The influence of a local injection of 0.05 ml/kg weight of 8 mg/ml methotrexate (MTX) was evaluated in 6 rabbit oviducts and compared with saline injections to the contralateral oviducts. Cell cultures of bovine oviducts were incubated in vitro for 7 days and then incubated for 24 h with 100-nmol MTX. Forty-eight and 72 h following the exposure to MTX, the treated and control cultures were harvested. Specimens and cultures were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. In the in vivo cohort, no differences were observed between MTX and control groups. However, in MTX-treated cell culture, ciliated cells demonstrated partially adherent cilia in about 30% of the cells. The effect of MTX observed only in vitro treated cells may be due to the rapid proliferation of epithelial cells in culture which does not represent the physiological role of the oviduct in vivo.