THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1923. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B PILCHER, Regzstrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, December, 7923. Publications Committee, 1923-24 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairmatz), A. CHASTON CHAPMAN (President), ARCHIBALD A. BOON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, R. LESLIE COLLETT, HAROLD G. COLMAN, T. W. DRINKWATER, R. C. FARMER, A. J. HALE, G. NEVILL HUNTLY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, AN DREW MORE, B. D. PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, GEORGE TATE, FORSYTH J. WILSON. 299 Proceedings. Conference held at Liverpool from 18th-20th October, 1 929.-The Council have had under preliminary consideration the report of the Conference held at Liverpool in October, which is being issued to the Fellows and Associates with this Part.The Council have asked the President to explore the ground covered by Professor Baly’s resolution : “That this Conference approves the formation of a National Federation of Men of Science and a General Science Council.” The discussion on the Benevolent Fund, and Mr. Brooks’ resolution with regard to the Fund being available for loans, have been referred to the Benevolent Fund Committee. After careful consideration of Dr. Thomas’ resolution for the reconsideration of the present method of electing the Council and the appointment of a Committee for that purpose, the Council came to the decision that no action was necessary.Mr. Thurston’s resolution, advocating a publicity campaign, has been referred to the General Purposes Committee. Dr. F. J. Brislee’s resolution on the subject of obtaining facilities for students to secure an insight into works practice, has been approved and the Council have directed that it be referred to Local Sections to ascertain what steps can be taken to further the proposal. The resolution, ‘‘That this Conference recommends the Council to obtain the opinion of the Local Sections as to the desirability or otherwise of the adoption of a distinctive gown for Fellows and Associates,” has also been referred to the Local Sections. Piof. Heilbron’s resolution with regard to Mr.Brooks’ state- ment on ex-service Irish chemists has been referred to the General Purposes Committee. The Council have decided to defer the consideration of Dr. R. B. Forster’s resolution regarding the relations between the Institute and the British Association of Chemists until some progress has been made with regard to the proposed formation of a Federation of Men of Science and a General Science Council. 300 46th AnnivePsary Dinner of the Institute, 10th December, 1 923.-An account of the Public Dinner of the Institute held at the Victoria Hotel, Northumberland Avenue, on 10th December, is publishedk-this Part (p. 318). Federated Malay States, Straits Settlements.-On a request received from members in the Federated Malay States and Straits Settlements, the Council have authorised the forma- tion of a local section to be known as the Malaya Section.The rules of the Section have been duly approved. Mr. R. 0. Bishop has been elected Hon. Secretary. Meldola Medal.-On a report from the Board of Examiners in conference with Dr. P. E. Spielmann, representing the Society of Maccabaeans, the Council have considered the conditions for the award of the Meldola Medal, and have revised the scheme for the award of the Medal, as follows: (I) That a Medal, to be known as the Meldola Medal, be presented by the Society of Maccabaeans annually to the chemist who shows the most promise, as indicated by his or her published chemical work, brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending the 31st December preceding the award; provided that the Medal be not awarded more than once to the same person.(I.a.) That it be recognised that, without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, the adminis- trators shall have primary regard to work having a bearing on analytical chemistry. (2) That the award be assessed by the Council of the In-stitute of Chemistry and a member of the Society of Maccabacans appointed by their Committee, with libert) to withhold it if in their opinion no work of sufficient excellence has been brought to their notice. (3) That the recipient be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.[Until 1928, the Medal may be awarded to candidates who at 6he time of the completion of the work are more than 30years of age, provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval, military or air service.] (3) That the presentation be made by the President of the Institute of Chemistry at the Annual General Meeting of the Institute, which is usually held on the 1st March. 301 (5) That power to vary these conditions be vested in the Committee of the Society of Maccabaeans and the Council of the Institute acting jointly. According to Clause (z), the award must be made by the Council of the Institute, although the Board of Examiners, sitting jointly with a member of the Society of Maccabaeans, has been deputed by the Council to advise on the award.The Council, however, have empowered the Board of Examiners to co-opt the services of any persons who can usefully assist them, in deciding the award and particularly the authors of the annual reports upon analytical chemistry for the Chemical Society, and for the Society of Chemical Industry. The Society of Maccabaeans has intimated its full concurrence in the modifications of the scheme and the procedure for deciding the award. Teachers in Technical Institutions.-The Council have addressed the local education authority of Birmingham on the question of according proper recognition to the qualification F.I.C. The Council regard the Associateship as at least equal to a first class honours degree, because, although it may now be granted to candidates who have not actually passed the examination for the Associateship, such candidates must produce evidence that they have obtained a B.Sc.degree with first or second class honours in chemistry, or an equivalent diploma, and must have completed (I) at least four years day course of study in the requisite subjects in a university or college formally recognised by the Council of the Institute, or (2) at least three years such study filus approved experience of at least an additional year. All other candidates are required to have completed at least an equivalent period of systematic study in a recognised univer- sity or college, to have passed the class examinations satis- factorily and to pass the examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. The standard of the examination is fully equal to that for a first class honours B.Sc.degree, with a special bias on the practical side. The A.I.C. examination occupies five days, includes two papers in theory (3 hours each), four full days’ general practical chemistry under constant supervision of the examiners, and translation from French and German technical literature. In order to qualify for the Fellowship of the Institute, an 302 Associate is required to produce evidence that since his ad- mission as an Associate, and for a period of three years therefrom, he has been continuously engaged in the study and practice of chemistry in a manner satisfactory to the Council, and to pass an examination of a highly technical character in one of a number of specified branches.Only in exceptional cases does the Council consider applications from Associates for election to the Fellow- ship without examination: every such Associate is required to produce evidence satisfactory to the Council : (i) That he has carried out original research work of sufficient merit ; or (ii) That he has devised processes or inventions of sufficient merit ; or (iii) That he is possessed of knowledge and ability equiva- lent to having fulfilled the conditions contained under (i) or (ii) above. It will be seen, therefore, that the Fellowship of the Insti- tute cannot be obtained in less than a minimum of seven years’ study and practice of chemistry and ccgnate subjects.Alfred Gordon Salamon.-The thanks of the Council have been conveyed to Mrs. Defries for a framed portrait of her brother, the late Mr. Alfred Gordon Salamon (Hon. Treasurer, 1903-1918). 303 Local Sections. Belfast.-On 12th October, at the opening of the session, when Mr. J. W. Porter, gave an interesting account of his impressions at the Liverpool meeting of the British Asso-ciation, the opportunity was taken to make a small presentation to Mr. Templeton, the Senior Fellow in the District, as a token of the high regard in which he is held by all members of this Section. In accepting this expression of goodwill, Mr.Templeton said that he felt it was the duty of members of the Institute each in their own sphere, to do all they could to ensure the success of their local Section, and that while he had helped in the way open to him, he hoped that all would do their bit in keeping the Belfast Section active and prosperous. On 2nd November, Professor Morton, of Queen’s University, gave a most interesting account of the development of the Quantum Theory, which was much appreciated by a large audience. Birmingham and Midlands.--A General Meeting of the Section, held on 15th October, was well attended. After the normal business of the Section had been transacted, a very enjoyable Smoking Concert was held. On 28th November, the Annual General Meeting of the Section was held, and the following Officers and Committee were elected:-Chairman, Prof.G. T. Morgan; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. J. N. Friend; Committee: Messrs. W. A. S. Calder, A. W. Knapp, H. T. Pinnock, A. Slator, D. F. Twiss, W. B. Ault, T. J. Glover, A. B. Holmes, and C. J. House; Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. A. F. Hastilow. The Report and Financial Statement showed the Section to be in a healthy state, and were adopted by the Section without discussion. The Resolutions passed at the Liverpool Conference were discussed at length, and it was decided to send the opinion of the Section on the various points to the Council for their consideration. Bristoland South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held at Exeter on Saturday, 24th November, a party of the members and friends including Mr.M. J. Jones, Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and Mr. Preston, of the British Gas Company. The party was met 304 by Mr. R. D. Littlefield, Chairman of the Section, Mr. F. South-erden, and other Exeter and district members, and a short tour of the city was made, with a visit to the classic Cathedral. Tea was provided in the University College Cafit, through the hospi- tality of the Exeter members, and thereafter the Ordinary Meeting was held in University College Chemical Lecture Theatre, when Mr. Littlefield presided over a good attendance. After the members had been cordially welcomed by the Chairman and Professor Lewis, three new Associates were presented with cer- tificates, and a paper was read by Mr.Arthur Marsden, on "Notes on an interesting underground deposit ." Mr. Marsden referred to the formation of a deposit of calcium acetate around the out- side of a hot gas main from which there was no trace of leakage. The source of the organic matter necessary for the bacterial production of the acetate was difficult to trace, but was, in the opinion of the lecturer, matter carried along percolating water. The paper, which was admirably presented, and was absorbingly interesting, was illustrated with lantern slides and numerous specimens of materials. Much discussion was provoked, in which Dr. E. Vanstone, Dr. H. Lloyd Snape, Messrs. T. Tickle, Barke, Mitchell, and Wintle participated.A cordial vote of thanks was given to Mr. Marsden, and the meeting terminated with votes of thanks, proposed by Dr. D. Hooper, and seconded by Mr. F. H. Popham, to the Exeter members, for their hospi- tality, and to Professor W. H. Lewis and the College authorities, for the use of the Chemical Lecture Theatre. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Theannualmeeting of the Section was held on Tuesday, 6th November, 1923,in the Grand Hotel. In the unavoidable absence of both the chairman and vice-chairman of the Section, Dr. L. Dobbin presided. The formal business included the adoption of the revised by- laws which had been drawn up to meet the particular conditions of the Section and which had been accepted by the Council of the Institute.A large number of new associates were formally ahitted, and the Chairman before presenting the certificates enlarged upon the position occupied by the Institute as exemplified by the number of men who were qualifying for the profession of chemistry by sitting for the examinations for the Associateship. In the course of his remarks he emphasised the gratification which he felt in welcoming them as members of the local section, and 305 expressed his appreciation of the personal element which was introduced by the regulation that such certificates should be presented at meetings of the local sections of the district in which the new Associates resided. Dr. Lauder and Dr. Tocher were re-elected as Chairman and Vice-chairman respectively, while the vacancies occurring on the committee were filled by the appointing of Mr.J. G. Annan, Mr. J. A. Robertson, Mr. J. B. Shoesmith, and Dr. F. D. White. After the conclusion of the formal business, a smoking concert was held, the talent being supplied entirely by members of the Section. This was much appreciated by the members present, and a very enjoyable evening was brought to a successful con- clusion. Giasgow and West of Scotland,-The Ramsay Chemical Dinner, arranged jointly by the Section of the Institute and other chemical societies in Glasgow and the West of Scotland, was held on Thursday, 20th December, at the Ca’doro Restaurant, and a report thereon will be published in due course. Irish Free State.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Trinity College, Dublin, on ~3rd November, Professor Sydney Young, F.R.S., presiding.The annual reports of the Hon. Secretary and Treasurer were submitted and adopted. Six new Associates were welcomed and received their Certi- ficates. The following were elected members of the Section Com- mittee for the current session:-Prof. W. E. Adeney, B. G. Fagan, Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Dr. J. H. Millar, A. O’Farrelly, Prof. Hugh Ryan, Prof. Sydney Young, Fellows, and J. W. Parkes, Associate, Mr. D. Mellon proposed, and Mr. J. W. Parkes seconded, the following resolution, which was unanimously passed : “That this meeting of the Irish Free State Section of the Institute of Chemistry views with regret the continued closing of the College of Science, and is of opinion that it is essential, in the interests of industry and education in applied science, that the buildings and equipment of the College should be restored to their normal functions.” Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Queen’s Hotel, Leeds, on 14th November, Mr.306 W. McD. Mackey in the chair. Four Associates were welcomed, and received their certificates from the Chairman. The Chair- man then gave a resum6 of the work of the past session, and mentioned, among other matters, the work of the Council. He made special reference to the Official Register. The financial statement was read and adopted.Messrs. R. Gawler, D. McCandlish, W. J. Read, and Dr. N. M. Comber were nominated to fill the vacancies on the committee. Dr, R. B. Forster was re-elected Hon. Secretary. The Hon. Secretary then read a report on the Liverpool Conference, which was followed by a discussion. The following meetings have been arranged :-16th January, “The Training of the Chemist,” Dr. R. D. Abell. 