he was Senior Scholar, gained the Cheadle Gold Medal for research in clinical medicine, and many other awards; he proceeded to M.D.(Lond.) in 1901, and F.R.C.P. in 1910. During his distinguished career, he was a Medical Adviser and Senior Analyst to the Home Office, President of the Harveian and other medical societies, and of the Medico-Legal Society, Master of the Society of Apothecaries, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine. He was examiner in pharma- cology and therapeutics to the University of Cambridge, Senior Physician to the London Fever Hospital and St. Luke’s Hostel for the Clergy, and Consulting Physician at St. Mary’s Hospital. He was Visitor for the Privy Council to the Examinations of the Pharmaceutical Society.He served with distinction in the war of 1914-18, holding the rank of Colonel. He was appointed C.M.G. in 1916, C.B. in 1917, and was 242 created K.C.I.E. in 1921. He was a frequent contributor to the medical press and, in 1924, gave a lecture before the Manchester antc District Section of the Institute and other local scientific societies on The In- fluence of Chemical Research on Medicine and Forensic Medicine.” He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1894, and a Fellow in 1901; he was Examiner in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and‘Microscopy, from 1909 to 1914, and served as a Member of the Council from 1914 to 1917. At the memorial service at St. Marylebone Parish Church on 11th July, the Institute was represented by Dr.G. Roche Lynch, Vice-President, and the Registrar. LOTHIANWILSON died through illness arising from the effects of enemy action, at the Nayland Sanatorium, Suffolk, on 15th June, at the age of 53 years. He was trained at East London-now Queen Mary-College, and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry. From 1909 to 1912 he was a research chemist on the staff of the Imperial Institute. From 1912 to 1914 he assisted Dr. L. R. Wallace, of Yiewsley, Middlesex. He served in the Great War from 1914, attaining the rank of Majorin the Royal Army Service Corps, and continuing, attached to the Special Reserve of Officers, Militia. On demobilisation in 1920, he obtained an appointment as chemist to Messrs. N.J. Fenner and H. B. Alder, Ltd., of Millwall, and from 1925 to 1929 he was works manager of M. & V. Paints, Ltd., Johannesburg. He returned to England in 1929 and became works manager of P. B. Jones, Ltd., Paint Manufacturers, and from 1934, until his death, a Director of the firm of Messrs. T. S. Jackson & Sons, Ltd., of Mitcham, Surrey. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1911 and a Fellow in 1917. -On going to press, the death is announced of Mr. WILLIAMMACNAB C.B.E., Fellow,-at Cookham Dene, on 2nd September, in his 84th year. A notice will appear in JOURNALAND PROCEEDINQS, Part v, 1941. 243 Books and their Contents. -The following books have been kindly presented to the Institute by the publishers, and may be seen in the Library.Mercerising. J. T. Marsh. Pp. xvi + 460. (London: Chap- man & Hall, Ltd.) 32s. Historical introduction; cotton ; mercerising process ; native cellulose and hydrate cellulose; theoretical aspect of the action of alkali; absorp-tive capacity; efficiency of the process. Density tables. Indexes. Illustrations. Nickel Bulletin, The. Volume 13. Pp. 240. (London: The Mond Nickel Co., Ltd.) Rubber Technology, Annual Reports of the Progress of. Volume IV. 1940. Pp. vi + 160. (Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., for the Institution of the Rubber Industry.) 10s. 6d. net. Sugar Refinery Workers, Technology for. Oliver Lyle. Pp. 402. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 15s. Sugar ; measurement ; chemistry ; sugar analysis ; heat and steam ; steam boilers; electricity-production; electricity-me; pumps; vacuum pans; evaporators; filtration; char; recovery; losses, savings and control; commercial; appendix (miscellaneous information) ; index; illustrations; tables.Offered.-An Associate offers-for cost of carriage only- the Journal of the American Chemical Society and Chemical Abstracts (1923-27). Another Associate offers Journal and Abstracts of the Chemical Society from 1924 onwards, and Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry from 1gz5-1931,--0n payment of carriage. Enquiries to be addressed to the Registrar. Wanted.-The Institute desires to obtain a copy of the November, 1940, issue of the Journal of the American Chemical Society. William Dawson & Sons, Ltd., 129, Cannon Street, London, E.C.4, will be glad to hear from chemists who are desirous of disposing of “long runs” of scientific periodicals and journals.Those who wish to dispose of sets or runs should give brief descriptions as to binding, conditions or imperfections, 244 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 20th June and 18th July, 1941,2 new Fellows were elected, 13 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 46 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 19 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 10 Fellows and 6 Associates. New Fellows. Davis, John Gilbert, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.), National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading.Gurr, George Thomas, 35, High Drive, New Malden, Surrey. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Booth, Norman Joseph, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Chestcrfield Technical College, Infirmary Road, Chesterfield. Fishburn, Arthur George, Ph.C., 180, Manor Way, Whitchurch, Cardiff. Freeman, Percy Tom, M.B.E., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Peter Symonds’School, Winchester. Hampton, Wilfred Marsh, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), F.Inst.P., 26, Mirfield Road, Solihull, Warwickshire. Heap, Tom, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Manc.), 214, Wigan Road, Standish, Wigan. Kershaw, John Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cordite Factory, Aruvankadu, Nilgiris, S. India. Knight, George Alfred, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 39, St. Giles Road, Cavendish, Derbv. Manken, Eric George, B.A., Ph.D. (Cape Town), Kenwood, Fairdale Road, Diep River, Cape Province, S.Africa. Robinson, John George, M.Sc. (Lond.), F.I.R.I., Hillside, Eccles Road, Chapel-en-le-Frith; Stockport. Smith, Charles George, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 7, Mayfield Avenue, Wood- ford Green, Essex. Sreenivasan, Arunachala, M.A., D.Sc. (Madras), Institute of Plant Industry, Indore. Central India. Storey, Raiph Charles, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 18, Gledhow Park Crescent, Chapel Allerton, Leeds, 7. Whinfield, John Rex, M.A. (Cantab.), Meyroyd, Hollins Lane, Accrington. New Associates. Acharya, B. G. Sunderaraj, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Bombay), Dharmendrasinhji College, Rajkot (Kathiawar), India. Arnot, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 1, St. Ann’s Drive, GBnock, Glasgow.Audsley, Arnold, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Leeds), Netherby, Westfield, Wyke, Bradford. 245 Banerjee, Tarapada, D.Sc. (Dacca), 64, Purana Paltan, P.O. Ramna, Dacca, Bengal, India. Bray, Stanley Percy Vivian, B.Sc. (Lond.), 47, Ratcliffe Road, Lough- borough;Bridges, Charles, B.A.Sc. (Toronto), Lieut., 1st Batt., Royal Canadian Engineers, Base Post Office. Buck, Kenneth Roland, B.Sc. (Leeds), 8, Lascelles Terrace, Harehills, Leeds, 8. Burke, Shuldham Archibald, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Highfield, Coldra Estate, Newport, Mon. Chadwick, Eric, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Norwood, Heywood Hall Road, Heywood, Lancs. Coen, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), 552, London Road, Glasgow, S.E. Cooper, Graham Percy, 8, Buckingham Place, Brighton, 1. Davies, David Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Moss Terrace, Barkingside, Essex.Dodgson, Thomas, B.Sc. (Liv.), The Laboratory, Messrs. J. Player & Sons,Castle Tobacco Factory, Nottingham. Elmes, Albert Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 61, Lincoln Avenue, Newcastle- under-Lyme, Staffs. Foster, Clifford Kitchener, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 1, Heath Grove, Alexandra Road, Pudsey, Leeds. Galt, James Fyfe, Rannock, Forrest Street, Airdrie, Lanarkshire. Garrett, Kenneth Rupert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chemical Inspection Department, c/o Messrs. A. G. Allen, Ltd., Bowesfield Lane, Stockton-on-Tees. George, Charles, B.Sc. (Aberd.), 62, Union Row, Aberdeen. Giles, Donald George, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Research Department, Calico Printers’ Association, Ltd., Oxford Road, Manchester. Gold, Isadore Jacob, B.Sc.(Lond.), 74, Kingsgate Road, London, X.W.6. Gurnell, Christopher, Police Dormitory No. 1, Meece House, Cold Meece, nr. Stone, Staffs. Gurnell, Philip, Swiss Cottage, Waterlooville, Portsmouth, Haddock, Sorman Hulton, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Canterbury Drive, Prestwich, Manchester. Haig, James McFarlane, B.Sc. (Glas.), 1, Kirk Wynd, Falkirk, Stirlingshire. Holdsworth, Ernest Clifford, B.Sc. (Leeds), Westholme, Sandal, Wakefield. Hutchesson, Brian Norman Perkins, B.Sc. (Lond.), Springfield, Alexandra Park, Nottingham. . Jackson, John, A.M.C.T., 26, Calder Avenue, Littleborough, Lancs. Lammiman, Kenneth Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 194, Jeffcock Road, Wolver hampton.Lawes, Hubert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Wellhouse Lane, Mirfield, Yorks. Loudon, James Dalrymple, D.Sc., Ph.D.(Glas.), 8, Ralston Street, Airdrie, Lanarkshire. Murphy, James Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Newcastle Avenue, Beeston, Nottingham.McLaren, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), 12, Drumoyne Square, Glasgow, S.W.l. Nicholson, Donald Elliott, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 2, Clarence Square,Cheltenham. Pandya, Drupadrao Bhaskerrao, M.Sc. (Bombay), Chemical Laboratory, New Custom House, Ballard Estate, Bombay, India. Park, Geoffrey Sheard, B.Sc. (Leeds), 10, Eastmoor Road, Wakefield. Peevers, Robert Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 132, Carr Road, Greenford, Middx. Perry, Cecil Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 63, Barlows Lane, Andover, Hants. Peryman, Roland Verney, M.Sc. (N.Z.), N.Z. Wool Manufacturers’ Re- search Association, Otago University, Dunedin, N.Z. 246 Sen Gupta, Prem Ranjan, B.Sc.(Calcutta), M.Sc. (Dacca), c/o Messrs. Bird & Co., Research Department, Chartered Bank Buildings, Calcutta, India. Shanker, Jagdish, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Bombay), St. John’s College, Agra, India. Taylor, Bernard, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 51, Egerton Park, Rock Ferry, Cheshire. Taylor, John Martin, B.Sc. (Lond.), Amberley, Frith Road, Newbury, Berks. Wake, William Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 78, Hills Road, Cambridge. Watson, James Stoddart, B.Sc. (Glas.), 49, Barrhill Road, Cumnock, Ayrshire.Whincup, Sydney, 17, Orvietto Avenue, Pendleton, Salford, 6. Worstall, Vivian Desmond, B.Sc. (Wales), 19, Foxcovers Road, Lower Bebington, Cheshire. Re-elected Associate. Middleton, Charles Roger, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., P.O. Box 2, Chester. New Students. Argyle, Alfred, 7, Blossom Avenue, Dawlish Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham, 29. Colyer, Laurence Ernest, 86, Leander Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Day, Victor George, 84, Blenheim Road, Reading. Dearlove, Arthur Cecil, 6, Fairfield Road, Fairfax Avenue, Hull. Ferguson, David Morris, 8, Dunkeld Avenue, Rutherglen, Lanarkshire. Foster, Frederick Henry, 5, West Road, Wolverham, Whitby, Wirral. Fretwell, Sam, 7, Markham Road, Edlington, nr. Doncaster. Gregory, Miss Pamela Zoe, 19, Dean Court, North Wembley, Middx. Heuser, Stanley Gordon, 75, Hill Rise, Greenford, Middx. Jones, Alan Hugh, 69, Old Farm Avenue, Sidcup, Kent. Marsden, Ernest George Newton, 19, Claughton Road, London, E.13.Marsh, John Ronald, 122, High Road, London, E.18. McIntosh, Shearer S. F., 74, Slateford Road, Edinburgh. Palmer, Samuel Wallace, 41, Hawkesley Drive, Longbridge, Birmingham, 31. Stillwell, Miss Dorothy Elsie, 24, Rowan Road, London, W.6. Thomas, Geoffrey, 88, Benomley Crescent, Almondbury, Huddersfield. Walker, Herbert, 14, Allerton Grove, Birkenhead. Weedon, Basil Charles Leicester, 114, Wimbledon Park Road, London, S.W.18. White, Basil David, Needler Hall, Cottingham, E. Yorks. DEATHS. Fellows. Frederick Bascombe. Frank Boyce. John Arthur Carpenter, M.A. (Oxon.). Philip Charles Holmes Hunt, M.1nst.C.E. James Charles Philip, O.B.E., M.A., D.Sc., Hon. LL.D. (Aberd.), Ph.D. (Gottingen), F.R.S. Robert Robison, Ph.D (Leipzig), D.Sc.(Lond., F.R.S. Leonard Temple Thorne, Ph.D. (Wiirzburg). 247 Percy James Ward, XSc. (Birm.).Sir William Henry Willcox, K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G., M.D. (Lond. and Melbourne), B.Sc. (Lond.), D.P.H. (Conjoint Board), F.R.C.P., L.S.A. (Lond.), D.P.H. (Eng.). Lothian Wilson, B.Sc. (Lond. Associates. Peter Bainbrigge Fletcher, XSc. (Lond.). Herbert Stone Heaven, MA.,B.Sc. (Oxon.). James Kentish, N.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.O. Hermann Gunther Gottschaldt Mohrhenn, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Oscar Lennox Ochse, B.Sc. (S.A.).Harry Wildman, B.Sc. (Manc.). Coming Events. Sept. 13 BRITISH ASSOCIATIOS OF CHEMISTS (London Section) : “The Training of the Chemist.” Mr. Thomas McLachlan, at the Cafe Royal, Regent Street, London, W.C.l, at 2.30 p.m.OF24 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Birmingham and Midlands Section) : “Physical Methods in the Investigation of Molecular Structure.” Dr. E. G. Cox, at the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce, at 5.30 p.m. THE PHYSICALSOCIETY (Colour Group): “The Nature and Measurement of Whiteness,” Mr. J. G. Holmes; “The Measure- ment of Near-Whites in the Paper Industry,” Nr. F. G. W. Harrison; and “The Apparent Whiteness of Cinema Screens,” Mr. C. G. Heys-Hallett; in the Physics Department of the Imperial College, South Kensington, London, S.W.7, at 2.30 p.m. FOR INTERNATIONAL : Discussion26 BRITISH SOCIETY BIBLIOGRAPHY on Indexing, at the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Buildings, Victoria Embankment, London, W.C.2, at 2 p.m.Oct . 8 SOCIETYOF CHEBlIClL INDUSTRY(Food Group) : “Modern Con- cepts of Analysis with particular reference to Food.” Jubilee Memorial Lecture by Dr. E. B. Hughes, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 2.15 p.m. OF22 IKSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Birmingham and Midlands Section) : “The Food Industry in War-Time.” Dr. L. H. Lampitt,;Member of Council, at the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce, at 5.30 p.m. Nov. 12 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Birmingham and Midlands Section) : A Discussion on “A United Body of Chemists,” at the Birming- ham Chamber of Commerce, at 5.30 p.m. 248 General Notices. In the prevailing circumstances, Fellows and Associates are asked not to expect formal acknowledg- ments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary.Addresses Unknom.-The particular attention of Fellows and Associates is directed to the list of Addresses Unknown at the end of this Part of the Journal and Proceedings. The Council will be greatly obliged if Fellows and Associates, who are able to give the present addresses of the members referred to, will communicate with the Registrar. Notice to Fellows, Associates or Registered Students who are serving in the Forces.-From time to time the Institute is asked to suggest the names of Officers and other ranks who may be considered suitable for employment on special duties with the Forces. Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who are serving are earnestly desired to send to the Registrar, as soon as possible, full particulars of their rank, unit and employment.Examinations.-It is hoped to arrange an Examination for the Associateship to be held in January, and Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship in April, 1942. The times and places at which they will be held will be notified to intending candidates, who are asked to complete and return forms of application for admission to the Examinations as early as possible, and, if they wish to present themselves in January, 1942, not later than Monday, 10th November, 1941. Candidates whose applications have been accepted will be given full information at the earliest moment, and may then forward their entry forms and fees. Associates who desire to present themselves for Examination for the Fellowship in April, 1942,should forward their applica- tions for consideration by the Council, and not wait for a notifi- cation in the JOURNAL of the exact times and places of the Examinations.249 In order to facilitate identification, Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the Regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of MaccabEans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1942. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1941, to work of the character indicated. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1942, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional,rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject.Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1941, and must be accompanied by a signed 250 declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award shall be made.The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute's practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours.It will be open from 10a.m. to 5 pm. from Monday to Friday, but for the present will re- main closed on Saturdays. Members and Students of the Insti- tute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules regarding the use of the books. 251 The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expired on 1st March. The subscriptions rates are 6s.6d. for Class B, and 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boots’ Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 7d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSat 5s.2d. each. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.252 A copy of “The Profession of Chemistry” (Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis- tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar. Correspondence should normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communi- cating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at g, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.12. Telephone No. Hillside 1859. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon.Treasurer, BENEVOLENTFUND, INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON, W.C.I. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar. 253 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY REGISTER ADDRESSES REQUIRED Fellows. Anderson, Frederic Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.). Barddey, Joshua. Bennett, William Gordon, M.C., D.Sc. (Leeds).. Bowles, Horace Edgar, Darling, Charles Robert, A.R.C.Sc.1. Eastburn, Major Gerald Jerome, M.C., A.R.T.C. Edwards, Vincent. Gray, Archibald. Hogben, Walter. Loudon, Alexander, B.Sc.(Witwatersrand), M.Sc. (Lond.). Morley, Henry Forster, M.A., D.Sc. (Lond.). Paterson, John Hamilton, D.Sc. (Dunelm). Robertson, Joseph Gold, Ph.D. (Jena). Robertson, William Stirling, B.Sc. (Glas.). Robinson, Conmar, A.R.C.Sc.I., Ph.D. (Utrecht). Slack, Harry, D.C.M., B.Sc. (Vict.). Watson, Eric Edmund. Associates. Atkinson, Samuel Comber, B.Sc. (Lond.). Barklie, Robert Henry Douglas, M.Sc. (Lond.). Barron, Harry, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.I.R.I.(Sc.) Bean, Philip Leslie, A.R.C.S. Bell, David James, M.A. (Cantab.)., B.Sc. (Glas.), Ph.D. (St. Andrews). Bennett, William Frank, A.R.C.S. Bhavnagri, Shapur Khushro, B.A., B.Sc. (Bombay), B.Sc. (Manc.). Brodie, Neal, M.Sc. (Dunelm). Bruce, Joseph, B.Sc. (Leeds). Chayen, Israel Harris, M.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., A.M.1.Chem.E. Claudet, Richard Arthur Ormerod, B.Sc. (Lond.). Cook, Harry Aaron, B.Sc. (Lond.). Cooper, Arthur Thomas, Ph.D. (Lond.). Cox, John Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.). Crossley, Harold Edgar, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), M.Sc. (Lond.). Dawson, Thomas Theodore, M.Sc. (Birm.). Day, James Nelson Edmund, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Dean, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Manc.). Diamond, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Brh.). 254 Doyne, Humphry Cathair, M.A. (Oxon.). Eastman, Clifford William, B.Sc. (Birm,). Eccott, Eustace Nevill, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Edwards, Owen Kempster, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Evans, Thomas Watcyn, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales). Finegan, Eugene Benedict, B.A., B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Flannery, Frederick Edward.Flook, Harold Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.O. Garlick, Reginald Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Geake, Frank Henry, 3'I.Sc. (Bris.). Gibbon, John. Gilbert, Frank Lathe, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Cantab.). Goodway, Norman Frederick, XSc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Gresham, Harold Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Grieve, Stanley Trethowa, M.Sc. (Audubon). Gunde, Balwant Gangadher, M.Sc. (Benares). Hall, Donald Hugh, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Harden, Harold Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hill, Ronald Alfred, B.Sc. (Birm.). Hodson, William Brook, A.C.G.F.C. Jackson, Emmanuel, B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Johnson, Sydney Walgate, B.Sc. (Dun.), Ph.D. (Lond.). Johnston, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.). Kay, John Louden, A.R.T.C. Kent, Arthur Vincent, M.Sc. (Wales). King, David Wylie, B.Sc.(Lond.). Laurie, Leonard Llewelyn, M.Sc. (Lond.). Lempert, Hyme, M.Sc. (Manc.). Maitra, Manan Kumar, Ph.D. (Lond.). Manchester, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Mansell, Richard Ivor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Marfiam, Peter John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Marsh, Ernest Victor, B.Sc. (Vict.). Matheson, Donald, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Aberd.). Matthews, Thomas Henry, B.Sc. (Dunelm). McGregor, Thomas, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.). Mein, Henry Cranston, B.Sc. (Edin.). Melhuish, Barradale Whiddon, B.Sc. (Lond.). Ph.C. Milne, Stephen George Mount Stephen, B.Sc. (Aberd.). Morrison, Ian Hugh, &!LA. (Cantab.). Norris, Edward Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), Packman, Percival Gilbert, M.Sc. (Lond.). Padmanabhan, Renga Ayyangar, M.A., M.Sc. (Madras). Parker, Harold Walter, B.Sc.(Lond.). Parker, Hugh Edmund, M.Sc. (Lond.). Parsons, Leslie George Brett, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Pearson, Ernest Leigh, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Peel, Patrick Robert Elliott, B.Sc. (Lond.). 255 Penny, Ernest Edgar, B.Sc. (Lond.). Ransome, Harry Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.). Rees, Wilfred Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales). Reynolds, Thomas Edward Stewart. Rigby, Joe, M.Sc. (Mane.). Robert, Roger Felix Laurent, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.). Rose, Leslie. Sanford, Lieutenant-Colonel Chris., B.A. (Oxon.). Saunders, Benjamin, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sheldrick, George, MSc., Ph.D. (Dunelm). Sheppard, George Wilhelm, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.K.C. Simpson, Thomas Wake, M.Sc. (Dunelm). Smith, George Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Smith, Sydney Kerr, B.Sc., B.Sc.Eng. (Glas.).Stephens, Bruce Ashley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Tavroges, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.). Taylor, William Edward Leslie. Thom, William Albert Strang, B.Sc. (Glas.). Thorp, Edwin William, B.Sc. (Lond.). Todrick, Archibald, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.). Walden, Alfred Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.). Walkey, Wilfred Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.). Watson, William, Junior. Wigram, Peter Woolmore, B.A. (Cantab.). Wilkins, Frank Spencer. Williams, Evan, b1.S~.(Wales). Williams, Frank Archer, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Wood, Reginald John. Wright, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Yeats, Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.). LAAAAAA-AAA-AAA WAR SAVINGS CAMPAIGN 1)1 1 1 1 151-becomes 2016 1 1 How so ? 1 A 151-National Savings Certificate grows in 1 valile until at the end of 10years it is worth 20/6.1 Do I pay any Income Tax on this increase? No. It is entirely free of Income Tax. 1 Where do I buy Savings Certijicates? 1 From any Post Office, Bank, or Trustee Savings Bank; through a Savings Group or from shops acting as Honorary Official Agents. i1 How do I buy Savings Certificates? You can buy them outright at IS/-each. You41 can also purchase them by instalments bybuying 6d. or 2/6 National Savings Stamps. Is there any limit to the number I may hold? 4 No individual may hold more than 500 Certificates. Can I get my money back if I need it? : Yes. Youcan cash Savings Certificates at any time by giving a few days’ notice. You will get your money back with the increase which your Certificates have earned upto that date.41 NATIONAL444 SAVINGS4: CERTIFICATES4T-77 v Issued by The National Savings Committee, London

