摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1923. PART I. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30,RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, February , I 923. Publications Committee, 1922-23 HORATIO BALLANTYNE (Chairtnnn), A. CHASTON CHAPMAN (President), WALTER E. ADENEY, ARCHIBALD A. BOON, R. LESLIE COLLETT, ALL1 N COTTRELL, T. W. DRINKWATER, LEWIS EYNON, JOHN HANLEY, G. NEVILL HUNTLY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, S. E. MELLING, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, O.B.E., ANDREW MORE, T. SLATER PRICE, O.B.E., GEORGE TATE, FORSYTH J. WILSON, Report of the Council (1922-1 923).To be submitted to the Fellows and Associates of the Institute at the Forty-jifth Annual General ,‘ceting, to be held on Thursday, 1st March, 1923. I. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. During the twelve months ending 31st January, 1923, the Council have elected 55 new Fellows (of whom 49 were Associates), and 445 new Associates (of whom 170 were Registered Students), and have admitted 288 new Students. One Student has been re- admitted. The Council regret to record the death of 16 Fellows and 7 Associates. Fellows: HARRY LEONARD ALLEN. THOMASLYNTONBRIGGS. ALEXANDERCRUM BROWN. HORACEFABIANCHESHIRE. WILLIAM S,4LVADOR CURPHEY. WILLIAM GOWLAND. ROBERTGEORGE GRIMWOOD. ALFRED HILL. EDWARDWILLIAM TAYLOR JONES. WILLIAM KELLNER.CHARLESMANN LUXMOORE. JAMESCARDWELLQUINN. HENRY HERON SMITH. LIONEL WILLIAM STANSELL. STANLEYTHOMPSON. FRANKEDWIN WESTON. Associates: STANLEYWALTER CARD. FRANKDUTTON. FREDERICK HARRY.THOMAS LESLIE HORACE HOWLETT. ROBERTCECIL THOMASPETTY. WJLLIAM ALFRED SQUANCE. DAVID EMRYS WILLIAMS. The resignations of 7 Fellows, 8 Associates, and 29 Students have been accepted, and 19 Students have been removed from the Register in accordance with the By-Laws. The Register contains, at the date of this Report, the names of 1601 Fellows, 2461 Associates, and 955 Students. The number of members has increased by 421and of Students by 72. 4 2. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES & REPRESENTATIVES. The Council have held 10Meetings; the Committees, Boards and Sub-committees have held 76 Meetings.COMMITTEESAND CHAIRMEN. Benevolent Fund. . .. .. .. The Hon. Treasurer. Finance and House .. .. . . The Hon Treasurer. General Purposes .. .. .. The President. Lectures and Library .. .. .. Patrick H. Kirkaldy.Legal and Parliamentxwy .. .. Horatio Ballantync, V.-Y. Nominations, Examinations and Institu- The President. tions .. .. .. .. E. M. Hawkins, V.-P., Vice Chairman. Publications .. .. .. .. Horatio Ballantyne, V.-P. Register .. .. .. .. The President. Special Purposes . . .. .. .. The President. Joint Advisory Committee with the Board of Education .. .. The President. Joint Advisory Committee with the In- stitute of Physics . . .. . . The late R.G. Grimwood. The Institute has been represented on various public and quasi-public bodies, as follows: The President-Committee of Appointment of TemporaryAssistants, Government Laboratory ; Hon. Treasurer, Pasteur Centenary Committee for Great Britain and Ireland; British Empire Exhibition Committee; National Physical Laboratory Glassware Committee. Mr. Horatio Ballantyne, V. -P.-Conjoint Board of Scientific Societies. Sir Herbert Jackson, V. -P., Past President-Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chemistry; Conjoint Board of Scientific Societies. Sir William A. Tilden, Past President-Council on Medical and Allied Services, Ministry of Health. Professor C. H. Desch-British Engineering Standards Associ-ation : Sub-committee on Slag Cement.Dr. J. J. Fox-British Engineering Standards Association: Aircraft Sub-committee on Chemicals. Mr. Frank Harbord-British Engineering Standards Association : Sectional Committee on Cement ; and Aircraft Sub-Committee on Chemicals. Prof. Gilbert T. Morgan-British Association (Hull Meeting). Dr. J. F. Tocher-Consultative Council of the Scottish Board of Health. Dr. James Watson-British Engineering Standards Association : Sub-committee on Sand-lime Bricks ; Sub-committee on Clay,Glassware, and Silica Ware; Sub-committee on Slag Cement. The Registrar-Grants Committee, Appointments Dept., and Incorporated Society of Headmasters Employment Committee, Ministry of Labour; Organising Committee for Section 26 (Chemistryand Chemical Industry), British Empire Exhibition, 1924.The Assistant Secretary- The Chemical Trades Advisory Com- mittee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancwhire and Cheshire Institutes. 5 The President dso rapresented the Institute at the 7th Centenary Celebration of Padua University. Mr. Horatio Rallantyne, V.-P., gave evidence before Sub-Committee “C” of the Civil Service, National Whitley Council. The Registrar represented the Institute at the laying of the foundation stone of the proposed University for the East Midlands 3. FINANCE AND HOUSE. The Financial Statements for the year 1922 are attached (see pages 16-20). On the receipts side, marked advances are shown in the amounts for Associates’ subscriptions, entrance fees, examina- tion fees, and the Appointments Register.The entrance fees include those paid by new Associates in accordance with the resolution passed at the Annual General Meeting on the 1st March, 1922. Such fees, together with Life Compositions and entrance fees to the Fellowship, are placed to capital account and invested. The amount due for investment standing over from 1921 was .&35 18s. 4d., which, together with the entrance fees and life compositions received during 1922, raised the total due for investment to l1362 11s. 4d. Deducting the Redemption Policy Premium‘and the investment in War Loan, shown among extra- ordinary expenses, the amount due for investment at the close of 1922 was E695 9s. 4d., of which &oo has since been invested in 3 per cent. Conversion Loan.On the expenditure side, there was considerable saving on printing, apart from the fact that the Register was not issued during 1922. The cost of examinations, instead of involving a considerable loss on the bare outgoings-which had occurred for several years previously-was rather more than covered by the fees received. Among the extraordinary expenses, attention may be directed to the purchase of an office printing machine and equipment, and other office apparatus which it is anticipated willsave the initial outlay in the course of a few years. The year’s finances may be summed up briefly as follows:- The statement shows a balance of @09 9s. 5d. higher than that at the commencement of the year, representing EIII 18s.Id. beyond the sum due for investment, while nearly L500 from income has been applied to the purchase of the office equipment referred to above. 6 BENEVOLENTFUND.-see pages 13 and 19. HOUSE.-The premises of the Institute have been re-decorated internally. The British Photographic Research Association continues to occupy laboratories on the first floor; other laboratories have been used from time to time by research workers, and the main laboratory has been used for exhibitions held by the London and South-Eastern Counties Section. 4. GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE. The Committee have been in negotiation with the promoters of the proposed Institution of Chemical Engineers, who had approached the Council with a view to securing the support and co-operation of the Institute.The constitution and memoran- dum of association of the new Institution have been modified in order to ensure that the functions of that body shall not be prejudicial to the interests of the Institute. The Committee also reviewed the constitution and rules of the Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). 5. LECTURES AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE. Mr. Ballantyne’s lecture on “Chemists and the Patent Laws ” was delivered at the Institute on the 24th February, 1922, and subsequently published to the Members and Students. The lecture by Mr. E. J. MacGillivray, ‘‘Some Aspects of the Law of England affecting Chemists,” will be given at the Institute on Friday, 9th March.Having regard to the functions of other chemical societies, which the Council have no desire to usurp, and to the provision of lectures and papers by Local Sections, the Council have decided that lectures arranged by the Lectures and Library Committee should be concerned primarily with the professional aspects of chemistry. The Registrar has addressed the chemical societies of the Birkbeck College, University and King’s Colleges (London), Bradford Technical College and the University of Liverpool, and also the Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). The Assistant Secretary has addressed students at Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and at University College, Southampt on. LIBRARY.-The Council and Committee record their thanks for gifts of books and journals.7 The Library fund received from the General Account of the Institute grants amounting to E90, of which E40 was contributed to the Chemical Society’s Library Fund in return for the use of the Library of the Society by Fellows and Associates of the Institute, and also by Registered Students, a privilege which has been much appreciated. The Library Fund, at the close of the year 1922,showed a balance of E3 16s. zd. 6. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENT’4RY COMMITTEE. Further representations have been made to the Board of Inland Revenue with a view to obtaining abatements of income tax in respect of certain expenses incurred by chemists, but up to the present without material result. The Legal and Parlia- mentary Committee are pursuing the matter in conjunction with the Association of University Teachers.An article dealing with the title “Chemist,” and the question of the restriction of chemical practice, which was published in the Journal early in the year, has been considered by the Local Sections. Opinions received by the Council do not favour any immediate attempt to restrict the use of the title by promoting legislation, but suggest that members themselves should confine the use of the word to those who are qualified according to the Institute’s standard, and by all possible means educate public opinion in the right use of the word. 7. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITU- TIONS COMMITTEE. The Committee have held 29 Meetings, and have dealt with 1035 applications in addition to many letters of enquiry.In addition, a number of candidates have been interviewed by the Committee or by Local Interviewing Committees. The Council are indebted to the Committee in India for advice in connection with a considerable number of applications received from that part of the Empire. A summary of the applications received and considered, with the decisions of the Council thereon, is given below : Applications for Admission to the Studentship : Declined Accepted . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 289 17 - Total .. .. .. .. .. 306 - 8 Applications for Admission to Examination for Associateship : Accepted .. ...... ..*. .. 83 Declined .... .. .. .. .. 2 -Total .......... 85 -Applications for Election to the Associateship : Accepted .. .... ........ 445 Declined .. .. .. ........ 49 Referred for Examination ........ 55 -Total .. .. ...... .. 552 Applications for Admission to Examination for Fellowship : Accepted .... .. .. .. .. .. 12 Declined .. .. .. .. *. .. .. 2 -Total ...... .... .. 14 Applications from Associates for Election to Pellowship : Accepted .. .. .. *. .. .. .. 49 Declined .. .... .. .. .. .. 16 -Total ............ 65 Applications for Election to the Fellowship : Accepted ...... .. .. .. .. 6 Declined .. .. .... .. .. .. 7 Total ............ 13 REGULATIoNs.-Modifications have been made in the Regu- lations, including :-a revision of the list of approved pre-liminary examinations ;restriction of the privilege of using the Appointments Register to Students who have been registered for not less than six months; and a revision of the Regulations for the admission of Fellows (providing for an additional branch in the examination, namely, General and Analytical Chemistry) ; together with minor verbal alterations defining more clearly the policy of the Institute with regard to election to the Fellow- ship.The Council have decided that candidates who make un-successful applications for the Associateship shall forfeit one-half of the entrance fee, on the understanding that it will be credited to them should they be subsequently elected. 9 EXAMINATIONS.-Examinations were held in April, July, and October, 1922,and in January, 1923.SUMMARYOF RESULTS. Associateship : EXAMINED. PASSED. 45General Chemistry (Present Regulations) 79 (Under Previous Regulations) 4Branch (a) Mineral Chemistry .. .. 7 0Branch (b) Metallurgical Chemistry .. 2 10Branch (d) Organic Chemistry .. 11 Branch (e) Chemistry (and Microscopy) ofFoodandDrugs .. 3 1 Branch (9) Chemical Technology .. 2 1 Fellowship : Branch B. Inorganic. See. 11.: Metallurgy 2 2 Branch C Organic Chemistry .. 1 0 Branch E. Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, etc. .. -8 6 -116 69 The thanks of the Council have been accorded to Fellows who have acted as additional examiners and otherwise assisted the Board of Examiners, to Assessors who have examined the papers received from Associates applying for the Fellowship, and also to the authorities of Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh, and of the Royal School of Mines, for the use of laboratories.Candidates elected to the Fellowship without passing through the grade of Associateship, or to the Associateship, are now required to attend before the Council, or before the Committee of a Local Section, to receive their certificates from the President, or from the Chairman of the Local Section as the case may be, and be welcomed into the Institute. The ceremony takes place at the meeting of the Council or of the Local Section Conimittee next succeeding the date of election. Subject to the concurrence of the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries, any newly-elected Fellow or Associate resident in the Overseas Dominions or elsewhere abroad is required, at a con- venient time, to hand his Declaration to the Honorary Corre- sponding Secretary (where one has been appointed by the Council), from whom he will receive his welcome and his certificate of membership.Where there is no Honorary Corresponding Secretary the Council will welcome the new member when he is in this country. The Council hope by this means to bring the new Fellows and Associates immediately into direct touch with the Institute 10 and its Sections, and to encourage them to take an active interest in the work of the Institute. INsTITuTIoxs.-Subject to conditions agreed with the Council, the Belfast Municipal Technical Institute has been added to the list of institutions formally recognised for the training of candidates for the examinations of the Institute. The thank of the Council have been accorded to Fellows who, with the Assistant Secretary, have visited and reported on institutions during the year.8. PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. The work of the Public Appointments Committee has been referred to from time to time in the Journal. Representations have been made to the following authorities : To the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, on the interference by agricultural colleges With professional chemical work; to the Board of Education, with regard to the proposed Pension Scheme for Teachers; to the Ministry of Health, on the subject of CiIcular 325 ye Milk: to the Borough of Battersea and the County of Middlesex, with regard to the appointment of public analysts, and to the London County Council Education Department, with reference to tht.recognition of the Associateship of the Institute as a good honours degree for the purpose of assessing salaries of teachers in technical schools. Representations have also been made to the Middlesex County Council with regard to the ap- pointment of gas examiners. A Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists has under revision the pamphlet on “Conditions of Appointment of Public Analysts,” published by the Institute in November, 1913.The new edition will shortly be available. 9. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE. The “JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS”has been published in six Parts. Space has been provided liberally for the reports received from Local Sections, and for matters of interest to students. Mr. Ballantyne’s lecture was published in April. The Regulations were reprinted in May. The publication of the fifth edition of “Official Chemical Appointments” has been delayed through the pressure of other work, but it should be ready in April. 11 10. REGISTER COMMITTEE. A Committee has been appointed to advise on the preparation of the Register for 1923,which will include, in addition to pre- liminary matter relating to the constitution and work of the Institute, a topographical list of members, providing information with regard to their qualifications and the branches of work in which they are engaged.Members who have not already done so are requested to complete and return their Register forms, issued with JOURNAL, Part VI., 1922,as soon as possible. 11. SPECIAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE. The Committee convened by the Director of the National Physical Laboratory having appointed Committees dealing with the standardisation of laboratory ware, the Special Purposes Committee has not found it necessary to hold any meetings during the year. (JOURNAL, Part I., 1922, p. 22.) A pamphlet entitled Some British Fine Chemicals,” pub- lished by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, and containing a list of substances produced by members of the Association, has been issued to the members of the Institute.12. JOINT ADVISORY COMMITTEE WITH THE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS RE GAS EXAMINERS. The Council appointed Mr. R. G. Grimwood and Mr. G. Nevi11 Huntly as representatives of the Institute to meet representatives of the Institute of Physics to discuss the qualifications of gas examiners. A report of the proceedings of this Committee will be published in due course. (Seep. 21.) The Council record with much regret the sudden death of Mr. Grimwood, to whom they were indebted for his advice and assistance. 13. ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF THE INSTITUTE AND THE BOARD OF EDUCATION. The scheme of examinations for the award of National Certificates in Chemistry has been successfully inaugurated.The results for the first year have disclosed somewhat un-satisfactory conditions in certain institutions ; in view of the experience gained, however, there is a prospect of good results in the future. A large number of institutions which had not 12 been admitted to the scheme in time for the first examinations will now be able to participate, and have intimated their intention of so doing. There is no doubt that the co-operation of the Institute in the scheme will result in assisting the progress of chemical teaching in two important respects:-(1) by insisting that can- didates receiving the National Certificate shall be well grounded in the fundamental principles of chemical science, and (2) by insisting on a high standard of analytical proficiency in the practical work of college courses.14. LOCAL SECTIONS. The Council again acknowledge the valuable assistance rendered by the Local Sections. Reports of proceedings at Belfast, Bristol, Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Huddersfield, Leeds, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and Swansea, have appeared from time to time in the Journal. The Council learn with much satisfaction that the Section at Birmingham is in course of re-formation. (See p. 31.) Most of the Sections have increased in numbers, and Registered Students have been frequently admitted to the meetings. An Association of Registered Students has been formed under the auspices of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section.The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Sections for help in connection with the Appointments Register and the Benevolent Fund, and also to Local Interviewing Committees who have rendered assistance in connection with applications for member- ship. The President has visited the Local Sections at Edinburgh, and Manchester ; Mr. Ballantyne, Vice-president, has visited Liverpool; the Registrar has visited Birmingham, Bristol, Edin- burgh, Glasgow, Huddersfield, Leeds, Liverpool, and Manchester ; the Assistant Secretary has visited Belfast, Bristol, Dublin, Manchester, and Newcastle. 15. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER. Unemployment due to industrial depression has not affected the profession of chemistry so seriously as might have been expected.The number of members without appointments has increased during the year, from 70 to 175 (i.e. about 4'3 per cent. of the membership), but the membership has increased during the same period by over 420. There appears, therefore, to have been a steady absorption of newly qualified members. With a rapidly growing profession, however, the placing of 175members is a matter for serious concern. The Council ask the Local Sections, and Fellows and Associates generally, to do all they can to enable those who are now without appointments to find work, and they suggest that particulars of any suitable vacancies should be sent to the Registrar. (See p. 28.) 16. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES.The Honorary Corresponding Secretaries have rendered valuable assistance to the Registrar in the compilation of the fifth edition of “Official Chemical Appointments,’’ and the thanks of the Council are accorded to them for these and other services during the year. BENEVOLENT FUND. The accounts of the Benevolent Fund for 1922, attached to this Report, show donations to Capital Account amounting to L122 IS. 3d.; and subscriptions to Current Account, L118 6s., while grants have been made amounting to L95 17s. 2d. The Benevolent Fund Committee have dealt with seven cases since the Fund was established in 1920, and have distributed a sum of E140 17s. 2d. The Committee acknowledge gratefully the increased support which has been given to the fund during 1922, which they have reason to-hope will be improved during 1923.The capital fund is being formed to provide annuities for members incapacitated from work and to afford educational facilities for the children of those who are entitled to the benefits of the Fund. The Committee suggest that if every member would con-tribute a small sum, say, 5s., or even 2s. 6d., annually, the proceeds would enable them to deal generously with any case for assistance which may be brought to their notice. 26th January, 1923, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON,W.C.1. 14 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND ITS COMMITTEES. 10th MARCH, 1923 TO 30th JANUARY, 1923. COUNCIL. COUNCIL IN COMNITTEEE. COMMITTEE. A. Chaston Chapman..London .. H. Ballantyne .. London .. E. M. Hawkins .. Canterbury . Sir H. Jackson .. London .. 10 10 10 10 9 7 10 1 1 2 0 2 37 37 37 37 10 3 31 1 40 23 22 8 10 6 13 0 W.Macnab . . .. London .. 10 6 0 37 7 10 1 A. More a . .. London .. 10 8 0 37 19 24 10 W.Rintoul . . .. Ardeer .. 10 2 5 37 1 3 0 E. W.Voelcker .. London .. 10 10 0 37 29 25 24 W. E. Adeney E. F. ArmstrongE. R. Bolton .. . . Dublin .. . . TT7arrington . . London .. 10 10 10 1 2 10 5 5 0 37 37 37 1 1 22 6 1 17 0 0 12 A. A. Boon .. A. J. ChapmanR. L. Collett .. Edinburgh .. . . London .. .. London .. 10 10 10 2 9 9 5 0 1 37 37 37 1 36 31 6 12 10 0 11 8 A. Cottrell . . F. G. Donnan . . Edinburgh .. .. London . . 10 10 0 0 2 2 37 37 0 1 7 0 0 0 T.W. Drinkwater A. V. Elsden . . . . Edinburgh .. London .. .. 10 10 1 7 5 3 37 37 1 19 10 9 0 6 L. Eynon F. A. Freeth .. .. .. London .. Cheshire .. . . 10 10 9 0 0 1 37 37 24 0 19 0 11 0 J. HanleyC. A. Hill .. . . .. Liverpool .. London . . .. 10 10 3 2 0 1 37 37 2 0 6 7 0 0 G. N. Huntly P. H. Kirkalcly *F. H. Lees .. .. London .. London .. London .. . . .. 10 10 3 9 9 2 0 0 1 37 37 4 21 31 0 17 31 6 10 28 1 A. G. G. Leonard .. Dublin .. 10 0 1 37 0 0 0 R. D. Littlefield W. McD. Mackey J. Macleocl .. W. Marshall .. .. Exeter ,. .. Leecls .. .. Glasgow .. .. Manchester . 10 10 7 10 3 6 0 4 4 3 1 0 37 37 31 37 3 4 0 3 1 3 0 8 0 1 0 0 S. E. Melling .. ..Manchester . G. W.Monier lI7illiams London .. 10 10 2 2 4 4 37 37 2 4 10 6 0 0 H. Moore . . .. London .. 10 6 3 37 1 4 0 F. Mollwo Perkin . . London .. 7 0 2 31 0 0 0 G. H. Perry .. J. C. Philip . . T. Slater Price .. London .. London .. London .. .. .. 10 10 10 S 10 10 2 0 0 37 37 37 22 15 29 8 2 11 3 1 5 W. H. Roberts Sir T. K. Rose . . Liverpool .. London . . .. 10 10 4 2 5 0 37 37 1 1 4 6 0 0 C. J. H. Stock G. Tate .. G. Rudd Thompson D. F. Twiss .. Sir J. Walker F. J. Wilson .. .. Darlington . . .. Liverpool .. .. Monmouth .. .. Birmingham .. Edinburgh .. .. Glasgow .. 10 10 10 10 10 10 4 2 3 5 1 3 5 3 2 4 2 3 37 37 37 37 37 37 6 1 2 6 0 5 7 6 9 1 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 Co-opted in place of F.Mollwo Perkin (retired). REPORT OF THE AUDITORS. We hereby report that we have examined the Books and Accounts of the Institute of Chemistry for the year ended 30th December, 1922, and have compared with the vouchers the entries therein, and certify that the following statements are correct as shown by the books. Certificates from the Bank of England and the London County Westminster and Parr’s Bank, Ltd., for investments held by them respectively for the Institute at the above date have been produced. CHAS. T. ABELL Hon. Auditors, WM. H. SIMMONDS / I~ZZ-I~Z~. DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant, January 24th, 1923. 16 17 THE INSTlTUTE OF CHEMlSTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Pounded 1877. Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1885.OF RECEIPTSAND EXPENDIT-FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30~~ 1922.STATEMENT DECEMBER, GENERAL ACCOUNT 1921. RECEIPTS. $ s. d. € 8. d. 1921. EXPENDITURE. € 8. d. € 8. d. 455 2 4 Balance at Bank 31st Dec., 1921 217 9 10 Printing, Stationery, Office, Books, Subscriptions-etc.-2,306 15 0 Fellows’ .. .. ..2,331 9 0 650 13 6 Journal, Part VI., 1921 ; Parts I.-v., 1922 585 6 5 2,991 0 0 Associates’ .. .. ..3,615 15 0 276 10 0 Register 535 12 11 Other Printing, Stationery, etc. .. 389 13 5464 5 0 Students’ .... .. 498 15 0 6,446 19 0 974 19 10 167 9 6 Entrance Fees .. .. .. 936 11 0 614 11 1 Postage .. .... .. .. .. 634 3 8 Entrance Fees on Applications 300 0 0 Rent .. .. .. .. .. .. 300 0 0 in abeyance ...... 142 16 0 719 14 8 Rates and Taxes .... .. .. 590 0 8 362 11 9 Dividends and Interest .. 358 8 3 96 4 5 Insurance .. .. .. .. .. 94 7 4 28 4 8 Sale of Publications .. .. 23 2 4 267 11 8 Repairs House and Furnishing- 6 5 11 Sundry Receipts .. .. 14 4 1921 Account.. .. .. .. .. 33 0 0 607 11 6 Hire of Laboratories and Rooms 505 13 0 1922 Account. . .. .. 444 19 0 476 19 0301 12 0 Examination and Assessment Fees 807 9 0 2,875 3 11 Salaries .. .. .. .. .. ..3,066 1 8194 11 10 Appointments Register ,. .. 278 17 9 42 0 0 Advertisements .. .. .. .. .. 41 11 0169 19 6 Advertisements in Journal .. 162 19 8 222 10 9 Gas, Water, Electric Light and Fuel . . .. 329 8 9 955 Telephone .. .. .. .. .. 29 6 28,055 9 0 9,879 0 2 331 13 1 Examiners, Assessors and Assistants (FeesLife Compositions reserved for and Expenses) .... .. .. 617 6 6151 14 6 investment .. .. .. 191 2 0 65 0 10 Apparatus and Materials .. .. .. 177 0 0Fees retained .. .. .. 26 4 0 114 16 9 Library Account .. .. .. .. 90 0 0906 Repaid from Benevolent Fund 84 0 6 Local Section Grants . . .. .. .. 79 5 4 30 0 0 Donations .. .. .. .. .. 21 0 0 70 9 3 Miscellaneous Expenses .. .. .. 31 8 5 117 5 6 Officers’ Travelling Expenses, Fares, etc. .. 185 0 11 15 15 0 Auditors’ Honorarium .. .. .. 21 0 0 Lectures-1921 Account.. .. .. .. 72 1 0 19M Account.. .. .. .. 48 13 6 115 15 2 120 14 6 48 12 6 Legal Expenses .. .. .. .. 29 9 6 7,603 6 11 7,909 2 2 110 8 4 Redemption Fund premium .. .. .. 110 8 4 284 18 11 Revision of By-lawsPurchase of $592 10 1 War Loan 5% ..666 13 8 Office Equipment (Printing Machine, Addressograph, etc. ) .. .. .. 492 2 9 217 9 10 Balance at 30th December, 1922-Current Account 276 19 3 Deposit Account 750 0 0 --1,026 19 3 €8,216 4 0 $10,095 6 2 €8,216 4 0 €10,096 6 2 GENERAL BALANCE SHEET: ASSETS AND LIABILITIES, 30th Dec., 1922. 1921. E s. d. 1921. € s. d. 217 9 10 Balance .. .. ..1,026 19 3 Subscriptions received in ad- €3,000 Victoria 5% Inscribed vance-Stock 1935-45, converted 31 10 0 Fellows’ .. 34 13 0 2,985 0 0 from 4% 1918-1922 ..3,000 0 0 40 19 0 Associates’ 47 2 0 $1,000 New Zealand 4% In-5 10 0 Students’ 300 880 0 0 scribed Stock 1929 .. 870 0 0 84 16 0 $700 Canada 3&y’ Registered Applications in abeyance .. 232 11 6 469 0 0 Stock 1930-50 .... 546 0 0 75 0 0 Rent outstanding .. .. 75 0 0 $500 Metropolitan 3% Con-183 8 10 Accounts outstanding .. 30 4 6 340 0 0 solidated Stock .. .. 385 0 0 Excess of Assets over Liabili- 5500 Great Western Railway 8,457 14 11 ties .. .. .. ..10,531 2 8 c1225 0 0 24 Debenture Stock .. 260 0 0 $1,833 Midland Railway Con- 00 solidated 24% Perpetual770 0 0 Preference Stock .. .. 916 10 0 €3,035 16 5 War Loan 2,250 0 0 1929-47 InscribedStock 5% 3,035 16 5 387 10 0 $500 War Savings Certificates 460 8 4 65 8 6 Sundry Accounts due .. 143 16 4 5 19 5 Due from Library Fund 198 15 0 Redemption Fund .. .. 309 3 4 €8,794 2 9 6510,953 13 8 $8,794 2 9 $10,953 13 8 The Statement above does not include the value of the premises of the Institute, Furniture.Library. Apparatus, etc. BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for the year ended 30th Dec., 1922. Capital Account. 1921 E s. d. 1921 E s. d. 268 I7 6 Balance 31st Dec., 1921.. .. 530 4 3 Purchase of Stock .. .. 500 0 01261 6 9 Donations, 1922 .. .. .. 122 1 3 530 4 3 Balance 30th Dec., 1922.. .. 152 5 6I 1$530 4 3 $652 5 6 E530 4 3 2652 5 6 I I Current Account. S s. d. 30 5 10 Balance 31st Dec., 1921.. .. 27 14 10 46 0 0 Grants .. .. .. .. 95 17 2 40 I1 0 Subscriptions, 1922 .. .. 118 6 0 912 9 Printing, Stationery, Postage, etc. 13 14 3 c1 12 10 9 Dividends and Interest from 27 14 10 Balance-Bank .. 42 15 8 co Capital Account .. .. 14 4 1 In hand 7 17 10 50 13 6 -~ E83 7 7 El60 4 11 E83 7 7 El60 4 11 ____-SUMMARY OF ASSETS, 30th December, 1922. E s.d. Balance on Capital Account .. .. ,. 152 5 6 Balance on Current Account . . . . .. 50 13 6 E533 19 10 India 5+%, 1932 .. .. .. 528 13 2 E731 12 2 LIBRARY FUND ACCOUNT, for the year ended 30th Dec., 1922. 1921 $ s. d. 1921 e s. d. 33 17 4 Balance 31st Dee., 1921 .. .. 57 2 2 51 15 2 Books, Journals, otc. .. .. 124 16 0 75 0 0 Grant from General Account .. 90 0 0 Library of the Chemical Society 40 0 0 Sale of Books .. .. .. 21 10 0 57 2 2 Balance at Bank, 30th Dee., 1922 3 16 2 ~ $108 17 4 $168 12 2 $108 17 4 $168 12 2 21 Proceedings of the Council. DECEMBER, 1922--JANUARY, 1923. Nomination of the New Council.-The balloting list for the election of Officers, Council, and Censors, prepared in accord- ance with the By-laws adopted in 1921, was issued to the Fellows and Associates on 31st January.Members desirous of voting are required to return their votes to the Secretary so that they be received before 4.30 p.m. on Thursday, 28th February. Mr. A. E. Parkes and Mr. Oliver Trigger have been appointed Scrutineers. The Council have decided that the number of votes recorded in favour of each candidate shall be given when the result of the election is announced at the Annual General Meeting. Gas Examiners,-A Joint Committee appointed by the Council of the Institute and the Board of the Institute of Physics was appointed in May last to consider what action, if any, should be taken in order to ensure the appointment, by local authorities, of Gas Examiners having the necessary qualifications in chemistry and physics.The representatives were-For the Institute of Physics-Prof. C. H. Lees and Mr. C. R. Darling; and for the Institute of Chemistry-Mr. R. G. Grimwood and Mr. G. Nevi11 Huntly, together with the Secretaries of both Institutes. The Joint Committee met on 29th November, and reported in the following terms:- 1. The Committee resolved to recommend that the Council of the Institute of Chemistry and the Board of the Institute of Physics urge the authorities concerned to require that the qualifications of Gas Examiners should be defined as follows:- A. Attainments. 1. Fellows or Associates of the Institute of Chemistry.2. Any graduate of a recognised University who has taken chemistry 3. Associates of recognised Technical Colleges, provided that their Fellows or Associates of the Institute of Physics.and physics in the ha1 examination for his degree. Diplomas include Chemistry and Physics; such as the Royal College of Science, the Royal School of Mines, the City and Guilds Central Technical College (incorporated in the Imperial College of Science); Finsbury Technical College ; Technical College, Bradford; Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh; Manchester Collegeof Technology; and University College, Nottingham. 22 4. Qualified engineers with adequate training, in chemistry and physics, certified by a recognised University or College. B. Experience. A candidate for a Gas Examinership must produce evidence of having actual experience of the work, obtained under qualified supervision, and he must be fully cognisant of the Laws and Regulations relating thereto.C. Professional standing. It is desirable that a Gas Examiner should be a member of a reputable professional body of chemists, engineers, or physicists. 2. The Committee further recommend that, subject to the approval of the Council of the Institute of Chsmistry and the Board of the Institute of Physics, the foregoing recommendations be transmitted to the Board of Trade and the Gas Referees as expressing the views of the Council of the Institute of Chemistry and the Board of the Institute of Physics. The Report was received and adopted by both bodies.The Report was subsequently considered by the Public Appointments Committee of the Institute of Chemistry, who thereupon decided with the consent of the Board of the Institute of Physics to transmit the substance of the Report to the Therm Charges Committee of the Board of Trade, offering at the same time to send a representative to give evidence in support of the recommendations. The Therm Charges Committee invited a representative to attend a meeting held on 16th January, when Mr. G. S. W. Marlow, the Assistant Secretary of the Institute, was called. The Assistant Secretary, after referring to the terms of the Report of the Joint Committee emphasised the importance in the public interest of the provision in the Gas Regulation Act regarding the competence and impartiality of the Gas Examiners.He pointed out, however, that there was no provision in the Act defining competence and impartiality, and that Gas Examiners were appointed by local authorities, who in many cases were not competent to judge of the qualifications required of gas examiners. He related the endeavours which the Institute of Chemistry had made in 1920,whilst the Bill was before the House of Commons, to ensure the inclusion in the Act of such definitions, and showed that the Institute had been unsuccessful in persuading the Board of Trade to give even an indication of the nature of the qualifica- tions required. The Gas Referees, who had power only to advise, had issued a memorandum for the information of local authorities in which some guidance as to competence and impartiality had been given; but this memorandum contained phrases which lacked definition, and therefore the Institutes of Chemistry and of Physics had endeavoured to suggest the necessary definition, Local authorities had in some cases made unsuitable appoint- ments.With regard to the appointment as gas examiners of whole-time afficers of the authorities (such as medical officers of health, inspectors of weights and measures), he suggested that it was undesirable in the public interest that an officer should be appointed who prima facie was not competent, even though, personally, he might possess qualifications which might be deemed sufficient, since the psychological effect upon the public of indubitable evidence of competence was important, Such persons could not be considered impartial, because in cases of doubt they would be biassed towards giving a satisfactory report in view of the fact that failure to maintain an adverse report might possibly endanger their major appointments.The Assistant Secretary criticised cases in which local authori- ties had advertised appointments to tender, and suggested that persons of good professional standing would be unlikely to apply under such conditions. In further criticism of certain aspects of the Act, he suggested that it was not in the public interest that the Gas Examiners should be required in certain cases to give notice to the gas companies of the time at which they proposed to make a test, and, further, that for the good administration of the Act it was desirable that provision should be made for separate “lock-up” testing stations so that there might be no doubt as to whether instruments had been tampered with.In conclusion, he drew particular attention to the desirability of Gas Examiners being members of reputable professional bodies which had strict rules of professional conduct and could exercise penal powers upon examiners who were guilty of partiality. In reply to members of the Committee, the Assistant Secretary remarked that in order that provision might be made for regula- tions as to competency, the Act would require amendment, and he suggested that the Board of Trade or the Gas Referees should be given powers similar to those possessed by the Ministry of Health in the case of Public Analysts under the Sale of Foods and Drugs Act to prescribe such regulations.He agreed that it would be possible to arrange for the ad hoc examination of candidates for posts as gas examiners, such examination to be conducted under the auspices of the Institutes, or alternatively to provide for the recognition of existing exami- nations. In the subsequent evidence of witnesses, particularly that of Mr. Butterfield, one of the Gas Referees, it was clear that the 24 Committee had grasped the importance of the competency and impartiality of the examiners, and also of the other matters mentioned in evidence.The Chairman of the Committee remarked that the very wide powers given to the Gas Referees appe xd to be rendered void in certain cases, since there was nobody who had a power of veto upon the appointment of incompetent examiners. The Council deeply regret that Mr. Grimwood, who acted as Chairman of the Joint Committee, and to whom they were also indebted for valuable help and advice, died suddenly on Christmas Eve. The thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. Huntly and the Assistant Secretary for their services in this connection. Agricultural Colleges.-The Council have received a further letter from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries enclosing a copy of a communication which the Ministry has addressed to Agricultural Colleges and University Departments of Agriculture with regard to the competition of such institutions in analytical practice.10, WHITEHALLPLACE, LONDON,S.W. 1. 20th December, 1922. SIR, The Ministry has been approached by the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland on the subject of the analytical work which is carried out by Agricultural Colleges and Universj ty Departments of Agriculture for farmers, etc., at reduced fees. The Institute submits that this work acts to the detriment of the practice of private agricultural chemists. The Ministry has no doubt that the Governing Body fully appreciate the position of the private practitioner, and that analyses at reduced fees are only carried out for bonlzfide farmers in connection with the educational and advisory work of the College, and not in any case for trade or for legal purposes.In view of the representations made by the Institute of Chemistry, however, the Ministry would be glad if the Governing Body would again notify members of staff engaged in analytical work of the necessity for keeping careful watch over the analyses, to ensure that these are not conducted except for strictly educational purposes, or as a necessary part of the College’s advisory work. I am, Sir, Your obedient Servant, (Sgd.) WYNN THOMAS. Dangerous Drugs Act, 1920.-The Home Secretary has forwarded to the Institute a copy of an Order dated 19th Decem- ber, 1922, entitled “Dangerous Drugs (Approved Institutions), No. 3 Order (1922),” wherein certain Institutions are approved 25 for the purpose of the Regulations made under the Dangerous Drugs Act, rgzo, and authority is given to persons in charge of laboratories for purposes of research or instruction attached to approved institutions to be in possession of the drugs to which the Act applies.Income Tax.-The letter from the Income Taxpayers Society, under this heading in the JOURNAL, Part VI., 1922, has given rise to further correspondence, in which doubt is expressed as to whether the items I to 7 (on pages 322-323) refer to Schedule “D” or “E.” They referred primarily to Schedule (‘E”;but in a different way the same allowances are granted in Schedule “D,” i.e. not as expenses from the assess- ment (as is general in Schedule (‘.”), but as a deduction before the liability in Schedule “ D ” is arrived at.Indian Ordnance Department.-From time to time the Indian Ordnance Department has experienced difficulty in the recruitment of chemists or in retaining their services. The Department seeks to obtain the services of responsible professional men-men of university education, and, in every way, socially suitable to their positions as gazetted officers; but it withholds from them the terms and conditions of service and the status to which they are undoubtedly entitled, and which would be given to them in other branches of the Indian Civil Service. The situation arises from the fact that the India Office acts in this matter merely as an agent, while the Indian Ordnance Department is an army department under a Director General in India, and the factories branch of the department is a purely manufacturing branch under a Director of Factories.The Government of India does not recognise the existence of civil appointments in this Department in the same way that it does those in the Indian Civil Service, the Medical Service, the Educational, Forest, Public Works, Buildings, and other depart- ments. The conditions of service, rates of pay, etc., of men in those departments are regulated by orders of the Government of India and by the more general rules embodied in Civil Service Regulations; while Civil appointments in the Indian Ordnance Department are, apparently outside these rules in several respects, e.g.there is no overseas allowance, and military service, if any, does not count towards increments. 26 Chemists are obtained through the Director-General of Stores (sic) much in the same way as ordinary supplies, etc. The factories branch is run by Officers of the Royal Artillery, who are not chemists or engineers, as executive heads. Engineers and chemists in this Department are not given the status attach- ing to Government of India Appointments. The engineers have not, as a rule, received a training corre- sponding with that of the chemists who hold responsible positions in the factory; there is no place for chemists with only intermediate qualifications. The chemists are few and are placed in charge of manufacturing departments.They should therefore be men such as would command ~600-~800in this country, and much more in India, because if they go out for a short term they find it difficult to obtain an appointment on their return. The longest agree- ments now made appear to be for a period of five years, and no permanent appointments are granted. They should therefore be engaged with the prospect of being promoted to higJ,er ap- pointments, and they should be men of the type to hold those appointments. They should not be expected to go out at less than about Rs. 800 a month, and should have a certain prospect of rising to Rs. 1200-1500 a month without waiting for vacancies. The number is so few that the result in expense to the Department weald be practically negligible, and the matter should not be considered in comparison with any other class of officer, because they are men of a special class who must know their business and be relied upon to act, to a large extent, on their own initiative.It would be dangerous to engage young chemists without experience and to send them out after only a few months’ training to work of this responsible nature. It has been suggested that the climate of Aravankadu should be regarded as some compensation for the lack of overseas allowances, but it is no argument for paying a lower scale of remuneration. The climate is certainly good, but expenses are much heavier there than in many other places in India, and the chemist is always liable to be transferred to another factory.If the appointment of chemists to the Indian Ordnance Factories were made direct by the Government of India, as in the case of other scientific appointments, these questions would not arise; the chemist would be subject to the same conditions as other Civil Service men, and there would be no difficulty in gettiI;g men of the right type. 27 New terms have been promised for several years past, but nothing has been done to remedy the situation; chemists who have accepted appointments have had to draw on their own private resources in order to live and maintain the position of gazetted officers, or have been unable to do so and have had to come back. In some cases they have been put in charge of assistant foremen operatives receiving higher pay.If the Department would offer R~.800-50-(1200 GI-1500) with rent-free quarters, or local allowance in lieu (which clerks get in some cases), free first-class passage out and home (at the end of five years whether resigning or going on leave), it would secure men of a first-rate type. Married men should, of course, have correspondingly higher terms. CeyIon.--The Council have had under consideration the claim made by a Fellow of the Institute for the pension rights which he considers due to him, as deferred pay, in respect of appointments held by him under the Ceylon Government. Having responded to a request from the War Office for his services in connection with the war, he was prevented by ill-health from returning to Ceylon, and his pension was then, in part, withheld, and will, in the near future, be wholly withheld, because he has been appointed to a professorship in this country also under Government, but non-pensionable. The Council held that undue weight has been given to the letter of the Pensions Regulations which they feel could not have contemplated such a case, and that it is not altogether reasonable to suspend partly or entirely a pension on the sole ground that a post is a Government one, when it would not be suspended if the pensioner held another post similar in all respects except that it was not a Government one.A pension, when earned, should not be suspended on such grounds, and there appears to be no reason for such discrimination ; while all considerations in this matter should move the Ceylon Government to eliminate the idea that they have dealt harshly with a servant who has rendered good service.In a letter to the Colonial Secretary, the Council have pressed these views, especially with regard to appointments in a country such as Ceylon, where the development of natural resources by scientific methods is of the highest importance. The Council have suggested, moreover, that if there is any question of un- satisfactory treatment of men holding such positions, the Ceylon 28 : Government would experience great difficulty in securing the services of men of the right calibre, and they therefore support the appeal made in this case.Appointments Register.-The following tables show the numbers of Fellows and Associates on the Institute's Register and on the Appointments Register, with, in the latter case, where figures are avilable, the number of Fellows and Associates who have been actually out of employment from time to time since February, 1919: Numbers on The Institute's Register Appointments Numbers Unemployed Reg1st er F.I.C. A.I.C. Total Total 'er cen F.I.C. - A.I.C. - Total - 1919 Per Per Per February AugustNovember May .. . . .. .. .. 1489 1492 1520 1540 974 1004 1250 1375 2463 2496 2770 2915 2 60 240 195 195 cent :ent cent. 1920 February May .. AugustNovember .. .. .. .. -1548 1552 1556 1559 1413 1490 1560 1650 2961 3042 3116 3209 180 175 168 *166 24 13 22 17 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.5 1921 February August November May .. .. .. .. .. 1562 1563 1565 1567 1708 1750 1900 1950 3270 3313 3465 3517 *215 *245 *280 *280 16 1.0 58 3.0 48 50 74 1-5 1.5 2-1 1922 FebruaryMay .. August November .. .. .. .. 1568 1575 1585 1590 2073 2150 2250 2350 3641 3725 3835 3940 *325 *360 *435 *465 13 13 0.8 0.8 57 101 2.7 4.3 70 114 1-9 2.9 1923 February . . 1601 2461 -4062 --394 - 24 -1.6 - 150 -6.1 - 174 -4.3 - * These figures includc Students. The numbers on the Appointments Register from November, 1920, to November, 1922, include Registered Students who were in receipt of lists of vacancies in accordance with the Regula- tions. The proportion of such Students during 1922 may be gauged by the fact that in February, 1923,there were 74 Fellows, 320 Associates, and 84 Students in receipt of the weekly lists of vacancies, 29 Of the 150 Associates who are now unemployed, 77 are recently elected members, mainly ex-service men, who are seeking their first appointments.The Fellows who are out of employment come generally within the following categories :-chemists who have been recently released from military or quasi- military service and are seeking reinstatement in civil life, chemists who have returned from posts abroad, consulting chemists whose practise has been impaired by industrial condi- tions, chemists who are temporarily prevented by restricting covenants from entering into employment wherein they can utilise their specialised experience. The remainder are victims of the world-wide trade depression, and are men of mature age who have held responsible positions.In 1914 the proportion of members utilising the Appointments Register was about 34 per cent., the majority of whom were actually unemployed. Returns obtained in June, 1920, showed that there were at that time in the recognised Universities and Colleges 4808 Students in various stages of preparation for degrees and diplomas in chemistry as compared with 2078 in 1914-an increase of 130 per cent. These numbers included many students other than those definitely preparing for the profession of chemistry. It is of interest to note, however, that whereas during the session 1922-1g23 the number of members has been increased by 421, the number out of employment has increased by only 100.Even after taking into account the fact that some of the newly elected Associates were already in appointment at the time of their election, it is clear that there has been a steady absorption of duly qualified chemists. The Council feel that these figures are, on the whole, not altogether unsatisfactory when account is taken of the state of industry throughout the world and the rapid growth of the profession; but they ask members, particularly through the local sections, to take every opportunity of notifying the Registrar of any vacancy. Gift.-Mr. Thomas Bolas has presented to the Institute a considerable collection of glass apparatus, of which several pieces were made in the early part of the nineteenth century, and of other specimens of glassware of technical interest, together with books containing references to several of the articles.The gift has been placed in a case in the corridor on the first floor of the premises of the Institute. 30 Benevolent Fund.-The pamphlet relating to the Benevo- lent Fund, published at the close of 1922, did not contain the full list of the Committee. The Local Sections have appointed representatives to assist the Committee in dealing with cases in various parts of the country and to keep the Sections informed on the progress of the Fund. The Committee is now consti-tuted as follows:- A.Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., President. E. W. Voelcker, A.R.S.M., Hon.Treasurerand Chairmanof the Committee. Horatio Ballantyne, Vice-president.0. L. Brady, B.A., D.Sc. R. L. Collett, M.A. Leonard Dobbin, Ph.D. (Edinburgh). Ernest M. Hawkins, Vice-president.H. L. Heathcote, M.Sc. Otto Hehner. Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S., Vice-President. Patrick H. Kirkaldy.Frederic H. Lees. Robert Dexter Littlefield (Bristol). HaroId Moore, O.B.E., D.Sc. Andrew More, A.R. C. S., Vice- President. Charles Proctor, I.S.O. G. H. Perry, O.B.E., R.Sc.,A.R.C.S. Stanley Robson, M.Sc., D.I.C., A.I.C. (Huddersfield). Cyril Joseph Heath Stock, B.Sc. (Newcastle-on-Tyne). George Tate, Ph.D. (Liverpool). G. Rudd Thompson (S. Wales and Monmouthshire).Oliver Trigger, M.B.E. (London).Professor F. J. Wilson, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Glasgow). international Air Congress, 1923.-Mr. Frank W. Harbord has been appointed representative of the Institute on the Council of Honour of the International Congress to be held in June next. Steam Engine and Boiler Trials.-Mr. G. Nevi11 Huntly and Prof. J. W. Hinchley, have been asked to repiesent the Institute on the Committee of the Institution of Civil Engineers which is concerned with Steam Engine and Boiler Trials. Future Pu b1ications.-The Council and the Publications Committee, having had under consideration the question of producing a new and up-to-date edition of the History of the Institute, have decided to postpone the publication until 1927, when the Institute will have been established 50 years.The Registrar has been requested to prepare a summary of the addresses which he has given to the chemical societies of universities and colleges, in order that copies may be supplied to Registered Students of the Institute. 31 Local Sections. Belfast.-On 28th January, the Section heard an interesting and seasonable lectiire from Dr. G. Scott Robertson, on "Modern Fertilizer Problems." After briefly enumerating the various types of manures, Dr. Robertson showed how recent advances in chemical industry had given the farmer a wider choice of manures. Many points relating to agricultural practice in Ulster, and differences in opinion as to the relative values of various fertilisers in Ireland and England, were brought out during the lecture and the discussion which followed.The important effect of the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil itself on the availability of manures applied to it was explained. The process of liming was discussed, and Dr. Robertson told how further knowledge of this subject was being sought by experimental work combined with determinations of the lime-number of soils. There was a good attendance of members, and the interest taken in the subject was shown by the general nature of the discussion. Bi rmi ngham and Midlands.-h December, 1922, a circular was sent to members within the Midland area in order to obtain their views on the proposal to resuscitate the Local Section at Birmingham which had become inactive owing to the Chairman and Hon.Secretary having left the district. The replies received being, with very few exceptions, in favour of the proposal, a preliminary meeting of the consenting members was held at the White Horse Hotel, Birmingham, on 22nd January, when over 70 attended, the Registrar being also present. Prof. Gilbert T. Morgan and Mr. C. A. F. Hastilow were appointed Chairman and Hon. Secretary, respectively, pro tern The Registrar, having been called upon, addressed the meeting on the objects and advantages of Local Sections, and replied to questions put by various members. A motion was put to the meeting, and it was unanimously resolved that the Birmingham and Midlands Section be re-formed, and a provisional com-mittee was thereupon appointed to take the necessary steps.The provisional committee was constituted as follows: Mr. N. P. Booth, Dr. J. Newton Friend, Prof. G. T. Morgan, Mr. F R. O’Shaughnessy, Dr. A. Slator, and Dr. D. F. Twiss, Fellows; and Dr. A. Glover, Mr. C. A. F. Hastilow and Dr. W. Wardlaw, Associates. The Provisional Committee subsequently made arrangements for a meeting, which was held on nth February, to which all the members in the district were invited. Bristol and South-Western.--The Section met at the Merchant Venturers’ Technical College on 17th January, when the Registrar addressed the members on the position and prospects of the profession of chemistry, offering, at the same time, some suggestions whereby the Section might assist the Institute in its work.He thought that every member should review the position in order to discover, if possible, any means whereby the position ofbhis profession might be advaqced. Chemists could not remain satisfied while the general public failed to recognise them by their own designation, or neglected to make full use of their services, or to acknowledge the value of their work. Such matters should be kept in the forefront. He referred to the lectures which had been given in Bristol by Mr. Edgar Lewis on “Soap-making.” That kind of publicity, whereby the applications of science were brought within the understanding of those who do not profess scientific attainments helped people to appreciate the nature and scope of the services rendered by chemists.The Sections afforded facilities for the senior members to help the junior by their personal contact, influence and advice. A hint or two on laboratory methods, for example, would often be of the greatest value to a beginner. The senior members could also use their influence in helping newly qualified chemists to obtain experience which would enable them to secure their first appointments. He suggested that the Section should endeavour to collect information with regard to the early practice of chemis- try in Bristol; that the members should discuss new books, new forms of apparatus and instruments; that while avoiding the duplication of the work of other societies in the neighbourhood, the Section should hold joint social and other meetings with them; that particular attention should be devoted to the interests of the junior members and registered students, and that every effort should be made to induce members in the locality to take part in the activities of the Section.33 The Chairman (Mr. Edward Russell) voiced the indebtedness of the Section to the Registrar for his address, which, he said, contained much sound philosophy. He referred to the difference between the work of the Society of Chemical Industry and that of the Institute, and reminded the meeting that the Institute was the qualifying body which was also concerned with the ethics of the profession. Local Sections of the Institute were a necessary and useful part of its organisation, and he hoped that graduates of the University on obtaining membership of the Institute would join their Local Section.Mr. Fullman remarked on the increasing number of science gradbates in Universities, and the consequent overcrowding of the profession, and also asked for information respecting the working of the Benevolent Fund. Mr. Wintle asked if the Council could take any action with regard to the differences of opinion given on the classification of chemicals under the Safeguarding of Industries Act. He also asked in what respects members could claim Income Tax allow- ances, and Mr. Littler put auxiliary qu6stions respecting the latter. Mr. Lewis raised the matter of compensation to a member of the Institute who had been seriously injured in the course of his employment.Mr. Barke drew attention to the frequent requests of manu- facturers to be allowed to use analytical reports for advertising purposes. The Registrar, in reply, gave a brief survey of the activities of the Council and of the working of the Benevolent Fund. A vote of thanks was accorded to the Registrar, on the motion of the Chairman. The Section held a joint meeting with the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on 1st February, in the Chemical Department of Bristol University. Dr. F. W. Rixon presided over a good attendance of members of both sections, and intro- duced Mr. E. Russell, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, who gave an informal paper on “The necessity for a change in the Milk Standard.” A discussion followed, in which Mr.O’Brien, Mr. Raymond and others took part. Mr. Russell, having replied, thanks weIe accorded to him, on a motion fiom the Chair. The proceedings were well reported in the local press. 34 FORTHCOMINGMEETINGS-February 16,Dr. David Hooper’s paper on “Cinchona and Quinine in India,” at Merchant Venturers’ Technical College ; and March 23, Annual General Meeting, at Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol . Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Mr. J. Adam Watson has been appointed Hon. Secretary of the Section and (with the concurrence of the Council) Secretary of the Local Interviewing Committee, in the place of Mr.B. D. W. Luff. The Annual Dinner held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held at the Royal Hotel, Princes Street, on 20th January, Dr. H. E. Watt in the chair. The company included Sir James Walker (President of the Chemical Society) and Lady Walker, Mr. A. Chaston Chapman (President of the Institute), Dr. E. F. Armstrong (President of the Society of Chemical Industry), Mr. H. E. Watt, Dr. J. P. Longstaff (Secretary of the Society of Chemical Industry), Dr. J. J. Dobbin, Dr. A. Laudei, Prof. G. Barger, Mr. W. A. Williams, and the Registrar of the Institute. In proposing the toast “Chemistry and Industry,” coupled with the names of the Presidents of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, the Registrar said that there were few present who did not know the importance of chemistry and the importance of industry, and the close relation there was between the two.There was no one present who did not know the influence of chemistry on the manufactuies that were conducted in the city and neighbourhood. Brewing, distilling, iron and steel, rubber, and other big industries round about Edinburgh all claimed the attention of chemistry and chemists. Mr. A. Chaston Chapman and Dr. E. F. Armstrong responded. Mr. Chapman remarked that the people of Scotland had a true appreciation of the value of real education and a keen sense of the dignity and importance of learning. Speaking as a representative of the Institute, he said that sections such as theirs had done extraordinarily useful work.They had infused new life-blood into the Institute and made it a more living, vital, and progressive body. When they considered they had 4000 Fellows and Associates on their register and about 1000 Students, and when they thought of the enormous number of matters and problems in which the Institute concerned, they must all feel ?)roud to belong to the Institute and to the chemical profession. Chemistry was a wonderful and glorious study, 35 looking at it from whatever point of view. It ought to take a very high position as an instrument of education, and it must be an essential part of the intellectual equipment of every cultured man. Matthew Arnold had defined culture as being in essence a complete criticism of life.They must all agree it would be impossible to conceive of any complete criticism of life unless a man possessed some knowledge of the physical nature of the world and of the universe. As an element of culture chemistry must rank very high indeed. With regard to the importance of chemistry in the arts and manufactures, they knew there were very few industries which could be carried on successfully for a single day without the help of chemistry. They knew also that as a factor in the production of material wealth chemistry must stand right at the top. He did not suppose there was any factor which was so important from the point of view of the production of material wealth. Speaking of chemistry in relation to the security of the country, he said that no decent person wanted war, but could anybody, knowing human nature and looking at the present condition of the civilised world, say that it was an eventuality entirely out of the question? If it should occur, he declared, the chemist would be this country’s main line of defence.It was well that the nation should realise what chemistry was and what chemists were, and that without the chemist every single section of the community was powerless. The capitalist, the workman, the financier, and even the politician were all powerless without the chemist. Dr. Armstrong, in the course of his reply, said he believed that industry in this country, and particularly the chemical industry, had done a great deal for chemistry. He thought it was desirable to emphasise that point, because it was only by real friendship existing between industry and chemistry that both sides could make progress.In this present-day world it was only by highly specialised organisation that any branch of the community could hold its own, and it required still higher organisation to make any forward progress. In chemistry, up to a few years ago, their organisation was not very high, and it was owing to the efforts of men like Mr. Pilcher and Dr. Longstaff that it had of late years been effective. He wished to see the societies federated much more closely, so that they would have one super- body acting and speaking for them all, with one loud voice, when they had to deal with the public and the Government.36 Other toasts were “The Guests,” submitted by Dr. L. Dobbin, and replied to by Dr. Longstaff; “The Chairman,” proposed by Dr. T. W. Drinkwater. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The annual dinner will will be held on the 23rd February jointly with the other chemical societies in Glasgow, including the Society of Chemical Industry, The Society of Dyers and Colorists, The Institute of Chemistry, The Andersonian Chemical Society, The Glasgow University Alchemists’ Society, and The Ardeer Chemical Club. It is believed that a joint function of this character will stimulate local interest in chemistry. The Section has appointed a small Publicity Committee by whom arrangements have been made for articles on chemistry and its applications to appear at regular intervals in the local press.The idea has been taken up with enthusiasm by the members; already some articles have appeared, and many more have been promised. The Section hopes by this means to keep the profession before the public. The idea is commended to the notice of other sections. Huddersfie1d.-At a meeting of the Section held on 24th January, at the Technical College, Huddersfield, Dr. A. E. Everest gave a lecture on “Plant Pigments.” The Chairman, Dr. Hodgson, referred to the pioneer work on pigments, which the lecturer had carried out in collaboration with Willst Zit ter . Dr. Everest opened his address by saying that the subject chosen was one of no commercial importance.The industrial application of these pigments was small, and was likely to become smaller. Nevertheless, he thought it was sometimes a good thing to turn to subjects of purely scientific interest. He divided the plant pigments into groups : chlorophyll, the insoluble pigments, and the sap pigments, quoting indigo and madder as isolated examples of colouring matters. He gave a short account of the stages in the elucidation of the chemical constitution of sap pigments ; explained the connection between flavones, the flavonols and the anthocyanins, and described his own contribu- tions to the chemistry of this subject. The initial difficulties of the investigation of the blue colouring matter of the cornflower were indicated.Several hundredweights of dry cornflower petals were required to give sufficient material; the petals 37 had to be taken from recently opened flowers, and the actual extraction had to be carried out very rapidly in order to avoid decomposition. With one or two exceptions all these pigments were attached to some sugar as a glucoside. With regard to the tinctorial value, a variety of pleasing shades, fast to light and dry-cleaning, but fugitive to hot water and alkali, could be obtained from a cold bath on tannined cotton. The lecture concluded with the exhibition of specimens of historical interest and of dyeings from radish skins, pelargonium petals, blackberries, etc. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Dr.Everest. Leeds Area.