5th March, “The Fertilizers and Feeding Stuffs Act and the Professional Aspect of Agricultural Analysis,” Dr. N. M. Comber. London and South Eastern Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on zIst November, 1923. The Chairman (Mr. E. R. Bolton) presented his annual report on the proceedings during the session 1922-1923,and commented with regret on the retirement, in accordance with the rules, of the Hon.Secretary, Mr. R. L. Collett, who, he said, had been so largely instrumental in building up the Section. The balance sheet and auditors’ report were presented by the Hon. Treasurer (Mr. P. H. Kirkaldy), to whom, and to the Hon. Auditors (Messrs. Bridge and Johnstone) a vote of thanks was accorded. The following officers and members of committee were appointed for the session 1923-1924:-Chairman, Mr. E. R. Bolton ; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. P. H. Kirkaldy ; Vice-Chairmen, Mr. Arthur J. Chapman and Mr. R. L. Collett; members of Com- mittee: Messrs. C. T. Abell, W. L. Baillie, 0. L. Brady, W. T. Burgess, C. M. Caines, F. H. Carr, E. Hinks, T. Macara, W. R. Ormandy, 0.Trigger, J.C. White, Miss M. A. Whiteley, Fellows : Messrs. G. T. Bray, J. H. Crossingham, S. A. de Lacy, T. McLachlan, D. G. Murdoch, Miss P. M. Tookey, Associates. Mr. G. S. W. Marlow was elected Honorary Secretary of the Section. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Collett for his services as Honorary Secretary. At the conclusion of the Annual General Meeting, light refreshments were served. 307 An Ordinary Meeting followed, for which notice had beefi given of a discussion on “The Relationship between Employers, Works Chemists and Consultants.” The opener, however, had unfortunately been called abroad on business, and his deputy was unable to be present. The Chairman, therefore, invited some preliminary discussion on the subject, in which Messrs.Macara, Bridge, Bolton, Innes, Atherley, and de Lacy, par ticipated. The Chairman then asked Mr. Collett to make a brief report to the Section upon the proceedings of the Liverpool Conference. The following members took part in the discussion of the resolutions of the Conference : Messrs. Hinks, Chapman, Barrs, Murdoch, Kirkaldy, Bolton, Marlow, Claremont, and de Lacy. The meeting passed a vote of thanks to Mr. Collett for his report . Manchester.-The Annual General Meeting was held in the Textile Institute on 24th October. Mr. William Marshall, Chairman, presided. Before proceeding to the business of the meeting, the Chairman referred in sympathetic terms to the death of Mr. Wm. Thomson; he, further, made reference to Mr.Thomson’s valued counsels at the Section meetings, and to his work in London during his two terms of office as Member of Council. The Section passed a vote of condolence with the relatives. After the usual business of the Annual Meeting had been transacted, Mr. C. E. Potter gave an account of the discussion at the Liverpool Conference on the subject of Council Elections. Mr. F. Scholfield emphasised the radical alteration which had taken place in the membership of the Institute. There was now a much larger proportion of industrial chemists in the Institute, and he therefore urged the necessity for a greater number of industrial chemists on the Council. Although to some extent bound by the Charter, the Institute might do more for the in- dustrial chemist.Mr. T. R. Hodgson and others expressed agreement with Mr. Scholfield’s*remarks. Dr. E. Ardern raised the question of payment of expenses of Members of Council, and, after referring to other similar asso- ciations, expressed the hope that the scheme of part payment recently introduced would be extended in the near future to full payment. This was essential in any democratic institution. The only other possibility was the holding of alternative meetings in the provinces. 305 Mr. R. Brightman referred to the attendance of Members of Council, and hoped that in future the attendance record would be published before the ballot sheet. Mr. S. E. Melling then introduced a discussion on “Some Aspects of Water Right Cases.’’ An interesting discussion ensued in which the Chairman and Messrs. Ardern, Barr, Humphries, Race, and Scholfield took part.A vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Melling for his in- teresting and enjoyable paper, and Mr. Scholfield associated himself with Mr. Radcliffe in hoping that Mr. Melling would allow his paper to be published in the Institute Proceedings. Mr. Melling emphasised the desirability of a freer interchange of opinion and views between members in matters relating to the practice of technical and professional chemistry, and expressed the opinion that the value of the meetings would be considerably enhanced by each member illustrating specific points and principles in reference to his own experience.In advancing a suggestion of this kind, he thought it would not be inexpedient to outline his experience consequent upon cases relating to the respective claims of certain riparian owners, and to summarise the High Court judgments in reference thereto. As introductory, he briefly touched upon the importance of the clean water problem to the full development of the textile and other industries and compared present-day conditions with those which led to the passing of the Rivers Pollution Prevention Act, 1876. Distinction was drawn between the scope and powers of this Act and the common law, as affecting riparian owners, and attention was directed to the part played in the prevention of abuse of the rivers of the industrial North by the several Joint Rivers Authorities. As specific instances of water right contentions, involving technical evidence, a review was made of two recent Chancery Court cases upon which important judgments have been delivered.In Hulley v. Silversprings, etc., Co., the plaintiff, as a riparian owner, established that the defendants, in carrying on their bleaching and dyeing business, had so interfered with the character of the water as to entitle him to an injunction despite the plea of prescriptive right set up by the defendants. Dealing with the position brought about by the relevant facts, one or two points of considerable interest were noted: (I) Defendants had no right to discharge effluent at a spot some 130 yards nearer to the plaintiff’s boundary unless they could show that such 309 change could not possibly affect the plaintiff.The onus of so doing rested on the defendants, and they had not discharged it. (The evidence showed that in the above distance sedimentation and the natural self -purifying agencies would have materially improvedthe polluting effluent carried down to the plaintiff’s land) ; (2) In view of the progressive increase in plant, and in the volume ot effluent, no prescriptive right to pollute could follow even if all other difficulties had been removed; (3) The prescriptive easement claimed absolutely violated the provisions of the Rivers Pollution Prevention Act. In the more recent case, Calico Printers’ Association v. J. Makin & Son, the issue was as to whether the defendants (a firm of papermakers) had-since the date upon which undisputed pollution had ceased-by reason of the discharge of effluent into the river about a quarter of a mile above the plaintiffs’ intake, invaded the riparian rights of the plaintiffs. The case was a little unusual in that the effluent was of such quality as to satisfy all due requirements of the Rivers Pollution Prevention Act, the “foul, noxious and polluting matter” complained of being essentially salts contributing to hardness (mainly calcium chloride).The onus of proof was on the plaintiffs in respect of (I) A sensibly increased impurity at their intake in com-parison with the condition at the defendants’ intake, and (2) That such increase was caused or contributed to by the effluent from defendants’ works.The learned judge interpreted “sensibly ” as “something more than an increase capable of being detected by a meticulous analysis,” but which is “capable of being detected in the pur- poses, be they domestic, agricultural, or industrial, for which the water is used.” The character of the river, both in volume and quality, its temporary retardation of flow by up-stream riparian owners, the nature and amount of defendants effluent and so forth, were all common ground, so that the factors of dilution and diffusion became all-important. In giving judg- ment in defendants’ favour, it was held, inter aha,to be quite unsafe to deduce any conclusions from the analysis of isolated samples taken at each intake simultaneously or after an interval, unless calculated with reference to the time that must elapse before the water at the upper point reaches the lower point.In other words, nothing short of a continuous and con-temporaneous sampling over a reasonablelr period could deter- mine satisfactorily the relative conditions at the two critical 310 points. Details were given of the method by which the plaintiffs’ suggestion as to unequal diffusion or short circuiting of the saline matters in the effluent were negatived and, finally, Mr. Melling stressed the importance of collecting all the physical, chemical and engineering data which might have some bearing, however little, on cases of the type described.Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Annual General Meeting of this local Section was held in the rooms of the Chemical Industry Club, Ellison Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne, on 20th November, Dr. P. E. Bowles in the chair. The following members were elected to the Committee:- Messrs. H. C. L. Bloxam, W. G. Carey, J. B. Duncan, J. F. S. Gard, C. L. Haddon, T. Wallace, and A. F. Wilson; and Mr. C. J. H. Stock was re-elected Honorary Secretary for the ensuing session. The Hon. Secretary submitted the Committee’s report, from which it appeared that five meetings of the Local Section had been held during the past session. The number of Fellows and Assbciates resident in the Section Area had increased from 69 to 86. The meetings had been devoted to the discussion of matters of general interest to members of the Institute.On 20th April the Local Section had welcomed the President and the Registrar of the Institute. Reference was also made to the proceedings of the Joint Executive Committee for the North Eastern area. The Committee recorded its appreciation of the services rendered by the retiring members of the Committee and its regret that Dr. A. Fleck had found it necessary, owing to pressure of business, to resign his position as Hon. Treasurer. The report was received. At the request of the meeting, the Hon. Secretary gave some information with regard to the proceedings at the Liverpool Conference. A member raised the question of publicity, and suggested that an effort should be made to have a series of short talks on matters of interest connected with the profession of Chemistry broadcasted from Newcastle.The suggestion was referred to the Committee. It was decided to hold Section Meetings on the first Wednes- days in the months of February, March, April, and October, at 7.30 p.m., the January meeting to be held on the 8th. The Annual General Meeting will be held on the 5th November, 1924. In the absence of the Hon. Treasurer, the Hon. Secretary read the financial statement for the year, which was adopted. 31 1 Before the meeting was dissolved, a very hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. P. E. Bowles for his successful occupation of the chair for the past two years. At a meeting of the Committee, held subsequently, Mr.J. B. Duncan asked permission to resign from that body, and this was granted. It was decided to ask Dr. Henry Louis to allow him- self to be nominated to fill the vacancy thus created, and also to accept the Chairmanship of the Committee, and of the Local Section for the new Session, to which proposals Dr. Louis has consented. Mr. T. Wallace had been elected Hon. Treasurer to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Dr. A. Fleck. North Eastern D i stri ct Exec u ti ve Commi ttee.-This committee, which consists of elected representatives from the local Sections in the Voting District, met at the Station Hotel, York, on 1st December. The problem of the title of chemist had been discussed at a previous meeting, and referred to the local Sections for considera- tion.It was felt, however, that at the present nothing could be done. In view of the small number of members who voted at the last election for the Council, it was thought that the present system of election was probably not the best, as members seldom knew who the majority of the candidates were; it would be better if the members resident in the different voting districts were allowed to nominate the candidates, and if the voting were con- fined to the members residing in their respective areas. This would give members the chance of knowing who the candidates were, and whether they were likely to prove suitable members of Council. A cordial invitation was sent to the Council to hold a conference at York in the near future, on similar lines to the Liverpool Conference, which had proved so successful.Mr. Mackey, the present District Member of Council for this Voting District having intimated his intention to stand this year as a candidate for election as a General Member of Council, was thanked for his past services, and in his place, Dr. L. G. Paul, of Huddersfield, was nominated as the official candidate for this Voting District at the next election. South Wales.-Mr. L. E. Hinkel, who has rendered ex-cellent service as Honorary Secretary to the Section, has retired from that office, and Mr. Arthur Grounds has been appointed to the vacancy thus caused, 312 Notes. Dinner of Chemists: 31 st October, 1923.-Sir William Pope, Chairman of the Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chemistry, presided at the dinner held at the Hotel Victoria, on 31st October, under the joint auspices of the Chemical Society, the Institute, and the Society of Chemical Industry. Lord Wargrave, in proposing the toast of “Chemistry and the Nation,” expressed the hope that the experience gained by chemists engaged in industry during the war would not be lost, but that full advantage would be taken of it in the development of industry.Sir William Pope, in reply, said that he feared that the appreciation of the importance of chemistry to the nation had lessened since the war. He suggested that chemists should take counsel together and discuss what could be done to promote the interests of the nation in scientific matters.Mr. W. J. U. Woolcock proposed “Our Chemical Organisa- tions,” remarking that the country was well served with such associations. He was not sure that some of them might not with advantage be combined in some way, in order that they might work in closer touch with the larger societies. Already the American Chemical Society and our own Chemical Society had arranged to co-operate in producing the Journal of Physictrl Chemistry. It was a time for co-operation and co-operative effort. Referring to the Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chemistry, he suggested that it might be a forum, so that ideas with regard to progress among the various societies could be offered to it for consideration, and that it should pursue the object of establishing a central home for chemical organisations.Professor W. Palmer Wynne, President of the Chemical Society, replying for the Chemical Organisations, referred to the difficulty experienced by the Chemical Society in finding adequate accommodation for its Library. He was sorry to say that the Government did not dppear to be inclined to afford the Society further help in that direction. The country did not 313 understand chemists or their work: what was needed was publicity. If they succeeded in getting a suitable home, the country would perhaps begin to recognise them. Mr. Woolcock was helping them in the matter of publicity, especially in con- nection with the British Empire Exhibition, and he should be encouraged by their whole-hearted support, in order to make known the supreme importance of chemistry to the nation.Dr. E. F. Armstrong proposed “The Universities.” He suggested that chemists, in order that they might achieve the success they deserved, should have more faith in themselves and in those whom they chose as their leaders. The education of the chemist led him to analyse, to criticise and to argue, and he never lost those habits ;but chemists should work together and have faith. The Rev. E. C. Pearce, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, in response to the toast, endorsed the view that the chemist must be a man of vision. Speaking of the older Universities, he thought that they were able to produce men who could be entrusted with a job and who knew what to do when they were in a tight fix: men with technical knowledge who had the power of vision and decision.Beiore the company separated, the Chairman called upon Lord Exmouth, who was very cordially received. Lord Exmouth said that he had spent all his life in America, but he recollected after his first two years at Columbia University, a visit to England, during which he horrified the friends with whom he stayed by telling them that he had given up classics to study science. When he said that he intended to study chemistry they imagined that he would spend his life rolling pills in an apothecary’s store. He impressed upon them his belief that the country which had the best chemists would win out in the future.Manufacturers generally were beginning to appreciate the importance of chemistry; all the great firms in America, where industry was based very largely on chemistry, had their laboratories. His lordship then referred to the ad- vantages of the Chemists’ Club in New York, which had done so much to bring American chemists together. He expressed the hope that the Chemical Industry Club in London would also grow into one of the great central organisations for chemists. An excellent programme of music, rendered by Mr. Ivor Foster and Miss Megan Foster, was thoroughly enjoyed. 