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9416500205

出版商:RSC    

年代:1941

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOLJRNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART V: 1941. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrav and Secvefavy. 30, RESELL SQUARE, LONDON,ly.c.1, Octobev, 1941, Publications Committee, 194 1-42, F. P. DUNN (Chairnzan), J. J. FOX (President), E. E. AYLING, H. BAINES, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, F. CHALLENGER, J. W. COOK, A. COULTHARD, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, E. GREGORY, T. P. HILDITCH, W. HONNEYMAN, R. H.HOPKINS, H. HUNTER, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A. C. MONKHOUSE, H. W. MOSS, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, SIR ROBERT PICKARD,. F. M.ROWE, GARFIELD THOMAS, S. W. A. WIKNER, F. J. WILSON. 259 Proceedings of the Council. Special Meeting of the Council, 29thAugust,1941.-The meeting was called to consider recommendations of the Chemical Council on the method of collecting joint subscriptions under the scheme of co-operation between the three Chartered Chemical Bodies and the supply of publications for the year 1942. The Chemical Council recommended for that purpose the appointment of a separate staff for dealing with all joint subscriptions and the provision of office accommodation, elsewhere than at the offices of any of the Bodies concerned. The Council of the Institute expressed its general acceptance of the principles underlying the recommendations of the Chemical Council, but was of opinion that in order to avoid the difficulties which had been experienced and were liable to recur in the new year, the staff of the Institute should deal with the collection of joint subscriptions for 1942,in close liaison with the accountancy staffs of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, and that the organisation proposed by the Chemical Council should be set up as soon as possible in order that it might carry out the full duties assigned to it and be brought into efficient operation for 1943.The Chemical Council has since expressed its approval of the above proposal. The Council of the Institute proceeded to deal with other matters awaiting consideration. Arising from the Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, it was decided to appoint a Special Committee consisting of nine members, four to be selected from the Council and four (either Fellows or Associates) to be selected by the Conference of Honorary Secretaries, with the President as Chairman, to consider and make recommendations on the future policy of the Institute, with particular reference to the post-war period and to the possible union of chemical bodies.Mr. E. E. Ayling, Mr. Mark Bogod, Professor F. Challenger and Professor A. Findlay were appointed to the Committee,-the remaining members to be selected by the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Further letters were received from the Ministry of Health regarding the activities of the Emergency Public Health Labora- tory Services, as well as from the Board of Trade regarding 260 rationing of protective clothing for chemists and laboratory workers.Both matters are still receiving the attention of the Council. Council Meeting, 17th October, 1941.-Replies were received from the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections sug-gesting the names of members who would be asked to serve on the Special Committee appointed to consider and make recom- mendations on the future policy of the Institute, with particular reference to the post-war period and to the possible union of chemical bodies. With two exceptions, the local Committees agreed to the proposal that the names should be submitted to ballot by the Honorary Secretaries, each being invited to vote for four candidates from those nominated,-the four receiving the highest number of votes to be appointed to the Committee. The Council directed the ballot to be arranged forthwith.Dr. G. D. Elsdon, having found it difficult to attend meetings, tendered his resignation from the Council, which was accepted with regret. Dr. W. G. Hiscock, having been transferred from the Edinburgh and East of Scotland District to another part of the country, also resigned his seat on the Council, and Mr. Louis Fletcher, nominated by the Committee of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section under by-law 21 (b), was elected to fill the vacancy. A letter was received from the Faraday Society suggesting that the Institute and the Institute of Physics should organise jointly a general discussion on the teaching of chemistry and physics, The suggestion was referred to the Special Committee appointed to consider the letter from Dr.E. A. Rudge on the liaison between technical education and industry and recruit- ment for the chemical profession. The Council also referred to the same Committee a letter from the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, covering a Report from a Sub-committee appointed “to review the method and recruitment and explore the possibility of improved educational facilities for the training of chemical assistants.” It was reported that a letter had been addressed to the Town Clerk of an important borough taking strong exception to the mention of the Associateship of the Institute in connexion with an advertisement inviting applications for the position of an assistant chemist on terms totally inadequate for the qualifica- tions and experience stipulated.The Council directed that arrangements be made for Mr. H. Gordon Dale to give the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture before the Institute on Wednesday, 26th November. 261 Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Finance and House Committee submitted a special report on investments, and on the re-investment of funds realised on the acquisition by the Treasury of Canadian and South African Government Securities held by the Institute. The names of a number of members whose subscriptions were in arrear were removed from the Register, in accordance with the by-laws.The Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee embodied the results of the September Examina- tions. The Technical College, Bolton, was added to the list of institutions recognised by the Council for the training of candi- dates for the Associateship of the Institute. Professor Briscoe, Chairman of the Special Committee appointed to consider the proposals made by Dr. E. A. Rudge, gave a short interim report on the proceedings of the Committee, which was given power to co-opt. Dr. Tempany, Vice-president, Chairman of the Appointments Committee, reported on the administration of the Appointments Register since September, 1938.(See page 282.) Lectures,-With JOURSAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, two lectures were issued :-“ The Use of the Spekker Photo-Electric Absorptiometer in Netallurgical Analysis,” by Mr. E. J. Vaughan, Fellow; and “Chromatographic Analysis,” by Dr. A. H. Cook, Associate. Local Sections. Birmingham and Midlands.-Dr. J. J. Fox, President of the Institute, visited the Birmingham and Midlands Section on 24th September. Expressing his pleasure in visiting the Birmingham and Midlands Section, the President congratulated the members for carrying on so adequately and enthusiastically under war-time conditions. He referred to the proposal made by the Section at the recent Conference of Secretaries and said that a Special Com- mittee of the Council was considering the question of the con- stitution and method of nominating and electing the Council.262 In his opinion the present Councilwas too large but, he emphasised, this was a personal view. He thought the suggestion of holding a Triennial Congress worthy of further exploration but hardly an attractive proposi- tion at the present time. The third part of the resolution, calling for the co-operation of chemists, was most important. The basic consideration was the ultimate union of chemical bodies; a matter of outstanding importance. The President welcomed the formation of the Chemical Council Co-operation Scheme and was glad the Institute was taking an active part in the Scheme. It should be noted by the co-operating bodies that the Institute was contributing about half the maintenance of the library of the Chemical Society and so playing its part in supporting our foremost chemical library.Another step forward would shortly be taken by establishing a special secretariat to collect the joint subscriptions and admin- ister the accounts of the publishing societies. There should be some organisation which could speak for all classes of chemists. He felt sure the more active members would agree with him and trusted that events would not stop further progress towards joint action. He could assure members of the various chemical bodies that those who favoured more active co-operation did not desire to interfere with the in- dividuality of the societies and particularly that they would not agree to any scheme which did not maintain the rights and privileges of Fellows and Associates.Some means might well have to be found to secure an organ- isation representative of the three major chemical bodies. There would be difficulties, and serious ones ; given good-will, they could be overcome to the advantage of all concerne'd. Such an organisation as he visualised would effect economy in administration and materially assist the work of publi-cation. It might be asked whether this would involve the Institute in supporting the publications of other bodies. This did not seem likely; but, again, as a personal view, he found it difficult to see how professional chemists could be indifferent to the publication of new knowledge in chemistry.Birmingham, as a representative centre of industry, had started a good work which he hoped would prosper. The Midland Chemists' Committee has elected Mr. George King, Fellow, as Chairman, and Nr. W. T. Collis, Fellow, as Treasurer, for the ensuing session. Mr. E. M.Joiner, Honorary 263 Secretary of the Birmingham and Midlands Section of the Institute, is also Secretary to the Committee. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The first meeting of the session was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society, in the Chemical Department of Bristol University, on 18th September,-Professor W. E. Gamer, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, in the Chair.Professor H. T. S. Britton gave a lecture on “Potentiometric Redox Titrations and the use of Redox Indicators” illustrated by lantern slides. East Midlands.-The opening meeting of the session was held, jointly with the Chemistry Section of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society, at the College of Technology, Leicester, on 16th October,-Mr. G. F. Hall in the Chair,-when Dr. J. M. Crawford gave a lecture on ‘‘Molecular Compounds.” The next meeting of the Section will be held on 6th November at Derby, when Professor J. B. Speakman will speak on “The Reactivity of Protein Fibres.” Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The opening meet- ing of the winter season was held on 18th September, when Professor J.C. Drummond, Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Food, addressed an audience of over a hundred on the subject “Feeding a Nation in War-time.” The topical nature of the lecture and the able manner in which it was delivered, was much appreciated by the large audience and was reflected in the many questions put to the speaker at the end of his address. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held on 7th October, at Field’s Caf6,-Dr. J. Whitaker in the Chair. Dr. A. J. Holland gave a talk entitled “Modern Safety Glass,” illustrated by lantern slides. The lecture was followed by a good discussion in which many members took part. Following the lecture a brief business meeting was held during which the proposal to form a Special Committee to consider the post-war policy of the Institute was discussed, as a result of which the Hon. Secretary was authorised to submit the views of the meeting to headquarters. London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 17th Septem- ber, at the Institute, an “informal talk” was given by Mr.A. L. Bacharach, upon “Nutritional Science and Dietary Practice.” 264 Problems of nutrition brought about by the war were surveyed and the address was followed by a lively and interesting discussion. The Committee of the Section will meet shortly to consider the business for the Annual General Meeting of the Section and to receive the conclusions of its sub-committee upon the future policy of the Institute. The Annual General Meeting will take place at the Institute on 19th November at 2.30 p.m., and the business will be followed by a show of scientific and industrial films.South Yorkshire.-On 1st September, an informal Dinner- Dance was held at the Grand Hotel, Sheffield. The 1941-42 programme of meetings was opened at Sheffield on 27th September with a discussion on “Training the Chemist for Industry.” Professor R. D. Haworth, of Sheffield University, outlined the training and facilities offered to graduate and post-graduate chemists intending to enter industry. (Lieut.) Dr. J. Convey followed with a description of the educational system in Alberta, Canada, and Mr. P. Lord detailed the preparation of the boy and youth for entrance into the chemical and scientific departments of local industries.The subject aroused an interesting discussion, in which many members participated. Lecture Summary. Electron Microscopy. By A. L. G. REES, MSc. (Melbourne), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C. [Birmingham and Midlands Section, on 30th July, 1941.1 Certain wave characteristics are associated with beams of particles moving with high velocities, and, for a particle mass m moving with velocity v, this associated wave has a length A, where h = h/mv, I% being Planck’s constant of action. This is de Broglie’s equation. The truth of this equation for electron beams has been demonstrated experimentally by G. P. Thomson in England, and by Davisson and Germer in America. Stern and Estermann 265 have confirmed the equation for the diffraction of neutral molecules.The velocity of the electrons in a beam obtained from a cathode ray tube is given by the equation:- v = $? from the energy identity imv2 = eP, m Pbeing the applied potential and e the electronic charge. Substituting for v in de Broglie’s equation gives:- k hA=----.--h __ ifk = ~ da-4 P Gz. For 60 kv electrons, the wave length is about IO-~ cm., i.e., something less than atomic dimensions. The least distance resolved in optical microscopy is, according to AbbC, X/N sin a, where N sin u is the numerical aperture of the objective lens. Thus a limiting factor in light microscopy is the wave length of the light employed, whilst the resolving power of an optical system could be increased (or the resolved distance decreased) by decreasing the wave length of the light.It is a logical consequence of the discovery of electron waves, therefore, that the regions of microscopy should be extended by employment of an electron optical system in an electron microscope, providing electron waves obeyed laws analogous to those for light waves. Busch, in 1926, used the effect of a magnetic field in an electron beam as a means of determining the charge-mass ratio elm, and showed that electrons move in a helical path about the direction of the field. The magnetic field refracts the electron beam and, to some extent, rotates it about the axis of the field. If this magnetic field could be limited, an electron optical lens results and focussing the beam is possible.Limitation of this field is consequent upon proper design of the pole pieces of the lens. The field can never be absolutely discontinuous but, if the lines of force are concentrated, discontinuity is obtained for all practical purposes. The problem of electro-magnetic lenses is complicated by the fact that the refractive index is not a simple function of the geometrical co-ordinates only, as in optical refraction, but depends on the direction of the beam, relative to that of the magnetic field. E. Ruska has developed an electro-magnetic electron micro- scope and Bruche has produced an electrostatic instrument. The electro-magnetic electron microscope is normally a 266 two-stage projection microscope, and the electron source may be a cold cathode discharge or a hot filament emission, the latter being preferred as it eliminates the necessity of a controlled leak into the vacuum, and gives a more stable and homogeneous beam.For good resolution the beam of electrons should be homogeneous in speed and density throughout the cross-section used in the formation of the image. The voltage of the electrons, hence their velocity, should be constant for the duration of the exposure. Standard H.T. equipment is used for accelerating the electron beam; stabilisation and smoothing of the ripple in the voltage time curve is effected to I in 50,000 by suitable arrange- ment in the circuit of condensers and chokes. The whole microscope should be screened from stray magnetic and electric fields.The condensing coil, situated inside the vacuum system, is a concentric focussing coil which reduces the cross-section of the electron beam and focusses it on the specimen. The specimen holder is hand-operated outside the system to give microscopic movements in any direction. Immediately beneath the specimen holder is the electron optical objective. It is designed to bring the effective field between the poles as close as possible to the object. The image may be inspected by projection on to a fluorescent screen, on to a photographic plate, or on films. The whole system is evacuated by high-speed oil diffusion pumps backed by a rotary oil pump. Metal vacuum taps, in appropriate places, allow the vacuum to be broken in certain sections of the apparatus without cooling the pumps-an essential feature when specimens have to be changed frequently.The electrostatic electron microscope is essentially the same, except that the lenses are of the electrostatic type. These lenses suffer from the disadvantage that increase in potential difference between the plates increases the liability to sparking. Careful rounding of the edges minimises this tendency. In both types of microscope some compensation has to be made for the earth’s magnetic field. Compensation is ob-tained by a suitably placed pair of Helmholtz’s coils. This necessitates setting the microscope in a pre-determined orienta- tion to the magnetic N-S line. Electron microscopes, at present, enable the gap to be bridged between optical microscopy and X-ray and electron diffraction methods of inspection.The tendency and ultimate object is to increase resolution until molecular distances can be observed. There are technical obstacles, the chief of which is spherical aberration of the electron optical lenses. 267 The fact that this error is relatively large, even for lenses of small aperture, militates against increase of resolution by increase of lens aperture. von Ardenne has recently claimed a resolution of 2x10-7 cm. (20 A,) Electron microscopy has been applied to the study of hetero- geneous catalysts, chemical precipitates, smoke and dust particles, cement clays, ceramics, colloid particles, and surface films; and new and unsuspected structures have been revealed.Electron microscopy has found many useful applications in biological and metallurgical work. September Examinations, 1941, Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. No. NO. Entered. Passed. For the Associateship in General Chemistry- At the Institute, in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, and of the Royal Technical College,Glasgow, theoretical papers being also taken at a number of local centres. Monday to Friday, 15th-19th September 48 22* For the Fellowship- Branch A. stitute Inorganic Chemistry: at the In- and in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington. Monday to Friday, 15th-19th September 1 0 Branch C.Organic Chemistry: at versity of h1anchester.-Monday8th-12th September .. .. the Uni- to Friday, .. .. 1 1 The Chemistry, including Micro- scopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water: at the Institute and in the Laboratories of Branch E. the University of London, South Kensing- ton.-Monday to Friday, 15th-19th Sep-tember .. .. .. .. 2 1 Industrial Chemistry, with Special Reference to the Nanufacture of SulphuricAcid and Fertilisers: in the Laboratories Branch G. of the Royal Technical College, G1asgow.- Monday to Friday, 15th-19th September .. 1 1 General Analytical Chemistry : at the Institute and in the Laboratories of Branch H. the University of Durham.- Practical-Tuesday September. to Priday, 16th-19th TheoreticadFriday, 26th September 1 - 0 - 54 25 - -* Three candidates satisfied the Examiners in the practical work but failed to do 80 in the theoretical papers, 268 Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry.MONDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Discuss the valencies exhibited by the elements of Groups I and I1 of the periodic system. 2. Describe the various methods available for measuring the hydrogen ion concentration of solutions. Explain carefully the limitations of the various methods you describe. 3. Comment on some of the matters of interest in the chemistry of the cobaltammines. 4. Explain the meaning of (a) activity, (b) activity coefficient.Show how activity coefficients may be calculated from measurements of freezing points. 5. What do you consider to be the essentials of a good absorbent for use in gas analysis ? Discuss in this connexion the absorbents that can be used for oxygen, ethylene, carbon monoxide. 6. Describe with essential experimental details, the preparation in as pure a state as possible of specimens of THREE of the following and mention their properties :-(a) potassium persulphate, (b) sodium nitroprusside, (c) hydroxylamine sulphate, (d) chromous acetate, (e) tetrammino-cupri-sulphate. 7. Explain, with the aid of a concrete example, how you would measure the quantum efficiency of a photochemical reaction.2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Discuss the physico-chemical applications of the first law of thermodynamics. 2. Write an account of the allotropy of the elements with special reference to carbon, sulphur and tin. 3. Comment on TWO methods which have been used for the deter- mination of the dimensions of molecules. 4. Discuss the relationship between the elements in the eighth group of the periodic classification. 5. Give an account of the salient features of electrolytic polarisation. 6. Write notes on TWO of the following:- (a) the hydrogen bond; (b) boron hydrides; (c) metallic carbonyls; (d) the use of “oxine” in analytical chemistry. 7.Describe and discuss the reactions of sulphuric acid with (a)hydrogen sulphide, (b) ammonium iodide, (c) zinc, (d) calcium fluoride, (e) potassium ferrocyanide. TUESDAY, 16th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give foTmulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give a brief account of the methods by which FOUR of the following compounds are prepared INDUSTRIALLY;- 269 (a)n-butyl alcohol; (d) p-nitroaniline:(b) acetone; (e) anthraquinone; (c) urea; (f) saccharin. 2. Give an account of the stereoisomerism of the tartaric acids. 3. Give ONE typical example of the use in organic chemistry of each of the following reagents :--~ (a) nickel; (d) thoria; (b) selenium dioxide; (e) metallic zinc (other than for (c) aluminium ethoxide; reduction) ; (f) titanous chloride.4. Outline the principal reactions of aromatic diazo-compounds and give an account of the structure of these compounds. 6. Give the evidence, analytical as well as synthetical, on which the structure of ONE of the following compounds is based:- (a) papaverine; (c) dipentene;(b) nicotine; (d) indole. 6. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) optical activity in diphenyl derivatives; (b) intFamolecular rearrangements ; (c) the structure of benzene. 7. The contents of four unlabelled bottles are known to be-(a) cyclohexanol, (b) ethylene glycol, (c) acetophenone, (d) phenetole (phenyl ethyl ether).Describe the experiments you would perform in order that the bottles could be accurately labelled. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translation from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY, 17th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Identify, as completely as time permits, the compounds (A) and (B).(A) = o-chloronitrobenzene or p-chloronitrobenzene.(B) = ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate or ethyl malonate. THURSDAY, 18th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Characterise as completely as time allows, the two components of the mixture (C), and state the approximate proportions in which they are present.(C) = cyclohexane (4) + dimethylaniline (l),or toluene (4) + p-cresol (1).FRIDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The given solution (D) contains barium nitrate and ammonium chloride. Estimate the barium and chloride radicals gravimetrically.The results should be returned as grams of barium and grams of chlorine per litre of solution. 2. Identify the substances (E)and (F).(E) = hydroxylamine hydrochloride. (F) = calcium fluoride. SATURDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine volumetrically by titration with ferrocyanide the percentage of zinc in the sample of zinc carbonate (G). Standardise the approximately M/20 solution of potassium ferrocyanide provided against the pure zinc sulphate. 270 2. From the pure Chloramine-T (CH,C6H,S0,NaNC1.3H,0) prepare a standard solution and use this to determine the number of prams of sodium nitrite in one litre of solution (13).3. Identify the substance (J). (J)= vanadium pentoxide, or sodium diuranate. Examinations for the Fellowship. Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry. MONDAY, 15th SEPTE-MBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.tn. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Write an essay on “Some aspects of modern valency theory.” 2. Discuss the use, as indicators in chemical reactions, of (a)artificial radioactive elements, and of (b) non-radioactive isotopes. 3. Mention the general differences in crystalline structure between simple salts and organic compounds. How is the structure of simple salts influenced by (a)ionic size, (b)the stoichiometric ratio of the ions? 4. Discuss features of note in the chemistry of FOUR of the following :-B2H6,SF,,Be,O(CH,CO,),, OsO,, TeI,(CH,),, Fe2(C0)s.5. Select ONE of the following topics for discussion:- (a) The use of complexes and complex salt formation in analytical chemistry; (b) Adsorption effects in chemical analysis. 6. Write an essay on ONE of the following:- (a) The determination of atomic weights; (b) Son-metallic oxides, with special reference to recent in-vestigations. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Write an essay on stereochemical types and valency groups. 2. Give some account of the events leading up to the discovery of nuclear fission, discuss the evidence for its existence and comment generally on the phenomenon.3. Discuss the chemistry and structures of the silicates. 4. Select ONE of the following topics for discussion:- (a) the heteropolybasic acids; (b) the interhalogen compounds. 5. Comment upon the use of the following substances as solvents in chemical reactions:-(a) liquid sulphur dioxide, (a) liquid ammonia, (c) hydrogen fluoride. 6. Give an account of an investigation in inorganic chemistry in which you have either taken an active part or been specially interested. TUESDAY, 16th SEPTEXBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The sample (A) contains zinc and zinc oxide only. Determine the total zinc content (a)by precipitation with ammonium phosphate and conversion to pyrophosphate, (b)by “oxine,” (c)volumetrically by titration with ferrocyanide solution.Comment critically on the methods and on the results you obtain. (Thisexercise may be completed to-morrow) 2. Analyse qualitatively (B) and (C).(B) = carborundum. (C) = hydrazine sulphate. 27 1 WEDNESDAY, 17th SEPTEiMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the exercise on sample (A). 2. Estimate the zinc present as metal in sample (A) by any ONE method, In addition, investigate the possibility of estimating the zinc present as metal by its reaction with copper sulphate solution and iodo- metric titration of the residual copper sulphate. THURSDAY, 18th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the percentage of carbon dioxide in the sample of calcite (D) by (a) decomposition with anhydrous boric oxide; (b) any other suitable method.Comment on the methods and the results you obtain. 2. Prepare the following cobaltammines in a pure state:- [Co(NH,),Cl]Cl,; [Co(NH,),C0,]1LI03; 1.2 and 1.6 [Co(NH,),(NO,),]X (This exercise may be completed to-morrow) FRIDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the preparation of the cobaltammines. 2. Determine the percentage of ammonia in each cobaltammine. If time permits, investigate a method for the determination of cobalt in these complex salts. Branch C: Organic Chemistry. MONDAY, 8th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1p.ni. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (i) Recent developments in the chemistry of petroleum; (ii) The benzidine-and related-transformations ; (iii) The reactions of compounds which contain conjugated double bonds.2. Give an account of some industrial applications of catalytic processes. 3. Describe with examples the use of the following reagents in organicchemistry-(a) phenylcarbimide, (b) methyl sulphate, (c) thionyl chloride, (d) ozone, (e) aluminium isopropoxide, (f)phenylhydrazine.How are compounds (a),(b), (c) and (f) prepared? (Equations will suffice.) 4. By means of equations and short notes indicate the usual methods of preparation of FOUR of the following compounds :-(i) anthranilic acid; (ii) cyanamide; (iii) oxalic acid; (iv) anthraquinone; (v) p-phenylhydroxylamine ; (vi) indole. 5. Give an account of the oxidising agents, or reducing agents more commonly employed in organic chemistry, 6.Outline the chemistry of (a) quinoline and iso-quinoline, or(a) camphor, or (c) ascorbic acid. MONDAY, 8th SEPTEMBER, 2 to 6 p.m. (Answer THREE questions only.) 1. By means of equations and short notes illustrate the uses of 2. Give an account of the general methods of preparation of a. acetoacetic and malonic esters as synthetical reagents. aminoacids. By means of equations indicate how di- and tri-peptides may be synthesised. 3. Discuss the evidence on which our present views of the structure 4. Give an account of any ONE important class of dyes. 5. Describe the evidence on which cyclic formulae have been given of benzene are baaed. 272 to glucose and fructose.TUESDAY, 9th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Specimens of all crystalline products and derivatives should be submitted. Separate the three components of the mixture (A);adequately charac- terise them and state the approximate proportions in which they are present.(A) = toluene, p-toluidine and phenol. WEDNESDAY, 10th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1I Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify compounds (B) and (C).(B) = resorcinyl monoacetate; (C) = phthalimide. THURSDAY, 11th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify compounds (D) and (E).(D) = ethyl phenylacetate. (E) =p-nitrobenzene-azo-resorcinol. FRIDAY, 12th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Investigate compound (F)as completely as time allows, (F)= chloramine-T.Branch E: The Chemistry (including Microscopy), of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, 10 to 11.30 a.m. 1. Discuss the new matters (of interest to the Public Analyst)contained in the Food and Drugs Act, 1938. 2. Describe the methods you think best for the full examination of condensed milk. What are the standards and what relaxation is at present in force? 3. Write an essay on the chlorination of a water supply. 11.30 a.m. to 1p.m. (Only THREE questiolzs to be answeyed.) 1. Write a. short account of the pharmacology and therapeutics of one of the following groups of drugs:-EITHER (a)The sulphonamide group, OR (b) the ureide group. 2. Describe the principal effects of poisoning by the following:- (a)phosphorus; (a) strychnine; (c) opium; (d) carbon tetrachloride. 3.Write short notes on the pharmacology and therapeutics of the following:-(a) male fern, (b) extract of liver, (0) potassium bromide, (d) quinine. 4, Discuss the present position of the pharmacology of ergot and state what you consider should be the requirements of a therapeuticallyactive preparation of ergot. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Consider the word “substitute” in relation to foods. What may reasonably be required of (a)sugar substitute, (a) egg substitute, (c) lemon substitute, (d) cream substitute 1 273 2. Give an account of the chemistry of starch. Describe the struc- ture of the principal starches and how you could determine starch in (a)sausages, (b) infant foods. 3.What tests would you apply to a sample of lard, the purity of which was in doubt ? 4. How would you estimate- (a) phenol in carbolic soap; (b) glycerol in tooth paste; (c) pphenylenediamine in a hair dye? 5. Discuss critically the methods available for the estimation of Vitamin A in a liver oil. TUESDAY, 16th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine and report upon the malted milk (A). (NoTE.-rn‘orknot completed on 16th, 17th and 18th September may be continued on the following days, but candidates must note in their answer books the nature and object of the work they propose to do on the following day.) WEDNESDAY, 17th SEPTEiMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Analyse and report upon the dried egg (B)and the egg substitute (C).(C) = 95 per cent.wheat flour and 5 per cent. soya bean flour. THURSDAY, 18th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Complete yesterday’s exercise, and examine the meat paste (D). FRIDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Complete yesterday’s exercise. Make a quantitative analysis of the liquid (E), which is sold as preservative. (E) = hexamine and lactose. SATURDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Report on the abortifacient drug (F), and identify by micro- scopical examination the vegetable powders (G) and (H). (G) = cascara bark. (H) = lobelia. 2. Identify the microscopical preparations (I)to (R). 3. Determine the alcohol in the urine (S). Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Sulphuric Acid and Fertilisers.MONDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Explain the principles which underlie the use of hot air for drying chemical materials, and state when you would employ this method in preference to others. Sketch a simple form of dryer, using hot air and suitable for drying table salt from an initial moisture content of 2 per cent. 2. What is meant by the term “conditioning” as applied to feed water for steam boilers ? Give the reasons why this treatment is necessary, with brief notes on how it is carried out. Particular reference should be made to any recent developments in this field. 