-The third general meeting of the session was held at the Queen’s Hotel, Leeds, on 17th January, when Mr. Mackey (chairman) read a paper on the “Professional Aspects of Sampling,” in which he emphasised the importance of chemists seeing their work through from start to finish. The taking of samples was often left to those who were not chemists or who were not qualified to undertake the work, with the result that the analysis gave a misleading impression. For instance, if every chemist who was asked to evaluate a coal seam, or a deposit of iron ore, went down to the mine and superintended the taking and preparing of the samples himself, it would add greatly to the value of his report. He deprecated what he termed ‘‘Departmentation,” and was strongly of the opinion that men working in the laboratory should be versatile and take an intelligent interest in what was going on around them.Mr. Grinling submitted a paper on “Works’ Practice in Sampling,” in which he drew attention to the difference between samples taken for public analysts or consulting chemists and those taken for works control. The former, as a rule, represented the average of the whole consignment, whereas in the case of the latter other factors had to be taken into consideration. If, for example, the whole consignment was not uniform in general conditions and appearance, it would probably necessitate the taking of samples representing the different portions, each sample being separately analysed and reported upon.Regarding the practice of sampling in a works there were several possibilities, all of which had their disadvantages. If, as was sometimes the case, the sampling was done by individuals who know little about sampling and its importance, the results were nearly always unsatisfactory. It was better for the 38 chemist to take the samples himself, as it enabled him to get first hand information which might be invaluable to him when making his report, but taking into consideration the value of the chemists’ time, this method was not economical. Probably the most satisfactory method was for the chemist on the works to have the help of trained samplers. An efficient sampler should be a good clerk, very tactful, observant, clean in his methods, and not afraid of hard work.In conclusion, he said that every works chemist should be able to take samples; but a sample, however carefully taken, was of little value unless it was properly labelled, and its full history attached to it. The keynote of successful sampling was common sense and a clear idea of what was wanted. A discussion followed. LiverpooI and North-Western.-On 14th December, Professor E. C. C. Baly read a paper on “The Romance of Science” which was very heartily appreciated. It is hoped that further particulars of Professor Baly’s address may appear in due course in the Journal of the Institute. On 11th January, the members of the Section attended a Cinema Exhibition at Messrs.Path6 Frsres, Paradise Street, Liverpool, illustrating the cinema inscientific research. Mr. C. R. Jones, A.I.C., has been appointed Assistant Secretary to the Section. The Section has appointed a representative to serve on a Committee of Scientific Societies in Liverpool with a view to co-operation in securing a room for their respective functions and possibly further organisation. 39 London and South-Eastern Counties. -On the 20th December the Section held an exhibition, jointly with the Students’ Association. The following is a list of the exhibits :-Apparatus of historic interest presented to the Institute by T. Bolas, Esq., F.I.C. ; R. & J. Beck, Ltd. (Micro- scopes and Micro-photographic Apparatus) ; C. Baker (Micro-scopes and Micro-photographic Apparatus) ; s.0. Rawling, Esq., A.I.C. (Electric Heating and Controlling Apparatus for a small Thermostat) ; Messrs. The British Drug Houses, Ltd. (Latest Research Chemicals. Apparatus for comparing bulkiness of powders. Splash-heads) ; S. Goldston (Foreign and Chemical Literature) ; Messrs. H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd. (Lewis’ Circulating Library. Recently published chemical books) ; Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd. (Foreign-Chemical*Literature); Messrs. Duroglass, Ltd. (Special apparatus. 1 ALnew thermal and chemical resistance glass-Durosil. Glass-blowing); Messrs. A. Hilger, Ltd. (Spectroscopes. Complete spectrographic outfit for photography of complex spectra. Spectrophotometric apparatus.Saccharimeter); Messrs. A. Gallenkamp & Co., Ltd. (Electric Furnaces. Electrically heated Apparatus. Electro-metric Titration Apparatus. Bomb Calorimeter. Polarimeter. Flash-point Apparatus, etc.) ; Messrs. Baird & Tatlock (London), Ltd. (Electrically heated Stills and Viscometers. Flash-point Apparatus. Hydrogen Ion Outfits made by Messrs. Cambridge & Paul Instrument Co., Ltd.); Messrs. Brown & Son (New Bomb Calorimeter. Self-sealing Autoclave. Patent Still and Oven. Electric Furnace) ; Macbeth Artificial Daylight (Different types of Light Filters); The General Electric Co., Ltd. (Daylight Lamps). In connection with the exhibition of Artificial Day- light, Mr. N. Evers, B.Sc., F.I.C., kindly prepared graded solu- tions of indicators, the neutral points of which were known in ordinary daylight.This part of the exhibition was open the next morning so that members might compare natural and artificial daylight. On 24th January, Dr. E. F. Armstrong, a Member of Council of the Institute, and President of the Society of Chemical Industry, opened a discussion on “ The Organisation of Chemistry with special reference to the possibility of greater co-operation between the various institutions and societies.” Dr. Armstrong compared briefly the inferior position of chemistry in the public mind before the war with that which it occupied when the services of chemists became indispensable 40 during the war. Chemistry had become a live thing, but he feared that the interest was now waning.During the past few years the Institute had developed from a body which, in his view, was mainly representative of analysts and consultants to one which was now fairly representative of all qualified chemists in the country, in whatever branch of the profession they were engaged, and the Society of Chemical Industry had also taken a definite lead in the development of the organisation of chemistry. He reminded the meeting of the strong position which was now held by various trades unions and similar organisations and of the not remote possibility of the representatives of such bodies assuming the reins of government. He thought it was highly desirable that chemists and members of other callings requiring high scientific equipment should organise effectively in order that their voice might be heard in Government.It was not a question of what should be the terms affecting closer co-operation, but whether chemists could afford to do without a more effective organisation. More complete organisation, however, was not easy so long as there were petty jealousies amongst the various bodies. Although there might be diffi- culties in effecting such co-operation they were infinitesimal in comparison with the difficulties inherent to the formation of a large financial corporation such as the Imperial Tobacco Co. The main object must be to put chemistry before everything else, and he would ask members to avoid criticism of any of the societies and of any movements for their amalgamation unless such criticism were constructive.He reviewed the objkcts of the various Societies; the Chemical Society aimed at advancing the knowledge of pure chemistry and enabling the publication of researches thereon; the Society of Chemical Industry aimed at advancing chemistry as applied to chemical industry, and it carried propaganda to “the chemist in the street” ;the majority of its members were engaged in earning their living by the application of chemistry to industry. The Institute was the qualifying and registering body; it properly aimed at a high standard of professional qualification; it repre- sented the profession in its relations with official bodies and with the Government, and by means of its censorship upheld the standard of professional conduct.Apart from the legal privileges accorded to the professions of law and medicine, the high esteem in which they were held by the public depended ultimately upon 41 the loyalty of the members and the rigid application of rules of professional conduct. Other societies which dealt with specialised branches of chemistry were, in fact, much like clubs of members who took the opportunity of the society meetings for getting to know one another and for interchanging knowledge on their own subjects. . Such were the Society of Public Analysts, the Biochemical Society, and the Faraday Society. There were other bodies, many of whose members were not so highly qualified, many not being even chemists, but they had definite work to do in promot- ing the knowledge of specialised branches of work.Finally, the Chemical Industry Club was doing excellent work in leavening the movement for closer fellowship amongst chemists and amongst their various societies. He supposed that many members would subscribe on the average to half-a-dozen of these societies. This was bad enough, so far as their pockets were concerned, but nearly all these bodies published journals and abstracts; each had its separate organisation, and, unhappily, when they were consulted by outside bodies each spoke with a separate voice. In November, 1918, an effort was made towards unity by the formation of a Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chemistry.The objects of this Council were contained in the following resolutions :-“1. That a Federal Council composed of nominees of the corpo- rate societies covering all aspects of Pure and Applied Chemistry be, and is, hereby constituted, the purpose of the said Council being to take such action as will ensure the adequate appreciation-of the due claims of Chemical Science. “2. That the Federal Council shall consider all matters involving the common interests of its constituent bodies and take appropriate action in connection therewith after consultation with any bodies more immediately concerned or identified with the matters under consideration. “3. That the Federal Council shall consider such references as it may from time to time receive from its constituent bodies or other-wise, and, if desirable, act thereon.“The Institute of Chemistry is not a constituent body, but is associated with the Federal Council and represented on it while remaining free as the Professional Body to carry out its duties in accordance with its Charter.” He claimed that the Federal Council had achieved a fair measure of success, but it was unfortunate that coincident with the Federal Council there had been formed a Conjoint Board of Scientific Societies, and in consequence there were still two 42 voices when matters were referred to both of these bodies. The Federal Council had proved of service, particularly in providing for the representation of Great Britain upon the International Union fcr Pure and Applied Science.During the lifetime of the late Lord Moulton, steps had been taken towards the launching of a public appeal for funds for the building of a central headquarters for chemistry, and in the autumn of last year it was decided to proceed with this scheme, though on a less elaborate scale. Funds which were being collected as a result of the appeal would be allocated in the first instance to the expenses of the meeting of the International Union to be held at Cambridge this year, and in providing a nucleus for the bigger object. Co-operation was always being talked about, and everybody seemed to be waiting for a lead. He therefore brought forward a few suggestions :-I. There should be three Journals only in British chemistry.(a) Transactions, which should aim at keeping up the high standard of British chemical publications. (b) Abstracts, which should be divided, or even sub-divided, into sections. (He felt that the present system whereby a paper might be abstracted in the journals of several societies was an absurd waste of money.) (c) A weekly journal which would be of interest not merely to chemists but to the general public, and which should show what chemists are and what they are doing. The Institute should publish in this weekly journal the matter which was at present in'the Journal and Proceedings, and the Proceedings of the Chemical Society should appear there also. (The first attempt towards such an ideal had been made already in the publication of the new journal, Chemistry and Industry.) 2.There should be a central headquarters for chemistry. It was true that the Institute had its headquarters, but they were far too small; the space was already IOO per cent. occupied. The headquarters should contain provision for :-(a) A library. (The arrangement for the use of the Chemical Society's library was excellent, but there were no adequate library facilities.) (b) Administrative offices on a sufficient scale. 43 Club premises. He had an open mind as to whether it was desirable that these should take the form of the present club, but at any rate it was desirable that the waiting rooms for members and the meeting rooms should be so comfortable as to induce members to come to headquarters whenever they were in town.There should be a suitable meeting hall-he did not think it necessary that this should be very large, but it should certainly be more adequate than the rooms of either the Chemical Society or of the Institute. Administration would be greatly simplified if all the societies were brought together. There would be a director and secretaries for each group (not necessarily all separate persons), and economies would be effected by the use of modern business appliances in office routine. 4. With regard to the position of the various societies within the organisation, he reminded members that in the amalgamation of big business interests, the last thing to be desired was to throw away the good-will of any trade marks.He suggested that it would be similarly fatal to throw away the good-will of the existing societies. The parent body, which might have such a name as the Institution of Chemists, would comprise all the existing bodies, there being a special niche for the qualifying body, the present Institute. It would be necessary to have at least three classes of members-Fellows and Associates entitled to use the letters F.I.C. and A.I.C., and the rest. No letters should be used by “the rest.” He suggested that F.C.S. was archaic, and that letters indicating qualifications should only be used by qualified persons. The Institute would confine itself to its functions of examin-ing, registering, and to its ethical work: its other duties would be taken over by the Institution as a whole.5. The Institution would appoint a general council, and he suggested that as this body must necessarily be large, it should appoint a small executive committee, and, having put the officers into executive positions, trust them to do the work. Some such steps as he had outlined were essential in order to uphold the status of the profession of chemistry. 44 The Chairman, Mr. E. R. Bolton, said that it was unusual to find a chemist who was not afraid to be somewhat revolutionary, and was also eminently a business man. There were many difficulties to be overcome before such an ideal as that which had been put before them could be put into practice, but he felt that before long we should have a large institution such as had been suggested.All present would agree in principle with the ideas of Dr. Armstrong. He asked the members to hide any disagree- ment about details in order that the big issue might not be con- fused. He thoroughly endorsed the remarks with regard to the use of letters. Dr. W. R. Ormandy suggested that an important r61e in such an organisation should be taken by the Chemical Industry Club which was serving a very useful purpose in developing character in young chemists. He felt also that it was desirable that the new institution should take up the question of propaganda in the public press. Important papers invariably appointed literary, musical and racing critics, but he never heard of the employment of a scientific critic or correspondent. His only fear was that the scheme might fall through owing to the jealousies of the leaders of the smaller societies.Mr. Collett said that all were agreed that a confederation was desirable, but there had been too much talking and too little action. The social side was important, and therefore he favoureda the inclusion of the Chemical Industry Club in the scheme. It was desirable that there should not be another new society, but one formed from those now existing which would embrace all. The first step was to arouse the enthusiasm of the three big bodies- the Institute, the Chemical Society, and the Society of Chemical Industry. Dr. Armstrong was prominent in the counsels of all these bodies, and he hoped he would use his influence to bring about a joint meeting of the Councils to discuss the question.The Society of Chemical Industry had already shown its willingness, and the Institute, if it were asked, would probably throw in its weight. An important question was, “Would the members of the Chemical Society give up their F.C.S.?” He felt that it would be useless to await action from the Federal Council unless they were first assured that the three large bodies were likely to come into the scheme. All the societies were gradually accumulating capital sums by the investment of life compositions, entrance fees, etc., and he suggested that there could be no better object to which part at 45 least of that money could be put than by using it in the formation of such an organisation, and in the building of adequate head- quarters.It was much more important that the three large bodies should be pledged to use their influence and their capital together than they should continue to send representatives to a council which was not provided with funds. The Registrar remarked that so far as the Institute was concerned the capital fund was useful in providing a certain amount of revenue; that so far as life compositions were con- cerned, they were only securing about E350 per annum instead of about E~oooper annum, which would be paid by the existing life members. He was in general agreement with Dr. Armstrong’s ideas, pro- vided the following functions were safeguarded :-The examining, qualifying, and registering body-independent, but working in co-operation with the universities ; the censorship; the Appoint- ments Register, and the Benevolent Fund.Dr. Duggan referred to organisation in America, and dealt with the formation of the Chemists’ Club. The American societies differed from those in this country in that the American Chemical Society, which was paramount, had no home in New York and no place for a library. The Chemists’ Club provided that home and housed the library. He emphasised the import- ance of the Chemical Industry Club in professional organisation. Dr. Slater Price was generally in favour with the remarks of Dr. Armstrong and Mr. Collett, with the exception of Mr. Collett’s remarks as to finance.The weakness of the Federal Council was that nobody knew what it was doing, and therefore he thought it would be useful if a joint council of the three bodies were held. Mr. Edward Hinks said that he was far from convinced as to the desirability of such a scheme. He doubted if there would be any economy in subscriptions except by the provision of common abstracts. In many of the smaller societies a great deal of honorary work was done. The medical profession was highly organised, but, in addition to the main body, there were far more specialised societies than in chemistry. Mr. F. H. Carr spoke in appreciation of Dr. Armstrong’s propaganda work, but with regard to Mr. Collett’s suggestion he felt that it was no good holding joint council meetings until they were sure that the bulk of the members would give those councils support in such a project.With regard to finances, 46 they could not expect money to drop from Heaven, but should make up their minds to have such'a building in about five years and call for a sinking fund subscription to be paid back from year to year by some system of drawings. He referred to some of the difficulties inherent in such a project, one of which would consist in deciding what societies should come within the organi- sation. He deprecated any society taking a predominant part. Dr. L. A. Jordan referred to the work of the news section of the American Chemical Society in cultivating a proper popular attitude towards science.The speaker had not made clear what would be the position of the Federal Council in the scheme. He would suggest that the Federal Council should be informed of the sense of the meeting and should cease to function after the organi- sation had come into being. He endorsed Mr. Collett's suggestion that Dr. Armstrong should be asked to arrange a joint meeting. Dr. Armstrong, in yeply, said that the criticism with regard to the work of the Federal Council could only arise because chemists did not read what was published, or else their repre- sentatives at the Federal Council failed to notify them of its proceedings. With regard to the joint council meeting, such a method as had been suggested was brought forward some years ago, and it was in consequence of its failure that the Federal Council came into being. He agreed that it would be better to convert the rank and file in all societies and to move upwards.It was not as though the bodies concerned were financial corporations; in that case, the shareholders would be only too glad for the Board of Directors to present them with un fait accompli; but chemists had a right to be consulted on such important points. In conclusion, however, he would remind them of the vast difference between the National Amalgamated Society of any body of workmen he might name in 1910 and of the same body in 1923,and would suggest that there had not been a comparable change in the status of the chemist during the same period.The meeting closed with a hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Armstrong. Manchester.-The second meeting of he Section for the present session was held in the Grand Hotel, Manchester, on aznd January, and took the form of a social gathering. The Chairman, Mr. Marshall, in opening the meeting, welcomed Mr. Marlow, the Assistant Secretary, on the occasion of his first visit to the Manchester Section. Mr. Marlow expressed his pleasure in being present, particularly at a social meeting, remarking that such meetings did more than anything to foster the fellowship of the members of the Institute, which was one of the chief aims of the sections. An excellent programme was thoroughly enjoyed by over sixty members. Violin selections were contributed by Mrs.Anderson ; pianoforte selections by Messrs. James, Manley, and Mellor; vocal music by Mrs. Bunbury and Messrs. Hollins and Marsden; recitation by Mr. Melling ; entertainment by Mr. Phillips, and a short play by Mrs. Pearson and party. South Wales.-On the 13th December, 1922, Mr. C. A. Seyler gave an illuminating account, with interesting events, of a recent visit to Vienna, remarking especially on the differences between post-war conditions in England and in Austria. On the 26th January, Mr. G. Rudd Thompson addressed the Section on his varied experiences as a public analyst during the past 25 years, relating many well chosen episodes of his career. 48 January Examinations, 1923. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners.Examinations were held at the Institute, and, in the case of the examination in Metallurgy, at the Royal School of Mines, on the dates given below:- For the Associateship- In General Chemistry (Current Regulations), January 8th--13th. In branch (a) Mineral Chemistry. (Regulations prior to 1920) January 15th--19th. In branch (b) Metallurgical Chemistry. (Regulations prior to 1920) January 8th-12th. In branch (d) Organic Chemistry. (Regulations prior to 1920) January 15th-19th. Tor the Fellowship- In branch (E) The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Foods and Drugs, January 8th--12th. Twenty-three candidates presented themselves; the numbers of those examined and of those who passed in each branch are shown hereunder :- For the Associateship- General Chemistry Branch (a) ..Branch (b) .. Branch (d) . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. No. examined. .. 15 .. 2 .. 1 .. 3 No. passed. 7 2 0 3 Branch (E) For the Fellowship- .. .. .. .. 2 - 2 - 23 14 - - In the case of one candidate in General Chemistry the Board recom- mend that when he again presents himself he be required only to satisfy them in the translation oi' technical literature from German into English. The general standard of the work of the candidates in General Chemistry was again weak, although two candidates did con- sistently good work. In the inorganic paper half the candidates made no attempt to describe the separation of the halides, and only one candidate gave a reasonable answer.The description of the preparation and properties of a number of salts of mercury was poorly done; indeed, preparative inorganic chemistry seems to have been very 49 largely neglected in the training of the candidates. The more general questions and the organic paper were, however, fairly well answered. Turning to the practical work, the inorganic quantitative analysis was fairly well done, although the calculation involved brought many to grief. The qualitative analysis demonstrated a lack of common sense on the part of many of the candidates; insufficient use was made of preliminary tests, candidates pre- ferring ta follow slavishly some form of analytical table: the common metals were looked for, though the substances were completely volatile on heating.The organic preparations were not very good, the candidates showing a lack of experience in crystallising and preparing fine specimens. The qualitative analysis was poor, only a few of the candidates attempting to hydrolyse the mixture in the proper way. The work of the candidates both for the Fellowship and Associateship in the various branches was well done, with the exception of the candidate in branch (b). The thanks of the Council were accorded to the authorities of the Royal School of Mines for laboratory accommodation. PASS LIST. The following Associates have passed the examination for the Fellowship, in branch E, The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs:-Hawley, John William, B.Sc.(Lond.).King, John. The following candidates have passed the examination for the Associateship:-Current Regulations : in General Chemistry. Bender, Gustave William (University College, London). Cattle, Alfred Philip (East London College). Lomax, James (College of Technology, Manchester). Madden, Frank Cox (University College, London). McKean, John Brown (Paisley Technical College). Powell, Cyril John (University College, Nottingham). Reynolds, Thomas Edward Stewart (University College, London). Regulations prior to 1920: in branch (a), Mineral Chemistry. Dallimore, Thomas Warwick (Chelsea Polytechnic). Smith, William (University College, Nottingham). Regulations prim to 1920: in branch (d), Organic Chemistry.Hansford, Mitchel 1Harold (Blackburn Technical College). Tadmm, Vernon Thorpe (University College, Nottingham). Taylor, George (UniversityCollege, Nottingham). 50 Examination for the Associateship General Chemistry MONDAY, JANUARY Sth, 1923: 10 a.m. to 1p.m. 1. State and criticise the methods of qualitative and quantitative separation of halides of potassium. 2. Write a short essay on ONE of the following:- (1) Carbides. (2) Oxyacids of sulphur. (3) Cobaltammines. 3. Interpret, on the basis of the ionic theory, the methods employed in the qualitative analysis of solutions. 4. Give an account, with historical references, of ONE of the follow- ing :-(1) The liquefaction of gases. (2) The application of the electric current in chemical industry. 5.Describe the preparation and properties of the chlorides, iodides, sulphides, sulphates and nitrates of mercury. 2 to 5p.m. 1. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (1) Geometrical isomerism. (2) Pseudo-acids and pseudo-bases. (3) Organic compounds of arsenic. 2. Give an outline of three genera] methods of degradation used for determining the constitution of alkaloids, illustrating each method by one example. 3. Write an account of the aliphatic and aromatic amines. 4. The following structure has been assigned to a compound:-2amino-4methoxy phenyl nitromethane. State how you would proceed to confirm it. 5. Describe the methods employed for the quantitative estimation of the following groups :--OCH,; -NH, (aromatic); -COOCaH6.TUESDAY, JANUARY 9th, 1923: 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. You are given a solution A containing approximately 10 per cent. of a mixture of potassium chloride, bromide and iodide. Determine the amount of each present in 100 ccm. of the solution. WEDNESDAY, JANUARY loth, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the given substance, B or C. (Hydrazine sulphate, hydroxylamine hydrochloride.) THURSDAY, JANUARY llth, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. From the sample of beta-naphthol, D, supplied prepare pure specimens of beta-naphthyl acetate, beta-naphthylmethyl ether, benzene azo-beta- naphthol and nitroso-beta-naphthol. (This exercise my be completed tomorrow.) FRIDAY, JANUARY 12th, 1923: 10a.m.to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the constituents of the given mixture E. (Benzonitrileand o-nitro toluene.) 51 Branch (a)-M I neral Chemlstry MONDAY, JANUARY 15th, 1923: 10a.m. to 1p.m. 1. Whence are potassium compounds derived? How are purepotassium chloride and pure potassium nitrate respectively obteined commercially? Describe in full detail how you would determine the composition of a mixture of potassium and sodium sulphates. 2. How is bleaching powder made ? How has its composition been established, on what chemical characteristics does its bleaching action depend, and how is its strength for bleaching purposes determined ? 3. What are the chief sources of the compounds of chromium and of vanadium? How, from these sources, would you prepare samples of potassium dichromate and of potassium vanadate ? Mention the uses known to you to which chromium, vanadium and their compounds are put in industry, and in analytical chemistry, and state what the character is upon which each such use depends.4. Write an account of hydrogen sulphide as an analytical reagent, giving equations to illustrate the chemical reactions to which you refer. 5. Write a short essay on one of the following subjects:-The produc-tion of nitratesifrom the atmosphere; the liquefaction of gases; the periodic law. TUESDAY, JANUARY 16th, 1923: 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. In the given sample of cement, determine the lime, silica, alumina, ferric oxide, sulphuric anhydride, insoluble matter, and loss on ignition.(This exercise may be completed during the week.) 2. A is a disinfectant fluid, the basis of which is said to be per- manganate. Determine its actual composition, and the percentageof permanganate present. (A solution of potassium permanganate wlth common salt and sodium carbonate.) WEDNESDA Y, JANUARY 17th, 1923 : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Continue yesterday’s exercise. 2. In the sample of lead ore, determine the percentages of lead and of sulphur. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow. ) THURSDAY, JANUARY 18th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Continue yesterday’s exercise. 2. Prepare from the lead ore a sample of crystallised lead acetate.FRIDAY, JANUARY 19th, 1923: 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. B is a solution to be used for water softening. It has been found to contain sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. Determine the percentage of each. 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the solution C, which contains three metals and three acid radicals. (Barium nitrate, potassium chlorate, and cadmium chloride.) Branch (b)-Metailu rgical Chemistry MONDAY, JANUARY 8th, 1923: 10a.m. to 1p.m.[Sixquestions only to be answered.] 1. How would you sample the following materials? (a) Ten tons of rich telluride gold ore; (b)’ Five hundred tons of a1,gentiferous lead, containing about 250 ozs. per ton : (c) A large dump of tailings from a stamp battery treating a gold ore.2. A good coking coal is available. Describe a cheap type of modern ooke oven, giving sketches and dimensions for making a &st class coke, also describe the operation. 3. Explain what is meant by “acid,” “basic,” and “neutral” refractory materials, and state for what purposes each may be used. Name the chief materials of these three classes, giving the approved compositions and uses of each. 4. Compare the reactions which take place in the Puddling, Basic Bessemer, and Basic Open Hearth processes, giving special consideration to the elimination of carbon and phosphorus. 5. How would you treat a copper ore of the following composition in order to obtain anodes for electrolytic treatment :-Copper .. .. 3 per cent. Iron .... * * 37 Y, ,? Sulphur .. * * 30 ,J 9) Silica .. * * 20 Y9 9, Limestone .. * 10 1, ,Y Silver 5 ozs. and gold 2 dwts. per ton. 6. State, in detail, the preliminary tests you would make on a gold ore in order to determine the best conditions for treatment by the Cyanide process. 7. Describe an arrangement whereby you would propose to investi- gate the “critical points” of an alloy between 1000”C. and 500”C. in a case where the magnitudes of the thermal evolutions are small. How would you plot the results obtained ? 8. What happens when the polished surface of a metal is etched? Describe fully any investigations you know which have thrown light on the structure of a metal as the etching is progressively followed. TUESDAY, JANUARY 9th, 1923: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Make an assay of the given ore for antimony and gold. (This exercise may be continued to-morrow if necessary.) WEDNESDAY, JANUARY loth, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Determine the nickel in a sample of steel. THURSDAY, JANUARY llth, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Determine the percentages of the chief constituents in the sample of copper blast furnace slag. State if the slag is a normal one for blast furnace practice and give your reasons. (This exercise may be continued to-morrow if necessary.) PRIDAY, JANUARY 12th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Examine the given alloy under the microscope, sketch the structure, and report on its probable heat treatment. Branch (&-Organ ic Chemistry MONDAY, JANUARY 15th, 1923: 10a.m.to 1p.m. 1. Discuss the importance of the Grignard reagents in their applice- 2. Give an account of the vat series of colouring matters and discuss tion to organic synthesis. the general structure on which the property of vat ]dyeing is based. 63 2. “The configuration of the hexoses rests for the most part on the evidence supplied by the Wohl degradation and the Kiliani synthesis.” Explain this statement. 4. What steps would you take to distinguish between an unsaturated open chain dicarboxylic acid and an isomeric dicarboxylic acid of the alicyclic series. TUESDAY, JANUARY 16th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. The liquid A is a bromonaphthalene; you are required to convert it into a pure specimen of naphthalene by means of the Grignard reaction.2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture B, which contains two con- stituents. (p. nitro phenol and 2-4-dintrotoluene.) WEDYESDAY, JANUARY 17th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. C is a sample of commercial xylene. You are required to prepare from it a sample of dimethyl isophthalatc and of dimethyl terephthalate by the following series of reactions :-(a) Oxidation with chromic acid and isolation of the crude mixed acids. (b) Chlorination of the mixed acids by means of phosphoruspentachloride. (c) Treatment of the crude chlorinated mixture with methyl alcohol and isolation of the two methyl esters. (This exercise may be continued next day if necessary.) 2. Report on the nature of the substance D.(Formamide.) THURSDAY, JANUARY 18th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Analyse qualitatively the liquid E, which is a mixture containing three constituents, and estimate the amount of one constituent preisent in one litre of the solution. (Ethyl bromide, acetone and methyl alcohol.) PRIDAY, JANUARY 19th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4 30p.m. F is a commercial sample of a dye. You are required (1)to report on the chemical nature of the dye and isolate a pure crystalline specimen of it, (2)to report on the impurities present in the sample. (Alizarine paste with sodium and potassium sulphates and potassium perchlorate.) Examination for the Fellowship : Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs, etc. MONDAY, JANUARY 8th, 1923: 10a.m. to 1p.m. 1.What do you understand by a micro-chemical reaction ? Describe 2. Write an account of the nature and properties, chemical and 3. State, with examples, how you would frame a certificate, and fully the method of application of any two such reactions. physical, of pectin bodies and of their importance in food products. what has to be proved in evidence for a prosecution under section B of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875. 4. Certain polyhydric alcohols are used in the titration of boric acid. Give the chemical constitution of these alcohols and an explanation of their action in the titration. 54 (Answer the following questions in a separate notebook.) 1. Give some examples of official Mixtures (Misturae), mentioning the medicinal dose in each case.2. Discuss the pharmacology and therapeutics of belladonna. How would you prove that a medicinal mixture contained this drug or one of its preparations ? 3. Mention the symptoms displayed in a case of acute poisoning by chloral hydrate. How would you detect and estimate this drug if the stomach contents of such a case were submitted to you? MONDAY, JANUARY 8th, 1923: 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Examine microscopically the powder A. Draw and describe the structures seen. 2. Decide as to the nature of the stains on the linen marked B. (Bird’s blood.) 3. Report upon the purity of the sample of calomel C. TUESDAY, JANUARY 9th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. A is a pure vegetable oil. Identify it. 2. Make a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the specimen C, which is a mixture of two substaaces only.(Citric and tartaric acids.) WEDNESDAY, JANUARY loth, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Determine in duplicate the percentage of theobromine in the Cocoa E. (This exercise may be completed on Thursday, if necessary.) TH URSDAY, 3AN UARY 1lth, 1923 : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Examine microscopically the jam, F, and report what fruits you detect. 2. Prepare and mount for microscopical examination two osazones. 3. Examine the nitric acid, H, and report as to its suitability as an analytical reagent. FRIDAY, JANUARY 12th, 1923: 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. The cotton seed oil, J, is suspected of contamination with a trace of poisonous substance ; examine the oil qualitatively for such a substance, and if time permits make your examination quantitative.(Cresol.) 55 Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). On 20th December, jointly with the London and South- Eastern Counties Section, the Association held an exhibition (see P. 39).On 25th January, the Association was addressed by its President, Sir Herbert Jackson, who, having expressed his appreciation of the opportunity of meeting the members, pro- ceeded to deal with the general question of education. He said that in earlier years the majority of chemists were men with broad scientific outlook. The late Prof. Crum Brown, for instance, took a keen interest in all the subjects which were taught in his University.With the rapid growth of knowledge in each of the sciences, there arose a marked school of thought which advocated specialisation ;this was perhaps a natural result, but it had the unfortunate effect of limiting the outlook of the students. There is evidence that the trend of opinion is in the direction of an education on the older lines in the sense of en-abling the student to gain a wider outlook. He had no hesitation in expressing the opinion that honours in the B.Sc. degree should be given to candidates not on the strength of specialised knowledge in one scientific subject but rather to those who showed marked proficiency in at least three scientific subjects. He felt that this suggestion was not inconsistent with the eventual necessity for specialisation, but what they must all avoid was the desire to specialise too early.Specialists without the broader training and outlook might be first-class craftsmen, but they were not men of science. He felt sure that the members would not be content to be mere craftsmen or laboratory drudges, but that they would desire to have that wider outlook which would help them in tackling problems in their professional life. He gave several instances which had come to his notice during the war, when narrow specialists had failed, largely because they were unable to appreci- ate the point of view of others, or to make others appreciate their own point of view. He suggested, moreover, that the members should not confine their education merely to scientific subjects, but should en-deavour to take an intelligent interest in literature, history, and other more personal subjects ;science, with the possible exception of biological science, was inevitably impersonal, and concentra- tion upon such impersonal imowledge would tend to make them less sympathetic in dealing with their fellow creatures.This brought him to the general question of their relations to their fellow men, and Sir Herbert emphasised the need for sympathy and tact if they were to expect success in life. It was, in the main, the personality of the man which most profoundly affected his success with others. The faculty of leading others was all-important ;since, however, they might be recognised for their special knowledge, men of science would inevitably, unless they preferred to remain craftsmen, be called upon to extend their activities in the direction of organisation, or in some other direction in which personality played a leading part.For example, if they were to follow an academic career, they could not teach unless they understood the point of view of the student; in consulting work, they must appreciate the point of view of their client; in industry they must learn to understand workmen, to recognise the force of traditions, and to deal tactfully with established prejudices. Further, he urged them not to take an unduly material view of life, and suggested that they should be ready to give their help without thought of immediate'reward. If their professors asked them to assist in a piece of research, or if they were asked to do other work for which no immediate reward appeared probable, they should undertake it, and should rely on those who had invited them to do it to see that their labours were eventually rewarded by full acknowledgment, and possibly by recommenda- tion for some post.It was true that their elders might take advantage of that attitude, but he suggested that they should be prepared to take that risk. He further suggested that they should not be too quick to claim credit for work; too often a young man who was always claiming that he was responsible for work which had been carried out in collaboration with others was quite incapable of producing good work if left to his own initiative.Sir Herbert then reminded the members that they were eventually to take their share in upholding the dignity of a fine profession. He could remember attending inaugural lectures when eminent professors of various subjects had dealt with the 57 etiquette of their different professions and the rules of pro-fessional conduct which should be recognised. There was a time when such lectures were listened to eagerly and when the listeners were clearly convinced that they were the inheritors of fine traditions and high ideals. Some years later remarks of a similar nature were often received, it is not perhaps too much to say, with definite impatience. Whatever may have been the cause of the change in the attitude of the students, it still remains true that there have been, and that there are, outstanding men in all professions who have been influenced by high ideals, however much they may have perhaps pretended at times, to be influenced by miscalled common-sense and by motives of self-interest.The really great advances which have been made in all times have come from the work of men who, in the main, have been inspired by their ideals. He hoped that the students of to-day would have the courage to maintain their ideals, and he wished them every success in their professional life. Mr. Benyon-Winsor expressed the appreciation of all present of the address which Sir Herbert Jackson had given them. He felt that the students to whom he had referred had not been always addressed by lecturers who claimed the sympathy and attention of their audiences as Sir Herbert had done.With regard to the question of a broad outlook, he had frequently wished since he had become a research student that he had a wider knowledge of collateral sciences ; moreover, with regard to a knowledge of the humanities, he could only say that they would all find much more interest in life if they had a better knowledge even of the geography of their own country. In reply, Sir Herbert said that he thought there was no more useful adjunct in dealing with a workman than to be able to talk with him about his native town. Workmen were often difficult to get on with at first, but once they had found some point of contact, they would realise that it was very easy to work together amicably.He related several instances which had come to his knowledge. Mr. Marlow said thatihe would add nothing to what Sir Herbert had said except to emphasise the importance of developing character and individuality . On the motion of Mr. Trescot-Brinkworth, Vice-president, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Sir Herbert Jackson for his address. 58 Notes. Municipal Research Work.-Chemists practising in Birmingham have felt in the past, and possibly still feel, that the Corporation Industrial Research Laboratories at the Birmingham gas works are open to conduct experiments and investigations which should rightly fall to the private practitioner and not be undertaken by a rate-aided establishment.On the occasion of a recent visit of members of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers to the laboratories, the engineer in the charge of the laboratories said that the object of the Corporation in setting up the research laboratories was to render the public utility service. The great object was to assist the manufacturer in his problems. They did not compete with, or desire to clash with, private practitioners. Thsy existed to collaborate with manufacturers in carrying out work of a scientific and investigational character. Everybody realised to-day that scientific knowledge in industry was of vital importance, and it was the Corporation’s desire and privilege to assist any manufacturer to solve problems confront- ing him in regard. to hi3 business.It was a misconception that the research work carried out in the laboratories only related to the use of gas. Re-search work was undertaken without any regard to its effect on the sales of gas. The work carried out was of the greatest possible variety, and dealt not only with the use of gas, but the composition of metals, the heat treatment of steels, brasses, bronzes, aluminium, and the many special alloys which entered into local manufactures; physical and mechanical testing, for which plant had been erected, and which would bear com-parison with any in the country. Research work had also been conducted relating to electrical appliances, glassware, and articles of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.A considerable amount of research work had also been carried out with the aid of the photo-micrographical apparatus installed in the laboratories for the examination of steels, brasses, bronzes, and other alloys. Manufacturers should realise that every investigation was conducted in a confidential manner, that the laboratory wae, run on a self -supporting and non-profit-making basis, so that any experimental work carried out for a manufacturer simply cost him the value of the time taken and any incidental expenses which might be incurred. The labora- tory had been instituted with the sole object of rendering service to manu- facturers in the work of investigation and research, and did not undertake ordinary analytical work usually performed by consulting chemists.The above report is abstracted from The Birmingham Post. The disclaimer of competition does not appear to have been so convincing as the speaker may have intended. In any event, it bears evidence of the fact that the engineer-in-chief is conscious of the right of professional chemists to pursue their calling without undue interference from the corporation to whom they, in common with other people, are required to pay rates, 59 Ethyl Acetate.-A Fellow has directed attention to the circumstance that ethyl acetate is supplied duty free to the confectionery trade, but cannot be obtained duty free for teaching purposes or for research purposes. An application to the Board of Inland Revenue to be allowed to purchase it on the same terms as absolute alcohol, by special permit, having been refused, the matter was referred to the Institute, when a further enquiry was addressed to the authorities.In their reply the Commissioners of Customs and Excise state that “the question of the supply of ethyl acetate, made from duty-free spirit, to Universities, Colleges and other Public Institutions for research and teaching, forms part of an important general question which is now under consideration, but in regard to which an immediate decision cannot be given. In the mean- time, there is no objection to the preparation of ethyl acetate from the spirit which such institutions are allowed to receive free of duty under the Commissioners’ authority.” Microscopy.-A new combined section of the Royal Micro- scopical Society has been formed to deal with the Industrial Applications of the Microscope and to assist in the development of Industrial Research in British Industries.The inaugural meeting of the section was held on 24th January. Among the communications submitted was one from Dr. Francis J. Brislee on “Training in Practical Microscopy and the Necessity of Providing Facilities for more Definite Instruction.” Popu Iar Lectu res.-With the object of popularising science in Birmingham, Dr. Newton Friend gave lectures in the Municipal Technical School during the Christmas holidays, on “Colloids” and “On Jellies” to boys and girls respectively attending the Grammar Schools and Secondary Schools in the locality.The lectures were very well attended. Dr. Herbert H. Hodgson will address the Association of Technical Institutions at an annual meeting to be held in London early in March on “The British Colour Industry: its dependence on the place of Research in the Scheme of Higher Education.” GO Obituary. ROBERT GEORGE GRIMWOOD died at Guy’s Hospital, London, on Christmas Eve, 1922, in his 50th year. Trained at the City and Guilds Finsbury Technical College, he passed the examination for the Associate ship of the Institute in 1897, and, after three years’ experience as chief assistant to Mr. W. J. Dibdin, was elected to the Fellowship in 1900. His work with Mr. Dibdin related chiefly to the purification and examina- tion of water, the treatment of sewage, trade effluents, etc., the examination of building materials.He was also a gas examiner on the staff of the London County Council, and since 1897 a superintending gas examiner. In August, 1905, he joined the staff of Mr. Otto Hehner, with whom eventually he entered into partnership in 1910. He was a member of the Public Appointments Committee of the Institute, and, shortly before his death, was asked to represent the Institute on a Joint Committee, of which he was subsequently chairman, appointed by the Council of the Institute and the Board of the Institute of Physics to enquire into and report upon the qualifications for gas examiners. JAMES QUINNwas trained at University College, Liverpool, CARDWELL under Prof.Campbell Brown, and passed the examination for the Associate- ship in 1891. He worked at college for a further year, and, after spending some months with Professor Turner at Birmingham to gain experience in assaying, returned to College in order to devote special attention to physics. He was then appointed chemist to the Gas and Water Committee of Carlisle. In June, 1893, he became experimental chemist to the Patent Films Syndicate, Ltd., and in November, 1894, manager of the works of the Lancashire Rubber Company at Pendleton. He was later director of one of the Government Experimental Stations for the study of methods for the cultivation and preparation of Manihot rubber, and then in private practice until his death, which occurred at Nictheroy, Brazil, on 10th December, 1922, in his 55th year.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1895. WILLIAM ALFRED SQUANCE died at Highampton, N. Devon, on 18th December, 1922, in his 24th year. He was educated at Shebbear College, and trained at the University of Bristol. He graduated with honours, and was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. FRANKEDWIN WESTON died at Middlesex Hospital on 4th January, in his 56th year. He was educated at St. John’s College, Battersea and Birkbeck College, taking supplementary courses at King’s College and University College, London, and graduating B.Sc. (Lond ) in 1900. In 1893 he joined the staff of the Regent Street Polytechnic, where, in 1911, he became head of the chemical department, which position he held at the time of his death.He was the author of many papers, of a book on “The Detection of Carbon Compounds,” which was translated into French, Spanish, and Italian, of a text-book of “Elementary Experimental Chemistry,” and, jointly with Mr. P. J. Fryer, of a comprehensive“Technical Handbook of Oils, Fats and Waxes.” He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. 61 Books and their Contents. [* Books presented by the authors or publishers, or purchased, to be seen in the Library of the Institute.] “Ceramics.” A Manual for Chemists, Engineers and Manu- facturers, including a collection of tables and problems for laboratory and plant use. A. Malinovszky. Pp. viii. and 274.(London: Scott, Greenwood & Son.) 8s. 6d. (‘Emulsions and Emulsifications, The Theory of .” W. Clayton, with Foreword by F. G. Donnan. Pp. vii. and 160. (London: J. & A. Churchill, Ltd.) 9s. 6d. Properties of emulsions; earlier theories ; adsorption at liquid-liquid interfaces ;dual emulsions and the inversion of phases ;modern adsorption filament theory ; physical measurements in emulsions ; emulsification and demulsification :bibliography. ‘Chemical Physiology, The Essentials of.” For the use of Students. 11th edition. W. D. Halliburton. Pp. xi. and 343. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 8s. 6d. *“Inorganic Chemistry, A Text-book of.” G. S. Newth. New and enlarged edition. Pp. xiii. and 772. (London: Long- mans, Green & Co.) 8s.Introductory outlines ; study of four typical elements; hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and their more important compounds ; systematic study of the elements, based upon the periodic classification. (‘Lubricants, shoe polishes, and leather dressings, The Manufac- ture of.” R. Brunner, translated from the 6th German edition, by H. B. Stocks. 3rd English edition. Pp. xiii. and 244. (London: Scott, Greenwood & Son.) 10s. 6d. “Metals, The Crystallisation of.” N. T. Belaiew, with preface by H. C. H. Carpenter. Pp. 144and 21 plates. (University of London Press.) 7s. 6d. Crystallisation from the molten state and in the solid state, crystallisation of eutectics and eutectoids ;structural equilibrium in solids. “Molybdenum Ores.” Imperial Institute Monographs on Mineral Resources, with special reference to the British Empire.R. H. Rastall. Pp. ix. and 86. (London: John Murray.) 5s. ‘Organic Chemistry; or Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds.” Vol. 3 : Heterocyclic Compounds. T~anslated from the 11th German edition of Richter, by E. E. Fournier D’Albe. Pp. xviii. and 326. (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.) 25s. *“ Organic Compounds, Identification of .” A Method for the identification of pure organic compounds by a systematic analytical procedure based on physical properties and chemical reactions. Vol. IV. : Containing descriptions of about 3,700 of the more important compounds belonging to 14 of the higher ordcrs. S. P. Mulliken. Pp.vii. and 238. (New York: John Wiley Inc.; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 30s. *“ Organic Syntheses.” An Annual publication of satisfactory methods for the preparation of organic chemicals. J. B. Conant, Editor-in-Chief. Vol. 11. Pp. vii. and roo. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 7s. 6d. Prepar a ti on of twenty-five compounds . “ Plant Biochemistry, Practical.” M. W. Onslow. 2nd edition. Pp. iii. and 194. (Cambridge University Press.) 12s. 6d. The colloidal statc ; plant enzymes ; chlorophyll ; carbohydrates ; the vegetable acids ; fats and allied substances ; aromatic compounds; proteins and amino acids; glucosides; plant bases. ““Solution, The Problem of, A Tavern Talk between Certain Chyrnists and others.” Stephen Miall. Pp.33. (London: Benn Bros., Ltd.) 2s. ““Starch and Starch Products. H. A. Auden. Pp. xiii. and 121. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 3s. Historical ; general properties ; potato starch ; cereal starches ; maize and millets; rice; sago, yam and other starches; arrowroot, cassava, tapioca; bleaching, colouring, etc. ;glucose, dextrin, gum; fermentation products. 63 Changes in the Register. At the meetings of Council held on 15th December, 1922, and on,19th and 26th January, 1923, z new Fellows were elected, 10 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 98 new Associates were elected and 40 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 5 Fellows and I Associate by death. New Fellows. Garrett, Charles Scott, M.B.E , D.Sc.(St. Andrew’s), Coniston Lodge, Summersdale, Chichester. Whitelay, John Hampden Pickles, 11, Cambridge Street, Saltburn, Yorks. Associates elected to the Fellowdiip (by Examination). Hawley, John William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Craigmillar Road, Langside, Glasgow.King, John, The Laboratory, Customs House, London, E.C.3. Whalley, Hubert Charles Siegfried de, 5, Morden Road, Blackheath, London, S.E.3. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Aitchison, Leslie, D.Met. (Sheff ), B.Sc. (Lond.), 19 & 20, Lloyd’s Bank Chambers, New Street, Birmingham. Britton, Hubert Thomas Stanley, M.Sc. (Lond.), Flat 2, 8, Cranworth Gardens, Brixton, London, S.W.9. Cumming, William Murdoch, B.Sc. (Glas.), 31, Mossgiel Road, Newlandp, Glasgow.Damon, William Aethelbert, B.Sc.(Birm.), 36, Brookfield Gardens, West Kirby, Cheshire. Fisher, Ernest Arthur, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Dept. of Textile Industries, The University, Leeds. Genders, Reinald, M.B.E., B.Met. (Sheff.), 84, Wellington Road, Charlton, London, S.E.7. Spiers, Henry Michael, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 34, Rrondesbury Road, London, N.W.6. New Associates (by Examination). Bender, Gustave William, 3 1,Honiton Road, Brondesbury, London, N.W.6. Cattle, Alfred Philip, 69, Ridge Road, Stroud Green, London, N. Dallimore, Thomas Warwiclr, 33, Trafalgar Road, Greenwich, London, S.E.10. Hansford, Mitchell Harold, 68, Brantfell Road, Blackburn, Lancs. Lomax, James, 25, Devonshire Road, Eccles, Lancs. Madden, Frank Cox, 4. Longton Avenue, Sydenham, London, S.E.26.McKean, John Brown, Williamsville, Hawkhead Road, Paisley. Powell, Cyril John, 24, Addison Street, Nottingham. 64 Reynolds, Thomas Edward Stewart, Percy House, High Street, Eltham, London, S.E.9. Smith, William, The Old Vicarage, Melton Mowbray. Tadmsn, Vernon Thorpe, 189, Woodboro Road, Nottingham. Taylor, George, Brook Cottage, Matlock Green, Derbyshire. New Associates. Banh, Maurice Alfred Lister, B.Sc. Tech. (Rlanc.), Baitna, Cheam Road, Sutton, Surrey. Barklie, Robert Henry Douglas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Penton Lodge, Old Lodge Lane, Purley, Surrey. Bartholomew, John William, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/oMessrs. TheIBurmah Oil Co., Ltd., P.O. Box 67, Rangoon, Burmah. Bates, Henry Hutchinson, B.A. (Oxon), 179, Spring Vale Road, Sheffield, North.Bath, Philip Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), Post Office, Ingatestone, Essex. Beech, William Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 10, Tyrrell Drive, Southend-on-Sea, Essex. Beton, Ernest Sutcliffe, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Apsley Terrace, Halifax. Bousfield, John Southwell, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 2, Lyndale, Child's Hill, London, N.W.2. Branch, Leslie Ernest Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Delaval, The Drive, South Woodford, London, E.18. Brett, Stanley Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ellerslie, Fairfax Road, Teddington, Middlesex. Brookes, Leonard Hazeland, B.Sc. (Lond.), 56, Thornbury Road, Brixton Hill, London, S.W.2. Broom, Walter Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), Reach Court, St. Margaret's-at- Cliffe, nr. Dover, Kent. Brown, Miss Janet Warden, B.Sc.(Lond.), 44, Shakespeare Road, Redford. Brown, William, B.Sc. (Leeds), 18, Belvedere Avenue, Dcwsbury Road, Leeds. Burton, David Henry, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 49, Rayleigh Road, Wimbledon, London, S.W.19. Buttenshaw, Edward Leopold, 9, Stanley Road, New Ferry, Cheshire. Byrne, George Thomas, M.Sc. (Vict.), 4, University Path, Hong Kong. Cahill, Patrick John, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), 7, Lavagh Villas, Ashfield Road, Ranelagh, Co. Dublin. Cahn, Robert Sidney, B.A. (Cantab.), 73, Greencroft Gardens, Hampstead, London, N.W.6. Caldwell, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), 2, Cairn View Terrace, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow. Carson, Samuel David, B.Sc. (Glas.), 20, York Street, Ayr, Scotland. Chaplin, Rufus, B.Sc. (Lond ), Gipping House, Newton Road, Stowmarket, Suffolk.Clark, George William Leopold Ernest, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 52, Walworth Road, London, S.E.17. Coates, William Edward, B.Sc. (Liv.), 45, Woodlands Road, Aigburth, Liverpool.Cocks, Herbert Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 89, Cairo Road, Walthamstow, London, E.17. Cockroft, Horace Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Highfield Terrace, Halifax. Colborne, Robert Stanley, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 57, County Road, Swindon, Wilts. Cox, John Richard,p.Sc. (Lond.), 54, Sydenham Street, Whitstable, Kent. Dawe, Alfred, B.Sc. Tech. (Mane.), 9, Wellfield Road, Dialstone Lane, Stockport. 65 Dennis, Arthur Donald, B.Sc. (Liv.), Heswall Villa, Ffynnongroew, Chester, N. Wa-les. Eade, Harold Maurice, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., 1, Waldegrave Park, Strawberry Hill, Middlesex.Farmer, Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 117, Pear Tree Street, Derby. Franklin, Reginald George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 28, Parkhurst Road, Holloway, London, N.7. Garrad, Harold James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 101, Nortoft Road, Bournemouth. Gibson, William, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 30, Plymouth Grove, West, Longsight, Manchester. Giles, John Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), Hillcrest, Arkleigh, Barnet, Herts. Goldsmith, Eric Waller, B.Sc. (Lond .), Woolsthorpe Rectory, Grantham, Lincs. Goodall, George Forrest, B.Sc. (Manc,), 22, Hartington Road, Chorlton- cum-Hardy, Manchester. Harker, Miss Katherine Nancie Helen, M.Sc.Tech. (Vict.), The House, Assize Courts, Manchester. Harvey, Cecil Owen, B.Sc. A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 4,Park Hill Road, Chingford, London, E.4.Hewitt, Joseph Thompson, B.Sc. (Dun.), 4, Park Crescent, North Shields. Higson, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Clarges Street, Bulwell, Nottingham. Hoffert, Wilfred Hermann, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon), 50, Hampstead Way, London, N.W.ll. Howard, Herbert Leslie, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), The Ferns, 14, South-Eastern Road, Ramsgate. Hurley, Pierse Joseph, M.Sc. (N.U.I.1, 25, Belvedere Place, Dublin. Hyslop, William McNinch, B.Sc. (Glas.), 75, Craiqie Road, Ayr. Jones, John Henry, B.Sc. (Liv.), 143, Edleston Road, Crewe, Cheshire. Kendrick, Stanley Gordon, B.Sc. (Lond.), 45, Wandle Road, Wandsworth Common, London, S.W.17. Kenrick, David Arnold, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 31, Greame Street, Alexandra Park, Manchester. Lavery, David, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 91, Coventry Drive, Dennistoun, Glasgow.Lewis, Alkin, B.Sc.(Lond.), 74, Sutherland Avenue, Maida Vale, London, w.9. Mackley, Fred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Northfield Road, Ponders End, Middlescx. Manning, John, B Sc (Lond.), 4,Ardgowan Road, Catford, London, S.E.6. Marsh, Ernest Charles Jamee, R.Sc. (Lond.), 213, Browning Road, Manor Park, London, E.12. Matthews, Marcus Aurelius, B.Sc. (Lond.), Burghley, 47, Spratthall Road, Wanstead, London, E. 11. Maycock, Ernest Charles William, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Woodlands, Berk- hampstead Road, Belvedere, Kent. McCarley, Alan Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), Abbey Farm,West Malling, Kent. McIlrov, James Blair, B.Sc. (Clas.), A.R.T.C., Eglington District School- house, Kilwinning, Scotland. Millcx, Cecil James, B.Sc.(Lond.), 4,Victoria Road, Brighton, Sussex. Mitchell, Stotherd Thomas Richard Smith, B.Sc. (Glas.), Rosebank, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow. N.*nve, Edward William James, R.Sc. (Lond.), Ritrnley, Tilford Road, Farnham, SurrPy. North, Harold Deacon Rarker, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Locd.), 33, Ashgrove,Bradford. Pawons, Stuart Russell, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Oakfield Road, Ilford, Essex Phillips, Cyril Henry John Vezey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, White Horse Street, Bddock, Herts. 66 Prince, Alfred John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Longbridge Road, New Barking,Essex. Raleigh, Frank Victor, B.A., B.Sc. ( Oxon), Trinity College, Oxford. Redgrove, Herbert Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 191, Camden Road, London, N.W.l. Rooke, Horace Samuel, M.Sc. (Birm.),56, Leybourne Avenue, West Ealing, London, W.13. Shaw, William Simpson, M.Sc (Natal), Birmingham University, Edmund Street, Birmingham.Sholl, Harry Percival Gascoigne, B.A. (Oxon), 1, Maxted Park, Harrow- on-the-Hill, Middlesex. Simpson, Charles, M.Sc. (Vict.), 31, Hilton Crescent, Hilton Park, Prest- wich, Manchester . Smith, Alan Lawrence, RLSc. (Mane.), Bank House, 22, Dean Street, Blackpool. Smith, Frederick James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Stockbridge Road, W7inchester, Hants. Smith, Wilfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 76, Noel Street, Nottingham. Stern, Harold Jacob, B.Sc. (Liv.), 17, Croxteth Road, Sefton Park, Liverpool.Sutherland, John Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Messrs. Finlay, Fleming & Co., The Burmah Oil Co , Lewis Street, Rangoon, Burmah. Tansley, Leonard Beaumont, M.A.(Cantab. ), Esperance, Purley, Surrey. Thompson, George, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Ballykennedy, Dunrod, Crumlin, Co. Antrim. Thompson, William Andrew, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Patrick Road, West Bridgford, Notts. Tritton, Frederic Jenner, B.Sc. (Lond.),l~,Vicarage Mansions, TTest Green, London, N. 15. Trotman, Edward Russell, B.Sc. (Lond.),3, Wellington Circus, Nottingham. Turton, James William, A.R C.S. (Lond.), 68, Main Road, Denholme, nr. Bradford, Yorks. Walker, William Basil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 61, Mundella Road, Meadows, Nottingham. Walker, William Cameron, R.Sc. (Lond.),24, Coleridge Place, Bradford. Williams, Montague, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cleveland Cottage, The Grove, Isleworth, Middlesex. Wyman, Miss May Elizabeth, A.C.G.F.C., 63, Stroud Green Road, Ficsbury Park, London, N.4.New Students. Angel, Thomas Huber, 8, Pembroke Street, Pembroke Dock, S. Wales. Barlow, Charles Gerald, Holmwood, High Lane, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester. Boyer, Gerald, 21, Lily Lane, Moston, Manchester. Bubb, Frederick James, 36, Albion Road, Twickenham, Middlesex. Bunce, Edwin Herbert, 37, Northgate Road, Walthamstow, Essex. Clarke, Frederick William Franklin, 10, Eaton Square, Terenure, Dublin, Ireland. Corderoy, William George, 35, Century Road, Walthamstow, London, E.17. Craven, Ernest Cecil, 59, Southern Road, Plaistow, London, E. 13. Davies, Harry Clinton, 83, Darlaston Road, Walsall, Staffs. Duffey, Patrick Aloysius, 18, Longwood Avenue, South Circular Road, Dublin, Ireland.Greasley, Tom, 58, Middleton Street, Old Radford, Nottingham. 67 Hibbert, Sydney, Mavis, Newmarket Road, Waterhowes, Ashton-untlc~ Lyiie. Hiscocks, Edward Stanley, 5, Rosehill, Swansea. Jardine, Andrew Thompson, 8, Eridge Street, Dingle, Liverpool. Jones, Thomas William, 152, Hamlet Court Road, Westcliff -on-Sea. Krohii, Lawrence Ernest, 1, Heath Close, Golders Green, London, N.11..1 1. Lawman, Leslie Clifford, 55, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, Loiidon, S.W.17. Leaper, Percy Joshua, Eastfield, 354, Winchester Road, Shirley, Southamp- ton. Lees, Stanley, 72, Staiiton Street, Xewcastle-on-Tyne. Lewis, Gwilym Henri, Brynderfel, Aberdovey, Merioneth. Madel, IVilliam Lodwig, Rees, 7, Woodlands Terracc, Swansew. McAuley.John, junr., 3, Stratliyre Street, Shawlaiids, Glasgow. I’ntes, Edward William, li, Lodge Drive, Palmer’s Green, London, K. 13 l’oultney, Samuel Victor, 16, Bruce Grove, Watfortl, Herts. Richardson, Robert William, 8, Victoria Park Avenue, Kirkstall, Leeds. Sargent, Mervyn Victor, 38, Brighton Road, Rathgar, Dublin. Shorter, George Victor, 64, Cavendish Drive, Leytonstone. London, E.11. !piers, George William, 38, Regina Road, London, N.4. bteer, Edwin Hemus, 288, Franklin goad: King’s hTorton, Birmingham. Thomas, William, Glenw-ood, Shire Lane, Chorley Wood, Herts. Tosh, Norman Douglas Fenton, Norwood, Bishopton, Renfrewshire. Turner, Charles Edward, 7, Worlingham Road, East Dulwich, London, S.E.22. Tyzack, John Edward Valentyns, 2, Collier Road, Parkeston, Esses.IVarren, M7il1iam, 23, Maud Road, Plaistow, West Ham, London, E.13. Waters, \’alter Frederick, 28, Norfolk Street, Swansea. Watridge, Roy Warren, 30, Whitworth Road, Bitterne Park. Southampton. Whitehouse, Albert, 880, Bristol Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham. T&lliams, Thomas Peral, 17, Pool Bank, Port Sunlight, nr. Birkenhead, Cheshire. W-ormell, Robert Louis, Coniston, Stoke Park, COT-entry. Lander, Miss Catherine Meads, Chilwell, Xotts. DEATHS. Fellows. John William Cotterill. Robert George Grimwood. James Cardwell Quinn, M.Sc. (Manc.).Frank Edwin Weston, B.Sc. (Lond.). George William Wood, A.K.C. Associate. lT7ilIiam Alfred Squance, B.Sc. (Bris.). 68 General Notices. Lecture.-A lecture on “Some aspects of the Law of Enaand affecting chemists” will be delivered by Mr.Evan James MacGillivray, Barrister-at-Law, at the rooms of the Institute on Friday, 9th March, 1923, at 8 p.m., Mr. Alfred Chaston Chapman, President, in the chair. The lecture will be open to all Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students of the Institute. The syllabus will include- the chemist’s right to the title chemist; the Charter of the Institute ; the chemist’s protection in respect of his discoveries; the chemist in relation to his contracts; the chemist in relation to public health; the chemist in relation to public safety; the chemist in relation to the Safeguarding of Industriec. Examinations in 1923.-The arrangements and dates of the examinations are as follows: iLast date for Entries La\t date for Sote-Books Period of Examination.Mon., 19 Feb., 1923 Wed., 21 Mar., 1923 9-14 April, 1923. 16-21 April, 1923. Mon., 21 May, 1923. Wed., 27 June, 1923. 2-7 July, 1923. 9-14 J~Y,1923-Examinations in Biochemistry (in October only) : Mon., 24 Sept., 1923. Wed., 17 Oct., 1923. 22-27 Oct., 1923. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to January,1920, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that they have been registered for not less than six months and that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor. 69 The charge for the Appointments Register is 6s. 6d. (for six months) on the first entry, and 5s.for an extension of six months. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations, and Intermediate Science or higher examinations. Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library,-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of IC A.M. and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays, 10 A.M. and z P.M.) except when examinations are being held. Registered Students using the Librarv are informed that the Assistant Secretary may be consulted by those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested.The library is mainly of service to students entering for the Institute’s examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow boohs from 10 A.M. to 9 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10A.M. to 5 P.M.). The Register of the Institute is in course of revision for publication in 1923. Fellows, Associates and Kegistered Students are requested to notify the Registrar immediately of any alterations with regard to degrees, addresses, etc., which they wish to be made in the new edition. Historyofthe Institute, 1887-191 4.--Anymemberwho is not in possession of a copy of the History of the Institute can borrow one either from the Honorary Sccretary of his Local Section, or from the Institute, on application to the Registrar.North-East Ireland.-At the annual general meeting to be held on 1st March, 1923, the Council will submit for con- sideration a proposal that North-East Ireland be approved as a voting district for the election of a Member of Council in accord- ance with By-Law 30 (I). Exam inations.-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held during the weeks commencing 9th and 16th April. The list of candidates will close on Monday, 19th February. Intending candidates can obtain full particulars from the Registrar. Local Sections.-Fellows and Associates who have not already joined a Local Section are invited to communicate with the Hon. Secretaries of the Local Sections within their respective districts.Sections. HOTL.Secref.!ries. Birmingham and Midlands : C. A. F. Hastilow, NI.Sc., A.I.C., Chen(la,Bittall Road, Barnt Green, JVorcester- shire. l3ristol and South-Western A. W. IT. Wintle, A.I.C., 170. New-hridgc Counties : Road, St. Anne’s Park. Rriqtnl. Edinburgh and East of J. Adam Watson, A.C.G.1, F.I.C., 24, Scotland : Polwarth Gardens, Edinbiwgh. Glasgow and West of Scot-W. M. Cumming, B.Sc., A.I.C., Royal land : Technical College, Glasgow. Huddersfield : T. A. Simmons, B.Sc., F.I.C., 27, LyndaleAvenue, Birkby, Huddersfield . Irclsnd (Belfast,) : Dr. W. H. Gibson, O.B.E.,F.r.C.,Yor!cStreet Flax Spinning Co., Ltd., Belfast’. ., (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Relgravc Road, Dublin. Leeds Area : Dr.R.R. Forstw, F.I.C., Dept. of Colonr Chemistry and Dyeing, The University, Leeds. Liverpool and North John Hanley, F.T.C., 7, University Road, Western : Rootln, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern R.Leqlie Collett, M.A., F.I.C., Thi. Institute Counties : of Chemistry, 30, Russ~11 Square, London, W.C. 1. Manchester and District : James Barr, B.Sc., A.I.C., The Bungalow, Wxter.;ide, Marple, Cheshire. Newcastle-on-Tyne and C.J.H. Stock, B.Sc.. F.I.C., County Analys%’s North-East Coast : Office, Darlingtor,, Co. Durham. South Wales : T1. E. Hinkel, M.Sc., F.1C., 17, Rrooklands Terrace, Swansea. Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). -Hon. Secretary: C. T. A. Garlick, Dean Cottage, Cedar Avenue, East Barnet, Herts.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9234700001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1923