314 Soci6t6 de Chimie Industriel1e.-At the third Congress of the Sociktk de Chimie Industrielle, held in Paris, arst to 26th October, the Institute was represented by Mr.Arthur R. Smith. The Congress opened with a reception of foreign delegates and their ladies, at the Hotel Majestic, on the evening of zrst October. M. Kestner, the President of the Soci6t6, and M. Ggrard, Secretary of the Congress, received the guests. A delightful musical and artistic programme was provided, Madame Chasles (Maitresse de Ballet at the Op6ra) and MadameHuguette Duflos (Df the Com6die Franqaise) and other well known artists taking part. At the reception, the foreign delegates received an invitation to a dinner, given in their honour by the Committee of the “Bienvenue FranCaise,” on the next evening at the Cercle Interallik. The object of the “Bienvenue Franqaise,” of which the Marquis de Vogue is the President and Madame de Jouvenel the Secretary, is to give foreigners visiting France an opportunity of meeting with members of French Society, whose exclusiveness generally makes such introduction difficult.The Congress was officially opened on the aznd, by Monsieur Dior, Minister of Commerce and Industry, at the Conservatoire des Arts et Mktiers, when a large number of foreign delegates attended. M. Kestner pointed out that the first Congress had been devoted to the study of nitrogen; the second, in 1922, to oils and fats and colonial products and that the third Congress would be devoted particularly to the applications of chemistry to agriculture. During the Congress, three lectures dealing with agricultural questions were given:-(^) by Prof.Menozzi: On the present state of our knowledge of the analysis of soil and its practical applications ; (2) by M. Lindet : On the reconstruction of sugar factories, breweries, and distilleries in the devastated areas ; (3) by Sir John Russell: on the relationship between organisms of the soil and its fertility. In the 15 Sections, which met separately, over 150 papers were read. In the section on Organisation, M. A. Ranc read a paper on the Manufacture of Synthetic Organic Compounds and the Laws of the Practice of Pharmacy. Since the passing of the law on the practice of pharmacy, attempts have been made to restrict the manufacture and sale of chemical medica- ments sold in sealed packages to (‘Pharmaciens ” or Companies composed of “Pharmaciens.” One proposal is that in any such company a quarter of the board should be “Phar- 315 maciens”; another that two-thirds of the board and half the shareholders should be ‘‘Pharmaciens.” It was pointed out that if such proposals became law it would greatly hamper the manufacture of synthetic organic chemicals in France.A resolution was adopted that companies engaged in the manu- facture of chemical medicaments to be sold in sealed packets should only be obliged to have one “Pharmacien” on their Board, and that he should be responsible for the quality of the preparations. On the 24th, the Congress was brought to a close under the Presidency of M. Sarraut, Minister for the Colonies.The social functions finished with a banquet at the Palais presided over by 111. Roux of the Ministry of Agriculture. On the ~5th~ the members of the Congress took an excursion to the stores of MM. Fitlix Potin, and later were the guests of M. Gaston Menier, head of the big chocolate factory at Nosiel, who conducted the party over his model works, village and farm. On the last day they enjoyed an outing to Rheims and the Champagne district, including visits to the cathedral, the champagne cellars of MM. Pommery, and Heidsieck, and an excursion to the fort of La Pompelle. The Congress was most successful, both technically and socially. Sir John Russell and Professor Menozzi were elected honorary members of the Soci6t6 de Chimie Industrielle.The welcome offered to the British and other foreign delegates was very cordial. The Insti tute of Chemistry Students’ Association .-The Registrar of the Institute took the chair at a general meeting of the Association which was held at the Institute on 13th December, when Mr. Harwood, of University College, opened a debate on the motion “That the present control of the Press is detrimental to public interests.’’ Mr. Edgerton, of Birkbeck College, led the opposition. Every member of the Association present contributed to the discussion, and at the conclusion the motion was carried by a very narrow majority. 316 Obituary. JOHNEDWARDSTEADdied at Redcar on 31st October in his 73rd year. Having served as pupil with John Pattinson, of Newcastle-iipon- Tyne, he held appointments in copper and iron works before he joined Pattinson in partnership in 1876.Subsequently he established a separate practice in Middlesborough, and held appointments as Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst for that County Borough. He was associated with the early working of the Bessemer process in which he suggested the after-blow for the removal of phosphorus, and he was t~ skilful and active worker in microscopical metallography, the methods of which he considerably developed. I-Ie received the degrees of D.Met. from the University of Sheffield, and of D.Sc. from the Universities of Leeds and Manchester. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1905; was a Bessemer Medallist (1901), and President, in 1920, of the Iron and Steel Institute.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878, and served as a member of the Council from 1906 to 1909. WILLIAM an original Fellow of the Institute, died suddenly TROMSON, at Manchester on 4th October, in his 73rd year. Born at Glasgow. he was educated at the Andersonian College, and moved to Manchester in 1869, where he became assistant to Dr. Crace-Calvert, who had already established a laboratory underneath the Royal Manchester Institution- now the City Art Gallery. Four years later he entered into partnership with Dr. Crace-Calvert, on whose death, two months subsequently, he succeeded to the practice, which he thereafter continued. He held the appoint ments of public analyst and water examiner for the County Borough of Stockport.He was an active member of the Mancheeter Literary and Philosophical Society for 50 years, and took an active part in many other local literary and scientific societies. He contributed many papers to the local sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, to the Society of Public Analysts and other bodies. In 1880 he opened a Conference of the Inetitute, with a paper “On the relations of professional chemists to each other and to their clients and to the public, in legal cases.” He was a member of the Council of the Institute from 1887 to 1890 and from 1893 to 1896, and was a keen member of the Manchester Section. He acted as Honorary Secretary to an ,Association which was in being from 1888 to 1891, and had been formed to express opposition to certain lines of policy adopted by the Council.This Association objected to the strong professorial representation on the Council of the Institute compared with the representation of consulting and industrial chemists, and disapproved of the regulations which required the compulsory college curriculum for the Associateship. 317 JOHNMATTHEWWILKIEdied at West Bridgford, Nottingham, after an operation, on the 29th November, in his 48th year. Born at Montrose, and educated at Montrose Academy, he qualified as a pharmaceuticalchemist before his appointment, in 1900, as an assistant analyst in the laboratory of Messrs. Boots Pure Drug Co. He pursued his studies at University College, Nottingham, graduated m B.Sc.(Lond.) in 1906, and, in the same year, passed the Intermediate Examination of the Institute. In 1908 he passed the ha1 examination for the Associateship in the chemistry of foods and drugs. He continued with Messrs. Boots Pure Drug Co., in whose laboratory he became Deputy Chief Analyst, which position he held at the time of his death. He made valuable contributions on analytical estimations and determinations, and published several papers in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. From 1914 until the present year he was Honorary Secretary of the Nottingham Section of the Society, of which Section he had been recently elected Chairman. At the funeral at Willford Hill (Nottingham) Cemetery, the Institute was represented by Mr.H. Droop Richmond. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1921. CHEMISTSIN THE SUGARINDUSTRY.-~a short obituary notice re- ferring to the late Mr. Frederick Isenbart Scard, given in JOURNAL,Part IV., page 248, it is suggested that Mr. Scard was the first trained chemist to be employed on sugar estates in British Guiana, where he was engaged from 1881 until 1904. It is interesting to note, however, the following passage in a letter, which has lately come under the notice of the Registrar, written by Professor George Fownes to his father, on March 7th, 1848, from the Government House, Barbados, where he had gone for his health: “I have not been much better, among strangers and without regular employment.I have met with much kindness, however, from many, but no offers whatever of professional employment, neither do I think that there is any field for erection at present in these parts. The Governor, who is most zealous for improvement, and some few of the more enlightened people here and in St. Vincent, are anxious to start their proposed School of Agriculture and Industrial Chemistry, and have subscribed money to purchase apparatus; but nothing has been done for many months past, and there is very little general encouragement to proceed. They will hardly imitate the example of the people of Demerara, who spend two thousand pounds yearly in supporting a chemical establishment.” 318 Forty-Sixth Anniversary Dinner.To celebrate the 46th anniversary, the Institute held a Dinner in the Large Hall, Hotel Victoria, London, on Monday, 10th December, 1923. The President, Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., was in the chair, and there were present over 230 members and guests. List of the Company Present. A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., President. Abbott, A. Bronsted, Prof. C.I.,Board of Education. Copenhagen. Aiken, J. H. Bruce, R. J. Anderson, Rt. Hon. Sir J.,C> C.B. Brunner, Sir J. F. L., Bart., M.P. Permanent Under-Secretary, Home Buchanan, J. L. Ofice. Bulloch, Prof. W. Anthony-Lmgsdale, D. Burdett, A. E. Ashley, P., C.B. Burnham, Rt. Hon. Viscount, C.H. Head of Department of Industries and Manufactures, Board of Trade. Caines, C.M. Atherley, S. W. Caines, Mrs. C. RI. Carr, F. H., C.B.E. Backes, J. V. Carr, Mrs. F. H. Baker, A. Chapman, Mrs. A. Chaston Baker, Mrs. A. Chapman, Arthur J. Baly, Prof. E. C. C., C.B.E. Member of Council. Barker, Dr. E. Chapman, Mrs. Arthur J. Principal, King’s College, London. Chapman, Sir S., K.C.B., C.B.E. Barnard, J. E. Permanent Secretary, Board 01 Hon. Sec., Royal Microscopical Trade. Soct ety. Chattaway, Dr. F. D. Bean, P. L. Member of Council. Beck. F. W. Chemical ,4ge, The Bedson, Prof. P. P. Chemical Trade .Journal, The Birch. Sir Noel, K.C.B., K.C.M.G. Cheshire, F. J.,C.B.E. Maker-General of the- Ordnance, Claremoiit, C. L. L. Bolton, E. R. Collett, R. L. Member of Council. iMember of Council. Bolton, Mrs. E.R. Colman, Dr. H. G. Boorman, H. G. T. Member of Council. Boorman, Mrs. H. G. T. Corbett, A. Borland, W. D. Croft-Smith,J. Borland, Mrs. TIr. D. Cubitt, Sir B. B., K.C.B. Bowles, B. €I. Permanent Assistant Secretary, Bradley, S. W. War O&e. 319 Daily Telegraph, The Davies, W. R., C.B. Principal Assistant Secretury,Technical Schools and Continua-tion Classes, Board of Educa-tion. Dains, H. H. bains, Mrs. H. H. Defries, R. Delevingne, Sir M., K.C.B. Permanent Deputy U&r-SecTe-tary, Home O&e. Dewrance, Sir J.,K.B.E. President, Institution of Mechani-cal Engineers. Donnan, Prof. F. G., C.B.E. Duke, Sir W., G.C.I.E., K.C.S.I. Under Secretary, India O&e. Durrans, T. H. Dmana, Mrs. T. H. Dyer, Dr.B. Dyer, Mrs. B. Elkington, H. D. Evers, N. Evers, Mrs. N. Eynon, L. Farmer, Prof. J. B., F.R.S. Ferguson, Dr. R. Findlay, Prof. A. Finnemore, H. Fox, Dr. J. J., O.B.E. Franks, W. Temple, C.B. Comptroller of Patents. Garran, Sir R., K.C.M.G. Solicitor-General for Australia. Gibbings, W. A. Gibbings, Mrs. W. A. Blnsgow Herald. Goldsmith, Dr. J. N. Goolden, Commander A. C., O.R.E. Gray, J. Hunter, K.C. Gregory, Sir R. Haldane, Rt. Hon. Viscount, K.T., O.M., F.R.S. Hale, Prof. A. J. Member of Council. Hall, Sir A. D., K.C.B. Chiet ScientiBc Oficer, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. Hancock, NT.C. Hawkins, E. M. Heath, Sir H, F., K.C.B. Secretary, Department qf Scienti$c and Industrial Research.Henderson, D. Henley, Capt. J. C. W., R.N. Director of Naval Ordnance. Heywood, W. R. Hill, C. A. Hinks,E., M.B E. Hogan, G. Holland, Sir T. H., K.C.S.I.,K.C.I.E.,F.R.S. Rector, Imperial College of Science and Technology. Hooper, E. G. Houston, Sir -4. C., K.B.E., C.V.O. Hughes, E. B. Hughes, T. Hunt, L. J. Prime Warden, The Dyers Corn-PanY.Huntly, G. N. Member of Council. Huntly, Mrs. H. L. Inge, The Very Rev. Dean, C.V.0 Innes, R. F. Jackman, D. N. Jackson, Sir H., K.B.E., F.R.S. Past -President. Keenan, -Kelly, Capt. R. C. Kewley, J. Kirkaldy, P H. Vice-President. Knight, A. H. Knight, Mrs. A. H. Lander, J. St. H. Leighton, A. E. Le Rossignol, R. Levy, F. Littlefield, R. D. Member of Council.Lowry, Prof. T. M., C.B.E.,F.R.S. Member of Council. Lowry, Mrs. T. M. Macara, T. Macdonald, Dr. G., C.B. Secretary, Scottish Education De- partment.MacFadden, Dr. A. J. W., C.B. MacGillivray, E. J. MacLean, Mrs. I. S. Macnab, W., C.B.E. Vice- President. Munchester Guardian. Marlow, G. S. W. Aasistant Secretary. Marshall, W. Member of Council. May, Dr. P. McGowan, Dr. G. McHugo, C. W. McHugo, Mrs. C. W. McLachlan, T. McLachlan, Mrs. T. Melville, A. C. Melville, Mrs. A. C. Merrett, ProE. W. H. Merrett, Mrs. W. H. Miall, Dr. S. Micklethwait, Miss F. M. G., M.B.E. Milner, Rt. Hon. Viscount, K.G., G.C.B. Monier-Williams,Dr. G. W., O.B.E. Moore, W. L. More, A. Vice-President.More, Mrs. A. Morning Post, The Morgan. Sir C. L., C.B.E. President, Institzition oj Civil Engineers.Morgan, Prof. G. T., O.B.E., F.R.S. Moritz, E. R. President, Institute of Brewing. Murray, K. S. Nesbitt, R. C., M.P. Neathercoat, E. T., C.B.E. President, Phamacezctical Society. Northall-Laurie, D. Northall-Laurie, Mrs. D. Ormandy, Dr. W. R Ormandy, Mrs. W. R. Palmer, W. J. Palmer, Mrs. W. J. Partridge, W. Pendred, L. Percival, J. E. Perry, G. H., O.B.E. Member of Council. Perry, R. G., C.B.E. President, Associat.con of British Chemical Manufacturers. Petavel, Sir J. E., K.B.E.,F.R.8. Director, National PhysicalLaboratory.Philip, Prof. J. C., 0.B E., F.R.S Member of Council. Pickard, Dr. R. H., F.R.S.Member of Council. Pilcher, R. B., O.R.E. Registrar awd Secretary, Pilcher, Miss J. F. Pollak, J. E. Pope, Sir W. J., K.B.E., F.R.S. Porritt, B. D. Member of Council. Porritt, Mrs. B. D. Press Association, The Price, Dr. T. Slater, O.B.E. Member of Council. Reid, Miss A. S. Reid, W. F. Richards, P. A. E. President, Society of Public Ana-lysts and Other AmlyticabChemists. Richards, Mrs. P. A. E. Rintoul, W., O.B.E. Robertson, Sir R., K.B.E., F.R.S. President, Faraday Society. Robertson, Lady. Robinson, Sir A., K.C.B., C.B.E. First Secretarp, Ministry cf Health. Rogers, Miss 81. Rogers, W. D. Member of Council. Rolleston, Sir H. D., K.C.B. President, Royal College of Physicians. Ronca, J. F., O.B.E.Ronca, Mrs. J. F. Ross, A. Ross, Mrs. A. Ross, Miss D. H. Rotter, Dr. G., O.B.E. Russell, Dr. A. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers. Salmond, Air Vice-Marshal Sir' 1lr. G. H., K.CM.G., C.B., D.S.O. Sargant, Rt. Hon. Lord Justice Selby-Bigge,Sir 1,. A., Bart., K.C.B. Permanent Secretary, Board 04 Education. Sherrington, Sir C. S., G.B.E. Presidevt of the Royal Society. 321 Simmons, W. H. Thompson, Lieut-Col. J. MT. Smith, Dr. E. W. Thomson, Prof. J. Millar, F.R .S. Smith, Mrs. E. W. Past-President. Smith,F. E., C.B.E., F.R.S. Thorpe, Prof. J. F., C.B.E., F.R.S. Director of Research, Admiralty. Thorpe, Mrs. J. F. Smith, Sir W. R., D.L. Tilley, J W. Smith, Lady. Tilley, V. J. Smithells, Prof.A., C.M.G., F.R.S. Times, The. Vice-President. Tocher, Dr. J.F. Snelus, Miss S. M. L. Townshend, E. V. Spielmann, Dr P. E. Trigger, O., M.B.E. Sproxton, F. Sproxton, Mrs. F. Vine, L. Stock, C. J. H. Voelcker, E. Member of Council. Voelcker, E. (Guest).Stonehouse, Miss D. M. Sutherland, D. A. n'ehster, A. Sutherland, Mrs D. A. Webster, J. Whiteley, Miss M. A, O.B.E. Taylor, G. Wilson, D. M. Taylor, G. (Guest). Wilson, H. J.,C.B., C.B.E. Thompson, G. Rudd Secretary, Ministry of Labour. Member of Council. Wood, A. S. TOASTS. THEKING THE QTJEEX, QUEEN ALEXANDRA, THEPRINCEOF WJUES, AND THE OTHER MEMBERSOF THE ROYALFAMTLY. THEINSTITUTEOF Cmmsmy OF GREAT BRITAINAND IRELAND. Rt. Hon. the Viscount Haldane, K.T., O.M., F.R.S. Response-The President.THEHOUSESOF PARLIAMENT. Professor Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., F.R.S. Response-The Right Hon. the Viscount Milner, K.G., G.C.B. Robert C. Nesbitt, Esq., M.P. THEFORCES. Sir Robert Robertson, K.R.E., F.R.S. Response-Captain J. C. W. Henley, R.N., Director of Naval Ordnance. Lieut. -General Sir Noel Birch, K.C.B., K.C.M. G., Master-General of the Ordnance. Air-Vice-Marshal Sir W. G. H. Salmond, K.C.M.G., C.B., D.8.0. TEECIVII, SERVICE. Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S. Response-Sir L. Amherst Selby-Rigge, Bart., K.C.B., Permanent Secretary, Board of Education. SC~ENCEIN INDUSTRY. The Right Hon. the Viscount Burnham. C.H. Rmponse-Sir John F. L. Brunner, Bart., M.P. THZGUESTS. Sir William J. Pope, K.B.E., F.R.S.Response-The Very Rev. W. R. Inge, C.V.O., Dean of St. Paul's The Right Hon. Lord Justice Sargant. 322 The loyal toasts having been honoured, the President said that it was a matter of great regret to all, as it was to him, that the Hon. Treasurer of the Institute, Mr. E. W. Voelcker, could not attend, owing to ill-health. He suggested that a message should be sent to Mr. Voelcker expressing regret at his absence, and wishing him a rapid recovery. (The Hon. Treasurer received the message by (‘wireless.”) The President also announced that Viscount Milner, who was a guest, had met with a slight accident, a bone having lodged in his throat, and he had found it necessary to leave the table. The President expressed regret that the company was thus deprived of Lord Milner’s presence.(Lord Milner wrote a few days subsequently, to say that he was greatly disappointed to be obliged to leave the company so prematurely, and that he was in a fair way to complete recovery.) “THEINSTITUTE.” Viscount Haldane proposed the toast of “The Institute.’’ At the moment, he said, we were in somewhat troublous times, but he was perfectly confident that this great practical nation, with its constitutional instincts, would make its way out of its diffi- culties. Speaking of the Institute, he said it was a body which sought to combine science and organisation; he knew of nothing of which we were in deeper need. We had had recently a con-troversy about tariffs, of which he would say nothing, but there was one thing that inclined far deeper down, and that was the growth and prosperity of the British nation.That depended much more upon science and organisation than upon contro- versies which, however important they might seem, were bound to be ephemeral. The Institute was directing science and organi- sation, and it was well that it should be doing so. In this century we lived in new times. Going back 70 years, this country was then in a position much to be envied. It had national energy then, as it had national energy now. It had raw materials, and it had sufficient for its necessities, and it had that wonderful set of people, the British manufacturers and British workmen. They might be handicapped to-day for want of scientific know- ledge, but they were not handicapped in those days.In those days we had men who were in the very forefront of scientific advance. On the Continent, too, there were very great men, but what he wished to call attention to was that the science of the forties and fifties was an abstract science, and had very little relation to industry; the manufacturers were able to get on very well without it; but they were extremely shrewd people, and beat the world at production. Later, a change set in, and new discoveries began to be applied to industry. There was the introduction 01 synthetic chemistry, and the discovery of coal-tar products, and the great German chemist, Hofmann, had come over to this country. In this connection, Lord Haldane said he thought we had rather under-estimated what the Prince Consort had tried to do in fostering the development of new ideas.We would not listen, and the result was that Hofmann had to go back to Berlin, where he began the terrific application of science to industry, and we lost &o,ooo,ooo a year in trade in coal-tar products alone. Whereas we could not make anything at all out of chemical progress, the German firms were paying 25 or even 30 per cent. He himself went to Berlin, and had seen the great technical high school at Charlottenburg applying the discoveries of Hofmann to new processes. When he came back, he had confessed himself to be appalled at German science. Then came the scheme for the Imperial College of Science and Technology, at South Kensington, which, to-day, ranks with Charlottenburg at its best.But that only brought us to the beginning of our task. The present century had been most fruitful. In this country the production of young men of science had gone on with extraordinary vigour, and, while we might not produce so many here as were produced on the Continent, he was sure we produced more peaks and pinnacles than were produced on the Continent. There was an extraordinary amount of new science in this country. There was a comparatively new science, called physical chemistry, which brought chemistry into relation with physics, and among the things revealed to us was that the atom, which we had thought was as solid as the British Constitution, was still more solid than the British Constitution.Electrons moved at enormous velocity, which we could not measure properly. We had to learn to understand the theory of relativity in order to understand accurately the velocity of the electrons, and if we did not under- stand the movements of the electron we did not understand modern chemistry. But we had to take warning. Speaking as a practical politician concerned with the future of the country, he said that if we did not develop science to the utmost, and, above all, see to its application to industry, we should fall far behind. We were a wonderful people, but there came a point when we could not prevail against knowledge. There came a time when science, knowledge, and organisation were essential ; he thought we had come to that time.The problem of the future was to see that more science was applied to industry, and that its application was organised in the best way. He was not one of those who thought that the State could ever produce science; that would always be the work of the individuals of genius. The future of the country depended upon knowledge; we wanted to enlighten the people, and wanted more peaks and pinnacles than even we had to-day. He did not doubt that we were quite capable of holding our own in the world; the only question was how much we should suffer from going too slowly. As the result of the election, he hoped Parliament would be more interested in the diffusion of knowledge than Parliaments in the past had been.In conclusion, he welcomed the opportunity of proposing the toast, because the Institute had set itself to apply science to the affairs of this country, and to organise its application. It was a great task, and any body such as this which sets itself to do these things was deserving well of the State. The President responding said:-I desire in the first place, on behalf of the Institute, to thank Lord Haldane for the very warm and friendly manner in which he had proposed this toast. We know Lord Haldane not only as one of our greatest living lawyers and philosophers, but as one who has taken a deep interest in natural science, and who had done so much to illumine those shadowy and difficult pathways in that fascinating region where natural science merges into philosophy, and where the old boundary lines between physics and metaphysics have become so uncertain that they may almost be said to have ceased to exist.As chemists in general, and as members of the Institute of Chemistry in par- ticular, our activities, our aims and our aspirations are, moreover, well known to Lord Haldane. Words of appreciation from him are, therefore, especially welcome, and I think we are entitled to congratulate ourselves that he should have found it possible in proposing this toast to refer to us and to our work in such laudatory terms. In the course of his remarks, Lord Haldane has given you some information in regard to the Institute, but for the informa- tion of our guests who may not know us quite as well, I would ask you to bear with me if I enlarge for just a few minutes on this subject. 325 As you are aware, we are celebrating to-night our 46th anniversary, having been founded in 1877 for the purpose of formulating a scheme of training for professional chemists, and of instituting examinational tests, whereby the fitness of persons to practice chemistry could be adequately determined.The need for such an organisation was very widely felt, for at that time there was no profession of chemistry, using the word in the sense in which we employ it to-day; there were but few chemical practitioners other than the Professors in the universities and colleges, and there was no hall-mark by which the Government and the general public could distinguish between the competent and the incompetent.Although not exempt from infantile troubles, the Institute made steady headway, and in 1885-that is eight years after its foundation, -it was granted a Royal Charter, thanks very largely to Professor Odling, who was at that time President. In virtue of the possession of this Charter, the Institute was definitely authorised to conduct examinations, to grant certificates of com- petency, and to register persons qualified to practise. Since those early days, it may be said that the Institute had experienced no set backs, and that its record is one of uninterrupted progress and of continuous service, not only to the profession which it repre- sents, but to the nation as a whole.Perhaps the best proofs of the need for such an organisation-if proofs were required-are to be found in the strength of its membership roll, and the recogni- tion accorded to the Institute by Government Departments, by Public Bodies, and indeed by all who know anything of its real activities. We have to day, in fact, on our Register, the names of no less than 1615 Fellows, 2714 Associates, and 862 Registered Students, making a grand total of 5191. With regard to recog- nition, the qualifications and examinations of the Institute are recognised and approved by all the principal Government Depart- ments concerned with chemical appointments. To attempt to enumerate all the public and other important bodies by which the Institute is frequently consulted, and on which it has been, or is now, officially represented, would impose too great a strain on your patience, and it will,perhaps, suffice to say that to-day we do not merely claim what we consider to be our rightful position among the great and older professional associations, but we find that position being voluntarily and freely conceded to us on all sides.And this recognition is based upon something more than professional competency, since one 326 of the chief aims of the Institute has always been, not only to maintain its very high standard, both in respect of the training it demands of those who apply for admission to its examinations, and in the character of the examinations themselves, but also to insist upon a high standard of conduct on the part of all its mem- bers; and it may be said, without fear of contradiction, that a man bearing the hall-mark of the Institute is one whom the public may trust implicitly in respect of training, knowledge, character, and professional conduct.Although I have not yet reached what may be fairly described as an advanced age, the profession of chemistry was only in the making when I commenced my chemical career, and few things connected with our science are, I think, more remarkable than the wonderful development on the professional side which has taken place very largely-indeed, almost entirely-through the instru- mentality of the Institute of Chemistry during the past thirty or forty years.Order has been evolved out of chaos, and in that short space of time a great and powerful profession has been built UP. Whether we regard chemistry as a subject of study essential to an understanding of the world in which we live, or as an agent which has done so much to transform the life of man, or again as one of the most powerful factors in the creation of material wealth, or, finally, as that department of knowledge on which our national prosperity and our national security so largely depend, its supreme importance is equally manifest, and that importance it must be our business to make our Governments and the nation understand. When we realise the stupendous part which chemistry has played, and is destined to play, in human affairs, and when we remember how much it may be made to contribute to the pro- gress and welfare of the human race, it should, I feel, be regarded as a privilege by those who are in the happy position of being leaders of the people to do all they can to foster its development and to widen the sphere of its influence.As members of the Institute we are especially interested in this aspect of the matter, since the prosperity of the Institute must clearly depend upon the