274 3. What data are required in connection with the trial of a coal- fired boiler with a view to determining its efficiency and estimating the heat losses ? What considerations govern the choice of the duration of the trial ? 4.Give a process diagram for a typical modern plant for the manu- facture of superphosphate from phosphate rock. Indicate the chief tech- nical problems associated with the process you mention. 5. Outline the conditions which govern the formation and growth of crystals. Describe the main features of (a) a vacuum crystalliser,(b) a continuous crystalliser, and state in what general circumstances you would recommend the installation of these. 6. Describe how you would arrange and equip a section of an industrial laboratory, the purpose of which is to investigate the suitability or otherwise of suggested constructional materials for chemical plant.State clearly the reasons for the tests for which you suggest provision should be made. A specific branch of industry may be selected in illus- tration. 7. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) Considerations to be taken into account in siting a new chemical worlrs. (b) Electrical precipitation as a means for removing fine dusts and mists from gases. 2 to 5 p.nt. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. (a) What is calcium superphosphate, and what tests would you apply in order to justify the view you express ? OR (b)Describe briefly the reaction mechanism of the lead chamber process. 2. A sulphuric acid plant is operating at an overall efficiency of 90 per cent. Lump pyrites is the sulphur material. Where would yoususpect losses were occurring ? Indicate the steps you would take to increase the over-all efficiency, and what type of control would you establish? 3.State how you would determine accurately the loss of (a)oxides of sulphur and (6) oxides of nitrogen from the exit gases of a sulphuric acid plant. 4. How would you propose to granulate calcium superphosphate direct from the den, and would the same plant be suitable for granulating stored calcium superphosphate, or what additions to the plant would you propose ? What particle size, or sizes, of superphosphate do you regard as suitable for application to the soil ? 6. What trace elements would you expect to find in calcium super- phosphate manufactured from sulphuric acid arising from arsenical pyrite fines (cupreous quality) undergoing combustion in mechanical furnaces, without the addition of an electrostatic precipitator ? Would these trace elements be of advantage to the soil; if so, in what way? What disad- vantages, from a superphosphate-manufacturing viewpoint, would accompany the use of sulphuric acid containing impurities arising from the dust reaching the Glover tower? 6.How would you increase the capacity of an existing sulphuric acid installation with minimum structural alterations ? 7. It is desired to manufacture calcium superphosphate from Kola phosphate (Khibina apatite) : how would you proceed ? Why has an excess of sulphuric acid to be used initially, and how would you obtain satis- factory physical condition ultimately ? 8.It is proposed to concentrate denitrated waste sulphuric acid of 67-69 per cent. HzSO, to 96.0 per cent. HzSO, at the rate of 400 tons per day of the final acid. Give the details of the essential plant suggested. 275 What is likely to be its thermal efficiency, and where would the chief thermal loss occur? TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 16th to 19th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. (THREEquestions onZy to be attempted.) 1. Determine the water and citrate-soluble P,O, and ammonia in Sample 1. In what form does the ammonia exist? or 2. Determine the principal constituents of sample 2, a new type of fertiliser, containing sulphur, P,O, and carbonates. In what form does the P206exist ? 3.Determine (a)free sulphur, (b) tar and (c) ammonia contents of the sample of spent oxide marked 3. 4. Sample 4 is B.O.V. Determine whether the acid conforms to the following specification :-H,SO, . . .. .. .. .. .. 78-80 per cent. Be not to exceed .. .. .. . . 0.007 per cent. Lead not to exceed .. .. .. . . 0.0025 ,, (Pb)SO, not to exceed .. .. .. .. 0.007 ,, (SO,)Oxides of nitrogen not to exceed .. .. 0,005 ,, (NBOB)Chlorine not to exceed .. *. . . Trace (Cl). Prepare from this acid a sample of colourlese C.O.V. containing92 per cent. H,SO,. Oleum is available for this purpose. The sample of colourless C.O.V. containing 92 per cent. H,SO, should be submitted to the Examiner, with a detailed description of the methods pursued.or 6. Sample 5 is a mixed fertiliser, with two recently-employed trace elements in addition. Determine (a) the K,O content of the mixed fertiliser, and (b) the content of one of the trace elements. Branch H : General Analytical Chemistry. FRIDAY, 26th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer not more than FIVE questions.) 1. Write a short essay on the principles underlying the separation of metals by electrolysis from aqueous solutions, illustrating your answer by at least two separations with which you are familiar. 2. You are to suppose that a short abstract has appeared giving brief outlines of a new volumetric method, e.g. for aluminium; explain how you would proceed to determine the precision of the method, its availability in varying circumstances and its suitability for some particular purpose.3. Describe the usual procedure for determining the refractive index, density, viscosity and boiling point of a liquid, indicate briefly what steps are necessary to avoid errors, and what degree of precision you expect from the methods you select. 4. What are the circumstances which affect the particle size and the purity of a crystalline precipitate? Give examples to show how this knowledge is applied in precise gravimetric analysis. 6. Critically discuss modern methods for the determination of halogens in organic compounds. 6. Discuss the use of thiocyanogen and iodine chloride in determining unsaturation. Indicate what molecular structures interfere, and state what means may be taken to determine unsaturation values in such cases. 7.Describe and explain some uses of oxidation-reduction indicators. 8. How would you separate and determine- 276 K, Na and Li; OR Cu, Se and Te; OR Al, Be and Ti ? 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer not more than FIVE questions.) 1. Draw up a skeleton scheme for the complete analysis of a copper-nickel alloy containing aluminium. 2. In what ways are potassium bromate. potassium iodate and periodic acid (or potassium periodate) employed in an analytical labor- atory ? 3. Explain briefly how you would determine- (a) Copper in a copper-nickel matte; (b) Copper in mild steel; (c) Copper in traces in a water also containing ferrous iron; (d) Lead in a lead-zinc ore containing also barytes, fluorspar and silica.(e) Lead in a leaded petrol. (f) Lead in urine of a person suspected of suffering from lead poisonmg. 4. Write a short essay comparing spot-tests with micro-chemical tests in the qualitative analysis of small amounts of material. 5. Describe and critically discuss the applications of THREE of the following organic substances in inorganic analysis-cupferron, dithizone, oxine, a-nitroso- 8-naphthol, thiourea. 6. What errors arise, and how may they be avoided, in FOUR of the following determinations :-Phosphorus in a cast iron; Phosphorus in a “complete” fertiliser; Ferrous iron in magnetite; Tin in white metal containing small amounts of antimony and copper ; Silicon in EI silicon-aluminium alloy; Alumina in a high alumina refractory.7. Describe two kinds of apparatus for the analysis of gas mixtures. Draw up a scheme for the complete analysis of a town gas, and indicate how accurate the results should be. 8. Give an account of recent developments in laboratory precision fractional distillation apparatus. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 16th to 19th SEPTEMBER, 9.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the alloying elements in the corrosion-resistant steels. 2. Examine chemically the sample of cement and report upon its suitability for general constructional work. (Normal Portland Cement containing a trace of sulphides.) 3. Examine EITHER the sample supplied as “Penetrating Oil” OR the sample of lubricating grease, and report upon its general com-position. 4.As far as time permits, examine the solid preparation, which is sold as a cleansing and mild bleaching agent, and report on its general composition. 277 EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP. INORGANICAND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The answers to the papers indicated that candidates were not so well prepared in theoretical chemistry as usual. It is, of course, quite natural that candidates should desire to qualify for the Associate- ship at the earliest possible moment and this applies especially at the present period. Nevertheless, nothing is gained by attempt- ing the examinationwithout adequate preparation, as the standard required for success remains unaltered. On Paper I, most candidates were able to attempt the required five questions. The least popular question proved to be that dealing with the measurement of the quantum efficiency of a photochemical reaction.The meanings of “activity” and “activity coefficient” were not always understood and in other cases not very well explained. Several candidates described a method of preparation for hydroxylamine sulphate which would really yield hydrazine sulphate, and the formula for sodium nitroprusside caused difficulty to too many candidates. Paper z was not done so well as the first paper. Although few candidates were unable to attempt the full number of questions required, the treatment of the subject matter was often superficial. A curious confusion was shown in certain answers which should have dealt with the use of “oxine” but dealt instead with the uses of oximes.Few candidates seemed familiar with the work of Powell and Ewens (J.C.S., 1939,286) on the structure of Fe,(CO), and its bearing on the general theory of the structure of the metal carbonyls. The meaning of “hydrogen bond” was frequently misunderstood and the reactions between sulphuric acid and potassium ferrocyanide very seldom fully discussed. Few good answers were given to the question dealing with methods for the determination of the dimensions of molecules. Practical.-In marked contrast to the work done in the theory papers, the practicaI exercises were exceptionally well done. Certain of the candidates attained an unusually high standard in this part of the examination.ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-The standard of attainment in the answers to the theory papers was below the average of recent years. A surprisingly large proportion of candidates appeared to be unaware that (i) n-butyl alcohol can be prepared from acetalde- hyde, (ii) there are other sources of acetone than pyroligneous acid, (iii) urea can be prepared from ammonia and carbon dioxide, (iv) anthraquinone is now prepared industrially from phthalic anhydride and benzene. 278 While many answers to question 2 were adequate, several candidates did not deal with its main point which was to contrast external and internal compensation : their answers would have been applicable if tartaric acid contained only one centre of asymmetry.In general the knowledge of the reactions of aromatic diazo compounds was fairly good, but the knowledge of the structure of this important class of compounds was often surprisingly in- adequate. The essays dealing with the structure of benzene were un- satisfactory : fundamental knowledge was frequently scanty and several candidates tried to bolster up weak answers by airy references to resonance and quantum mechanics. Practical.-In general the practical exercises were done quite as well as usual, and several candidates who only barely satisfied the Examiners in theory showed themselves quite competent in the practical part of the examination. Candidates should realise that determinations of boiling points made hurriedly in a test-tube are approximations-sometimes very rough ones.More than one candidate was led astray by such procedure. TRANsLATioh’s.-There seems to be a tendency to rely too much on the permitted use of dictionaries, particularly in the case of German. Candidates are advised to acquire a working know- ledge of the elements of the grammar of both the French and German languages. EXAMINATIONS FOR THE FELLOWSHIP. Branch E: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water.-Candidates are expected to be conversant with the recent developments in the subject matter covered by the examination and with current Regulations, or legal enactments. They should endeavour to present reports embodying critical appreciation of the results of their analytical work, such as would be of value to the person receiving them.Branch H : General Analytical Chemistry.-Candidates must realise that for success in this Branch, something more is required than mere knowledge of standard analytical methods and ability to carry out accurate determinations. They are expected to show a critical faculty, also to be acquainted with and make use of the underlying generalisations on which all analytical chemistry depends. Wide reading and considerable experience are also required. 279 PASS LIST. Examimtion in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Anderson, Sydney Graham, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Clay, Herbert Frank, Derby Technical College.Cloak, Louis Harmon, Loughborough College, Leics. Cottrell, Miss Jane, Liverpool City Technical College.Cunningham, Martin Neil, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Fox, Cedric Ruthven, Liverpool City Technical College. Goll, John Raymond, Liverpool City Technical College Green, Eric Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), Acton Technical College, London. Greenland, George Arthur Neal, West Ham Municipal College, London. Haydock, James, Manchester University and Harris Institute, Preston. Holme, Fred, College of Technology, Manchester. Horsley, Thomas Edward Victor B.Sc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Judd, Albert Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Ham Municipal College, London. Lewis, Thomas Frank Leslie, Birmingham Central Technical College.Lightfoot, Percy Robinson, Liverpool City Technical College. Mansell, William James, Acton Technical College, and Northern Poly- technic, London. Myles, Donald, Royal Technical College, Salford, and College of Technology, Manchester. Paterson, John Paterson, B.Sc. (Lond.), Royal Technical College, Glasgow, Sharples, Kenneth, Blackburn Municipal Technical College. Sutcliffe, Gordon Roy, Stockport College. Tew, Harold James, B.Sc. (London.), Leicester College of Technology.Williams, Edward Arthur, Birmingham University and Central Technical College. Examination for the Fellowship. In Branch C: Organic Chemistry. Hammond, Roy, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E: The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water.Whittle, Ernest George, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Sulphikric Acid and Fertilisers. Heading, William Richard, B.Sc. (Glas.), Ph.C. Notes. -Supplies of Laboratory Chemicals and Reagents.- Rigorous economy in the use of all laboratory chemicals in Uni- versities and Institutions and by all industrial users and con- sultants is an urgent necessity. Manufacturers are maintaining supplies to the fullest extent in the prevailing circumstances, but production adequate to meet all demands is handicapped by the scarcity of raw materials and many other factors. To ensure regular supplies of essential laboratory chemicals a scheme has been discussed with the Raw Materials Department of the 280 Ministry of Supply and circulated by the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, In order to facilitate the operation of the proposed scheme, the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, through its Assistant Secretary and Manager, Mr.Murdin Drake, has under- taken to collate records of the total quantities of the various chemicals required, so that the Ministry of Supply may be in- formed of these requirements. A form, on which estimated requirements-for the six months ending 31st March, 1g4z-are to be stated, can be obtained, from the Registrar of the Institute, or from the Secretary of either of the Societies named, by any Fellow or Associate who has not already received one.* It covers the materials which experience shows are specially in demand, and space is provided for addi- tional items likely to be needed in substantial quantities.The quantities should be given as nearly as can be estimated and, if these quantities exceed to any appreciable extent the quantities purchased during the corresponding period in 1940-41, consumers should state the reason for the increased demand. Chemists who do not purchase their own supplies should obtain these particulars from their purchasing organisations, or ensure that the organisations make a comprehensive return. The information asked for is statistical; it will be regarded as strictly confidential and it will not bind any institution or individual to buy only the estimated quantity. It must be clearly understood that requirements of materials used in the manufacture of any product for sale are not to be included in the estimates. The operation of this scheme will not in any way modify the procedure which may be in force from time to time under Statu- tory Rules and Orders relating to the supply and consumption of various chemicals.Usually, however, such Orders relate to quantities much in excess of those required in individual labora- tories. It will greatly assist the operation of the scheme if consumers will state the names of their usual suppliers. * The form (not more than one copy) should be returned to The Associa- tion of British Chemical Manufacturers, 166, Piccadilly, London, W.l, by 15th November, 1941. Miscellaneous Chemicals Control.-The Ministry of Supply announces that responsibility for the following chemicals has now been transferrred to the Miscellaneous Chemicals Control, Iron Trades House, Grosvenor Place, S.W.1 (Controller- Mr.D. J. Bird) :-Caustic Potash, Carbonate of Potash, Lactic 281 Acid and Lactates, Lithopone, Phthalic Anhydride and Phtha- lates; Maleic Acid and Anhydride. A similar transfer of responsibility for titanium dioxide, chromium pigments and compounds and chlorates has already been announced. Correspondence with reference to other miscellaneous chemi- cals should, until further notice, continue to be addressed to the Raw Materials Department, Ministry of Supply, The Castle, Warwick.The Scientific Films Committee of the Association of Scientific Workers has a collection of films of educational interest, which can be hired. Information can be obtained on application to the Secretary, Scientific Films Committee, Association of Scientific Workers, 30, Bedford Row, London, W.C.I. The Glass Manufacturers Federation has appointed a Committee of Scientific and Technical Advisers known as the Defence Advisory Panel. The Panel has prepared for general distribution a brochure on the properties of glass. Communica-tions for the Advisory Defence Panel should be addressed to Geoffrey Marchand, M.A., Director, Glass Manufacturers’ Federation, “Orleans,” Latimer Road, New Barnet, Herts.Dr. W. H. Mills, F.R.S., has been elected President of the Chemical Society in succession to the late Professor J. C. Philip, O.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow. Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., President, has been elected an Honorary Member of the Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society of South Africa. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Vice-president, has been appointed by the Privy Council to be Visitor to the Examinations of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, in succession to the late Sir William Henry Willcox, Fellow. Dr. J. G. King, Member of Council, and Mr. A. T. Green, Fellow, have been appointed members of the Committee to advise the Xnister of Works on steps to be taken to increase efficiency and economy in the manufacture of bricks.bIr. J. R. Kicholls, Member of Coztncil, has been awarded the degree of D.Sc. (Lond.). Dr. E. W. Smith, C.B.E., Fellow, has been appointed by the Board of Trade to be Director General of Gas Supply. 282 Sergeant-Observer (Navigator and Bomber) Leonard Manchip, Registered Student, was reported missing after operations over Hamburg in May. Captain John Thomas Young, R.A.O.C., Associate, is a prisoner of war, believed to be in Germany. The Appointments Register, September, 1938--0ctober, 1941. In the past the Appointments Committee has reported on the administration of the Appointments Register at the October meeting of the Council. The last Report was made in October, 1938. In September, 1939, and again in September, 1940,it was found difficult to prepare and present a Report.The Appoint- ments Register has, however, been maintained and statistics are included in the following tables, which give a rough classification of the vacancies notified during three yearly periods. 1st Oct., 1st Sept., 1st Sept.,1938-1939-1940-31st Aug., 31st Aug., 31st Aug., 1939 1940 1941 -Government . . .. .. 106 26 Universities . . .. . . 84 24 17 Schools .. .. .. .. 55 71 65 Research Associations . . .. 34 9 9 Education Authorities .. .. 1 -1 Public Bodies .. .. .. 31 18 24 Industrial .. .. *. 469 524 402 Chemical Engineers . . . . 32 20 15 Technical Salesmen .. .. 2 --Junior , , .. .. .. 53 41 21 Temporary .. .. .. G 5 9 Scholarships ., .... 17 6 4 Women . . .. .. . . 62 49 20 952 793 587 In the autumn of 1938, 368 members were regularly receiving the lists of vacancies. This number rose to 381in January, 1940, and has since steadily dropped till the lists are now (17th October, 1941)being sent only to 215 members. Unemployment.-The lowest number of unemployed in the pre-war period was reached in April, 1938 (65). There was a slight rise in the few months immediately before the war began. After the declaration of war a certain number of discharges took \- 283 place, owing to evacuation of laboratories, and the number rose in January, 1940, to 119. Since then the number has steadily declined until at the present date (17th October, 1941)there are only 29 members--23 Associates and 6 Fellows-who have informed the Institute that they are unemployed.This number includes a few in the higher age groups who would almost certainly have considered themselves as retired before the war commenced, but have now availed themselves of the Appointments Register in their desire to be of service if possible. The remainder consists of new entrants and of the few members who from time to time become disengaged, owing to the closing down of concerns engaged on non-essential work, etc. These are usually very quickly reabsorbed. Laboratory Assistads.-The ‘I list of laboratory assistants ” has practically disappeared, largely owing to the demand by the Ministry of Supply. At the request of that Department a notice has been placed in the Journal and Proceedings, asking all Fellows and Associates of the Institute who know boys or girls who wish to obtain posts as laboratory assistants to apply to the Ministry.The Institute has also been asked to help by giving lists of schools and technical colleges from which students might be available. Central Register.-The work of the Appointments Register is naturally linked up with that of the Central Register of the Ministry of Labour, which was formed originally on a voluntary basis, the Institute having co-operated in drawing up the classi- fication of chemists, distributing the forms to the members and collecting and forwarding them to the Ministry. In July, 1940, the registration of chemists became compulsory under the Specified Classes of Persons (No.2) Order, but the Institute has continued to give full co-operation to the Ministry. Obituary. JAMES ALEXANDERTHOMAS ROWLAND died at Ardrossan, on 25th June, in hi9 56th year. He was educated at Alleyn’s School, Dulwich, and on obtaining a Leaving Exhibition proceeded to Lincoln College, Oxford, where he studied from 1904 to 1907. He gained an Open Science Scholar- ship and graduated B.A. (Oxon.) with first class honours in chemistry, and B.Sc. (Lond.). He proceeded to Wurzburg Gniversity, where he was engaged on research, under Tafel and Pauly, from 1907-1909. In the latter year he obtained an appointment as analytical and research chemist to the Cornbrook Chemical Co., Ltd., at Stockport, manufacturers of pigment and lake colours.In 1917 he joined the staff of Nobel’s Explosives Co.-now I.C.I. (Explosives), Ltd.-as a research chemist, 284 where he remained until his death. He carried out and reported upon numerous investigations on explosives, colours and other substances, and his professional standing among his colleagues was an exceptionallyhigh one. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. STANLEYERNEST DAWSON died at Beeston, Nottingham, on 13th June, in his S2nd year. Educated at Stockport Secondary School, he gained a Cheshire County Exhibition and studied for four years at t,he Municipal College of Technology, Nanchest’er, the last year being devot’ed to research, and was awarded the Associateship of the School (A.M.S.T.) in 1910.He held positions of chief chemist to Messrs. Galloways, Ltd., of Manchester, for three years, as chief chemist to the Singer Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Glasgow, for four years, and as chief chemist and foundry manager to Ferranti, Ltd., at Hollinwood, Lancashire, for ten years. He was chief metallurgist to Sir W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth Co. (Gateshead), Ltd., for three years, and, finally, for seven years, chief metallurgist to the Stanton Ironworks Co., Ltd. He was the inventor of “Nomag,” a non- magnetic high resistance cast iron alloy for use in electrical machine con- struction and having the permeability of brass and the high resistance of iron. He was awarded the Oliver Stubbs Gold Medal in 1938 for con- spicuous work in connection with the Cast Iron Industry.He was a member of the Committee of the British Electric and Allied Industrial Research Association, for whom he carried out much valuable research work, and was also a Member of the Council, Research Committee and Sub-committees of the British Cast Iron Research Association. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919 and a Fellow in 1927. THOMAS DUGGANRICHARD died at South Norwood, on 30th September, at the age of 84 years. He studied under Bloxam and Millar Thomson at King’s College, London, for two years, and under H. E. Armstrong at the City and Guilds of London Institute for a similar period. In 1880 he became chemist to Messrs. Burrell & Co., Ltd., Paint Manufacturers, in Mile End-later Millwall-London, E., with whom he remained until 1898. He was then engaged in private practice as a consulting chemical engineer until 1910, when he went to the United States to join the staff of the Permutit Co., with whom he became Technical Manager, also for some years practising in New York as a consulting chemist and chemical engineer, until 1928, when he returned home and retired.As a prominent member of the Chemists’ Club, in New York, he was, on many occasions, helpful to British chemists on their arriving in the United States for the first time. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. ARTHURGEORGEGREEN died at Conarth, Walton-on-Thames, on 12th September, in his 78th year. The son of the late W.J. Green, F.R.I.B.A., he was educated at Lancing College, Shoreham, and pursued his scientific training at University College, London. He obtained his first appointment in the laboratories of Brooke, Simpson & Spiller, Ltd., aniline colour manufacturers at Hackney Wick, where he worked with R. J. Friswell, Fellow, and remained until 1894, in which year he became chief chemist and manager of the Clayton Aniline Co., Ltd., Manchester. In 1903 he was appointed Professor of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing at the University of Leeds, and, in 1914, Director of Research to the British Dyestuffs Corporation, which position he held until 1923. He discovered many coal-tar colouring matters, and was chiefly famous for the synthesis of Primuline and the process of ingrain dyeing, and held advisory appoint- ments to many dyestuff manufacturing firms at home and abroad.He was a member of the Dyestuffs Development Committee of the Board of Trade and of the Industrial Solvents Committee of the Medical Research Council. He received the Perkin Gold Medal of the Society of Dyers and 285 Colourists in 1917, and the Research Medal of the Worshipful Company of Dyers on three occasions. He was awarded the honorary degree of M.Sc. by the University of Leeds; he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1915 and to the Livery of the Worshipful Company of Dyers in 1918. He was President of the Society of Dyers and Colourists (1934-1935). In addition to numerous contributions to scientific and technical journals, he published “A Systematic Survey of Organic Colouring- Matter?:” founded on the German of Schultz and Julius,-third impression,1908; The Analysis of Dyestuffs and their Identification in Dyed and Coloured Materials, Lake Pigments, Foodstuffs, etc.,”-third edition, 1920; and was the author of the article upon synthetic dyes in the Encyclo$ adia Britannica.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887 and served as FI Member of Council from 1904-1907. ROBERT KEITHdied at Blackheath, after an operation, on 29th PHILIP March, in his 54th year. He was the son of Alexander A. Keith, of Lenzie, and obtained his scientific training, from 1908-1912, at the Glasgow and U’est of Scotland-now the Royal-Technical College, and was awarded the Associateship of the College.In 1913 he became assistant to Professor R. A. Berry, Fellow, in the Chemistry Department of the West of Scotland Agricultural College, where, in 1915 and 1916, he was senior assistant and lecturer. During the same period he was also engaged, part-time, in the preparation of synthetic drugs under Professor Henderson at the Technical College. In 1917 he joined the staff of Claus & Co., Ltd., Dyestuff Manu- facturers, of Clayton, Manchester, as research chemist. From 1919-1921 he held an appointment in Sorthern Ireland, and thereafter practised as a consultant on chemical engineering problems. At the time of his death he held an appointment under the War Office. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1912 and a Fellow in 1917.WILLIAMMACSAB died at Cookham Dene on 2nd September, in his 84th year. The son of William Macnab, a shipbuilder and engineer, he was educated at Greenock Academy and at the Edinburgh Institution. He studied chemistry and allied sciences at Glasgow University, under Ferguson and Ramsay (as demonstrator), and at Anderson’s College under Mills. In the first few years of his professional life he was engaged as an analyst in t.he sugar industry at Magdeburg, Germany, and later in London. Then, for a few years, he was concerned with chemical engineering problems, and installed plants in Canada and the L-nited States. About 1897, however, he joined C. Napier Hake, Fellow, in consulting practice at Westminster, and devoted himself especially to explosives, mining and metallurgy, his work involving much travel abroad. Jointly with Napier Hake he translated Berthelot’s ‘Sur la Force des MatiBves Exfilosifs’ (1892).Before 1914 he was one of the recognised leading authorities on explosives in the country, and gave two lectures on the subject before the Institute, in March of that year. During the war he was a member of Lord Moulton’s Committee on Explosives and Technical Adviser to the Ministry of Munitions, eventually compiling Technical Records of Explosives Supply,1915-1919. For his services he was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. In 1909 he was Honorary Secretary of the Seventh International Congress of Applied Chemistry; in 1910 a member of the Jury of Brussels Exhibition, and in 1911 a member of the Jury of Turin Exhibition. In 1992 he delivered the Hurter Memorial Lecture before the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, dealing with explosives production in this country and in France during 1915-1919.He was one of the Founders of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, of which he was President in 1934. 286 He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1882 and a Fellow in 1887; he served as a Member of Council for four periods of three years each between 1893 and 1921, and as a Vice-president from 1921-1924. At the service at Golders Green on 4th September, the Institute was represented by Dr.Francis H. Carr, C.B.E., Vice-President, and the Registrar. VINCENT STANLEY died in June at the age of 39 years. NICHOLSON Born at Redcar, Yorks., he was educated at Coatham Grammar School and Sir William Turner’s School, Redcar. He continued his studies at Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne, graduated B.Sc. (Durham) with honours in chemistry, spent a year as a research student under W. H. Perkin, Jun., at Oxford, and a further year at the University of Birmingham, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. In 1928 he obtained an appointment with Dunlop Plantations, Ltd., Malacca, Straits Settle- ments, but returned in the following year. In 1930 he joined the staff of the Chemical Defence Research Station, where he remained until 1936, when he was appointed an Inspector of Factories, Home Office, which position he held at the time of his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1926. WILLIAM REGINALD ORNANUY died at Moreton, Wirral, on 12th September. Born at Chorley on 25th October, 1870, he was educated at Wigan Grammar School. He studied science at the School of Mines in the metown from 1886-1888, proceeded to Owens College-now the University-Manchester, where he gained a Research Scholarship in 1889, was elected a Research Fellow in 1890 and Bishop Berkeley Fellow (1890- 1891). During the next three years he worked at Tubingen as privateassistant to Wullfhg, was University Assistant in Mineralogy, and was awarded the degree of D.Sc. in 1894. He was science master at Crewkerne Grammar School for a year and then, for about four years, Head of the Science Side of the Technical School, St.Helens. From 1899-1904 he was research chemist successively to Pilkington Brothers, Ltd., Glass Works; St. Helens Cable and Rubber Co., Ltd.; and Joseph Crosfield & Sons, Ltd., and then he established a consulting practice in Manchester and London. His scientific contributions dealt with the electro-osmotic treatment of clay, with lubricating oils, motor fuels and the distillation of petroleum and alcohols, His patents related to the utilisation of glass-grinding sand, the production of stable Na,CO36H,O and combinations with silicate of soda, and improvements in refrigeration. He served as a Member of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Alcohol Fuel, on the Imperial Motor Transport Fuel Committee, and on the Empire Fuel Committee.He served as a Member of Councils of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, the Institute of Petroleum, the Institute of Metals and the Ceramic Society. He was Chairman of the Chemical Engineering Group of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1934-1935, and was a Past-President of the Institution of Automobile Engineers. He received a Silver Medal from the Royal Society of Arts for a paper on “England and Germany in relation to the Chemical Industries.” His varied interests included Egyptology. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. HOWARD died at Birmingham on 13th July, in his WALTER RICHARDS 42nd year.Educated at Wallasey Grammar School, he proceeded to Liverpool University and graduated B.Sc., with first class honours in chemistry in 1918. During the last year of his training he was engaged as an honorary assistant to Professor McC. Lewis, on research for the Ministry of Munitions. Early in 1919 he joined the staff of the chemical department of the Salt Union, Ltd., Weston Point, Runcorn, where he continued until 1931. He then took a course in chemical engineering at UniversityCollege, London, acting as a personal research assistant to the late Professor W. E. Gibbs, and lecturing in the same department on electrical 287 engineering. From October, 1932, he held an appointment with the British Launderers’ Research Association at Hendon until January, 1936, when he was appointed research engineer at the works of Messrs. Albright & Wilson, Ltd., at Oldbury, with whom he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923.HERBERT SHREWSBURYSUTCLIFFE died suddenly at Portsoy, Banff- shire, on 4th October, in his 64th year. Trained under Clowes at University College, Xottingham, he was assistant to 31r. J. F. Liverseege, Fellow, in the Birmingham Corporation Laboratory from 1904-1910, when he was appointed assistant analyst under Professor Patrick Carmody, Fellow, in the Government Laboratory, Trinidad. In 1920 he was appointedGovernment Analyst of Trinidad and Tobago, and, under his control, the laboratory became a separate department.He retired and returned home in 1938. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1904, and a Fellow in 1908. CEDRIC WARRENWOOLGARwas killed in a flying accident in September, in his 31st year. Born at Worthing, he was educated at the local High School, and obtained his training in science, from 1929-1933, at King’s College and Birkbeck College, London. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry, was awarded the Daniel1 Scholarship in 1932, and worked under Professor Allmand on the photochemical decompo- sition of the aldehydes and ketones. In 1934 he proceeded to Birmingham University, under a Salters’ Fellowship, and worked in the Oil Department under Professor A. W.Nash, incidentally spending two months in intensive training on oil plants in Roumania. He published papers in the Oil Gas Journal and in the Jourrial of the Institute of Petroleum.As a result of his work at Birmingham he was awarded the degree of M.Sc. In the following year he obtained an appointment with the Anglo-American Oil Co., Ltd., and was subsequently engaged in Curacao, Dutch West Indies, and in Venezuela, until shortly before the outbreak of war. He held an appoint- ment for some months with the Ninistry of Supply, but volunteered for the Air Force and, in July, was passed as a Pilot. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1934. Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-An Introduction to Organic Chemistry.John W. Baker. Pp. viii + 178. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.). 3s. A textbook covering the material of the syllabus of the Higher School Certificate Examinations and forming an introduction which should enable those who intend to carry their study further to read the larger textbooks with understanding and profit. Experimental work relative to each Section is grouped at the end of each chapter. Practical Physical Chemistry. Alexander Findlay. 7th edition. Revised and Enlarged. Pp. x + 336. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co.). 12s.6d. 288 Calculation of results and errors; deterniinations of weight and volume; thermostats; density of gases and vapours; density and vapour pressure of liquids; viscosity and surface tension; optical measurements; osmotic properties of solutions, calculation of molecular weights and activities; distribution of a substance between two non-miscible solvents; con- ductivity of electrolytes; transport numbers ; measurements of electro- motive force; velocity of chemical reaction in homogeneous systems; thermo-chemistry;heterogeneous equilibria ;colloids.Appendix. Index. Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry by (the late) Sir Jocelyn Field Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley, assisted by eminent contributors. 4th Edition; Revised and Enlarged. Volume V with Illustrations. Pp. xxiv + 612. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co.). 70s. net. In a foreword, Dr.Whiteley states that the death of Sir Jocelyn Thorpe, on 10th June, 1940, the day of publication of Volume IV of the Dictionary, created a vacancy in the Editorship of the Dictionary; but the planning of the work was so far advanced that the publication of Volume V presented no insuperable difficulties. Dr. J. Pi. Goldsmith has collaborated as Reader. At the same time the publishers have forwarded An Abridged Index of Volumes I to V, consisting of a list of cross-references which would have appeared alphabetically as titles had the Dictionary been published as a complete work. (3s.) The Institute of Physics has kindly presented the Institute with a copy of “Industrial Research Laboratories of the United States, including Consulting Research Labora-tories,” 7th edition, 1940, compiled under the supervision of Callie Hull, for the National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.The book consists of an alphabetical list of manufacturing and com- mercial companies, together with a number of consulting chemists, who maintain research laboratories. Indexes give particulars of the subjects of research, geographical distribution, personnel and serial publications of the laboratories registered. Three Centuries of Irish Chemists.-Contributions to a Symposium on the History of Chemistry in Ireland, held under the joint auspices of the Chemical and Physical Society, Univer- sity College, Cork, on 24th May, 1940. Edited by Deasmumhan 6 Raghallaigh.With opening remarks by the Rev. Dr. P. J. McLaughlin. Pp. vi + 30. (Cork University Press.) 2s. 6d. A collection of brief biographies of Irish chemists and chemists who have worked in Ireland, from Robert Boyle to the present time. Illustrated. The British Standards Institution has published the following:- C.F. 8500. Handbook: July, 1941. IS. 6d. net. No. 146-1941. Portland-Blastfurnace free 2s. 3d.) Cement. (zs., post No. 975-1941. Density-Composition Tables for Nitric Acid. (3s.6d. post free 3s. Iod.) 289 No. 976-1941. Density-Composition Tables for Aqueous Solutions of Hydrochloric Acid. (3s. 6d., post free 3s. Iod.) Also, Amendment Slips for-B.S. 381-1930 : Schedule of Colours for Ready-Mixed Paints; and B.S.71-1938: Specification for Bomb Calorimeter Thermometers. To a series entitled “Britain in Pictures,” Sir Richard Gregory has contributed a small quarto brochure entitled British Scientists, with twelve plates in colour and nineteen illustra- tions in black and white. The plates in colour include portraits of Newton, Watt, Rayleigh, Thomson and Lodge, and a picture of Sir James Dewar lecturing on liquid hydrogen at a Friday evening discourse at the Royal Institution. The illustrations in black and white include Roger Bacon, Robert Boyle, Francis Bacon, Cavendish, Priestley, Davy, Rumford, Faraday and Rutherford. Pp. 48. (London: William Collins.) 3s. 6d. Messrs. J. & J. Paton, Ltd. have published the 44th Annual Edition (1941-1942) of Paton’s List of Schools and Tutors, PP.474. 5s. The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 17th October, 1941, I new Fellow was elected, 12 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 86 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 53 new Students were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 7 Fellows and 3 Associates. New Fellow. Mitchell, John Arnold, X.Sc. (Leeds), Ph.D. (Lond.), 12, ShrewsburyDrive, Bowerham, Lancaster. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Coke, Chauncey Eugene, M.A. (Toronto), M.Sc. (Manitoba), Ph.D. (Leeds), c/o Measrs. Courtaulds (Canada), Ltd., Cornwall, Ont., Canada. Coppock, John Bridgeford Maxwell, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), c/o Messrs. Boots, Ltd., Island Street, Nottingham. Duncan, John Ronald MacFarlane, 11, Leven Drive, Bearsden, Glasgow.Fawns, Humphrey Theodore, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., The Laboratory, Dartington Hall Trustees, Totnes, Devon. Frampton, George Allen, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., A.M.I.Chem.E., Hillcroft, Woodchester, Stroud, Glos. Heading, William Richard, B.Sc. (Glas.), Ph.C., c/o Messrs. R. and J. Garroway, Ltd., 694, Duke Street, Glasgow, E.1. Hudson, Sydney, B.Sc. (Lond.), Culverden, Parsonage Road. Horsham. 290 Jonas, Richard, Dr.-Ing. (Berlin), 42, Mortimer Court, Abbey Road, London, N.W.8. Lewis, Elvet, B.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Lond.), F.Inst.P., Wandsworth Technical Institute, County Technical College, Guildford. Osgood, Geoffrey, M.A. (Cantab.), Fernlea, Heyrod, Stalybridge, Cheshire.Tracey, George, 6, Eagle Street, Blackburn. Whittle, Ernest George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Rockleigh, Wilton Street, Taunton, Somerset. New Associates. Anderson, Sydney Graham, 76, Marchmont Road, Edinburgh, 9. Bain, James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), Iolaire, Petrie Crescent, Elgin, Moray- shire. Bale, Joseph Korman, A.H.-W.C., 7, Montgomorie Terrace, Ayr. Bates, Harold, B.Sc. (Manc.), 77, Heyes Lane, Blackburn. Borrows, Edward Teggin, B.Sc. (Manc.), Technical Research Department, Glaxo Laboratories, Ltd., Greenford, Middx. Boswell, James McCandlish, B.Sc. (Leeds), 22, Cardigan Road, Leeds, 6. Bouchier, Denis Wallace, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, Atherton Road, Ilford, Essex. Bridge, Francis Downie, B.Sc. (alas.), Norwood, Bridge of Weir, Ren- frewshire. Burnett, Robert McDonald, B.Sc.(Edin.), 8, Galladale Drive, Newton- grange, Midlothian. Clay, Herbert Frank, Water Lane, Cromford, Matlock. Cloak, Louis Harmon, 9, Westfield Drive, Loughborough, Leics. Coleman, Alfred Ian, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Coleraine Road, London, S.E.3. Cottrell, Miss Jane, The Poplars, Fern Road, Whitby, Wirral, Cheshire. Crowl, Victor Terrell, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), il.R.C.S., 53,Bushwood Road, Kew, Richmond, Surrey. Cunningham, Martin Neil, Lindale, Jack’s Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Doble, Stanley Mannford, A.M.C.T., Bedales, Ashley Drive, Hartford, Northwich, Cheshire. Dobson, James, A.H.-W.C., 4, Montagu Terrace, Edinburgh, 4. Dryden, Ian Gordon Cumming, B.Sc. (Lond.), 57, Broadwalk Court,Palace Gardens Terrace, London, W.8.Edwards, Emrys Lloyd, B.Sc. (Lond.), 127, Green Lanes, London, N.16. Edwards, George Esau, B.Sc. (Glas.), Post Office, Cleland, Lanarkshire. Forlin, Etto Ronald, B.Sc. (Wales), 1, Waunrhydd Road, Tonyrefail, Glam. Foster, George Graham, B.Sc. (Glas.), 20, South Street, Greenock, Ren- frewshire. Fox, Cedric Ruthven, 41, Hamilton Square, Birkenhead. Goll, John Raymond, 2a, Acreville Road, Bebington, Cheshire. Graham, William, B.Sc. (Manc.), Chemical Research Department, Glaxo Laboratories, Ltd., Greenford, Middx. Green, Eric Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 38, West Drayton Road, Hillingdon Heath, Middx. Green, Kenneth Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.),88, Chaddesden Lane, Chaddesden, Derby.Greenland, George Arthur Neal, 56, Bridge Avenue, Upminster, Essex. Hallett, Leslie Horton Williams, B.A.(Cantab.), Barton Lane, Guiting Power, near Cheltenham. Hardy, William David, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Forest Drive East, London, E.ll. Haydock, James, 113, Church Road, Leyland, Preston. Hesketh, George Edward, B.Sc. (Manc.), 85, Moseley Road, Burnley, Lancs. Holme, Fred, 2, Porlock Road, Flixton, Lancs. Horsley, Thomas Edward Victor, B.Sc. (Lond.), 68, St. George’s Road, London, E.lO. Jackman, Miss Barbara Anne, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Bishops Avenue, Bromley, Kent. Jarman, Rees, B.Sc. (Wales), 2, Coedwig Villas, Porth, Rhondda. 291 Judd, Albert Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 54, Beech Hall Road, Highams Park, London, E.4. Kathju, Praneshwar Nath, M.Sc.(Allahabad), Kothi Minabazar, Agra, U.P., India. Kellie, Alexander Edwards, B.Sc. (Dunelm), Ph.D. (Lond.), 494, UpperBrentwood Road, Romford, Essex. Kemp, Ian, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), Revertex, Ltd., Kluang, Johore. Lacy-Hulbert, Denis, B.Sc. (Lond.), Greenheys, Seend, Wilts. Legge, Denis Ivor, BSc. (Lond.), c/o Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., Pointe-a- Pierre, Trinidad, B.W.I. Lerpiniere, William Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Loudfoot, 3, Sharrocks Street, Glasgow, S.W.l. Lewis, Thomas Frank Leslie, c/o Mrs. Parfitt, 20, Oakwood Road, Swansea. Lightfoot, Percy Robinson, 3, Morley Road, Runcorn. Liston, Robert, B.Sc. (Glas.), 33, Mannering Road, Glasgow, S.1. Jlacfarlane, John James, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Government Laboratory, Clement's Inn Passage, Strand, W.C.l.Macinnes, Callum Angus, B.Sc. (Glas.), 67, Kenneth Street, Stornoway, Isle of Lewis. MacKinnon, Alan, B.Sc. (Glas.), 1112, Cathcart Road, Glasgow, 5.2. MacNulty, Basil Joseph, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 10, Gors Road, Burry Port, Carm. Mansell, William James, 39, Park View, North Acton, London, W.3. March, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 151, Wicklow Drive, Evington, Leiccster. &Lean, Robert Foster, A.H.W.C., c/o T. & H. Smith, Ltd., Wheatfield Road, Edinburgh, 11. McPherson, Neil, A.H.W.C., c/o Muirhead, 57a, Windmill Street, Saltcoats, Ayrshire.Mills, Robert Benjamin, A.H.W.C., 31, Dunkeld Road, Sheffield, 11. Nore, Leslie Christie, B.Sc. (Edin.), 12, Holburne Place, Menstrie, Clack- mannanshire. Mountjoy, Harold Ernest, B.Sc.(Lond.), 91, Albemarle Road, Beckenham, Kent. Paterson, John Paterson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Oswald Drive, Prestwick, Ayrshire.Peacock, Archibald George, B.Sc. (Bris.), 326, Canford Lane, Westbury- on-Trym, Bristol. Pearson, Arthur Owen, B.Sc. (Lond.), 102, Mill Fold Road, Middleton, Manchester. Peden, Miss Joan Davena, B.Sc. (Liv.), 1, Becontree Road, Liverpool, 12. Philip, Norman Harold. B.Sc. fLond.), 55. East End Road, London, N.3. Pike; Douglas Haig, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), 88, Tenth Avenuc, Sydenham, Johannesburg, S. Africa. Pryce, Norman Arthur Chetwynd, B.Sc. (Wales), 37, Balfour Road, London, K.5. Raine, Herbert Peace, B.Sc. (Dunelm), 13, Lady Beatrice Terrace, Kew Herrington, Philadelphia, Co. Durham. Rao, Mrs. Pulle Annapurna Devi Shrikanta, &l.Sc.(Benares), Chemistry Department, University College, Nottingham. Ratnagiriswaran, Arayapuram Natesa, M.A. (Madras), Pharmacological Research Unit, Medical College, Madras, India. Resuggan, John Charles Lovell, c/o Glaxo Laboratories, Ltd., Greenford, Middx. Sayers, Ronald, B.,4. (Cantab.), 21, Mill Lane, Manchester Road, Bradford. Scott, Ronald, B.A. (Cantab.), 30, Trafalgar Street, Healey, Batley,Yorks. Sharp, Louis Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), 129, Greenfield Avenue, Carpenders Park, Watford. Shepherd, Ernest, M.A., B.Sc. (Blanc.), 33, Beaufort Way, Ewell, Epsom, Surrey.Simpson, Thomas Siddall, B.Sc. (Manc.), 12, Bedford Drive, Timperley, Cheshire. 292 Sloan, Miss Marion Nesbitt, B.Sc.(Belfast), Mount Wear House, Countess Wear, Exeter. Spray, Peter Herbert Glanville, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Palace Road, Llandaff, Cardiff. Srinivasan, Narasimha, M.A. (;Madras), c/o Shalimar Paint Colour & Varnish Co., Ltd., Goaberia P.O., Howrah, India. Steele, Samuel Douthart, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 53, Courthill Avenue, Cathcart, Glasgow, 5.4. Sutcliffe, Gordon Roy, 7, Ellesmere Road South, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester, 21. Swam, Ernest Derek, B.Sc. (Dunelm), 102, Stockton Lane, York. Tew, Harold James, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o 19, Fieldhead Avenue, Rochdale, Lancs. Thorburn, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), Kingair, Glenearnock, Ayrshire. Vaughan, John, B.Sc. (Wales), 13, Trafalgar Place, Brynmill, Swansea. Williams, Edward Arthur, 9, Pargeter Road, Smethwick, Staffs.Wilson, Arthur Stanley, B.Sc. (Manc.), 12, Spencer Road, Buxton, Derby- shire. Winsor, Philip Alan, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 9, Mile Oak Gardens, Portslade, Sussex. Worsdale, Jack, B.Sc. (Lond.), 155, Chanterlands Avehue, Hull. Re-elected Associate. Rothwell, Bernard Paul, M.Sc. (Vict), 6, Woodend Road, Davenport, Stockport. New Students. Barrett, Philip Leonard, 128, Aldridge Road, Perry Barr, Birmingham, 22 B. Bentley, Reginald Alfred, Rosslyn, Vernon Place, Sandy Lane, Leyland. Bilsborough, Arthur, 25, Pendle Street, Skipton, Yorks. Boaden, Kenneth Joseph, 131, Movers Lane, Barking. Bown, John, Woodcote, Waggon Road, Hadley Wood, near Barnet. Carruthers, Thomas Geoffrey, 58, Hookstone Road, Harrogate.Chapman, Leslie, 32, Allington Road, London, N.W.4. Clark, Ian David, 52, Willow Road, London, N.W.3. Cooper, Alan Howard, 2, Stone Grove Park, Edgware. Cooper, Leslie Alfred George, 80, Meadway, Ilford. Cowper, Miss Mary Norah Andrews, 20, Mount Avenue, London, W.5. Crowder, Frank, 55, Eaton Road, Enfield. Curry, Harold George, Manor Lodge, Frenchay, Bristol. Dawson, John Owen, 133, Onslow Drive, Dennistoun, Glasgow, E.1. Druett, Mrs. Dorothy Margaret, The Red Bungalow, Lopcombe Corner, near Salisbury, Wilts. Ethrington, Charles Gerard, 111, Queens Road, Preston, Lancs. Finch, Roland Arthur, 6, Birley Road, London, N.20. Fletcher, Wallace Herbert Bird, 3, Greenwood Road, Liverpool 18. Fowler, Colin Hubert, 34, Alexandra Avenue, Camberley, Surrey.Goodman, Colin Stuart, Pear Tree Garage, Cannock Road, Wolverhampton. Halek, George, 32, Finsbury Park Road, London, N.4. Hardwick, Raymond Blundell, 14, Park Xount, Armley, Leeds. Harris, Robert John Cecil, 30, Cherry Orchard Way, Maidstone. Kilham, John Kilvington, 11, Burton Avenue, Burton Stone Lane, York. Knight, Donald Frederick, 38, South Park Road, Maidstone. Kohnstamm, Siegmund Samuel Willy, 5, Park Grove, Cardiff. Lacey, Richard Norman, 35, Alma Road, St. Albans, Herts. Love, Bernard Eric, 13, “Hillcrest,” Waterfall Lane, Blackheath, near Birmingham.Ludlow, Leslie George, 65, Breamore Road, Seven Kings, Essex. Mather, James Harold, 34, Loudoun Street, Derby. 293 Mayers, Arthur Fred, 5, The Fold, Prestbury, near Macclesfield, Cheshire. Mitchell, Ralph Edward, 4, Radley Road, London, K.17.Parkes, James, Glen Lyn, Bourne Avenue, Quinton, Birmingham, 32. Patterson, Miss Stella Jean, 16, Minterne Avenue, Norwood Green, Southall. Planer, George Victor, 91, Stafford Court, Kensington High Street, London, W.8. Poucher, Charles Douglas, 609, Blackburn Road, Rising Bridge, Accring- ton. Powlesland, Norman John, 57, Orchard Gate, Greenford, Middx. Robertson, George, 11, Raeburn Place, Aberdeen. Rose, Gerald Gershon, 25, Prothero Gardens, London, N.W.4. Rose, Richard Arthur, 93, Kendale Road, Bridgwater, Somerset. Sadler, Edward Henry, 74, Poyser Street, Wrexham, X. Wales. Seager, Norman Harry, 18, Park Road, London, E.12. Spenceley, Robert Herbert, 1, Windermere Road, Acton, Wrexham.Townley, Eustace Raymond, 30, Hermon Hill, London, E.ll. Tresise, David John, 4, Bramley Mansions, Southgate, London, N.14. Turner, Gerald, 44, Bradshaw Road, Honley, Huddersfield. Underwood, George Hugh, 19, Southdown Road, Bath, Somerset. Watson, Gordon, 118, Queens Road West, Accrington. Webster, Edward Darwent, Hillside, Hazelhead, near Sheffield. Weimer, Dennis Edward Holland, 13, Vale Court, Acton Vale, W.3. Whittam, Arthur Stanley, Glenesk, Station Road, Prestonpans, E. Lothian. Williamson, Andrew William Henry, 338, Easter Road, Edinburgh, 6. Yardley, Edward Donald, 20, Hertslet Road, London, N.7. DEATHS. Fellows. Thomas James Rowland Alexander, B.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc. (Lond.).Stanley Ernest Dawson.Thomas Richard Duggan. Arthur George Green, Hon. M.Sc. (Leeds), F.R.S. Robert Philip Keith, A.R.T.C. William Macnab, C.B.E., M.1.Chem.E. Herbert Sutcliffe Shrewsbury. Associates. Vincent Stanley Nicholson, B.Sc. (Dun.), Ph.D. (Birm.). Howard Walter Richards, B.Sc. (Liv.). Charles Warren Woolgar, M.Sc. (Birm.). CHANGE OF NAME. Miss Barbara Mary Wardle, B.Sc. (Lond.), Associate, to Mrs. Rees,-on her marriage. -Coming Events. Nov. 5 SOCIETY ANALYSTS CHEMISTS:OF PUBLIC AND OTHERANALYTICAL “A Colorimetric Method for the Estimation of Small Quantities of Acetylene in Air,” by Mr. C. Coulson-Smith and Mr. A. P. Seyfang ; “Deciphering Charred Documents; Some Recent Work,” by Dr. Julius Grant; “Use of Ultraviolet Light for the Measurement of the Resistance of Paper to Penetration by Grease,” Dr.Julius Grant; at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, 117.1, at 3.15 p.m. 294 Nov 6 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section) : “The Reactivity of Protein Fibres.” Professor J. B. Speakman, at the Technical College, Derby, at 7 p.m. 8 CHEMICALSOCIETY,jointly with Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry. “Long Molecules.” Mr. F. Howlett and Dr. H. Hunter, in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Manchester University, at 2.15 p.m. 10 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : Annual General Meeting. “The Application of X-rays to Leather Manu-facture.” Dr. Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd, at The University, at 6.30 p.m.INSTITUTION.BRITISH STANDARDS Annual General Meeting, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, St. James Park, London, S.W.l, at 12.15 p.m. AND INSTITUTE11 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY OF CHEMISTRY: Joint Meeting with the Edinburgh University Chemical Society. “The Crystallisation of Graphite.” Professor H. L. Riley, in the Medical Chemistry Department, The University, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTION : “Condensation of Water OF CHEMICALENGINEERS Vapours from Air.” Mr. M.’ Hirsch, at the Geological Society, Burlington House, Picoadilly, London, W.1, at 2.30 p.m. OF (Birmingham and Midlands Section) :12 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY “A United Body of Chemists.” An Open Discussion at the Chamber of Commerce, New Street, Birmingham, at 5.30 p.m.SOCIETY (Food Group) : Meeting arranged OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY by the Microbiological Panel. “Microbiology and Baking.” Dr. A. J. Amos, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 2.15 p.m. 13 PHARMACEUTICALSOCIETYOF GREAT BRITAIN. “Chemistry and Pharmacy.” Dr. Harold King, F.R.S., at 17, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.l, at 2.30 p.m. 15 CHEMICALSOCIETY,and ’Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry: 8th Hugo Muller Lecture. “Some Aspects of AlgalChemistry.” Professor I. M. Heilbron, D.S.O., F.R.S., at University College, Shakespeare Street, Nottingham. 19 INSTITUTEOF CREXISTRY (Dublin Section) : Annual General Meet- ing. In University College, Dublin, at 4.15 p.m.INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and S.E. Counties Section) :OF Annual General Meeting, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 2.30p.m. 20 THECHEMICAL SOCIETY:“X-rays and the Stoichiochemiatry of the Proteins.” Dr. W. T. Astbury, F.R.S., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 2.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF FUEL, jointly with the Association of Tar Distillers: “Liquid Pitch Fuel.” Mr. E. Brett Davies, at the Queen’s Hotel, Leeds, at 2.30 p.m. INSTITUTION ENGISEERS The Characteristics an$ OF ELECTRICAL : Performance in Service of High-Voltage Porcelain Insulators. Mr. J. S. Forrest, at Savoy Place, Victoria Embankment, London, W.C.2, at 4 p.m. 21 THE CHEMICAL.SOCIETY:“Polymers.” Professor H. W. Melville, at the University, Western Bank, Sheffield, 10, at 5.30 p.m.293 Nov. OF CHEMICALINDCSTRY21 SOCIETY (Food Group): Meeting with Birmingham Section. “Tests for Dairy Products,” by Mr. F. Shaw; “Milk, Its Production, Examination and Conservation,’’ by Rlr. A. T. 1%‘. Colley; “Variations and Abnormalities in the Kon-Patty Solid Constituent8 of Milk; their Cause and Signifi- cance,” by Dr. S. J. Rowland, at the Chamber of Commerce, Birmingham, at 4 p.m. OF26 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY: Twenty-fourth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture: “The Precious Metals.” Mr. H. Gordon Dale, at 30, Russell Square, London, Tf7.C.1, at 2.30 p.m. D8C. 1 SOCIETYor CHEMICALISDUSTRY(London Section): “The Fine Chemical Industry as a Servant of the Community.” Dr. T.H. Durrans, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 2.15 p.m. 8 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALISDUSTRY(Food Group): Joint Meeting with the Society of Public Analysts and Other AnalyticalChemists on “The Fortification (Enrichment) of Human Foods by the Addition of Specific Sutrients.” “The Xutritional Bases for Fortification of Foods,” Mr. A. L. Bacharach; “The Techno- logical Aspect of Fortification,” Drs. D. W.Kent.Jones and A. J. Amos; “The Machinery for the Enforcement ~,fStandards laid down for Fortified Foods,” Dr. H. E. Cox; Analysis of Fortified Foods,” hIr. H. E. >lank,-at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, lV.1, at 11.30 a.m. and 2.30 p.m. 6 SOCIETY (Leeds Section) : Joint Xeeting.OF CHEMICALITDCSTRY “Industrial Dermatitis.” Dr. 31. W.Goldblatt. 9 IXSTITUTIONCAEXICAL ENGINEERS:OF ”New System of Double Filtration for Sewage and Certain Trade-Waste Waters,” Dr. A. Parker. OF10 IXSTITUTECHEXISTRY (Dublin Section): “Cider.” Mr. H. L. O’Reilly, in the Chemical Department, Trinity College, Dublin, at 8 p.m. 11 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midlands Section): Joint meeting with the Oil and Colour Chemists’ -4ssociation. 12 SOCIETY jointly with the IKSTITUTEOF CHEMICALISDUSTRY, OF CHEMISTRY(Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) : “Modern Concepts of Analysis with Particular Reference to Food.” Dr. E. 23. Hughes, at the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m.1942 Jan. 5 SOCIETY (London Section) :Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY with Food Group. “Insecticides.” Jlr. G. A. Freak, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, 1%’.1, at 3.15 p.m. 21 SOCIETY (Food Group) :Domestic Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY of Microbiological Panel. “Nodule Bacteria and the Cultivation of Legumes,” Dr. H. G. Thornton, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1. 22 INSTITCTIOK ENGINEERS. “The Totally Electri- OF ELECTRICAL fied Cane Sugar Factory,” Mr, L. B. Whitalier; “Electricity in a Beet Sugar Factory,” Mr. B. Smith, at Savoy Place, Victoria Embankment, London, W.C.2. 296 Jan. 23 SOCIETYOF CHEIIICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midlands Section): Short papers on topical subjects.At the Chamber of Commerce, Birmingham, at 4 p.m. 28 SOCIETY OF CHEMICaL IXDUSTRY ASD ISSTITUTC OF CHE~VIISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections): “Synthetical Investigations in the Satural Resin Field.” Professor R. D. Haworth, at the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. General Notices. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture for 1941,-Xr. H. Gordon Dale, Fellow, has agreed to give a lecture on “The Precious Metals,” before the Institute, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Wednesday, 26th November, at 2.30 p.m., notice of which is being issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AXD PROCEEDINGS. Examinations.-Entries for the Examination for the Asso-ciateship to be held in January, 1942,can only be accepted from candidates whose applications have been received not later than 10th Kovember, 1941.It is hoped to arrange Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship in April, 1942. Associates who desire to present themselves for Examination for the Fellowship are also asked to forward their applications for consideration by the Council, and not to wait for a notification in the JOURNAL of the exact times and places of the Examinations. Further particulars will be notified in due course. In order to facilitate identification, Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances, Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expectformal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc.-~ Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of Dis- trict Members of the Council, to take office from 2nd March, 1942, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 8th December, 1941. 297 I. In accordance with By-law 30 (I), the Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March, 1921,amended on 1st March, 1923,on 1st March, 1935, and March, 1937:-Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Rutland and Northampton.Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. East Midlands and South Yorkshire, including the Counties of Derby, Kottingham and Leicester, and the Lindsey Division of Lincoln; and that portion of Southern Yorkshire, including the towns of Doncaster, Rotherham, Sheffield, and district immediately contiguous thereto which have been allotted to the South Yorkshire Section; together with the Parts of Holland and the Kesteven Division of Lincoln.Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of TVigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Susser, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Hunting- don, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid.Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast, including the Counties of Northumberland and Durham. Yorkshire, except those portions of Southern Yorkshire referred to in (iii) above. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh. Aberdeen and North of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Kairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Inverness, Kincardine, and Angus (Forfar). Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright and Dumfries.Wales, excluding the County of Flint, see (iv), and the County of Monmouth. h'orthern Ireland, as defined by the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad. The Rules for the election of District Members of Council are published in the Register, 1940. 298 The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. Those whose names are given in italics will have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council, and will retire in accordance with By-law 23.Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Allan Cuthbertson Monk- house, B.Sc., Ph.D. East Midlands and South Yorkshire: Edwin Gregory, XSc., Ph.D. Liverpool and North-West Coast : Raymond Renard Butler, M.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties: Mark Bogod, A.R.C.S. Manchester and District: Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc., F.T.I. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast: Sigurd Walfrid Albert Wikner. Yorkshiro: Henry Webster Moss, A.R.C.Sc.1. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Louis Fletcher. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: John Steele Allan. Glasgow and West of Scotland: James Wilfred Cook, Ph.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.Wales and the County of RIonmouth: Ernest Edward Ayling, M.Sc., A.K.C. Northern Ireland: William Honneyman, B.Sc., Ph.D. Irish Free State: Thomas Joseph Nolan, B.A., D.Sc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : Norman Lindsay Sheldon, C.1.E ., Ph.D. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person.The next award will be decided in January, 1942. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before zIst November, 1941,to work of the character indicated. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-See JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, August, 1941,P. 249. Notices to Associates.-Copies of the Regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For further information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar, 299 For Library Notices of the Institute, The Chemical Society, The Science Library, Boots’ and Lewis’s, see JOVRNAL AKD PROCEEDIKGS,Part IV, August, 1941, pp.2 j0-2j1. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 7d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.-The business of the Institute has been carried on, almost without interruption, at its headquarters since the outbreak of war. All correspondence should normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, \Vestbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley London, N.12. Telephone number: Hillside IS j9. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon.Treasurer, BENEVOLENT OFFUND,INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.1.LONDON, APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar. 1 WAR SAVINGS CAMPAIGN1 1 1 I 151-becomes 2016 1 I How so ? 1 A IS/-National Savings Certificate grows in 1 valiie until at the end of 10years it is worth 20/6. 1 Do I pay any Income Tax on thir increase? 1 No. It is entirely free of Income Tax. 1 Where do I buy Savings Certificates? From any Post Office, Bank, or Trustee1 Savings Bank; through a Savings Group or from shops acting as Honorary Official Agents. 1 How do I buy Savings CertiJicates? 1 You can buy them outright at 151-each.You can also purchase them by instalments by1buying 6d. or 2/6 National Savings Stamps. Is there any limit to the number I may hold? No individual may hold more than 500Certificates.1 :1 Can I get my money back if I need it ? Yes. You can cash Savings Certificates at anytime by giving a few days’ notice. You will get your money back with the increase which your Certificates have earned up to that date. 411 NAT I0NA L 11 SAVINGS111 CERTIFICATES1 -WVV-VVVV-VV\ Issued by The National Savings Committee, London