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1923. PART 11. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD I3 PILCHER, Regzstrar and Searetary. LONDON,30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1. Apral, 1923. Publications Committee, 1923-24 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), A. CHASTON CHAPMAN (President), ARCHIBALD A. BOON, F. D CHATTAWAY, R. LESLIE COLLETT, HAROLD G. COLMAN, T. W. DRINKWATER, R. C. FARMER, A. J. HALE, G. NEVILL HUNTLY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, AN DREW M0RE, B. D. PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, GEORGE TATE, FORSYTH J. WILSON. 73 LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL For the Year ending March 3rd, 1924. PRESIDENT: ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S.VICE-PRESIDENTS : GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S. PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. WILLIAM. MACNAB, C.B.E. ANDREW MORE, A.R.C.S., A.R.T.C. ARTHUR SMITHELLS, C.M.G., B.Sc., F.R.S. HON. TREASURER : EDWARD WILLIAM VOELCKER, A.R.S.31. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: EDWARD FRANKLAND ARMSTRONG, D.Sc., F.R.S. :(WARRINGTON).EDWARD RICHARDS BOLTON: (LONDON). ALFRED ARCHIBALD BOON, D.Sc. : (EDINBURGH).ARTHUR JENNER CHAPMAN : (LONDON).FREDERICK DANIEL CHATTATVAY, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.:(OXFORD).RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, hl A : (LONDON).HAROLD GOVETT COLMAN, D.Sc., Ph.D. : (LONDON).*THOMAS WILLIAM DRINKWATER, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S. : (EDINBURGHAND E. OF SCOTLAND)."ALFRED VINCENT ELSDEN, B.Sc.: (LONDONAND S.E. COUNTIES). JOHN EVANS : (SHEFFIELD).ROBERT CROSBIE FARMER, O.B.E., D.Sc., Ph.D.: (LONDON). ARTHUR JAMES HALE, E.Sc. : (LONDON).*JOHN HANLEY : (LIVERPOOLAND NORTH-WESTERN).GEORGE NEVILL IIUNTLY, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : (LONDON).*ALFRED GODFREY GORDON LEONARD, B.Sc., Ph.D. : (IRISHFREESTATE). "ROBERT DEXTER LITTLEFIELD : (BRISTOLAND S.W. COUNTIES).THOMAS MARTIN LOWRY, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. : (CAMBRIDGE).*WILLIAM McDONNELL MACKEY : (N.E. COAST AND YORKSHIRE).HAMILTON McCOMBIE, D.S.O., M.A., Ph.D. : (CAMBRIDGE).*WILLIAM &IARSHALL : ( MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT).HAROLD MOORE, O.B.E., D.Sc. : (LONDON).GEORGE HENRY PERRY, O.B.E., B.Sc. : (LONDON).JAMES CHARLES PHILIP, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. : (LONDON).ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.: (LONDON).BENJAMIN DAWSON PORRITT, M.Sc. : (LONDON).THOMAS SLATER PRICE, O.B.E., D.Sc., Ph.D.: (LONDOK). WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, 1LI.Sc.: (LIVERPOOL).WILLIAM DAVID ROGERS, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : (MANCHESTER).CYRIL JOSEPH HEATH STOCK, B.Sc. : (DARLINGTON).HARRY SILVESTER : (BIRMINGHAM).GEORGE TATE, Ph.D. : (LIVERPOOL). *GEORGE RUDD THOMPSON : (WALESAND MONMOUTHSHIRE).DOUGLAS FRANK TWISS, D.Sc. : (BIRMINGHAM).SIR JAMES WALKER, D.Sc., F.R.S. : (EDINBURGH).FORSYTH JAMES WILSON, D.Sc., Ph.D. : (GLASGOW). *District Member: 74 CENSORS: 1923-1924. THE PRESIDENT, ex-oficio. BERNARD DYER, D.Sc. SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S. GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, K.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.HON. AUDITORS: 1923-1924. CHARLES THOMAS ABELL, M.Sc., AND WILLIAM HERBERT SIMMONS, B.Sc. AUDITOR : 1923-1924. DAVID HENDERSONy Chartered Accountant. Committees for 1923-24. CHAIRMAN.* FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE: TEE PRESIDENT, WITH E. R. BOLTON, ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, *R. L. COLLETT, HAROLD G. COLMAN, A. V. ELSDEN, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, WILLIAM MACNAB, A. MORE, R. H. PICKARD, AND E. W. VOELCKER.* GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT, WITH E. F. ARMSTRONG, ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, R. D. LITTLEFIELD, W. McD. MACKEY, WILLIAM MACNAB, H. McCOMBIE, A. MORE, ARTHUR SMITHELLS, C. J. H. STOCK, G. RUDD THOMPSON, D.F. TWISS, AND E. W. VOELCKER. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS, AND I NSTlTUTlONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL I”COMMITTEE. (Vice-Chairman: PATRICK H. KIRKALDY.) PU BLlCATlON S COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH A. A. BOON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, R. L. COLLETT,H. G. COLMAN,T. W.DRINKWATER, R. C. FARMER, A. J. HALE, G. N. HUNTLY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, A. MORE, B. D. PORRITT, T. SLATER PRICE*, W. D. ROGERS, G. TATE, AND F. J. WILSON. REGISTER COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH E. R. BOLTON, ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, R. L. COLLETT, A. V. ELSDEN, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY,* W. MoD. MACKEY, C. J. H. STOCK, AND E. W. VOELCKER. 16 SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, THE HON. TREASURER,* THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, WITH H.BALLANTYNE, JAMES BARR (MANCHESTER), 0. L. BRADY, LEONARD DOBBIN (EDINBURGH), JOHN EVANS, E. M. HAWKINS, H. L. HEATHCOTE, OTTO HEHNER, A. G. G. LEONARD (DUBLIN), R. D. LITTLEFIELD (BRISTOL),W. D. MACKEY (LEEDS), G. H. PERRY, C. PROCTOR, S. ROBSON (HUDDERSFIELD), H. SILVESTER, C. J. H. STOCK (NEWCASTLE), G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTH G. TATE (LIVERPOOL), WALES),0. TRIGGER (LONDON), AND F. J. WILSON (GLASGOW). LECTURES AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. BALLANTYNE, F. H. CARR, C. H. CRIBB, L. EYNON, A. J. HALE, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY*, F. J. LLOYD, GEORGE McGOWAN, G. T. MORGAN, J. C. PHILIP, B. D. PORRITT, T. SLATER PRICE, J. MILLAR THOMSON, AND THE EXAMINERS. PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT,* WITH E.R. BOLTON, 0. L. BRADY, C. H. CRIBB, T. W. DRINKWATER, J. T. DUNN, BERNARD DYEE, JOHN EVANS, R. C. FARMER, E. M. HAWKIISS, OTTO HEHNER, G. G. HENDERSON, EDWARD HINKS, Q. N. HUNTLY, H. MOORE, A. MORE, G. H. PERRY, R. H. PICKARD, P. A. ELLIS RICHARDS, W. H. ROBERTS, H. SILVESTER, A. SMITHELLS, C. J. H. STOCK, G. RUDD THOMPSON, E. W. VOELCKER, J. A. VOELCKER, TV. M. GATHORNE YOUNG. SPECIAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE: (CHEMICALREAGENTS, CHEMICALS,LABORATORYRESEARCH GLASSAND PORCELAIN,ETC.) THE PRESIDENT,* WITH L. ARCHBUTT, E. R. BOLTON, 0. L. BRADY, W. T. BURGESS, F. H. CARR, J. T. DUNN, BERNARD DYER, J. J. FOX, G. N. HUNTLY, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, A. LAPWORTH, T. M. LOWRY, WILLIAM MACNAB, G. T. MORGAN, D.NORTHALL-LAURIE, R. H. PICKARD, P. A. ELLIS RICHARDS, SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, S. SMILES, J. F. THORPE, C. K. TINKLER, MORRIS W. TRAVER AND E. W. VOELCKER. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: THE PRESIDENT,* WITH HORATIO BALLANTYNE, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, G. T. MORGAN, T. SLATER PRICE, ARTHUR SMITHELLS, AND E. W. VOELCKER. DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1923: APRIL 27~~. 1923: NOVEMBER 23~~. MAY 25~~. DECEMBER 21s~. JUNE 29~~. 1924: JANUARY 18~~. JULY 27~~. JANUARY 25~~. OCTOBER 26~~. FEBRUARY 29~~. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: MONDAY, MARCH ~RD, 1924. 76 Forty-Fifth Annual General Meeting. THURSDAY, MARCH Ist, 1923. The Forty-Fifth Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C., on Thursday, 1st March, 1923,at 4.30 p.m., Mr.A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S. (President), in the chair. PRESENTATION OF THE MELDOLA MEDAL. The President said that before proceeding to the business of the meeting he was sure it would be the wish of the members to express to Mrs. Meldola how very much they appreciated her presence that afternoon, and, on their behalf, he offered Mrs. Meldola a very cordial welcome. It was also pleasing to have present Dr. Spielmann, to whom the Institute was greatly indebted in connection with the Medal. In presenting the Medal to Dr. Christopher Kelk Ingold, the President said : “Dr. Ingold, again it is my very pleasing duty to present to you the Meldola Medal. I need not remind you of the circumstances in which the award is made, for they are, I am sure, well known to you; I will merely say that it is intended to serve aa a recognition of the most meritorious chemical research work carried out or completed during the year by a British chemist under thirty years of age.The Maccabaean Society, by whom the medal is given, and the Council of the Institute, by whom it is awarded, are glad to be able thus to recognise such exceptional ability, and, may I add, such admirable industry, as have characterised your work during the past year. To attempt to give anything in the nature of an adequate summary of your work would be out of ths question on an occasion such as this; but I should like to recall that during the past year you have published no loss than thirteen papers dealing with organic chemistry, of which perhaps the most striking are those in which you have attempted to co-ordinate the functions associated with aromatic substances with the properties possessed by aliphatic compounds, and especially by alicyclic systems showing intra-annular tautomerism.By this means you have brought into line whole groups of phenomena hitherto regarded as distinct, and have thrown light on the causes underlying the occurrence of what may be described as the aromatic character. No less important from the fundamental point of view is your work on campholytic acid, in which you show that intra-annular tautomerism occurs in this compound and that in all probability much of the ambiguity respecting the structure of natural products is to be ascribed to this cause.Of great merit, too, is the paper in which you have shown that ring chain tautomerism occurs between a monocyclic compound and its open chain unsaturated isomeride. 77 You have also commenced two fresh series of investigations, one dealingwith the mobility of triad systems, and the other with the additive forma- tion of four-membered rings; in both of these you have opened out new fields of enquiry offering great promise of fruitful result. Despite this activity in the field of organic chemistry, you have found time to publish three communications on subjects falling within the domain of physical chemistry-one, in which you deal with the specific heats of gases with special reference to hydrogen and in which attention is drawn to a phe-nomenon not hitherto observed, possessing merit of a high order.In handing you this Medal, I desire again to offer you my warmest personal congratulations, and to express the hope that you have before you a long life in which to take your share in the building up and perfecting of that already wonderful and noble structure-the chemistry of carbon compounds. I can well imagine how the work you have been doing and the results which you have obtained would have interested and rejoiced the great chemist whose memory we are perpetuating and honouring by the award of this Medal.” (Applause.) The President then presented the Medal to Dr. Ingold.Dr. Ingold, in reply, said: Mr. President, I thank you very sincerely for this honour. I am glad to receive from your hand this Medal, not only as a gift in respect of past work, but also, as you have kindly said, as a sign of good wishes from you, from the Society of Maccabaeans, from Dr. Spielmann, and from all those who have concerned themselves with this award. 1 know very well also that the same good wishes are freely extended to those skilful and energetic chemists with whom I have had the pleasure and the good fortune to be associated during the past two years. (Applause.) The meeting then proceeded with the ordinary annual business. The Minutes of the Forty-Fourth Annual General Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. E. W.Voelcker (Hon. Treasurer) submitted the accounts for the year 1922 and moved: “That the Financial Statement and Report of the Auditors for 1922 be received and adopted.” The results of the last year’s working were a matter for congratulation. He had ventured to remark at the previous Annual Fseting that the prospects appeared promising, and that they would become still more promising; this had been the case. It might be remembered that a resolu- tion was passed then to require the payment of an entrance fee by new Associates. The By-laws provided that an entrance fee should be imposed, and the sum of two guineas was fixed accordingly. As the result, there had been a large increase under the heading of entrance fees. Whereas in 1921 the amount received was $167 9s. 6d., in 1922 it was $1077.That money would be most useful; it would put the Institute in possession of additional capital funds, which were very badly needed. The only thing he regretted w&s that the Council had not adopted the suggestion earlier. All entrance fees and life compositions were invested in order to provide a reserve which would be useful in emergencies. About €700 more had been received in subscriptions than in the previous year, a very satisfactory feature. There was also an increase from the Appointments Register, €278 having been received as compared with €194; that indicated a verymuch larger use of the Appointments Register, though it could not be 78 looked upon as a source of income, for it was more than used up by postage, printing, and incidental expenses connected with the register.He was pleased to see an increase in the Examination and Assessment Fees. For the first time for many years the cost of the examinations and the receipts from examination fees appeared to be about equal. This was not strictly the case, however, because the figures did not include the cost of printing,postage, rent, rates, gas, water, light, fuel, and other overhead charges incurred in the examinations; but it was satisfactory to find that the Institute this year was not seriously out of pocket, as had been the case in late years. On the expenditure side money had been saved on printing, which was due largely to the fact that the Institute was doing a consider-able amount of its own printing.A printing machine had been bought at a cost of nearly E500, and it might be reasonably assumed that the machine would pay for itself in a comparatively short space of time. On printing and stationery there had been a saving of E146, part of which was due to the new machine, and about E65 had been saved on the printing of the Journal. Nearly g445 had been spent on necessary repairs and re- decoration. The improvements to the Council Room, which had been laid with parquet flooring, met with the approval of everyone, and it was a permanent investment, although it had cost a good deal of money. There were increases in salaries, which were unavoidable, because the work was increasing at a very rapid rate, and necessitated a larger staff. The only other item that showed an increase was that of the officers’ travelling expenses.The report showed how active both the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary had been in visiting local sections and institutions in various parts of the country, which had involved a considerable amount of expenditure in railway fares and incidental expenses. He would like to express appreciation of the kindness of those Fellows who had shown hospitality to the officers. The statement of Assets and Liabilities showed that the increase of value on the investments generally was about S610, and the excess of assets over liabilities exceeded E10,OOO. (Hear, hear.) The Institute had no longer to live from hand to mouth.At the same time it was necessary to be careful andnot to indulge in expenditure without carefully counting the cost. In connection with the Benevolent Fund Account he had been disappointed with the progress made last year. In 1921 donations, subscript,ions, and dividends amounted to 5314 8s. 6d., while the corresponding amount for 1922 was $254 11s. 4d. He believed, however, that the present year would show an improvement on those figures. The Benevolent Fund Committee also anticipated that the present year would be a more costly one in the payment of grants, and they would like to be in a position to deal generously with all t,he cases that were brought to their notice. There could be no more unpleasant position than to have a case which they were eager to help, but for which they did not have the necessary funds for it.He again urged every member to give his mite. He was glad to see that the younger members and the students were taking an act,ive interest in the Fund. Under the auspices of the London and South-Eastern Section and the Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association, and entertainment would be given on 26th March at the Birkbeck College. As the whole of the expense was being defrayed privately, all money obtained by the sale of the tickets would be profit to the Fund, and he therefore asked memberr to take as many tickets as they possibly could. Mr. W. T. Burgess, in seconding the motion, said that those who knew the Treasurer and the care and attention he gave to the financial side of the Institute, and particularly those who had been on the Council while he was Treasurer, knew how he looked after the business of his office.The Auditors had not so much work to do as the Treasurer, but their work was strenuous while it lasted. When he was an auditor, a good many 79 years ago, the total membership of the Institution was a third of what it was now, arid he iniaginecl therefore that the Auditoru had about three times as much work to do. The President having invited further observations on the motion, it was put and carried unanimously. The Hoii. Treasurer then moved, Sir William Tilden seconded, and it was resolved: “That a vote of thanks be passed to the Auditors.” Mr. Charles T.Abell, replying on behalf of Mr. Simmons and himself, thanked the members for the vote of thanks. The Auditors had done their work to the best of their ability, as those who elected them had the right to expect. They were grateful to the Treasurer, to the oficers of the Institute, and to the Chartered Accountant for their kindness and the willing assistance they had given them in the performance of their duties, which were really quite eay and pleasant. The Treasurer had already directed attention to the most important items of the Balance Sheet and Accounts. If any member wished to gain a little idea of the work involved in keeping the accounts and getting out the statements, he could recommend that member to seek a job as auditor as quickly as possible, and he would find the work very instructive.The President then delivered his address (see p. So), and moved: “That the Report of the Council for the year ending 1st March, 1923, be received and adopted.” Dr. G. McGowan, in seconding, saitl that he did so with grmt pleasure. The President’s address had gone so fully into points which interested the members that it, was not necessary for him to take up much time. It was a pleasure to listen to the President speaking, not nicrely for the mattcr contained in the address, but for thc cleaxncss and good literary style were an example to all. The members might congratulate themselves on the moderate size of the Proceedings; there was no difficulty in reading them; one was not, overwhclnied with a mass of statistics, and that nowadays was something to be thankful for.L\’hat had struck him most in the Proceedings of the last year had bccn the increase in the influence of the local sections of the Institute, aild he had rioted particiilarly the successful addresses which had been givezi to the sections by thj Registrar and the Assistant Secretary. He should like to confirm what the Treasurer had said about the Benevolent Fund. The way to get up a fund of that character, as was discovered during the war, was for everybody to con- tribute a little. There were 4000 members of the Institute, and if each contributed 5s. a year it would produce g1000, and if only half-a-crown, g500; that should keep the Benevolent Fund going very comfortably. He thought an effort should be made to get members to give at least 2s. Gd.The President had referred to:the gradual growth of appreciation of the scientific spirit of chemistry. It was undoubtedly growing, but he was afraid rather slowly, and he imagined that if Members of I’arliament were examined to see how many of them really knew any science, the results would not be very,great. 80 Dr. Braciy, referring to the alteration in the Register, said that when towards the end of last year he received a circular without preamble or explanation he was amazed, especially as he had been present at the meeting in the previous March, when the President had stated in his addwss, “Iwould like to echo the wise advice, given by Sir Herbert Jackson in one of his presidential addresses, that we should do well to adapt, in describingourselves, the plain title chemist, and to omit as far as possible such quali- fying adjectives as consulting, analytical, research, or agricultural.” Yet without any further explanation to the membtrs a circular was sent out from the office in which the use of terms such as consulting chemist, analytical chemist, chief analytical chemist, research chemist, works chemist, and process chemist was suggested.He was of opinion that, without explanation, it betrayed inconsistency on the part of the Council. He had heard it argued at various meetings that the easiest way to get their title properly recognised was for members to call themselves chemists, and not to take on adjectives.He had also heard it, said at the Institute that a chemist was a chemist, and should be able to make himself useful in any appointment in connection with chemistry after he had had some experience. The officials of the Institute had done their best to persuade employers of chemists that because a man had not had special training in any branch of the profession it did not necessarily follow that he could not make a success in that branch; whereas now the Council was asking members to label themselves as various types of chemists. Two objections could be raised against the system. First, he would suggest that the term “chemist” should be omitted from the 9riptions in the‘Register;, He had not nearly the same objection to consultant” or analyst ; he thought the Council should consider a modification in the scheme of the Register.Another objection, a serious one, was against the classification of chemists into various grades; it was a double-edged weapon. The Register was of much use to the Fellows and Associates who wanted to know more or less what the profession was doing, but, on the other hand, it had been stated that the Register was often of use to manufacturers and employers of chemists, and he believed that it had been in the past sent to large employers of chemists. If he chose to describe himself as a teacher of chemistry that did not necessarily impIy that he was incapable of performing any other operation in chemistry. Supposing he desired to take a post in another branch, it might prejudice him in the eyes of an employer.He was quite convinced that the procedure proposed was a dangerous one to adopt, especially for the younger men. He thought the departure from the general principle that a chemist was a chemist was a tactical blunder, and he was sorry the Council had decided to alter the Register in the manner proposed. The question raised another matter. The President was very insistent-and he (Dr. Brady) was glad of it- on the great value of the local sections. As far as he knew, and he was a member of the committee of one of the sections, the matter had not been in any way referred to the local sections, and no expression oi opinionhad been asked from the general body of the members.One local section did not like it at all-in order to avoid any misunderstanding, he might say it was not the section of which he was a member-but he knew as a matter of fact from a member of another section that that section did not like Clause 5 of the circular, and had suggested that it should be submitted to a meeting of the Institute for discussion, but the Council had not called a meeting to discuss the matter. Unfortunately that decision of the Council was received too late to put down on the agenda of the present meeting a notice of motion on the subject. The local section was labouring under a grievance, and he wa9 very anxious that no local section should ever labour under a grievance. Thay felt that they had not received due considoration, particularly as no mention was made in the JOURNAI 81 of the meeting of the section at which the subject was discussed, although the proceedings of B meeting held subsequently were reported in the present number.He understood that a report of both meetings had been sent in and only one was published. He had a letter from a member of the section who felt that the JOURNALwas inclined to reflect the opinion rather of the Council than of the general body of members, and that there was perhaps a little more editorial suppression than was desirable. It might be necessary sometimes for the Council to curb the impatience of its members, but he did hope that any misunderstanding would be removed. He hoped the Council would reconsider the whole question.It would be unwise to follow in every respect the methods adopted in the medical profession because the medical practitioner was usually independent, and very seldom an employee. Many mistakes would be made if an attempt were made to model the affairs of the Institute entirely on the medical profession. Sir William Tilden said that he had spent the early part of the afternoon at the British Industries’ Fair at Shepherd’s Bush, from which h3 had derived a great deal of satisfaction. In looking round the exhibits of the chemical section, he thought he saw indications in various directions that the chemical industry in this country was really making tolerable headway against the depression which had been experienced.He was sorry not to have been prescnt to see thb presentation of the medal in commemoration of his old friend Prof. Meldola to Dr. Ingold, whom he knew only slightly, but with whose he work he was acquainted. A few examples of that kind would help very much in promoting the objects which the Institute had always had in view. With regard to the remarks of Dr. Brady, he did not know that he had made up his mind whether it was desirable to use any qualifying title before or after the name “chemist,” but he should like to remind the members that the medallion which was erected in Westminster Abbey to his old friend, Sir William Ramsay-which would remain, he hoped, for centuries-had upon its front : “William Ramsay, Chemist.” He could not help thinking that people who saw t!,at inscrip-tion would be led to enquire into the meaning of the word chemist,” and to find out what it ought to connote.There was a great misunder- standing even at the present time with regard to the word “chemist.” Only five years ago he had remarked to a well educated lady that there should be more chemists, and she replied, “Yes, we certainly must have more dispensers.” It took him a few minutes to explain the difference between the duties of a dispenser and those of a chemist. The pharma- ceutical chemists had secured by Act of Parliament the title of “chemist ” qualified by either “chemist and druggist ” or “pharmaceutical chemist,” but occasionally he had noticed on shop fronts “pharmacist and analytical chemist.” He would undertake to say that in many cases the proprietor had not done an analysis of any kind for the last twenty years, and he did not suppose anybody would go to him if they wanted a simple analysis. If they did the proprietor would probably not do it himself, but send it to somebody else.There was still confusion in the public mind about what a :?mist did and what he should be expected to do, and what the title chemist” ought to imply. He did not feel that it would be in the interest of the Institute, at the present time at any rate, to endeavour to correct that application of the term “chemist.” The pharmaceutical body had established a system of examinations of their own which were quite stiff for their purpose, and they were powerful people with whom it would not pay the Institute in any way to enter into any kind of conflict.He hoped that the gradual education of the public would lead to the result which was desired. He remembered the early days of the Institute when the meetings were held in a little room on the second floor in Adelphi Terrace-not a very distinguished situation for such B body as the Institute. He was 82 instrumental in getting the lease of the premises in Bloomsbury Square, where Mr. Friswell and he built the old laboratory. He should like to congratulate the Institute on the position it now occupied, on its present house and laboratory, and on carrying on its work in so satisfactory a manner. He had had a talk at Shepherd’s Bush with the representative of Messrs.Spencer, Chapman and Messel, and he was assured that the con- sumption of sulphuric acid and of oleum and all the sulphuric acid products was steadily increasing. The consumption of sulphuric acid had been always considered the measure of civilisation and progress of a country. To hear that the consumption of sulphuric acid was increasing year by year was very satisfactory. The President expressed the pleasure of the members in seeing Sir William at the meeting. Mr. W. G. Young said that he mould prefer to leave the word “chemist” out, and say “consultant” or “analyst” as the case might be. Mr. 1%.L. Collett thought that the question raised with regard to the Register was merely a matter of sub-division.He yielded to no one in his desire to see the word “chemist ” used in its proper sense, One point raised by Dr. Brady ought not to pass without comment. He did not know whether Dr. Brady quite meant it, but his remarks might be taken as inferring that the Journal of the Institute was in some way used to show the feelings of the Council rather than that of the contributors of reportsfrom local sections. In the absence of Mr. Ballantyne he felt justified, as a member of the Publication Committee, in resenting any such suggestion. He had attended most of the meetings of that Committee, and had also been responsible as secretary of the largest local section for sending in a large amount of material for publication in the Journal, but there had never been the slightest attempt on the part of the Committee to edit that material to make it conform with the views of the Council.He was sure that Dr. brady had not intended to make it, but the suggestion that the Council deleted from the reports of local sections any matter which was thought to conflict with the opinions of the Council, was one which he had no hesitation in denying. Dr. Brady said that he thought he had made it clear that he knew and reslised that it was not the case. In the past he had himself been a chairman of the Publication Committee. What he had said was that an impression was abroad which he hoped would be removed. It happened that the report he referred to was omitted from the last Journal, and he had been informed that, that had given a false impression.The Honorary Treasurer said he felt very strongly on the new scheme for the Register. He was one of the few members of the Council who protested against the scheme. He had pleaded that the matter should have thorough investigation before it was started rather than it should be found out to be a mistake after it was done. He begged the Council to ascertain what was the general feeling of members before such a change in policy was inaugurated. He could not help feeling the awkward position which arose when-after the Council had been advocating, through the Presidents and officers, the desirability of avoiding any form of ear-marking the varieties of chemists-an invitation was issued to every member to describe himself according to a schedule which could not cover every possible description.Personally, he objected most strongly to the idea; he had not filled up the return himself, and did not propose to do so. Mr. Burgess supported the idea that the Council should give the matter further consideration before committing themselves. He found himself by accident engaged in a particular branch of work, but he did not want to be put into the list in that way. It would be wise to maintain the simple designation of “chemist,” and nothing but “chemist.” Mr.I?. J. Tritton said, as a young Associate, he believed it would be 83 found that most of the younger members of the Institute would think that the use of the Register amongst themselves was to ascertain who were the people they met and what sort of work they did in life.In that way the new Register would be very useful. On the other hand the sub-division of descriptions might be carried too far. A factory might employ a large number of chemists who might describe themselves under different titles, but when they wanted to change their positions they would find considerable difficulty. For instance, a process and control chemist in one works who might apply for a position as a research chemist might be told (without even the opportunity of an interview) that he had only been a works control chemist, and knew nothing about research; that might be a serious handicap. It might be useful to sub-divide chemists up as consultants and analysts and industrial chemists, and that suggestion might be considered.Mr. R. F. Innes asked whether it might not be left to the individual to put down exactly what he wanted. If he desired to be described as “chemist” he could do so. If he wanted it known that he was connected with a particular branch of chemistry he could put that down. Mr. Claremont said that if a man applied for work he had to state what he had done in his last engagement in any case; the main idea was that chemists might be able to tell one another what they were each doing. Mr. J. A. Heald was pleased to see that the President referred to the duty of the Institute to the profession of chemistry, and that greater weight was attached to the views of the Institute by representatives on Govern- ment commissions. Mr.Ballantyne had given evidence before the Com- mittee of the Civil Service appointed to define the status of the chemists employed in Government service. The opinion was held in the Govern- ment Laboratory that Mr. Ballantyne, although he appeared before the Committee as a representative of the Institute, did not represent the opinion of the Council of the Institute; in fact, from the chemists’ point of view the evidence given by Mr. Ballantyne let down the chemists’ claims considerably. He wondered if the President could inform him whether such was the case, or if Mr. Ballantyne’s evidence did not represent, the feeling of the Council of the Institute, whether the Council took any action to remedy what might have been a reflection on chemists. The President said that Mr.Ballantyne gave a full explanation of what he had said before the Committee in question and explained the reasons for the course he had taken. The Council heard him at considerable length, and were thoroughly satisfied and approved the action Mr. Ballantyne had taken. At that meeting members of the Government Laboratory were present. He thought it might be taken that the Council endorsed the action taken by Mr. Ballantyne.Mr. Heald said that presumably the evidence given by Mr. Ballantynebefore the Committee represented the views of the Council of the Institute. The President thought that so far as the evidence went that was the case. He knew Mr.Ballantyne gave a very full explanation of the state- ments, and the Council approved the evidence he had given after hearing the reasons for that evidence Mr. Gauge asked whether the Council instructed Mr. Ballantyne as to the lines on which he was to give evidence before the Committee, or whether Mr. Ballantyne gave it personally.The Registrar, at the request of tho President, explained that the Council did not direct Mr. Ballantyne with regard to the lines of his evidence. They knew Mr. Ballantyne had .had experience in similar inquiries, and therefore they looked to him to represent the views based on his previous experience in connection with the same sort of enquiry. He (the Registrar) was present himself at the enquiry, and he thought from the questions put to Mr.Ballantyne that an endeavour was being 84 made to force him to accept a view which could not accord with facts regarding the position of the profession generally. He was asked whether the qualified chemist should be regarded as on the same status for pay as a first-class civil servant in clerical work. Mr. Ballantyne said that he had no information which would enable him to compare the two kinds of officers. That was really the point on which he was pressed throughout the evidence. Not knowing the actual conditions and the responsibilities of the clerks, he could not compare them with the actual conditions of working and the responsibilities of the chemists. Mr. G. H. Perry agreed, and added that he thought Mr.Ballantynehad stated that so far as the junior appointments were concerned-that was to say when they first entered the service from a university-he considered that scientific men should have the same treatment in all ways as those who entered on the clerical side, but so far as the higher appoint- ments were concerned he had no information, and therefore could give no opinion.The Registrar agreed. It was a question of the same standard of pay for the same standard of responsibility. Mr. Perry said Mr. Ballantyne stated that as he had no knowledge of the responsibility attaching to the higher clerical posts, he could not say whether the pay for chemists should be greater or less. Mr. Heald suggested that it was not the view of the Institute of Chemistry that a chemist, after taking his university degree and undergoing two years’ post-graduate training for a position in a Government Labora- tory, should be put on a level with a clerk who commenced at the age of 18 or 20 with very little training beyond going to a second-grade school, or that he should start level with the Customs and Excise officers who came to the Government Laboratory for training in how to boil alcohol.The Registrar, being requested to make a statement on the Register question, said that By-law 48 stated :“The Registrar shall keep a registerof members containing separate lists of the names of Fellows and Associates with their dates of admission and addresses and such other particulars as may from time to time be prescribed by the Council.” The Council, therefore, had the responsibility of directing the Registrar.Notice of the proposed change in the arrangement of the Register was given in the Journal, Part 6, 1922, so that any members who had wished to do SO could have sent in a notice of motion on the subject for the present meeting. The section to which Dr. Brady referred was the Belfast Section, which held a meeting specially to consider the question. The section asked the Council to call an extraordinary general meeting, but for that purpose a requisition by 50 members was necessary under the By-law. Further, Dr. Gibson, the honorary secretary of that section, did not send in the resolutions as the report of the proceedings of a section, but sent them for submission to the Councilnot as a report for publication in the Journal.He (the Registrar) prepared a good deal of the matter for the Journal, and the subject was brought before the Publications Committee; but it did not seem that it was then ripe enough, because other questions were being raised with reference to the Register, and he had explained that to Dr. Gibson. More than 2000 returns had been received on the subject. Only two complaints had been received: one from Belfast and the other from Dr. Brady, whose letter was submitted to the Council on the previour, Friday.Dr. Brady asked how many of the 2000 replies had put in a specificdesignation under Section 5. The Registrar said that he thought 2000 replies had been received with regard to Section 5.Dr. Brady asked if all the replies hae come in. The Registrar said they were still being received. 85 Dr. Brady said he was curious to disccver how many people were going to label themselves, or how many were not, out of the total number of 4062. Mr. Hinks did not think it would be possible to take the replies giving the details as necessarily showing that those who replied really approved of the new scheme. He did not like it himself, but at the same time he gave the reply, not feeling that he should like to take the independent attitude which the Honorary Treasurer had taken. Mr. Collett suggested that getting 2000 replies out of a membership of 4000 showed an intense kesnness on the part of members.He would guarantee to say that on no other subject would half the members of an Institute send replies. The President said that Dr. Brady had done him the honour to refer to him, and therefore he ought to say one or two words in reply. A wise man of old had said, “Oh that mine enemy would write a book,” but to-day he would say, “Oh that mine enemy would write a presidential address!” Before charging a person with inconsistency it was well to be quite sure that there was an inconsistency. If Dr. Brady would refer to the actual words which he quoted he would see that in’ that address lie was referring entirely to the relations of the members to the outside public. He then said, and now said, and hoped he would say next year if he had an opportunity of doing so, that it was a wise thing for the members to describe themselves in that connection as chemists.When anybody asked him what he was, he was proud to say that he was a chemist. Sometimes a question followed as to where he made up his medicines, and then he had to explain what he did. With regard to the Register he would undertake to say that of every hundred persons who read it 95 would be people who knew what a chemist was, and it was for their convenience that the qualifi- cations had been suggested. It was a great convenience for a chemist to know what other chemists did. If he wanted to know who was especially interested in oil work in Liverpool it was a convenience to be able to do so. Not one member of the general public out of a hundred would look at that particular classification or rare about the kind of work a man did. It was thought that it would be of great, advantage to adopt( a systemof classification for the benefit of those persons who did know what.chemis- try really meant and that the advantage would enormously outweigh the points to which Dr. Brady, the Treasurer, and one or two others:had directed attention. He quite agreed that, the Institute must not neces- sarily be guided by the practice of the medical profession. As a matter of fact a man was a surgeon primarily, but for the ccncenience of the public he described himself as an aurist, or a gynaecologist, or whatever he happened to be, and it was of enormous convenience to the public to know that.It was no good for a man with something wrong with his ear simply to know that a man was a surgeon-he might go to a man who dealt with the feet! For the sake of convenience he WRS content to suffer the disadvantage to which Dr. Brady had referred of departing from‘ the very strict position of never applying any qualification to the word chemist ” To the public they were chemists, but to their own colleagues they were something more. The Register Committee would deal with all those matters, and he pre- sumed would take into very careful consideration the views expressed by the meeting. The matter had been discussed at great length, and he, personally, thought that on the balance the advantage would be in favour of some classification of the kind referred to.If a man was an out and out purist, and refused to describe himself as anything but “chemist,” he could do so. The resolution for the adoption of the report was then put and carried unanimously. 86 The Registrar read the report of the scrutineers on the election of officers, members of Council, and censors, giving the number of votes cast in favour of each candidate. President : Alfred Chaston Chapman (725). Vice-presidents : George Gerald Henderson (722), Arthur Smithells (7lS), Patrick Henry Kirkaldy (7 lG), T/l'illiam Macnab (714), Sir Herbert Jackson (713), Andrew More (707). Hon Treasurer: Edward William Voelcker (731). General Members of Council : Sir James Walker (595), Edward Frank- land Armstrong (581), E'rederick Daniel Chattaway (553),Thomas Martin Lowry (542), Thomas Slater Price (505), James Charles Philip (499),Porsyth James Wilson (498), Douglas Frank Twiss (488), Robert Crosbie Farmer (488),Hamilton McCombie (480),Cyril Joseph Heath Stock (472),Robert Howson Picliard (470),William Henry Roberts (470),John Evans (458), Harold Govett Colman (454),Alfred Archibald Boon (452), GeorgeHenry Perry (448),Harry Silvester (441), Arthur Jenner Chapman (429),George Xevill Huntly (423),Edward Richards Bolton (422),Harold Moore (419), Benjamin Dawson Porritt (407),Ronald Leslie Collett (401),Arthur $James Hale (381), George Tate (380), William David Rogers (371).Censors: Sir Herbert Jackson (538), Sir Robert Robertson (467),Gilbert Thomas Morgan (466), Bernard Dyer (445).The President declared that the Fellows whose names had been read out were duly elected to the respective offices. The President proposed a vote of thanks to the scrutineers for their services. Under the present conditions the work was really hard, and he was sure it would not be regarded as a formal motion. The motion was carried with acclamation. On the motion of the President, Messrs. Charles T. Abell and William H. Simmons were re-appointed Honorary Auditors for the ensuing year. The Hon. Treasurer moved that Mr. David Henderson, chartered accountant, be elected to the office of Auditor at a remuneration of 25 guineas. Rlr. *4bell said that having worked with Mr.Henderson and appreciated his services, he had great pleasure in seconding the motion. The motion was carried unanimously. The President said he had to move, under the heading of Special Business, the following resolution :-"That the resolution of the Extraordinary General Meeting of the 7th March, 1921 (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,1921, 87 p. I&), defining Districts for the election of District Members of Council be rescinded so far as Districts X. and XI. Ere con- cerned.” “That in lieu of the Districts hitherto defined as Districts X. and XI., there be defined- X. Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920,and subsequent enactments relating thereto. XI. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto.XII. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad.” Dr. Brady seconded the motion, which was carried unani- mously. Mr. Macnab proposed a very hearty vote of thanks to the President for his address. It was always a great pleasure to hear Mr. Chapman, and he would also ask the President to allow his address to be published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Mr. Burgess seconded the motion, which was carried with acclamation. Dr. J. A. Voelcker proposed that the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the retiring Vice-presidents and Members of Council for their services.He thought the members owed the retiring Vice-presidents a special debt of gratitude. Mr. Ballantyne, for instance, had been the Chairman of the Publication CommiFtee, and during the year he had delivered a, lecture to the Institute on Chemists and the Patent Laws.” It was well known, too, that Mr. Hawkins had done very good work on the Council. Indeed, if he were to dwell upon the virtues of all the retiring Members of Council he should have to put them along with the list of those recorded in the Epistle to the Hebrews and to speak of them as of those who had done great deeds through faith and who had stopped, if not “the mouths of lions,” at least the mouths of the objecting members of the Institute.They had served their generation, and served it well. Dr. Brady, in seconding the motion, said he thought that the members owed a great deal more to the Members of Council than they realised, and he should particularly like to mention one or two names, not because the others had not served well, but because there were one or two who stood out in the extraordinary devotion they had given to the work of the Institute and the large amount of personal sacrifice they had made in order to help their fellow chemists. He had been privileged to serve for three years on the Council with Mr. Hawkins, and practically every Member of the Council would agree with him that there was never a man who had given more thought, labour and real effort towards furthering the interests of the Institute and the profession than he had done.He very much 88 regretted that the less-knownmembers did not receive the number of votes they deserved. This year there had been published in the Journal a list of attendances at the meetings of Council, but unfortunately Part I. came out after the voting lists had been issued; he hoped in future it would be published in the last number of the preceding year, and not in the February number, because many members would value such a list when deciding upon their votes. He noticed that Mr. Hawkins, although he lived in Canterbury, had attended 54 out of a possible 69 committee meetings. Another very hard-working member of the Committee, Mr. Eynon, had attended 44 out of 66 meetings, and had given devoted service.Mr. Kirkalcly had attended 68 out of 78, and it was a good thing that the Institute would retain his services as a Vice-president.The resolution was carried with acclamation. The meeting was dissolved. 89 Presidential Address. DURINGthe twelve months which have elapsed since I last addressed you the activities of the Institute, so fax from showing any signs of diminution, have grown continuously both in volume and in importance. Whilst this has necessarily thrown additional work on the shoulders of the staff, the executive officers and all who are concerned in the management of the Institute’s affairs, it cannot fail to be a source of keen gratification to us all.Chemistry is a young and vigorously growing pro- fession, and if the activities of the Institute were not expanding in all directions, it would, I think, be a definite indication that we were not keeping pace with that forward movement, and that we were not in fact doing our full duty to the profession we represent. The preparation of the presidential address brings with it each year the melancholy duty of recording the losses we have experienced by death, and, although these losses are not so numerous as during the preceding year, and are, indeed, below the average, we have unhappily to mourn the disappearance of some well known names from our register. The list includes 16 Fellows, of whom 6 had served on the Council, and 7 Associates. In Professor Crum Brown, who died in October, we have to mourn the loss of an original Fellow and one who shewed his interest in the Institute by serving on four occasions as a vice-president.Of his eminence as a teacher and as an investigator and of his services to chemistry, it is not necessary for me to speak, as these are known to you all, and will be dealt withIfully elsewhere. A charming and outstanding personality has dis- appeared from our midst, and many outside his more intimate circle who like myself have had experience of his kindly interest and sympathy, will feel that they have lost not merely a greatly respected colleague, but a personal friend. That branch of our science which is specially concerned with the analysis of food and drugs has suffered a disproportionately heavy loss, Alfred Ashby, H.F. Cheshire, R. G. Grimwood, Alfred Hill, E. W. T. Jones, and L. W. Stansell, having all been identified with food chemistry and having held appointments 90 under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. In Dr. Alfred Hill we lose one who might probably have claimed to be the doyen of the profession, for he died at the ripe age of 95. He was one of the first public analysts, having been appointed as long ago as 1860 under the old Adulteration of Foods and Drugs Act, and was one of the early Presidents of the Society of Public Analysts. He served on our Council, and with him there passes away one who, although little more than a name to the present generation, exercised in his day a considerable influence, and was responsible for much valuable work, especially in the field of chemistry as applied to public health.By the death of Mr. E. W. T. Jones many of us lose an old and valued friend. An able chemist of the older school, his work was characterised by thoroughness and the conscientious care which he devoted to it; and, as one who strove at all times to maintain the best traditions of our profession, his name will always be held in honour among us. Ashby, Cheshire and Stansell were among our senior Fellows, and all had contributed materially to the development of a branch of chemistry which, almost non-existent in their younger days, has developed so rapidly, especially during the past quarter of a century, that it has now its own literature, its own methods, and its own large and important body of special practitioners.Mr. Grimwood’s sudden death, at the comparatively early age of 50, came as a great shock to his many friends andcolleagues; and the Institute, which he was always ready to serve, will miss him greatly. By the death of Professor William Gowland, metallurgy has lost one of its ablest and most prominent exponents. His great services to metallurgical science are fully dealt with elsewhere ; but it is of interest to recall that he was one of the first candidates for the Associateship of the Institute, and that he served for two periods on our Council. Although they had retired from active work, William Kellner, a good many years ago, and W.S. Curphey, quite recently, both will be regretted by many of their former colleagues, and certainly not least by those with whom they laboured in the public service. The limits of a presidential address forbid that I should refer at greater length to the services which those who have gone have rendered to our profession, or that I should deal with every name. I should, however, like, if I may, before leaving this part of my address, tokplace on record my deep regret and my keen sense 91 of personal loss in the death of Mr. Frederick Harry, my chief assistant for many years, a very able chemist and an Associate of the Institute. Since the report of the Council was prepared the Institute has lost a prominent Fellow, and many of us an old and valued friend, by the sudden death of Mr.F. J. Lloyd. A reference to the report of the Council shows, after allow- ance has been made for our losses, that our membership has increased by no less than 421,in addition to 72 Registered Students. So the organisation and consolidation of our pro- fession, to which I referred last year, proceed apace; and as each year passes we can discern with greater clearness that our Institute is becoming more truly representative of all that is best in the profession of chemistry, and point with legitimate pride to the increasing part it is playing in the affairs oi the nation. A glance at that portion of the Council’s report which refers to the representation of the Institute on various public and quasi-public bodies will suffice to show the great diversity of the problems with which we have concerned ourselves, and of the matters on which our assistance has been sought.It is with the greatest satisfaction that we are able to record the increased number of occasions on which we have been appealed to by Government Departments for help of various kinds, and to the greater weight which those Departments attach to our counsels or to our representations. Whatever certain schools of philosophy may argue, there can be no reasonable doubt that natural science-and in this connection chemistry must be given a position of great prominence-is by far the most important dynamic factor in human progress. That the part it has played in ameliorating the material conditions under which we live is stupendous, and that, notwithstanding its liability to abuse, its discoveries have, on the balance, made enormously for the greater good and greater happiness of the human race, are propositions which, if not self-evident, could at least be very readily defended, if challenged.In addition, it must not be overlooked that material environment and social progress react and interact, and that the rnental and perhaps the spiritual development of man, his views of life, his ideals and his conception of his relation to his fellows and to the universe, are all related to, and largely dependent upon, his physical environment. Natural science is now coming into its own, and there is evidence that our Govern- ments are at last recognising that a nation advances in proportion 92 as it is possessed of the scientific spirit.When this knowledgehas become more widely diffused and has sunk in a little more deeply, then scientific men-including of course the chemist- will be given their proper status, and their rightful place in the affairs of state. I am optimistic enough to believe that that day is coming more rapidly perhaps than some of my hearers may consider probable. Although one may occasionally observe little differences such as are to be met with in all large families, and which are perhaps to be regarded as signs merely of a vigorous and independent spirit, I think that any one who makes a full and sympathetic survey of the field of British chemistry, must feel that the position is in the main highly satisfactory. We have among us men in every branch of our science whose names are honoured wherever chemistry is practised, and if, among the large number of students who have during the past few years been attracted to chemistry, there are many who might more wisely have chosen some other career, there is a great deal of excellent material, and no fears for the "succession" need be entertained. Our chemical societies and associations extend a warmer welcome than formerly to the younger men, and there is a degree of life and vigour in their proceedings which would have astonished, and perhaps slightly shocked, some members of the older school.There is, in fact, a spirit of solidarity and comradeship abroad which was certainly not noticeable in anything like the same degree when I commenced my chemical career, and, in the creation and fostering of this, the Institute of Chemistry has played a great and important part. There is still a vast amount of work to be done in the direction of welding the whole pro- fession into one coherent whole, but that will come in time, and when it does, the chemist will be able to speak, not in the tones of a suppliant, as is now so often the case, but with a voice of unchallengeable power and authority. Turning for a moment to that all-important matter-the sinews of war-you will have gathered from the report of the Honorary Treasurer that the financial position of the Institute continues to improve.Our investments, quite apart from the additions which we have made in the shape of life compositions and entrance fees, have appreciated considerably, and, not-withstanding the heavy expenditure involved in redecorating our premises and in the purchase of an office printing machine, we have succeeded in making both ends meet. We must all 93 feel that our finances are in wise and able hands, and that we owe a great debt of gratitude to our Honorary Treasurer for his unceasing labour in our interest. I know he would wish me, once again, to support his appeal for subscriptions to our Benevo- lent Fund, and particularly to emphasise the importance of small and regular contributions from all our Fellows and Asso-ciates, so that ordinary claims may as far as possible be met out of income, leaving a substantial capital sum for the greater objects of the fund or for emergencies, such as may at any time arise.I referred just now to the growing activity noticeable in the chemical life of this country, and one sign of this is the increasing number of societies and associations devoted to special branches of our science, or formed to promote our interests in one direction or another. That this process of differentiation is not without its dangers, and that it must necessarily involve a certain amoiint of overlapping, and dissipation of energy, cannot be denied. With the enormous advances which chemistry is making in all directions, and with the high degree of specialisation to which we are tending, this decentralisation is necessary, and in my judgment its advantages far outweigh its drawbacks.Among the latter is perhaps the danger of losing what I may describe as the sense of proportion and of proper perspective. The tendency is more and more for each of us to view his problems only from his own angle, and to lose that grip of fundamentals which characterised so many of the great chemists of the past. The tendency is perhaps inevitable, but its dangers are greatly lessened by the happy, and I hope increasing, practice of holding joint meetings of the various societies for the discussion of matters of common interest. While on this subject, and as a very recent example of the tendency above referred to, I may mention the demand for the formation of a body which should be representative of chemical engineering.Negotiations between the Council and the pro- moters of the new institution have taken place, and have been reported from time to time in the Journal. The promoters naturally felt that their endeavours were more likely to be successful if they secured the co-operation of the representative bodies concerned with the practice of chemistry and engineering, and those bodies were accordingly consulted in framing the terms of their constitution. An agreement with the Institute was arrived at, and the association to which we heartily wish 94 all possible success has now received from the Board of Trade its certificate of incorporation.It may be recalled that in niy address last year I made special reference to the scheme of examinations for the award of national certificates in chemistry, under the arrangement entered into with the Board of Education. Your Advisory Committee spared no pains to prevent any possibility of confusion arising between those certificates arid the diplomas of the Tnstitute, and it has been made quite clear in the certificates themselves that they are granted not by the Institute, but by the Board of Education and the Institute conjointly, the Institute acting as assessor and in an advisory capacity. I do not think, therefore, that our Fellows and Associates need feel any anxiety on this point.A summary of a very interesting report of the assessors upon the first years’ results has already appeared in the Journal. Whilst these results are somewhat disappointing in one sense, they do appear to indicate that the scheme may prove to be a useful and needed means of encouraging sound training in our technical schools. If such be its effect, it cannot fail to command our warm sympathy and support. I now turn for a few moments to another side of our activities, and one with which the Public Appointments Committee is chiefly concerned. The direct utilisation by the State of the services of the professional chemist is a niatter not only of immediate cGncern to many of our members, but is of high importance to the community at large; and, in the interests of our country no less than in those of our members, we are bound to do all we can to ensure that the relations between the ap- pointing authorities and those who