extent to which the importance of chemistry is recognised by our rulers, by our industrialists, and by the great body of the general public. During the war, I will not say that we were actually dis-covered, but for the first time the nature of our activities and our 227 great usefulness to the nation were widely and generally recog- nised. It will not be necessary for me to refer to the special ser- vices rendered by the Institute during that great struggle, but I may just remind you that it was the chief mobilizing agency for all purposes in which chemistry was concerned, not only in relation to the active forces for offence and defence, but also in connection with the no less important matter of the production of munitions and other materials of war.Notwithstanding all this, can it be said that since the termination of the war the influence of chemists as a body has increased? I believe not, but rather the reverse. We are honoured to-night by the presence of many very dis-tinguished guests, representing many branches of learning, and all sides of our great public life, and I would, if I may, express the hope, not only that they will take away with them pleasant recollections of an evening spent with us, but that they will do what they can to increase, in the interests of the nation, the general knowledge and better understanding of the services which chemistry is ever rendering to the community.I will, if I may, remind you of an old story relating to a negro revival service. The negro minister was very eloquent, and had reached a point at which he felt it necessary to make a direct personal appeal to the members of his congregation. He said “My brothers, de Church am walking.” Back came the expected response from the congregation, “Amen, let her walk.” He proceeded, “My brothers, de Church am leaping.” Back again came the expected reply, “Amen, let her leap.” Becoming more excited he said, ”My brothers, de Church am flying.” Back once more came the reply, “Amen, let her fly.” “But, my brothers,” proceeded the preacher, “leaping and flying cost money, and if the Church am to leap and to fly, every brother here must put his money in the plate.” Back came the, this time unexpected, response, “Amen, let her walk.” Well, ladies and gentlemen-and I am venturing for the moment to address myself to our guests-if chemistry is to leap and to fly, and it is in the national interest, and indeed in the interest of the whole world, that it should-then we need your assistance in the direction I have indicated, and I am confident that when we appeal to you to help us to make better understood the great services of chemistry to the nation, we shall not be met with the response, “Amen, let her walk.” In conclusion, I desire once more to offer to Lord Haldane, on 328 behalf of the Institute, our warmest thanks for the kindly and interesting manner in which he has proposed the toast.“THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.” Professor Arthur Smithells proposed “The Houses of Parlia- ment.” It was seldom, he said, that he had to speak in the name of the whole profession to which he belonged, and he felt deeply the honour and the responsibility. There was present a very distinguished assembly of guests, representing a great variety of representative institutions.Not only were there representatives of theHousesof Legislature, butof the Church, the Navy, the Army, the Air Force, the Civil Service, the Press, and other interests, and it was impossible for a chemist, before such a gathering, not to feel conscious of the neglect which his science suffered at their hands, and to be tempted to pronounce to each in turn a suitable homily on the importance of chemistry. He did not intend to offer any observations as to the relation of the houses of Parlia- ment to the particular subject of chemistry; he did not propose to suggest an alteration in its composition, which would include an influx of chemists. The only thing he would venture to say on that subject was that if, as we had been assured lately with almost oracular solemnity by Mr.Galsworthy, the future welfare of mankind lay in the hands of science, it was eminently desirable that science should be more diffused amongst those who had to enact the laws of this country. It was impossible at this time to speak of the Houses of Parliament in any vein of levity; the circumstances of the time were far too grave, and the responsi- bilities that fell upon our legislators were far too heavy; but he was sure he could say, on behalf of the chemists, that they were sensible of the debt they owed to those men who devoted their lives to service in the Houses of Parliament; that they felt the utmost sympathy with them in the times through which we were passing, and hoped that they would-be wisely guided, and would pass through the crisis, and bring us to peace and prosperity. He regretted the accident to Lord Milner, and trusted and believed it was no more than a slight accident, and that Lord Milner would be restored immediately to the health he needs now, as never before, for the service of his country.Lord Milner was held in high esteem, amongst those who were present, as one of the greatest and most disinterested servants of the State. Lord Haldane had been good enough to undertake to reply to the toast on behalf of the House of Lords, in place of Lord Milner. 329 Chemists knew Lord Haldane to be their friend, and they knew him to be, like his great predecessor in the office of Lord Chan- cellor, a man who had taken all knowledge for his province.Not only had he just given evidence of the hold he had on their own particular science, but, amongst the servants of the State who had great responsibility during the war, there was none whose services more deserved acknowled,pent. There was also present a representative of the House of Commons, of a type which, above all, we wanted at the present time, namely, Mr. Robert C. Nesbitt. He was a man of character and of know- ledge, and one who would devote himself disinterestedly to the service of the State, a man who was bound to chemists by the services he had rendered to the Institute.* Professor Smithells coupled the toast with the names of Lord Milner, Lord Haldane, and Mr.Nesbitt. Viscount Haldane, responding for the House of Lords, said that at one end of a corridor at St. Stephen’s there was nothing but bustle and great interest evinced, especially by the ladies; at the other end there was a gloomy place from which ladies had been shut out, and which had a resemblance to Thackeray’s description of Lady Bareacre’s House. The proceedings of the House of Lords, if not always brilliant, were generally sane. As to the future, nobody knew what it would bring forth, but if it brought forth any changes of a striking nature, his opinion was that the House of Lords would prove itself equal to the emer- gency. That was his impression. He was wholly incapable of foretelling the immediate future, and could only say that he awaited it with feelings of tranquillity. Mr.Robert C. Nesbitt, M.P., replying for the House of Commons, said that he was not given to listening to remarks not intended for his own ears, but during the dinner apparently some gentleman sitting near him had not been aware that he was a membep of the House of Commons, or was likely to respond to this toats. They had made the observation that it was a pity that this toast was not cut out. (Laughter.) He ventured to say, however, that there was no occasion and no circumstance in which it was more desirable, so far as the House of Commons was concerned, that it should have a toast granted it; it should be given encouragement. He had been touched by the words of the proposer of the toast, particularly because of his expression *Mr.Nesbitt is head of the firm of Messrs. Msrkby, Stewart and Wadesons, Solicitors to the Institute. 330 of sympathy with the House of Commons, and with the country, in the circumstances in which it found itself. He would say for the present House of Commons, that so far, it had done nothing to which any person could possibly object. (Laughter.) The House of Commons, no matter how it might be composed from time to time, was the greatest legislative assembly in the world. So far from despairing of the present House of Commons, we should find that it would prove itself equal to the situation which it had to face. Whether or not it really represented the views of the country at the present time, it was not for him to say, but when we had three parties represented, no one of which was able to carry through any policy which it had set its heart on, it might be well that some other method of electing the members might be desirable.The House of Commons contained men of all callings, of all knowledge, of all skill. He wished there were more men of science there. (( THEFORCES.” Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., F.R.S., proposing (‘The Forces,” coupled with it the names of Captain Henley (Director of Naval Ordnance), who, from the close touch he had with scientific matters, looked with sympathy on matters chemical; Sir Noel Birch (Master-General of the Ordnance), who represented the army, he was sure, as was so well known in the case of his predecessor, also had sympathy with the science of chemistry; and Air-Vice-Marshal Sir W.G. H. Salmond, who represented the Air Force, and was Director of Research for that force. Dis-cussing the connection of the Services with chemistry, Sir Robert said that since the thirties of the last century the War Office had maintained chemists to advise it, including Sir Frederick Abel, one of the founders of the Institute and a Past President. About 1900, a research department was instituted, having for its object the investigation of the properties of the explwives and metals required for munitions. From a book published by the Institute of Chemistry, he found that, before the war, there were about 50 chemists connected with the fighting services.At the present time the number of chemists employed in the various departments was nearer 180. That represented a considerable improvement, which was not only a numerical one: there had been brought into the whole scheme of things a spirit of co-ordina-tion which had, perhaps, not been so evident formerly. The activities of the chemists connected with the fighting services, 331 therefore, should be rendered the most useful on accQunt of this feature, and we could feel that from the point of view of security we had a nucleus on which we could rely in time of need. There were two reflections he might be permitted to make in regard to these matters. Firstly, in the prosecution of research, it was essential that investigators should not be over-much kept down to the solving of ad hoc problems-and this applied not only to Government service, but to any service in which specific problems to be solved were put before investigators; because it might happen that the men of experience were so impressed by the necessity for getting out the solution of a particular problem, that they might have no opportunity for investigating more important problems affecting progress in the future. The other matter he would like to put forward for the consideration of the Services was the need for the constant review of chemical products, not only of home, but also imperial and foreign origin, from the point of view of ensuring that the country was well provided with them.Sir William Pope had urged the necessity for that study, and had given to it the apt name of “chemical geography.” Recent years, specially during the war, had demonstrated how shortages of the products affected us very deeply. Sir Robert coupled with the toast the names of the representatives of the Forces whom he had mentioned. Captain J. C. W. Henley, Director of Naval Ordnance, responding on behalf of the Navy, said he was fortunate in being able to convey to the Institute of Chemistry the sense of gratitude and deep appreciation which the Navy had for chemistry. They realised that without the backing of knowledge and science they would be nowhere. Owing to the economic necessities of the country, the Navy at the present time is small, but that em- phasised the fact that it should be second to none in efficiency.Those afloat looked to those ashore to provide them with the most efficient weapons, armaments and materials, and for that they turned to research in all its branches. Peace time was the time for research, though we believed in peace at all times. It might be that in the past the Navy had failed to appreciate fully the value of the products which science and research had given it, but it had learned its lesson, and, so far as the Navy was concerned, it was the policy at present to encourage, and benefit by, science and research to the very utmost. When we looked through the broad field of research, we saw that the science of chemistry was the backbone and the life of it-high explosives,. propellants, chemical warfare, metallurgy, etc., all looked to chemistry as a basis.A4sto the problems which chemical science was trying to investigate for the Navy, it seemed to him that, although chemical problems in industry might be difficult, yet perhaps the Services were frequently set even more difficult problems. For instance, there was the propellant, cordite. There the chemist was asked to prGduce a substance which, when put into a gun, developed the right pressure at the right time, and projected a shell at a velocity far in excess of that of sound-some 700 miles per hour. Not only was the chemist askcd to do that, but to produce a substance which would give the necessary variations in velocity.Then he was asked that the propellant should be stable under all conditions-that it would not go off when it was not expected to : that was a difficult problem. In regard to naval warfare generally he could only say that if the chemical world had not proved equal to the call made upon it during the war, he did not know where we should be at the present day. Again he offered ap- preciation on behalf of the Navy for the toast which had been so kindly honoured. Lieut.