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9416500257

出版商:RSC    

年代:1941

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART VI: 1941. Issued iinder the supervision of the Publications Committw. Publications Committee, 194 1-42. F. P. DUNN (Chainnaw), J. J. FOX (Pvesident), E. E. AYLING, H. BAINES, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, F. CHALLENGER, J. W. COOK, A. COULTHARD, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, E. GREGORY, T. P. HILDITCH, W. HONNEYMAN, R. H.HOPKINS, H. HUNTER, 0. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A. C. MONKHOUSE, H. W. MOSS, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, F. M. ROWE, GARFIELD THOMAS, 5. W. A. WIKNER, F. J. WILSON. 303 Schedule of Reserved Occupations. In the new revision of the Schedule of Reserved Occupations published on 16th December, 1941, changes are made which are of great importance both to younger chemists and to the organisa- tions by which they are employed. Although the age of 21 still appears opposite the occupational category of “Chemist (Analyti- cal, Research, etc.) ” there will be a progressive rise in this age.Commencing on 1st January, 1942, the age will be raised by one year on the first day of each month. That is to say, on 1st January, 1942, all chemists who were under 22 at the date upon which they Registered under the Armed Forces Act will be de- reserved; on 1st February, 1942, this will apply to all who were under 23 at the date of their Registration; on 1st March, to all who were under 24, and so on.A notification will be sent to each man affected by this arrange- ment stating the date upon which he will cease to be reserved and requesting him to inform his employer. Men below the ages of reservation, including those who cease to be reserved, as the result of the raising of ages of reservation each month, will, where necessary, be retained in industry by means of individual deferment of calling up. Individual defer- ment will thus gradually replace reservation under the Schedule. Forms of application for deferment (Form X.S.300) and a leaflet (Y.L.8) explaining the method of making application can be obtained at any locaJ office of the Xnistry of Labour and National Service. Application forms, after completion, should be forwarded to the offices of the Ministry shown on the man’s certificate of Registration (S.S.2).-4pplication must be made for the deferment of the calling up of all men, whether engaged on protected or unprotected work, who become de-reserved as above, at least fifteen days before the date upon which they cease to be reserved. A Statement should appear on form X.S. 300 that the name of the man on whose behalf deferment is asked is included on the Central Register, and, if possible, his classifica- cation number on that Register should be given. If an employer does not make such an application, an opportunity will be given to the man to make an application for deferment when he is called for medical examination.Deferment cannot be granted after an enlistment notice ha5 been issued. Applications for deferment will only be admitted where the Minister of Labour and h’ational Service is satisfied that the man for whom deferment is sought is engaged on work of national 304 importance, that the work must continue in order to maintain necessary production or services essential for the community and that the man cannot be replaced by an older or unfit man or by a \*.‘oman. It is understood that in the cases of chemists whose applica- tions for deferment are not accepted it does not necessarily mean that they wiil immediately be called up for ordinary military service. An opportunity may be given to see in what way their work can best serve the national interest. Men under the age of 2 j when their age group registered under the Armed Forces Act, who possess the Associateship of the Institute or a University honours degree in Chemistry among other subjects, may-even if they have left College and are employed in industry-apply for deferment to the University Joint Recruiting Boards, but they are advised to make applica- tion by filling up form N.S.300 as above. These Boards may recommend that such men should engage in technical service in the Forces, or in scientific or technical work of a civilian character, or continue a course of study soas to be better fitted for such service. The provisions for postponement on grounds of exceptional hardship are retained. “Exceptional hardship ” may relate to the position in which a man’s household or dependents will be placed if he is called up, to other personal circumstances or to his business responsibilities and interests.If the application is based on business grounds, it can be granted only on proof that the business cannot be carried on in the applicant’s absence. It will not be sufficient to show that such absence would merely entail difficulty, inconvenience or delay. Special arrangements will be made respecting the reservation of certain classes of chemical students by means of the Joint Recruiting Boards. The age for “Laboratory assistants, skilled,” is now stated as 25, but will be subject to the same progressive monthly rise in the reserved age as in the case of qualified men, and applications for deferment must be made in exactly the same way as in the cases of qualified chemists.The Joint Recruiting Boards also have power to consider applications from men under twenty-five who have started or are about to start a full-time course, at a University, University College, or recognised Technical College or Institution, for an honours degree in chemistry, and also men who have started a course, at a recognised Technical College or Institution, for the Associateship of the Institute. There is no statement that the Joint Recruiting Boards cannot consider part-time students under this ruling. 305 Employers and Senior Chemists who may be called upon to complete and return the forms of application for deferment of their juniors are advised to state the exact nature of the work being done by the individual for whom deferment is asked and the importance of this work in as clear, convincing and concise a manner as possible.Proceedings of the Council. CouncilMeeting, 21stNovember,194Q.-The Council gave further consideration to the correspondence which had passed between the Institute and the Ministry of Health regarding the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service, and the matter was referred to the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. It was reported that as the result of a ballot among Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, the following were added to the Special Committee appointed to consider and make recommenda- tions on the future policy of the Institute with particular reference to the post-war period and to the possible union of chemical bodies:-Professor H.V. A. Briscoe, Mr. G. Elliot Dodds, Mr. E. M. Joiner and Sir Robert Robinson. Dr. James Brierley Firth was elected a Member of Council to fill the vacancy caused by the retirement of Dr. G. D. Elsdon. The attention of the Institute having been directed to the application for a licence of the Board of Trade made on behalf of the Incorporated Institute of Cycle Traders and Repairers, seeking, infer alia, to acquire for its members the use of the letters F.I.C.T. and A.I.C.T., it was reported that the Officers of the Institute had suggested that the said Incorporated Insti- tute should make some slight variation in the initials which it proposed to use to indicate membership,-such as F.I.I.C.T.The Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers, which had the right to use F.I.C.S., concurred in the action taken, which was approved by the Council. The Committee of the London and South Eastern Counties Section transmitted a report and a minority report of a Sub-Committee on the future policy of the Institute, with a request that the views embodied in the reports be published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSin order that individual members 306 might have the opportunity of commenting on them. The Council directed that parts of the report relating to the constitu- tion of the Council be referred to the Special Committee dealing with that matter and parts dealing with policy be referred to the Special Committee on policy.The Registrar reported that he had attended a preliminary conference at the Mines Department, whereat the Institute, among other professional technical Institutes and Societies, was invited to co-operate in arranging meetings in various districts for discussions on fuel efficiency and economy. It had been generally agreed that such bodies could assist the Depart- ment in the manner suggested, the meetings being arranged by the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections and addressed by representatives of the Mines Department, for the purpose of encouraging the more efficient and economic use of fuel for specific purposes.The Council concurred. It was reported that a new Order would be issued by the Board of Trade making special provision in respect of laboratory coats and overalls. The American Academy of Political and Social Science having invited the Council to appoint delegates to attend the Annual Meeting of the Academy to be held on Io-IIth April, 1942, it was decided that Professor C. R. Austin be invited to represent the Institute on that occasion. Reports of the Standing Committees were received and adopted. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-The twenty-fourth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture was given at the Institute on Wednesday, 26th November, by Mr. H. Gordon Dale, who selected for his subject “The Precious Metals.” Dr.Francis H. Carr, C.B.E., Vice-president, himself a pupil of Streatfeild at Finsbury Technical College, presided, in the unavoidable absence of the President. A vote of thanks, moved by Mr. E. M. Hawkins, seconded by Professor C. H. Desch, F.R.S., was accorded the lecturer. Dr. William Cullen, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, and Professor H. V. A. Briscoe associated themselves with the vote. The Chairman presented Mr. Dale with the Streatfeild Medal, the gift of the City and Guilds of London Institute, together with a photograph of Streatfeild. The lecture will be published in due course. 307 Local Sections. (The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in pacersread or in speeches delivered during discussions.) Birmingham and Midlands-About 75 members attended a meeting at the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce on 12th November, when a discussion took place on “A United Body of Chemists.” Among those present were Dr.W. Cullen (President of the Society of Chemical Industry), Dr. L. H. Lampitt (Chairman of the Chemical Council), and Mr. F. P. Dunn (Treasurer of the Chemical Society). Dr. J. J. Fox (President of the Institute) was unable to be present owing to indisposition. The Chairman, Mr. T. H. Gant, said that, looking at the question of co-operation from a political aspect, he regarded some form of federation of the chemical societies of this country as inevitable. Such a federation should be under a Chemical Council, be able to speak for chemists as a whole, and have direct access to Ministers of the Crown.The Ministers themselves would come for advice on information concerning matters pertaining to the profession of chemistry. Such contact was as necessary as a preparation for defence as it was for maintenance of essential industries in peace time. Mr. E. M. Joiner criticised, from his point of view, the strength and limitations of each Chartered Body. Each had made valuable contributions to Chemistry, but, as the President had pointed out, no one body could claim to represent all the competent chemists of this country. If we had to replan the chemical world we should surely not produce three societies, but one. The “United Body of Chemists” he wished to see would register chemists, give status, publish literature, maintain close relationship with Chemical Industry, improve facilities for scientific work, organise benevolence and organise social functions, Mr.Arthur Churchman endorsed Mi-. Joiner’s proposals and was strongly in favour of the registration of chemists. He hoped that the British Association of Chemists would not be overlooked in any question of unity. Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt said that chemists for many years had done their best to formulate a scheme of collaboration for the many chemical societies, institutions, etc. Some of these schemes had been very ambitious, others less so, but in all cases the greatest obstacle had been vested interests : vested interests of 308 the Societies, of the Councils, of the Local Sections and of mem- bers themselves.Another difficulty was the apathy of chemists- the amount of money subscribed to the present Chemical Council Fund by chemists was very small, but more serious was the fact that the number subscribing was also small. Had it not been for industry, the present scheme, or any other scheme, would be a failure. However, the Chemical Council, in its six years of existence, had produced two definite schemes, both of which had been rejected in part by one or other of the collaborating bodies. The present scheme was somewhat of a compromise, but it did show signs of successful development. That publications had been put on a sound footing was a definite step forward, and the joint secretariat to be set up in the New Year, although it only con- cerned the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, would be of great help and would insure definite economies.Although the continual difficulties had been a constant source of disappointment to the Chemical Council, Dr. Lampitt thought the present prospects encouraging. Mr. George King said that the chemist was not as interested in his profession as he ought to be, and this was the main reason why co-operation had not become an established fact. We had to consider what could be accomplished by union and not what we could get out of it. Mr. Dunn remarked that the latest act of the Chemical Council, whereby the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry set up a joint office for accountancy and distribution of publications, marked a further important step in the co-operation scheme.As far as these two publishing bodies were concerned, there could be no further appreciable saving in printing costs or in salaries if a federated body were formed, since most of the latter was" spent on editorial and abstracting work and the scales of pay were not excessive. The Chemical Council had by the formation of the joint office promoted a scheme whereby increased efficiency and economy would be effected. Dr. W. Cullen thought that absence of leadership in the chemical profession was largely due to the existence of, at least, a dozen chemical bodies.We should try to work together more, then greater support from industry would be forthcoming. He would preach co-operation and collaboration wherever he went. Mr. T. F. E. Rhead strongly urged chemists to support the Chemical Council scheme which, small as it was, seemed to be the only common ground on which chemists could meet after years of strenuous endeavour. As this scheme grew stronger it would spread and many of the advantages of unity would follow. 309 Cardiff and District.-The opening meeting of the session, which took the form of a display of “talking films” of technical interest, was held at the Technical College, Cardiff, on 20th September,-Xr. S.Dixon, Chairman of the Local Section, in the Chair. A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr.W. S.Vernon, who arranged the display. A meeting of the Section, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society, was held on 1st November at University College, Cardiff, when Dr. Magnus Pike gave a lecture on “The Chemical Determination of Vitamins.” The next meeting of the Section will be held on Friday, 27th February, when Professor H. V. A. Briscoe will deliver a lecture, details of which will be announced in due course. Dublin.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Dublin Section, held on 19th November, Mr. John Wilfrid Parkes was elected Chairman of the Section in succession to Professor A. O’Farrelly, and Mr. John Andrews was nominated for election as District Member of Council to succeed Professor T.J. Nolan. East Ang1ia.-A meeting was held on 25th October at the Norwich Technical College. Mr. Lincolne Sutton (Chairman) presided. The first part of the meeting dealt with the Gas Identification Service, introduced by Dr. J. W. Corran who, in his capacity as Senior Gas Identification Officer for Norfolk, described a new co-ordination scheme for this service in the County and its County Boroughs. This was followed by a paper by Mr. R. C. Terry, who made a critical survey of both field and laboratory tests for chemicals in warfare. The second half of the meeting dealt with the examination of foodstuffs Contaminated by war gases. Mr. Lincolne Sutton described briefly the organisation for the examination of contaminated foodstuffs.He referred to the panels of chemists formed under the auspices of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. Mr. R. C. Terry read a paper 011his experiences in the quanti- tative estimation of war gases, particularly those containing arsenic. The meeting was well attended and included the Civil Defence Controllers of Norfolk and Nonvich, in addition to military and naval personnel. East Midlands.-Two meetings have been held as follows: On 6th November, at the Technical College, Derby, 310 Professor J. B. Speakman gave a lecture on “The Reactivity of Protein Fibres.” On 4th December, at the Welbeck Hotel, Nottingham, Mr. E. M. Bavin gave a lecture on “The Coagulation of Blood.” Mr.G. F. Hall presided at both meetings. Erratum.-The lecturer on “Molecular Compounds, ” men-tioned on page 263 of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, should have been named as Dr. M. Crawford, not Dr. J. M. Crawford. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Section, held at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on zznd October, Dr. W. R.2 Ames was elected Chairman, Dr. H. B. Nisbet, Vice-chairman, and Mr. G. Elliot Dodds, was re-elected Hon. Secretary-Treasurer. Messrs. S.W. Challenor, J. Meikle, J. A. Robertson and R. W. Sutton were elected to fill vacancies on the committee. The Hon. Secretary submitted his report, which showed that seven well-attended ordinary meetings had been held; also that the Committee had met on five occasions and was now meeting regularly on alternate months.Reference was made to the work of the Educational Sub-committee and the report submitted to the Council was approved by the meeting. Mention was also made of the possibility of the provision of revision courses for chemical graduates in the area. The audited financial statement was read and approved and the honorary auditor, Mr. J. W. Romanes, was re-elected. The meeting concluded with a special vote of thanks to Dr. W. M. Ames and Mr. G. Elliot Dodds for their services to the Institute and the Section. Well attended meetings of the Section were held in October and November, when lectures were given by Dr. Stanislas Bakowski, an officer in the Polish Army, on “A New Azeotropic Method of Dehydration of Alcohol,” and by Professor H.L. Riley, of Durham University, on “The Crystallisation of Graphite.” Dr. W. Cullen, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, was present at the October meeting and made a plea for the closer union and collaboration of the chartered chemical societies. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in The Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 24th October, the chair being occupied by Mr. J. W. Hawley, Vice-chairman of the Section. After the usual preliminaries, the reports of the Hon. Treasurer and the Hon. Secretary were read and adopted. The Hon. Treasurer explained that the appearance of an emergency 311 account in his financial statement was due to the extra grant received from Headquarters, and authorised by Council in accordance with the resolution passed at the Conference of Hon.Secretaries in June. Among the matters referred to in the Hon. Secretary’s report were,-a further increase in the membership of the Section, a change in the Committee by the co-option of Dr. James Bell to replace Dr. R. D. Blair, who had been trans- ferred to the south, and the addition of Professor James W. Cook, F.R.S., District Member of Council, to the Committee which interviews prospective candidates for the Institute’s examinations, The report also noted that, during the session 1940-41,five meetings had been held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.The thanks of the Section to Dr. G. D. Muir for acting as Hon. Auditor were voiced by the Chairman, and on his proposal Dr. Muir was reappointed for the ensuing year. Some discussion took place on the advisability of the Section holding meetings other than of the “joint” type, and various opinions and suggestions were given. The Secretary promised to place before the Committee at an early date the views expressed by the members. A list of seven forthcoming scientific meetings was read, and as all were to be held in the Royal Technical College the hope was expressed that members would find it possible to accept the invitation to attend them. At the conclusion of the business, members attended a meeting convened by the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, at which a lecture was given by Dr.D. T. Gibson, of Glasgow University. The new President of the Society, Dr. William Cullen, was present, and was warmly welcomed by a large audience presided over by Mr. W. H. Nuttall. Dr. Cullen spoke mainly on what he called “domestic matters” as applied to all sections of chemists. He discussed with en- thusiasm the prospects of increased collaboration and co-opera- tion among the Chartered bodies and based his hopes for future advance towards greater unity on the close association and har- mony of outlook among the Presidents of the Chartered Chemical Societies. He also stressed the economies in money and labour which would follow any amalgamation, and mentioned the growing sense, among the members, of the urgent need for a more united front.He commended the practice of holding joint meetings, and spoke of his pleasure in finding that such meetings were the rule in the Scottish Sections. He appealed to all members to consider carefully new schemes which were put forward, to examine them thoroughly and thoughtfully, and whenever possible to give them support. 312 Dr. Gibson delivered his lecture on “An Introduction to Micro-analysis,” giving a brief historical survey, mentioning the names of Emich, Pregl and Feigl, and drawing attention to the remarkable expansion in the application of micro-methods in the short space of thirty years.Micro-methods were used in organic and inorganic analysis, in qualitative tests and in chemical microscopy. Dr. Gibson exhibited a variety of apparatus, and explained the use of much of it, dealing very fully with micro-qualitative analysis. Three films were also shown: (a)the use of the sintered platinum filter, (b)the separation of silver, lead and mercury on a microscopic slide, and (c) the use of the centrifuge in micro- analysis. On 7th November, members attended a joint meeting con- vened by the Chemical Society, when Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S.,occupied the Chair, and a lecture was given by Professor T. S.Patterson, Gardiner Professor of Organic Chemistry in-the University of Glasgow, entitled: “Forty Years of Optical Activity.” Starting with the work of Percy F. Frankland in 1890, Professor Patterson built up the historical survey in a most interesting and instructive manner.Huddersfie1d.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Huddersfield Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists was held on 9th December, in Field’s CafC, Huddersfield,-Dr. A. E. Everest in the Chair. Dr. H. H. Goldthorpe gave a talk entitled “The Treatment of Sewage and Trade Effluent.” There was an excellent attendance of members and friends and a good discussion. Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the University of Leeds on 10th November, Professor F. Challenger, Chairman of the Section, presiding. The Hon. Treasurer presented the financial statement, which was adopted.Dr. R. M. Barrer, Mr. R. Gawler, Mr. H. J. Hodsman, and Mr. H. M. Mason were elected to the Committee, and Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. Woodmansey were re-elected as Honorary Auditors. Dr. Dorothy Jordan Lloyd gave a lecture on “The Applica- tion of X-Rays to Research in Leather Manufacture.” A full and interesting discussion followed, in which Dr. Astbury, Mr. Atkin, Dr. Phillips and a number of others participated. 313 Liverpool and North-Western.-The opening meeting of the session was held on 29th November, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool. The Chairman, Mr. J. R. Stubbs, announced with regret that the President, who had hoped to be present, was prevented from attending through illness.Mr. Stubbs then introduced his successor in the Chair, Mr. H. Humphreys Jones, who delivered an address entitled “The Growth of Pharmacopceia.” London and South-Eastern Counties.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Section, held on 19th November, in addition to the usual business, the Section appointed a member (Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths) to foster the interests of the Benevolent Fund. The Committee for the coming Session was elected as follows: Chairman, J. R. Nicholls; Vice-Chairmen, J. Grant and G. L. Riddell; Hon. Treasurer, H. Baines; Hon. Secretary, E. Q. Laws; District Member of Council, M. Bogod; Messrs. M. P. Balfe, C. W. Davies, R. B. Drew, D. C. Garatt, J. G. -4.Griffiths, S.J. Johnstone, D. W. Kent-Jones, T.McLachlan, D. D. Moir, E. A. Rudge, J. B. Wilton, Fellows; Messrs. J. S. Cook, R. J. Jinkings, W. Peck, H. E. C. Powers, L. W. Ragg, A. W. H. Upton, Associates. Mr. D. M. Freeland was nominated as District Member of Council to succeed Mr. Bogod in March, 1942. The Committee of the Section has transmitted to the Council the Report of a Sub-committee on “The Future Policy of the Institute,” which has also been sent to the Committees of Local Sections. It deals with the following subjects:- (I) Re-organisation of the Council.-The Sub-committee suggests that a representative Council could be obtained by electing 34 (instead of 50) members, comprising a President, 6 Vice-presidents, an Honorary Treasurer and 10General and 16 District or Sectional members.(2) Election of Sectional Members.-The Sub-committee suggests that such members be nominated by not less than five members and elected by postal ballot within the Section every other year. (3) Election of Ojicers and General Members.