hold official chemical positions are of a satisfactory character.Unfortunately some public bodies do not appear to be aware of the lengthy and expensive nature of the chemist’s training, or of the difficulties and re-sponsibilities connected with his work, and consequently we find that from time to time the advertised conditions of certain public appointments are not in any wa,y commensurate with the important nature of the services demanded. I am well aware that at the present time the need for great national economy in the public services may be pleaded, but the state of affairs to which I aim referring is of long standing, and in any case, the mere saving of money is not always identical with true economy.It is clearly of public importance that men of good general 95 education, of high professional attainments, and of high moral character should be chosen to fill these public positions,and it is obvious that appointing authorities must very seriously limit the field for selection, unless the conditions are such as men of the class I have indicated would be willing to accept. In the case of appointments, for example, under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, it has on a number of occasions been brought to our notice that the remuneration offered was entirely inadequate, and was in some cases even below that paid before the war.When we consider the enormously increased work and responsibility devolving upon the shoulders of the public analyst of to-day, it is clear that the public services must suffer unless this state of affairs-amounting in my judgment almost to a scandal-is remedied. A comprehensive and very carefully considered statement dealing with the condition of appointments of public analysts has been prepared (and will shortly be issued in pamphlet form) by a joint Committee of the Institute and of the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists, and although it deals with the position of analysts appointed under the provisions of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, there is much in it that will well repay study by the general body of our members.The thanks of the Institute are especially due to Mr. Cribb and Mr. Hinks for the labour they have devoted to the preparation of this revised version of the pamphlet published some years ago, and I hope that steps will be taken to bring it prominently to the notice of the Ministry of Health and of all public bodies concerned. Another matter which has occupied the attention of the Public Appointments Committee is the tendency-unhappily increasing-to utilise the services of unqualified or imperfectly trained persons for the carrying out of what are regarded as simple routine processes. Thus, some authorities have decided to entrust the examination of certain unofficial food samples to persons other than the public analyst, a practice against which your Council has vigorously protested on the ground that it constitutes a serious danger to the community and involves a waste of public money.There is a very real danger in allowing the idea to gain ground, that many of the simpler operations of analytical chemistry can be carried out by any untrained person. Even the simplest process requires some skill, and more ex-perience, if pitfalls are to be avoided, and mistakes, which might in some cases have serious consequences, obviated. The fact 96 that some surgical procedures are of a very simple character, has never, so far as I am aware, been adduced as an argument for permitting or encouraging their practice by untrained or partly trained persons. There is still another practice against which the Institute has on many occasions made vigorous protests, namely, the encouragement by the Government of competition by agricultural colleges and other state-aided institutions. It is a source of gratification that the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries has recognised the legitimate grievance of the private practitioner in this matter, and has taken steps towards limiting the analytical work done in the institutions receiving its grants to that required for strictly educational purposes or necessary to the advisory work of the agricultural colleges or university departments of agriculture concerned.I have selected these portions of the work of the Public Appointments Committee for special consideration, not merely because of their purely professional bearing, but because they appear to me to convey an important warning.In peace and in war this country will be increasingly dependent on its chemists, and to a greater extent perhaps than on any other section of the community. This fact was brought home to the Government in a dramatic manner during the late war, but is even now, I sometimes think, in danger of being forgotten. The disinterested zeal of the scientific worker is something without parallel in the whole world, but it is not wise for any country to presume on this disinterestedness too much. Science is one of the greatest and freest of all givers, but it has a right to demand that it shall receive that recognition, and that proper position in the councils of the nation to which it is entitled.Our public bodies will be wise if they take pains to ensure that the conditions attaching to public chemical appointments are such as will attract men of the highest type, and so assist in building up a solid and contented public chemical service, as an important part of the machinery of government. The indirect effect of proper State treatment and recognition is, moreover, very great-a lesson we might well learn from the Germans, for there can be no doubt that it was a powerful factor in the rapid industrial development of Germany during the few decades preceding the war. The rulers of Germany may or may not have had any real appreciation of chemistry, but they knew very well how much that science could do to increase 97 the greatness of their country in times of peace and its chance of success in the event of war. And Germany has not changed.I would like the heads of our government departments to read the presidential address delivered a few months ago by Dr. Duisberg at an annual meeting of the Union for the Protection of the Interests of the German Chemical Industry. He is reported to have said that, notwithstanding Germany’s position of virtual bankruptcy, the State, at the instigation of the com- mercial committee of the Reichstag, had come to the help of the great chemical and physical societies, and in particular to that of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, and, further, to have said that, if the State could not continue financial aid, the German people themselves must give their last mark to maintain science.It is true that Dr. Duisberg is a distinguished chemist as well as a great industrialist, but what is of importance is the evidence this address affords of the unaltered attitude of the German people to science in general and to chemistry in particular. In my address last year I referred at some length to the effect of the misapplication-as we regard it-of the designation “chemist,” on the position which professional chemistry has occupied in this country in the past. I think that most of us are agreed that any attempt to restrict the use of the title is at present impracticable, and that, even if it were possible, it might, as I pointed out, injuriously affect the position of the present generation of chemists. We must be content to wait until the general public have attained.a better knowledge of the true nature of our profession, and in the meantime lose no opportunity of hastening that process of education in every conceivable way. One way I think would be through the agency of well-thought-out and well-directed propaganda.I should very much like to see lectures dealing with the importance of chemistry in connection with the industries of the country and the daily life of the people given, under the auspices of the Institute, in a number of centres in the United Kinngdom. In one or two of our Sections-notably the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section-something of this kind has been done, but I am very anxious that it should become a wide and organised move- ment, and that it should also have some element of permanency.I will now turn for a few moments to a consideration of some of the more purely domestic activities of the Institute. The work of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Com- mittee, as indicated by the report, would appear to have been 98 less heavy than in the previous few years, but this is not really the case. The regulations have not been modified in any very essential respect, but the nature of the applications calls, in many cases, for more careful deliberation. A large number of applications from candidates for Associateship who have obviously complied with the conditions, can be dealt with rapidly, but the consideration of applications for Fellowship received from Associates whose evidence of attainment must be carefully weighed on the individual merits of each case, is a very different matter. We all recognise that a high standard for the Fellowship must be rigidly adhered to, a standard corresponding with that attaching to the Fellowship in other professional bodies, and the Council fully realise the responsibility which rests on them and on the assessors whom they appoint to ad- judicate on the evidence submitted.It is a matter of satisfaction to see that notwithstanding the new method of admission to the Associateship, the number of candidates presenting themselves for the examinations of the Institute is steadily approaching the pre-war figure, and we may feel assured that the Board of Examiners have due regard to the importance of keeping the test fully adequate to its purpose.I must also refer, at this point, to the decision of the Council to introduce a ceremony of formal admission to the membership. It has long been felt that the sense of fellowship in the pro- fession would be better realised by new members if they were brought into actual contact with the Council of the Institute or with the Chairmen and Committees of the Local Sections within their respective districts. I believe that this will have the effect of increasing the corporate spirit, that it will encourage new members to join the Local Sections and take part in their activities, and that it will promote that unity of purpose and of interest which we are all anxious to foster.Our Journal, although a publication of modest dimensions, has become increasingly useful as a medium for the diffusion of information on professional matters, and we have good grounds for hoping that our other publications-the fifth edition of Official Chemical Appointments and the Register for 1923-will be found to be improvements upon previous issues. The difficulties of dealing with the new issue of Official Chemical Appointments have been very greatly increased owing to the long period which has elapsed since the publication of the 99 fourth edition.The returns to enquiries for information have not always been received as promptly as could have been wished, and this accounts for some delay in publication, but we are no less grateful to all who have assisted in supplying the necessary information. With regard to the Register, the Council have decided, after long discussion, to endeavour to produce a book supplying more than a bare list of names, qualifications, and addresses. It is no secret that there are differences of opinion as to the wisdom of this policy, but I think that some of these differences will tend to disappear on further consideration by those who have not actually taken part in the deliberations on the matter. It must be borne in mind that as the profession increases in importance and in numbers, the members themselves, who, after all, con- stitute the main body of those who receive this publication, find it desirable to know more about one another.It not infrequently happens that one wishes to know who are the chemists interested in a particular branch of work, or who reside within a particular district, or who are employed by a particular concern-all items of information we may quite legitimately desire for pro- fessional purposes It seems to me, therefore, that the pub- lication of information of this kind may be very helpful to our members in approaching one another on professional matters. On the other hand, it is held by some that such publication amounts to a form of advertisement, and that in the description of appointments the addition of adjectives to the word "chemist " is contrary to the principle which some of us have advocated, and which I myself supported in my address last year-namely the use of the word "chemist " without any adjectival or other qualification.Now the Register of the Institute, as I have indicated, is mainly for the use of its members, but it will be sent also to public libraries, to other profession31 bodies and institutions with whom we exchange publications, and also to a number of industrial concerns. Each member who wishes any description to be inserted is asked to determine his own description, but, in the event of a description appearing to be unsuitable in any respect, the Register Committee will disallow it.I think, therefore, we need not fear any abuse of this scheme. Again, it is held by some that if a member indicates by a description that he is specially interested in a particular branch of work it may prejudice his chance of obtaining work in some 100 other branch, and that such limitation appears to involve a suggestion of limited competency. I do not think that much importance attaches to this objection, since specialisation in chemistry, as in every other profession, is essential to full success. My personal view is that the publication of the Register in the modified form contemplated is quite justifiable from the point of view of professional ethics, and that it will provide our own members and the public generally with a useful book of reference. With the Board of the Institute of Physics, the Council have come to an agreement with regard to the qualifications required for the present duties of gas examiners, and you will have observed in the Journal a summary of the evidence on this matter given by the Assistant Secretary before the Therm Charges Committee of the Board of Trade.In my address last year I referred to a matter which had occupied the attention of the Special Purposes Committee, namely, the appointment of a Committee under the chairman- ship of Sir Joseph Petavel, to deal with the general question of laboratory glassware. Some very useful work has already been done, and the Institute has now been invited to take once again a closer and more direct interest in this very important subject.The question of the delivery of general lectures has received the very careful consideration of the Lectures and Library Committee, and it has been felt that this side of the Institute’s work is being well covered by the Local Sections, and that there is less need than formerly for lectures intended for our members as a whole. This does not, of course, mean that such general lectures are not desirable; we all remember the very interesting and valuable discourses for which we were indebted last session to Sir Edward Russell and Mr. Ballantyne, and we look forward, I am sure, with pleasure to hearing very shortly what Mr. E. J. MacGillivray has to tell us about Acts of Parliament of special interest to chemists.I should like to add that it is the desire of the Council that all lectures, whether of a general character or delivered to any of the Sections, should deal as far as possible with matters either of a professional character, or having a direct bearing on professional practice. Our library has been recently overhauled, and many books which with efflux of time had become useless as works of reference have been disposed of. In acknowledging our indebtedness to the Chemical Society for the privilege accorded to those of our members who are not Fellows of that Society of using their 101 library, I would venture to repeat, and to emphasise if possible, the hope that that privilege will not deter any members of the Institute from seeking admission to the Society and from taking their part in promoting its great work.I should like now to refer to two matters of the highest im- portance in connection with the work of the Institute, namely. our Local Sections, and our Registered Students. It would be impossible to over-estimate the enormous impetus which the formation of the Sections has given to the activities of the Institute as a whole, or to exaggerate their vitalising influence. Those who, like myself, were keenly desirous of seeing the Sections established must view with special satisfaction the good effect they are exerting upon the work of the Institute and indirectly upon the progress of our profession.A reference to our Journal will suffice to show how great has been their activity during the past year, and at what a rapid pace that activity is growing. The meetings afford opportunities for social intercourse, for the discussion of matters of local or of general professional interest, and they serve the further very desirable end of bringing our younger members into contact with those whom they know perhaps well by name and by repute, but whom they would otherwise have very little chance of meeting. I believe that the advantage of this intercourse will not be entirely with the younger men. I would express here the very great indebtedness of the Institute to our Registrar whose visits to the Sections and whose wise and thoughtful addresses have done so much to make the Institute a living force, especially perhaps among our students. In this sphere of activity Mr.Pilcher has been ably assisted by Mr. Marlow, to whom also our best thanks are due. For myself, I could wish that my duties and the heavy demands upon my time had made it possible for me to visit a larger number of the Sections, but it has been a great pleasure to me to be able to accept some of the invitations so kindly extended to me, and to see with my own eyes how admirably these Sections are fulfilling the main objects for which they were formed. As for our Registered Students, I think we may truly assert that we have not been unmindful of their claims upon us, or of their general interests.We have endeavoured, and we shall endeavour in the future, to make the students feel that the Institute is not merely an examining and qualifying body whose exacting claims they must do their best to satisfy, but that it is an organisation which understands their troubles, their difficulties, 102 and their needs, and which is genuinely concerned with their present welfare, as well as with their future stIccess, in the pro- fession which they have chosen. I should like, in this connection, to refer to the foundation of the Students’ Association in London, which should be capable of doing much good and useful work in bringing together those who are just entering the profession, and those of our more senior members who are willing to devote a little of their time to the interests of the Association by giving addresses, by facilitating visits to works, and in other ways.In throwing open their meetings to the Students, our Sections are also doing very much to forward the good work of bringing our young members into personal contact with their future professional brethren, an opportunity of which I hope all Students will take full advantage. Before I bring this address to a conclusion, I feel that I ought to deal briefly with the question of unemployment, and to repeat the warning which I uttered last year as to the prospects of the chemical profession, now and in the immediate future. Chemistry has great attractions for most boys, and there are many who are induced by a liking begotten in the school laboratory to embark upon a profession for which they have, perhaps, no real aptitude, and in which their chances of success are con- sequently small.They do not at the start realise that a chemical career is not a succession of fascinating experiments, but that it involves a great deal of hard work of a comparatively unattractive character, that it makes very great demands on its devotees, and that it involves much self-sacrifice on the part of those who adopt it as a profession. My own feeling, and the advice I invariably give to parents who consult me as to the prospects of chemistry as a career for their sons or daughters, is that they should choose some other calling, unless the boy or girl in question has so strong a love of the subject that the necessary hard work will lose its element of drudgery and the necessary sacrifices will be cheer- fully made.Whilst the supply of qualified chemists exceeds for the moment the demand, I do not think that this affords any cause for serious alarm. Partly for the reason I have mentioned above, and partly owing to the importance of chemistry in the war, our profession has attracted a larger number of young men during the last four years than in any previous corresponding period. To many of these, the grants made by the Government to ex-service men have been of inestimable value, and it is a matter ior congratulation that so many of these students have 103 completed their training, have taken their degrees, and have been welcomed into the Institute. I think you will know that I have always been very optimistic in regard to the future of chemistry as a profession, and it is a remarkable fact that notwithstanding the intense industrial and commercial depression, the new members of the profession are steadily being absorbed.believe that this steady absorption may be taken as a definite indication that chemistry is much more highly valued by the manufacturer than formerly, and as evidence that the leaders of industry and commerce are turning more and more to science to assist them in the solution of their various problems. But whilst all this affords some grounds for congratulation, we must not forget that one of our main immediate duties is to do everything in our power to find appointments for those who are at present without employment.With the advent of the trade revival, to which we all look forward, I have no doubt that these inen will be absorbed into industry; but there will, unfortunately, be an interval which will have to be bridged, and I therefore appeal to our members to find, if they can, temporary positions for those for whom permanent employment is not available. I know that the Local Sections are devoting special attention to this problem, for, as I indicated at the commencement of this address, the well-being of the country depends upon the full employment of all available chemical talent, and it is not in the public interest that any efficient and well trained chemist should, through discouragement, be induced to abandon his profession.As ten years have now elapsed since what I may describe as the last normal year, it has occurred to me that a few figures might be of interest to you as illustrating the progress made by the Institute in the organisation of our profession. The Registrar has been good enough to prepare a schedule showing the numbers of Fellows, Associates, Students, and Candidates for examination, for each of the years from January, 1913,to January, 1923. Jan. Peibwu. Associates. Total. Students. ExaL.amwed. Passed. 1913 1172 248 1430 333 161 95 1914 1204 250 1454 365 158 a4 1915 1227 250 1477 363 92 48 1916 1233 255 1488 379 64 45 1917 1270 222 1492 406 25 21 1918 1356 491 1847 370 19 11 1919 1489 974 2463 349 9 5 1920 1548 1413 2961 469 16 11 1921 1562 1708 3270 799 32 26 1922 1568 2073 3641 883 55 32 1923 1601 2461 4062 955 115 69 104 It will be seen that whilst in 1914 there were 1204 Fellows and 250 Associates, or a total membership of 1454,in January of this year the corresponding numbers had increased to 1601 Fellows and 2461 Associates-making a total membership of 4062.During the same period our Registered Students have increased from 365 to 955. These figures, so far as the member- ship is concerned, take no account of those who have died or resigned, and so far as the Studentship is concerned, take no account of those who have passed to the Associateship or have resigned before completing their training, Turning to the number of candidates for examination, it will be seen that for the year 1912-1913, 161 were examined. These figures naturally fell during the war until the year 1919, when only g candidates presented themselves.From that time, however, there has been a steady increase, and it will be seen that during the year 1922-23 there were no less than 115 can-didates for our examinations. As one who has for a good many years seen something of the inner working of other scientific and technical societies, I do feel that our Institute is to be very warmly congratulated on the admirable and self-sacrificing manner in which it is-served by all who are associated with it in any official capacity.It is very difficult and it may perhaps seem a little invidious, where all have worked so loyally and so well, to refer to any special services; but in addition to our Honorary Treasurer, to whom I have already expressed our deep sense of indebtedness, I feel that I ought to mention the names of the two retiring Vice-presidents, Mr. Horatio Ballantyne and Mr. E. M. Hawkins. Mr. Ballantyne’s well-known literary ability and his keen critical faculty, have been of very great service to us in his position as Chairman of the Publications Committee, whilst as Chairman of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, we have happily been able to draw freely on his great experience in many matters-especially those having a legal bearing-with which the Council have had to deal.Mr. Hawkins’ services as a general member of Council, as a Vice-president, and especially as Vice-chairman of the Nomina-tions, Examinations and Institutions Committee, must surely constitute something very like a record. Having regard to the fact that Mr. Hawkins practises in Canterbury, his percentage of attendances at Council and Committee Meetings has been remarkable, and the Institute owes him a deep debt of gratitude 105 for very valuable services, which he must often, I am sure, have rendered at great personal inconvenience. Among others who have devoted themselves assiduously to the business of the Institute, I should just like to mention Mr.Kirkddy, whose valuable services will, I hope, be recognised in some small measure by his election to-day as one of our Vice- Presidents. To the retiring Members of Council and to all who have worked so well and so willingly on our various Committees our warmest thanks are also due. I now come to what is perhaps my most pleasant duty in connection with the preparation of this address, namely, to offer to Mr. Pilcher an expression of my deep gratitude for all the help he has so freely and so cheerfully given me during the past year. It is no exaggeration to say that if I had not been able to rely upon Mr. Pilcher’s unequalled knowledge of Institute matters, and upon his unerring sagacity and judgment, my occupancy of this chair would have been well-nigh impossible.To Mr. Marlow also I desire to express my warmest thanks, as well as to Miss Cawston, and indeed to all the members of the office staff. They have, in various ways, contrived to make the position of your President not only possible, but also exceedingly pleasant. 106 Proceedings of the Council. FEBRUARY-MARCH, 1923. Council and Committees.-The list of Officers, General and District Members of Council who took office on rst March is given on pp. 73-74. At their first meeting held on 9th March, the new Council appointed the Standing and Special Committees and their chairmen for the ensuing session (see pp. 74-75). Admission of New Members.-The first formal admission of new Associates took place on 23rd February, when 25 new Associates attended and received their certificates from the President in the presence of the Council.The President said: “You are no doubt aware, gentlemen, that this is the first occasion on which a President of the Institute has had the pleasure of offering a personal and formal welcome to newly-elected members of the Institute. I am very glad that this should have fallen to my lot, and I desire now to offer you, on behalf of the Council, and, indeed, on behalf of the whole Institute, a warm welcome and our sincere congratulations. (‘The object of this little ceremony is, perhaps, two-fold. “In the first place it was felt that it was desirable that every member on his election should be brought at the earliest possible moment into personal contact with the President and Council, so that he might the better realise that the Institute is not merely an impersonal examining body, but a society of men with many of whom he will in the future be brought into close professional contact, and who will watch with interest his progress, and rejoice in his success.“The second object is to emphasize the importance of the solemn obligation which you have undertaken to-day, namely, to observe the provisions of the Charter and By-Laws and to conduct yourselves honourably in the practice of your profession and to do the utmost in your power to maintain the dignity and welfare of the Institute. “You have the inestimable advantage of finding awaiting you a ready-made profession, and this you owe very largely to the labours of the Institute of Chemistry and of the many great 107 and devoted men who have served the Institute in the past.You will, I know, hold as I do those names in honour and en- deavour to repay in some small measure their great service to you by a firm allegiance to the Institute, and by the constant practice of those professional virtues which they did so much to inculcate and exemplify. ‘‘Chemistry, like all professions, makes very great demands on its followers and involves persistent effort and a good deal of self-sacrifice; but, given hard work, a devotion to truth and a constant realisation of all the obligations which a great profession entails, I am sure that success will come to you all sooner or later, At any rate, such is my most earnest wish.” BacteriologicalTests of M iI k.-The Public Appointments Committee, acting in conjunction with representatives of the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists, have considered the arrangements made by the Ministry of Health for the bacteriological examination of grade milk, under the Milk and Dairies (Amendment) Act, 1922, and official circulars relating thereto.The Ministry, being anxious to develop this work on a con- siderable scale, expressed the hope that public analysts would be prepared to undertake it at a fee of 5s. per sample, for the bacteriological count and test for B. coli; but the answers to enquiries addressed to practitioners in various parts of the country clearly showed that the proposal of the Ministry was not feasible.Arrangements were made, therefore, for representa- tives of the Institute and the Society to meet the officials of the Ministry concerned with the matter. The interview took place at the Ministry on 27th February, those present being Mr. A. Chaston Chapman (President of the Institute), Mr. P. A. Ellis Richards (President of the Society of Public Analysts), Dr. Bernard Dyer, Mr. Edward Hinks, with the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary of the Institute; and, representing the Ministry, Mr. A. B. Maclachlan (Assistant Secretary of the Ministry), with Dr. A. W. J. MacFadden, Dr. G. W. Monier-Williams, and Mr.J. N. Beckett. Mr. Chaston Chapman, having read a considered statement regarding Bacteriological Tests of Milk, which had been prepared by the Public Appointments Committee, referred in detail to points arising out of the statement. He suggested that there were three ways in which the Ministry could arrange for the 108 bacteriological examinations : (a) on factory lines-with regard to which he said that no self-respecting professional chemist and bacteriologist would undertake the responsibility of supervising such work; (b) the Ministry might induce professional men of repute with established laboratories to undertake the work-in connection with which he quoted a report from a large industrial establishment showing that the actual cost of each examination was approximately 8s., and also quoted figures from another large laboratory showing that, even if there were a guarantee of 1600 samples a year, the work could only be carried on at a loss for the suggested fee of 5s., if a bacteriologist of standing were employed in the work; (c) the work might be put into the hands of junior men who were establishing practices-but it would be found that no such man could maintain a laboratory and make a living on the remuneration of ;6400 per annum, taking a basis of 1600 samples a year at 5s.The Institute and the Society were of opinion that, for the proper discharge of the duties involved in these examinations, the fee for occasional samples should be one guinea per sample, although, if relatively large numbers are submitted in batches of several at a time, the fee might be slightly reduced.Three classes of persons were to be considered who were affected by this work. In the first place, the public must be considered. If this service were to be of any use to the public, it must be well carried out, and, therefore, must be paid for at the proper professional rate. Secondly, the milk vendors had to be considered; and, as had been pointed out in the statement, their interests would be jeopardised unless the bacteriologists were men of established repute. Thirdly, those who did the work had to be considered, and he suggested that the Ministry should encourage proper payment for their services, and should not give colour to any suggestion that they were exploiting public-spirited professional men.Mr. Richards and Dr. Dyer endorsed the views of Mr. Chaston Chapman, and Mr. Hinks said that he had been asked to undertake the work, but had declined, because he was quite unable to do it at the fee suggested by the Ministry. Mr. Maclachan, in reply, referred to the administrative mechanism. Milk vendors who were licensed in accordance with the fourth schedule of the Order relating to Graded Milk, had to pay fees, and these fees were allocated to the cost of the tests. The Ministry had not suggested the 5s. fee without making en- 109 qUiries as to the cost of the bacteriological examination of milk, Before the Order was made they had come to the conclusion that the work could be done for ss., and the licence fees had been fixed on that basis.Neither the local authorities nor the Treasury had power to contribute to the cost of the tests, so that, if bacteri-ologists found themselves unable to carry on the work at a fee of 5s., there were only two alternatives, either to increase the licence fees or to reduce the number of samples examined. He thought that either course would be objectionable. At the same time, he had been much impressed by the President’s arguments, and particularly by the suggestion that a man engaged for his whole time on this work could not make more than 1600 examinations a year, or about 30 a week. He had thought that a bacteriologist would undertake many more examinations in the course of a week.He drew a parallel with the experience of the Ministry when they were starting Wassermann tests in connection with the Venereal Diseases Order. In that case they had found great opposition to the suggestion that the tests should be made at the cost of 5s., but it was found after some years of experience that the fee for the test could actually be reduced. Dr. Macfadden pointed out, with regard to the position of the milk vendor, that this scheme was administrative, and that criminal proceedings would not be taken under normal circum- stances. He suggested that it was necessary to develop a special type of bacteriological technique, so that large numbers of samples could be done in a routine manner.Mr. Chaston Chapman replied that he could not conceive the possi bdity of varying degrees of bacteriological accuracy. Mr. Maclachlan said that he had before him a list of fifteen laboratories which were prepared to perform the work at a fee of 5s., but, in reply to members of the deputation, he admitted that some of them, though not all, were State- or rate-aided institu- tions. In thanking the representatives of the Institute and the Society for giving their views on the matter, he said that the Ministry would take them carefully into consideration. Therm Charges Committee.-The Departmental Com- mittee of the Board of Trade on the method of charging for gas on a thermal basis have reported to the Board of Trade in favour of the retention of this method of charging.In the report due notice has been taken of the evidence given 110 on behalf of the Institute before the Committee. The following abstracts from the report are of interest in this connection :-(Par, 78.) “It will be observed that throughout this report we attach special importance to the adequacy of testing for pressure and calorific value and to the efficiency of consumers’ appliances.” (Par. 54.) “It has been represented to us that gas examiners appointed by local authorities should be possessed of certain scientific qualifications. Whilst we in general endorse the opinion that men of scientific training should be appointed, it is not within our duties to recommend a definite standard, especially in view of the fact that officers who have for some years made tests and become familiar with the work to be undertaken may be fully competent to perform their duties satisfactorily.We strongly deprecate, however, any tendency on the part of local authorities to place the appointment of gas examiner open to tender to the cheapest bidder, and we are of opinion that it is to the best interests of gas consumers that the most efficient men available should be appointed.” “Consideration could usefully be given to the question of prescribing a minimum qualification for future appointments.” (Par. 49.) “No previous notice whatever is given to the Company when the test takes place at the works, but where the tests take place away from the works notice is necessary in order that a representative of the company may be present.It should be pointed out in this connection that the evidence available indicates that the calorific value of the gas does not suffer in its passage from the works to even remote parts of the districts of supply. Testings for pressure at the works only seem to us insufficient as a safeguard to the consumer.” In the report of the Joint Committee of the Council of the Institute and of the Board of the Institute of Physics, referred to on pp. 21 and 22 of the Journal, Part I., 1923, mention is made of examples of diplomas of colleges which should be accepted as evidence of qualification for the post of gas examiner. The list was not intended to be exclusive, but the Associateship of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow (A.R.T.C.), was inadvertently omitted.University College of the South-West of England. -The Council have added the University College of the South-West of England (the Royal Albert Memorial College), Exeter, to the list of Institutions recognised for the training of candidates 111 for the examinations of the Institute, subject to the usual condi- tions. The Register, 1923.--The proposed new form of the Register has been the subject of several letters which have been submitted to the Council. On 19th January the Council had before them a letter from the Belfast Section submitting resolutions which had been passed by the Section, objecting to, what they termed, contentious proposals which the members of the Section con- sidered a reversal of the policy of the Institute with regard to the use of the word chemist. The descriptions or designations suggested in the circular referring to the Register allowed for the use of adjectives such as “Analytical,” “Consulting,” “Research,” “Works,” “Process,” “Control ”; the circular, therefore, appeared to suggest that the Council no longer advo- cated the use of the word chemist unqualified.While the Council prefer such use, they are aware that in some cases the designations are official. The information is mainly for the use of the members, however, and the Fellows and Associates are at liberty to give their designations, or not, as they please, it being understood that the Register Committee will decline to insert any that appear to them to be unsuitable.The Belfast Section requested that an extraordinary general meeting should be held to consider the whole matter; but the Council held that an opportunity for discussing the subject would be provided at the annual general meeting on 1st March. The forms returned by the members did not indicate any general opposition, and the Council, therefore, decided not to depart from the scheme already agreed upon. One other Fellow subsequently supported the views of the Belfast Section, and three Fellows wrote in favour of indicating in the Register the examinations of the Institute which had been passed by the members respectively. The Council were of opinion that the indication of any such distinction between the members-whether elected by examination or otherwise-was undesirable.As anticipated, a discussion on the matter took place at the annual general meeting. (See p. 80.) The Title “ Chemist.”-Following on the recent discus-sions on the title of (‘chemist,” the frequent references to the dis-pensing of prescriptions which have appeared in the public press, and the statement advertised by the Retail Pharmacists’ Union, 112 a letter from the President of the Institute has been published in many of the leading London and provincial newspapers:-17th March, 1923. DEARSm,-The Retail Pharmacists’ Union, in their recent announcement with regard to the subject of the accurate dispensing of medicines, have, I think it will be generally agreed, made A good statewent on behalf of the profession of pharmacy.I would, however, venture to place before your readers a matter, arising from the above, which is one of no small concern to those chemists who are engaged in the practice of Chemistry as distinct from Pharmacy- that is to say-who are concerned with the science of chemistry and its applications to the arts and manufactures, and hava nothing to do with the dispensing of medicines. The Retail Pharmacists’ Union have headed their announcement with the words “The Chemist,” and I would like to make, in the public press, the suggestion which has so often been made in the scientific press, that the time has come for the pharmacist to relinquish the use of the term “chemiet” in favour of those who definitely practise chemistry.The war was instrumental in directing the attention of the public more closely to the existence of the profession of chemistry, the profession on which the country found it necessary to rely for the production of explosives and materials of war generally, aa well as for the means of protecting our troops against the methods of chemical warfare initiated by the enemy1 During the past half-century, the science of chemistry has developed by leaps and bounds, and its practice as a profession has become more and more firmly established. In this country the science is now taught in 1000 or more public and secondary schools, and in nearly 300 technical schools, while our University Departments of Chemistry are renowned throughout the world. The Institute of Chemistry, as the representative chartered pro- fessional body of chemists, numbers upwards of 4000 Fellows and Associates, whose qualification demands a four years’ University course, or the equivalent, and the majority of whom are engaged in the many branches of industry on which the science has a bearing.In other countries the strict equivalent of the word “chemist ’’ signifies, as it should, one who professes chemistry, and not in any case the pharmacist, druggist, or dispenser of medicines. How the misapplication of the word has arisen in this country is a matter which I need not here pursue. The enormous importance of chemistry is becoming daily more widely recog- nised, and it is highly desirable in order to avoid confusion, that the word “Chemist” should be confined to those who practise chemistry in the full sense of the word.It is bad enough when mental confusion is the un-fortunate consequence of the poverty of a language, but in this instance the correct and distinctive words are ready to our hand. I would like to express the hope which I have already expressed on a good many occasions, that our friends the Pharmacists-notwithstanding the provision of the Pharmacy Act-will lose no opportunity of referringto their ancient and important calling by the word which more accurately defines and describes it. In addition, I would appeal to the Press, which is so important a factor in the enlightenment of the general public, to assist so far as they can by employing the terms “Chemist” and “Pharmacist” respectively in their obviously correct significations, so that those practising chemistry may be described as chemists, and those practising pharmacy as pharmacists .-Yours faithfully, A.CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S.,President of the Institute of Chemis81-yof &eut Britain and Ireland. 113 Local Sections. Birmingham and Midlands.-A general meeting of the Section was held at the White Horse Hotel on 12th February, Prof. Gilbert T. Morgan in the chair. The following were elected as Officers and Committee:---Chairman, Prof. G. T. Morgan; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. J. Newton Friend; Hon.Secretary, Mr. C. A. F. Hastilow; Committee, Mr. N. P. Booth, Dr. A. Glover, Mr. A. B. Holmes, Mr. C. J. House, Mr. W. H. Peters, Mr. H. J. Pinnock, Dr. A. Slator, Dr. D. F. Twiss, and Dr. W. Wardlaw. A newly-elected Associate was welcomed by the Chairman, and the draft rules submitted for consideration by the Com- mittee were discussed and amended. At a meeting of the Section, held on 20th March, at the White Horse Hotel, seven newly-elected Associates were received by the Chairman. A very enjoyable smoking concert was held, an excellent programme being contributed by members of the Section and their friends. Both of the above meetings were very well attended. It is proposed to hold meetings in other centres in the district, and one will probably be arranged in the near future to take place at Derby or Nottingham.Bristol and South-Western Counties.-At a meetingof the Section held on 16th February (Mr. Edward Russell, B.Sc., President, in the chair), Dr. David Hooper, late Quin- ologist of the Madras Government, gave an interesting lecture on “Cinchona and Quinine in India,” dealing with the romance of Peruvian Bark, and illustrated by the history of the introduction of cinchona into, and the manufacture of quinine in, British India. The characteristics of the red bark, crown bark and ledger’s yellow bark were enumerated, and the features given of the districts in the Nilgiri Hills and Sikkini, where they are grown. Praise was bestowed on the pioneers of the industry who overcame the difficulties of the cultivation and manufacture and brought the alkaloid, quinine, within the reach of the people of India. Reference was made to the methods of harvesting the bark and to experiments in manuring the trees in order to increase the 114 amount of alkaloid in the bark.The process was then described of manufacturing “febrifuge,” a mixture of alkaloids, and, finally, that of the manufacture, by the oil process, of sulphate of quinine, a product in every respect as good as that turned out by the British and continental factories. The lecturer remarked that quinine was still acknowledged to be the most effective remedy for malarial fever, one of the greatest scourges of the East. The vital need of possessing within the Empire our own cilrchona gardens was, he said, strikingly brought home to us during the war.The lecture was illustrated with lantern slides. The Chairman opened a discussion on the paper, in which Messrs. Storey, Littler, Andrews, Wintle, Barker and Wallace took part. Dr. Hooper was cordially thanked for the lecture. The annual general meeting was held on 23rd March, at the Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol, Mr. Edward Russell presiding. A vote of condolence was passed to the relatives of the late Mr. George Embrey, a member of the inaugural committee of the Section. The Hon. Secretary’s report showed that five meetings had been held during the winter, and that the membership had been maintained.The financial statement showed a balance in hand of over lr6. A donation was voted to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute. Mr. F. Southerden and Dr. D. Hooper were elected to the Committee in the place of the retiring members, Mr. Russell and Mr. Tickle. Two Associates were welcomed by the Section, and received their certificates from the Chairman. Votes of thanks were passed to the retiring Chairman and the Hon. Secretary for their services, and also to Dr. Wertheimer and the Society of Merchant Venturers for the use of the rooms in the College. The Chairman of the Section will be appointed at an early meeting of the new committee. Mr. E. Lewis and Mr. F. H. C. Bull were re-appointed auditors. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-On 23rd Februarythe Section joined with other chemical societies in Glasgow and district in a public dinner held at the Grosvenor Restaurant, The function, which was associated with the memory of Sir William Ramsay, was attended by representatives of the 115 Society of Chemical Industry, the Society of Dyers and Colourists, the Glasgow University Alchemists’ Club, the Andersonian Chemical Society, and the Ardeer Chemical Club.Professor G. G. Henderson presided, and the company included the Lord Provost, Sir Thomas Paxton, Bart., and Lady Paxton, Sir John Reid, Dr. E. F. Armstrong, President of the Society of Chemical Industry; Bailie Izett, Mr. Charles R. Gibson, and Mr. G. A. Mitchell, President of the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce. A telegram of greetings and good wishes was read from the President and the Registrar of the Institute, who had been in- vited, but were prevented from being present owing to a Council meeting of the Institute being held on the same day.Mr. Charles R. Gibson, in proposing the toast of “The Joint Chemical Societies,” said he esteemed it an honour to the Royal Philosophical Society that this toast had been allotted to their President. The Society of Chemical Industry was the largest chemical society in this country, having a membership of 5300. Its objects were the promotion and advancement of applied chemistry and chemical engineering, and it attained that purpose by holding meetings and publishing papers. The society was not an examining body.It had local sections in many parts of the Empire, and it linked up with the United States of America. Last year the society held a very successful conference in Glasgow. Its Past Presidents included their distinguished Chairman, and among other Past Presidents were Sir Henry Roscoe, Sir James Dewar, Sir George Beilby, Sir William Ramsay (whose memory they honoured that evening), Sir William Crookes, and Sir William Pope, and, to mention one other, the present President, Dr. E. F. Amstrong, who was with them that evening. The second society included in the toast was the Institute of Chemistry, which was a pro- fessional body, and awarded the diplomas of A.I.C. and F.I.C., which qualifications were recognised in industry. It was interest- ing to note that these diplomas could be obtained by chemists engaged in industry, who might not have taken a University degree, and yet were fully qualified and broadly trained chemists. The Institute of Chemistry looked after the professional interests.The Society of Dyers and Colourists was a scientific body formed in the interests of the development of dyeing and allied industries. This society had its headquarters at Bradford, and possessed nine local sections throughout Great Britain. The Glasgow 116 University Alchemists’ Club was formed of past and present students of the Glasgow University Chemical Department. A sister society to this was the Andersonian Chemical Society, whose members were the students of the Royal Technical College.Societies such as these gave an excellent medium for students communicating their ideas to others, and at the same time broadening their interests beyond their ordinary class work, and he would suggest, now that the University and the Royal Technical College were affiliated, that those two students’ organisations might also be affiliated. Last, but not least, was the Ardeer Chemical Club, the members of which were the research staff of Messrs. Nobel’s Explosives Works at Ardeer. It was to the credit of this great firm that they had realised the soundness of investing money in scientific research. Were this done more generally there was no doubt that it would be for the benefit of all great industries. All these societies formed links between academic and industrial chemists. There was one remark he would like to make in connection with the Royal Philosophical Society, which was, he believed, the oldest scientific society in Glasgow, having been in existence for 120 years.Could this old society not be a mother to the various local scientific societies ? It had various sections composed of members outside of the general membership. This enabled the sections to hold any meetings they desired in the society’s buildings, and also gave them the use of the library for reference purposes. Personally, he would be very much pleased if the local chemical societies would propose to the Council of the Philosophical Society the formation of a chemical section on such lines, and he felt sure that the council would welcome its fulfilment.The Chairman, in responding to the toast, said the desire for closer co-operation and co-ordination of effort on the part of the societies which were interested in chemistry found expression some years ago in the institution of a Federal Council of Pure and Applied Chemistry, which was intended to be a super-organisa-tion representative of all the chemists in the country. Until recently the Federal Council had distinguished itself by its quiescence, but it had lately given indications of increasing activity. It required the ungrudging support of all the chemical societies in order to fulfil the functions which it was instituted to carry out. There had, he thought, been a lack of support arising from an idea that the societies, in too keenly supporting the principleof federation, might to some extent lose their individuality.117 That, however, was a mistaken idea. In co-operation they had a two-fold object. In the first place, they wished to impress upon the public the fact that the profession of chemistry was one of the most important, if not the most important, in the country, and that chemists could claim at least an equal status with other professions. They had, however, a still higher object. As chemists they knew that every manufacturing industry was directly dependent upon chemistry, but the people at large did not realise that fact. Their work did not appeal to the eye as did that of the engineer, and they had been somewhat remiss in not informing the people of its enormous importance.There were men among them who could explain the great achievements of chemistry in language that could be understood by the multi- tude, and he was glad to say that the various societies were now making an effort to educate the people to the fact that the future prosperity of the country was to a large extent linked up with the development of chemical science. The Lord Provost, in replying to the toast of “The City of Glasgow,” which was proposed by Dr. Armstrong, appealed to chemists to assist the movement for obtaining a purer atmospheer in Glasgow. For many years he and his colleagues in the Town Council had been trying to obtain a smokeless fuel, and he expressed the hope that those who were engaged in the profession of chemistry would help them in their search.There was a deep-rooted sentiment in favour of burning raw coal, and thereby polluting the air. The Corporation for a long time had been struggling against this, and it would be a good thing if the citizens could be persuaded to relinquish the use of raw coal, as the real source of the trouble was not so much the industrial works as the thousands of domestic fires. The societies who were repre- sented at the dinner could, he believed, do a great deal to assist the Corporation in this matter. Mr. W. E. Moodie proposed the toast of “The Guests,” to which Mr. G. A. Mitchell replied. The above report is mainly abstracted from the Glasgow Herald.A smoking concert was held on Friday, 9th March, jointly with the Ardeer Chemical Club. Six new Associates were formally welcomed by the Chairman, Mr. William Rintoul, and received their certificates. The Committee are endeavouring to obtain information about the early records of the practice of chemistry in Glasgow and district. 118 Leeds Area.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Queen’s Hotel, Leeds, on 7th March, Capt. J. A. Foster read a paper on “Chemical Jurisprudence and Forensic Chemistry,’’ which he described as the application of chemistry and chemical knowledge to the elucidation of questions which arise during the course of judicial proceedings. The various branches of legal procedure in which the know- ledge of chemistry might be required were very many, They might be divided into :-(i) The Police Court, including (a) Criminal; (b) Food and Drugs Acts, 1875, 1912; (c) Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Acts, 1906;(d) Rag Flock Acts, 1911;(e) Rivers Pollu- tion, and Actions under Fisheries Board (Sea and Rivers) ; (f> Building Regulations.(ii) County Court Proceedings, where claims for damages (of and under EIOO) were brought; for example, claims in respect of the sale of goods not up to guarantee, such as foods, fertilisers, feeding stuffs, oils, oil cakes; and claims in respect of the death of poultry, horses, cattle and pigs, etc., from different causes, in all of which the chemist might be asked to give his opinion.(iii) High Court cases. In the administration of the Sale of Foods and Drugs Acts much depended on the results of analyses, and the same remark applied with almost equal force to many criminal actions, of which murder by poison was the most striking example. In many civil cases chemistry played an important part, and in some of these cases the chemistry of manufacturing processes was examined most exhaustively. Nature of Evidence.-In all legal proceedings the first essential was that the facts of the matter should be brought to the know- ledge of the Court in the most authentic form possible. This was done by giving evidence in the proper way; and true evidence consisted of the facts which were proved in the course of legal procedure, by either actual eye-witness or personal knowledge, and not by what “He says” or “They told me’,-hearsay- which was not evidence.It was specially enacted by the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, and also the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs A4ct, that a certificate of analysis given by a public analyst or an official agricultural analyst might be produced in Court and used as evidence without the appearance of the person who signed it. 119 Burdeut of Proof.-It was the duty of the party who alleged the affirmative case to prove that case, and such party was caUed the prosecutor or plaintiff. Thus, if food or drugs are adulterated, the prosecutor must prove the facts of adulteration. At times the burden of proof shifted from one party to the other.The evidence must be complete and conclusive, because it was a very general defence that the evidence was incomplete and inconclusive. Chemical Evidence.-Chemical evidence, which dealt with chemical facts and deductions, was, in general, governed by the same rules as apply to other evidence, with this important exception, that whereas the ordinary witness as to fact was not allowed to give his opinion, the expert witness, in which class was included the chemist, had a somewhat wider latitude per- mitted him. The chemist might, therefore, state not merely his facts, but also the deductions he had drawn from them, and the opinions he had formed thereon. Functions of Chemist and Lawyer.-Although both chemist and lawyer are concerned in the preparation and formulation of chemical evidence, they were not necessarily familiar with each other’s methods and requirements.It followed that the chemist should know sufficient of the rules of evidence to enable him to make his analyses or experiments as useful as possible to the lawyer. Chemico-legal ability did not consist only in the acquisition of facts, but in the power of arranging them and in applying the conclusions to which they lead to the purposes of the law. A man might be a most skilful analyst or a most experienced chemist ;his mind might be well stored with professional informa- tion; yet if he were unable by the use of simple language to make his information known to others, his knowledge would be of no avail.The first duty, therefore, of a chemical expert was to cultivate a faculty of minute observation, combined with a general know- ledge of what the law required as evidence. In preparing the statement called “Proof of Evidence,’’ all the facts which were brought to the knowledge of the expert should be clearly set down. It was necessary that an expert should remember that copies of his report and depositions, either before a magistrate or coroner, were usually placed in the hands of counsel as well as of the judge, and that his evidence, as it was given at the trial, was compared word for word with that which 120 had already been put on record. There was reason to believe that that was not generally known to members of the scientific professions.Any serious deviations from what was on record would of course tell unfavourably against the witness, supply materials for severe cross-examination, and form an excellent ground of defence for the opposite side. Liverpool and North-Western.-The brief record of the proceedings of the Section at its meetings on 14th December, 1922, and 11th January, 1923, has been supplemented by the following :-A resolution of congratulation to Dr. G. C. Clayton on the occasion of his return to Parliament was carried with acclamation. The Syllabus Committee was re-appointed, and a discussion arose on the nature of the future proceedings of the Section. The general feeling seemed to be that, having attained to a position of responsible maturity, and having weathered the difficult years of inauguration, the Section should confine itself to constructive work of a permanent nature.Prof. Roberts’ suggestion that the Section should devote less time to the reading of papers seemed the leading note, although the paper read immediately afterwards by Prof. Baly on “The Romance of Science” was the strongest recommendation for papers the Section has known. The members were much interested in the history of the discovery of the rare gases, and the paper generally was greatly appreciated. Prof. Baly urged a strong plea for the presentation of scientific facts in a pleasing form. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Prof. Baly. The January meeting consisted of a cinema exhibition of living and moving parasites and pathogenic micro-organisms, kindly shown by Messrs.Path6 Fr2res at 34, Paradise Street. The members were much impressed with the high order of technical work evidenced by the films, and the consensus of opinion was that they constituted remarkable examples of the skill of microscopists and photographers. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded Messrs. Path6 FrBres. On January 25, 1923,a smoking concert, organised by Mr. C. R. Jones, was held at the Washington Hotel, the evening’s entertainment being entirely provided by Associates. The programme included items by a male-voice quartett, selections by the University Chemical Research Students’ Orchestra, and some excellent tenor songs by Mr.D. J. Lewis, to whom a 121 vote of thanks was carried, on the motion of Mr. H. J. Evans, seconded by Mr. E. H. Shepherd. At the February meeting, three new Associates were welcomed, received their certificates, and were entertained by the Section. A discussion followed on the relations of the Institute to the British Association of Chemists, and a resolution was passed asking the Council to consider the matter. Prof. Roberts outlined a scheme under which members of the Institute could form a society, analogous to the Medical Defence Association, which would enable them to secure the advantages sought by the Association without infringing the Charter of the Institute, On 8th March a lecture on "Chemical Warfare " was delivered before the Section, in the chemical theatre of the Liverpool University, by Major Lefebure.Whether we wished to be in the position to wage successful war, or to strike a rapid and successful blow, or to defend ourselves against attack, or to provide in general against either possibility by employing measures of disarmament, the lecturer held that attention should be focussed upon the weapon which lends itself most to sudden and decisive surprise; that was to say, the weapon in the employment of which the necessary preparations were most silent and secret, from the point of view of both design and manufacture. Unless, in the meantime, disarmament became a far more real and practical proposition, it was a safe assumption that in any future war the first, and, perhaps, the only necessary step, would be to paralyse the great centres of industry and of civil and military administration.Judging from the known facts, including the experience of the war, chemical warfare would be many times more effective for this purpose than the use of explosives or of any other known and proved type of casualty producer. In terms of energy and efficiency, chemical warfare was the weapon of the future, and the country must be ready with defence against it. The possibility of an attack of a character unsuspected and, therefore, unguarded against, an attack against which no protection might develop for years, even under the most intensive investigation, was perhaps the chief reason for regarding chemical warfare as the most important factor in any scheme of national armament, or in the possible alternative of international disarmament.Chemical warfare would be the most important issue in the future, for which both 122 from the view of offence and defence, the country must be prepared. In the lecturer’s view, officials in high places and in control of war machinery were not sufficiently alive to the possibilities of chemical warfare. London and South-Eastern Counties.-On Wednesday, zIst February, the Section visited the Battersea Polytechnic. Dr. R. H. Pickard, the Principal, gave an address on “The Modern Polytechnic as a training ground for Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering.” One of his chief points was that the idea that polytechnics only imparted a smattering of scientific knowledge was obsolete.Nowadays a systematic training was given, built up on a basis of thorough study of pure chemistry. After the address Dr. Kenyon, head of the chemical department, demonstrated the plant and equipment for the study of chemical engineering. Numerous and interesting exhibits were on view in the laboratories. Manchester.-The third general meeting of the session was held in the Grand Hotel, Manchester, on 15th March. Certificates were presented to the recently-elected Associates by the Chair- man, Mr. William Marshall, who, on behalf of the President, extended to each a cordial welcome to the membership of the Institute. The meeting thereafter resolved itself into a smoking concert, when Miss Robinson and Messrs.Chorley, Coulthard, Hannay, Manley, Marchant, Morgan, Potter, Silvester and Strafford con- tributed to an excellent programme, which was greatly appreci- ated. Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Chemical Industry Club, I, Brunswick Place, Newcastle, on the 6th December, 1922, Dr. A. Fleck in the chair. The election of Dr. P. E. Bowles as chairman for the session, having been announced, the meeting considered a report received from representatives of the Huddersiield, Leeds area and New- castle local Sections. It was agreed that meetings of representatives of the Local Sections in Voting Area VI. was desirable, and the Committee was empowered by the meeting to elect representatives to attend subsequent meetings, with voting powers on behalf of the local 123 Section, provided that ample opportunity be afforded the members of the local Section to discuss matters of principle, as and when such questions should arise.On the 7th February an informal dinner was held in the Refectory, Armstrong College. The members of the Section had the pleasure of welcoming Mr. H. C. L. Bloxam and Mr. Norman Bland, both of whom had recently settled at Newcastle. The meeting of the Section on the 7th March was held at the Chemical Industry Club in the new premises at 3, Ellison Place, Newcastle. Mr. H. C. L. Bloxam gave a very interesting address on his experiences abroad as a chemical practitioner, first in South Africa and afterwards in Chile, where he held the post of Director of the Chilian Admiralty Laboratories, and latterly in India.Emphasis was laid on the excellence of the laboratories and their equipment in those countries, as well as on the appreciation felt for the chemist, and the recogiiition accorded his work. It was gratifying to hear that the British chemist was looked up to, not only on account of his professional ability, but also for his integrity. Mr. Bloxam indicated that in countries in which protective tariffs were imposed, all sorts of interesting chemical problems arose, and that the tariffs themselves afforded a most astonishing diversity in chemical matters. Reference was also made to the way in which important chemical investigations were stimulated in new countries by prospectors of all kinds of raw materials, and how the interest in chemistry was maintained by the import and export of raw and manufactured articles of com- merce; while it was pointed out that in the smaller countries a great impetus was apparent in manufacture owing to and also since the war, to the advantage of the chemist. Finally, Mr.Bloxam impressed upon the meeting that there was a need for chemists of ability abroad, and he advised the young chemists to turn their thoughts to foreign countries. Mr. Bloxam then answered questions put by members on various points in his address. The meeting discussed a scheme for assisting the Benevolent Fund, and it was left to the Committee to decide upon the form which this scheme should take.The President of the Institute has promised to address the members at a meeting to be held on the 20th April. 