-General Sir Noel Birch, Master-General of the Ordnance, on behalf of the Army, remarked that he had often heard it said that various people won the war; he would not inflict his own opinion upon those present on that matter, but there was one statement which no one contradicted, namely, that the chemist saved us from defeat in the great war.That was not saying too much. What the chemist had done, the Army appreciated, though the President had possibly suggested that it did not, and though it was not widely known outside. Besides munitions there were other products, such as fertilisers, food, etc., in connection with which the chemist had done great woxk. Without the chemist we could not have continued the war. In 1915, when the Germans had made their first gas attack, a procedure which our chemist thought any white man would never adopt, our chemists had readily come to the assistance of the Army, and had answered the supreme test right royally. With great sacrifice of life, and at the cost of permanent disablement of many men, they had provided the Army with protective measures; then, they had taken the offensive, and had beaten the German chemists at their own game.On the question of research, he said that, as Master-General of the Ordnance, he would always do his best to get as much money as possible applied to research. (Hear, hear.) He would give chemists a nice little problem to go on with. In the next war we might find uncivilised people who would again start using gas. At present the chemist had come up to the mark, but let him-go further, and give each person a small parcel to put in his pocket, filled with some concoction which, when the cork was pulled, would nullify the effects of the gas.He knew it was a difficult problem. (Laughter.) In conclusion, he expressed his thanks for the manner in which the toast had been received. Air-Vice-Marshal Sir W. G. H. Salmond, for the Royal Air Force, said he was not erring when he acknowledged that the Royal Air Force was dependent upon the Institute of Chemistry just as much as it was on other scientific institutions. Illus-trating the dependence of the Royal Air Force upon chemistry, he said he need only speak of dope, which was used on the fabric of aircraft. He believed we possessed the finest dope in the world, and it was entirely a product of the science of chemistry. Without it our aircraft could not reach the heights it must reach if we were to maintain supremacy.During the war, dope was found to contain ingredients which were absolutely poisonous in their preparation. That had caused a great deal of trouble, but the science of chemistry had solved the problem, and thus saved a lot of distress amongst our workpeople. Therefore, the thanks of the Royal Air Force were due on that account alone. Apart from that, there were various ingredients in dope of which, when war broke out, we were deplorably short. Again the science of chemistry came to the rescue, and tremendous plants were erected all over the country. Then the fabric was found to contain materials, in the weaving, which rendered the dope bad, and that difficulty was solved by the chemist, as was the difficulty with regard to the varnish used on propellers.Valuable work was done with regard to petrol and oil. Again, during the war, the rapid seasoning of wood was vital, because we could not wait the three years which wood required for seasoning normally. The rapid seasoning of wood was made possible by chemistry. Then there was the provision of liquid oxygen, which enabled pilots to get to the necessary heights, and with which the name of the late Sir James Dewar would always be associated. That was a gift to the Royal Air Force by the science of chemistry. We were now in the midst of the development of metal aircraft, which involved the problem of corrosion, on the solution of which 334 the lives of our pilots depended; that was entirely a matter for the science of chemistry.They were dependent upon the chemist for the production of light metal alloys. It would be realised, there- fore, how much the Royal Air Force considered it was in debt of the Institute of Chemistry for its efficiency, and he was very glad of the opportunity to pay a tribute to the Institute. rr THE CIVIL SERVICE.” Sir Herbert Jackson, Past President, proposed “The Civil Service,” which, he said, was an important toast. The result of his experience was that in general it was true to say that the Civil Service was most criticised by those who knew it least, and those who knew it best held it in the highest estimation. The Institute of Chemistry had had cordial relationships with a great many Departments of the Civil Service and, speaking on behalf of the Institute, he would emphasise the high appreciation which the Institute had for the benefits which it had received from many branches of the Civil Service.The Civil Service was a wonderful system with high traditions. These did not grow by themselves; they were the result of the thought and activities of able men. He might mention that during the day he had heard the remark “Thank God for the permanent official.” It would be invidious to make distinctions, but in connection with the response to this toast, he would call attention to the unfailing courtesy which the Institute had enjoyed in its dealings with the Board of Education. In all those dealings it had had the advantage of the wisdom and advice of Sir Amherst Selby- Bigge with whose name he coupled the toast. Sir L.Amherst Selby-Bigge, Permanent Secretary of the Board of Education, having expressed gratitude for the manner in which the toast had been proposed and received, referred to Sir Herbert Jackson’s remarks as to the permanent official. He said that if the Civil Servant confined himself to advising his Ministers to the best of his ability, in his own province, in the light of his own experience of the adjustment of means to ends-which had frequently been brought by the painful process of burning his own fingers-and if he advised his Ministers also, as he believed he was permitted to do, in the light of his own application of what Parliament, and what public opinion which lay behind Parliament wished to be done, and if he served his Ministers loyally, and carried out their decisions not only in the letter but in the spirit, -then the Civil Servant might claim, and did claim, officially, to be beyond both blame and praise.That was an austere doctrine, and it was not to be expected that, human nature being what it was, it should always be observed. We lived in rather an unstable world, and the national polity, sometimes in a rather embarrassing way, showed a tendency, being a compound, to resolve itself into its elements; and a philosopher would be rash to dare to prophecy how they would recrystallise. The perman- ent Civil Servant contributed an element of continuity and permanency, and the man in the street who had not been trained in the rigorous logical methods of John Stuart Mill sometimes fell into a fallacy.He thought that, in a world of changing cir- cumstances, that which displeased or failed to satisfy him must be due to the permanent circumstances which he-found. The Civil Service had its difficulties, just as had any other profession, With regard to Sir Herbert Jackson’s remark, that those who knew the Civil Service most liked it best, he did not know whether that was really so, but he could say, on behalf of the Civil Service, that it was quite content to be judged by those who knew it. The Institute has not disdained to associate itself with the Board of Education with regard to the inspection of schools. The President had undertaken a duty in that respect, as had also Dr.Slater-Price and Professor Gilbert Morgan. Again, the Institute had, with admirable public spirit, and with considerable practical wisdom, been willing to take a responsible share in solv- ing the problem of getting better value for public money spent on public education. The Institute agreed with the Board, he believed, that the old, narrow, utilitarian view of technical education had vanished, at all events in the provinee of chemistry, and he believed they were in complete agreement in believing that at the root of the application of science to industry there lay, as an absolute essential, a good general education, unprejudiced by premature specialisation. He believed that, on the principles and methods which should be followed in scientific education, there was not a “ha’porth” of difference between them.The Board did not claim for itself a monopoly of educational wisdom : it was a very good augury for the future of organised science and organised industry that such a great Institute, composed of practical scientific men, constantly engaged in solving practical problems of education, should help Government Departments to do their work. He believed we had made a beginning in the last few years of that close co-operation which ought to exist between Government Departments and the great professional and scientific 336 institutes of the country, and he saw no reason why it should not go further. He regarded the invitation to respond to the toast as a symbol of the close and cordial relations which the Institute desired to maintain between itself and, not only the Government Department which he had the honour to serve, but also other Government Departments; the better and more cordial those relations, the better the Civil Service would appre- ciate them.cr SCIENCEIN INDUSTRY? Lord Burnham, proposing the toast of “Science in Industry,” said that science in industry was, we were all glad to recollect, of British origin. In the false security of our industrial life in the last century we had in our hands three-quarters of the manufactur- ing production of the world, but we had allowed it to be largely naturalised and developed in Germany and America. Lately, though he believed not too late, we had discovered our default, and had been trying to think ahead of ourselves ever since.Talk-ing of education, Herbert Spencer had said “Only when genius is married to science can the highest results be obtained.” But if, as he believed, this country could only exist provided the maximum of efficiency be practised with maximum of economy, it was not only genius, but industry itself, that must be married to science if the result was to be at all commensurate with the exhausting demands of our people. The mechanics’ institutes founded IOO years ago began the infusion of elementary science into industrial life. The technical colleges had carried it to the point of replenishment and revival. They had transferred the teaching of science, which was organised knowledge, from the class room and laboratory to the workshop and the power station.He was glad to think that the benefit of the trained mind as well as the trained hand was being recognised more and more every day by the employers of the country. Not so long ago they spurned diplomas as useless for the practical uses of this workaday world. Well, their objection had some ground in fact. They did not want industrial snobs who were above their work; they wanted men who were not superior to their duties. He hoped and believed they were now getting the right stuff, prepared in the right way; and he believed they knew it. There were no more convinced believers in technical education based an general knowledge than the enlightened captains of our 337 industries to-day.Science saved its cost in money a hundred-fold. As most of the troubles of our industries had chemical origin, no works could be called efficient or progressive without a works chemist. He knew what the works chemist meant in his own paper mills. Until lately they were in the old ruts of customary usage, but had now reorganised their man power and increased their brain power. Schopenhauer had said “Philosophy never saved me a sixpence.” He (Lord Burnham) could say unhesitatingly, from his own experience, that science was saving us even more-and he hoped Lord Haldane would not object to this-than we could possibly get from the capital levy. During the French Revolution, a tribunal had said that the public had no need of the chemist.To-day the chemist could- and he knew he would if he could-save and fructify the State. He coupled with the toast the name of Sir John Brunner. Sir John F. L. Brunner, responding, agreed that we were im-proving in the matter of the application of science to industry. The reason that the heads of businesses in the past had hesitated to engage highly trained chemists was because they would not have known what to do with them when they had got them. But to-day the heads of businesses were better equipped; they knew, to some extent, at any rate, how to use a chemist, and the heads of businesses and the technical staffs were able to talk together and to understand what each other said.They were better able to discuss all the problems, new and old, which came before them in their businesses. It was almost impossible to get the super-man who knew the business of both sides. It was often said that knowledge was useful for its own sake, but it was very difficult to get a good many people to believe it. ’The in- dustrialist wanted, mostly, the knowledge he could turn into pounds, shillings and pence; but we never knew whether some scientific fact or reaction which had lain dormant in the literature for many years might not find industrial application. When we wanted to take some new step in industry we ought first to search the literature, and we very rarely failed to find some hint which would lead us on lines of further research.Less highly trained men could very often find the observations of men of genius to be extremely valuable ; we wanted to read the life of Lord Kelvin to know that fact. As to himself, Sir John said that, now he had been elected to Parliament, he hoped to be of use to the industry. (Hear, hear.) Science and industry must go on; science had vastly helped industry, and it could be said that it 338 had made modern industry. For his own part, as an industrialist, his opinion was that industry must help science, and he hoped all companies and firms which were able to do so would find means whereby they might endow research, because what the professors at the universities wanted most was money to carry on their daily work of research.It was all the more necessary because it had been said that Governments were still apathetic. He hoped that scientific men and men of business would co-operate heartily in the future, and we should thereby put our country in the fore- front of technical progress. “THEGUESTS.,’ Sir William Pope proposed the final toast of “The Guests,” remarking that the Institute was very fortunate in being able to welcome such a very distinguished list of guests. It was a very welcome sign that a chemical gathering should be able to collect so many distinguished guests, men who had been in the forefront of the activities of the Empire during the last 50 years, and who had, in fact, identified themselves with what we called the “mechanism of the British Empire.” It was a great tribute to chemistry. It was a pleasure to receive as a guest one of the leaders of the Established Church, the Venerable Dean of St.Paul’s, to whom he paid a tribute. The Church had always commanded the services of eminent and broad-minded men, and men of great experience of the world. Dean Inge was a great friend, not only to the City of London, but to the whole of the British Empire, and, incidentally, to the Institute of Chemistry. Another guest whose name he coupled with the toast was Lord Justice Sargant. During the last few years a large number of Fellows of the Institute had appeared before him as witnesses, but, unfortunately, not very often as principals, in connection with applications for awards for inventions.Many Fellows had put forward applications for money awards for inventions which they had had the honour of submitting to our country for use during the time of war. They had all been struck by the tact, the dignity, and the great common sense which Lord Justice Sargant had exhibited in adjudicating upon those applications. He welcomed Lord Justice Sargant, and trusted that for many years to come he would be amongst the guests of the Institute. The Very Rev. W. R. Inge (Dean of St. Paul’s), re-sponded briefly. He hoped the Institute would long flourish, to 339 give its friends and well-wishers such delightful entertainments as it had given to them that evening. The Right Hon. Lord Justice Sargant, who also responded, made reference to the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors.Unfortunately, on his recent promotion, he had had to give up the Chairmanship of that body, which was a matter of very great regret to him, because, during 44 years, he had had the great pleasure of dealing with a vast mass of most interesting matter, and had had associated with him a number of the pleasantest and most capable colleagues that any man ever had, including the late President of the Institute, Sir James Dobbie, and, later, Mr. Chaston Chapman. In the work they had had to do he had really felt that they were sailing on an unchartered sea; they had had to create their own precedents. He thanked the gathering for the very kind manner in which the toast had been received, and Sir William Pope for the kind words he had used in pro- posing it.Many messages were subsequently received from Fellows and Associates expressing their appreciation of the arrangements made with the British Broadcasting Company whereby the speeches of Lord Haldane, Lord Burnham, and the President were transmitted to all stations throughout the country. 