-The Sub-Committee suggests that ten Fellows following specialised branches of the profession be elected to the Council; that the election of President, Vice-presidents and General Members should take place in alternate years to the election of District Members; and that the candidates for election as Officers should 314 be nominated by the Council, but General Members be nominated by any five members of the Institute and, if insufficient nomina- tions have been received from members of the Institute, the Council should present three nominations in excess of the number required.(4)The Eligibility of Associates as Members of Council.-Having considered arguments in favour of electing Associates to the Council, the Sub-committee feels that, for certain reasons, the presence of Associates on the Council would create difficulties, -such as the situation which would arise when judgment upon matters concerning Fellows must be made, or when the eligibility of Associates for Fellowship is considered. The Sub-committee suggests that the type of Associate who aspires to a seat on the Council is likely to possess the qualities which will enable him to reach the standard for the Fellowship; that the Council should take additional steps to encourage such Associates to gain the Fellowship, and those who could in a period of-say five years- produce evidence of having performed investigational work of merit, or of having attained sufficiently important positions in a sphere of chemical work, should apply for Fellowship.(5) Ulzion with other Chemical Bodies.-The Sub-committee holds that the profession should present a united front, and that this would be fostered by reviving the proposal to establish a “Chemistry House,” in which all the constituent Chemical Bodies could be domiciled, carrying on their respective spheres of activity, under the authority of a Chemical Council. This should be the aim of the reconstructive policy which the Institute will have to face in the post-war period.Mr. J. Stewart Cook submitted a Minority Report. Manchester and District.-The first meeting of the session was held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society on 29th October, at the Manchester University. Mr. F. Howlett and Dr. H. Hunter gave a paper entitled “Long Molecules.” There was an attendance of about a hundred and the number of questions raised at the conclusion of the lecture was an indication of the interest aroused. The second meeting was held jointly with the Chemical Society, on the 29th November, in the Manchester University. Prof. M. G. Evans (Leeds University) gave a paper entitled “Some Aspects of the Physical Chemistry of Micro Molecules.” Professor Evans’ lucid delivery enabled his audience to under- stand some of the recent developments in the theoretical treat- ment of long molecules and the reactions leading to their forma- tion, There was an interesting discussion.315 On 17th January, 1942, another joint meeting with the Chemical Society will be held, when Prof. A. R. Todd will give a paper entitled “The Chemistry of Hashish.” South Wales.-On 25th October members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,-bfr. F. S. Kernick presiding. Dr. E. B. Hughes delivered the Jubilee Memorial Lecture entitled “Modern Concepts of Analysis, with particular reference to Food.” On 29th November, a meeting of the Section was held, jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,- Mr.R. H. Jones presiding. Dr. Wilson R. Harrison, Director of the Forensic Science Laboratory for the South Wales and Monmouthshire Area, delivered a lecture on “The Scientific Examination of Docu-ments.” South Yorkshire.-At a meeting of the Section held on 1st November, at the College of Art and Technology, Rotherham, Dr. R. A. Mott presented a paper on “Modern Methods of Coal Analysis.” The meeting was well attended, and a keen discussion took place. The next meeting of the Section will be held in Sheffield on 14th February, 1942, when Mr.E. J. Vaughan, Fellow, and Lt. Dr. J. Convey will present a paper on “Further Advances in Metallurgical Analysis.” SUMMARIES OF LECTURES. Physical Methods in the Investigation of Molecular Structure. By Dr. E. G. Cox, F.1nst.P. pirmingham and Midlands Section, on 24th September, 1941.1 A molecule consists of a number of relatively massive positive nuclei surrounded by light negative electrons, some of which bind the molecule together in a more or less fixed configuration. Much experimental research in chemical physics has been directed 316 to tht determination of the size and shape of molecules, the length and energy of the bonds holding the atoms in them together, and the distribution of electrons in them.Fortunately it is found that many properties of an atom combined with others in a molecule are approximately independent of the other atoms present: thus we find for example that the “radius” and bond angles of an atom are nearly constant quantities, so that we can predict with some confidence the form and dimensions of mole- cules which are much too complicated to be subjected to direct investigation with any hope of success at the present time. In some cases, however, knowledge of atomic radii and bond angles alone is not sufficient to enable the form of a molecule to be predicted uniquely; this arises from the possibility of free rotation about single bonds. In such cases the actual con-formation adopted by a molecule under given conditions depends upon the forces between those groups in the molecule which are free to move.The investigation of these forces and the conditions of equilibrium of flexible molecules is an important part of the general study of molecular structure. Since molecules are fundamentally electrical in nature, it is convenient to divide them into two classes according to the distribution of electricity in them. On the one hand we have those molecules in which the centres of gravity of the positive and negative charges coincide, e.g. benzene, carbon tetra-chloride, stannic iodide; these are termed non-polar. On the other hand we recognise that in many molecules, owing to unequal binding of electrons by different nuclei, this condition is not fulfilled, and such molecules, e.g.hydrogen chloride and phenol, possess a permanent electric dipole; they are said to be polar. Such a classification is important chemically, because the force due to a dipole varies inversely as the third power of the distance as compared with about the inverse tenth power for a non-polar molecule; thus at relatively long range the force between two molecules depends almost entirely on any dipoles which they may possess. Since molecules are electrical it is of interest to consider the effect of placing them in an electric field. In non-polar molecules the result is a displacement of electrons and nuclei in opposite directions, giving rise to induced dipoles which are manifested in a dielectric constant greater than unity.If the molecules are polar, orientation of the dipoles occurs, with the consequence that the dielectric const-ant is again greater than unity. In this case, however, the amount of orientation is dependent on temperature ; thus polar and non-polar substances are readily distinguished by the fact that in the one case the 317 polarisation diminishes with rising temperature, whereas in the other it is constant. Moreover, from the rate of change of polar- isation with temperature the actual magnitude of the dipole moment of a molecule can be calculated; this procedure has been very fruitful in the study of the electron distribution in a very large number of molecules. It has obvious applications in the study of such matters as cis-trans isomerism.If our polar molecules are placed in an alternating electric field, the frequency of which is gradually increased, the polarisa- tion remains approximately the same and then falls off con-siderably. This occurs at a frequency of about IO~O cycles/sec. when the inertia of the molecules is too great to allow the dipoles to change their orientation with the field. At still higher frequencies (near infra-red) the polarisation falls still more, both with polar and non-polar molecules; this marks the limit of response of the nuclei, and the remaining polarisation (which at these frequencies is deduced from the refractive index) is due only to the electrons. The study of these polarisation changes with frequency is a necessary part of the full study of dipole moments.In detail the polarisation-frequency curve shows various irregularities which occur when the frequency of the radiation corresponds with one of the natural frequencies of the molecule under examination and, from a study of these natural frequencies, a great deal of information about the structure of the molecule can be obtained. The total energy of a molecule is not constant but can be increased or decreased not only by collision with other molecules but also by absorption or emission of radiation. These energy exchanges are quantised, and the amount of energy E transferred is related to the frequency of the radiation by the equation E = hv where his Planck’s constant. Apart from electronic changes, the energy transferred to or from a molecule may be associated with (I) Rotation of the molecule as a whole; (2) Rotation or oscillation of its parts; (3) Vibration of various parts relative to each other.The study of these can be carried out by investigating absorp- tion of radiation in the ultra-short wireless region and the infra-red, supplemented by Raman spectra and specific heats. (I) and (2) depend chiefly on the moment of inertia of the mole- cule or atomic group concerned; in the case of simple molecules the moments of inertia can be calculated and from them inter- nuclear distances found. In the case of vibrations, two types have to be considered, valency bending and valency stretching. In general it is much 318 easier to bend molecules than to stretch them, so that absorption bands associated with stretching occur at higher frequencies.It is found that vibration frequencies associated with particular bonds (e.g. C-H) can be traced almost unchanged through whole series of compounds ; this circumstance enables vibration spectra of quite complicated molecules to be interpreted. From the vibrational frequencies the force constants of bonds can be calculated, i.e. it is possible to obtain a measure of the strengths of bonds. Since a change of vibration energy is often accompanied by a change of rotational energy, the vibrational spectrum consists of a series of bands, the fine structure of which is due to rotational changes.From the analysis of such bands it is possible to deduce the moment of inertia of the molecule. Similarly the fine structure of electronic bands (in the visible and ultra-violet region) is due to vibrational changes. The scattering of radiation by molecules can also be made to yield information as to their structure. In the visible and ultra-violet region there is the Raman effect, already mentioned, which is of particular value in supplementing the results of the more difficult infra-red technique, and the depolarisation of scattered light, from which is obtained the polarisability of molecules in different directions and which is therefore of value especially in conjunction with refractivity and the Kerr effect. In the scattering of X-rays by molecules new effects appear because the wave-length of the radiation is comparable with molecular dimensions so that diffraction effects occur.From these diffraction effects, ranging from a few diffuse rings in the case of a gas to hundreds of sharp reflexions in the case of a crystal, the electron distribution in the molecule can be deduced. The technique has been very highly developed and it is possible in this way to determine with considerable accuracy the bond lengths and angles in very complicated molecules. The Food Industry in War-time. By Dr. LESLIE F.I.C.H. LAMPITT, [Birmingham and Midlands Section, on zznd October, 1941.1 War-time conditions in the Food Industry necessitate stringent economy, adaptation to changing supplies of raw materials and provision of substitutes.The Industry owes much to science in dealing with the conditions which arise from these war factors. 319 Food manufacturers through shortage of certain essential ingredients have to make a choice between reduced output at pre-war standards and the normal output at a changed standard. As the standard of food in England in pre-war times was remark- ably high, it has been found possible, without lowering the nutritive value of the food, gradually to grade down the standard of luxury quality to meet the shortage of supplies. The greatest difficulty in the production of food has occurred in connexion with the restricted amounts of fats, of sugar, and of eggs, and also with the changed types of flour.The bigger the firm, with its more specialised machinery, the greater the difficulty of adapting the plant available to changing conditions, because plant designed by engineers and chemists to do certain jobs presupposes standard raw materials: flour of a certain grade, grease of a certain quality, sugar of a particular grinding and purity. None of these standard raw materials is now available, or at least not regularly available, and long and patient investi- gation is necessary before the best use can be made not only of the plant available, but of the raw materials available. It is important not to forget the psychological aspect of feeding. It would be quite possible to bring the food of the country to a standard utilitarian, but not attractive, level.The Ministry of Food in stimulating the continuity of ice-cream, cakes, fruit pies, etc., has recognised this. In all these cases, raw materials available are very different from those available before the war; but food manufacturers have reacted well to the stimulus of the Ministry and by utilising chemical and engineering skill available, have produced goods which are not only nutritionally sound but also titillate the senses, and are therefore potent factors in maintaining the morale of the people. Examples were given of the methods adopted to enforce economy in manufacture, and of the type of research work which was going on to provide substitutes where substitutes were necessary. The Preservation of Foodstuffs by Canning.By Dr. A. J. KIDNEY,BSc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C. [Belfast Section, on 6th November, 1941.1 The lecturer introduced the subject by outlining the normal processes of deterioration of foods through the agency of tissue enzymes, enzymes from micro-organisms, insect pests and absorption of atmospheric oxygen. 320 The basic process of canning was then defined as follows: The food is placed in the can and heated to a temperature between 50" C. and 85" C. and the lid is hermetically sealed, The completely closed can is cooked until enzymes are inactivated and micro-organisms destroyed or inhibited from growth. Perfect protection is afforded against insect' pests and there is very little oxygen left to attack the fats and vitamins.Conse-quently there is no way open for the food to deteriorate. The successive steps in manufacture were then described in detail with the help of lantern slides kindly supplied by the Metal Box Co., Ltd. The first step is usually some form of grading of the food followed by light boiling or steaming. After filling into the cans the product is heated to the desired temperature and then the can is sealed. A demonstration of the method of hermetically sealing the lids by the process of double seaming was shown on a small hand-operated machine. The lecturer illustrated the magnitude of the problem of sealing by considering an imaginary seam ten feet high, five feet six inches wide and rolled out of five layers of ten-inch steel plate.On this scale, many micro- organisms (cocci) would be approximately I mm. in diameter. If micro-organisms are to be prevented from penetrating the seam after manufacture there is clearly no latitude possible in the seaming operation. One of the most important duties of the laboratory of a canning factory is to maintain the seaming at the highest possible standard. Routine methods of dissecting the seam for examination by micrometer or gauge were shown and a supplementary examination of seam cross-sections in Bakelite mounting, recently introduced into the Iecturer's labora- tory, aroused some interest. The cooking of the sealed cans was next described after pointing out the vast difference in technique between the canning of fruit on the one hand contrasted with the canning of meat and vegetables on the other.The object of cooking is to destroy or at least inhibit growth of the heat-resistant spores of all micro-organisms. In fruit canning we are dealing with a medium of pH 2-4 and under these acid conditions exposure to tempera- tures below boiling point for a few minutes inactivates micro- organisms. Fruit cans are simply iminersed in boiling water for not longer than 30 minutes, which explains why fruit canning is usually successful in the home. In meat and vegetables we have a $H of 6-7 and the heat resistance of bacterial spores is enormous. Many spores survive 30 minutes at 110' C. and a few 30 minutes at 115' C. The cooking time and temperatures are worked out by means 321 of special thermocouples which indicate the centre temperature of cans while being cooked under commercial conditions in a pressure vessel or retort.The thermocouple assembly used for the purpose was on view. From the time-temperature graph the times at which the centre of the can is held at 110' C. and and 115'C. are deduced. It is important that all meat and vegetable packs be held at least 30 minutes at 110' C. as these are the minimum conditions for destruction of the organism B. botulinus, which is a member of the most resistant group of pathogenic organisms. This allows a reasonable factor of safety for factory fluctuations as the above thermal death point was worked out under more favourable conditions for the organism than occur in a can.Products which can stand higher tempera- tures are best given 115OC. for 30 minutes, as this destroys practically all bacterial spores. Both the above processes tend to give a product which is overcooked by ordinary standards, so the cans are rapidly cooled by water sprays in the pressure vessels, and subsequently tested, labelled and dispatched. Methods of testing cans by examination of the exterior were described and details given of the all-important bacteriological examination of the contents. After illustrating some modern developments in canning technique, and dealing with the attitude of the public to canned goods, the lecturer closed with the following remarks on the wider aspects of food preservation. Due to the development of canning, refrigeration, dehydra- tion and gas-storage of foodstuffs, food technologists could make very practical contributions to the solution of post-war world problems.In the meantime it was encouraging to note that the Ministry of Food had taken proper scientific advice and was pursuing a policy of educating the public in diet, coupled with controlling distribution of foods according to the needs of various population groups. It was to be hoped that this policy would be extended after the war to all nations. The Application of X-Rays to Research in Leather Manufacture. By Dr. D. JORDAK LLOYD,M.A., F.I.C. [Leeds Area Section, on 10th November, 1941.1 X-rays have been used by Astbury to study the molecular architecture of the collagen molecule and the changes brought about by tanning.Whereas he employed a fibre technique, the work described by the lecturer was done with the less elegant 322 but still useful powder diagram, the pictures being obtained from sections about I mm. in thickness. Skins are woven of three different types of fibres: collagen fibres which form the bulk of the skin and react with the tans to give leather: elastin fibres found mainly in the grain; and reticulin fibres which form an investing sheath round the collagen fibres. There has been some dispute as to whether reticulin fibres are chemically distinct from collagen. X-ray evidence will eventually solve this problem. The tanner seldom receives hides or skins in the fresh condition.but generally after salt curing. There are two salts in common use, sodium chloride which is used all over the world, and sodium sulphate which is used largely in India. There are two methods of salt cure known as “wet salting” and “dry salting” respec- tively. X-rays can show not only the nature but the condition of the salt inside the skin, and there is evidence that in dry salting the salt separates in large crystals which may produce damage in some of the skin structures and lead to troubles in leather manufacture. The preparation of skins for tannage does not lead to any change in the X-ray diagram, and tanning also, if carried out with an agent with small molecules, can take place without any change, showing that tanning does not essentially involve any change in the periodicities in the fibre structure. Tanning is, however, generally accompanied by a broadening and outward shift of the collagen rings, indicating loss of periodicity in and shrinkage of the structure.This affects all the rings except the outermost, which has been related by Astbury to the periodic spacing down the backbone. The loss of pattern in the other rings is to a considerable extent reversible. X-rays can be used to show whether other materials in crystal- line form are deposited in the leather during tannage: for instance ellagic acid deposits on the surface of leather with certain vege- table tannins an adherent cream-coloured crystalline crust, known to the tanners as “bloom.” X-rays show that deposition takes place right through the leather.The ellagic acid thus acts as a filler, X-rays also show that paraformaldehyde is some- times present in formaldehyde leathers. Modem sole leather tannages are finished by treating with a saturated solution of magnesium sulphate (and sugar if avail-able!). The tan is precipitated from the strong liquors in between the fibres, whereupon, like ellagic acid, it acts as a filler. X-rays show the degree of penetration and presence of excess salt and the effect of the sugar on the distribution and crystal- lisation. 323 X-rays can also be used to track down at least one fault in process. Damage due to an excess of heat and acid at the hot- pitting stage of sole leather tanning causes a widening, outward movement and final disappearance of the outermost collagen ring.Hence, weak-fibred leather showing this effect must have been damaged in this way. Weak-fibred leather due to absorp- tion of acid fumes from the atmosphere of an industrial town or to a poor quality hide shows no change in X-ray pattern. Notes. The Council of the Royal Society has awarded the Davy Medal to Dr. Henry Drysdale Dakin, F.R.S., Fellow, for his work as a pioneer in biochemical research and especially because of his fundamental contributions to the study of intermediate metabolisms. Mr. William Gordon Carey, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the City of Newcastle upon Tyne and for the County Boroughs of Gateshead, Sunderland and Tynemouth. The Ministry of Supply has made an Order controlling the prices of commercial grade Sodium and Potassium Dichromates in quantities less than I cwt. The Ministry has also issued an Order relating to the control of Sulphur, fixing maximum prices for sulphur ground from crude sulphur.Copies of the above Orders may be obtained (price Id. each) from H. M. Stationery Office. The General’ Council of the British Standards Institution has decided, that in view of the continuing expansion of the Institution and the development of its relations with Government departments and other bodies, an Executive Com- mittee be appointed, with a whole-time Chairman, to keep d activities of the Institution under review, and report to the General Council as may be necessary.Mr. C. Le Maistre, C.B.E., has been appointed the first Chair- man of the Committee, and Mr. P. Good, C.B.E., Director and Secretary of the Institution. The Therapeutic Research Corporation of Great Britain, Ltd., has been formed by the following Companies:- Boots Pure Drug Co., Ltd., British Drug Houses, Ltd., Glaxo 324 Laboratories, Ltd., May and Baker, Ltd., and the Wellcome Foundation Ltd. The founder Companies will subscribe the capital of the Corporation as and when required in equal amounts. The principal objects of the organisation are:- (a) To provide for the co-ordination and extension of research in matters of common interest with a view to accelerating the discovery of new substances for the service of therapeutic and preventive medicine ; to ensure proper collaboration with medical, dental and veterinary practi- tioners in the introduction of new medicinal substances and to assist in the advancement of the art of medicine by the subsidisation of research on a broader and more rational basis than has so far been possible in the British Pharma- ceutical Industry.(b) To provide for the pooling of manufacturing facilities, where desirable. (c) To enable the industry to co-operate more effectively in national planning by presenting to the Government through its appropriate medical, dental, veterinary, scientific and technical organisations the pooled knowledge and facilities acquired by the constituent companies in the field of therapeutic research.Plans for research will be drawn up by a Panel consisting of the Heads of Research from each of the constituent Companies, and arrangements for production will be made by a Panel consisting of the Heads of Production of the constituent Com- panies. The products will be sold by the Constituent Companies. The registered ofices (pro tern.) of the Corporation are at 183, Euston Road, London, N.W.I. The Ministry of Supply appeals for waste paper and card- board. Clean white paper and newspapers should be kept apart from coloured packing papers, cardboard, etc., so that sorting by the merchant may be facilitated. Obituary. DOUGLASLAY died on 1st November at Victoria, British Columbia, in his 65th year.The youngest son of Horatio Selson Lay, C.B., he was educated at St. Dunstan’s College, Catford, under Dr. C. M. Stuart, Fellow, end received his technical training at the Royal School of Mines, where he gained the Associateship in metallurgy, in the first class, in 1899. Between 1899 and 1905, he was analytical chemist and assayer 325 with the North Star Xining Co., Ltd., the Hall Mining and Smelting Co., and the Rambler-Carriboo Mines, Ltd.; from 1905-1906 he was metallur- gist and superintendent to the Reliance Gold Nining and 3lilling CO., Ltd., and, from 1906-1918, consulting mining engineer and metallurgist to Messrs. Alexander Hill and Stewart, in the Clty of London.He was the inventor of processes for the recovery of gold from cyanide solutions by electrical precipitation, the results of which were published in the Engineering Mining Journal, New York, 1920, and developed a method of compacting flotation concentrate in lieu of filtration, published in the same journal in 1922, under the title of “Concentration of Rossland, B.C., Ores.” During the war of 1914-1918, he was a works chemist at H.M. Factory, Queensferry. From 1921-1923 he was manager with Le Roi No. 2, Ltd., Rossland, B.C., engaged on the design and erection of plant for the treatment of ores by the flotation process, and was then engaged in private practice as a consulting engineer in Rossland and Vancouver, B.C., until 1925, when he was appointed Resident Mining Engineer to the North-Eastern Xineral Survey District, British Columbia.