124 South Wales.-At an ordinary meeting of the Section, held on 21st February at Thomas’ Cafe, Swansea, Dr. Coates read a paper on the “New Element,” which Coster and Hevesy had recently claimed to have discovered. Dr. Coates, in pointing out that the discovery of this new element had been claimed some eight months previously by the French chemists Urbain and Danvillier, laid great emphasis on the importance of X-Rays in the study of matter, and gave a brief account of the method of X-Ray analysis. A heartyvote of thankswas accorded to Dr.Coatesfor hispaper. At a meeting on 16th March, the first business was the formal admission of an Associate to the Institute. Mr. C. A. Seyler then read a paper on “Recent Research on Coal.” He opened his subject with a brief historical survey of the work carried out in attempting to determine the constitution of coal, and then gave an account of the two chief methods of analysis, microscopical and proximate which have been used more recently, showing the results which had been so far obtained. He predicted more and far reaching results in the near future. After a short discussion the meeting terminated with a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Seyler. Notes. Lectures.-On the 9th March, at the Institute, Mr. E. J. MacGillivray gave a lecture on “Some Aspects of the Law of England affecting Chemists.” The lecture is being prepared for publication, and will be issued in due course to the Fellows and Associates.On 13th February, before the Northern Polytechnic Chemical Association, the Registrar gave an address on the title chemist, quoting numerous abstracts from well-known authors illustrating the use of the words alchemist, chemist, apothecary and drzcggist in this and other countries, from very early times until the present day. In summarising the present position he drew upon the matter dealing with the subject which has appeared in the History and in the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute. At the Congress of the Conf6d6ration des Travailleurs Intel- lectuels, opened at the Sorbonne on the 5th April, the Institute was represented by Mr.Arthur R. Smith. The Library. Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part II., 1922, the Lectures and Library Committee have had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts :-MESSRS. EDWARDARNOLD & CO.: An Inorganic Chemistry. H. G. Denham, M.A., D.Sc., Ph.D. Lo 'on,1922. MESSRS.BA~RE, & Cox:TINDALL The Spectroscope and its uses in General Analytical Chemistry. T. Thorne Baker. 2nd edition. London, 1923. MESSRS. BENN BROS., h.: Chemical Engineering Library. Mazerials of Chemical Plant Con-struction-Non-Metah. (Hugh GrBths.) London, 1922. Modern GasworksChemistry. Dr. GeoffreyWepan, F.I.C. London, 1922.Pumping in the Chemical Works. (Chemical Engineering Library.) Norman Swindon. London, 1922. Recent Progress in Rubber Chemistry and Technology. (I. Schidro-witz, Ph.D.) London, 1922. The Destructive Distillation of Wood. H. M. Bunbury, M.Sc. London, 1923. The Flow of Liquids in Pipes. (Chemical Engineering Limary.)Norman Swindon. London, 1922. The Weighing and Measuring of Chemical Substances. (ChemicalEngineering Library.) H. L. Mdan and A. I. Robinson. London, 1922. MESSRS. BLACKIE& SON,LTD.: A Text-book of Organic Chemistry. A. Bernthaen, Ph.D. New edition. Revised to date by J. J. Sudborough, Ph.D., D.Sc.,F.I.C. London, 1922. THE CAMBRIDUEUNIVERSITYPRESS: The Chemical Examination of Water, Sewage and Foods. 2nd edition.Purvis and Hodgson. Cambridge, 1922. THECAWTHRONINSTITUTE RESEARCHor SCIENTIFIC : Cawthron Lectures. Vol. I., 1916-1919. Nelson, New Zeccland, 1922. MESSRS. CHAPMAN& H~LL: Chemical Reactions and their Equatioxw. T W. D. Hackh. London, 1922. Laboratory Manual of Colloid Chemistry. Harry L. Holmes. London, 1922. Laboratory Manual of Physical Chemistry. Albert W. Davison and Henry S. van Klooster. London, 1922 Organic Synthesis. Vol. 11. An Annual publication of satisfactory methods for the preparation of organic chemicals. J. B. Conant,Editor-in-Chief. London, 1922. Second Year College Chemistry. Wm. H. Chapin. London,1922. Second Year College Chemistry. A Manual of Laboratory Exercises. Wm. H. Chapin. London, 1922. 126 MESSRS.CHAPMAN& HALLcontinued. The Identifications of Pure Organic Compounds. Vol. IV. Samuel Parsons Milliken, Ph.D. London, 1923. Theories of Organic chemistry. (Dr. Ferdinand Henrich.) Trans-lated and enlarged from revised 4th German edition of 1921 by Treat B. Johnson and Dorothy A. Hahn, Ph.D. London, 1922. MESSRS. CONSTABLE& Co., LTD.: The Nitrogen Industry. J. R.Partington, M.B.E., D.Sc., and L. H. Parker, M.A., D.Sc., F.I.C. London, 1922. DUNOD,EDITEUR: Trait6 d’ Analyse des Substances MinBrals. Adolphe Carnot. Tome 4me. Mdtau (2me partie). RBvision et Appendice, par E. Goutal. Paris, 1922. HALE,A. J., B.Sc., F.I.C.: Modern Chemistry, Pure and Applied. Arthur J. Hale, B.Sc., F I.C. Vol. V. London, 1922. Modern Chemistry, Pure and Applied. Vol.VI. London, 1923. MESSRS. J. HEYWOOD,LTI~.: Bleaching Powder and its action in Bleaching. R. L. Taylor, F.I.C. J. Heywood, Ltd., Manchester and London, 1922. HOLLAND,PFIILIP, F.I.C. : Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. “Challenger”during the years 1873-1876. 6 vols. London, 1885. JACESON,P. G., F.I.C. : Boiler Feed Water. P. G. Jackson, F.I.C. London, 1922. MESSRS. J. B. LIPPINCOTTCOMPANY: Industrial Organic Chemistry. Samuel P. Sadtler, Ph.D., LL.D., and Louis J. Matos, Ph.D. 5th edition, revised and enlarged and in part rs-written. London, 1923. MESSRS. LONOMANS,GREEN & Co.: A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. J. W. Mellor, D.Sc. Vol.111. London, 1923. An Introduction to the Chemistry of Plant Products. Vol. 11. Metabolic Processes. Paul Haas and T. G. Hill. London, 1922. A-Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry. G. S. Newth, F.I.C. New and enlarged edition. London, New York, Toronto, Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras. 1923. Metallography. Text-books of Physical Chemistry. C. H. Desch, D.Sc., Ph.D. Edited by Sir W. Ramsay and Prof. Donnan. 3rd edition. London, 1922. Monographs on Bio-Chemistry. Oxidations and Reductions in the Animal Body. Dr. €3. D. Dakin, F.R.S. 2nd edition. Longmans,Green & Co. London, 1922. Text-books on Physical Chemistry. The Phase Rule and its Applica- tion. Alexander Findlay, M.A., D.Sc., Ph.D. 5th edition. London, 1923. Synthetic Colouring Matters: Vat Colours.J. F. Thorpe, D.Sc., F.R.S., and C. K. Ingold, D.Sc. London, 1923. Synthetic Colouring Matters. Dyestuffs derived from Pyridina,Quinoline, Acridine and Xanthene. Dr. J. T. Hewitt, F.R.S. London, 1922. MESSRS. MACMILLAN& Co.: Inorganic Chemistry. T. Martin Lowry. London, 1922. 127 MINISTRY OF MUNITIONSAND DEPT. OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH: Technical Records of Explosives Supply. 1915-1918. No. 5. Mann-facture of Sulphuric Acid by Contact Process. London, 1921. Technical Records of Explosives Supply. No. 9. Heat Transmis- sion. London, 1922. MESSRS. SIR ISAAC & SONS, LTD.: PITMAN Common Commodities and Industries. Starch and Starch Products. Harold A. Auden, M.Sc., D.Sc. London, 1922.Filtration. T. Rowland Wallaston. London, 1922. Industrial Nitrogen. P. H. 8.Kempton. London, 1922. Town Gas Manufacture. R. Staley, M.C. London, 1922. MESSRS. SAMPSON & Co., LTD.:Low, MARSTON Modern Chemical Lecture Diagrams. Dr. Geoffrey Martin, F.I.C. London, 1922. MESSRS. SHERRATT& HUGHES: The Chemists’ Year-Book, 1923. Vols. I. and 11. Edited by F. W. Atack, D.Sc., F.I.C. Assisted by L. Whinyates, A.I.C. Man-Chester, 1923 The Lectures and Library Committee are also indebted to Fellows, through whose kindness the supply of various journals has been continued, and will be grateful to Fellows, Associates, Authors, and Publishers for the continuance of their generous support. Books Purchased. A Dictionary of Applied Chemistry.Sir Edward Thorpe, F.R.S. Vol. 111. Revised and enlarged edition. Explosives-K. London, 1922. A Compendium of Food-Microscopy with sections on drugs, water and tobacco. Edwy Godwin Clayton. London, 1909. A Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. Vol. IV. Revised and enlarged edition Sir Edward Thorpe, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S. Longmans, Green & Co., 1922. A Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities Inorganic. 2nd edition revised and enlarged. Dr. A. M. Comey and Dr. D. A. Hahn. The Macmillan Co, 1921. Annual Tables of Constants and Numerical Data. Chemical, Physical and Technological. International Committee. Vol. IV., 19 13-19 16. Part 11. Paris, Cambridge, Chicago, 1922. Dictjonaire Anglais-Franqais-Allemand. de Mots et Locutions interessant.La Physique et la Chimie. R Cornubert. Paris, 1922. The Manufacture of Dyes. J.C Cain, D.Sc. Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1922. The Mineral Industry-its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1921. Founded by R. P. Rothwell. Edited by G. A. Roush, B.A., M.S. Associate Editor, A. Butts, A.B., B.S. Vol. XXX. SupplementingVols. 1.-XXIX. New York and London, 1922. The Synthetic Dyestuffs and the Intermediate Products from which they are derived. Dr. J. C. Cain and Dr. J. F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. 5th edition. London, 1922. 128 Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). On the 8th February the Association was addressed by Sir Robert Robertson. He said that the members, during their college career, should be forming their characters and developing the habits of clear thinking.With regard to their scientific studies they should make it their aim to acquire a sound know- ledge of principles. In the early years they should not attempt to specialise, but in the later stages they would probably show some preference for some particular branch. Their earlier preference might possibly be changed in course of time. In some cases their choice would be made by deliberate preference, but more generally it would depend upon the opportunities for employment which arose when they started professional life. The object of a general course was to obtain a wide and sound knowledge of the principles of chemistry, but they must not imagine that they were thus fully equipped for professional life.It was of the greatest importance for all young chemists to have some training in the methods of research. It was true that they might obtain a post without such training, and might subse- quently acquire experience, but it would be in their own interest to acquire it in the schools which were specially equipped for the purpose. They must not all expect to carry out some striking piece of original work; they might repeat the work of some distinguished chemist, provided that they studied and followed the methods by which he approached his problem. A year ox two spent in such training might save them many years in their future careers, and might make the difference between a man fit only for routine work and a man of real promise.In looking around for a subject, students should seek to investigate simple things. They might with advantage study Faraday’s works, which, apart from their literary merits and the form and elegance of their expression, contained admirable examples of good research; moreover, many of the problems which he investigated had, in the light of subsequent knowledge, proved of vast importance. He urged them to take up some chemical hobby. A man could call himself a chemist only so long as he retained the love of investigation. As examples of recent discoveries, which, though comparatively smd in themselves, had revolutionised 129 modern thought, he cited the romance of the discovery of the Rontgen rays, leading to that of radium. These discoveries claimed their origin from Becquerel’s experiments upon fluor-escence.With regard to the type of post they might expect to find, he remarked that in academic work they would find great interest and many opportunities to promote further knowledge, while they would have the responsibility of inculcating the same feelings in others. If they proposed to teach in schools they must be careful not to lose any opportunity of continuing the practice of chemistry; too many who adopted this calling were content to teach only what they themselves had learned at college. If they sought public appointments they would find some security of tenure, and the emoluments were now improved. Here, again, he would say that the chemist who had some know-ledge of the methods of research received the preference.In his own department, for example, the chemist who sought a perman- ent post must show that he was able to think for himself. Many would seek appointments with industrial concerns. Before the war there were vastly more chemists employed in Germany than in England; these highly trained men occupied posts not only as chemists, but as foremen, and many were experienced in the handling of plant. The war had shown that we were deficient in chemical engineering knowledge, and that our factories were not easily adaptable. He trusted that it was now realised that the possession of a well-organised chemical industry was essential to our existence as a nation. In this connexion it was proposed to found at University College a department of chemical engineering which would be an extrapolation from physical chemistry.He suggested that the accent should be placed upon “chemical” and not upon “engineering”; but all chemists in industry would do well to acquire some knowledge of engineering, and they should take every opportunity of seeing chemical works. With the basic knowledge of principles they were gaining at college they must study how to apply those principles beyond the beaker scale, must study administration, and must realise that it is the duty of an industrial chemist to make profits. At the present time there was a slump in industry generally, but we could not afford to let chemical industry suffer.He hoped that the increasing body of trained chemists would, if only by dint of their numbers, show the need for the employment of chemists. In the discussion the Registrar said that, in his opinion, the 130 proportion of chemists in Germany to those in England had been exaggerated. If the figures that had been suggested were correct, Germany would have one chemist in every three hundred of the population. The German chemical industry specialised in the manufacture of large numbers of substances which were produced in comparatively small quantities and required the individual attention of chemists at all stages, whereas the British industry bad been more concerned with the manufacture of large quantities of few materials, as in the heavy chemical industry. He endorsed the suggestion that every Student should find a chemical hobby, and commended the remark of Sir Robert that chemists were really only working as chemists when they were thinking about their work.Mr. Benyon Winsor said that Sir Robert Robertson’s address had given them an insight into what they most aimed at. He felt, however, that manufacturers often required a magician rather than a chemist. He emphasised the peculiar responsi- bility of the chemist; an engineer not infrequently had oppor- tunities of correcting any mistakes he made, but a chemist was not often able to do so. His reputation depended peculiarly upon the care with which he ensured that no mistakes were made. He emphasised the nobility of the profession they were adopting; it was one requiring an exceptional standard of attain- ment.Mr. Edgerton remarked that Sir Robert Robertson had not touched upon the importance of chemists expressing their scientific facts in terms which could be understood by laymen. He felt that this was an important point. Mr. Shacklock thanked Sir Robert Robertson for his remarks. The members were in the transitional stage from students to chemists, and they were very glad to have the guidance of one so well entitled to advise them. Sir Robert Robertson said that he fully endorsed Mr. Edgerton’s remarks. In his experience there were many chemists who could not write a report which had a beginning, a middle and an end. It was not given to all of them to interpret, as had Tyndall, the results of current science, but by study, by reading good literature, and by using simple words, they could at any rate make their report readable. This question was of equal importance for those who were making applications for posts.They should write neatly and should tabulate their matter, preferably in their own handwriting, which gave some slight guide 131 to character. ,4 well-stated application produced a good impres-sion from the start, but a candidate could not expect to obtain a post if he sent in a letter in which words were mis-spelt or crossed out. On the motion of the Vice-president, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Sir Robert Robertson. The first annual dinner of the Association was held at the Imperial Hotel on the 8th March, 1923,Mr.A. Chaston Chapman (President of the Institute) in the chair. The toast of the “Institute of Chemistry and the London and South-Eastern Counties’ Section ” was proposed by Mr. Benyon- Winsor, who expressed the pleasure of the Association in being honoured by the presence of the President and Mrs. Chapman, and the Chairman of the Section and Mrs. Bolton. He felt that the Students were fortunate in having an opportunity of meeting personally the leaders of the profession they were proposing to follow . The President, replying on behalf of the Institute, con-gratulated the Association on the successful completion of its first year and on the programme which had been carried out.Mr. E. R. Bolton replied for the London and South-Eastern Counties’ Section. The toast of “The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Associa- tion (London) ” was proposed by the Registrar, who showed the advantages of such associations, both to students themselves and to their professional bodies. He suggested joint debates with other students’ societies connected with the law, accountancy, engineering, etc., and urged every student in London to join the Association. Mr. Trescot-Brinkworth, Vice-president of the Association, briefly replied. Mr. R. L. Collett proposed the health of the Hon. Secretary and the Hon. Treasurer of the Association, Mr. Garlick and Mr. Marlow replied, the latter referring especially to the visits to works which had been organised at first by Mr.Garlick and latterly by Mr. Dennington, who had been appointed additional secretary for that purpose. A programme of music was contributed by Miss Garlick, Mr. Turley, Mr. Marlow, and Mr. Whitehead, and a party of registeied students from University College. At a meeting of the Association held at the Institute on Thursday, zznd March, the Registrar of the Institute in the chair, 132 Capt. Freeth (chief chemist to Messrs. Brunner, Mond & Co.), gave an address on “The Qualities Requisite to the Chemist in Industry. ” The Registrar, in introducing Capt. Freeth, said that he had held his position, which was one of great responsibility, for over fifteen years, that he was well-known as a research worker in the domain of physical chemistry, and that his name was associated with numerous patents.Capt. Freeth, in opening his address, said that in industry there were many men who had passed from the position of chemists to that of manager and director. They were not the less chemists, although they had ceased to work in the laboratory; they did not forget their chemistry: it was the basis of their work, but they were concerned with affairs on the large scale, and for that it was necessary for them to have a big outlook. Chemistry was left to the younger men, who must acquire the same sort of outlook if they expected to occupy higher positions. If they were capable of that, there was no telling how far they might go.He also referred to chemists acting as business men, controlling sales, etc. There was likely to be a demand for chemists who were capable of such work. Chemists in the average large chemical works might be divided into three categories : (I) Those engaged in what was called routine work, although he objected very strongly to that term; (2) Those engaged in works management, for which chemists were often extraordinarily adaptable, because they were far more versatile than engineers or physicists; (3) Those who were devoted to research. With regard to the first class, he deprecated the use of the word “routine,” because such chemists were frequently engaged in what amounted to research. A really first-class analytical chemist was comparatively rare.The trouble with routine workers was that they were apt to get into grooves and to ignore the possibility of devising new methods. For works management, chemists must be partly engineers and partly physicists, but the essential quality was common- sense. In this connection, it was common to speak of “practical men,” by which was meant those who know how to do things. In research, the personal characteristics and instincts of the chemist were all-important, especially in connection with team 133 work. He had been extraordinarily fortunate in his relations with chemists and foremen and workmen. In the research laboratory, there was no room for personal pride and jealousy. Those engaged in it should be ready to talk over their work freely, and not be too insistent upon claiming the credit for results that might be achieved.Those who reach positions of authority in such laboratories should choose workers on whom they could rely and give them a reasonably free hand, because those in control should be relieved as much as possible of detail. Those in charge of laboratories generally found it advisable to direct the line of investigation rather than to carry out the work themselves. They must have time to think, and thereby get much more work done, and be ready for any unexpected develop- ment. Capt. Freeth then referred to the importance of keeping in touch with current chemical literature. A chemist could not cover all of it, but he must be fully conversant with the modern work on his own branch, and he should be able to get the gist of all the important papers in it published in foreign journals, and keep notes.By maintaining this practice, a chemist in the course of time became possessed of an extraordinary fund of knowledge on which he could draw. It was not sufficient to rely upon indexes, because it often happened that very essential things escaped the indexer. Filing and indexing of the records of a large research department were matters of considerable difficulty and complexity, but they had to be well done, and, when- done, they should be constantly used. He thought that the younger chemists often distrusted the findings of previous workers, and in many cases rightly so, but there had been workers on whose results everybody felt they could rely.All records should be written up well, whether or not they were prepared for publication. He paid a high compliment to many foreign workers in countries such as Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Holland. At Leyden there was what he considered one o€the most remarkable laboratories in the world for physical chemistry. There could be no question that “character” was the ruling factor for success in chemistry, as in all other human endeavour. Those in control had to choose men with whom they could get on. Through the war the education of many men had been ruined, but often what they lacked was compensated for by that in- definable quality of character.134 The Registrar, in inviting discussion, said that they had heard some sound advice from a man who knew what he was talking about. Capt. Freeth had covered a great deal of ground very rapidly, and would be glad to answer questions. A larger proportion of the students present spoke than on any previous occasion. Many questions were answered relating to-contracts ; the value of academic qualifications ; the relations between chemists and operatives ; the importance of acquaintance with foreign languages; the difficulty which confronted junior chemists when they differed from the views of their superiors with regard to the methods employed; the advantages and dis- advantages of working for large or small concerns respectively; the fate of those who were unfortunate in examinations; the comparison between British and foreign training ; the advisa- bility of obtaining varied experience ; the prospects for chemists abroad; the advantages to be derived from post-graduate research; the transference of chemists from one department to another in industry; chemists in commerce. The meeting closed with a hearty vote of thanks to Capt.Freeth. Benevolent Fund. An entertainment, in aid of the Benevolent Fund, was given, under the joint auspices of the London Section and the Students’ Association, by a party of Registered Students and their friends in the theatre of the Birkbeck College, by kind permission of the Governors of the College, on the 26th March. The party con- sisted of the Misses M.Coutts, F. Ede, E. G. Joy, K. N. Maclaren, and Messrs. P. S. Allam, W. N. Dunlop, R. Spens-Steuart, A. D. Whitehead, with Mr. J.B. Wells as stage manager. The members of the company contributed individual items, and, during the second part of the programme, joined in a burlesque pantomime. Mr. Gwynne Davis (baritone) contributed songs, and Miss Stella Freeman recitations and dances. During the interval, on the motion of the Honorary Treasurer, votes of thanks were accorded to the performers for their enter- tainment and for their interest in the Fund, and to the Governors of the Birkbeck College, and Dr. Senter (the Principal) for the use of the theatre. It is estimated that the Fund will benefit to the extent of overL&50.135 0bituary. JOHNWILLIAMCOTTERILLdied at Sutton Coldfield on 30th January in his 57th year. He matriculated at the University of London, and obtained his training in chemistry in the Municipal Technical School and at Mason College, Birmingham. He was for five years (1885-1890) an assistant chemist to Messrs. Chance Bros. at Oldbury, and then for two years (1891-1893) chemist to Messrs. W. Bailey & Sons, Wolver- hampton. After further training for a year at Mason College, he became assistant to Dr. G. Bischof, and again returned to the College for further study until 1897, when he was appointed Analyst to the South Staffordshire Water Works. He passed the examination of the Institute, and was elected to the Fellowship in 1901.SIR JAMESDEWAR died in London on 27t)h March, in his 81st year. Born at Kincardine, he was educated at Dollar Academy and at the University of Edinburgh, taking chemistry under Playfair, to whom he became assistant before proceeding to Ghent, where he worked under Kekul6. Later he returned to Edinburgh as demonstrator in the Uni- versity and lecturer at the Royal Dick Veterinary College. In 1875 he was appointed Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Uni- versity of Cambridge, and in 1877 he succeeded Dr. J. H. Gladstone as Fullerian Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Institution, both of which positions he retained until his death. In his early researches he investi- gated hydrogenium, pyridine, and chinoline bases; he worked with Prof.McKendrick on the physiological action 01 light and with Prof. Liveing on spectrosopy. He obtained oxygen in a liquid state in 1884 and in a solid state in 1886, and liquid air in 1891. His experiments on the liquidation of hydrogen led to the invention in 1892 of silvered vacuum containers, which was subsequently adopted in the manufacture of Thermos flasks. He liquefied fluorine in 1897. He collected liquid hydrogen in an open vessel in 1898, and obtained the same gas in the solid state in 1899. He foretold the method by which Helium was liquefied by Onnes, of Leyden, in 1908. The ideas underlying his studies of the absorption of gases by charcoal were utjlised in devising gas masks during the war. His published papers were contributed mainly to the Royal Society of London and Edinburgh, the Royal Institution, the British Association, and the Chemical Society. In 1888 he was a member of the Committee on Explosives, and, in conjunction with Sir Frederick Abel, invented cordite.In 1893-1894 he was a member of the Balfour Commission on London water supply. Jointly with Sir William Crookes he acted as water ex6miner for the London companies.He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1877, received the Rumford Medal in 1894, the Davy Medal in 1909, and the Copley Medal in 1916. He also received the Gunning Victoria Jubilee prize of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1893, the Lavoisier gold medal of the French Academy in 1894, the Hodgkin gold medal of the Smithsonian Institution in 1899, the Albert medal of the Royal Society of Arts in 1908, and the 136 Mateucci medal of the SocietQ Itdiana Delle Scienze in 1906.He ww President of the Chemical Society in 1897-1899, of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1887-1888,*and:of the British Association in 1902. He received the honour of knighthood in 1904. He was a Fellow of St. Peter’s College, Cambridge; received the degree of LL.D. from the four Scottish Universities, the degree of D.Sc. from the Universities of Victoria, Oxford, and Dublin, and was an hon. member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, and of many foreign scientific societies. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878.ARTHURGERALD who died at Eastbourne in his 33rd year, EASTICK, was born in Melbourne, educated at Armadale, N S W., and received his training in chemistry at the Finsbury Technical College, London, from 1906-1909. He then entered the laboratory of his grandfather, Mr. B. E. R Newlands, F.I.C., after whose death in 1912 he continued working in the same laboratory under his father, Mr. J. J. Eastick, F.I.C., until the outbreak of the war. Having joined King Edward’s Horse in 1911, he was called up on 4th August, 1914, and served in France from April, 1915, to March, 1916. He was transferred later to H.M Factory, Gretna, as a reserve shift-chemist in the Nitro-glycerine Section, but for reasons of health had to resign his position shortly before the armistice, and in 1919, his father having died in 1917, he again joined his brothers in the firm of Messrs.J. J. Eastick & Sons. He was elected an Associate in 1918. GEORGEEMBREYdied at Gloucester on 10th March in his 83rd year. Born at Birmingham, and educated at King Edward‘s School in that city, he commenced his scientific training at the Birmingham and Midland Institute, where he studied from 1856 until 1863, before proceeding to the Royal College of Chemistry, London, where he worked under Frank land and Guthrie. For a few years he conducted a practice in Birmingham, and then from 1873 to 1895 was engaged in teaching at the Gloucester School of Science.In 1885 he was appointed Public Analyst, and in 1893 Official Agricultural Analyst to the city and county of Gloucester, which positions he held until his death, together with those of gas examiner for Gloucester and Cheltenham. In 1874 he was concerned in the establish- ment of the Gloucester Philosophical Society, and in 1882 founded the Gloucestershire Photographic Society, of which he was President for geveral years. He was a Past President of the Society of Public Analysts (1916), contributed various papers to The Analyst, and gave evidence before the Food Products Adulteration Committee in 1894. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1901, served on the Council in 1915, was for some time a member of the Public Appointments Com- mittee, and was a member of the first Committee of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section.HOWARDTEOMAS died on 12th March in his 71st year. After studying for a year at King’s College, London, where he devoted his attention chiefly to physiology under Dr. Rutherford, he continued his training at the Birkbs3k Institution, and became in 1870 pupil assistant to Dr. AugustusVoelcker, and from 1874 continued until his death as assistant first to Dr. Vodcker, then to his sons at their aboratories in Salisbury Square, and later in Tudor Street. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. 137 Books and their Contents. [“Books presented by the authors or publishers, or pur-chased, to be seen in the Library of the Institute.] “Rio-chemistry, Fundamentals of, in relation to human physi- ology.” Pp.x. and 281. T. R. Parsons. (Cambridge: Wm. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. Nature of living matter; the proteins; their metabolism; the bio- chemistry of the purines; fats and their metabolism; carbohydrates; the human machine; enzymes; vitamines; protective synthesis; body pigments; respiratory gases ;further applications of physical chemistry. (( British Association for the Advancement of Science.” Report of the 90th Meeting. Hull, September, 1922. Pp. 510. (London: John Murray.) 25s. “Chemical Technology and Analysis of Oils, Fats and Waxes.” 6th edition. J. Lewkowitsch, revised by G. H. Washburton. Vol. 111. Pp. viii. and 508. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) 36s.“Chemistry, History of.” F. P. Venable. Pp. 174. (London: G. G. Harrap & Co.) 5s. * “Chemistry, Modern, Pure and Applied.” A treatise dealing with all branches of chemistry, mineral, metallurgical, organic, pharmaceutical and industrial. A. J. Hale. Vol. IV. Pp. vii. and 280. (London: Virtue & Co., Ltd.) 16s. Six-membered heterocyclic compounds ; the metallurgical metals- copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadrmum, mercury, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth; alloys and compounds of tho metals-iron, steel, chromium, manganese; cobalt, nickel and metals of the platinum group; principlesand methods of chemical analysis. “Chemistry, practical.” L. C. Newell. Pp. viii. and 543. (London: D. C. Heath & Co.) 6s. For first year students.“Chemistry tangle unravelled, The.” F. W. Gray. Chemistry systematised on a new plan, based on the works of Abegg, Kossel and Langmuir. Pp. viii. and 148. (London: Long- mans, Green & Co.) 6s. 138 “Chemists’ assisted Year by Book.’’ 1923. Edited L. Whinyates. z vols. by F. W. Pp. 1107. (Man- Atack, Chester: Sher ratt & Hughes.) 21s. * “South Wales Coals: Their Analyses, Chemistry and Geology.” Llewellyn J. Davies and D. Owen Davies. 3rd edition revised. Pp. 130. (Cardiff: The Business Statistics Co., Ltd.) * “Colouring Matters, Synthetic. Vat Colours.” J. F. Thorpe and C. K. Ingold. Pp. xv. and 491. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 16s. Part I.:Indigoid Vat Dyes: Section A., Histcry of the indigoid vat dye and the chemistry of the indigo vat; Section C, Analogues of indigoPart 11.: Anthraquinone : Section A, Modes of derivation from anthra- quinone of the vat dyes; anthraquinone and its substitution products ; Section B, Chain derivatives of anthraquinone ; Section C, Fused ringderivatives of anthraquinone.Part 111.: Miscellaneous vat dyes.Part IV.: The preparation of intermediate products for vat dyes; the preparation of vat dyes. “Inorganic Chemistry, A Text-book of.” G. F. Newth. Pp. 783. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 8s. ‘‘Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, A comprehensive Treatise on.” J. W. Mellor. Vol. 111. Pp. x. and 927. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 63s. Cu, Ag, Au, Ca, Sr, Ba. * “Organic Chemistry, Industrial.” Adapted for the use of manufacturers, chemists and all interested in the utilisation of organic materials in the industrial arts. S.P. Sadtler and L. J. Matos. 5th edition. (Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Co.) 35s. Mineral oils; fats and fatty oils; essential oils; sugar; fermentation; milk; cellulose; textile fibres; animal tissues and their products; wood pro-ducts; coal products ; colouring matters. * “Organic Compounds, Pure, a Method for the Identification of,” by a systematic analytical procedure based on physical properties and chemical reaction. Vol. IV., containing classified description of about 3700 of the more important compounds belonging to fourteen of the higher orders. S. P. Mulliken. Pp.vii. and 238. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 30s. 139 * “Phase Rule and its Applications, The.” A. Findlay. 5th edition. Pp. xvi. and 298. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 10s. 6d. Typical systems of one component; systems of two components; systemsof three components ;syEems of four Components. * “Physical Chemistry, Laboratory Manual of.” A. W. Davison and H. S. van Klooster. Twenty-four experiments in physical chemistry with bibliography for each experiment. Fourteen tables for use in connection with the experiments. Pp. viii. and 182. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 10s. * “Spectroscope and its uses in General Analytical Chemistry, The.” T. Thorne Baker. 2nd edition. Pp. x. and 208. (London: Bailliere, Tindall & Cox). 7s.6d. Adjustment of the spectroscope ;spectrum in inorganic chemical analysis ; continuous spectra; spectro-photography ;absorption bands. “Tuberculosis, the Chemistry of.” H. Gideon Wells, L. M. De Witt, and E. R. Long. Pp. 438. (U.S.A. : Williams & Wilkins Co.) $5.50. * “Wood, The Destructive Distillation of.” H. 14. Bunbury. Pp. xx. and 320. London: Benn Bros.). 35s. Commercial products resulting from the thermal decomposition of wood; thermal deconiposition reactions; wood distillation on a commercial scale; plant and operations; the production of charcoal and crude pyroligneous acid; of calcinm acetate and wood alcohol; of wood tar, etc.; of illuminating and power gas ; analytical methods and statistics. 140 Changes in the Register.At a meeting of Council held on 23rd February, 3 new Fellows were elected, g Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 67 Associates were elected, and 46 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 5 Fellows and I Associate by death. New Fellows. Buchanan, John Loudon, Hendon Hall, London, N.W.4. Jenkins, John Howard Brown, Chemical Laboratory, Great Eastern Rail- way, Stratford, London, E. 15. Versfeld, Willem, D.Sc. (Cape of Goad Hope), E.A., Rivington, St. John’s Road, Sea Point, Cape Town. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Aston, Francis William, M.A , D.Sc., F.R.S., Trinity College, Cambridge. Comber, Norman Mederson, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), The Department of Agriculture, The University, Leeds.Fowweather, Frank Scott, M.Sc. (Liv.), M.B.Ch.B., 62, Dale Street, Liverpool.Ingold, Christopher Kelk, U Sc , A.R.C.S. (Lond.), D.I.C., 20, Rosemont Road, Acton, London, W.3 Jewell, William Ralph, M Sc. (Melbourne), B.Mot. (Sheff ), 19, Noble Street, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Lewis-Dale, Percy, B Sc. (Loid ), 2, Wellington Villas, Crelve. Smeath-Thomas, John, D.Sc. ( ), The Clioniical Laboratories, The University, Cape Town, S. Africa. Sparling, Miss Ellen Emma, St. Ursulas, Brooke Street, Holborn, London, E.C.l. Watterson, James Horatio, B.Sc. (Lond .), Foxlow, Dalton, Huddersfield. New Associates. Allan, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), The Studio, Randalstown, Co. Antrim, Ireland. Allsop, Fred, B.Sc. (Sheff.), Outwell, Wisbech. Asdell, Sydney Arthur, B.A.(Cantab),‘!3t. Catharine’s College, Cambridge. Atkinson, John, B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.), Green Mount,” Cheadle, Cheshire. Bartram, George Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Valley Road, Spital, Chester- field. Bates, William Ralph, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 39, London Road, New-castle, Staffs. Bell, James Richard, 14, Ryehill Grove, Leith. Benyon-Winsor, William Gfiorga, B.Sc. (Lond.), Burton House, Mill Hill, London, N.W.7 Bertram, David Craig, B.Sc. (Edin.), 153, Lathom Road, East Ham, London, E 6. Blench, Ernest Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 74,Squire’s lane, Finchley, London, N.3. Bligh, Neville Melton, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 67, Castle Road, Bedford. 141 Brown, Derek Goudie, B.Sc. (Glas.), 77, Mount Annan Drive, Cathcart, Glasgow.Butt, Arnold Wigham, B.Sc. (Birm.), 73, Linden Road, Bournville, Birmingham.Byron, Francis Eric, B.Sc. (Liv.), 2, Rednor Place, Claughton, Birkenhead. Callow, Robert Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), Christ Church, Oxford. Cleland, David Picken, B Sc. (Glas.), 38, Viewpark Drive, Rutherglen, Glasgow.Coles, George, B.Sc. (Birm.), 319, Stonehouse Lane, Quinton, Birmingham. Coucher, Miss Amy Gladys, A.C.G.F.C., “Northwick,” Elms Lane, Sudbury, Harrow Davey, Walter Cecil, B.Sc. (Birm.), 30, Hewitt Avenue, Wood Green, London, N.22. Eaton, Frederick John, B.Sc. (Edin.), 2, Atholl Place, Edinburgh. Ecob, William Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), Shelford Road, Radcliffe-on-Trent, Notts. Francis, Frederick George,’B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Stamford Mansions, Stamford Grove%East, London, N.16. Greasley, Tom, B.Sc. (Lond.), 58, Middleton Street, Old Radford, Notting- ham. Griffiths, Philip Morley, B.Sc.. (Wales), Trelawny, Llanmorlais, nr. Swansea, S. Wales. Griffiths, William Victor, B.Sc. (Wales), Delfryn, Neyland, Pem. Hall, George Frederick, M.B.E., B.Sc. (Lond.), Olgra House, Moore Road, Mapperley, Nottingham. Holmes, Eusebius, B.Sc. (Birm.), Eastern Green, Coventry. Hope, Geoffrey Dodleston, Ph.D. (Halle), B.Sc. (Liv.), Riverside, West Kirby, Cheshire. Horton, Laurence, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 45, Steade Road, Sheffield. Hutton, Robert, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., North Park, Thornliebank, m. Glasgow.Jefferis, Ernest, B.Sc. (Bris.), 4,York Road, Montpelier, Bristoi Jones, Rupert Sydney, M.Sc.(Liv.), Brook Bank, Flint, N. Wales. Kearns, John, B.Sc. (N.U.I.), A.R.C.Sc.I., 13, St. Clement’s Road, Drumcondra, Dublin. Kemp, James Edgar, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), c/o Wm. Whiston & Son, Ltd., Langley, nr. Macclesfield. Lumsden, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Trinity Rise, London, S.W.2 Mansfield, Samuel Alison, A.C.G.F.C., 20, Neeld Crescent, Hendon, London, N.W.4. Martin, Wallace Stanley, M.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 164, All Souls Avenue, Harlesden, London, N.W.lO. Mold, Clarence Edward, B.A. (Oxon.), 288, South Lambeth Road, London, S.W.8. Moore, Eric Wilfred, B.Sc. (Birm.), 664, Chester Road, Erdington,Birmingham. Mottram, Edward Neville, M.Sc. (Vict.),“Sandycroft,” Wellington Road, Eccles, Lanes. Murray, Henry Stanley, B.Sc.(Liv.), 79, Langdale Road, Wavertree, Liverpool. McParland, Anthony Quin, M.Sc. (Liv.), c/o J. Crawley, Esq., Johnstown House, Duleek, Drogheda, I.F.S. Owen, John Richards, B.Sc. (Wales), 7,Rocky Park, Tenby. Painton, William George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Marlborough Road, Gunners- bury, London, W.4. Panton, Miss Doris Pashby, B.Sc. (Lond.), Hull Lodge, South Cliff, Bridlington. 142 Piggott, Henry Alfred, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), D.I.C., 7, College Park Terrace, Willesden, London, N.W. 10. Pink, Herbert Sheppard, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Limes, Newark-on-Trent. Porter, Charles Raymond, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Sycamore Road, Bournville, Birmingham.Rapes, Edward Gordon, B.Sc. (Lond .), 201, Denman Street, Radford, Nottingham.Ritchie, Peter Aitken, 4, Montagu Terrace, Goldenacre, Edinburgh.Robertson, Kenneth James Rennie, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 17, Victoria Road, Irlam, Manchester. Seal, R’alph John, A.C.G.F.C., 14, Woodend, Sutton, Surrey. Shacklock, Cecil Wilson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Stanhope Gardens, London, N.4. Sinha, Jnanendra Nath, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 82, Bishop Street, Alexandra Park, Manchester. Smellie, Peter, B.Sc. (Edin.), 13, Dean Park Crescent, Edinburgh. Snellgrove, Douglas Rosebery, B.Sc. (Lond.), 73, Millbrook Road, Southampton.Snodgrass, George Archibald, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 11, Victoria Crescent, Glasgow, W. Stoton, Percy Fred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 66, Charrington Street, London, N.W.1, Tamplin, Morgan James, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M.,Hopewell, Picton Co., Nova Scctia, Canada.Turner, Percival Elisha, B.Sc. (Lond.), Bath Cottage, Bath Road, Beenham. nr. Reading.Vivian, Charles William Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Boughmoor Farm, Key Green, Congleton, Chtshire. Ward, Allan Miles, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Croft Cottage, Bridge Street, Walton-on -Thames, Surrey. Wild, Sydney Victor, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 28, Errwood Road, Levenshulme, Manchester. Williams, David Ewart Parry, B.Sc. (Wales), “Hyfrydle,” Glyn-Neath, Glam. Wise, James Fletcher, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Mrs. Newall, 73, Sunbury Road, Anfield, Liverpool. Woodley, James William Allan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Taunton Road, Lee, London, S.E.12. Young, James Pollock, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Angel0 Bros., Cossipore, Calcutta, New Students. Anderson, Richard Quintin, 97, Brisbane Street, Greenock.Baird, William, 56, Northfield Avenue, Ayr. Binnie, David, 185, West Princes Street, Glasgow. Bonner, Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 131, St. Mary Street, Southampton. Brooks, Bernard Simon, 11,Alexandra Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Clarke, Sidney George, 116, Clifton Road, Kingston-on-Thames. Cleland, Andrew, Westgate, Darvel, Ayrshire. Cosson, Miss Antoinette Nellie, 27, Clarendon Street, S. Belgravia, London, S.W.1. Cox, Eric Ernest, Westgate, Mayfield Road, Wylde Green, Warwickshire. Crisswell, Acton, 122, Cranbrook Road, Ilford, Essex. Crutchlow, Bernard William Alfred, 65, Durlston Road, Upper Clapton, London, E.5. Davies, Benjamin Lionel, 23, Knights Park, Kingston-on-Thames. Franklin, Miss Eleanor Rea, 49, Beversbrook Road, London, N.19. Garner, Thomas Leslie, Wymeswold, Loughboro’, Leicestershire. Goshawk, Stanley Frederick, 9 1 , Falmouth Avenue, Higham’s Park, Chingford, London, E.4. 143 Halson, Eric, 24, Church Road, Barnes, London, S.W.13. Harrison, Charles Allcroft, 26, Maplethorpe Road, Thornton Hea,th, Surrey.Hay, Norman Charles Bailie, 106, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7. Holt, Edward Victor, 121, Herne Hill Road, Herne Hill, London, S.E.24. Hucks, Miss Agnes Julia Kate, 22, Oval Road, Regent’s Park, London, N.W.l. Japes, Dudley Herbert, 40,Chandos Road, East Finchley, London, N.2. Kamm, Edward David, 23, Bentley Road, Princes Park, Liverpool. Liley, Joseph Norman, 9, Kipling Avenue, Rock Ferry, Cheshire. Lynch, John, Woodwynd, Kilwinning.Macpherson, George Francis, 13, Maze Road, Kew, Surrey. Marskell, Walter George, 25a, Edwarde’s Square, Kensington, London, W. Minchin, Sidney Thomas, 53, Chestnut Road, Merton, London, S.W.20. Needleman, Benjamin, 56, Parfett Street, Commercial Road, London, E.l. Paul, David, Park Place, Uphall, West Lothian. Paul, David Speirs, 17, Mansions House Road, Langside, Glasgow. Pickersgill, Robert Broadbent, 14, Middleton Crescent, Dewsbury Road, Leeds. Price, William Bennett, The Laurels, Woolwich Road, Belvedere, dent. Primrose, Thomas, 21, Stanley Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Randle, Robert Lewis, 60, Bristol Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Scalbert, Frank Leslie, Brookelea, Lightcliff e, nr. Halifax. Sherratt, John Graham, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Lyndhurst, Whitelow Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester.Smith, Laurence Frederick, 62, Robertson Road, Preston Park, Brighton. Snelson, Francis William, 40,Manor Road, Richmond, Surrey. Snoad, Albert William, 90, Corbyn Street, Stroud Green, London, N.4. Wakeford, Leslie Ernest, Bisham, 14, Woolstone Road, Catford, London, S.E.6. Walker, George William, 167, Gorgie Road, Edinburgh. Ward, William, 6, Cromer Terrace, Armley, Leeds. Watts, Gordon Edward, Belmont, Radcliffe Road, Croydon, Surrey. Williams, Frank Archer, 27, Cotswold Road, Westcliffe-on-Sea. Wilson, Edwin Dennison, 139, Shakespeare Crescent, Manor Park, London, E.12. Wilson, William Frederick, 24, Newquay Road, Catford, London, S.E.6. DEATHS.Fellows. Sir James Dewar, F.R.S. George Embrey. Alfred James Higgin. Thomas Howard. Frederick James Lloyd. Associate. Arthur Gerald Easticlr. 144 General Notices. Examinations.-The arrangements and dates of future examinations are as follows :-Last date for Entries Last date for Sote-Book\ Period of Examination. Mon., 21May, 1923. Wed., 27 June, 1923. 2-7 July, 1923. 9-14 July, 1923. Examznatzons in Biochemistry (zn October only): Mon., zq-Sept., 1923. Wed., 17 Oct., 1923. 22-27 Oct., 1923. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to -4pri1, 1920, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry u7ho are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that they have been registered for not less than six months, and that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor.The charge for the Appointments Register is 6s. 6d. (for six months) on the first entry, and 5s. for an extension of six months. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations, and Intermediate Science or higher examinations. Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. 145 The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 A.M. and 6 P.M. on weekdays (Saturdays, 10 A.M. and 2 P.M.) except when examinations are being held. Registered Students using the Library are informed that the Assistant Secretary may be consulted by those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested.The library is mainly of service to students entering for the Institute’s examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 A.M. to g P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M.). The Register.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students are requested to notify the Registrar immediately of any altera- tions with regard to degrees, addresses, etc., which they wish to be made in the new edition. History of the Institute, 1887-191 4.-any member who is not in possession of a copy of the History of the Institute can borrow one either from the Honorary Secretary of his Local Section, or from the Institute direct, on application to the Registrar.Local Sections.-Fellows and Associates who have not already joined a Local Section are invited to communicate with the Hon. Secretaries of the Local Sections within their respective districts. Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Birmingham and Midlands : C. A. F. Hastilow, M.Sc., A.I.C., Chenda, Bittall Road, Barnt Green, Worcester- shire. Bristol and South-Western A. W. M. Wintle, A.I.C., 170, NewbridgeCounties: Road, St. Anne’s Park, Bristol. Edinburgh and East of J. Adam Watson, A.C.G.I., F.I.C., 24 Scotland: Polwarth Gardens, Edinburgh. Glasgow and West Of Scot-W. M. Cumming, B.Sc., F.I.C., Royalland : Technical College, GIasgow.Huddersfield: T. A. Simmons, B.Sc., F.I.C., 27, LyndaleAvenue, Birkby, Huddersfield. Ireland (Belfast) : Dr. W. H. Gibson, O.B.E., F.I.C., York Street Flax Spinning Co., Ltd., Belfast, ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. 146 Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Leeds Area: Dr. R. B. Forster, F.I.C., Dept. of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, The University, Leeds. Liverpool and North- John Hanley, F.I.C., 7, University Road, Western : Bootle, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern R. Leslie Collett, M.A., F.I.C., The Institute Counties: of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square,London, W.C. 1. Manchester and District : James Barr, B.Sc., A.I.C., The Bungalow, Waterside, Marple, Cheshire. Newcastle-on-Tyne and C.J. H. Stock, B.Sc., F.I.C., County North-East Coast : Analyst’s Office, Darlington, Co Dur-ham. South Wales: L. E. Hinkel, M.Sc., F.I.C., 17, Brooklands Terrace, Swansea. Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). -Hon Secretary: C. T. A. Garlick, Dean Cottage, Cedar Avenue, East Barnet, Herts. Official Chemical Appointments.-The 5th edition of “A List of Official Chemical Appointments” is being prepared. Suggestions which may increase the usefulness of the list will be welcomed, and carefully considered. Communications should be addressed to the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9234700071

出版商:RSC    

年代:1923

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1923. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Regzstrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, Juite, 1923. Publications Committee, 1923-24 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), A. CHASTON CHAPMAN (Presidegzt), ARCHIBALD A. BOON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, R. LESLIE COLLETT, HAROLD G. COLMAN, T. W. DRINKWATER, R. C. FARMER, A. J. HALE, G. NEVILL HUNTLY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, ANDREW MORE, B. D. PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, GEORGE TATE, FORSYTH J. WILSON. 149 Proceedings of the Council. APRIL-MAY, 1923. Conference.-On a suggestion received from the Liverpool and North-Western Section, the Council have considered the desirability of holding conferences from time to time in centres where sections of the Institute have been formed, and have accepted the invitation of the Liverpool Section to hold the first of such conferences at Liverpool.The Council hope by this means to strengthen the pro- fessional bond between all members of the Institute throughout the country. Due notice of the first conference, which will be held in October next, will be sent to all members; the proceedings will occupy at least two days, and will include an informal con-versazione and meetings for discussion, including, possibly, but not necessarily, papers by members and, in any case, an open debate upon the affairs of the profession and the Institute generally. Government Chemists.-The Council have had their atten- tion directed to the Report of the Official Side of Committee “C ” of the National Whitley Council on the scheme of recruitment; remuneration and conditions of service prepared by the Staff Side of the Committee with regard to chemists at the Government Laboratory, and have carefully reviewed a statement submitted by the Government Laboratory Staff Association on this matter- The Council of the Institute had previously, in 1918,sub-mitted to all Government Departments in which chemists are engaged a statement of their views with regard to the Government Chemical Service, in which they recommended that persons appointed as chemists should be graded as Civil Servants in the higher division. The Council understand that in Committee “C” the term chemist is applied to those who possess qualifications at least of A.I.C.standing, and the Council interpret “higher division” as equivalent to the present “administrative class.” They have therefore informed the Official Side of Committee “C” that, in their view, the scale of salary and prospects of promotion of the lowest established grade of chemists in the Government service, under such as are now known as Chemists Class 11.in the Govern- ment Laboratory, should be equal to those of the Cadet Corps of 150 the Administrative Class of the Civil Service; and they have requested that the Official Side of Committee “C ” will have regard to this opinion when any further representations of the Staff Side of the Committee are before them.Pharmacy Bill.-The Bill “to regularise the position of all persons trading as chemists and druggists or pharmacy store proprietors in the sale of drugs, the dispensing of doctors’ pre scriptions, and the sale of patent medicines,” has again been presented in Parliament by Captain O’Grady, supported by Colonel Watts Morgan, Mr. Tillett, and Mr. Jack Jones. The Council have informed the promoters of the Bill that the Institute has not been consulted with regard to the provisions of this Bill, and does not wish to be associated with the suggestion that it should be represented on the Central Council, which it is proposed in the Bill shall be concerned with the Pharmaceutical Register, and does not desire to take any part in the examination and registration functions vested by the Pharmacy Acts and by Royal Charter in the Pharmaceutical .Society of Great Britain.Dr. G. C. Clayton, M.P., and Mr. C. S. Garland, M.P., have kindly undertaken to watch the measure in the interests of the Institue. The Regulations.-The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, in revising the Regulations for the ad- mission ,f Associates, have given special consideration to the list of the Examinations for degrees and diplomas accepted in lieu of the Examination for the A4ssociateship. All candidates will be required, as heretofore, to have completed at least four years’ systematic university training or the equivalent ;hut the divisions made by several universities in the award of honours degrees render necessary a careful investigation into the standards represented by the various divisions. District Members of Council.-Mr.John Hanley has been elected Member of Council for the Liverpool and North-West Coast District, Mr. John Henry Young has been elected Member of Council for the Glasgow and West of Scotland District, and Dr. William Howieson Gibson has been elected Member of Council for the Northern Ireland District. Members of Council: Railway Fares.-The Council have given further consideration to the question of paying the railway fares of country Members of Council, and they have determined to set aside a sum sufficient for the reimbursement under certain 151 conditions of a proportion of the fares of Members of Council living more than 50 miles from London.Publicity.-The attention of the Council has been directed to the articles contributed by various members of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section to the Glasgow Herald, The Glasgow Citizen, and the Glasgow Evening Times. The articles which have appeared between February and May include the following :-In the Glasgow Herald: Chemistry and Cars-Dr. J. Knox; The New Element-Prof. R. M. Caven; Chemistry and Pro- gress-Prof. F. J. Wilson; Nature in Competition; and Chemistry and Nature-Dr. S. H. Tucker; The Resources of the Rhineland; and Notes on the German Chemical Industry- Mr. J.D. Allam; Chemistry and the Budget-Mr. J. W. Hawley; Radium-Mr. J. P. McHutchison. In the Glasgow Citizen: Coal Gas-Mr. P. F. Gordon; Weather forecasting-Mr. A. C. Brown; Matches-Mr. J. W. Leitch. In the Glasgow Evening Times: Electrons-and Surface Combustion-Mr. A. B. Craw-ford; Food Colours-Mr. A. R. Cumming; The Chemist and the Food Faker-Mr. J. W. Hawley; Ice-Mr. J. K. Steele; The Chemist in the household-Mr. R. C. Smith; Water-Mr. R. M. Macaulay. The main purpose of these articles has been to show the importance of chemistry in industry, and the Council feel that the Section has rendered valuable service which might be similarly undertaken by other Sections. The Council also suggest that it would be desirable that Local Sections, when suitable occasions arise, would take steps to arrange public lectures of a popular character, illustrating the influence of chemistry on local industries. In connection with the organisation of the Appointments Register of the Institute, an endeavour has been made, with the assistance of two newscuttings agencies, to obtain particulars of suitable appointments which are advertised in the public press, and the number of vacancies notified on the register has been thereby augmented.At the same time, in order to obtain some idea of the extent to which chemistry receives public notice, the newscutting agencies were requested to supply the Institute with articles and notes relating to chemistry appearing in the non-technical press.A review of these shows that the subject receives greater attention, perhaps, than many members of the profession realise. Occasionally short talks on chemistry are included in the wireless broadcasting programme, which appears to be a useful 152 way of introducing the subject, and may be commended to members in the neighbourhood of broadcasting centres. Laboratory Equipment.-The Council have received from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research a request to nominate three or four members to furnish information with regard to the quality and technical range of British production of optical glass and instruments, laboratory glass and porcelain, synthetic organic chemicals, analytical reagents, and other fine chemicals.The Department had already sought the opinions of a large number of professors of chemistry, physicists, and others, but appeared to have addressed enquiries to very few practitioners in chemistry. The Council suggested, therefore, that useful opinions might be obtained from such practitioners, and they have forwarded the names of Mr. W. T. Burgess, Dr. J. T. Dunn, Dr. Bernard Dyer, Mr. E. W. Voelcker (Hon. Treasurer), together with that of Mr. H. W. Cremer, who is responsible for supplies in the chemical department of King’s College, London. The Council have also appointed a Committee to consider the proposal from the National Physical Laboratory that the work of the Joint Committee for the Standardisation of Scientific Glass-ware should be brought under the aegis of the Institute.The Council hold that the proposal is desirable on general grounds, but in order to obtain more detailed information with regard to the probable and possible activities expected of the Institute in this connection, they have appointed a Sub-committee consisting of the President, with Dr. Brady, Dr. Bernard Dyer, Dr. J. J. Fox, Sir Herbert Jackson, and Mr. E. W. Voelcker (Hon. Treasurer), to confer with representatives of the National Physical Lakoratory, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and of such other bodies as the Sub-committee may deem desirable, and to report to the Council on the proposition. The Special Purposes Committee have appointed a Sub- committee, consisting of Messrs.E. R. Bolton, 0. L. Brady, F. H. Carr, P. H. Kirkaldy, and R. H. Pickard, to consider and investigate the present British production of filter paper. Union InternationaIe.-In response to a request from the Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chemistry, the Council have asked the President and Dr. Hamilton McCombie to attend as delegates of the Institute at the Union Internationale to be held at Cambridge on 18th-20th June. 153 Science Museum, South Kensington.-Mr. William Macnab, Vice-president, attended, as representative of the Institute, a conference held on 9th May to consider the need for pressing on the Government the importance of providing adequate accommodation for the Museum. Mr.Macnab subsequently reported that a resolution was unanimously approved by the representatives of Societies and Institutions present at the Con- ference, drawing the attention of the Government to the in- adequacy of the present accommodation and the disadvantages resulting to science and technology therefrom. The Museum contains collections illustrating the development of science and technology which are, in some respects, unique. They include many selected examples of modern practice, and are of the greatest value to students and investigators; but they cannot be fully utilised for consultation and study in the crowded and insufficiently lighted galleries where they are now displayed. Even the new buildings at present authorised extend the area to less than half of that recommended by a Departmental Committee in 1912.The purport of the resolution, therefore, is to urge upon the Government the importance of completing the whole of the Eastern block of the new Science Museum buildings forthwith, and to prepare the plans for the Central block. Patents.-The President of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents has addressed the Council of the Institute on the procedure adopted by the examiners in the Patent Office in dealing with British patent applications. He says : " In the past one great advantage of the British patent system has been that the very difficult question whether or not an alleged invention contains good subject matter, or, in other words, involves sufficient inventive ingenuity to support a patent, has been left for the Law Courts to determine.The extent of patentable subject matter cannot really be determined until an invention has been put into industrial use, and, more- over, it can only be decided satisfactorily by a judicial tribunal after hearing evidence and argument for and against. "Within the last few months it has become apparent that the Examiners in the Patent Office are claiming to have the right to consider this question of subject matter and in some cases they are rejecting patent applications on this ground. There has been no change in the British Patent Acts which justifies this change of practice, but the Examiners are relying on certain decisions 154 which state that an invention in order to form the subject matter of a patent application must relate to ‘a new manner of manufacture.’ Hitherto this expression has always been taken in the Patent Office to rule out applications for the protection of financial schemes, systems of book keeping and other similar intangible proposals.Now the Examiners contend that these decisions impose upon them the duty of seeing whether any alleged invention is a good invention. This is most undesirable, as the Examiners have not the necessary evidence before them for deciding this point, and an adverse decision may take away from the inventor the opportunity of having his invention properly tested in a Court of Law, and it may prevent many meritorious inventions from receiving patent protection.“The members of the Bar who practise in patent actions and the Fellows of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents feel strongly that in the interests of British industry it is most un- desirable that any such change should be made as now seems to be taking place in the manner of deciding whether or not an invention, which relates to a manufacture, is sufficient to support a patent. It is thought that it is only necessary for this change in the treatment of British patent applications by the Examiners to be appreciated and its effect realised for all chemists, en- gineers and scientists to join in resenting this attempt to reduce the inventor’s chances of obtaining patent protection. ” Mr.Dunbar Kilburn therefore suggests that the leading professional institutions should make representations to the Controller of Patents and to the Law Officers of the Crown, with the object of checking and, if possible, preventing this change of practice in the Patent Office. On consideration the Council have referred the matter to the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, together with Messrs. Horatio Ballantyne, Arthur G. Bloxam, Frank Dehn, and H. Douglas Elkington, with a request that they should invite the Patents Committee of the Society of Chemical Industry to confer with them and report in due course. Public Analysts.-A statement on the Conditions of Ap- pointments of Public Analysts, prepared by the Public Ap- pointments Committee, is incorporated in this Part of the Journal.It will also be printed separately and circulated among public authorities concerned with the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. 155 The Public Appointments Committee have had before them particulars of the appointments proposed to be made by local authorities in various parts of the country, which show a tendency to demean these important public positions. Correspondence has passed with the authorities concerned in the hope that the conditions would be improved before the appointments were made. In the case of one important city, the authorities proposed to appoint a whole-time officer at k300 per annum; but it appeared improbable that any Fellow of the Institute holding the qualifica- tions required by the Ministry of Health and the Scottish Board of Health would become a candidate for the vacancy in question, and, after some correspondence with the Institute, the local authority is reconsidering the matter.For the dual appointment of public analyst to the County and to the City of Gloucester, which became vacant through the death of Mr. George Embrey, the County and City Authorities (having in view the appointment of the same officers to the two posts, together with those of water examiner and gas examiner to the City), offered the following terms: “The analyst will be required to reside in or near the City,” and to ‘‘provide his own laboratory, assistance, apparatus and chemicals”; the analyst to be “at liberty to carry on private practice which will not clash or interfere with his duties as public analyst, ’but will be “expected to make analyses of food and drugs for the citizens of Glowester at rates to be at first approved by the Council.” FORTHE CITY OF GLOUCESTER-Food and Drugs Act.