340 Books and their Contents. [* Books presented by the authors or publishers, or purchased, to be seen in the Library of the Institute.] “Alcohol, Industrial.” The production and use of Alcohol for industrial purposes, for use as a Luminant and as a Source of Motive Power. J. T. M’Intosh. and revised and en- larged edition. By H. B.Stocks. Pp. xii $400. (London: Scott Greenwood & Son). “Boiler Chemistry and Feed Water Supply.” J. H. Paul. and edition. Pp. vii.fa52. (London: Longmans, Green Sr Co. 14s. First edition carefully revised. Sixty-six new analyses of waters added. “Carbon Compounds.” A Scheme for the Detection of the more Common Classes.” F. E. Weston. 4th edition. Pp. x.+108. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 4s. 6d. “Chemical Annual.” Van Nostrand, Edited by J. C. Olsen. 5th issue, 1922. (London: Constable & Co.) 21s. “Chemical Elements, The.” F. H. Loring. pp. vii +171. (London: Methuen & Co., Ltd.) 8s. 6d. “Chemistry Applied to Home and Community.”A Textbook and Laboratory Manual. P. G. Beery. Pp. mi. xvif534. (London and Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co. 15s. Chemistry of fuels ;water ;waste disposal ;cleaning and polishing agents ; stain removal ;textiles; dyes; cellulose industries; paints and varnishes; silicate industries ;toilet preparations ;food ;drugs. “Chemistry, General, for Colleges.” A. Smith. Revised and re-written by J. Kendall. Pp. xiii+747. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. “‘Chemistry, General, A Course in.” W. C. Bray and W. M. Latimer. Pp. viii. f148. (New York: The Macmillan Co.) 7s. Section I.: Weight relations and chemical reactions. Section 11.: Ionic theory; rapid reversible reactions and equilibrium. Sections 111. and IV.:Reaction of ions. Section V. :Qualitative analysis. 341 ‘‘ Chemistry, General, An Elementary Survey of.” H.G. Deming Pp. xii+605. (New York: John Wiley 8r Sons, Inc.). 17s. 6d. An elementary survey ;industrial applications of fundamental principles. ‘‘ Clays, The Chemistry and Physics of Clays and other Ceramic Materials.” A. B. Searle. Pp. 634. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 55s. Physical structure ;properties depending on structure ;colour, hardness, and minor physical properties ; strength and allied properties ; specificgravity and density of ceramic materials; changes in the physical state effected by water; changes in the physical state,following the removal of water; chemical constitution of ceramic materials; chemical components of ceramic materials and products ;mineralogical composition of ceramic materials ;physico-chemical reactions between ceramic materials ;heat and temperature; effect of heat on ceramic materials; electrical and magnetic properties of ceramic materials; optical properties of ceramic materials.*“ Coal Tar Distillation and Working up of Tar Products.” A. R. U‘arnes. 3rd edition. Pp. xv. +511. (London : Ernest Benn, Etd.). 45s. *“Coke and Its Uses.” E. W. L. Nicol. Pp. xii.+134. (Lon-don: Ernest Benn, Ltd.). 19s. 6d. Coal carbonisation; coke as fuel; the influence of excess air; forced draught; smoke prevention ;calorific power as a basis of purchase. “Differential Equations in Applied Chemistry.” F. L. Hitch- cock and C. S. Robinson. Pp. vi.+~ro. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.). 7s. 6d, “Electric Furnace for Iron and Steel, The.” A.Stansfield. Pp. ix. +453. (New York and London: McGraw Hill Pub- lishing Co.). 25s. Introductory; electric smelting of iron ores; ferro-alloys and their pro-duction; electric steel making. *“ Inorganic and Theoretical Chemist1 y, A Comprehensive Treatise on.” Vol. IV. J. W. Mellor. Pp. x.+zo74. (London : Longmans, Green Sr Co.) 63s. Structure of matter; radium and radio-activity j architecture of the atom; beryllium or glucinum ; magnesium; zinc and cadmium ; mercury. Inorganic Chemistry, A Laboratory Manual of.” (To accom- pany Holleman’s Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry). Pp.ix.+112 (interleaved). J. B. Ekeley. and edition. (New York: John Wiley Sr Sons, Inc.) 7s.6d. 342 “Lead, Its Occurrence in Nature, the Modes of its Extraction; its Properties and Uses; with some account of its Principal Compounds.J. A. Smythe. Monographs of Industrial Chemistry. Pp. vii. f343. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 16s. “Organic Chemistry for Advanced Students.’’ J. B. Cohen. Vol. 111.: Synthesis. 4th edition. Pp. vii.+412. (Lon-don : Edward Arnold & Co.) 18s. “Organic Chemistry, Systematic.” W. M. Cumming, I. V. Hopper and T. S. Wheeler. Pp. xxii.+535. (London: Constable & Co.) 25s. Part I. Apparatus and methods. Part 11. The linking of carbon to carbon, of hydrogen to carbon, of oxygen to carbon, of sulphur to carbon, of hydrogen to carbon, of hydrogen to nitrogen, of nitrogen to nitrogen. Part 111. Quantitative estimations. “Paints, Pigments, and Varnishes, Chemistry of.” J.G. Beam. Pp. x.+277. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 30s. Paints, their composition and uses; the inorganic and organic pigments, their preparation and properties ;varnishes, lacquers and japans. w‘ Petroleum, The Genesis of.” P. E. Spielmann. Pp. iv. +172. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 5s. Older Theories ; inorganic, vegetable, animal; modern theories : Corn-position and properties of petroleum;laboratory experiments. *“ Pharmaceutical and Food Analysis.” A Manual of Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats, and Waxes, and Substances in which they. exist, together with Allied Pro- ducts. A. Thurston. Pp. xiii. +416. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 21s. General methods of analysis; oils, fats and waxes; dairy products; flesh foods; eggs and egg substitutes; volatile oils.‘I Physico-Chemical Principles. A Course of Laboratory Experi- ments.” M. S. Sherrill. Pp. x. $125. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) 9s. ‘I Soap and Detergent Industry, including Glycerol Manufacture, The Modern.” 3 Vols. Vol. I.: Theory and Practice of Soap Making. G. Martin. P2. xii.+367. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son). 36s. The nature of soap and detergent action; organic ram materials used-in the soap industry; inorganic raw materids used in the soap industry; perfuming substances used in the soap industry; manufacture of soapfrom free fatty acids; boiling process for the manufacture of soap; house-hold and laundry soaps. 343 “Sir William Crookes, Life of.” With a Foreword by Sir Oliver Lodge.E. E. Fournier D’Albe. Pp. xvii. +413. (London: T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd.) 25s. “Rubber, Chemistry of.” B. D. W. Luff. Pp. 242. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 25s. *‘Farm Soil and its Improvement.” Sir E. J. Russell. Pp. v.+126. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 7s. 6d. “Soil, The Micro-organisms of the.” Sir E. J. Russell and others. Pp. viii+188. (London: Longmans, Green 8r Co.) 7s. 6d. 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Expert evidence; evidence of identity; identification of skin prints; medical evidence; evidence of the chemist; scientific evidence in poison trials ; bacteriological evidence ; documentary evidence ; the expert in handwriting; experts in art; application of expert evidence to history.344 Changes in the Register. At meetings of the Council, held on 26th October and a3rd November, z new Fellows were elected, 18 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 85 Associates were elected, and 46 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 5 Fellows by death. New Fellowa. .Appleyard, Alfred, M.Sc. (Leeds), Research Station, Campden, Glos. Stead, Arthur, B.Sc. (Vict.), Grootfontein, Middelburg-Cape, South Africa. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Appleyard, Frederick Norman, 12, Cartwright Gardens, London, W.C. 1. .hall, Francis, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 153, St. John’s Hill,London, S.W. 11. 13arber, Harold Hayden, B.Sc. (Lond.), 38, Vicarage Avenue, Derby. Barnett, Walter Leigh, B.A.(Cantab), B.Sc. (London), Deputy Island Chemist, Government Laboratory, Hope, Kingston P.O., Jamaica. Barrett, Frank Leslie, 33, Stanley Road, Whalley Range, Manchester. Bowman, Stanley, 97, Langham Road, Teddington. Buck, Johannes Sybrandt, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Liv.), 67, Harpes Road, Sunny- meade, Oxford. Dunnicliff, Horace Barratt, M.A. (Cantab), B.Sc. (Lond.), Government College, Lahore, Punjab, India. Garner, Frederic Horace, MSc. (Birm.), Ph.D. (Pittsburg), Bay Cottage, Fawley, Hants. Harler, Campbell Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Rectory Place, Woolwich, London, S.E.18. Hastilow, Cyril Alexander Frederick, M.Sc. (Birm.),B.Comm., Chenda, Bittall Road, Barnt Green, Worcs. Hunter, Harold, M.Sc.(Lond.), 213, Strone Road, Manor Park, London, E.12. Kon, George Armand Robert, M.A. (Cantab), D.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C., 22, Eaton Mansions, Cliveden Place, London, S.W. 1. Leea, Arnold, c/o County Laboratory, 36, Dansie Street, Liverpool. Xartin, Frederick John, M.A., Ph.D., Agric. Dip. (Cantab), Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories, Khartoum, Sudan. Phillips, Sydney Bertram, S, Milford Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Walsh, Thomas Crosbie, La Chaumina, Western Road, Canford Cliffs, Bournemouth. IVardlaw, William, D.Sc. (Dun.), The University, Edmund Street, Edgbaston, Birmingham. 345 Nex Associates. Anthony, John David Cecil, B.Sc. (Wales), Bank Home, Morgan Street, Tredegar, Mon. hour, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), 55, Gardner Street, Partick, Glasgow.Aykroyd, Franklin Milnes, B.A. (Cantab), Newtown House, Dodder Road, Rathgar, Dublin. Bailey, Cecil Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Lloyd Square, London, W.C. 1. Bannerman, James Campbell, B.Sc. (Glas.), 5, Manor Road, Jordanhill, Glasgow.Barrett, William John, A.R.C.Sc.I., 46, Gardiner’s Hill, St. Luke’s, Cork. Beaman, Ronald Mervyn, B.Sc. (Wales), Resolven, Glamorgan. Behram, Jal D. Edal, M.Sc. (Bombay), Shanghai Waterworks Co., Shang-hai, China. Bennett, Harold Benson, B.Sc. (Bris.), Winsley, Milton Park Road, Weston- super-Mare, Somerset. Blacktin, Samuel Cyril, M.Sc. (Sheff .),173, Ecclesall Road South, Sheffield. Blyth, HowardNeville, B.A. (Oxon)., 66, Redcliffe Square, London, S.W. 10. Bostock. Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 47, The Village, Lower Bebington, Cheshire.Brady, Frank Lawrence, M.Sc. (Birm.), 12, Summerseat Place, Horton Road, Bradford, Yorks. Brooks, Bernard Simon, B.Sc. (Bimi.), 11, Alexandra Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.Bullock, Kenneth, B.Sc. (Mane.), 190, Wallgate, Wigan. Bury, Frank Ward, M.Sc. (Vict.), Cedar Lawn, Knott Green, London, E.lO. Carter, George Arthur Joseph, B.Sc. (Liv.), Sandunes, Crosby Road, Sea- forth, near Liverpool.Chatterjee, Devendra Nath, B.A., B.Sc. (Allahabad), 36, Drummond Road, Agra, U.P., India. Cheadle, Norman, B.Sc. (Glas.), 37, Castle Street, Dumfries. Chignell, Guy, B.Sc. (Lond.), Thelwall, Fareham, Hants. Clarke, George Robert, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon,), Holly Cottage, Westfield, Harpenden, Herts. Clowes, Archibald John, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., 39, Marmora Road, E. Dulwich, London, S.E. 22. Cowen, Lawrence Gordon, A.C.G.F.C., 136, Turney Road, Dulwich, London, S.E.21. Davey, Wilfrid Shacklock, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Churchill Avenue, Kenton, Harrow, London, N.W. Davidson, Ronald, B.Sc.(Mane.), 102, Rose Hill Street, Derby. Davies, Trevor, B.Sc. (Wales), Bryn Celyn, Blackwood, Mon. Dowden, Henry James, B.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc (Lond.), 13, Glenton Road, Lee, London, S.E.13. Fagelston, Isaac, B.Sc. (Lond.), 87, Nelson Street, London, E.1. Farmer, William Thorpe, B.Sc. Tech. (Mane.), 6, Woodbine Street, Moss Side, Manchester. Ferrier, George Straton, B.Sc. (Glasgow), A.R.T.C., 10, Hamilton Park Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow. Fry, Gilbert Evan Reeves, B.Sc.(Sheff.), c/o Mrs. Churcher, Elmview, 1st Avenue, Stanford le-Hope, Essex. Gallie, George, B.Sc. (Edin.), 27, Rossie Place, Edinburgh. Gardner, Roy, M.Sc. (N.Z.), King Edward Technical College, Dunedin, New Zealand. Gibb, Henry, B.Sc. (Glas.), 23, Barrington Drive, Glasgow, W. Good, Stanley John, R.Sc. (Bris.), 110, Cheltenham Road, Bristol. Groves, Clarence Richard, M.Sc. (Birm.), 37, Scholemoor Lane, Bradford. Grigg, Felix John Theodore, M.Sc. (N.Z.),Dominion Laboratory, Sydney Street, Wellington, New Zealand. 346 Hagues, George, B.Pc. (Leeds), 54, White Street, Hull. Harrison, Christopher Jerome, B.Sc. (Bim.), 127, Poplar Avenue, Edgbas- ton, Birmingham. Hassell, Albert, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 47, Stanley Street, Tunstall, Stoke-on- Trent.Holmes, Marshall, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Ballyeaston Road, Ballyclare, co. Antrim, Northern Ireland. Howarth, John Trafford, B.Sc. (Manc.), 1, Market Walk, Marsden, Hud- dersfield. Ingram, Leslie Pool, M.Sc. (Leeds), Lyndale, The Avenue, Truro, Cornwall. Jehu, David Bret, M.Sc. (Wales), 34, High Street, Welshpool, Mont. Johnson, Bertrand Reaveley, A.C.G.F.C., Netherfield, Turner Drive, Hampstead Garden Suburb, London, N.W.ll. Jones, Leonard, B.Sc. (Vict.), 5, Waterloo Road, Runcorn. Krizewsky, Jacob, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Tenison Road, Cambridge. Leather, Alfred Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o 16, King Street, Rock Ferry, Cheshire. Longwell, John, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 4, Waverley Terrace, Coleraine, Ireland. Macdonald, John, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D.(St. Andrews), 19, Whyto Street, Lochgelly, Fife. Mainland, Malcolm Smythe, B.Sc. (Aberd.), c/o Anglo-Persian Oil Co., Ltd., Maidan-i-Naftun, Ahwaz, Persian Gulf. Mallinson, Sydney John, R.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Burmah Oil Co., P.O. Box 67, Rangoon, Burmah. Mathias, Owen, B.Sc., Tech. (Manc.), 31, Clarendon Road, Whalley Range, Manchester. Millar, Charles, B .Sc. (Edin.), 130, Marchmont Road, Edinburgh. Moir, Hugh Clouston, B.Sc. (Glas.), 7, Craigielea Street, Dennistoun, Glasgow.Munro, Reginald James, B.Sc. (Glas.),c/oMrs. Bolton, 36, Rock Lane West, Rock Ferry. Murray, Alexander Frederick, B.Sc. (Glas.), 3, Barns Park, Ayr, Scotland. Murray, Miss Martha Elizabeth, A.R.C.Sc.I., c/o Mrs. Barnetson, 27, Moss Street, Paisley. McHugh, Gerald Patrick, M.Sc.(Lond.), 101, Sabine Road, Battersea, London, S.W. 11. Newby, Cecil Frank John, A.R.C.S., 21, Basil’s Road, Stevenage, Herts. Nicholls, Ronald George, BSc. (Liv.), The Bungalow, Thorndale Farm, Wallasey Road, Wallasey. Owen, Ieuan Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales), Brynheulwen, Gordon Terrace, Cardigan.Platt, Stanley, B.Sc. (Manc.), 83, Beaconsfield Road, Blackheath, London, S.E.3. Price, William John, M.Sc. (Birm.), 182, Station Road, Wylde Green, Birmingham.Rees, Gomer John, B.Sc. (Wales), 103, Tanygroes Street, Port Talbot, Glam. Richardson, Miss Kathleen Helen, A.R.C.Sc.I., 47, Kenilworth Square, Rathgar, Dublin. Roberts, Owen James, A.C.G.F.C., 27, The Grove, Church End, Finchley, London, N.3. Ross, George Ronald Percival, B.Sc.(Leeds), 1, Albert Road, Hinckley, Leices ter . Saint, Sidney John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Clearmount, Old Castle Road, Weymouth.Sheavyn, Geoffrey William Ison, B Sc. (Birm.), The Grove, Atherstone. Silk, Arthur James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 108, Gosbrook Road, Caversham, Reading. 347 Sparkes, William Henry, B.Sc. (Wales), 1, Victoria Terrace, Llanhilleth, Monmouthshire. Stuart, Noel, B.Sc. (Liv.), 4,Victoria Avenue, Great Crosby, Liverpool. Sutherland, Douglas John Stewart, M.A., B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 30, Lam- merton Terrace, Dundee. Thorn, Stanley Charles Hammond, 44, Castelnau, Barnes, London, S.W.13. Trescot-Brinkworth, Denis John, A.C.G.F.C., 8, Marshfield Road, Chippen- ham, Wilts. Tunstall, Richard Brian, B.Sc.