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1928. ARTHURPUNTERROXALD died at sea on 20th January, in his 50th year. He was educated at Queen Mary’s School, Basingstoke, arid University College, Reading, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.), in 1912, in which year he joined the staff of Nobel’s Explosives Co., Ltd., at Ardeer. In 1916, he was trans- ferred to the Safety of Factories Branch of the Ministry of Munitions, and later became Technical Inspector of Propellants Factories, Cotton Waste Mills and other establishments, returning after the war to Nobel’s Explosives Co., and eventually becoming a member of the staff of ImperialChemical Industries, Ltd.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. OSWALDDIGBY ROBERTS died on 1st Sovember, at Horton Emergency Hospital, in his 59th year. He was trained in the Chemical Department of the City and Guilds Technical College, Finsbury, and after a period with a firm of manufacturing chemists joined the scientific staff of the Imperial Institute in 1909 as assistant in the Mineral Laboratories. He was later transferred to the plant side, specialising on essential oils and fibres. At the time of his death he held the position of a senior assistant and was Secretary of the Institute’s Consultative Committee on Essential Oils. He was also a member of certain Committees of the Textile Institute. Most of his work was incorporated in official reports issued by the Institute, but either alone or jointly with the late Dr.Ernest Goulding, he also contributed a number of papers on essential oils from Empire sources to the Transactions of the Chemical Society and the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected an Associate of the Institute of Chemistry in 1911 and a Fellow in 1916. JAMES FREDERICK ROW-LANDFOTHERGILL died at Hampstead on 2nd November in his 72nd year. Educated at Usk Grammar School and St. Catharine’s College, Cambridge, he graduated B.A. in Divinityin 1899, but soon after turned to science. He studied physics at Cam- bridge, under Glazebrook, and chemistry and bacteriolo$ji at the Battersea and the South-Western Polytechnics.After some years’ experience as a senior science master at the Whitgift Middle School, Croydon, he became assistant, in 1904, to Dr. Alexander Winter Blyth, Public Analyst for Marylebone, to whose practice he eventually succeeded. From 1909 he was a Relieving Gas Examiner to the London County Council; from 1917, lecturer in chemistry at the Crystal Palace School of Practical Engineering, and later he was for some years lecturer on science at Harrow School. 326 He was Public Analyst for the Borough of St. Marylebone for about 20 years, and consulting toxicologist to Middlesex Hospital. Under the name of “Rowland James,” he was the author of a number of poems, He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. JOHN RICHARDSKELTOXdied at Sorwich on 1st November in his 83rd year. The eldest son of Richard Skelton, Veterinary Surgeon of Leyton, Essex, he was educated at Chigwell Grammar School and studied chemistry and physics under Edward Frankland and Guthrie, respectively, at the Royal College of Chemistry, South Kensington, from 1878 to 1880, in which year he obtained an appointment as chemist with the New Explosives Co., Ltd., Stowmarket, Suffolk. In tho following year, he returned to London and studied at the Royal School of Mines under Roberts-Austen, devoting his attention to metallurgy and assaying.In 1882, he was appointed demonstrator and assistant to bleymott Tidy at London Hospital Medical College, and in 1883, was appointed works chemist to the Norwich Crape Co., Ltd., with which he remained for the rest of his professional life, becoming works manager and later managing director of the Company, and retiring in 1925.During the war of 1914-1918, Mr. Skelton invented, and the Company produced, a crbpe bandage with elastic qualities, which came into great demand, and is still being produced by another Korfolk textile factory. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. PHILIPALPREDSTIFFwas killed at Abadan, Iran, on 25th August. The son of the late Rev. A. T. Stiff, Vicar of All Souls, Brighton, he was born on 14th January, 1904, and educated at Haileybury College, Herts. He gained an Open Scholarship to Cambridge, which he held at Sidney Sussex College; he obtained further scholarships as a result of Inter- Collegiate Examinations, and graduated with honours in the Natural Science Tripos, Part 11, 1926.He joined the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in the same year, and was posted to the Llandarcy Refinery, next to Sunbury, and later, in 1928, was transferred to Abadan, where he was employed in process development and research. In 1937, he was appointed assistant production superintendent and, in 1938, plant development superintendent, which position he held at the time of his death, At Cambridge, he was a member of his College “Fifteen,” and was a prominent representative of boxing in the University. He was also a great lover of horses and an outstanding player on the polo field. Among his varied interests, he was an enthusiastic entomologist.His loss will be keenly felt in Iran, especially among the members of the chemical staff of his Company. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1927 and a Fellow in 1931. WILLIAM TREVOR WILDE, age 23 years, was killed in October, 1941, during enemy action. He was educated at Nether Edge School, Sheffield, and at the University of Sheffield. He graduated B.Sc. in 1939 with honours in chemistry and turned his attention to the theoretical aspects of refractory materials, under the supervision of Mr. W. J. Rees. At the time of his death he was awaiting the conferment of the degree of Ph.D. for his research on the ternary system Cr,O, 7MgO -Al,O,. He was collaborating in work on the bonding properties of clays used in steel moulding sands.The contamination of steels by refractory materials also engaged his attention. He played E large part in the life of the University. He was Styring Research Scholar, Editor of the University Magazine, Arrows, and Secre- tary of the University Athletics Committee. He was also a Gas Identi- fication Officer in the City of Sheffield. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1940. -The Council records with regret the death, on 29th September, at Newbury, Berks., of David Henderson, Chartered Accountant, and Auditor to the Institute from 1918 to 1940. 327 Books and their Contents. -The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers and may be seen in the Library of the 1nstitute:-Analysis of Aluminium and its Alloys.Pp. 188.(London: British Aluminium Co., Ltd.) Introduction; analytical tolerances; sampling; reagents ;pure aluminium; determination of other metals; aluminium alloys ; schemes of analysis for alloys; special analyses: analysis of super purity aluminium, alumin- ium bronze, skimmings and dross ;determination of non-metallic impuri- ties; spot tests; photometric methods; spectrochemical analysis; polarographic analysis. Annual Reviews of Petroleum Technology. Vol. VI. (Petroleum Technology in 1940.) General Editor: F. H. Garner. Pp. iv + 318. (Eirmingham: The Institute of Petroleum.) 11s. Eighteen papers recording progress in the applications of science to the petroleum industry. Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Analysis.Henry J. S. Sand. Vol. 111. Electrical Methods Applied to Titra-tion, Moisture Determination and $H Measurement. Pp. x + 118. (London and Glasgow: Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 5s. 6d. net. Potentiometric analysis ; conductinietric analysis and the dielectric constant in chemical analysis; the determination of moisture by the measurement of capacitance; the potentiometric determination of pHIndex. Physical and Chemical Constants and someMathematica1 Functions. G. W. C. Kaye and T. H. Laby. 9th edition. Pp. viii + 182. (London, New York and Toronto : Longmans, Green & Co.) 18s. English Physical and Chemical Tables. Atomic weights; units; general physics and astronomy; heat; sound; light, including spectroscopy; electricity and magnetism; X-rays, atoms and ions; chemistry and geology; mathematical tables; isotopes; index.The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain has pre- sented the Institute with a volume produced to commemorate its Centenary Celebration on the 15th April, 1941. The principal contents relate to the Inaugural Meeting, the Councils since 1841, a Century of Service, a Programme of the Centenary Commemoration, a Play entitled “Jacob Bell and some Others” by H. N. Linstead, and Miscellanea-a collection of papers and records of special interest to pharmacists, recalling Jacob Bell, 328 Daniel Hanbury, Henry Deane, Edmund White, Sir William Glyn-Jones, and the Story of the British Pharmacopceia (1618-1914).The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association has published “Researches on the Structure of Alloys” by W. Hume-Rothery, F.R.S.-(Association Series, No. 562 : June, 1941) : 2s. 6d. The work has been mainly directed to the establishment of the general principles which decide whether and in what proportions two or more metals are capable of forming solid solutions, the structural and equilibrium characteristics of alloy systems, and the properties of alloys. The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 21st November, 1941,z new Fellows were elected, IZ Associates were elected to the Fellow- ship, 35 new Associates were elected, 3 Associates were re-elected, and 28 new Students were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 4 Fellows, 3 Associates, and one Student.New Fellows. Bucknell, Edwin Thomas Holman, 102, Bristol Road, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset. Wilson, Christopher Lumley, B.Sc. (Leeds), Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Dales Lane, Whitefield, Lancs. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Airs, Raymond Spencer, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 23, Westways, Stoneleigh Hill, Ewell, Surrey. Bowes, Miss Joane Hylton, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), c/o Rothamsted Experi- mental Station, Harpenden. Corfield, Mrs. Ella, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.C., 47, Northumberland Road, New Barnet, Herts. Crawley, Blick, If .A. (Oxon.), c,o Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., Pointe-a- Pierre, Trinidad, R.W.I. Cunningham, Robert Neil, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Everett, John Garwood, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Lond.), Deben, -4yloff’s Walk, Hornchurch, Essex. Gladden, George William, B.Sc. (Liv.), 23, Thwaites Road, Oswaldtwistle, Lancs. Langridge, Rodney Arthur, Ph.C., 31, Hilary Gardens, Stanmore, Bliddx. Middleton, Charles Roger, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., c/o British United Oilfields of Trinidad, Ltd., Port Fontin, Trinidad, B.W.1. Keave, Edward William James, M.Sc. (Lond.), M.C., 9, Church Close, Epsom.Oswin, Charles Robert, M.A., 33.S~. (Oxon.), 120, Wellington Road, Bridgwater, Somerset. Rawson, Valentin Stratford, B.Sc. (Queensland), c/o Rev. C. I. Rawson, County Hospital. Prestwich, Manchester. 329 New Associates. Allen, James Joseph, M.C., 558, Kottingham Road, Chaddesden, nr. Derby. Armstrong, Alasdair William, B.Sc.(Aberd.), 18, Belmont Street, Glasgow, w. 2. Bhaskara Rama Murti, Polapragada, 31.S~.(Andhra), J.V.D. College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Waltair, S. India. Booth, Henry, B.A. (Oxon.), Xessrs. Henry Booth (Abingdon), Ltd., Abingdon-on-Thames. Boyd, John, B.Sc. (Liv.), Homecroft, Devonshire Road, Douglas, Isle of Man. Cormack, Robert Houston, B.Sc. (Edin.), 28, Griffiths Street, Falkirk, Stirlingshire. Denton, Cecil, 27, Oxford Avenue, Guiseley, nr. Leeds. Dickinson, Edward John, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Oakdene, Cheapside Lane, Denham, nr. Uxbridge. Fentiman, Miss Rosalind Mary, B.Sc. (Birm.), 241, Wake Green Road, RIoseley, Birmingham, 13. French, Alfred Thomas, 3, Lancaster Avenue, Barking, Essex. Glen, John, 24, East Carlton Park, nr.Market Harborough. Gregg, Sidney John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Troy Farm Cottage, illonmouth. Griffin, John Wlliam, B.Sc. (Glas.), 28, Grfiths Street, Falkirk, Stirling- shire. Hudsmell, Fred, MA. (Cantab.), 8, Wimmerfield Avenue, Gower Road, Swansea. Hutcheson, Robert, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 82, Walter Street, Glasgow, E.l. Kilby, Bernard Ashford, MA., P1i.D. (Cantab.), 254, Hills Road, Cam- bridge.Lecomber, Leslie Vincent, B.Sc. (Mane.), 104, Pitt Street, Oldham. Little, Andrew James, A.R.T.C., 30, Xelson Street, Greenock, Scotland. Llewellyn, Donald Rees, B.Sc. (Birm.), Brynteg, Woodmancote, Dursley, Glos. Mitchell, Gilbert Archibald Maldwyn, BSc. (Glas.), 64, Beechwood Gardens, Calder Road, Bellshill, Lanarkshire.Nicholson, Eric Samuel, B.Sc. (Edin.), 17, Craigmount Grove, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12. Owen, John Harold, 5, Prescott Avenue, Golborne, nr. Warrington. Potter, Xeville Mowbray, 111.S~.(Lond.),49, Barholm Road, Sheffield, 10. Prakash, Brahm, RI.Sc. (Punjab), Loco Works Laboratory, B.B. & C.I. Railway, Dohad, India. Ramanavva, Somavaiula Venkata. B.A., M.Sc. (Andra), Sugar Chemist, The'Vuyyur S;gk Factory, Vuyyur, Dt. Kishna, India: Ross, Robert Paton, BSc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 39, Stow Hill, Newport, Man. Sanderson, Tom, B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.), c o Bank Chambers, Crosby Street, Varyport, Cumberland. Simmonds, George Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, Buxton Road, Erith, Kent. Suttle, Harold Kershaw, A.M.I.Chem.E., 16, Abercrombie Street, Chester- field.Swann, Raymond Vaughan, B.Sc. (Wales), 1506, Greenford Road, Green- -ford, %iddx. Swift, Robert Atkinson, M.Sc. (Manc.), 11, Brook Road, Morecambe, Lancs. Vasistha, Shyam Kishor, LL.B., D.Sc. (B.H.U.), Mangalashram, Lanka, Benares City, U.P., India. Walker, George U7illiam, 17, John Street, Dalbeattie, Kirkcudbright. Whinham, William Xeville, B.Sc. (Wales), 27, Tynewydd Road, Barry. White, John Parker, B.Sc. (Lond.), c o Ross, Euroa, Langbank, Renfrew- shire. 330 Re-elected Associates. Buchan, Samuel, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), Erwyn, Hillcrest Gardens, Hinchley Wood, Surrey. Cratchley, Leo Gordon, B.Sc. (Leeds), Fartown Lodge, Bradford Road, Huddersfield. Gurney, Edward William Moye, B.Sc.(Lond.), 19, Dartford Road, Bexley. New Students. Beynon, Eric, 173, Aiewport Road, Middlesbrough. Bridge, Allan Clare, 169, LTpper Parliament Street, Liverpool, 8. Bristow, Frederick Jack, 127, ,Studdridge Street,, London, S.W. 6. Brown, Bernard Clark, 15, Ring Road, Lower Worthy, Leeds, 12. Dale, Eric Charles Beresford, 12, Liscard Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Darlington, Ronald, 524, Broadway, Chadderton, Lancs. Dunn, John Henry, 75, Wellesley Road, Ilford, Essex. Evans, Miss Florence Mary Lucy, 32, Park Road N., Newton-le-Willows, Lancs. Gardener, Sidney Herbert, 3, Tiverton House, Pleasant Place, Canonbury, London, N.1. Gough, Kenneth John, 16, Connaught Gardens, London, N. 10. Greaves, John Tracey, 12, St. John's Crescent, Canton, C'ardiff.Hookway, Harry Thurston, 26, Court Drive, Waddon, Croydon. King, Allan James, 40, Newlaithes Gardens, Horsforth, nr. Leeds. Lister, Bryan Alfred Jack, 6, Connaught Gardens, London, N. 10. London, Eric, 43, The Crescent, Naghull, nr. Liverpool.Majury, Trevor Gault, 28, Maryville Park, Belfast, N. Ireland. McMullen, Arnold Ivor, Campsie, Ballygrainey, Bangor, Co. Down, N. Ireland. Nicholls, Stanley Frederick, c/o 1, Chapel Lane, Spondon, nr. Derby. Reed, Kenneth James, 5, Hardennaye, Tot'teridge, High U'ycombe, Bucks. Riley, Frederick William, 23, Green Park Avenue, Skircoat Green, Halifax, Yorks. Robinson, Stanley Richard, 20, Thorpedale Road, London, N.4. Rolles, Robert Rollos, 83, Upper Brownhill Road, Nursling, Southampton. Saunders, Aubrey, Gas Works House, Butts Road, Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. Stoor, Charles Henry, 38, Sandling Lane, Maidstone, Kent.Sutherland, Marcus Gunn, c/o Melville, 5, Dowanside Road, Glasgow, W. 2. Tolley, George, 3, Spring Meadow, Old Hill, Staffs. Watson, Ernest Alan, 7, Lilac Gardens, Low Fell, Gateshead, 9, Co. Durham. Wright, Alfred, 28, Culme Road, Liverpool, 12. DEATHS. Fellows. Douglas Lay, A.R.S.M. Oswald Digby Roberts. John Richard Skelton. Philip Alfred Stiff, B.A. (Cantab.). Associates. Ronald Arthur Punter, B.Sc. (Lond.). James Frederick Fothergill Rowland, B.A. (Cantab.).William Trevor Wilde, B.Sc. (Sheffield). Student. Ronald Greenwood. -CHANGE OF NAME. Miss Ella Kathleen Parsons, B.Sc.(Lond.), Associate, to Mrs Pinder,-on her marriage to Jack Leake Pinder, Fellow. 331 Coming Events. Jan., 1942 5 SOCIETY (London Section) : Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY with Food Group, “Insecticides.” Mr. G. A. Freak, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 2.15 p.m. 12 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section). “Chemotherapy.”Mr. S. Ellingworth. 21 SOCIETY (Food Group) : Domestic Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY of Microbiological Panel. “Nodule Eacteria and the Cultivation of Legumes,” Dr. H. G. Thornton, F.R.S., at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1. 22 INSTITUTION ENGIXEERS.“The Totally Electri- OF ELECTRICAL fied Cane Sugar Factory,” Mr. L. B.Whitaker; “Electricity in a Beet Sugar Factory,” Mr. B. Smith, at Savoy Place, Victoria Embankmen’t, London, W.C.2. 23 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL IHDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midlands Section): Short papers on topical subjects. At the Chamber of Commerce, Birmingham, at 4 p.m. AND OF28 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALIXDUSTRY IXSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections): “SyntheticalInvestigations in the Natural Resin Field.” Professor R. D. Haworth, at the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m.Feb 2 SOCIETY (London Section). “Fluorescence OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Measurement,” Mr. G. F. Lothian, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 2.15 p.m. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Leeds Area Section).“High Pressure Reactions and Technique.” Professor D. M. Newitt. OF14 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (South Yorkshire Sectio?). Joint Meeting with the Sheffield Metallur@al Association. Further Advances in Metallurgical Analysis, Mr. E. J. Vaughan and Lt. J. Convey, at 198, West Street, Sheffield, 1, at 3.0 p.m. OF18 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Birmingham and Midland Section). at the Chamber of Commerce. INSTITUTE (London and S.E. Counties Section). OF CHEMISTRY “Artificial Radioactivity and the Completion of the Periodic System.” Professor F. A. Paneth, at the Institute, at 4p.m. 27 SOCIETY (Birmingham and MiFnd Sec- OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY tion). Joint Meeting with the Plastics Group: Chemical Factors involved in the glueing of wood with cold-setting urea- formaldehyde resins.” Mr. W.G. Campbell, at the Chamber of Commerce, at 5.30 p.m.CHEMICAL SOCIETY (South Yorkehire). “The Chemistry of Starch.” Professor E. L. Hirst, F.R.S., at the University, Western Bank, Sheffield, 10, at 5.30 p.m.March 2 INSTITUTE Annual General Meeting, at thehstitute, OF CHEMISTRY: at 3 p.m.SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(London Section). “Gold and its Scope in Industry.” Mr. E. Downs, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 2.15 p.m. 7 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (Birmingham and Midland Section). 10 CHEMICAL SOCIETY. Joint Meeting wit!‘ the Leeds University Chemical Society. Discussion on the Enzymatic Breakdown of Tryptophan to Indole.” Opened by Dr.H. A. Krebs,Dr. F. C. Happold and Dr. J. W. Baker. 332 17 SOCIETYOF CHERUCAL INDUSTRY.Annual General Meeting. vnt Meeting of the Yorkshire Section with the Food Group. Colour in Foods.” OF18 INSTITUTECHEXISTRY (London and S.E. Counties Section). Joint Meeting with the Institute of Physics. “Physics in America and some Recent Applications of Nuclear Physics.” Professor &I.L. E. Oliphant, F.R.S., at the Royal Institution. 20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section). Annual General Meeting, at 6.15 p.m., Jubilee Memorial Lecture: “Science and the Land.” Professor F. L. Engledow, at the Chamber of Commerce, at 6.30 p.m. OF25 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Birmingham and Midland Section). Annual General Meeting, at the Chamber of Commerce.OF28 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (South Yorkshire Section). “The Colliery Chemist at a Group of Collieries,” Mr. J. T. Storrow; “The Colliery Chemist and Safety Requirements,” Dr. F. V. Tideswell; “The Training of the Colliery Chemist,” Dr. T. G. Woolhouse. Short paper3 to be followei3 by discussion, at the College of Technology and Art, Rotherham, at 3.0 p.m.April1 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (Birmingham and Midland Section). Annual General il$eeting. 6 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL IXDUSTRY(London Section). Discussion on “Laboratory Design,” opened by Mr. J. McKillop, Mr. W. E. Prytherch and Mr. P. L. Bilham, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 2.15 p.m. OF15 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and S.E.Counties Section). “The Use of Chemicals by the Green Plant.” Dr. Hugh Nicol, at the Institute, at 6 p.m. General Notices. -_ Laboratory Overalls.-The Board of Trade has announced that in future all industrial overalls will be available on surrender of two, three or four coupons each, according to type. Long laboratory coats reaching below the knee will be obtain- able on surrender of three coupons and short laboratory jackets reaching only to the waist for two coupons. Both must, how- ever, be made of cotton and either in a natural or bleached state or dyed navy blue, brown or khaki. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Monday, 2nd March, 1942. Nomination of General Members of the Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of General Members of Council:-By-law 26.--(I) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as ci candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Xember shall nominate more than one such Fellow.333 (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form:-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registeredaddress) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members. (The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24.-(2) No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy.The Officers and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, on 2nd March, 1942, in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election are as follows:- Vice-Presidents.Henry Vincent Aird Briscoe, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Francis Howard Carr. C.B.E.. D.Sc.. M.1.Chem.E. Thomas Percy Hilditch, D.Sc’. Gerald Roche Lynch, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. Sir Robert Howson Pickard, D.Sc., F.R.S. General Members of Council. William Murdoch Cumming, D.Sc., M.1.Chem.E. Ernest Harold Farmer, D.Sc., D.I.C. Alexander Findlay, M.A., Ph.D., D.Sc. Thomas Reginald Hodgson, MA. Reginald Haydn Hopkini;, D.Sc. Harold Hunter, D.Sc., A.Inst.P., A.M.1.Chern.E. Leslie Herbert Lampitt, D.Sc., M.1.Chern.E. Frederick Maurice Row-e, D.Sc.Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 2.30 p.m. on 19th January, 1942. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:- (i) Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, XSc. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties : Allan Cuthbertson Monk- house, B.Sc., Ph.D. (iii) East Midlands and South Yorkshire: Edwin Gregory, M.Sc., Ph.D. (iv) Liverpool and North-West Coast: Leslie Victor Cocks. (v) London and South-Eastern Counties : David Michael Freeland. (vi) Manchester and District :Harold Stevenson. (vii) Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast: Sigurd Walfrid Albert Wikner. (viii) Yorkshire : George James Denbigh, KSc. (ix) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Louis Fletcher.(x) Aberdecn and Xorth of Scotland: John Steele Allan. (xi) Glasgow and West of Scotland: James Wilfred Cook, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.S. 334 (xii) Wales and the County of Monmouth: Ernest Edward Ayling,M.Sc., A.K.C. (xiii) Northern Ireland: Donald Alford Derrett-Smith, B.So., A.C.G.F.C. (xiv) Irish Free State: John Andrews, B.Sc. (xv) The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad: Norman Lindsay Sheldon, C.I.E., Ph.D. In order to facilitate identification, Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances, Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expectformal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the 'Institute unless replies are necessary.Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on .active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Examinations.-It is hoped to arrange Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship in April, 1942. Intending candidates are asked to complete and return forms of application for admission to the Examinations as early as possible, Candidates whose applications have been accepted will be given full information at the earliest moment, and may then forward their entry forms and pay the required fees.Associates who desire to present themselves for Examination for the Fellowship are asked to forward their applications for consideration by the Council, and not to wait for a notification in the JOURNAL of the exact times and places of the Examinations. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 335 For Library Notices of the Institute, The Chemical Society, The Science Library, Boots' and Lewis's, see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, August, 1941, pp.250-251. During January, 1942, the Library of the Chemical Society will be closed at 4 p.m. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 7d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. The business of the Institute has been carried on, almost without interruption, at its headquarters since the outbreak of war. All correspondence should normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.12. Telephone number: Hillside 1859. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENTFUND,INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON, W.C.I. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9416500301