-5O formal and 100 in- (Beyond those numbers-10s.forformal, and 5s. for informal samples.) Water.-To take and examine (bacteriologi-cally and chemically) 52 samples per annum (26 samples being taken from a reservoir 8 miles distant from Gloucester) .. Cfas.-Probable average of 34 tests per week, FORTHE COUNTYOF GLOUCESTER-formal samples ,. .. *. .. including testing on Sundays .. .. Samples. 150 52 182 Remuneration. S a. d. 50 0 0 80 0 0 50 0 0 Food and Drugs Act.-For all official samples (number not specified; average according to Allowance for chemicals, etc... .. Fertilisers and Feeding 8tuJfJs Act.-Sl 1s. persample (number not specified; average, 35)The analyst to be allowed to take private practice, subject to his scale of fees being settled with the County Council. recent records about 470 samples) . . .. 470 35 -889- 175 0 25 0 36 15 €416 15 0 0 0 0 156 From the above data it will be seen that the terms offered were totally inadequate and precluded the possibility of any chemist, qualified to be a public analyst, starting a practice in Gloucester with the hope of making a livelihood. It will be seen that the analyst would have to incur considerable initial outlay in acquiring a laboratory, and, out of ;6417,would have to defray the cost of maintaining a laboratory with all working expenses.The Registrar of the Institute was requested to communicate the views of the Institute to the authorities, and on his return from visiting the South Wales Section at Swansea on the 12th May, called on the Clerk to the County Council, who kindly promised to report the interview to both authorities. The Registrar discussed the terms of the appointments, showing that the emoluments would be less than those paid for similar appointments, indicating the poor prospects of any chemist contemplating candidature for the vacant positions, and emphasising particularly that the public analyst would be required to make bacteriological and chemical analyses of 52 samples of water for k80 per annum, including the taking of samples from two reservoirs, one of which was eight miles from the city; further, that as gas examiner he would be required to make 3& tests a week, including at least 26 tests a year to be made on Sundays, for a salary of ;65o per annum, or less than 3s.an hour for his work. The Clerk to the County Council intimated that the authorities supposed that the public analyst appointed would acquire the practice of his predecessor, and that a young man might come in and extend that practice. The Registrar remarked that it was hardly fair to treat a p-ofessional man as if he were a waiter and pay him a small wage on account of the perquisites which he might receive.The County Clerk said the authorities did not want to do that, but they would await the result of their advertisement. It appeared very doubtful whether any candidate qualified in accordance with the “Regulations as to competency of public analysts,” prescribed by the Ministry of Health, would be forth- coming for the appointment. In the circumstances, the Council advertised publicly, advising any Fellow or -4ssociate of the Institute who might contemplate accepting appointment as public analyst for the County of Gloucester or for the City of Gloucester at the terms advertised, to communicate at once with the Registrar. 157 The authorities received four applications and selected a candidate, not a member of the Institute, whose appointment is subject to the approval af the Ministry.Indian Ordnance Department.-Exception has been taken by the India Office Authorities to the reference to the Indian Ordnance Department which appeared in the Journal, Part I., 1923 (pages 25-27), particularly to : (a) the opinion that the Department “withholds from its chemists the terms and conditions of service and the status to which they are undoubtedly entitled, and which would be given to them in other branches of the Indian Civil Service ”; (b) the paragraph-“The situation arises from the fact that the India Office acts in this matter merely as an agent, while the Indian Ordnance Department is an army depart- ment under a Director General in India, and the factories branch of the department is a purely manufacturing branch under a Director of Factories”; and ’ (c) the reference to the recruitment of chemists through the Director-General of Stores.The Registrar has been informed by the India Office that: “Civilian officers serving in the Indian Ordnance Depart- ment are not members of the Indian Civil Service, a service which is in some respects on a special statutory basis, and is only one of the many civil services in India. But their pay is settled, and they are entitled to leave,* pension, etc., in ac- cordance with the principles which apply to superior civil employees of the Crown in India generally, and they have the status of gazetted officers. They are recruited and appointed by the Secretary of State for India in Council, who is directly interested in, and determines, their pay and conditions of service.“It is therefore incorrect to say that the India Office acts merely as an agent in recruiting chemists for the Factories, or that the chemists are deprived of any conditions of service or amenities enjoyed by other civil employees in Government service in India.” In explanation, it should be mentioned that, in November last, the Institute learned that there was a vacancy for a chemist in * But see (a),p. 169. 158 the Cordite Factory, Aruvankadu, on certain terms. On com- municating with the India Office, however, the terms were found to be lower, while the qualifications required were dis-tinctly higher, than had been anticipated.However, no attempt was made to dissuade members of the Institute from applying for the vacancy; on the contrary, it was notified on the Ap- pointments Register for three weeks without result. The Ordnance Consulting Officer sought for an explanation, which the Registrar of the Institute endeavoured to supply in a letter dated 30th November, 1922, embodying substantially the matter published in JOURNAL, Part I. He (the Registrar) subse- quently reported his action to the Council, and an account of the proceedings was published in due course in the JOURNAL. The statement in JOURNAL, Part I., although based on views obtained from reliable sources, appears to have been expressed incorrectly, in some respects, due to the lack on the part of the Registrar of a proper understanding of the terms commonly used in connection with Indian Official administration, with regard to which further information has now been obtained.In India, the expression “Indian Civil Service,” for example, means the senior civil service in India, and does not comprise all the civil services in India, as the statement implied. (This mistake is constantly made by other writers and even by speakers in Parliament. The correct expression is “The civil services in India ”-meaning such departments as the Education, Post and Telegraph, Forests, Public Works, etc. The Medical Services- so far as their officers are concerned-are military, and do not furnish any comparisons in the subject under discussion).The expression “Government of India Appointments ” has also a special meaning in India, and should not have been used in this connection: what was intended was “appointments in Civil Departments.” (The Indian Ordnance Department is an Army department .) The concluding sentence of the statement has also been misunderstood--“ Married men should, of course, have corre-spondingly higher terms” was intended to express the obvious fact that men who are married need higher pay. (The Govern- ment does not recognise the provision of special terms for married men except in certain rare cases of travelling and house allowances.) 159 However, the opinion expressed in the letter to the Ordnance Consulting Officer, which was the basis of the statement in JOURNAL, Part I., that the Government of India did not recognise the existence of (‘civilian officers ” in the Ordnance Department in the same way that it did those in the various departments of the civil services in India was justified on the following grounds, viz.: (a) “Civilian Officers” appointed to the Ordnance DeparI- ment did not, at that time, as a matter of course, carry the right to serve under the European Leave Rules of Civil Service Regula- tions or its equivalent in the Fundamental Rules (Le. the new Civil Service Regulations). [The India Office has informed the Institute that this has been conceded to take e@ect from June, ’1923,so far as officers of European domicile are concerned. “Civilian officers ” in superior service in civilian departments have always served under the European Leave Rules as a matter of course.] (b) The new “Fundamental Rules ” do not include (‘civilian officers” in the Ordnance Department.Those in superior service in civil departments serve under these rules. [The India Office has informed the Institute that the question of their extension to chemists under the Ordnance Department is under consideration.] (c) A complete list of “Civilian officer ” appointments in the Ordnance Department was not formerly given in any publication available to the public, except in a miscellaneous category in “History of Services,” and even then most of the information with regard to these appointments was unreliable; whereas “Civilian appointments to superior service” in civil services in India can be found in their appropriate lists, which are available to the public.This is a matter of some importance in India, because such lists are used for general reference by other officials, club secretaries, etc. [The India Office has informed the Institute, however, that the names of five chemists of the Indian Ordnance Department were given in the Indian Army List in October last .] (2) In Government rules or regulations, civilian officers in superior service in any civil department in India are not referred to in the manner in which (‘Civilian Gazetted Officers” are (‘referred to in (‘Army Regulations, India.” Civilian Officers ” of the Ordnance Department are dealt with in those regulations in conjunction with military and civilian subordinates.This 160 fact and the use of the term “Civilian Gazetted Officers” and “Civilian Non-Gazetted Officers ” immediately indicate that the former do not belong to Superior Service. In no civil department is an officer in Superior Service referred to in the Regulations as a “Civilian Gazetted Officer.” (e) Civilian officers of various departments of the civil services are in certain circumstances allowed to count towards service for pension the number of years by which their age exceeds 25 at the time of recruitment. These civil departments are all mentioned by name in the appropriate rules on this subject. The Government of India had officially refused to concede the same benefit to a civilian officer recruited to the Ordnance Department; but it was actuallv conceded, zn February of this year, to the post of Manager of the Cordite Factory Fellows and Associates are reminded that in 1919a Chemical Service Committee was appointed by the Government to report on the formation of a Chemical Service.The main object was to enable Government to bring the conditions of service of all chemists into line with that in the civil departments. The new Chemical Department was to include as many as possible of the chemical appointments in India. The fact that such a committee was appointed is in itself proof that Government knew that the conditions of service of Government Chemists were unsatisfactory. It was hoped that the formation of a Chemical Service would have established the position of Government Chemists in India; but in the present state of finance nothing has been done to carry out the Com- mittee’s recommendations. The position may be summarised as follows : The India Office is desirous of the assistance of the Institute in the recruitment of chemists; and the Institute is anxious to do all that is possible to render such assistance, as much in the interests of efficient service as in those of the chemists themselves.Misunderstandings have arisen through the variation of the terns of appointment and of the qualifications required ; but the endeavour to formulate the views expressed from time to time by chemists who have had actual experience under the Ordnance Department, although written without the full know- ledge of official significance of certain expressions, has at least had the effect of bringing about a discussion which has already produced good results.161 The Secretary of State has now offered, for a specially well- qualified chemist, initial pay of Rs. 800, rising to Rs. 1000in five years, and passage (first class) to India and to this country on the termination of the contract. No guarantee of permanent employment is given, however, as the future organisation of the Indian Ordnance Factories is not yet determined. For this vacancy, the following qualifications are desired : (a) Honours degree of a British University in Chemistry.(b) Membership of the Institute of Chemistry. (c) Knowledge of the chemistry of “explosives” manufacture. (d) Capacity to hold independent charge under the general guidance of a more experienced chemist of a manufacturing section of a cordite factory (acid manufacture, gun cotton, cordite, acetone recovery). (e) The normal age limit for candidates is 30, but applicants up to 35 will be considered. (f) Unmarried men preferred. On the other hand, the conditions which are considered desirable from the point of view of the chemist are given in the following schedule which has now been transmitted to the India Office : (I) A 5 years’ agreement of Rs. 800-50-1000. (2) Free first class passages to and from India for the officer and his wife and family (if any).(3) Free medical attendance for the officer and his wife and (4) Admission to a Provident Fund similar to that open to those in superior service. (5) It should be stated in the agreements that they serve family (if any). under the Fundamental Rules in all its sections, and that they come under the Superior Service Rules. It should be made quite clear that “Army Regulations, India,” do not apply to them. (6) On the termination of the 5 years, if his services are satis- factory, a fresh agreement may be entered into, if so desired, in which case the pay to be Rs. 1o50-5o-1~50; or, if the officer and the Government of India so desire, permanent service may be agreed upon, on the same terms as regards salary.162 (7) If a fresh 5 years’ agreement be entered into, free firstclass passages to and from England to be granted to the officer and his wife and family (if any) some time during the second period for the purpose of proceeding on leave, and, further free first class return passages to England on the termination of the agreement. If permanent service be granted, free first class passages to and from England to be given to the officer and his wife and family (if any) for every 7 years’ completed service for the purpose of proceeding on leave, and free return passages to England on the termination of service. Military service to count towards increment. The appointment to be gazetted (as it is now) He should be allowed to count towards service for pension the number of years of age exceeding 25 at the time of recruitment under the usual rules granted to various civil departments.Bacteriological Tests of MiI k.-In Part I. of the JOURNAL (page 107), reference was made to an interview, which took place at the Ministry of Health on 27th February, regarding the fee proposed by the Ministry for the bacteriological examination of the various grades of milk, under the Milk and Dairies (Amend- ment) Act, 1922. On 8th April, in the House of Commons, the Minister of Health was asked by Sir James Remnant whether his attention had been drawn to the inadequate charges for such tests, necessi- tating as they do the services of skilled bacteriologists and the provision of material, and whether he would enquire into this.Mr. Neville Chamberlain, in reply, said that he had had representations as to the fee proposed for the work, but was advised that the work was of a routine character, and that the cost per sample should not exceed the amount which had been suggested where arrangements were made at a laboratory for dealing with the considerable volume of samples which might be expected to result from the scheme of milk grading. The Public Appointments Committee of the Institute are of opinion that the fee for such work should be one guinea for single samples and not less than 15s. if the samples are submitted in batches. 163 Local Sections.Belfast.-on 26th March, Mr. C. J. Still gave a paper before the Section on “Some Aspects of the Training of the Chemical Worker.” The scheme for National Certificates in Chemistry arranged between the Institute and the Board of Education was explained, and it was pointed out that up to the present this scheme had not found application in Northern Ireland. The arrangements whereby evening students at the Municipal College of Technology could after a five years’ course of study take a degree in the Faculty of Applied Science and Technology in the Queen’s University of Belfast were outlined, and the conditions under which attendance at the Municipal College of Technology would be recognised by the Institute of Chemistry as qualifying for admission to the Final examination for the Associateship were stated. The bearing of all these schemes on the general question of the education of the chemical worker in Northern Ireland was then discussed.There was general agreement that at present the vital need was for a sound preliminary general education, and the view was expressed that work towards the matriculation examination of a university was really of greater ultimate benefit to the ambitious worker than any more specialised scheme. It did not appear that Northern Ireland offered any field for an inter- mediate grade of worker; so that either a youth should work with the object of becoming a fully qualified chemist or he should rest content with the standard reached by the chemical labourer and works foreman.The National Certificates go beyond the scope of these men. On 27th April, at Queen’s University, Mr. H. Graham gave a lecture on “Atoms and Electrons.” Beginning with Ramsay’s classical work on radium emanation, the lecturer showed how the modern conceptions of the structure of atoms have developed within recent years, owing to the researches of Rutherford, Soddy, Aston, and Bragg. The experimental methods employed were demonstrated by the lecturer with the aid of some of the modern apparatus. 164 The session concluded with a tour of the physico-chemical department of the university. The researches on the Tesla- luminescence spectra in progress at Queen’s University were described, and the apparatus explained to the members.Alto-gether a clear conception of the trend of modern physico- chemical work was gained. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 25th May, when the Section Rules as drafted by the Committee were discussed, and the following were elected as Committee, for the forthcoming year :-Chairman, Mr. J. H. Totton; Treasurer, Miss N. I. Maxwell; Secretary, Dr. W. H. Gibson; Committee, Mr. J. R. Bainbridge, Mr. A. P. Hoskins, Dr. E. W. McClelland, and Dr. G. Scott Robertson. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Rules of the Section have been sanctioned by the Council and will shortly be issued to the members. On 24th May, the Section visited Bournville, and spent a very interesting afternoon, first in touring through the village and, then, in watching the various operations in the manu- facturing processes of the Works of Messrs.Cadbury Bros. Mr. N. P. Booth welcomed the visitors on behalf of Messrs. Cadbury Bros., giving an interesting account of the welfare work carried on by the firm on behalf of the employees. Prof. Morgan, Chairman, expressed the thanks of the Section for the hospitality extended to its members. The Birmingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was invited to join the party and several availed themselves of the invitation. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Mr. R. D. Littlefield, of Exeter, has been elected Chairman of the Com- mittee of the Section for the current year. The Committee have prepared a tentative programme for the next session (October to March), the meetings to be held on Wednesdays about the middle of each month.The Section hopes to be visited by the President; it will hol a meeting at Exeter on a Saturday, a joint meeting and a joint dinner with the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, a meeting to hear a paper by a Bristol member, and the Annual General Meeting in March, 1924. A Sub-committee will submit a definite programme to a meeting of the Section Committee to be held early in July. 165 Irish Free State.-A general meeting of the Section was held on Tuesday, 22nd May, in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Trinity College, Dublin, Professor W. E. Adeney in the chair. Mr. Pyne read a paper entitled “Recent Contributions to Colloid Theory.” After giving a brief summary of Ostwald’s views on colloid chemistry, he proceeded to describe the investigations of Loeb in connection with the proteins.Proteins, being amphoteric in character, are capable of com- bining with positive or negative ions according to the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution. The isoelectric point for gelatin corresponds with a pH value of 4.7; Loeb has shown that for pH values greater than this, gelatin unites with positive ions, and for smaller values with negative ions. The combination of gelatin with hydrochloric, nitric, acetic, oxalic, phosphoric and sulphuric acids at the same pH value was shown by Loeb to be in accordance with the basicity of the acid under the dilutions concerned, and therefore to be of a definite stoichiometric nature.As gelatin forms a non-diffusible ion, the Donnan theory of equilibrium is immediately applicable to a solu- tion of gelatin hydrochloride separated from a solution of HC1by a collodion membrane. The determination of potential differences in conjunction with this theory does not lead to convincing results. Results which give much better agreement between experiment and theory are obtained by utilising the Donnan theory of membrane equilibria in conjunction with the determination of osmotic pressures, and go far to show that colloid chemistry, so far as proteins are concerned, falls into line with the laws of general chemistry. Dr. Millar, in opening the discussion, mentioned that for thirty years he had been concerned with colloid chemistry from the industrial point of view.The introduction of the ultra- microscope by Zsigmondy was a milestone in the progress of the subject. The uka-microscope was an intensely interesting instrument to work with, but he found frequently that the Tyndall effect was of greater value industrially. He emphasised the importance of new industrial methods of control, particularly with regard to the conditions for stable equilibrium of colloidal solutions. He considered that enzyme action was more easily accounted for by the adsorption theory than by the application of Loeh’s work. He expressed his gratitude to Mr. Pyne for dealing with such an interesting and speculative subject; papers 166 on such subjects were eminently suitable for meetings of the Local Section, and very stimulating to the members.Mr. Andrews referred to the limited applicability of Loeb’s work to colloids in general owing to the work having been confined to proteins only. The purification of gelatin by washing at the isoelectric point, when adsorption dues not take place, was a valuable application of Loeb’s experimental work. Professor Hackett said that since Loeb’s views were founded very largely on experimental observations, they could hardly be described as speculative. He suggested that the positive charge on a protein might be brought about by the union of the protein with a hydrogen ion, and the negative charge by loss of a hydrogen ion, from the protein molecule.From this view to the adsorption theory was not a very great step; ultimately they might mean one and the same thing. He experienced difficulty in applying the Donnan theory of membrane equilibria to the swelling of gelatin, as apparently the gelatin had to act as its own membrane. Dr. Fearon referred to the very complicated chemical nature of the proteins and the difficulty of determining the hydrogen ion concentration of protein solutions. He hoped that Loeb might carry out work with simpler colloids than proteins in the future and so obtain experimental evidence yhich might be more generally applicable. Mr. Pyne having replied to the points under discussion, the meeting terminated, A SPECIAL GENERAL MEETING of the Section was held at Trinity College, Dublin, on 1st June to discuss the future status of the profession of chemistry in the Irish Free State, Prof.W. E. Adeney in the chair. The Hon. Secretary, Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, introduced the subject with a statement on the proceedings of the Section Com- mittee and of the conferences which had been held on the subject during the previous twelve months. It had been suggested to inaugurate a new Institute for Ireland controlled by a chemical council, including representatives of the principal Irish Universi- ties and Colleges, representatives of chemists in private practice and in industry, representatives not necessarily chemists nomi- nated by the Government, and a representative of the Irish Free State Local Section of the Institute.Regulations for admission to the membership of the new Institute had also been drafted. 167 President Cosgrave had received a deputation, which had presented a scheme for the organisation, control and registration of professional chemists in Ireland , suggesting that responsible chemists in the public service and all chemists who desired to give evidence in Courts of Law should be registered by the pro- posed Irish Chemical Council. The deputation pointed out the advantages to the public to be gained by the formation of such a Council which would be formally recognised as the authority for the registration of professional chemists in the Irish Free State, and be available to the Government in a consultative capacity. President Cosgrave had received the deputation sympathetically, requesting them to meet him again at a later date when other members of the Cabinet could be present.The chief advantages of the new Institute would be-The inclusion of all Irish chemists; the exclusion-with Government authority-of unqualified persons from public appointments ; ease of access to the Government, which was sympathetic towards the formation of the organisation; and the provision of an advisory body in connection with Government scientific services. On the other hand, recognition of the new Institute elsewhere than in Ireland would only come with time, and he (Dr. Leonard) suggested that chemists who became qualified in Ireland would be well advised to join the existing Institute.A discussion ensued, in which Messrs. Adeney, Becker, Caldwell, Fagan, Fearon, Harrison, O’Farrelly, Parkes, and Young took part. The following resolution, proposed by Mr. Fagan, and seconded by Prof. Caldwell, was carried unarimously : “This meeting of the Local Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland approves of the formation of an Irish Institute of Chemistry on the plan put forward in the circular issued by the Committee of Irish Chemists, and it also considers that the Local Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland should continue to function.” Mr. Marlow, the Assistant Secretary of the Institute, who had been invited to attend, said he was glad that the resolution contained the proviso that the Local Section of the Institute should continue to function, because, although the members present desired it to continue, a report of the meeting without that proviso might create the impression that the members in 168 Ireland were breaking away from the Institute.The regulations which had been drawn up seemed, on paper, to be very compar- able with those of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. In some respects they appeared to be more exacting: he had noted the proposed compulsory registration of students, and thought that this course was desirable in order that they might build up, during student days, a proper pro- fessional esprit de corps.He noticed also that a minimum of four years’ training in a recognised institution was required. The Institute also required four years’ training, but recognised one year of approved experience under a Fellow, or in a works or laboratory, acquired subsequently to three years’ prescribed training in a recognised University or College. In only one respect were the proposed regulations definitely of a lower standard than those of the Institute, and that was in the qualifi- cations proposed for public analysts. It would be possible for an Irish chemist to get the necessary qualification one year after becoming a member of the Irish Institute. In England that was not now possible until three years after the Associateship, the examination being confined entirely to the Fellowship.He commended the promptitude with which they had seized the opportunity of bringing to the attention of the Government the necessity for the proper qualification of those practising the profession of chemistry. The Committee of Chemists had not overlooked the important grade of chemists’ assistants. The Committee were proposing to adopt a course somewhat similar to that adopted in England, and they would thus avoid having a class of unqualified men who imagine themselves to be chemists. The only reference to the Institute in the documents relating to the proposed Irish Institute was the proposal that one repre- sentative of the Irish Free State Section should serve on the Chemical Council. He felt that this was an unduly small representation of a body which contained the great majority of qualified chemists in Ireland.It was true, no doubt, that many of the representatives otherwise appointed to the Chemical Council would be members of the Irish Free State local section, but he thought it was a pity that a well-organised body of chemists should lack proper repi esentation on the proposed Council. He understood that the lack of reference to the Institute in other paxts oi the document was purely an oversight, 169 and that in fact the documents had been drafted with the Regulations, Charter and By-Laws of the Institute always in view. He feared that they had been forced to attempt to set up national frontiers in chemistry.He noticed, however, that in their regulations they were including QueenJs University, Belfast, and he presumed, therefore, that they had some hope that the present situation between the two parts of Ireland would not affect the practice of chemistry. He trusted, therefore, that they would maintain their standard of qualifications at the high level at which it stood on paper, so that when the present political difficulties had been overcome, and when, as he hoped, Ireland and the other constituent States of the British Empire were completely in amity, it would be possible to say that the Jrish Institute was merely a temporary expedient to overcome those difficulties, and that by reason of the maintenance of their standards of qualifications, the two bodies might be fused again into one whole.Liverpool and North-Western.-The lecture on “Chemical Warfare,” by Major Lefebure, to which reference was made in Part II., was followed by discussion, a report of which is here abstracted . Dr. F. J. Brislee, the Chairman, in inviting discussion, said that he had been impressed by the able manner in which the lecturer had dealt with his subject. Mr. Shepherd said that the lecture should stimulate interest in a very important subject. He was not sure that chemists had seriously considered its possibilities. It was imperative that they should do so because England, with its large centres of population, was peculiarly susceptible to an attack on its civil population.This situation, combined with an attitude of apparent ignorance and indifference, provided a constant temp- tation to any hostile country; hence the necessity for adequate defence against any form of gas attack. Those present might not, but in all probability their sons would, be concerned in the next war. He referred to the poor use made of chemical knowledge and experience in the great war, and especially to the first methods employed by the British in gas warfare in France, when untrained men were expected to make gas connections under shell fire. Measures should be taken now to prevent a repetition of such a state of affairs, and chemists should represent 170 their views in the proper quarters, because it would be to them that the country would turn in the future, and it would be necess,ary to make use of the national chemical resources both mental and material, with the greatest efficiency.The possession of a dyestuffs industry seemed an obvious precaution. The production of dyestuffs in large quantities would prevent the possibility of other countries being in a unique position to produce lethal chemicals. He favoured the suggestion that the use of chemicals in warfare should be restricted to such as would effect a decision without causing death. There should be no great difficulty in devising a gas which would produce some condition, such as that of happy intoxication, which would put men out of action in a more humane fashion.Professor Heilbron suggested that Mr. Shepherd was unduly optimistic with regard to the prospects of a further conflict. He was not convinced that the country was better prepared for it than in 1914. The great munitions’ factories had been mostly dismantled or sold, and, in the event of a new war, we should have to start again at the beginning. What the future held nobody could foretell; but preparedness for war did not neces- sarily imply the war spirit: in fact, quite the opposite, and, in his opinion, it was the best means of preventing war. The Government should be brought to realisc that the maintenance of an active and efficient chemical industry was essential. Government subsidies should be given for research both in the universities and in industry, in order to ensure a sufficient supply of highly trained chemists who, when the necessity arose, could be readily transferred from academic or industrial work to armament supplies.Perhaps Major Lefebure might find further means of informing the country at large on the doctrines he had so ably enunciated. The condition of Europe was grave, and the position should be fully appreciated by the community. America had intimated that she would no longer be mixed up with European affairs; nevertheless, she recognised that any future war must involve chemical warfare, and her chemists were engaged in the investigation of substances capable of utilisation in that direction. Mr. E. T. Williams doubted whether the study of war weapons was the best way to ensure world peace: the study of the machinery of warfare might lead to the desire to use it.We must beware of that danger. Although Germany was in a much better position in respect of the efficiency of her gas equipment 171 than the Allies, she had lost the war. If we devoted more time to the scientific study of the improvement of human nature, which changed so very slowly, we might get nearer, world peace. Mr. Morton acknowledged some feeling of trepidation in attempting to grapple with the subject; yet he aspired to put his finger on a weak spot. As a military instrument, lethal gas was not so potent as that which would result from the mobilisa- tion of medical science for offensive warfare involving the use of pathogenic germs.The tetanus epidemic showed that infection from contaminated soil would be at least as disastrous as a gas attack. Professor Roberts, dealing with the remarks of Mr. Morton, suggested that the use of antitoxins prepared in the laboratory afforded a means of protection against many diseases. Although the Geneva conference had condemned such methods as Mr. Morton had indicated, when a nation was at war there was always the possibility that it might use any instrument to save itself from defeat. Notwithstanding America’s humane suggestions for the limitation of armaments, she was proceeding industriously in the investigation of chemical warfare, and other countries were not idle in that connection. Such a condition of things could not relieve us of our responsibilities: the Government should be urged to support research on synthetic organic chemi- cals and apparatus. To say that Germany, even with the aid of poison gas, could not win the war, was not quite correct; she failed to win because she was being starved.If she had possessed Russia’s resources she would not, in his opinion, have had to capitulate in 1918. He regarded with some concern the action of the Government in compelling the British dye manu- facturers to combine on a promise that they would not suffer after peace was concluded; such promises should be kept. The Section was much indebted to Major Lefebure for giving them much to think about, and he hoped the lecture would be published.Mr. Morton remarked that the fact remained that men died from such diseases as tetanus, owing to the delay which inter- vened between the incidence of an epidemic and the use of counter measures. Dr. Howarth spoke as one of those who had been actually engaged in the manufacture of gas for warfare. He appreciated Major Lefebure’s warning to be ready and to develop our chemical industry, but he had felt rather disappointed on hearing the 172 efforts to make mustard gas depreciated. Manufacturers had spent months in getting the necessary plant for a process, which was then completely abandoned. Another process was dis-covered and, while the manufacturers were working out plant for large scale production, opinions differed as to whether the material produced would be efficacious, and also as to the best method of carrying out the manufacture.The chemical industry ought rather to be praised for the rapidity with which the pre- parations were made. The Germans used gas in April, 1915. At the end of June, 1915,the manufacturers were asked to make gas, and in the following September, the gas was ready. Gas for the Battle of Loos had been made in two months. Chloro-picrin had been made in a very short time in large quantities, as well as other gases, although some unavoidable delay had occurred in the preparation of gases with which they were not familiar. If the country was to be in the front rank in the matter of chemical warfare, it should have a chemical industry second to none.Dr. Brislee urged a strong plea for a great chemical industry based upon the results of research, apart from the object of gas warfare. It was also necessary that Members of Parliament should understand the objects and meaning of research. The aim should be to increase knowledge. When Faraday discovered induction and explained it to a lady, he was asked, “What use is it ? ” He retorted : “Of what use is a baby when it is born ? ” Dr. Brislee also recalled that Kelvin’s discovery of the slight fall in temperature that a gas suffered when it passed through a small orifice became the fundamental principle of commercial refrigerators. No one could foresee the possibilities of a newly discovered scientific fact. We should aim at piling up research, particularly in organic chemistry.Parliament should also be taught that chemists could not be miracle workers. Professor Baly said he was glad to have the opportunity of proposing a hearty vote of thanks to Major Lefebure, to whom the Section was extremely grateful for his stimulating paper. He was glad once again to meet an old friend, with whom he had been associated at University College between 1906 and 1910. He well recollected his early impression that Lefebure was a man who would make his mark in the world, and he now saw the justification for that impression, not only in Major Lefebure’s book, The Riddle of the Rlzine, but in the great work he was carrying on. Quite distinct from the principal theme of chemical 173 warfare, he had made a very strong case for a powerful chemical industry, well co-ordinated with scientific progress, since national security and national prosperity were irrevocably bound up with scientific advance.Germany had long recognised this. Her industries were backed by state aid, but in this country industries had almost entirely to depend upon private enterprise. He was strongly of opinion that chemistry should rank higher as a subject in the Civil Service examinations. Captain Bain, in seconding the motion, said he knew some- thing of the valuable work Major Lefebure had done as Technical Liaison Officer between this country and France, and, later, Italy. He also recalled the commendations of Marshal Foch and the late Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson on The Riddle of the Rhine.There were certain points on which he hoped for elucidation. He believed that in this country public opinion must be brought to realise the importance of pure research; the future of the country in war and peace depended upon the application of the best brains to pure research, but, though much remained to be done, he thought the Government Services had not received from Major Lefebure and Professor Baly sufficient credit for the steps they had already taken to ensure the continued supply of technical men. Although the amount allotted to research through the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was small, the fact that money was being spent in this way at all was of great importance.The chemist had now a recognised position in the public services. He would like to have heard from Major Lefebure some definition of what he had in his mind regarding chemical disarmament; he had not dealt with the possibility or practicability of it. He agreed with the necessity for propaganda, and felt that the great part which chemical warfare would play in the future was one of the strongest arguments for securing proper appreciation of the part played by science. In his view, the union of the services into one common Ministry of Defence was a matter of pressing moment. No greater argument could be advanced for the formation of such a Ministry than the necessity for unified control of research and development of chemical warfare.Captain Bain also thanked the Liverpocl Section for inviting the members of the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry to the lecture. The vote of thanks was carried with acclamation. Major Lefebure, replying, said that two points in the discussion demanded attention. It had been suggested that he had a 174 constructive programme. He held the view that the matter should be dealt with properly; there was no middle course. Chemical warfare must either be given its proper place, personnel, facilities and finance ; or adequate disarmament safeguards must be secured, intelligently conceived and fairly operated by every country, including Germany. It seemed that the Government would not, or could not, adopt the first course, because it was toying with the second; until the vague safeguards suggested at Washington and Geneva were amplified, properly framed, and brought to a decision, the Government would not regard itself as free to move in the direction of development or disarmament.Therefore, whether or not people believe in the possibility of disarmament, a decision must be made one way or the other. Without any question of blame or recrimination, he thought people should realise the necessity of going into the whole matter as a national duty with the same thorough investigation of fair treatment that other national questions receive. He had not described the details of any constructive plan because his chief anxiety lay in the general position.He did not mind being shot at, but thought the position should not be endangered by the cross-fire of criticism which would inevitably be drawn if he were to unfold the details of a plan, be it ever so good. Instead of an academic discussion and pulling to pieces an individual plan, there should be a full-dress committee or conference properly equipped and loyally supported, an organisation free from any militarist or pacifist bias, coldly expert, to consider all the facts, take out the best from all the proposals, and present, if possible, a scheme and method of operation. The country could then decide whether it was prepared to take the risk involved in reducing its chemical warfare activities to an agreed minimum. He agreed with Professor Baly that it was necessary to infuse in the minds of the future ruling classes an understanding and appreciation of this menace, which he believed to be one of the fundamental problems facing the country.London and South-Eastern Counties,-On 18th April a meeting of the Section was held in the rooms of the Royal Photographic Society, by kind permission of the Council of the Society, Mr. E. R. Bolton in the chair. Mr. Dudley Northall-Laurie read a paper on “Screen Plate Colour Photography.” 175 The lecturer referred briefly to the early attempts that had been made to secure a picture in its natural colours by a photo- graphic or mechanical process, pointing out that Daguerre, in 1839,by his process, had really produced a colour photograph; a Daguerreotype will show colours when held at the proper angle to the incident light.Prof. Lippman’s process, which depended for its colour effects upon interference of light reflected by thin films, was then described. The principle of colour vision was dealt with; it was explained how white light can be split up into a series of colours, that certain of these colours are complementary to one another, and when re-combined produce white light again. Mr. Laurie described three methods of obtaining white light by recombining the three primary colours-red, green, and blue. Firstly, by superimposing red, green, and blue coloured light, which method was used by Ives in his photochromoscope; secondly, by rotating a disc divided into three segments, red, green, and blue, the retina of the eye retaining one impression long enough for it to blend with the succeeding ones, a modifica- tion of which was used by Messrs.Urban and Smith in their kine- macolour process for showing moving pictures in colour; and, thirdly, by means of lines, dots, or squares of the three primary colours, so small that the eye cannot differentiate between them and the effect of white is conveyed. Experiments were shown to illustrate these three methods, the last mentioned being that used in all screen plate processes. The first screen plate process, that of Prof. Joly, was fully described as well as the Lumisre and Paget processes. Photo-micrographs of plates and screens were projected on the screen to indicate the principles involved, and a fine series of views taken by the Paget method was exhibited.A discussion took place after the lecture, in which the Chair- man, Prof. Hinchley, who gave some interesting details in regard to the early difficulties of the Joly process, Dr. Slater Price, Mr. Brewis, Mr. Burgess, and others took part. Mr. Laurie, in reply, gave details of development exposure and of practical hints in manipulation. On the motion of the Chairman, thanks were accorded to the lecturer and also to the Royal Photographic Society for the use of the rooms. 176 Newcastle and North-East,-On the 20th April, the members of the Section received the President and Registrar of the Institute at the Royal Turk’s Head Hotel, Newcastle-on- Tyne.Dr. P. E. Bowles, Chairman of the Section, having welcomed the visitors, the President delivered an address, dealing especially with matters on which the Section had previously expressed a desire for information. He referred briefly to the history of the Institute, its origin and incorporation by Royal Charter, the changes made in its constitution, the formation of local sections, and the development of its policy. The Institute had won its position through maintaining the high standard of its qualifications. Only those who had served on the Council could realise fully the importance and diversity of the matters with which it had to deal, and anyone looking at the recent reports of the Council must admit that its activities were increasing both in volume and importance, and that its influence was becoming steadily greater.The Sections and the District Members of Council constituted a connecting link between the general body of members and the Council. He had visited several Sections, and nothing connected with the office of President had given him greater pleasure than to come into personal contact with the members in various parts of the country. He had made many good friends and had learned more of the feelings of the members than would have been possible in any other way. The formation of Local Sections was one of the most important and statesmanlike movements that had ever taken place within the Institute.In no other way could the members have been brought to realise so clearly that no matter where they might be situated they were closely in touch with headquarters. The Institute was, after all, merely a collection of individuals, and everyone had the power to make it more influential. Every member should regard it as a duty to be a centre of propaganda, and should lose no opportunity of explaining to his friends and acquaintances what chemistry really means, and the nature of his own work as a chemist, in order that the public should become as well acquainted with our functions as they are with those of the doctor and the lawyer. The war had been a powerful factor in that process of education, and the services that chemists then rendered had immensely improved the position occupied i77 by the profession.It was the duty of every member to do all he could to maintain the position so won and to keep alive in the public mind the national importance of the profession. Members looked very properly to the Institute to help them in their difficulties, and sometimes to fight their battles for them, but they must give as well as receive; each contributing as far as possible to the common good, remembering that the success or failure, the conduct, good or bad, of any individual member inevitably affected the body as a whole, and, conversely, that the more powerful the Institute became, the greater would be the amount of service which it would become capable of rendering to the members individually.The alterations in recent years in the regulations for the admission of members had constituted a further landmark in the history of the Institute. The Associateship implied good general training and integrity, but the Fellowship signified, in addition, special knowledge, experience and judgment. More than ten years previously he had written to the then President of the Institute strongly advocating that change, for he had felt that the Institute would have to widen its basis in order to include all persons who could claim to be properly trained chemists. Occasionally he heard of complaints on the part of elected Associates whose applications for the Fellowship without examination had been declined, but he thought that such Associates should remember that it was for their own good and the good of the profession that the conditions for Fellowship should be rigorously insisted upon.That was, and he hoped it would continue to be, the policy of the Council. The Associate- ship, then, constituted a guarantee of good general training to anyone who might require the services of a chemist without special experience ; but the Fellowship should signify something more and something different; it should be a diploma such as no other body could confer. The Institute possessed among its members such a mass of valuable technical knowledge and experience that it was in a position to apply an examinational test of true efficiency superior to that which could be applied by any other body.In recent times, educational organisations appeared to have attempted to out-do the Chinese in the matter of examinations. New examinations, new diplomas, and new degrees were constantly being devised, and the bodies concerned appeared to be vieing with one another as to which could grant the most highly specialised 178 form of diploma. There was, however, some fear that true education was being lost sight of in the desire to provide special diplomas in every branch of pure and applied science. Assuming such diplomas were really good there must necessarily be a tendency to encourage narrow and imperfect specialisation, and, having regard to this tendency, it was more than ever essential that the Institute itself should maintain a high standard and keep its requirements, both in respect of training and examinations for the Associateship, on broad and sound lines. Addressing himself more particularly to the younger members, the President said that the future of the profession lay very much in their hands; theirs would be the responsibility of upholding the great heritage which their elders would in due course hand over to them and of transmitting it in turn to their successors, more coherent, more powerful, and more generally esteemed than when they received it.They had the advantage of finding the profession already firmly established, and it would be almost im- possible for them to imagine with what difficulties they would have had to contend without such a corporate existence.It had been built up largely by the labours of the Institute, and they should endeavour in some measure to repay by their firm allegiance the service which the Institute had thus rendered. There was no mare fascinating profession than chemistry, and certainly none of greater importance to the public welfare. Like all the great professions, however, it made demands on its followers; and unless a man really loved chemistry he was not likely to make the necessary effort and sacrifice. They might meet with disappointments, but by perseverance and sound honest work success would come sooner or later. The Institute represented a great profession, the members of which were not hand-workers governed by trade union con- siderations, and they could turn to the Institute as a wise counsellor and a firm and sympathetic friend.In conclusion he referred to the Benevolent Fund. The very essence of a profession implied comradeship or brotherhood; a chemist ought to feel that another chemist was more to him than a member of any other profession. One of the first lessons of pro- fessional life, and one which they were all taught at school, was to play the game and to play it not for their own hands, but for the team. Once that was fully realised they would agree that it was their duty to give whatever help they could to any fellow member who might require it; it might take the form of advice 179 or sympathy or direct professional help.It might even take the form of actual financial assistance urgently needed by a colleague who, through no fault of his own, had fallen upon bad times. In insisting on a high standard of professional conduct, it should be made as easy as possible for members to conform to that standard. It was all very well for those who were in corn- fortable circumstances to avoid any suggestion of professional misconduct, but when a man was in want, perhaps of the bare necessities of life, it was expecting a great deal that he should have the same scrupulous regard to professional ethics. They should, therefore, regard it as their privilege and their duty to give help to others when they needed it. The Benevolent Fund had been established for that purpose, and already something had been done to alleviate the mis- fortunes of some members.It was necessary that the funds should be considerably augmented, and that the income should be sufficient to enable the Committee to deal with ordinary cases out of income, and to form a capital fund for the larger objects, such as providing annuities, and educational facilities for children, or for special emergencies that might at any time arise. He repeated the suggestion that every member of the Institute should contribute a small sum annually, and showed that a modest contribution of 5s. or 2s. 6d. a year from over 4000 members would produce a very substantial income. The Registrar, having been asked to say a few words, thanked the Section for honouring him with their invitation to visit the Section; he reminded the members that when they were in London they were always welcome at headquarters, and should not hesitate to ask the Institute to help them in any professional matter.He emphasised what the President had said with regard to the relations of the Institute to Government depart- ments. On the subject of the Benevolent Fund, he feared that needy cases were not always brought to the notice of the Com- mittee so soon as they should be. He hoped that members would do what they could to save those in distress from being put to the pain of asking for help. On the motion of Dr. Dunn, a cordial vote of thanks was passed to the President for his address, and to the Registrar for his remarks.On the same evening the first joint dinner of the Newcastle Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry 180 and the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club was held at the Royal Turk’s Head Hotel, Dr. Henry Peile presiding. The Chairman, in proposing the toast of “The Chemical Profession,” coupled with the names of Mr. Chaston Chapman, President of the Institute, and Prof. Haworth of Armstrong College, said the manufacturers now increasingly recognised the importance of chemical research, but he thought that colliery owners had not yet fully appreciated the value of chemistry. A change was coming, however, for there was a greater tendency to-day to sell coal at its real value. The war had helped to stimulate the interest of the public and of the Government in chemistry, and one important step had been the establishment of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.Only by close co-operation between the chemical profession and the manufacturers could the industries of the country hold their own. The President of the Institute, in responding, said that to emphasise the dependence of industry on chemistry to a Tyneside audience might be regarded as “bringing coals to Newcastle” ; but he felt that much yet remained to be done before the in- dustries of the country realised thoroughly the importance of the subject. He suggested that the Institute, or several bodies in co-operation, should inaugurate lectures throughout the country dealing with the importance of chemistry in industry, and perhaps local industries in particular.Prof. Haworth dealt with the training of chemists. They owed it to the war in a large measure that there was a clear line of demarcation between the chemists and the pharmacists. He claimed for the profession of chemistry a status at least equal to that of medicine and the law. He was not one of those who held that the university training for a career in industrial chemistry should consist of the special study of one or more particular branches of industrial chemistry ; he had many assurances to the contrary from men who were themselves chemical manufacturers. If they wanted a definite problem solved in the laboratory it was often advantageous to employ a man trained in pure science who would come to the subject without preconceived ideas and be able to tackle it anew.On the other hand, he did not advocate university training in applied chemistry, because he felt that what a man could learn in that direction in a year at a university could be acquired within three months at the works. 181 Prof. P. P. Bedson proposed “The City of Newcastle,” re- ferring to his long association with the city, while he held the chair at Armstrong College. Newcastle had won a proud pre- eminence in the world’s achievements in mining, engineering and ship-building-not to speak of the ancient Tyneside chemical industry. Thus, the recent celebrations of the United Alkali Company at Liverpool, where he thought it had been claimed that the alkali industry had been founded in this country, over- looked the fact that it had been established at Tyneside 17 years previously.The Lord Mayor (Alderman W. Bramble) referred to some of the great men whom Tyneside had produced-Stephenson, Armstrong, Swan, Parsons, and others. In the olden times they had walled the town around in order to try and keep the Scotsmen out, but they had learnt long since that the way to advance was to open their doors to all. He believed that there were still many men of genius and grit who were able to uphold the great traditions of the city. The Registrar of the Institute proposed “Chemical Industry Clubs,’’ emphasising their value to the coming generation of chemists.Dr. E. F. Armstrong, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, replying, referred to the influence of club life, re- marking that he had made it his text, when dealing with the future of chemistry, to point out that men turned out by the universities and colleges were engaged because they were chemists, but their success was dependent upon capabilities as men. South Wales.-The Section held meetings on 18th April and 11th May at Thomas’ Caf6, Swansea, Mr. F. J. Bloomer in the chair. The April meetins was of an informal character for the purpose of discussing topics appertaining to chemical industry. On 11th May the Registrar of the Institute read a paper on the title chemist, dealing fully with the use of the word from remote times, and giving his views on the difficulty of securing, at the present time, the use of the title exclusively to those who practise chemistry. A keen discussion ensued, in which many members took part.A hearty vote of thanks, proposed by the Chairman and seconded by Prof. Coates, was accorded to the Registrar. 182 Notes. Pasteur Centenary.-The President represented the Institute at the recent celebrations of the Pasteur Centenary in Paris and in Strasbourg. Both he and Mrs. Chaston Chapman, who accompanied him, were very warmly welcomed. The Paris celebrations, which commenced on 24th May, and lasted until 30th May, included a reception by the President of the Republic and Madame Millerand at the Elys6e Palace, a reception at, the Pasteur Institute, ceremonies at the Sorbonne and at the Ecole Normale, a gala performance at the Opera, and many other functions.In Strasbourg the Pasteur Monument was inaugurated on 31st May, and was followed by a reception in the evening at the Town Hall, at which the President of the Republic and M. Poincar6 were present. The celebrations were in every respect admirable and worthy of the great occasion. ConfBdt5ration des Travailleurs 1ntellectuels.-Mr. Arthur R. Smith, who represented the Institute as Observateur at the Congress of the Confedgration des Travailleurs Intellectuels, opened at the Sorbonne on the 5th April, has reported on the proceedings. The inaugural meeting was held under the presidency of M.Henri de Jouvenel, Delegate for France to the League of Nations. The delegates and foreign Observateurs having been thanked for their presence, addresses were received from the Official Delegates for the Confederations representing the legal, medical and scientific organisations of various countries within the League of Nations. Holland sent five Observaiezcrs, one of whom was Dr. C. J. Van Nieuwenburg, President of the Dutch Chemical Society; Canada was represented by an Observateur from the Engineering Society; and England by Mr. Latham, President of the National Federation of Professional, Technical, Administra- tive and Supervisory Workers. The British Medical Association 183 was represented by a French Observateur.Miss Amalia de Friesz was the Observateur for the British Confederation of Arts. The Institute of Chemistry was the only other British Institute formally represented. On April 6th the Official Delegates and Observateurs gave an account of the state of organisation of intellectual workers in their respective countries. It was decided to found an Inter- national Confederation of Intellectual Workers and to appoint an executive committee, consisting of two delegates from each nation (each such delegate to have a deliberative vote), and also to nominate an Observateur for each country which had not sent a delegate to the present congress, but had sent an Observateur (such Observateur to have a consultative vote). The Executive Committee has been instructed to instigate and bring together the associated organisations of the National Confedera- tion of Intellectual Workers, and to draw up, having regard to the views exchanged at the Congress, the constitution of the Conf 6d6ra t ion Interna t ionale des Travailleurs Intellect uels which, after having been submitted to the National Federations, will be presented to the second session of the Congress, which will be held at Paris in December, 1923.The third meeting was preceded by a luncheon. The business consisted of the nomination of delegates for the December meeting. The Congress decided on a programme of work for the December meeting, including the consideration of the following matters :-Universal recognition of intellectual property, particu- larly scientific publications and the duration of their protection; the status of Civil Servants ; and International Professional Appointments.Mr. Smith reports that his general impression is that the Confederation is an active and useful body, and he thinks it well that the Institute should have been represented at the Congress. The feeling towards British intellectual workers was very friendly, although some disappointment was expressed that so many English societies had only sent their good wishes. Pan Pacific Scientific Congress.-Major B. J. Eaton has been selected to represent the Governments of the Federated Malay States and Straits Settlements (British Malaya) at the Pan Pacific Scientific Congress, in Sydney and Melbourne, from 13th August to 3rd September next. 184 British Engi n eering Stand ard s Association.-Dr.James Watson, representative of the Institute on the Sub-Committees of the Engineering Standards Association for Sand-lime Bricks and Portland Blast-furnace Cement, reports that the delibera- tions of these Sub-Committees with regard to specifications for such bricks and cement have now been issued. Civi I Service Esti mates.-The Civil Service Estimates for the year ending 3rd March, 1924, give the following points of interest to chemists:- For the Depaktment of Government Chemist the vote for salaries is slighJly decreased owing to the fall in the bonus. Provision is made for the appointment of an additional chemist, Class I., and for two additional chemists, Class 11.; but for a decrease in the number of assistant chemists unestablished.Under the Board of Education the provision for scholarships, studentships, and exhibitions to be granted by the Board is E162,290,compared with L182,252 in 1922-1923. The estimates for fees of students at universities show a slight decrease and a more considerable decrease in the allowances to be made; but on the other hand, an increase both in fees and allowances for science students at the Imperial College of Science and Techno- logy. The grants in aid of universities, colleges, etc., remain practically unaltered, except that larger grants are given to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. The grant to the Royal Society remains unaltered, and the amount allocated to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for investigations carried out by learned societies, etc., has been decreased from L1800 to @oo, and for grants to students and other persons engaged on research from kgr,ooo to &o,ooo. No change is anticipated in the expenditure on the staff of the National Physical Laboratory.Preservation of Ancient Buildings-Under the Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research a Special Committee of the Building Research Board has been appointed to report on the best methods by which decay in building stones, especially in ancient structures, may be prevented or arrested. The Committee includes Prof. C. H. Desch, Sir Herbert Jackson and Dr.Alexander Scott. 185 Popular Lectu res.-Lectures have recently been given to the Ruskin Guild, Carshalton, by Mr. C. T. Bennett, on “Perfumes,” and Mr. G. M. Watson on “London Air.” The former, with the aid of lantern slides, traced the history of the production of perfumes from the earliest times, and described modern methods of plant cultivation and oil extraction. Syn-thetic perfumes were briefly dealt with, and samples of these and the natural products exhibited. Mr. Watson dealt with atmospheric pollution, and gave a detailed description of the methods devised for the estimation of solid impurities in the air, showing that these originate in coal smoke. Test samples of the air in the room were taken, and the impurities shown under the microscope ;other typical results and the apparatus used were shown by means of slides.I n ternational A i r Congress.-The International Air Congress will take place at the Institution of Civil Engineers from the 25th to 30th June. British Association : At Liveppool, September 12th to 1 9th .-In connection with the meeting of the British Associa- tion, a Scientific Exhibition will be held at the Central Technical School, Byrom Street, Liverpool, and will comprise the latest forms of apparatus employed in connection with the scientific work of the various Sections of the Association and exhibits showing recent advances in applied science. The Chairman of the Exhibition Committee is Mr. F. W. Bain, United Alkali Company, Cunard Buildings, Liverpool.The Title “Chemist.”