(Birm.), 16, College Road, Saltley, Bir- mingham.Waddington, Arthur Hill, B.Sc. (Birm.), 73, Queen Street, Newton Abbot, S. Devon. Walker, George Hugh, B Sc. (Liv.), 166, Lord Street, Southport. Webb, Thomas GilberC, A.R.C.Sc.I., Tinoran, Glenageary, co. Dublin. Wilson, Leslie Muir, M.Sc., Tech. (Sheff.), 28, The Avenue, Consett, co. Durham. Wilson, Richard Llewelyn, B.Sc. (Wales), Gwynfynydd, Caersws, Mont- gomeryshire.Woodhead, Donald Whitley, B.Sc. (Manc.), 248, Claremont Road, Moss Side, Manchester. Wornum, William Esmond, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), 58, Belsize Park, Hampstead, London, N.W.3. Wright, Gerald Spyvee, B.Mett. (Sheff.), B.Sc. (Birm.), 2, Wharncliffe Villas, Sunny Bank, Sheffield. New Students. Adams, Frederick William, Woodcote, Southfield Park, Pinner, Middlesex.Aldington, JohnNorman, 3. Victoria Parade, Ashton-on-Ribble, Preston. Allen, Frederick William, 20, Crosby Road, Bolton, Lancs. Andrew, Miss Gertrude Garland, 147, Hampton Road, Ilford. Auld, Duncan John, 51, Golden Hillock Road, Small Heath, Birmingham. Bayston, Geoffrey Coryndon, 3, Hart Grove, Ealing Common, London, W.5. Bell, John Lindsay, Craiglea, Abbotshall Road, Kirkcaldy. Bendle, Laurence Stanley, 5, Whitrnore Road, Beckenham, Kent. Brocklesby, Horace, 20 15, Assinaboine Avenue, Sturgen Creek, Manitoba. Bryan, Cyril Whymper, 6, Hallowell Road, Northwood, Middlesex. Carne, John Britton 40,The Grove, Wandsworth, London, S.W.18. Cohen, Wilby Edison, 79, First Avenue, Mount Lawley, Perth, Western Australia. Connor, Robert Jordan, 53, McDonald Road, Edinburgh.Cooper, Claude Harold, 304, High Street, West Bromwich, Staffs. Cooper, William Ernest, 105, Park Road, Warley Woods, Birmingham. Cross, David Thomas, 71, Parliament Hill, London, N.W.3. Dawes, Stephen Mellinson, Southfleet, Dorchester, Dorset. Ferguson, William Swan, 65, Great Church Lane, Hammersmith, London, W.6. Gillam, Albert Edward Maxwell George, 2, Lear Road, Old Swan, Liver- pool.Haddon, Edward Charles, c/o Principal Medical Officer, Entebbe, Uganda, Africa. Hatcher, Percival Roy, 206, Stapleton Road, Bristol. Hoare, Bertie Gordon Willmott, 9, Denman Drive, Golders Green, London, N.W.11. Holden, Allan James, Winscombe, West End Avenue, Pinner, Middlesex.Ikin, Gilbert, 72, Thicketford Road, Bolton, Lancs. Jevons, John Dudley, The Cottage, Cooper’s Hill, Alvechurch, Worcs. 348 Lawrence, Samuel George, 7, Chestnut Villas, Dorchester, Dorset. Laxton, Albert Edward, 110, Fairfoot Ittoad, Bow, London, E.3. Mason, Albert Edward, 17, Trafalgar Road, Moseley, Birmingham. Morris, Richard William. 21, Montserrat Road, Putney, London, S.W.15. Napier, George Alexander, 116, Cambridge Road, Kilburn, London, N.W.6. Norman, Arthur Geoffrey, 313, Gillott Road, Edgbastoii, Birmingham. Poulton, George Robert, 62, Hallam Street, West Bromwich, Staffs. Raven, Miss Sarah Eleanor, 5, Mackenzie Place, Edinburgh. Raymond, Walter Desmond, Rose and Crown Hotel, Saffron Waltlen. Robinson, Edwin Brew, 58, Kirkgate, Cockermouth, Cumberland. Rowe, Geoffrey Keene, 124, Seabrook Road, Seabrook, near Hythe, Kent.Savage, William Guthrie, Daymer, St. Minver, N. Cornvdl. Selby, Leslie Francis, 72, Derby Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7. Sims, Rupert Charles, 113, Blackpool Street, Burton-on-Trent. Solomons, Reuben, 42, Cephar Street, Mile Xnd, London, E.l. Someren, Ernest Horace Sebaskian van, 25, Whitehall Park, London. N. 19. Staff ord, William Edward, 27, Worsley Road, Winton, Manchester. Stent, Howard Braithwaite, Ash Lodge, Stretford, Manchester. Tompsett, Sidney Lionel, 16, Warwick Road, New Southgate. London, N.ll. Vyle, Leonard Reginald, 17, Carnarvon Road,West Bridgford, Nottingham. Woodford, William Herbert Gann, Inglenook, Summersdale, Chichester, Sussex.DEATHS. Fellows. Charles Edward Bean, F.R.C. S., L.R.C.P. John Cammack. John Edward Stead, D.Met., F.R.S. William Thomson. John Matthew Wilkie, B.Sc. 349 General Notices. Exam i nations.-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held at the Institute in April, 1924. Candidates who desire to be examined in April should notify the Registrar. Notice to Associates,-Associates elected prior to January 1921, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Members and Students who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months; Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s.6d. for the first period of six months, and 5s. for each succeeding period of six months. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. 350 The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10 A.M and h P.M.on week-days (Saturdays: 10 A.M. and z P.M.), except when examinations are being held. Registered Students using the Library are informed that the Assistant Secretary may be consulted by those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10A.M. to g P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10A.M. to 5 P.M.) Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Change of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify change of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.Meldola Medal.-The award for the year 1923 will be decided in January, 1924. (See p. 300). Covers for Journal.-A suggestion has been received that the Publications Committee should provide members with piiblishers’ covers for binding the Journal of the Institute. The Committee have ascertained that, provided there is sufficient demand for them-say 500-covers of stout strawboard, buckram or art linen, lettered in black ink, can be obtained at about IS. each, and members who desire such covers are requested, there- fore, to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal.So far, orders have been received for 75 covers. The Royal Microscopical Society has arranged for the present session a comprehensive programme of meetings, in-cluding in addition to ordinary meetings, special provision for a biological section, a section devoted to the industrial applications of microscopy, and a course of lecture demonstrations of technical 351 microscopy. Invitations to the meetings will be extended to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student of the Institute, on application to the Secretary of the Society, at 20, Hanover Square, London, W.I.Microchemistry.-Professor van Hallie, Director of the Pharmaceutical Laboratory of the University of Leiden, will lecture at 17 Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.1, on Tuesday, the 8th January, 1924, at 8 p.m., on “Microchemistry and some of its applications.” The lecture will be illustrated by lantern slides and probably also by microchemical experiments projected on a screen. The Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain will be glad to see at the lecture any Fellows of the Institute who may be interested in the subject. District Members of Council,-The following have been returned unopposed as District Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting to be held on Monday, 3rd March, 1924 :-(i) Birmingham and Midlands : Cyril Alexander Frederick Hastilow, M.Sc.(ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties : Robert Dexter Lit t lefield. (iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast : Herbert John Evans, B.Sc. (iv) London and South-Eastern Counties : Ernest Mostyn Hawkins. (v) Manchester and District: Samuel Ernest Melling. (vi) North-East Coast and Yorkshire: Lewis Gordan Paul, Ph.D. (vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Leonard Dobbin, Ph.D. (viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland: John Henry Young, M.Sc. (ix) Wales and the County of Monmouthshire : Clarence (x) Northern Ireland: William Howieson Gibson, O.B.E., (xi) Irish Free State: William Robert Fearon, M.A., Sc.D. Arthur Seyler, B.Sc. D.Sc. No District Member of Council has been nominated for (xii) The Overseas Dominions, the Empire of India, and Abroad.352 Nomination of General Members of Council,-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council :-By-Law 26. (1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-Law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form :-“We the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A. B., of (registered address) , 8 Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-Law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-Law 24 (2) No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer, for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up as on a casual vacancy.The names of the President, Vice-presidents, and General Members of Council whp retire at the next Annual General Meeting, and who are ineligible for re-election as such, are as follows:-President : A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S.; Vice-Presidents: Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S. ; William Macnab. General Members of Council : Arthur Jenner Chapman, Harold Moore, O.B.E., DSc. ; Thomas Slater Price, O.B.E., D.Sc.; William Henry Roberts, M.Sc.; Cyril Joseph Heath Stock, B.Sc. ; Sir James Walker, D.Sc., F.R.S. The question of the retiral of members of Council is governed by By-Law 22, which states that “At every Annual General Meeting .. . . all members of Council shall retire; . . . . ” By-Law 23, however, states that any retiring , . . .member of Council shall be eligible for re-election (or for election . . . . .) provided that . . . . . a retiring General or District Member of the Council who has served as a Member of the Council for three successive years shall be ineligible for re-election (or for election except to the office of President, Vice-president, or Treasurer) until the Annual General Meeting, or in the case of a retiring District Member, the annual election in his District, held next after his retirement.” 353 It may be mentioned that in the By-Laws which were approved in 1893, and were superseded in 1920,there was this essential difference, namely, that the clause relating to retiral definitely stated that.nine of the ordinary members of Council should be ineligible for re-election. By-Law 21 (1920)~ which relates to the filling of casual vacancies, does not affect the retiral of members at an Annual General Meeting, except so far as a casual vacancy is concerned. It states that any person elected under this By-Law (i.e. relating to a casual vacancy) shall retain his office or membership of the Council so long only as the member of the Council or vacating officer would have retained the same if no vacancy had occurred. It will be seen, however, that By-Law 22 expressly provides that an officer or member of the Council retains his office or member-ship only until the next succeeding Annual General Meeting after his election.He may in some cases be eligible for re-election, but he certainly loses his seat for the time being. This By-Law does not purport to confuse the issue with regard to the retiral of members, but is included expressly to indicate that a member who is elected to membership of the Council on a casual vacancy, say in June, does not hold office until the next succeeding June, but only until the next succeeding Annual General Meeting. As a result of the enforcement of these By-Laws since 1920, only six general members of Council are ineligible for re-election at the next Annual General Meeting, although in succeeding years the number of General Members retiring will average, and on occasions may exceed, nine.A record of attendances at Council and Committee meetings is given overleaf. The Annual General Meeting will be held on Monday, 3rd March, 1924. Nomination Papers must be received at the Office of the Institute before 4 p.m. on Friday, 18th January. 354 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES, MARCH TO DECEMBER, 1923. COUNCIL. COUNCIL LN COMMITTEES. OOMhIITTEE. A. Chastori Chapinan. . London .. 9 0 1 23 5 33 7 G. G. Henderson .. Glasgow .. 9 0 5 23 0 2 0 Sir H. Jackson .. London .. 9 4 1 23 3 7 3 P. H. Kirkaldy . . London .. 9 9 0 23 23 28 21 W. Macnab .. .. London .. 9 6 1 23 2 15 2 A. More .. .. London .. 9 7 0 23 9 20 8 A. Smithells .. .. London .. 9 3 1 23 3 3 0 E. W. Voelcker ..London .. 9 6 2 23 13 20 15 E. F. Armstrong .. Warrington .. 9 2223 0 2 0 E. R. Bolton.. .. London .. 9 8 1 23 13 16 7 A. A. Boon .. .. Edinburgh .. 9 4223 1 5 0 A. J. Chapman .. London .. 9 9 0 23 19 13 11 F. D. Chattaway .. Oxford .. 9 2223 0 5 0 R. L. Collett .. London .. 9 9 0 23 23 17 17 H. G. Colman . . London .. 9 8 0 23 16 17 10 T. W. Drinkwater . . Edinburgh .. 9 1223 1 2 0 A. V. Elsden .. .. London .. 9 4 2 23 10 12 6 J. Evans .. .. Sheffield .. 9 5223 4 7 0 R. C. Farmer .. London .. 9 5123 1 7 2 W. H. Gibson . . Belfast .. 7 1217 0 0 0 A. J. Hale .. .. London .. 9 802319 6 4 J. Hanley .. .. Liverpool . . 9 4123 2 0 0 *G. N. Huntly.. .. London .. 9 9 0 23 13 16 8 A. G. G. Leonard . . Dublin .. 9 2123 2 2 1 R. D. Littlefield .. Exeter .. 9 4223 3 6 1 T. M. Lowry .. Cambridge .. 9 1323 0 2 0 W. McD. Mackey .. Leeds .. 9 6223 5 6 1 W. Marshall .. . . Manchester .. 9 4123 2--H. McCombie .. Cambridge .. 9 7023 7 10 H. Moore .. .. London .. 9 4323 0 1 0 G. H. Perry .. .. London .. 9 602313 7 1 J. C. Philip .. London .. 9 812314 1 0 R. H. Pickard .. London .. 9 6 1 23 16 23 13 B. D. Porritt .. London .. 9 712315 6 2 T. Slater Price .. London .. 9 9 0 23 21 11 6 W. H. Roberts .. Liverpool .. 9 6223 4 2 0 W. D. Rogers .. Stockport .. 9 4323 1 5 0 H. Silvester .. Birmingham .. 9 6123 2 7 0 C. J. H. Stock .. Darlington .. 9 6323 3 8 0 G. Tate *. .. Liverpool .. 9 4323 110 0 G. Rudd Thompson.. Monmouth .. 9 3523 011 1 D. F. Twiss .. .. Birmingham .. 9 5223 2---Sir J. Walker.... Edinburgh . . 9 1223 2 0 0 F. J. Wilson .. . . Glasgow .. 9 4323 110 0 J. H. Young .. Glasgow .. 9 0123 0----%Hasalso attended 23 out of 29 Committee meetings of the Institution of Civil Engineers as a representative of the Institute. 355 Benevolent Fund,-A pamphlet on the Benevolent Fund, with financial statement for 1923,is published simultaneously with this Part of the Journal. Local Sections.-Fellows and Associates who have not already joined a Local Section are invited to communicate with the Hon. Secretaries of the Local Sections within their respective districts. Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Birmingham and Midlands: C. A. F. Hastilow. M.Sc., F.I.C., Chenda, Bittall Road, Barnt Green, Worcester- shire. Bristol and South.Western A.W. M. Wintle, A.I.C., 170, NewbridgeCounties: Road, St. Anne’s Park, Bristol. Edinburgh and East of J. Adam Watson, A4.C.G.I., F.I.C., 22, Scotland: Polwarth Gardens, Edinburgh. Glasgow and West of Scot- W. M. Cumming, R.Sc., F.I.C., Royalland : Technical College, Glasgow. Huddersfield: T. A. Simmons, B.Sc., F.I.C., 27, LyndaleAvenue, Birkby, Huddersfield. Ireland (Belfast) : Dr W. H. Gibson, O.B.E., F.I.C., York Street Flax Spinning Co., Ltd., Belfsst. (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. beds Area: Dr. R. B. Forster, F.I.C., Dept. of Colour Chemistry and Dycing, The University, Leeds. Liverpool and North John Hanley, F.I.C., 7, University Road, Western : Bootle, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern R. Leslie Collett, M.A., F.I.C., The Institute Counties: of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. Manchester and District: James Barr, B.Sc., A.I.C., The Bungalow,Waterside, Marple, Cheshire. Newcastle-on-T;yne and C. J. H. Stock, B.Sc., F.I.C., County Analyst’s North-East Coast: Office, Darlington, Co. Durham, South Wales : Arthur Grounds, B. Sc.Tech., A.I.C., 30, Charles Street, Cardiff. Malaya : R. 0.Bishop,’M.B.E.,A.I.C., Department of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States. Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). Hon. Secretary: R. T. CLAYDON, 116, Queen’s Road, Finsbury, N.4. The Association will hold an informal dance in the Union Rooms, University College, Gower Street, on January 23rd, at 7.30pm. Tickets, including refreshments, 3s.6d. per head, may be obtained from the Hon. Secretary. .