出版商:RSC    

年代:1941

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

336 Index: 1941. Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section, 213 Accounts, 22 Annual General Meeting, 84 Appointments Committee, 16, 81 Appointments Register, 16,282 Auditors, 21, 83, 93 Bankers, 83 Beilby Memorial Awards, 6, 20 Belfast and District Section, 10, 99 Benevolent Fund, 8, 30, 80 Birmingham and Midland Section, 10, 99, 147, 261, 307 Books and their Contents, 61, 122, 188,243, 289, 327 Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, 10, 100, 148, 213, 263 British Management Council, 6 British Standards Institution, 7, 98, 124, 185, 288 Cape Section, 10, 148, 213 Cardiff Section, 11, 39, 149, 309 Censors, 37 Chemical Council, 6, 9, 82, 178 Chemical Trades Advisory Com-mittee, 6 Chemicals, Supplies of, 233, 279 Chemotherapy, Landmarks in, 161 Chromatographic Analysis, 261 City and Guilds of London Insti- tute, 6 Clothing, Protective, 233 Colour Printing, 159 Coming Events, 66, 131, 195, 247, 293, 331 Committees, 80 Common Law, Duties and Liabili- ties of Chemist at, 103 Co-operation (Publications), 259 Council, 36, 79 Council, Committees and Repre-sentatives, 5, 79 Council, Constitution and Somina- tion of, 146, 211, 228 Council, Proceedings, 33, 96, 143, 208, 259, 305 Council, Report of, 3 Deaths, 4, 56, 65, 119, 194, 246, 293, 330 District hlembers of Council, 36, 296 Dublin Section, 11, 39, 166, 309 East Anglian Section, 11, 101, 150, 213,309 East Midland Section, 11, 150, 263, 309 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 11, 150, 263, 310 Editorial, 207 Electron Microscopy, 264 Emergency Committee, 18, 81 Emergency Public Health Labora- tories, 3, 33, 209 Enantiomorphism and Enantio-merism, 44 Examinations, 35, 49, 144, 167, 267 Examiners, Board of, 15, 83 Finance and House Committee, 7, 80 Flavines, 165 Food Industry in War-time, 318 Frankland, Sir Edward, Nedal and Prize, 38, 197, 249 Gas Identification Officers, 37 Gaseous Hydrocarbons, 46 General Notices, 68, 132, 196, 248, 296.332 Gifts,’l82 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 12, 101, 310 Headmasters’ Employment Com-mittee, 6 Honorary Corresponding Secre-taries, 13 Honorary Secretaries, Conference of, 207, 218 Huddersfield Section, 12, 151, 263, 312 Infra-red Absorption, 163 Institutions, 16 Jam, 43 Laboratory Precautions, 185 Lantern Slides, 17, 70 Leather Manufacture, The Applioa- tion of X-Rays to Research in, 321 Leeds Area.Section, 12, 39,101,152, 312 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 10 Leverhulme Research Fellowships, 55 Library, Boots' Booklovers', 69, 134. 198.251 Library, Chemical Society, ti, 82, 133, 250 Library, Lewis's Lending, 69, 134, 198, 251 Library, 17, 69, 125, 133, 198, 350 Librarv. The Science. 70. 134. 251 Liver<ool and North Western Sec- tion, 12, 39, 152, 313 Local Sections, 10, 118, 147, 207, 218, 261, 307 London and South Eastern Coun-ties Section, 12, 39, 153, 263, 313 Xanchcster and District Section, 12, 101, 214, 314 Meldola Medal, 16, 84, 196, 249, 298 Metallurgical Technique, Ancient, 108 Microchetnical Analysib and its Application8, 47 Microchemistry, Recent Derelop-ments of, 41 Microchemistry-Spot Tests, 11 1 Miner, Food Requirements of, 109 Ministry of Labour, 6 Molecular Structure, PhysicalNethods in the Investigation of, 315 Satioiial Certificates in Cheniibtry, 19, 81 Sewcastle upon Tyne and Sorth- East Coast Section, 13,40 New Zealand, 13,154 Nomination of Members of Council, 19,81, 146,211,228 Sominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 13, 80 Xotes, 54, 113, 183, 233, 279, 323 Obituary, 56, 119, 186,237, 283, 324 Parliamentary and Scientific Corn-mittee, 6 Pedler Research Scholarship, 19, 81 Poisons Board, 82 Policy, 259 Precious Metals,, 296, 306 Preservation of Foodstuffs by Canning, The, 319 President, 79, 87 Publications and Library C'onl-mittee, 16, 80 Public Health Laboratories, Emcr- gency, 3 Publicity Committee, 18, 81 Register, 62, 128, 190, 244, 289, 328 Reserved Occupations, Schedule of, 303 Roll of the Institute, 3 Science in Parliament, 54, 113, 183 Science, Sational and International, and the Basis of Co-operation, 115 Scientific Advisory Committee, 308 Scrutineers, Report of, 92 Soil Fertility, 105, 157 Solicitors.83 South Wales (Swansea) Section, 13, 40, 101, 154, 315 South Yorkshire Section, 13,40,154, 263, 315 Spekker Photo-Electric Xbsorptio- meter, 261 Standards, British, 7, 98, 124, 185, 288 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 94, 97, 296, 306 Supplemental Charter Committee, 81 Therapeutic Substances Act, 6 Toxicology, Modern Industrial, 216 World Power Conference, 6 -PRINTED BY W. HEFFER % SONS LTD., CAMBRIDGE. ENGLAND

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9416500336

出版商:RSC    

年代:1941

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY REGISTER ADDRESSES REQUIRED Fellows. Anderhon, Frederic. Alfred, R.Sc. (Lond.). Bardsley, Joshua. Bowleu, Horare Edgal.. Darling, Charles Hobert, A.R.C'.Sc.l. Ea.ithiirn, Major Gerald *Jerome, M.C., A.R.T.('. EaHteb, Ernebt John. Grarey. David Allan, 1.S.O. Gray, Archibald. Hogben, Walter. Loudon, Alexander, B.Sr. (LVitwateiaand), 31.S~.(Lond.). Morley, Henry Forater, MA. D.Sc. (Lond.). Sind, EchundyRohert, A.C.G.I. Parker, Lehlie Henry, MA. (Cantab.), D.Sc., (Lond.). Patemon, John Hamilton, D.Sc. (Dunelm). Robertson, Joseph Gold, Ph.D. (Jena). Robertron, William Stirling, H.Sc. (Gla5.). Robinson, Coriinar, A.R.C.Sr.I., Ph.D. (C'trecbllt). Slack, Harry, D.C.M., l3.S~.(Vict.). Stevens, Montagu LVhite. A.R ,C.S.Trickett, Harold. LYillianih, Joseph Hughes, B.Ac. (Lond.). Associates. Mains, Edward, B.Sc. (St. ilntlrt.w+). Alton, Nichael David Le-ter Mitc~hell,K.Se. (Lontl.). Arneil. Alexander, H.Sr. (Glw.), A.R.T.('. Barion, Harry. B.Rc.. Ph.D. (Lonrl.), A.I.H.I.(Sv.). Hean, Philip Le.ilie, A.R.C.S. Hell, David James, M.A. (Cantab.).B.Sc.. (Glau.), Ph.D. (St. Andrewu). 13liavnagr1, Shapur Khushro, B.A., H.Sc. (Bombay),13.S~.(Mane.). Hrodie, Neal, MSc. (Dunelm). Hrowne, Thomar Ethelred Wilby, MA, H.Sc. (Lond.), 31.S~.(Walez). Bruce, ,Jorieph, 13.S~.(Leedu). Hrundrit, Dennis, B.Sc., Ph.U. (Liv.). Campbell, George Heid. Chayen, I.irae1 Harris, M.Sv. (Lond.),A.H.C.S., D.l.c'., A.M.1.Cht.1ii.E. ('hristian, .John, B.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C., A.R.C.S. Claudet, Richard Arthur Ortnerod, B.Sc.(Lond.). ('oles, Nrs. Georgina Elizabeth, M.Sv. (Q.V.B.). r'ook, Harry Aaron. B.Sc.. (Lolid.). ('ouper, Arthur Thomar, Ph.D. (Lond.) ('rainier, Harris. B.Sc. (Lond.). Day, James Selsoii Edmund, N.Sc., Ph.D. (Loiid.), A.R.C.S ., D .I.C. Dean, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Maiic.). Diamond, Leslie George, RSc. (Briq.). 339 Doyne, Humphrj Cathair, J1.A. (Oxon.). Eastman, Clifford William, BSc. (Birm.). Eccott, Euqtace Nevill, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Edwards, Owen Kempster, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Evans, Thoma-; Watcyn. R.Sr., Ph.D. (Wales). Finepan, Eugene Henedict, H..4., R.Sr. (X.LT,I.). Flannery, Fredericsk Edward. Flook, Harold Stanley, R.Sc. (Lontl.), .4.R.(’.(). Forbes, John Stuart, R.Sr. (Birm.).Gibbon, John. Gilbert, Frank Lathe, B.Sc. (Lond.), PI1.D. ((‘antab.). Gresham, Harold Ernest, H.Sc. (Lond.). Grieve, Stanley Trethowa, III.Sc. (Auduhon). Harden, Harold Lawrence. H.Sc. (Lontl.). Hay, Thomar Williani, B.Se. (Wale>). (Flight Lt.. l<.-A.F.) Hill, Ronald Alfred, B.Sc. (Birm.). Hodson. William Brooke, A.C.G.F.C. Hogarth, Laurence Totherick, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hornby, George Edward Stanley. Hudson, Ronald Augurtus, M.Sc. (Wales). Jack, William, D.F.C., B.Sc. (Gla3.). Jackson, Emmanuel, B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Johnson. Sydney Walgate, B.Sc. (Dun.), Ph.D. (Lond.). Johnston, Alexander, B.Sc. (Gla Kay, John Louden, A.R.T.C’. Kent, Arthur Vincent, M.Sc. (\Vale&). King, David Wylie, H.Sc. (Lond.). King, Douglas William, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Edin.). Laurie, Leonard Llewellyn, 31.S~.(Lond.). Lempert, Hyine, M.Sc. (Manc.). Lewis, Bertram Arthur, XA., B.Sc. (Liv.). Low, *John rilexander, M.Sc. (Lontl.). Maitra, Manan Knmar, Ph.D. (Lontl.). Mansell, Richard Ivor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Markham, Peter John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Marsh, Ernest Victor, B.Sc. (Vict.). Matheson, Donald, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Abertl.). Matthews, Thomas Henry, B.Sc. (Dunelm). ,McGregor, Thomas, MA.,R.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.). Mein, Henry Cranston, B.Sc. (Edin.). .Mihe, Stephen George Mount Stephen, B.8c. (Aberd.). Morrison, Ian Hugh, MA.(Cantah.). Munro, Andrew Miller, A.R.T.C. Xickelr, Lancelot, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Norris, Edward Frank, B.Sc. (LoRd.). Padmenahhen, Rengar Ayyanger, M.A., 31.S~.(Madras). Parker, Hugh Edmund, MSc. (Lond.). Pearson, Ernest Leigh, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Penny, Ernest Edgar, B.Sc. (Lond.). Pike, Richard Edwin, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Ransome, Harry Norman, B.Sr. (Lond.). 340 Reynolds, Thomas Edward Stcwart. Rigby, Joe, M.Sc. (Mane.). Robert, Roger Felix Laurent, M.Sc.Tech. (>fane.). Sanford, Lieutenant-Colonel Chris., R.A. (Oxon.). Saunders, Benjamin, B.Sc. (Lond.) Sheldrick, Georgc, XSc., Ph.D. (Dunelm). Simpson, Thomas Wake, M.Sc. (Dunelm). Smith, George Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Smith, Sydney Kerr, B.Sc., B.Sc.Eng. (Glas.). Subramanian, Toppur Seethapathy, R.A. (Madras),3f.Sc. (Renarcs), Ph.D. (Liverpool). ‘rhom, ’ITTilliam Albert Straiig, B.Sc. (Glas.). Thorp, Edwin William, B.8c. (Lond.). Todrick, Archibald, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.). Walden, Alfred Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.). Walkey, Wilfred Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.). Watson, William, Junior. Wigram, Peter Woolmore, R.A. (Cantah.). tv’ilkins, Frank Spencer. Williams, Alexander Gilbert. WilliamR, Evan, XSc. (Wales). Williams, Frank Archer, M.Sc., Ph.L). (Lond.). Wood, Reginald John. Wrather, Harry Coupe, M.Sc. (Mane.j. Wright, William, B.Sc. (Glas.). S.R.T.(’. Yeats, Howard, H.Sc. (Lond.).

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9416500338

出版商:RSC    

年代:1941

数据来源: RSC