-A letter has been received from Mr. H. Droop Richmond, writing from the Analytical Laboratory of Messrs. Boots Pure Drug Company, Ltd., in which he says: “A discussion on the title of chemist can at the present time have no practical result; it is obviously logical that persons engaged in the science and practice of chemistry should be termed ‘chemists,’ in fact there is no other word in the English language which is effective for describing them; it must be remembered that chemistry, as it exists to-day, is a young science, and a century ago there were no chemists, and it was the pharmacist of the day who came most nearly to the practice of chemistry.“Pharmacy has developed contemporaneously with chemistry, but along gradually diverging lines, and though it is not entirely divorced from chemistry, this science now enters to but a minor degree, and the description chemist as applied to a pharmacist has ceased to be a true one to the logical mind.Nevertheless, it still remains, and cannot at the present time be displaced; the Pharmacy Acts have conferred a 186 legal right to the pharmacist to be a chemist,” and within the last few years a powerful vested interest has arisen. “Itis true that the law can be changed, but the difficulties of making such a change in face of public opinion and vested interests are insuper- able. In addition, few, if any, chemists have a real grievance; what class of ‘ chemists ’ desire the change? The academic chemists show no signs, the analysts and consultants are not up in arms, the technical chemists are not clamouring, and it seems that it is really people whose knowledge and skill in chemistry are so small that their recognition as chemists is problematical who are most desirous of getting the-or a-title.“Our friends the pharmacists who have the legal right to be chemists have never made the least effort to prevent any bona fide student or practitioner of chemistry from calling himself a chemist, so long as he refrained from keeping open shop, and from their side the subject has been regarded with a reasonable spirit of compromise ;while the leaders in pharmacy recobmise, as do the leaders in chemistry, that the change is bound to come eventually, and the chemist will some day be called a chemist and the pharmacist a pharmacist; they know the time is not yet ripe.Let us therefore continue the compromise, and devote our attention to the education of public opinion.” * “Public opinion holds that he is a chemist.” On the first paragraph it may be remarked that although chemistry was hardly practised as a profession a hundred years ago, Frederick Accum, in his System of Theoretical and Practical Chemistry (1807),after referring to chemical philosophers from the earliest times down to that of Priestley and Black, concludes Section 111.of his book with the following paragraph :-“Amongst the number of philosophers who have since that time cultivated and enriched the new theory of chemistry with discoveries which will for ever give immortality to their names, we have to notice Aikin, Babington, Bancroft, Beddoes, Blagden, Cavendish, Chenevix, Crichton, Cruickshank, Davy, Lord Dundonald, Lord Dundas, Fordyce, Garnett, Hatchett, Henry, Higgins, Hope, Howard, Kirwan, Bishop of Llandaff, Murray, Nicholson, Pearson, Tenant, Tilloch, Thomson, Wedgwood, and Wollaston ; Achard, Crell, Gilbert, Gren, Goetling, Hambold, Hermbstaedt, Klaproth, Lowitz, Richter, Scherer, Tromsdorf, Westmmb, Wiegleb ; Bertholet, Chaptal, Fourcroy, Lagrange, Guiton, Van Mons, Proust, Sequin, Vauquelin, etc.” A letter from Liebig to Berzelius, dated Giessen, 26th November, 1837 (nearly 86 years ago), lately discovered by Mr.Otto Hehner, in which the following passage occurs, shows that the grievance then existed:-“ I have been in England for a few months, and have seen enormously much and learned little. England is not a land of science; there is only a highly developed 187 dilettantism ; the chemists are ashamed to be called chemists because the despised apothecaries have taken that name for themselves.” To return to Mr. Richmond’s letter,-the powerful vested interests, referred to in the second paragraph, in the use of the word chemist by drug companies, has long since been realised by chemists, and wqs referred to in the article on “The Title Chemist ’’ in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,1922, Part I. The footnote might have been more exactly expressed : ‘‘ The public know him under the title ‘chemist ’.” Many chemists will disagree with Mr.Richmond, however, in his remark that few have a real grievance. Leading chemists engaged in all branches of work, including several past Presidents and the present President of the Institute, have expressed very decidedly their grievance that chemists are confused with the practitioners of another craft. The airing of this grievance is one of the chief means to be adopted in the education of public opinion which Mr. Richmond recommends in his concluding sentence, in order to hasten the day when the chemist will be called a chemist and the pharmacist a pharmacist. Chemical Society Li brary.-In view of the greatly in- creased use which has been made of the Library of the Chemical Society by Fellows and Associates of the Institute, the Council have increased the grant to the Library from l40 to LIOO.British Empire Exhibition,-The Council have decided to contribute -&o, in two instalments of l75 each, towards the organisation of the Sub-scientific Section of the Chemical Section of the British Empire Exhibition, 1924.This part of the exhibition will be devoted to the illustration of recent chemical develop- ments. Many of the leading professors and teachers of chemistry in the universities and colleges throughout the kingdom are help- ing with the exhibit, which will be an important feature of the Chemical Section, and should assist in bringing to the public notice the importance of chemistry in the progress of civilisation. Mr.William Randerson, Associate of the Institute, has been elected to the first Albert Kahn Travelling Fellowship of LI,OOO. Mr. George Stanley Withers Marlow, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, was called to the Bar at Gray’s Inn on 13th June. 188 April Examinations, 1923. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations under the current Regulations were held at the Institute during the week April 16th to zIst. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed in each branch is shewn hereunder: No. examined. No.passed.For the Associateship . . .. .. .. 15 8 For the Fellowship Branch (E): The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, etc.1 0 Branch (a): Chemical Engineering (group : Gas Manufacture with special refer- ence to Producer Gas) .. .. 1 1 Branch (H): General and Analytical Chemistry .. *. .. .. -1 0 -18 9 In addition a candidate for the Associateship who had been required to complete his examination in general chemistry (oral) and in translation, presented himself for re-examination, but failed to satisfy the Board. F.I.C. EXAMINATION.-The experimental work of the success- ful candidate was well carried out, and the conclusions drawn therefrom were sound. The experimental work of the un-successful candidates was, on the whole, fairly good, but they did not show that standard of judgment in deducing methods of investigation and in framing reports which is expected of candidates for the Fellowship.A.I.C, ExAM1NAT10N.-The standard of the successful candidates was somewhat above that usually attained. The chief weakness was in practical organic chemistry, candidates being unfamiliar with the methods of consulting literature for the preparation of substances not dealt with in elementary textbooks. Details of the preparations required were quoted in Beilstein’s Handbuch, but only a few condidates took ad- vantage of this, although the book was at hand in the laboratory. lS9 PASS LIST. The following Associate has passed the examination for the Fellowship: In Branch (G) Chemical Engineering. Grisenthwaite, Arthur Turner, A.C.G.F.C., B.Sc. (Lond.). The following candidates have passed the examination for the Associateship: In General Chemistry. Brady, Peter Joseph, East London College.Grayson, Harold John, University College, London. Gregory, Louis Wilfred, University College, Not tingham. Loasby, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (B’ham), Birmingham University. Marrison, Leslie William, East London College. Player, Harold William Victor, King’s College, London. Smith, Daniel Agnew, University College, Nottingham. Vineall, George John Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Sou thamp ton. Examination for the Associateship General Chemistry MONDAY, APRIL 16th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Explain the views of Berzelius concerning the nature of chemical combination and show how they conflicted with the theory of substitution advocated by Dumas and Laurent.Indicate briefly the bearing of Eodern views on this controversy. 2. Write a short essay on either (a)Osmotic pressure, or (b)Boyle’sLaw. 3. Give an account of:-(a) The qualitative separation of copperand cadmium, and (b)the quantitative analysis of borax. 4. Give a brief account of either (a) alums and pseudoalums, or (b)5. What are the chief ores of copper? Describe how the metal is the higher oxides of the metals. obtained from them. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Write an account of the unsaturated monobasic acids, referring particularly to (a)the methods of their formation, (b)their reactions, and (c) the isomerism shown by them. 2. Describe, with practical details, the preparation of either (a)phenyl3. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects: (a) The hydrazine from benzene, or (b)methylamine from acetic acid.glucosides, (b) the synthesis of aromatic derivatives from open chain compounds. 4. Show how the character of a -CH,group is influenced by the attachment of “negative ” groups. 6. How would yoil prove the constitution of the following compounds f (a) KOOC.CH(NG)-CH,.CONH,. (b) CH,.CH,. CH =CH.CO. CH,. 190 TUESDAY, APRIL 17th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. You are given a solution (A) containing ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate and potassium chloride. Determine the chlorine, phosphate and ammonia present, expressing your results in grams of C1, P,O, and NH, per 100 ccm. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, APRIL 18th, 1923: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Make a qualitative analysis of the given mixture (B). [BaCl, (1 part), FeC1, (5 parts), Na,AsO, (5 parts).] THURSDAY, APRIL 19th, 1923: 10 a.m, to 4.30 p.m. 1. You are given a sample (C) of anethole; prepare from it anisic acid, methyl anisate, and nitroanisic acid. Leave specimens of these products.(This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, APRIL 20th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. You are given a mixture of two substances (D). Identify them and leave samples of any derivatives you are able to prepare. (Benzylcyanideand chlorobenzene. ) (The candidates were required to translate passagea of about 300 words from the Berichte and from ‘‘Chimie et Industrie.” Dictionaries were permitted.Time allowed-14 hours.) Examination for the Fellowship Branch (e) --The Chemistry, including Microscopy of Foods and Drugs and of Water MONDAY, APRIL 16th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. How is the energy value of a food determined, and to what extent do you consider this a true index of the value of a food ? How would you calculate the value in calories per 100 grams of afood having the following composition ? Water .. .. .. 18 per cent. Fat . . .. ‘ * 20 YY ,,Sugar .. .. * * 40 39 9, Starch .. .. -* 15 ?, YY Fibre .. .. * -5 YY Y9 Mineral matter * * 2 YY YY 2. Give a detailed description of a method for the determination of the bactericidal value of a disinfectant. Answer the following questions in a separate notebook : 1.List the more important drugs belonging to the following classes :-Diuretics, Antipyretics, Emetics. Mention the official preparation of some one drug of each class. 2. Describe the preparation of chloroform and mention any im-purities which the commercial product may contain capable of influencing its qualifies as an anaesthetic. How would you deal with the viscera from a case of suspected poisoning by chloroform? 3. Discuss the following aspects of practical microscopy; the qualities in an objective which made for good definition; the use of dark-ground illumination; the value of the polariscope to the microscope. 191 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Write an account of (a) One process in use for the sterilisation of public water supplies. (b) A “permutit” process for water softening.2. What is meant by the term “strength” in connection with wheaten flour ? Name any substances you know of which have been used for improving the strength of flour ? 3. Name two organic compounds which are in use for the detection of nickel in very small quantities, and describe how you would apply their reactions in order to detect nickel in a fat. 4. Write an account of the preparation and composition of essential oil of almonds. What poisonous substance is likely to be present in this oil; how does this substance gain access to the oil, and how may the oil be freed from it ? 5. Write a detailed scheme for the complete analysis of a meat extract.TUESDAY, APRIL 17th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Make as complete an analysis as possible of the coffee extract A. 2. Identify the substance B. (Lithium carbonate.) WEDNESDAY, APRIL 18th, 1023: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Make a complete analysis of the milk powder C. 2. Examine and identify microscopically the vegetable powder D, making drawings of and describing the structures observed. (Cinnamon.) THURSDAY, APRIL 19th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The liquid E is sold under a trade name as a food preservative; examine it and report if it could legitimately be used in butter, and, if so, in what proportion. (Boric acid, borax and sodium fluoride in aqueoussolution.) 2. Examine the rag flock F and report as to its suitability for bedding.(Thisexercise may be, completed to-mowow. ) FRIDAY, APRIL 20th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. Complete the rag flock. 2. The beef dripping G is submitted under the Sale of Food & DIugs Acts. Analyse it and report on the form 01 certificate given. SATURDAY, APRIL 21st, 1923: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. The medicine A contains two common drugs in amounts within the limits of official dosage. One is the salt of an alkaloid, the other is an aromatic organic acid. Identify them and ascertain approximately the quantities present. (Quinine sulphate and salicylic acid.) 2. Make a series of microscopic preparations from a leaf of digitalisand from one of belladonna respectively. Demonstrate, if possible,significant differences in their structure, making drawings to illustrate such differences.3. Prepare from your own blood a elide containing haemin crystals. 192 Branch (g)-ChemicaI Engineering-Gas Manufacture MONDAY, APRIL 16th) 1923: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. The sulphate liquor leaving the absorber of a Mond plant may be 28"Tw. What are the factors that may affect the strength of this liquor ? Trace quantitatively the source of the water present in 28Tw. liquorwhen the temperature is 85" C. and the sulphuric acid used is 144"Tw. 2. Five million cu.ft. of Mond gas enter the cooling tower after the absorber has-say-a temperature of 80" C. The tower is well packed and water well distributed. What quantity of water will have to be used in such a tower in order to cool this gas at 40" C., and what will be the temperature of the water leaving the tower-assuming a 5.0 per cent. loss of heat by radiation? 3.What is the justification for using about 2i lbs. of steam in the Mond producer per pound of coal gasified? What proportion of this steam is gasified, and what relationship by volume does the uncracked steam bear to the gas made? 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Show by the assumption of analytical results, and weights of materials, which should be stated, how the hourly make of gas on a producer plant may be estimated within 5.0 per cent. 2. Elaborate a heat balance of a Mond producer plant and indicate the relationship of the heat in the cold producer gas to the available heat in the coal used in connection with the process.3. How would you dissect the costs of production of Mond prcjducer gas ? Assume figures for cost of coal, steam, plant, labour, etc. TUESDAY, APRIL 17th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Taking coal as the basis, compare the efficiency of power production when using 550 B.Th.U. (gross) Town's gas, and 150 B.Th.U. (gross)Mond gas in gas engines, with the modern condensing steam engine and the electric motor. An approximation is all that is required. 2. The effluent from' a sulphate plant cannot be put into drains, Bewers, rivers or canals. What are the harmful constituents, and how would you propose to dispose of this effluent? 3. What are the limits of H,S and SO, allowed in process gases going into the atmosphere? How would you propose to dispose of one million cubic feet of air per hour containing 2.5 grains of per mbic foot? 2 to 5 p.m.1. Give an account of the overhauling and supervision requisite for oxygen rescue apparatus in order that it may be ready for immediate use. 2. Let it be assumed that a by-product coke oven is operating at the pit mouth close to blast furnaces, and that the surplus gas (500 gross)can be sold at 2d. per 1000. A gas retort installation working in the Midlands -using the same coals-makes gas for 1s. 8d. per 1000 (500 B.Th.U's).Discuss why there should be this difference. 3. How would you determine quickly the amount of water vapour in hot producer gas, as grains per 100 cu.ft., by purely physical means ? 193 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 18th, 1923: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Examine the salts submitted and determine the N&; 60;free mid. What impurity is present, and what was its probable source ? (Crude ammonium sulphates.) 2. Prepare as large a yield as possible of unwashed benzol and xylene from the sample of tar submitted. The benzole should give 90 per cent. at 100" C. and the xylene 90 per cent. at 160" C. (These exercises may be continued on Thursday and Friday.) THURSDAY, APRIL 19th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. Report as far as you can on the suitability or otherwise of the solid fuels submitted for use in producers, recovery or otherwise. Advise as to the best conditions to be observed in their use. (2 coals and 2 cokes.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) Branch (H)-General and Analytical Chemistry On MONDAY, APRIL 16th, the candidate was submitted to a stringent oral examination by the Board of Examiners.TUESDAY, APRIL 17t&FRIDAY, APRIL 20th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. (These exercises may be continued throughout the week.) 1. Report upon the nature of the colouring matter supplied, with special reference to its use in food preparation. Suggest some means whereby the colour, or an adequate substitute, may be prepared.[Dimethyl-amidoazo-benzene.] 2. Report upon the given sample of cement. 3. Report upon the given sample of petrol. 194 Obituary. HERBERTHENRYFROYSELLdied at Hartington Road, Liverpool, on 24th February, 1923, in his 55th year.Born at Mount Pleasant, Lanca- shire, he was educated at the High School, Liverpool Institute, and received his scientific training at University College, Liverpool, where he became Experimental Lecture Assistant md, later, Demonstrator. He rendered service to University College and the University of Liverpool tor nearly forty years. During the early years of the war he had charge of a large section engaged on the preparation of synthetic drugs for the National Health Insurance Commission. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. ALFREDJAMESHIGGIN died in London, while on a visit to England, on the 18th July, 1922, in his 64th year. He was the son of James Higgin, F.I.C., and studied chemistry at Owens College, Manchester, under Roscoe and Schorlemmer, and at the Zurich Polytechnikum.After spending several years in his father’s laboratory, he was for seven years instructor in chemistry at the South Australian School of Mines and Industries, and was then appointed Lecturer on Chemistry in the University of Adelaide, which position he held at the time of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900. JAMESFREDERICK LLOYDdied at Leytonstone on the 8th February, in his 71st year. He was educated at the Bristol Grammar School, and, in 1870, became a pupil of the late Dr. Augustus Voelcker, to whom he was private assistant for several years. Later, he became assistant to Dr.-later Sir-Thomas Stevenson, at Guy’s Hospital, and then senior assistant in the laboratory of the Royal Agricultural Society.In 1884 he started practice on his own account in London, in which he was still engaged, at Leytonstone, at the time of hisdeath. He was consulting chemist to the British Dairy Farmers’ Association, and did valuable work upon cheesemaking for the Bath and West of England Agricultural Society. He was also instrumental in introducing scientific methods in the cider industry. He was Official Agricultural Analyst for the Counties of Kent, Somerset and Surrey, and was Honorary Secretary of the Agricultural Analysts Association. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, served on the Council from 1917-1920, and was for several years an active member of the Public Appointments Committee.At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. E. W. Voelcker, Honorary Treasurer. ISABELMITCHELL died at Swindon, on 25th July, 1921, in her 40th year. Born at Edmonton, Middlesex, she was educated at Inverness Royal Academy before proceeding in 1902 to Edinburgh University and the Heriot-Watt College. She graduated as B.Sc. (Edin.) in 1907, and as M.B., Ch.B. (Edin.) in 1915, and obtained theD.P.H. (Oxon.) in 1919. While a student, she acted as Demonstrator in practical physics to the medical students at the School of Medicine of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, Edinburgh, and, after graduation, was appointed Carnegie Demonstrator of Physiology at the School of Medicine for Women, 195 teaching chemical and experimental physiology and histology.She published, jointly with Dr. Alexander Goodall, a paper on “The Action of Certain Salts of Formic Acid on the Circulatory and Muscular Systems.” She was for over two years a chemist in the laboratory of Messrs. Duncan, Flockhart & Co., manufacturing chemists, Edinburgh, and, after qualifying in medicine, was for two years resident Medical Officer to the Hackney Union Infirmary, and then became resident House Surgeon to the Notting- ham and Midland Eye Infirmary, an auxiliary war hospital, where she remained until early in 1919. In August of the same year she obtained an appointment as School Medical Inspector, still retaining her interest and continuing study and research in biological chemistry, chemical physiology and pathology. She was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919.GEORGEWARDdied at Headingley, Leeds, on 1lth April, in his 90th year. He obtained his early training under Mr. N. Durdan and Mr. W. Huggon, and at the time of the foundation of the Institute had been for nearly 20 years a successful teacher of chemistry at evening classes in the Leeds Mechanics Institute-now developed into the Leeds Technical School-and for 25 years chemist with Messrs. Hirst, Brook & Hirst, chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturers, with whom he remained, eventually as a member of the firm. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878 and was a keen member of the Leeds Area Section. Books and their Contents.[* Books presented by the authors or publishers, or pur-chased; to be seen in the Library of the Institute.] “Acids and Alkalis, Manufacture of.” G. Lunge. Completely revised and re-written, under the editorship of A. C. Cumming. Vol. I.: Raw materials for the manufacture of sulphuric acid and the manufacture of sulphur dioxide. W. Wyld. Pp. xiii.+558. (London: Gurney & Jacks:n.) 36s. Raw materials of sulphuric acid manufacture ; properties and analysis of the technically employed oxides of sulphur ;t8he production of sulphur dioxide; by-products. Vol. V. : Manufacture of hydrochloric acid and saltcake. A. C. Cumming. Pp. XV.+~Z~.(London: Gurney, & Jackson.) 31s. 6d. Properties of the raw materials and products of the hydrochloric acid and salt cake industry; raw materials and their analysis ;manufacture from sulphuric acid and salt ; process of Hargreaves and Robinson; absorption of hydrochloric acid ;manufacture of hydrochloric acid from chlorine; manufacture by unusual methods.196 *“ Alcoholic Fermentation.” Arthur Harden. Monographs on Biochemistry. 3rd Edition. Pp. 194. (London: Long-mans, Green & Co.) 6s. 6d. Historical introduction; zymase and its properties; function of phos- phates in alcoholic fermentation; co-enzyme of yeast-juice ;carbozylase; reducing of enzyme yeast; chemical changes involved in fermentation ; action of some inhibiting and accelerating agents on the enzymes of yeast juice; by-product of alcoholic fermentation; mechanism of fer-mentation.*“ Bacteriology, Practical, for Chemical Students.” D. Ellis. Pp. viii. $136. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 4s. 6d. Apparatus ;nutrient media; staining; yeasts; moulds. *“ By-product Coking.” G. S. Cooper. and edition, enlarged and completely revised by E. M. Myers. Pp. xxxii. +188. (London: Benn Bros., Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Nature and preparation of coking coals ;working of a by-product coking plant; recovery of tar and ammonia; condensers and scrubbers; tar distillation ;chemical tests. “Chemistry, Theoretical, from the standpoint of Avogadro’s Rule and Thermodynamics.” W. Nernst. Revised, in accordance with the 8th-10th German edition, by L. W. Codd. Pp. xx. -922. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) 28s.“Wonder Book of Chemistry, The.” Jean-Henri Fabre. Trans-lated from the French by Florence Bicknell. Pp. 385. (London: T. Fisher Unwin.) 10s. (‘Colloid Chemistry, An Introduction to Theoretical and Applied.” W. Ostwald. Authorised translation of the 8th German edition by M. H. Fisher. Pp. xiv.fz66. (London: Chap- man & Hall, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. (‘Gases, Absorption of Nitrous.” H. W. Webb. Pp. viii. +3p. (London: E. Arnold & Co.) 25s. Theoretical problems of absorption ; construction and filling material for absorption towers; gas circulation and measurement; production of concentrated nitric acid; production of synthetic nitrates and nitrites ; analytical control. *(‘Inorganic Chemistry, Synthetic.” A course of laboratory and classroom study for first year College Students.A. A. Blanchard and J. W. Phelan. 3rd edition. Pp. xiv.+321. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 15s. Quantitative aspects of chemistry; theory of ionization; elements in the different groups of the periodic classification. *“ Inorganic Complex Compounds, Chemistry of the.” An introduction to Werner’s Co-ordination theory. R. Schwarz. Authorised translation by L. W. Bass. Pp. x. + 82. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 8s. 6d. Co-ordination theory; isomerism of the complex compounds. 197 “Metals and Metallic Compounds.” U. R. Evans. Vol. I.: Introduction, Metallography, Electro-chemistry ; Vol. 11.: Metals of the “A” groups. Pp. Vol. I., xii.+468; Vol. II., xi. +396. (London: Edward Arnold & Co.) 18s. *“ Microscopy, Analytical; its Aims and Methods.” T.E. Wallis. Pp. viii. -149. (London: E. Arnold & Co.) 6s. Preliminary treatment ;solvents and clearing reagents ; microchemical testing ; pharmaceutical and toxicological microscopy ; quantitative microscopy. Organic Chemistry, Catalysis in.” P. Sabatier. Translated by E. E. Reid. Pp. xxii. +406. (London: Library Press, Ltd.) 25s. Catalysis in general; catalysts ; oxidations; various substitutions in molecules; hydration ; hydrogenation ; dehydrogenation; dehydration ; decomposition of acids; decomposition of the esters of organic acids ; elimination of halogen acids or similar molecules ; decomposition and condensation of hydrocarbons; hydrogenation of liquid fats.*“ Qualitative Organic Analysis.” An elementary course in the identification of organic compounds. 0. Kamm. Pp. vii. + 260. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Theoretical;laboratory directions ; classified tables of compounds. *“ Quantitative Chemical Analysis and Inorganic Preparations.” R. M. Caven. Two parts. Part I.: Preparation of In-organic Salts and simple exercises in Gravimetric and Volumetric Analysis. Pp. vii. +156. (Glasgow: Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 3s. 6d. “Shale Oils and Tars, and their Products.” W. Scheithauer. Translated from the German by H. B. Stocks. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. Pp. vii. $283. (London: Scott, Greenwood & Son.) 12s. 6d. ‘r Spectroscope, The, and its uses in General Analytical Chemistry.” T.Thorne Baker. 2nd edition-1st edition revised, to-gether with a chapter on X-ray analysis. Pp. x.+208. (London: Baillihre, Tindall & Cox.) 8s. 6d. “Urea, The Chemistry of: the theory of its Constitution, and of the origin and mode of its formation in living Organisms.” E. A. Werner. Monographs on Biochemistry. Pp. xii.+ 212. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 14s. The mechanism of Wtjhler’s synthesis; the decomposition of urea; synthesis of urea. ‘‘Varnishes, Their Chemistry and Manufacture.” C. Coffignier. Translated by A. H. J. Keane. Pp. ii. f547. (London: Scott, Greenwood & Son.) 21s. Raw materials; oil, spirit, alcohol and special varnishes. 198 Conditions of Appointments of Public Analysts and Official Agricultural Analysts.THE Councils of the Institute of Chemistry and of the Society of Public Analysts view with concern the changes which have gradually taken place in the position and prospects of Public Analysts, and especially of part-time Analysts. They consider it necessary to call attention to a number of developments in connection with their work, their remuneration, and their relations to the authorities they serve. INCREASING COMPLEXITY AND COST OF THE ANALYST’SWORK. When the Sale of Food and Drugs Act (1875)was passed, adulteration was crude and comparatively easy of detection, and the methods of examination were correspondingly simple. There were very few books dealing with the subject, and the labours of the Analyst were limited by the scanty knowledge then available.The foundation of the Society of Public Analysts, in 1874, was the first step in the development of a highly specialised branch of food chemistry in this or any other country, and the 48 volumes of the Journal of the Society contain a continuous record of the investigations of its members and others. The few and simple tests at first employed have been gradually replaced by numerous processes, of ten exceedingly complicated and involving the use of all the refinements of chemical and physical science. Public Analysts, in considering the remuneration to which they are entitled, may justly point to the fact that it is mainly owing to their voluntary and unpaid investigations that the detection of most forms of adulteration is possible at all.These researches, however, whilst rendering a public service, have had the effect of increasing the complexity and cost of analyses. At the same time, the advance of knowledge has imposed on those wishing to qualify for the appointment of Public Analyst a much more lengthy and highly specialised course of training. 199 Since the Act of x875 was passed, the labour and expense attaching to the analyses have greatly increased, owing to a number of causes briefly summarised under the following headings : (I) Increase in knowledge and experience. (2) The appearance in the market of new raw materials not previously utilised in the manufacture of food products.(3) The introduction of new methods of preparing foods for the market. (4) Skilled and scientifically controlled adulteration. (5) Additions to and amendments of the law, Departmental Orders and Regulations and Recommendations of Royal Commissions and Departmental Committees. It will be readily understood that these causes do not operate singly. Improved methods of analysis have enabled Public Analysts to deal with problems which previously admitted of no solution; on the other hand, the introduction of new raw materials and of new manufacturing processes and the passing of fresh legislation have given rise to new problems for which solutions have had to be found. In this connection attention may be directed to the following concrete examples : In 1875 the use of preservatives was almost unknown; now it is extremely widespread.The number of such substances employed is continually being added to, and each one has to be separately looked for and, if found, its proportion determined. The extensive use of tinned foods and the significance now attaching to traces of poisonous metals necessitates the examina- tion of large numbers of samples for lead, tin, arsenic and copper. Fat analysis, of which practically nothing was known in 1875, is now so complicated that it possesses a large literature of its own. Numbers of new fats and oils have come, and others are coming into the market, and modern industrial methods of hardening and refining oils have so altered their analytical characters that their analysis is a matter of the greatest difficulty.These new products are now used as substitutes for the fats naturally present in many articles of food, so that the fat in such articles as cocoa, chocolate, cheese and condensed milk has to be isolated and separately examined, in addition to the general analysis of the article as a whole. 200 At the time the Act of 1875 was passed little could be done in the examination of spirits beyond determining their alcoholic strength and searching for gross metallic impurities. Since then the question of the origin of these products has become import- ant owing to the adoption by the manufacturers of new raw materials and of complicated forms of still and rectifying apparatus.This involves difficult determinations of secondary products of fermentation, taking days to perform. A similar series of problems has arisen in connection with vinegar. Flour, of which in 1875 alum was almost the only known adulterant, is now liable to be bleached by oxides of nitrogen and other gases and “improved” with phosphoric acid, acid phos- phates, persulphates, and other substances. The examination for alum still has to be made, but this is a trifling matter com- pared with the search for more modern sophistications and for the impurities, such as arsenic, which may be introduced with them. Baking powder mixtures, in which formerly tartaric acid was the only organic acid used, are now made from a variety of acid salts, all of which are liable to contain objectionable or harmful impurities which must be sought for.The relatively small proportion of these mixtures in the self-raising flours now so widely used increases the difficulty of the search. In such articles as jam, marmalade and golden syrup, the use of starch conversion products in place of natural sugar has necessitated the employment of physical and biological methods of considerable complexity. For improving the appearance, or concealing the inferiority, of both natural and manufactured products, various agents are now employed, such as thickeners in cream and jam, and colour- ing matter in jam, wine, milk, cocoa, etc., the presence of which was formerly either ignored or not suspected, but which now may give rise to legal proceedings, and the detection of which is often a matter of great difficulty.Manufacturers are naturally anxious to utilise as much of their raw materials as possible, and so incorporate in the finished article portions of the original substance which formerly were excluded. Thus cocoa, which for many years was practically free from shell, has been found to contain as much as 60 per cent. of that material. Consequently the analysis 201 of cocoa, for which examination with the microscope and a search €or sugar formerly sufficed, now involves the estimation of the nitrogen, fat, fibre, ash, and alkalinity of the ash and the mechanical separation of the shell, in addition to the other special examinations referred to above.Similar conditions obtain with regard to pepper and some powdered drugs. When the Sale of Food and Drugs Act first came into force little reliable information as to the composition of articles of food was available, and each analyst had to formulate, from his own experience, standards by which to judge the samples. To avoid the risk of reporting adversely on possibly genuine samples, falling near the border line, very wide allowance for variation had to be made. Since then standards have in many cases been prescribed or adopted. In the case of drugs the later editions of the British Pharmacopoeia have laid down standards of purity or strength for upwards of 150 articles for which previously there had been no accepted limits. The analyst has now to adhere to these standards.The most scrupulous care and a high degree of accuracy are therefore necessary, especially in cases near the border line. Whilst the analyst has thus been relieved in some cases from the responsibility of fixing his own standards, the analytical work required, so far from being diminished, has been in- creased, and quantitative determinations, which formerly would have been unnecessary, have now to be made. A list of Acts of Parliament, Official Regulations, etc. ,referred to under heading (5) is appended, to all of which the analyst must have regard in making his reports. Further, apart from the question of the labour involved in analysis, the cost of the equipment of a modern laboratory has increased enormously, owing to the invention of new and costly physical and mechanical apparatus, which is indispensable if the work is not to suffer. In addition to this the cost of all chemicals and apparatus is, on the whole, at least double what it was before the war.Finally, it must not be forgotten that the labours of the analyst are not limited to the routine work expended on the samples submitted to him. If he is to keep abreast of the times he must be continually engaged in investigating new processes and in researches connected with matters arising out of his work. 202 QUALIFICATIONS OF THE PUBLICREQUIRED ANALYST. Section 10of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875,requires that a Public Analyst shall produce evidence that he possesses competent knowledge skill and experience “as an analyst of all articles of food and drugs” before his appointment can be con- firmed by the Local Government Board (now the Ministry of Health).In earlier years there was no recognised diploma which could be regarded as evidence of such qualification. Since the establishment, by the Institute of Chemistry, of special ex- aminations in the analysis of food, water and drugs, the confirm- ing authority has accepted the Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute of Chemistry as sufficient documentary evidence of competency and now rarely sanctions the appointment of any but members of the Institute. (Recent changes in the Regula- tions of the Institute have altered the conditions for the Associateship in such a way that only the Fellowship in the special branch-the Chemistry of Food and Drugs-will give the needed qualification, and this can only be taken by Associates of three years standing.The Fellowship of the Institute implies a minimum of seven years training and experience). It is apparent, therefore, that the prospective Public Analyst must undergo a training comparable with that required for any of the other learned professions, and it is submitted that, in the public interest, it is important that the status and prospects attaching to the post should hold out sufficient inducement to justify such a long and expensive training. RESPONSIBILITY. The responsible nature of the work of Pubhc Analysts is not generally recognised.Their duty involves not only the detection and prevention of adulteration, but also the protection of the interests of the honest vendor. Their certificates are the sole basis on which legal proceedings can be instituted and on the results of their analyses defendants may suffer heavy fines or imprisonment. As witnesses for the prosecution they may have to undergo a searching cross-examination and to maintain their case against the expert evidence on the other side. Any failure or mistake on the part of the analyst has the most serious consequences both for the local authority and for the innocent vendor. 203 REMUNERATION. It must be apparent to anyone who seriously considers the matter that, owing to the foregoing causes, the net remunera- tion of the part-time Analyst has been greatly reduced, and the war, bringing with it a large increase in the cost of everything relating to his work, has had the effect of decreasing it still further.It is not sufficiently realised by many local authorities that for the payment he receives, the Analyst has to provide and maintain a laboratory and staff, and that these, under existing conditions, absorb a large proportion of the fees received. When the Act of 1875 was passed, the remuneration for each analysis was generally substantial. One guinea or more per sample was commonly paid. A fee of 10s. 6d. per sample, to be paid by private purchasers, was introduced into the Act, with the understanding that the balance should be made up from the rates, the idea being that a private purchaser would not pay a proper fee.* Since then the fees paid have steadily diminished, until at the period immediately before the war the 10s.6d. fee, regarded as inadequate in 1875, was considered by local authorities as ample, and in certain exceptional cases even less was paid. About the year 1919 many local authorities recognised that some increase in the remuneration of their Public Analysts was absolutely necessary, but the majority overlooked the fact that the expenses of the Analyst had doubled; such bonus or increase as was granted was usually less than that given, merely on account of the increased cost of living, to other officers, and * In the early stages of the discussion of the Bill in Parliament the member for Leicestershire, Mr.Pell, pointed out that under the 10th clause, the sum of half-a-guinea was the sum suggested to be paid by a member of the public requiring an analysis, and this charge, he maintained, was far too low. At that time there were few men in the House who could claim to be chemists, but among them was Professor-later Lord-Playfair, ‘-who, referring to Mr. Pell’s remark, said : “The honourablo member for Leicestershire has, I think, hit a blot in the Bill. It is im-possible to get a chemical analysis such as is required under this Bill for 10s. 6d., and therefore it would be more correct to say that a consumer would have a right to go and get analyses at the expense of tho ratepayers; that is to say, he would pay his 10s.6d., but the difference should be paid out of the rates.” This view was immediately endorsed by Mr. Sclater-Booth (afterward:‘ Lord Basing), President of the Local Government Board, who said: I cannot help thinking that if any charge on the rates is reasonable it is a charge of this nature.” The Act was passed with the clear understanding that the fee of 10s. 6d. was a nominal fee, and that the rates should be called upon for the proper payment to the Public Analysts. 204 ignored his increased working expenses. The result has been that the net rate of payment is now frequently less than before the war. A wave of economy is now passing over the country, and it is to be feared that the Public Analysts, owing to the peculiar conditions attaching to their appointments, will suffer unduly. Local authorities, when reviewing the salaries of their officers, cannot be aware of the income which the fees or emoluments will bring to the Public Analyst after the necessary outgoings have been deducted.In the case of whole-time appointments, when laboratory and staff are provided, there is no unwilling- ness on the part of the authority to furnish all that is required on an adequate scale, and it is recognised that all labour and material, for whatever purpose, cost, and will continue to cost, much more than before the war. To reduce the Public Analyst’s remuneration to a pre-war rate means that his income is reduced to much below pre-war level.Other officials suffer only from the high cost of living, whereas the Public Analyst is further at a disadvantage owing to increased laboratory expenses. The fact that the Ministry of Health has sanctioned ap- pointments carrying inadequate remuneration has, no doubt, led authorities to believe that such low remuneration is officially approved. It must, however, be pointed out that the Ministry regards itself asnot being concerned with the emoluments of the Analyst, and, whatever its powers, rarely if ever interferes on this ground. INFORMALSAMPLES. During recent years the practice of taking “informal” samples, i.e., samples taken without complying with the for- malities prescribed by the Act as to notifying the vendor, dividing and sealing samples, etc., has been pressed upon local authorities by the Ministry of Health, and such a procedure has undoubted advantages in certain cases.The reference in recent circulars issued by the Ministry, how- ever, to such samples being examined by “rough sorting methods” has unfortunately given rise to the impression that such methods can take the place of the laboratory work of the public analyst. 205 The nature of the “rough sorting methods” is not stated, but Analysts have devised and have, of course, always used the simplest and most rapid methods capable of giving accurate and reliable information. Such methods, however, are not “rough,” and the suggestion that any processes to which this term can be correctly applied should be employed for analyses of this nature is strongly deprecated.Informal samples, if their examination is to be of service, require, in fact, the same stringent methods of analysis as do the formal, especially as the results obtained are frequently called for as evidence for the prosecution. The examination of some may be easier, of others more difficult, but it must be remembered that the fees of the part- time analyst are on a flat rate basis, which is meant to take into consideration the widely varying nature of the analyses which different articles require. There is no reason, therefore, why the analyses of informal samples should be paid for at a lower rate.The practice of informal purchase may be, and often is, either overdone or misapplied. On the one hand, the Inspector’s activity is unknown to the vendor, and its deterrent effect is lost ; on the other, the time and money spent on the informal sample is likely to be wasted, because it is impossible afterwards to get a formal sample from the same consignment. For this reason milk and certain other perishable articles should, in general, be purchased with the full formalities of the Act. THEOFFICIALPOSITION ANALYSTOF THE PUBLIC RELATIVELY TO OTHER OFFICERS. The education and attainments of the Public Analyst, whose work brings him into contact mainly with the legal officers and the Medical Officer of Health, are such that he may justly claim to rank with the chief officers of his Council.The selection of a Public Analyst is often entrusted to the Public Health Committee of the local authority, who, not in- frequently, turn to the Medical Officer for guidance in such matters. This has led, in some cases, to the erroneous assump- tion, that the Medical Officer is, in a measure, in authority over the Public Analyst, whereas no provision in the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts suggests that he or any other person holds any such position in relation to the Public Analyst, whose status under the 206 Acts is that of an independent officer appointed for duties in- volving specialised training and experience. * Medical Officers appear to have been directed by the Ministry of Health to refer, in their own reports, to the work of the Public Analyst, and this has led some of them to publish reports on the work of the Public Analyst as if the latter were a departmental officer under their control, a proceeding highly derogatory to the Analyst as an independent officer.Though the Public Analyst may with advantage confer with the Medical Oficer of Health in cases where a question as to injury to health may arise, it is desirable that local authorities should understand that the two professions are distinct. The ordinary medical curriculum involves no training in, and no knowledge of, the analysis of food and drugs, and the course for the Diploma of Public Health includes only a limited acquaint- ance with the subject.The Medical Officer of Health, obviously, cannot be held responsible for the work of the Public Analyst. Such responsi- bility falls on the Public Analyst alone, and he should have direct access to the Committee which deals with the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. FIXITYOF TENURE. In addition to almost universal inadequacy of remuneration there is another condition attaching to the post of Public Analyst which urgently requires amendment, namely, his precarious tenure of office. The Analyst, after devoting years to study and spending a large sum of money in obtaining his qualifications and equipping his laboratory, has, in many cases, no security of tenure, in spite of the fact that in the proper discharge of his duties he may be brought into conflict with some of those who are his employers and so run the risk of dismissal.In view of the difficult position in which he may thus find himself placed it is only just that, subject to competence and good behaviour, his tenure of office should be made secure, "Under section 10 of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, the Medical Officer of Health, in common with other officials, may be authorised by his Council to purchase samples and to submit them to the Public Analyst. Beyond this, he is not legally concerned with the administration of the Act, 207 and that he should be assured of reasonably constant emolu- ments, without which it is impossible for him to make adequate provision for the upkeep of his laboratory and staff.SUMMARY. The duties of the Public Analyst are daily increasing in complexity and in difficulty. Higher qualifications than formerly are required of him, not only owing to the general advance in science as applied to the analysis of food and drugs, but also by the exacting character of the numerous regulations of the Government Departments concerned. In 1919, following upon insistent representations to public authorities administering the Acts, the remuneration of public analysts, which had hitherto been totally inadequate, was, in the majority of cases, improved. Unfortunately, however, even this improved remuneration was insufficient having regard to the greatly increased working costs. The position is becoming still more unsatisfactory owing to a tendency on the part of local authorities, especially in the cases of new appointments, to revert to the pre-war scale of remunera- tion.Further, the tenure of office of public analysts is insecure; the relative official position of the public analyst to other officers is sometimes not clearly defined or understood by local authorities, and, except in isolated cases, no provision is made for the in- clusion of public analysts in any superannuation scheme. The Council of the Institute of Chemistry and the Council of the Society of Public Analysts view with grave concern the attitude of authorities towards these matters, and are of opinion that, unless the conditions attached to the appointments of Public Analysts are improved, they will cease to attract professional chemists of the proper type.They recommend :-That, in the case of public analysts other than those whose laboratories and staffs are provided by the authorities, whatever be the exact method of payment-by fee per sample or by a combination of salary and fee-the remunera-tion should be at the rate of not less than LI IS. per sample for the first 100 examined, and not less than 15s. for each sample beyond that number. 208 Official Agricultural Analysts.-The Council of the Institute of Chemistry and the Council of the Society of Public Analysts are of opinion that the fee for the examination of any sample taken under the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act should be not less than EI IS.APPENDIX. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONSLEGISLATION, DEPARTMENTAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS,ETC., WHICH HAVE INCREASED THE WORK OR THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PUBLICANALYST DURING THE LAST TWENTY-FOUR YEARS. Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1899.-Section 4 gave power to the Board of Agriculture to make Regulations in regard to milk, cream, butter and cheese, and the following Regulations have since been made:- (I) Sale of Milk Regulations, 1901, prescribed presumptive limits for fat, and for solids not fat, in milk, skimmed and separated milk. (2) Sale of Butter Regulations, 1902, fixed limit for water in butter. (3) Sale of Milk Regulations, 1912, amended Sale of Milk Regulations, 1901, as regards skimmed and separated milk.Section 5 extended the provisions of the Margarine Act so that it applied to margarine cheese. Section 8 limited the proportion of butter fat in the fat of margarine to 10 per cent. Section 11made it compulsory to label condensed separated milk and condensed skimmed milk. Section 26 enlarged the scope of the Act of 1875 by defining the word food ” to include “every article used for food or drink by man, other than drugs or water and any article which ordinarily enters into or is used in the composition or preparation of human food,” etc. This introduced additional articles not previously contemplated. Butter and Margarine Act, 1907.-Section 4 fixed the limit for water in milk-blended butter at 24 per cent.and prohibited the manufacture or importation of butter or margarine containing more than 16 per cent. of water. 209 Section 5 fixed a limit for butter fat in margarine at 10 per cent. Section 6 extended the power of the Board of Agriculture so as to enable it to make Regulations as to the proportion of any milk-solid other than milk-fat in any sample of butter or milk-blended butt er. Section 7 made a similar provision as regards preservatives. Milk and Dairies (Amendment) Act, 1922.-Section prohibited the addition of any colouring matter or water or re- constituted milk or skimmed or separated milk to milk intended for sale, and also prohibited the sale of reconstituted milk as milk. Public Health (Milk and Cream) Regulations, 191 2 and 1 91 7.-These Regulations were made under the Public Health Act, 1896, and the Public Health (Regulations as to Food) Act, 1907.They prohibited the addition of any preser- vative to milk, of thickening substances to cream, of any preservative to cream containing less than 35 per cent. of milk-fat, of any preservative other than hydrogen peroxide, or boric acid or borax (or a mixture of these two) to preserved cream, and, in the case of boron preservative, limited the amount of boric acid to 0.4 per cent. These Regula- tions are quite apart from the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts; they are to be carried out by the authorities executing these Acts, and the analyses involved must be made by the Public Analysts for those authorities.Moreover, the Analyst’s certificate is not evidence in cases brought under these Regulations, and his attendance in Court is necessary often at great personal incon- venience, for which he is entitled to the usual fee. Bread Acts Amendment Act, 1922.-Legalises the addition of ingredients to flour for the purpose of making such flour self-raising and empowers the Minister of Health to make regulations prohibiting or restricting the use of such ingredients. Public Health (Condensed Milk) Regulations, 1 923.-Prescribed minimum percentages for milk €at and total milk solids in condensed milk of all kinds. Under these Regulations condensed milk must bear a label stating the equivalent of fresh milk, which the whole tin contains : in addition to the analysis, therefore, the Analyst must accurately gauge the contents of the tin and make the necessary calculations to test this statement.210 The Report of the Departmental Committee on Preservatives and Colouring Matters, 1901, contained the following Recommendations, to which, except in so far as they are modified by subsequent legislation, the Analyst has to have regard, although unfortunately they have not the force of 1aw:-That the use of formalin as a preservative should be entirely prohibited. That the use of any preservative or colouring matter in milk should be forbidden. That the only preservative allowed in cream, butter and margarine be boric acid, its presence to be notified by label and the proportion not to exceed 0.25 per cent.in cream* and 0.5 per cent. in butter and margarine. That the presence of salicylic acid in foods should be notified by label, the proportion not to exceed I grain per pint in liquids and I grain per pound in solids. That no preservatives be allowed in infants’ and invalids’ foods. That the proportion of copper allowed in preserved peas shall not exceed 0.5 grain per pound. [The Committee recom- mended the prohibition of copper, but one member-Dr. Tunnicliffe-dissented and his suggestion (as above) has been adopted practically throughout the country.] The Royal Commission on Arsenical Poisoning, 1903, recommended that it should be an offence against the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts to sell beer or other liquid food containing I/IOO grain or more of arsenic per gallon or solid food containing I/IOO grain or more of arsenic per pound.British Pharmacopoeia, 1 9 1 4.-Prescribed quantitative limits for arsenic and lead in upwards of IOO articles. A Report of the Inspector of Foods (No. 2) to the Local Government Board, 1907, suggested that more than 1/7th grain of lead per pound and more than I/Iooth grain of arsenic per pound should not be allowed in tartaric acid, citric acid, or cream of tartar. *Modified by Milk and Cream Regulations, 1912-1917. 211 A Report (No. 5) of the Inspector of Foods to the Local Government Board, 1908, on the preparation and sale of vinegar, suggested that vinegar should contain not less than 4 per cent.of acetic acid, that the presence of sulphuric acid should be prohibited, also the use of ferrocyanides, and that vinegar should be examined for copper and arsenic. A Report (No. 6) to the Local Government Board, 1 908, suggested the prohibition of certain preservatives in meat foods packed in cans or glass. A Report (Na-7) to the Local Government Board, 1908, suggested that a proportion of tin in tinned foods equal to or exceeding 2 grains per pound may possibly be dangerous to health. A Report to the Local Government Board (No. 4, Food Report No. 8), dated May 21, 1909, on “Facing” of rice and other methods of preparing rice for sale, recom- mended that rice containing more than 0.5 per cent. of mineral matter should be regarded as adulterated, and stated that authorities under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts might “usefully consider such cases with a view to the institution of proceedings.” (The expression “mineral matter ” should be interpreted as meaning ‘‘ extraneous mineral matter.”) A Report to the Local Government Board (No.13, Food Report No. lo), 1909, suggested as the only per- missible preservatives in cream, boric acid and (if only traces are left) hydrogen peroxide. The proportions in the case of boric acid not to exceed 0.4 per cent. between May and October, and 0.25 per cent. during the rest of the year. The presence of saccharin to be notified by label.” A Report to the Local Government Board (No. 46, Food Report No.1 3). 1 91 1, dealt with the presence of calcium sulphate in baking powders and in self-raising flours, and suggested a limit of 10 per cent. for calcium sulphate in the acid phosphate used. A Report to the Local Government Board (No. 55, Food Report No. 14), 191 1, called attention to the bleaching of flour and the use of so-called “improvers.” * Modifiedby Milk and Cream Regulations, 1912-1917. 212 A letter from the Local Government Board to the Vinegar Brewers’ Association (December 15, 1911) suggested that vinegar should not contain more than 0.000143 per cent. of arsenic, and that mineral acids, lead and copper should be absent. A Report to the Local Government Board (New Series, No. 60, Food Report No. 17), Jan., 1912, drew attention to the presence of certain proprietary preservatives in milk, cream, margarine, etc. Food 0rders.-During the war Food Orders establishing standards for many articles of food were issued; most of these have lapsed or have been revoked; those affecting the work of the Public Analyst and remaining in force are the Milk (England and Wales) Order, 1921, and the Order amending it, the main provisions of which appear to be re-enacted in the Milk and Dairies (Amendment) Act, 1922 (see above).Letters from the Local Government Board to Local Authorities, copies of which were also sent to Public Analysts. July, 1906.-Public Analysts were requested to record in their Quarterly Reports the number of milk samples tested for preservatives and the results obtained. (Under the Acts Public Analysts are under no obligation to state any details as to samples reported as “genuine.”) December, 1907.-Public Analysts were asked to distin- guish between “formal ” and “informal” samples in their reports.(The same request has been repeated in other letters of more recent date.) May, 1 910.-Information as to water in lard was asked for, also as to paraffin in lard, lard substitutes and margarine. December, 191 0.-Public Analysts were asked to give details of the analyses of all milk samples submitted to them under the “Acts.” December, 1 9 1 1.-Public Analysts were asked to furnish particulars as to the results of analyses of “appeal to the cow” samples. 213 The Board also stated that Public Analysts “should examine for preservatives all samples of cream, milk and butter, and of any other article which their experience leads them to believe may contain preservatives and should state the results in their Quarterly Reports. The amount of the preservatives should be given.As the Margarine Act, 1887, defined butter as “the substance known as butter . . . with or without salt or other preservative,’, such samples must be regarded as genuine unless the amount of the preservative is such as to render the sample injurious to health, and it is not obligatory on the Public Analyst to give any details with regard to them in his Reports. 214 Changes in the Register. At the meetings of Council held in April and May, 5 new Fellows have been elected; 16 Associates have been elected to the Fellowship; 43 new Associates have been elected, and 41 Students have been admitted, New Fellows.Acton, James Rowland, Homefield, West Byfleet, Surrey. Brierley, Jesse Carl Albert, M.Sc. (Manc.), 224, Cliftonville Road, Belfast. Mouilpied, Alfred Theophilus de, M.Sc. (Manc.), Ph.D. (Halle), Redlands, Hale, Cheshire. Parker, Reginald George, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.I., 49, Eaton Rise, Ealing, London, W. 5. Associate elected to the Fellowship (by examination). Grisenthwaite, Arthur Turner, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., 9, Clairview Road, Streatham, London, S.W. 16. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Boardman, William, c/o Messrs. William Blythe & Co., Church, Lancs.Garner, John Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sewage Disposal Works, Huddersfield. Glasstone, Samuel, M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.), l~,Coborn Road, London, E.3. Goldsmith, Leon Daniel, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 98~, Salusbury Road, West Kilburn, London, N.W.6. Haycock, John, Hill Top House, Great Glen, nr. Leicester. Hoare, Arthur Charles, A.R.S.M., D.I.C., 63, Englewood Road, Clapham Common, London, S.W.12. Nobbs, Howard, M.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Knight’s Way, Buckland Housing Site, Dover. Wilson, William John, A.C.G.I., Fairlawn, Honor Oak Road, Forest Hill, London, S.E.23. New Associates (by examination).Brady, Peter Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 58, Brookhill Road, Woolwich, London, S.E. 18. Grayson, Harold John, 60, Broadwater Road, Tottenham, London, N.17. Gregory, Louis Wilfred, 273, Woodboro’ Road, Nottingham. Loasby, Geoffrey, B.Sc (Birm.), 19, Middleborough Road, Coventry. Marrison, Leslie William, 82, Garland Road, Plumstead Common, London, S.E. 18. Player, Harold William Victor, 10, Upper Park Road, New Southgate, London, N. 11. Smith, Daniel Angus, 22, Grundy Street, Hyson Green, Nottingham. Vineall, George John Charles, B.Sc (Lond.), Directorate of Chemical Inspection (B. 47), Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, London, S.E. 18. New Associates. Baker, Charles Frederick, A.C.G.F.C., 88, Hertford Road, East Finchley1 London, N.2. Ballingall, John Gibb, B.Sc. (Glas.), 5, Tinto Road, Newlands, Glasgow. Coyle, Vincent Ignatius, M Sc. (N.U.I.), Glenburn, Castle Avenue, Clonterf, Dublin.215 Craddock, George Beresford, M.A., B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 27, Ashlea Place, Taits Lane, Dundee, Scotland. Crosland, Eric Bentley, B.Sc. (Leeds), 14, Heaton Road, Gledholt, Hudders- field. Culhane, Miss Kathleen, B.Sc. (Lond.), 34, Brook Green, London, W.6. Currie, Robert Matthew Hamilton, B.Sc. (Glas. ), Ashhurne, Barterholm, Paisley.Dallas, William, c/o The British Burmah Petroleum Co., Ltd., P.O.Box 44 1, Rangoon, Burmah. Dee, Gilbert Patrick, B.Sc. (Dun.), 18, Dixon Street, Stockton-on-Tees. Dow, William Thornton, The Cottage, Gilmerton, Edinburgh. Evans, Caradoc, B.Sc. (Wales), School House, Bryngwran, Valley, S.O., Anglesey, N. Wales. Falconer, William Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), 73, London Road, Salisbury, Wilts.Fox, Anthony Basil Darwin, A.R.C.S., 41, High Street, Southwold, Suffolk. Uriffiths, Gwilym Owen, B.Sc. (Wales), 76, Victoria Road, Wrexham, N. Wales, Harborne, Ralph Samuel, B.Sc. (Bris.), Close Cottage, Tetbury, Glos. Harris, George Jordan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Burlington Gardens, Chiswick, London, W.4. Harrison, Charles Allcroft, B.Sc. (Lond.), 26, Maplethorpe Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Harrison, Christopher Jerome, B.Sc. (Birm.), 127, Poplar Avenue, Edg- bast on, Birmingham. Hatton, Charles Alfred, ;M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 43, Richmond Street, Alexandra Park, Manchester. Hendry, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), 93, Oxford Drive, Kelvinside N., Glasgow.Hignett, Alfred John, B.Sc. (Liv.), 21, Douro Street, Everton, Liverpool. Hunter, John, B.Sc.(Lond.), Canon House, Berkeley, Glos. Jack, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), 13, Willowbank Crescent, Glasgow, m7. Jeffery, Ernest John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 81, Erskine Park Road, Rusthall, Tunbridge Wells. Lewis, William Clifford, B.Sc. (Wales), Inversnaid, Shoreham-by-Sea,Sussex. Malcolm, George, B.Sc. (Glas.), 12, Miller Street, Shawlands, Glasgow. Mathias, Thomas William, B.A. (Oxon.), 12, Gwendolen Avenue, Putney, London, S.W.15. Monkhouse, Allan Cuthbertson, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 14, Queen Anne’s Road, York. Mott, Reginald Arthur, M.Sc. (Leecis), 13, Solway View, Whitehaven, Cumberland. Purves, Alfred Edward, B.Sc. (Edin.), Bellfield, Cargil Terrace, Trinity, Edinburgh.Ralston, Richard, B.Sc. (Glas.), 9, Fairlie Park Drive, Partick, Glasgow. Ransome, Harry Norman, B.Sc.(Lond.), Bracondale, Beach Road, West Felixstowe. Reverson, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 108, Halifax Oltl Road, Huddersfield. Richardson, Cotsford Wilberforce, B.Sc. (Lond.), 200, Hainault Road, Leytonstone, London, E. 11. Smith, Walter Reginald, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 14, Mirfield Drive, Monton Green, Eccles, Manchester. Snow, Oscar Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.A. (Oxon.), Graeme’s Bmk, RoystonPark, Hatch End, Middlesex. Streather, Wilfrid Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), Glendon, Hinckley Road, Nuneaton. Sykes, Leonard Sheard, R.Sc. (Leeds), Ashfield Terrace, Soothill Lane, Batley, Yorks. 216 Thorn, William Albert Strang, LI.Sc. (Glas.), The Hill, Duniop, Ayrshire. Walker, Alexander, B.Sc. (Cles,), 10, Stair Street, Maryhill, Glasgow.White, Reginald Lever, B.Sc. (Leeds), 1, Park Crescent, Undercliffe, Bradford, Yorks. Wightman, George Manderston, 10, Steels Place, Edinburgh. Wood, Cyril Warcup, B.Sc. (Manc.), 118, Heald Grove, Rusholme, Man- Chester. New Students. Allport, Nod Lionel, 6, Carlton Mansions, Stamford Hill, London, N.16. Anderson, M7illiam, 2, Cambusnethan Street, Edinburgh. ,4rthur, Rrinley Oswald, 40, Castle Street, Aberavon, Port Talbot. Bass, Herschel Henry, 5, Lordship Park, London, N.16. Benigan, John Menzies Stewart, 24, Meadowbank Terrace, Edinburgh. Broughall, Frederick George, 115, Ridgeway, Edgbaston. Birmingham. Child, Reginald, Podd Croft, Yateley, Camberley. Christian, John Austen, 43,Murray’s Road, Douglas, Isle of Man.Crossley, Eric Lomex, West Bank, Devonshire Road, Sherwood, Notting- ham. Evans, Arthur Burke Agard, 39, Upland Road, Selly Park, Birmingham. Ewence, Joseph Harold, 46,High Street, Dorking, Surrey. Fotheringham, Robert Houston, 133, Argyle Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Hmwood, William Ellis, B.,4 (Oxon.), 6, Princes Avenue, Withernsea, E. Yorks. Jones, Leonard Harold, 11,Trimworth Road, Folkestone. Kent, Robert Gray, Ard Grena Terrace, Wicklow, Ireland. Lanning, Hubert John, Holcote, Selborne Road, New Malden, Surrey. Law, Kenneth Knight, Mapperley Hall, Nottingham. Maddy, Alfred Arnold, 36, Trothy Road, Bermondsey, London, S.E.l. McNeil, James Eric, 78, Niniari Road, Cardiff. Minchin, Leslie Thomas, 29, Belle Vue Road, Wandsworth Common, London, S.W.17. Morris, Alexander Watson Scott, 12, Viewforth Square, Edinburgh.Morrison, Miss Mary, Girton College, Cambridge. Phillips, William Hammond, 1161, Ashton Old Road, Openshaw, Man- Chester. Richards, William, North View, Snake’s Lane, Woodford Green, Essex. Richardson, Miss Kathleen Helen, 47, Kenilworth Square, Rathgftr, Dublin. Riley, Thomas, 57, Buchanan Road, Egremont, Cheshire. Roach, Arthur Maurice, 30, Victoria Drive, Eastbourne. Robinson, Arnold, 22, Purlwell Hall Road, Batley, Yorks. Rushbrooke, John Ewart, 14, Priory Road, High Wycombe, Bucks. Sasby, Derrick John, 31, Cliftonville Avenue, Margate, Kent. Scales, Henry Stanley, 62, Palmerston Road, Rathmines, Dublin. Soath, William Henry, 145, Albion Road, Stoke Newington, London, N.Southall, Reginald Bradbury, 7, Buckingham Terrace, Swansea. Sutton, Robert William, 30, Leonard Avenue, Sherwood, Nottingham. Threadgold, Hubert, 18, Southfield Road, Tunbridge Wells. Watson, Henry Adams, Station House, Uphall, West Lothian. Webb, Thomas Gilbert, Tinoran, Glenaqeary, Co. Dublin. IVebber, Harold Frank Philip, Willow Walk, Chertsey, Surrey. W7ells, John Batemen, 1, Manor Road, Brockley, London, S.E.4. West, Henry William, 43, Overhill Road, E. Dulwich, London, S E.22. Wilkinson, Harold Richard, 10, Swinbourne Gardens, Monkseaton. Northumherland. Wylie, John, 36, Shore Street, Gourock, Scotland. 217 General Notices. Not ice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to June, 1920, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Councjl that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor.A number of Registered Students of the Institute desirous of gaining practical experience will be glad to have opportunities of working in private laboratories or works during vacations. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such students and assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10A.M.and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10A.M. and z P.M.), except when examinations are being held. 218 Registered Students using the Library are informed that the Assistant Secretary may be consulted by those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10A.M. to 9 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10A.M. to 5 P.M.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. The Register of the Institute is in course of revision for publication. Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students are requested to notify the Registrar immediately of any alterations with regard to degrees, addresses, etc., which they wish to be made in the new edition.Changes of‘ Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments.-The 5th edition of “A List of Official Chemical Appointments” is now in proof, and will be published, as soon as possible, free of charge to Fellows and Associates. The object is to provide and maintain a list of official ap- pointments which are held by chemists in all parts of the Empire.Previous editions have included :-(i) Appointments in Great Britain, in Northern Ireland, and in the Irish Free State, under various Departments of State, County and Borough Councils and other public authorities, and the professorial and teaching appointments in universities, colleges, technological institutions, medical, agricultural and veterinary colleges, and in public and secondary schools; (ii) Professional and teaching appointments in the Empire of India, Dominion of Canada, Commonwealth of .Australia, Dominion of New Zealand, Union of South Africa, British Colonies and Pro-tectorates, and also in Egypt and the Soudan Provinces; (iii) An Appendix giving concise information with regard to societies and institutions for the advancement of chemistry, chemical industries and professional chemical interests.219 In addition to strictly chemical appointments, reference will be made to those connected with chemistiy and its ap- plication to agriculture, metallurgy and assaying, mineralogy and geology, bacteriology, and other branches of work in which chemical knowledge and skill are necessary or useful. Par-ticulars will be given of the Acts of Parliament under which the appointments are made, and the regulations and conditions governing the selection of candidates for them. Covers for Journal.-A suggestion has been received that the Publications Committee should provide members with publishers’ covers for binding the Journal of the Institute.The Committee have ascertained that, provided there is sufficient demand for them-say 5oo-covers of stout strawboard, buckram or art linen, lettered in black ink, can be obtained at about IS. each, and members who desire such covers are requested, there- fore, to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal. 220 Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). At a Special General Meeting held on 31st May, the rules were amended (subject to the approval of the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and of the Council of the Institute) to provide (a) for the inclusion of officers of the Insti- tute as persons eligible for honorary membership of the Associa- tion and the office of president of the Association, and (b)for the inclusion, on the Committee of the Associp tion, of two honorary members, in addition to the president-one to be a member of the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section.The Annual General Meeting was held on the same evening, when the following were elected as Members of Committee: Battersea Polytechnic .. .. .. P. H. PRIOR. Birkbeck College .. .. .. .. H. A. EDGERTON. Chelsea Polytechnic .. .. .. .. W. G. CREASY. East London College .. .. .. F. A. WILLIAMS. Finsbury Technical College .. .. .. R. T. CLAYDON. King’s College .. .. .. .. W. B. PRICE. University College .... .. .. R. 0. GIBSON. Sir John Cass Technical Institute .. C. E. CAREY. Representative of Students registered on the proposal of Fellows other than Pro-fessors at recognised Colleges .. .. C. T. A. GARLICK. After an interval for light refreshments, the Registrar of the Institute was invited to take the chair, and a debate was held, on the motion, proposed by Mr. F. L. B. Revis: “That modern civilisation has defeated its own ends.” Miss Phyllis M. Tookey led the opposition, and every member present spoke on the motion, which was lost by a narrow majority.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9234700147

出版商:RSC    

年代:1923

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1923. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON,W.C. 1. Ailgust, 7923. Publications Committee, 1923-24 T. SLATER PRICE (Chatrma.rz), A. CHASTON CHAPMAN (Pressdent), ARCHIBALD A BOON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, R. LESLIE COLLETT, HAROLD G COLMAN, T. W. DRINKWATER, R. C. FARMER, A. J. HALE, G. NEVILL HUNTLY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, ANDREW MORE, B. D. PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, GEORGE TATE, FORSYTH J WILSON 223 Proceedings of the Council. JUNE-JULY, 1923. Conference at Liverpool, 1 8-20th October.-The Fellows and Associates have been notified that a Conference of the Institute will be held at Liverpool in October (see General Notices, p.256). Gloucester County and City.-The Council of the Institute learn that the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries have declined to confirm, respectively, the proposed appointments of public analyst and official agricultural analyst for the County and City of Gloucester. Although the Council felt that the Ministries would hardly be likely to waive their regulations, they were glad that questions on the matter were put in the House of Commons to the Minister of Health by Mr. C. S. Garland, and that public attention was thereby directed to the importance of exercising care in the selection of candidates for such appointments. The Council of the Institute hope that both Gloucester authorities will revise the conditions of the proposed appointments in order that they may attract the candidature of chemists who are able to produce evidence in accord with the requirements of the Ministries.Indian Ordnance Department.-The Councilhave reason to believe that the correspondence which has passed between the Institute and the India Office with regard to the conditions attaching to chemical appointments under the Indian Ordnance Department has resulted in the removal of misunderstandings to the advantage of all concerned. At the request of the Secretary of State, Mr. William Macnab, Vice-president, and the Registrar of the Institute, recently served on a committee for the selection of an assistant chemist for appointment at the Cordite Factory, Aruvankadu. 224 Milk,-The National Clean Milk Society proposes to hold a conference in the City of London in November.The Council of the Society having invited the Council of the Institute to appoint a representative to serve on the Conference Committee, Mr. Cecil H. Cribb was asked to attend the Committee. Mr. Cribb subsequently reported that the subjects for discussion at the Conference will include the methods and machinery for the production of pasteurised milk, the physical, chemical, bio- chemical and bacteriological changes caused by pasteurisation , and the commercial and financial aspects of the subject.Further details of this conference will be announced by the Society in due course. National Certificates in Chemistry.-The Joint Com-mittee of the Board of Education and the Institute have received the report of the Assessors on the examinations recently held for the award of National Certificates in Chemistry. Patents.-The Special Committee appointed to consider the letter of Mr. Dunbar Kilburn (referred to in the Journal, Part 111.-p. I53), on the subject of Patent Office procedure, have been authorised to confer with representatives of other professional technical bodies, including the Institutions of Civil, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineers, the Institute of Physics, and the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents. The question raised by Mr.Kilburn relates to the attitude of some examiners in the Patent Office in claiming that they have the right to decide whether or not an alleged invention contains good subject matter, or involves sufficient inventive ingenuity to support a patent. This question turns on the interpretation of a definition in section 93 of the Patents and Designs Act, 1907, amended 1919, namely, “In this Act unless the context otherwise requires . . . Invention means any manner of new manufacture, the subject of letters patent and grant of privilege within section 6 of the Statute of Monopolies . . . and includes an alleged invention.” Formerly, the examiners objected when the subject claim was outside the whole scope of what is known as invention; but by reason of certain decisions in the Court, they now contend that section 93 can be used as a basis for rejecting an application on the ground that the invention claimed does not contain sufficient inventive ingenuity, and that the patent, if granted, would be invalid for want of subject matter.225 In other words, it is held by Mr. Dunbar Kilburn that it is the duty of the examiners to determine whether the application relates to a manner of new manufacture; but not to decide the question whether the claim contains proper subject matter for a patent, or to reject the claim on the ground of lack of inventive ingenuity. Sand-lime Bricks; Portland Blast-furnace Cement.- The Council have accorded their thanks to Dr.James Watson for his service as representative of the Institute on the Sub- Committees of the British Engineering Standards Association, for Sand-lime bricks and Portland blast-furnace cement. The reports of these Sub-committees have been published and are obtainable from the Association. Pasteur Centenary; Union Internationale.-The thanks of the Council have been accorded the President for representing the Institute at the Pasteur Centenary Celebrations, held at Paris and Strasbourg, in May; and to the President and Dr. Hamilton McCombie for representing the Institute at the Union Internationale, held at Cambridge, in June. Death of Mr. William Smith.-Many Fellows and Asso-ciates, especially Members of Council and those who have been examinediat the Institute during the past 20 years, will regret to hear of the death of Mr.William Smith, the housekeeper and laboratory steward of the Institute. Mr. Smith was originally intended for the sea, but, after spending his boyhood on the training-ship “Exmouth,” he transferred to H.M. Scots Guards, with whom he served for 18 years, as a drummer, bugler and flautist. His record, on his discharge, was “Exemplary, ” and he had well earned his pension, medals and bars. He was an excellent musician, and had the distinction of being the Duke of Connaught’s bugler; he was the first to “sound” for the testing of the Maxim gun, and was especially attached to General Lord Methuen during the South African campaign.He was a good shot, being twice in the winning team for the Daily Telegraph Cup at Bisley, and also an exponent of the art of self-defence, being “second-string ” for champion light-weight in the British Army. At the conclusion of the Boer war he left the army to enter the [service of the late Col. Cuthbert, and came to the Institute in April, 1903. 226 He had been in failing health since the beginning of the present year, and, through the kind interest of Sir William Willcox, was taken into St. Mary’s Hospital, where he died on zIst July, in his 54th year. The Council, in conveying their sincere sympathy to his widow and son, have placed on record their high appreciation of his conscientious devotion throughout his long service with the Institute.At his funeral, which took place at the Kensal Green Cemetery, his regiment honoured him by sending the Union Jack and a party of bearers, with pipers and buglers. The Institute was represented by the Registrar. Flowers were sent by the President and Council, and by the office staff. 227 Local Sections. Belfast, Birmingham and Midlands, Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The rules of these sections have been amended in accordance with the wishes of their members, and duly approved by the Council of the Institute. Liverpool and North-Western.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Washington Hotel on 10th May, Dr. Brislee in the chair. The chairman read a letter which had been addressed to the Council on behalf of the Section urging the importance of bringing the Council into closer touch with the rapidly increasing body of Fellows and Associates who reside outside London, suggesting that conferences be held from time to time between the Council and the Local Sections, and inviting the members of Council to attend a first conference to be held in Liverpool in the autumn; further, that the conference be not restricted to members of the Section, but that invitations be extended to other Sections.In reply, the Section received a letter stating that the proposal had been generally approved and had been referred to the General Purposes Committee for consideration and report. Letters approving the suggestion to hold a conference were also received from other Sections, and a discussion ensued with regard to some of the details of the conference.[The Council subsequently notified the Section that on a report from the General Purposes Committee they had approved of the proposal to hold conferences of the Institute in provincial centres, and a note to this effect was published in Journal, Part III., page 149.1 Correspondence had also passed between the Section and the Council with regard to the relations between the Institute and the British Association of Chemists. A resolution had been trans- mitted from the Section:- “That the Council be asked to approach the British Association of Chemists with a view of discussing the question of merging the interests of the two bodies for the benefit of the profession of chemistry.” 228 A reply was received from the Registrar in the following terms :-“The Council feel that since the Institute came to terms with the original British Association of Chemists in 1918 it would be difficult for the Institute to enter into negotiations with the reconstituted Association, because that process might be repeated indefinitely.The Council find, moreover, that the aims of the present Association differ in several material respects from those of the Institute. If by the expression- ‘ the question of merging the interests of the two bodies’-the Liverpool Section suggest the absorption of the members of the Association into the Institute, the Council desire me to say that they have no power to consider the merger into the Institute of an Association as such, but they must consider the claims of each candidate for membership individually.” In conclusion, the Council asked for further indication of the wishes of the Section and more information with regard to the activities of the Association.Professor Heilbron and the Chairman expressed the view that the Council had misunderstood the resolution, and it was decided to postpone further consideration of the matter until after the conference. Four new Associates were admitted and received their certificates. The Chairman then called upon Mr. Morton to read a paper on “The Policy and Administration of the Institute of Chemistry.” Mr. Morton said that it was the privilege of young members to criticise.He thought that few of his own age were really interested in the Institute and its Journal. The fault might or might not be theirs. He did not believe the Journal reflected the group-mind of the profession as it might do; reports of Local Sections were too condensed to allow members outside the Section to gain an intelligent notion of what had occurred. The Registrar’s homiletic addresses to students perhaps bulked too large. More lectures such as those by Sir E. J. Russell and Mr. H. Ballantyne might be published. He thought a Committee of the Institute should enquire into the value of the Journal and consider the production of one wider in scope. He commented on the apathy of the members in connection with the election of Council.Less than a thousand appeared to 229 have voted. He did not vote himself; he thought it folly to attempt to discriminate between candidates whom he had never met and whose views were an unknown quantity. He failed to see the fairness of an arrangement made between the Liverpool and Manchester Sections to support certain candidates. Nothing short of regional representation would meet the difficulty, although that reform alone did not promise much. The record of attendances at the Council was distinctly bad, and there were sound reasons for it: the Council always met in London; expense and time were serious factors for many representatives. A scheme for expense provision and the arrangement of meetings in the provinces would be a promising line to take up.The type of subject which had recently occupied the attention of the Council was disquieting. The agitation about the title “chemist” was largely a matter of vanity. If the public confuse professional chemists with dispensing chemists no great harm was done; an act to define the word would scarcely educate the public in chemistry. At the same time, the Council invited members to describe themselves in the published register. The new register implied that scientific specialisation was an entirely irreversible process ; chemical science advanced through the interplay of specialisation and generalisation. The members need not label themselves “adjective” chemists, because there was no need to have the adjective constant for any man.The most serious criticism he had to offer concerned the Benevolent Fund. Founded as a memorial to fallen members to assist members in need, the fund was pitifully inadequate, totally unworthy of its original object and of the profession. The total amount raised had not reached the salary of one person for one year. The scheme was so small that a man would have to be in great need before he would apply to the fund. The need of a sound benevolent fund was very great in these times. Calling for voluntary contributions to a capital account was a system which had miserably failed. The fund should be organised on the basis of a definite annual levy in the hope that, properly administered, it would relieve much distress. If the Institute could organise the profession both for the good of the chemist and the community it would do a great service; the most urgent problems were domestic ones.Mr. Watson Gray moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Morton for his paper, and expressed his astonishment that he had dealt with 230 the Council so mildly; but he said it must be remembered that the Institute had a Charter, and the Council were not always to blame if on the surface it did not appear that they were doing the right thing. It might seem to many that those who had formed the Institute should not have committed its future members to such rules as were laid down in the Charter; but those who were responsible were men of mature years, and what they did was done after careful thought; when the Charter was carefully examined there was not much to object to, and the Institute was likely to do more harm by trying to do too much than by doing too little.Recent Councils had, in his opinion, placed the Institute in an illegal position, and a position which they could not enforce under the present Charter. The Charter laid down the main requirements for admission to membership; any by-laws relating to such admission must be kept within the Charter. From the latter part of By-law 18, Mr. Gray read: “The Institute, by resolution of a general meeting in manner aforesaid, may from time to time rescind or vary any such by-laws, or make others in their stead, but so that the by-laws for the time being be not in any respect repugnant to or in- consistent with the provisions of this our Charter.’’ From the latter part of clause 5 of the Charter, he read: (‘In cases where the person applying for admission as a Fellow has previously been admitted as an Associate, the Council shall require of every such person proof that he possesses the undermen tioned qualifications : (I) That he is not less than twenty-four years of age.(2) That he has since his admission as an Associate and for a period of three years therefrom been continuously engaged in the study and practical work of applied chemistry in a manner that shall be satisfactory to the Council.” “Where candidates are unable to produce evidence upon the above points, satisfactory to the Council, an examination shall be imposed.’’ together with clause 6 : “The Council shall decide whether any person applying to be admitted as Fellow or Associate has or has not fulfilled such of the conditions in the foregoing provisions of this our Charter as are applicable in his case.” Every care should be taken that the person admitted was of the quality prescribed by the Charter.Once admitted, he could not easily be excluded. Further, if during the three years following his election to the Associateship he had been of good character, he (Mr. Gray) held that such a candidate must be admitted to the Fellowship, or the Council must give its reasons, and its reasons must be within the Charter.All Associates, whether admitted prior to or since 1914,should be treated in the same manner. So long as men were at college it was an easy matter to pass examinations; but after leaving college it became increasingly difficult ,if not impossible ;business required attention, working for examinations or writing papers absorbed a great deal of time, and chemists were not always at liberty to disclose to others all they knew. Associates should be promoted to the Fellowship without further examination after they had been engaged in the practice of chemistry for three years. He suggested that a meeting might be requisitioned in Liverpool to call upon the Council to admit Associates within the terms of the Charter, and, if they failed to do so, to call a further meeting and to elect new officers and Council to carry out the Charter.The Associates could do this, or they could tender their fees and subscriptions as Fellows, and if the Council declined to accept them they could use F.I.C. in defiance, because (he said) this had been done in the past without election to the Fellowship. Prof. Roberts, interjecting during Mr. Gray’s speech, differed from his interpretation of the Institute’s Regulations. Prof. Baly said it appeared obvious that the Institute was divided into two classes-the Institute and Mr. Gray. Mr. Gray had misused some of his terms. It was quite a proper procedure, in line with modern ideas, that the Institute should delegate its authority in certain cases to other institutions.The recognition of a first and second class honours degree was surely an acceptable hall mark instead of the Institute examination for the Associate- ship, and he thought Mr. Gray’s misrepresentation unkind. Mr. Gray objected that the professor had misunderstood him, but he insisted that as the Institute had delegated its powers in the admission of so many war-time Associates, it was bound to adhere to the provisions of its charter and admit those men as Fellows, without further examination after they had been engaged in the practice of chemistry for three years. It was only fair it should be so, because a man occupied in earning a living, and probably married, cannot study for a Fellowship examination, Prof.Baly concurred. Prof. Heilbron, after thanking Mr. Morton for his paper, said that he thought the present policy of the Council regarding the passage of Associates to Fellows was determined on cogent reasons. If the Charter and By-laws were not all that they should be, steps should be taken to alter them. Mr. Morton’s remarks about the Journal contained a good deal of truth, but he thought it was at least dignified, even if it occasionally contained suggestions of the parochial magazine style of castigation of naughty boys. What was wanted was a social brotherhood in the Institute. He supported and wished better success to the Benevolent Fund. Members ought never to forget to give a little to those out of employment and those who served the country during the war.Prof. Roberts said that he thought Mr. Gray was mistaken; any Associate who submitted a thesis of original work of sufficient merit could be elected to the Fellowship. Mr. C. A. M. Foster expressed his appreciation of the activity of the Section, referring especially to Prof. Baly’s paper on (‘The Romance of Science,” and Major Lefebure’s paper on (‘Chemical Warfare.” He regretted that nothing further had been heard of them. Mr. Thomas suggested that a contribution to the Benevolent Fund should be made compulsory, even if the subscription had to be increased; also that the Journal could be improved: some subjects might be curtailed, and others-for instance, the news of Local Sections-increased.Mr. Croad was in favour of the Journal being curtailed and the saving effected devoted to the Benevolent Fund. It was not desirable to increase the subscription, but, on the other hand, he thought that the Local Sections should be self-supporting. The Treasurer of the Section reminded Mr. Croad that, but for the annual grant from the Council, the Section would have been compelled to cut down its expenditure or be in debt. The funds of the Institute were to be available for defraying part of the travelling expenses of District Members of Council, and the Institute provided a considerable amount of printing and postage for the Sections. Prof. Baly severely criticised the Benevolent Fund. He thought that the collection of subscriptions should be further organised.Pensions for aged members and help for those out of employment were matters demanding attention. Among Uni- versity professors a scheme for rendering financial assistance had been carried out through a recognised and sound insurance company, Under this scheme pensions were provided better than those obtainable in the Civil Service. Means should be found of placing the Benevolent Fund on a sound basis. Mr. Smetham enquired whether the profession was in such a parlous plight as might be inferred from the criticisms he had heard, and Prof. Baly replied that many hard cases had come under his notice. He knew of a first class honours man of great promise who had accepted a ,6100a year to save himself and his family from starvation.* He was firmly of opinion that the Fund should be put on an actuarial footing.He thought that the discussion which Mr. Morton’s paper had stimulated was the greatest compliment the Section could pay him. Prof. Heilbron mentioned another hard case, and suggested that the Section, which had taken the lead in matters of progress, should do something towards seeing that the Fund was put on a sound basis. * Mr. Shepherd said that although he had enjoyed Mr. Morton’s paper he felt that the Section had been occupied with details rather than with fundamental problems. They should do some-thing more to devise means for the employment of all members in the country. Collaboration between the Institute and other bodies might be necessary.The Institute must be recognised as a body of money earners, and it should see that the men who pass through its hands were being trained in such a way that they would be able to enter industry and fill responsible posts. Mr. Rideout expressed the hope that the points which had been dealt with would not be shelved. The vote of thanks to Mr. Morton was carried unanimously, # The “hard cases ” to which reference is made in the above discussion had not been brought to the notice of the Benevolent Fund Committee. 234 Notes. Food Presepvatives.-The Minister of Health has appointed a committee to enquire into the use of preservatives and colouring matters in food and to report:- (I) Whether the use of such materials, or any of them, for the preservation and colouring of food is injurious to health, and, if so, in what quantities does their use become injurious ; (2) Whether it should be required that the presence of such materials and the quantities present in food offered or exposed for sale should be declared.The Committee consists of Sir H. C. Monro (chairman), Prof. W. E. Dixon, Sir A. D. Hall, Dr. J. M. Hamill, Mr. Otto Hehner, Prof. F. G. Hopkins, Dr. G. R. Leighton, Dr. A. P. Luff, Dr. C. Porter, and Mr. George Stubbs. All communications should be addressed to the Secretary of the Committee, Mr. A. M. Legge, Ministry of Health, White- hall, S.W. I. Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London) -With the approval of the Council and of the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties’ Section, the rules of the Students Association have been altered to allow for the admission of officers of the Institute to membership of the Association and to make such officers eligible to hold office in the Association. Soci6t6 d’Encouragement pour I’lnd ustrie Nationale.-Mr. Arthur R. Smith represented the Institute at the celebra- tion of the Izznd anniversary of the foundation and the centenary of the recognition of the national utility of the above society held in Paris from 7th to 10th June. The programme for the first day included excursions to the :Office National des Recherches scientifiques et industrielles et des Inventions, at 236 Bellewe, the Bureau international des Poids et Mesures, the Manufacture Nationale de Porcelaine, at Sevres, and the Sociktit de Recherches et de Perfectionnements industriels, at Puteaux.On the second day, M. Bacl6, mining engineer, the President of the Society, welcomed the delegates from learned and technical societies, especially those from other countries, including Mr. C. F. Cross, representing Great Britain, and Mr. Fletcher, representing Ireland. Addresses were delivered by representatives of foreign societies and also of the principal French societies. M. Bacl6 referred to the efforts made by France to recover her equilibrium after the war, dealing especially with the extent of the German devastations in the invaded country. He showed how the Germans had systematically destroyed their towns and villages, and what gigantic work was required to restore them.M. Lindet dealt with the agricultural industries which were affected, particularly the sugar factories, distilleries, and breweries within the devastated area. M. Alfred Renouard spoke on the reconstruction of the textile factories. He learnt that the hat-making of Picardy had doubled its production since the war, and expressed the hope that all the French textile industries would make the same progress. M. Henry Boulanger produced documentary evidence of the confidential instructions given by the German authorities with regard to the disposition of armies occupying the north and east of France, then invaded, and especially the orders concerning industrial establishments.As an example, he read a chapter dealing with the leather industry regarding the destruction of specialised establishments in order to render it impossible for them to pursue their manufactures. He had seen a copy of the work, after the Armistice, and had taken photographs of some of the more important parts of the text, copies of which were circulated at the meeting. The remainder of the second day was devoted to a visit to the Station radiotelegraphique at Sainte-Assise, the working of which was explained by General Ferri6 and Commandant Brenot. On 9th June the session was presided over by M. Millerand, President of the Republic, assisted by the Minister of Commerce and Industry, and other representatives of the Government.M. Baclit, in welcoming the President, referred to the origin and objects of the Society. He was followed by M. Toulon, the 236 Secretary, who gave an historical resum6 of its activities, and M. Dior, Minister of Commerce, who paid a high tribute to the value of its work, especially during the war. M. Millerand expressed his pleasure in being present, and, in the name of France, acknowledged the gratitude of the nation to the Society for its services. On the same day a visit was paid to the A6ro-Port du Bourget, and in the evening a banquet was held at the Hotel Lutetia, under the presidency of M. Lucien Dior, Minister of Commerce and Industry. On the last day visits were paid to the Exposition du Chauff -age industriel, at the Conservatoire national des Arts et Mittiers, and the proceedings concluded with a musical soirbe at the Salle Pleyel.Soci6t6 de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-The third Congre5s of the Socibt6 de Chimie Industrielle will be held at Paris at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Mktiers from the 2Ist to 26th October. 237 July Examinations, 1923. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places scheduled below. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed in each branch is shown below: * UNDERTHE CURRENTREGULATIONS.hTo.examined. No. passed For the Associateship- At the Institute and at King’s College, London, from 2nd to 7th July. At the Institute and at Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh, on 2nd July, and from 9th to 12th July .... 74 46 For the Fellowship- Branch A.I. Inorganic Chemistry, Mineral Products. At the Institute, from 9th to 13th July .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch A.11. Inorganic Chemistry, Metal- lurgy. At the Royal School of Mines, from 9th to 13th July .. .. .. 1 Branch C. Organic chemistry. At the Institute, from 9th to 13th Julh .. 1 Branch D. Agricultural Chemistry. At tho Institute, from 9th to 13th July .. 1 Branch E. Chernistry of Food and Drugs, utc. At the Institute, from 2nd to 7th July .. .. .. .. .. 2 0 UNDER REGULATIONS PRIOR TO MARCH, 1920. For the Associateship- Branch (a). Mineral Chemistry. At the Institute, from9th to 13th July ..1 0 Branch (e). Chemistry of Food and Drup, etc. At the Institute, from 2nd to 7th July .. .. .. .. .. 2 1 For completion in Translation and Oral examination. At the Institute .. 2 2 Total .. .. 85 53 PASS LIST. The following candidates have passed the examination for the Associateship: In @enera1 Chrraistry. Anderson, Alex Cam, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Nottingham Barnett, John, East London College. Beard, Herbert Greensmith, Huddersfield Technical College. Bennett, William Frederick, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Booth, Walter, Central Technical School, beds. Bott, Thomas Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), College of Technology, Man- Chester. Bubb, Frederick James, B.Sc. (Lond.), East London College. Child, Reginald, King’s College, London.Crombie, William, Imperial College of Science and Technology. Crutohlow, Bernard William Alfred, King’s College, London. Curtis, Ronald Hamilton, University College, London. Faichney, Peter, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Fairgrieve, Adam Wilson, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Groves, Adam Traill, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Harrow, Andrew Nicoll, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Hibbert, Sydney, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Hill, Herbert Eric, University of Western Australia. Jones, Norman Ellathorne, King’s College, London. Kimmins, Lionel George, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, London. Kirby, Christopher Stanhope, University College, London. Laing, William Mossman, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh.Leaper, Percy Joshua, University College, Southampton. Lindsay, Robert, University College, London. McGrath, James, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Mieras, Adrian Pieter, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Mosley, Martin Aaron, University College, Nottingham. Moyes, Robert Baird, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Oliver, James Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.) Paul, David, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Pound, Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Exeter. Rosewarne, Joel Alfred Henry Totterdell, King’s College, London. Russell, William Lyle, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Saunders, Harold Nicholas, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Exeter. Scott, Robert, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Smith, Charles George, King’s College, London.Snelus, Miss Suzanne Mabel Lavinia, College of Technology, Man- Chester, and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, Thacker, Gilbert Doe Dwyer Way, East London College. Thomas, Brynmor, M.Sc. (Dun.), Central Technical School, Liverpool. Threadgold, Hubert, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, London. Tully, James Duncan, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Southampton. Walker, John, Technical College, Huddersfield. Wells, William Herbert, University College, London. Wilkie, Alexander Stewart, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Wilson, George Edward, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Wood, Thomas, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Wylie, Andrew Robertson, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. In Branch (b) : Metallurgical Chemistry. Howard, Thomas George, Sir John Cass Technical Institute.239 In Branch (e) : Chemistry, including Microsco2ry, oj Food & D97.478, and. Water. Woodhead, John Ezra, B.Sc. (Lond.), Birkbeck College, and Northern Polytechnic Institute, London. In Branch (9): Chemid Technology. Martin, George Frank, Royal College of Science, London. The following Associates have passed the examination for the Fellowship: In Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry. Hackney, Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.). Wynn, William Owen Roderick. In Branch C: Organic Chemistry. Cohen, Abraham, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch D : Agm'culturd Chemistrg. Ritchie, John Edwin, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd ). Four candidates, when they present themselves for re-examination, will be required to take only the exercises in the translation of technical German Literature; one will be required to take only the translation of French and German literature.The following papers and exercises were set-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, JULY 2nd, 1923: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Show how fluorine differs in chemical behaviour from the other halogens. Can you suggest any explanation of its abnormality ? 2. Give an historical account of the researches on the composition of the atmosphere. 3. Write a short essay on either (a)the stability of colloidal solutions, 4. (a)Discuss the various methods for the qualitative separation of or (b) the critical state. nickel and cobalt, and (b) describe the quantitative analysis of a mixture of sulphuric, nitric and nitrous acids.5. Describe as fully as you can the preparation of barium ferrate, potassium persulphate, iodine pentoxide and an aqueous solution of hydriodic acid. What is the action of concentrated sulphuric acid on these compounds ? 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Describe with practical details the pieparation of either (a)diethyl2. What methods are available for the synthesis of indole, pyrol, malonate from acetic acid, or (b) p-chloro-acetanilide from benzene. quinoline, and their simple derivatives ? Mention any naturally occurrmg compounds which contain these ring systems. 3. Give an account of the aromatic diazo-compounds referring par- 4. Write a short essay on either (a) substitution in the benzene ticularly to their constitution and reactions.Discuss the structure of the oxyazo-snd amino-azo-compounds. 240 nucleus, or (b) the properties of compounds containing conjugated un- saturated groups. 5. How would you establish the constitution of the following com- pounds P (a) CH,. C (:NOH). COOC,H,; (b) 2-Methoxy- 5-chloro-benzyl- chloride. FIRSTPERIOD EXAMINATION.OF PRACTICAL TUESDAY, JULY 3rd, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Determine the amount of magnesium, copper, and sulphate in the solution of magnesium sulphate and copper sulphate supplied. Expressyour results in grams of copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg) and sulphuric acid (SO,) per 100 C.C. of solution. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, JULY 4th, 1923: 10 a.m.to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the main constituent of the given substance, B. (Eithermanganese hypophosphite or copper ferrocyanide.) THURSDAY, JULY 5th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. You are given 40 grams of m-nitro-benzaldehyde. Prepare from 5 grams of it the phenylhydrazone, from another 5 grams its semi- carbazone, and from 25 grams its oxime, and from the oxime prepare m-amino-benzantialdoxime.Leave well crystallized specimens of all four preparations. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, JULY 6th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. What groups are present in the aromatic compound supplied? [Benzyl phenylacetate.] SECOND OF PRACTICALPERIOD EXAMINATION.MONDAY, JULY 9th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30. p m. Determine the amount of calcium, ammonium and chloride in the solution of calcium and ammonium chlorides supplied. Express your results in grams of calcium (Ca), ammonium (NH,) and chlorine (Cl) per100 cc. of solution. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) TUESDAY, JULY loth, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the main constituent of the given substance, F. [Eithercobalt borate or barium fluosilicate]. WEDNESDAY, JULY llth, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. You are given 50 grams of cinnamic acid. Prepare pure specimens of p-nitro-cinnamic and p-amino-cinnamic acids from it. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, JULY 12th, 1923: 10a.m.to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. What groups are present in the aromatic compound supplied?[Dinitro-acetyl -hydroquinone.] 241 Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A.-Inorganic Chemistry. [This paper was taken by Candidates in both sections of Branch A.] MONDAY, JULY 9th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. Not more than threz questions must be answered from each part. The candidate can pms by answering two questions from each part. PARTONE. 1. What is Avogadro’s hypothesis ? Discuss its value in ascertaining the atomic constitution of molecules, and point out its limitations. Explain clearly what is meant by osmotic pressure. What con- nexion or analogy is there between the laws of osmotic pressure and Avogadro’s hypothesis ? 2.What do you understand by the “ionic theory”? Discuss it in connexion with : electrolysis, the solubilities of mixtures of salts, the “strengths” of acids and bases. 3. What is meant by “valency ” ? In what ways has the original idea of valency been modified or extended so as to embrace classes of compounds for which the original theory failed to account ? 4. What is meant by allotropy? Illustrate your answer by the case of oxygen, and say how far any explanations you give are known to be applicable also to the cases of carbon, sulphur, and phosphorus. PARTTwo. 1. How is fluorine prepared ? Discuss the position of fluorine as a member of the same family with chlorine, bromine, and iodine.2. What liquefied gases are used industrially for the production of ice? How is each of these gases prepared for this purpose, and what advantages and disadvantages will each present ? 3. Write a short essay on one of the following subjects:- (a) The propagation of combustion in an explosive mixture of gases. (b) Radium and atomic disintegration. 4. On what principles does the determination of an atomic weight depend? Illustrate your answer by reference to some element, say, chlorine. Branch A.-Section I., Mineral Products. MONDAY, JULY 9th, 1923: 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. 1. What qualities would you look for in a clay according as it was desired to make usso of it for the production of refractory bricks, vessels or furnaces, for the production of pottery, or in the textile industry ? Would a knowledge of the chemical composition of the clay help in deciding on its fitness for these purposes ? 2.Give a short account of colloid chemistry, in its bearing on clays. 3. Discuss generally the advantages and disadvantages of direct coal 4. What is bauxite ? Whence is it chiefly obtained, and what are its or coke firing, as compared with firing by producer gas. chief uses ? What features in the composition of the mineral determine its fitness or otherwise for each of these uses ? 5. What-are the chief ores of zinc? How would you identify a mineral said to be a zinc ore, and what analytical processes would you put it through in order to determine the percentage of zinc in it? 242 TUESDAY, JULY loth, 1923: 10a.m.to 5p.m. 1. Make a complete analysis of the sample of fireclay submitted. (This exercise can be continued throughout the week.) 2. Examine and report on the porcelain crucibles supplied, as to their suitability for analytical work. (This exercise can be continued throughout the week.) WEDNESDAY, JULY llth, 1923: 10a.m. to 5p.m. 1. Continue yesterday’s exercises. 2. Analyse the sample of witherite provided. (This exercise can be continued throughout the week.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, JULY 12th and 13th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 5p.m. each day. 1. Continue yesterday’s exercises. 2. Identify the mineral specimens A, B, C, giving chemical con- firmation of your diagnosis.Do the like with each kind of mineral that you can find in the specimen D. (Injure the specimens as little as possiblein taking portions for examination). 3. Convert the sample of galena (20 grams) into crystalline lead chloride. Express the yield you obtain as a percentage-of that theoreti- cally possible on the assumption that the specimen is pure PbS. Branch A.-Section II. Metallurgy. MONDAY, JULY 9th, 1923: 2p.m. to 5p.m. (Six questions only to be answered.) 1. Describe a modern gas producer, and state the approximate composition of the gas. Illustrate your answer by means of sketches. What is the object of injecting steam into a gas producer ? 2. Describe, with the aid of sketches, the general arrangement of a modern blast furnace plant.State how the gases from the furnace can be utilised, and what treatment, if my, is necessary previous to their use. 3. Give an account of the best method of working a charge in an open hearth furnme. Fully describe the materials used and the)remtions involved. 4. You are requested to instal an apparatus which will both indicate and record the temperature in the horse-shoe mains of three blast furnaces, which are producing pig-iron. Describe, in detail, the instruments you would use, and state the precautions you would take in order to ensure the accuracy of the results. 5. Indicate briefly the methods you would adopt for the estimation 6. A copper ore producing, when mined, a small amount of fines, of the important ccnstituents of a pig-iron in the shortest time possible. assays copper 8%, sulphur 17%, and 0.47 ounces of gold per short ton.Give an outline of the process best adapted for treating such an ore, and describe in detail the method generally used for separating the copper and the gold. 7. A steel rail, which has broken in the track, is found on analysis to give satisfactory results. State, in detsil, how you would proceed in order further to investigate the cause of the breakage. 8. Describe fully the process you would adopt for the treatment of an ore containing 80% of lead, 5% of silica and 2 ounces of silvgr per ton so BR to produce good commercial lead. 243 TUESDAY, JULY loth, 1923: 10a.m. to 5p.m. Make as complete an analysis as possible of the given ore, including the determination of gold and silver.(This exercise may be completed to-morrow i! necessary.) WEDNESDAY, JULY llth, 1923: 10a.m. to 5p.m. Determine the chromium and manganese in the sample of steel. THURSDAY, JULY 12th, 1923: 10a.m. to 5p.m. Identify the principal constituents of the alloy, and determine accurately any two of them. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow if necessary.) FRIDAY, JULY 13th, 1923: 10a.m. to 5p.m Examine the two specimms of welded tube under the microscope; sketch the structures and report on the suitability or otherwise of the materials used. Branch C.-Organ ic Chem istry-Fi ne chemicals, with special reference to dyestuffs used as indicators. MONDAY, JULY 9th, 1923: 10a.m.to 1p.m. 1. Describe in detail the lay-out of a small plant suitable for preparingsacchnrine from toluene. 2. Write an essay on the theory of indicators, and give examples showing the inefficaiency of certain indicators in specific ranges of hydrogen ion concentration. 3. Write a short essay on the chemical and economic problems connected with the production of camphor from oil of turpentine. 4. Describe the preparation of two synthetic organic compounds, the structures of which are based on that of cocaine, and which can be used as local anaesthetics in place of that alkaloid. TUESDAY-FRIDAY, JULY 10-13thY 1923: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. [The candidate can investigate these problems at any time during the four days allotted to the practical examination.He will be expected to hand in a written account oJ’ his work, together with any specimens he may have prepared, at 5 o’clock on Friday afternoon.] 1. Report on the substance A, which is a compound having the empirical formula C191il&,N2,and which has been produced by the inter- action of benzil, isovaleric aldehyde and ammonia. 2. Convert the specimen of commercial cyclohexanol, By into 3. Report on the relative efficiency of methyl orange and the 4. Prepare a specimen of pure cyclohexanone from the liquid D, using c yclopentanone. indicator C. the semicarbazone as the means of isolation. Branch D.-Agricu Itural Chemistry. MONDAY, JULY 9th, 1923: 10a.m. to 1p.m. 1. Give some account (without going into minute mechanical detail) 2.Explain the term “starch equivalent” sometimes used in con- of the structure of a “respiration-calorimeter,” describing its use and indicating the nature of the problems it is designed to solve in connection with animal nutrition. 244 nection with feeding stuffs. 3. Compare or contrast, as regards “residual manurial value,” the effect of the consumption of a ton of linseed cake by (a) stall-fed bullocks, (b) sheep folded on roots, (c) milch cows on pasture, discussing the probable loss of nitrogen under these various conditions. 2 to 5p.m. 1. What is understood by the technical term “soil ~olution”? What means have been devised for its removal or extraction for purposes of investigation ? 2.Assuming a loamy soil in fair average condition, reasonably supplied with lime, suggest manurial dressings that might be used with the expectation of good results for (a) swedes (after wheat), (b) oats (after turnips fed off the field), (c) wheat (after beans), (d) potatoes, (e) drum-head cattle cabbages. 3. Describe in detail a process for the determination of starch in a sample of maize meal. 4. Give some account of recent investigations bearing upon the mechanism of carbon assimilation and metabolism by plants. 5. What percentage of milk-fat, proteins, milk-sugar, cane-sugar, and water would you expect to flnd in a good average sample of condensed, sweetened, whole milk ? TUESDAY, JULY loth, 1923: 10a.m.to 5p.m. Make an ordinary feeding-stuff analysis of the sample of ground rape cake, and also report upon its safety or suitability for cattle food. WEDNESDAY, JULY llth, 1923: 10 a.m. to 5p.m. Determine (a) the water-soluble phosphate in a sample of superphosphate; (b) the percentage of nicotine in the sample of commercial nicotine. (This exercise my be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, JULY 12th, 1923: 10a.m. to 5p.m. 1. Complete the determination of nicotine. 2. Ascertain the percentage of “tar acids ’’ in the sample of creosote. 3. Examine qualitatively the sample of milk for preservatives. 4. Examine microscopically the various starches supplied to you, and give your opinion as to the origin of each. FRIDAY, JULY 13th, 1923: 10a.m.to 5p.m. 1. The material in the jar provided represents the contents of the stomach of a pig that has been poisoned. Identify the poison which, for the purposes of this examination, may be assumed not to be an alkaloid or a glucoside. 2. Examine and identify the various specimens shown to you by the examiner. 245 Examination for the Fellowship in Branch E and for the Associates h i p in Branch (e)-T he Chemistry (i ncl ud i ng Microsco py ) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. (The questions were taken by uU candidates except where otherwise indicated.) MONDAY, JULY 2nd, 1923: 10a.m. to 1p.m. 1. Owtline a scheme for the bacteriological examination of water in order to ascertain its fitness for drinking purposes.2. Describe two out of the three following processes, and discuss the oxtent of the information they are able to give: (a) Allen-Marquardt process for the determination of the higher alcohols in spirits; (b) Reichert-Meissl-Polenske-Kirschnerprocess for fat analysis; (c) the estimation of pentosans. (Answer the following questions in a separate note-book.) 1. Enumerate the official preparations of belladonna and calabar bean. Give an account of the general and local action of these drugs. 2. Describe the pharmacopaeial methods for the preparation of tinctures, and state the composition of the following :tinct. opii ammoniata; tinct. camphorae co. ; tinct. quininae ammoniata; tinct.nucis vomicae. 3. Describe the symptoms seen in acute and chronic poisoning by arsenic. Give an account of the circumstances which have led to the appearance of arsenic in beer, and state fully and exactly how you would estimate its amount when present in such a fluid. 2 to 5p.m. (FI.C. only.) 1. Explain fully what in meant by the statement that, in the estima tion of sugar by copper reduction, the relation between the amount of copper reduced and the quantity ofsugar present is non-linear. Discuss the importance of such relation in the procedure t,o be adopted for sugar analysis. 2. Give a survey of your knowledge of the substances containing phosphorus in organic combination in foodstuffs. 3. Describe briefly what you would do in order to determine (a) the state of purity, (b) the empirical formula, (c) the molecular weight, 4.What substances are used as the basis for the preparation of 5. Discuss the question of the advisability of the legal enactment of of a solid fatty acid. standard acid and alkali solutions? Which do you prefer, and why? standards for foodstuffs. TUESDAY, JULY 3rd, 1923: 10a.m. to 5p.m. 1. Determine the percentage of available chlorine in the hypo- chlorite solution A and ascertain in what proportion it should be added to the water B in order to effect sterilisation. 2. Determine the temporary and permanent hardness of the water C. 246 WEDNEflDAY, JULY 4th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 5 p rn. 1. Determine by two different processes the prcportion of copper in the peas D. 2.Determine the lime and magnesia in the water E. (Thisexercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, JULY 5th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 5p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of the water E. (A.I.C.on&.) 2. Exa.mine the calcium hydroxide F, and report as to its suitability for use as an analytical reagent. (P.I.C. only.) 2. Determine the nature of, and, if possible, identify, the organic compound C. (Benzoyl peroxide.) FRIDAY, JULY 6th, 1923: 10a.m. lo 5p.m. 1. Analyse and report upon the weak tincture of iodine H. (Made up with methylated spirit.) 2. Prepare and mount for microscopical examination crystalline stearines from the two specimens of lard I and J, and, from your examina- tion, give an opinion as to the purity of the specimens. 3.Examine microscopically the chocolate K and report as to the prosonce or otherwise of foreign ingredients. (F.I.C.only.) 4. Report, on the certificate provided, the analysis of the tincture €3. Examination for the Associateship in Branch (a)-Mineral Chemistry. MONDAY, JULY 9th, 1923: 10a.m. to 1p.m. 1. Give a short account of some of the compounds of barium, strontium and calcium, indicating in what respects the corresponding compounds differ from one another. How would you determine the strontium present in a sample of witherite ? 2. Describe the preparation, and state the chief properties, of the acids derived from phosphorus. What are the chief uses of these acids and their salts ? 3.Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects: isomorphism; catalytic action; the use of indicators in volumetric analysis. Either 4. Write out a scheme for the complete analysis of a sample of clay. What would you look for in the analytical results to determine whether or not the clay was suitable for use in making refractory &ebricks ? Or, alternatively. Give a general account of the way in which caustic soda and bleaching powder are now made from common salt. Give equations expressing the reactions involved, and give also equations expressing all the reactions that were involved in the production of the same two compounds by the old Leblanc process. TUESDAY-WEDNESDAY, JULY lO-llth, 1923: 10 a.m.to 4.30p.m. 1. Make an analysis of the sample of manganese ore as nearlycomplete as the time at your disposal allows. 2. In the sample of “salt cake,” determine the total sulphate, free sulphuric acid, chloride (expressed as sodium chloride), and lime (expressed a,s calcium sulphate). 3. From the-sample of witherite prepare a specimen of pure crystd- lised barium chloride. Check its purity by a determination of the chlorine in it. Leave a portion of the specimen on your bench. (These exercises may be coqleted on the third and fourth days of the practical examination.) THURSDAY, JULY 12th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Continue the previous days’ exercises. 2. Andyse qualitatively the powder given containing three bases and three acid radicles.FRIDAY, JULY 13th, 1923: 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete the previous days’ exercises. 2. Determine the strengths of the solutions of potassium dichromate and sodium thiosulphate, expressing them in terms of normal solutions. 248 Obituary. WILLIAM RALPH BATES died in London on 14th May, 1923, in his 28th year. Born at Merthyr, he was educated at Orme Boys’ School, Newcastle, Staffs., and worked for several years in the laboratory of the Shelton Iron, Steel and Coal Co. at Stoke-on-Trent before entering the Royal School of Mines in 1919. He obtained the diploma A.R.S.M. with first class in Metallurgy, and the degree of B.Sc., Engineering and Metal- lurgy (Lond.) in 1922, and, having taken special courses in organic chemistry at the South-Western Polytechnic, was elected an Associate of the Institute in February of this year.DUTTONFRANK died on 3rd January in his 51st year. He was born at Bolton, and received his scientific training at Owen’s College, Man- Chester, graduating B.Sc. (Vict.) in 1894. In the following year he was appointed Assistant Master in Science at the Central School, Leeds; from 1897 to 1904 he was Science Master at Carpenter’s Technical Institute, Stratford, and from 1904 until his death was head of the Chemical Depart- ment of Alleyn’s School, Dulwich. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. PETTIGREWJOHN died in London on 24th January, 1922, in his 62nd year. Trained under Dr. E. J.Mills at the Andersonian College, Glasgow, he was for a year chemist to the Clippens Oil Co. before he became research assistant to Dr. James Young, with whom he remained for three years. He worked with Conrad Schmidt for two years, and in 1889 became chemist to Messrs. Ingham Clark & Co., until 1910, when he started a practice in Westminster. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. ISENBARTFREDERIC SCARDdied in London on the 22nd June in his 70th year. He received his early education at Blackheath, and his scientific training at University College and the Royal College of Chemistry, where from 1871 to 1881 he was assistant to Dr. Pavy. In 1881 he obtained an appointment in British Guians with the Colonial Company, and devoted his attention to the methods of sugar cultivation and manufacture.He is said to have been the first trained chemist to be employed on sugar estates in the Colony, where he remained for 23 years. He was President of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Qociety in 1903, Chairman of the Agricultural Committee in 1902, having previously occupied the position of Chairman of the Agricultural Committee. He was a frequent con-tributor to The West India Committee Circular, The International Sugar JournaZ, and other technical papers, joint author of a standard work on The Manufacture of Cane Sugar, and an elementary manual entitled The Cane Sugar Factory, a practical publication for overseers. In about 1904 he returned, and established a consulting practice in London.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1899, 249 Books and their Contents. [* Books presented by the authors or publishers, or purchased; to be seen in the Library of the Institute.] “Atom, The Structure of the.” E. N. da C. Andrade. Pp. xiv. +314. (London: George Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 16s. Part I.,The nucleus :Part II.,The extra nucleus, structures, appendices. (‘Bacteriology, Practical, for Chemical Students.” David Ellis. Pp. viii. +x36. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 4s. 6d. *“ Chemical Analysis and Inorganic Preparations, Quantitative.” Part I. R. M. Caven. Pp. vii. +156. (London: Blackie & Sons.) 3s. 6d. Preparation of inorganic salts; simple exercises in gravimetric and volumetric analysis.(‘Chemistry, General.” H. N. Holmes. Pp. x. +558. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) 16s. (‘Chemistry, Inorganic and Organic.” A. G. Bloxam and S. Judd Lewis. 11th Edition. Pp. ix. +832. (London: J. & A. Churchill.) 36s. *(‘Corrosion, The Causes and Prevention of.” A. A. Pollitt. Pp. x. +230. (London: Benn Bros., Ltd.) 25s. The theory, causes and prevention of corrosion. “Electro-chemistry related to Engineering.” W. R. Cooper. Pp. xi. +136. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Electrolytic corrosion ; electric osmosis and cataphoresis; electrical precipitation of dust, etc. ;electro-culture. (‘Engineering non-ferrous metals and alloys.” L. Aitchison and W. R. Barclay. Pp. xxii. +300. (London: Frowde & Co. and Hodder & Stoughton, Ltd.) 21s.General properties and constitution of non-ferrous alloys ;casting, work-ing and heat treatment; mechanical properties and mechanical testing ; copper, aluminium, nickel and other non-ferrous metals and their alloys. 250 “Gravimetric Analysis for Beginners, Supplementary notes on.” W. Lowson. Pp. v. +56. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 2s. 6d. Designed for use as a supplement to a text-book. Apparatus and manipulation ; occlusion ; some typical estimations; calibration; tables. *“Oxygen, Industrial.” T. C. Finlayson. Pp. 82. Reprinted from the Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. *“ Perfumes and Cosmetics, with especial reference to Syn-thetics.’’ W. A. Poucher. Pp.xi. +462. (London: Chap- man & Hall, Ltd.) 21s. Production of natural perfumes; fixation; flower and fancy perfumes;toilet waters; bath, dental and hair preparations; lip salves and rougesticks; manicure preparations; skin creams and lotions; smelling salts theatrical requisites; toilet powders. *“ Physical Chemistry, Practical.” A. Findlay. Pp. xvi. +298. 4th Edition. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 7s. 6d. “Refractories for Furnaces, Crucibles, etc.” A. B. Searle. Pp. viii. +170. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman, Ltd.) 5s. Fire-bricks; hollow ware; raw materials; shaping; drying; burning. ““Scientific Discovery, Stories of.” D. B. Hammond. Pp. vii. +~gg. (Cambridge University Press.) 6s. 251 Changes in the Register. At the meetings of Council held in June and July, g Associates were elected to the Fellowship; 128 new Associates were elected, and 20 Students were admitted. Associates elected to the Fellowship (by examination).Cohen, Abraham, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cardogan House, 296, Old Ford Road, Victoria Park, London, E.3. Hackney, Norman, B.Sc. (Lond .), Saxonhurst, King’s Norton, Birmingham. Ritchie, John Edwin, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), 23, Rosebery Street, Aberdeen. Wynn, William Owen Roderick, 1, The Greenway, Uxbridge. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Gaunt, Percy, A.M.C.T., c/o The Municipal Council, Shanghai, China. Menzies, Robert Charles, B.Sc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews), Chemistry Depart- ment, United College, The University, St. Andrews. Walmsley, James Rawson, A.M.C.T., Ivy Nook, Princess Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire.Walsh, Michael Joseph, M.Sc. (N.U.I.),c/o Research Department, Messrs. F. N. Pickett et Fils, Dannes, Par Neufchatel, Pas-de-Calais, France. Wood, Miss Florence Mary, B.Sc. (Lond. and Birm.), 22, Powis Square, Bayswater, London, W. New Associates (by examination). Anderson, Alec Cam, B.Sc. (Lond.)., Sunnyhurst, Gedling Road, Carlton, Notts. Beard, Herbert Greensmith, Roall Cottage, Kirby Hill, Boroughbridge, Yorks. Bennett, William Frederick, 27, Briardale Road, Woodhey, Rock Ferry, Cheshire. Booth, Walter, Brookdale, Ferrybridge, Yorks. Bott, Thomas Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), Park Hill, Rawstenstall, Lanes. Crombie, William, 66, Greenvale Road, Well Hall, Eltham, London, S.E.9.Crutchlow, Bernard William Alfred, 65, Durlston Road, Upper Clapton, London, E.5. Curtis, Ronald Hamilton, 18, Shadwell Road, North End, Portsmouth. Faichney, Peter, 32, James Grove, Kirkcaldy. Fairgrieve, Adam Wilson, 3, Elm Row, Galashiels, Scotland. Groves, Adam Traill, 12, James Place, Links, Leith. Harrow, Andrew Nicoll, SG, Ava Street, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Hibbert, Sydney, “Mavis,” Newmarket Road, Waterhouses, Ashton-under -Lyne.Hill, Herbert Eric, c/o Government Analysts Dept., Wellington Street, Perth, Western Australia. 253 Howard, Thomas George, 7, Hazeldene Road, Goodmayes, Ilford, Essex. Jones, Norman Ellathorne, 169, Wanstead Park Road, Ilford, Essex. Kimmins, Lionel George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, The Drive, Tonbridge, Kent.Laing, William Mossman, 22, Eastfield, Joppa, Edinburgh. Leaper, Percy Joshua, B.Sc. (Lond.), Eastfield, 354, Winchester Road, Shirley, Southampton. Lindsay, Robert, Killiney, Caterham Valley, Surrey. Martin, George Frank, 85, Church Hill, Walthamstow, London, E.17. McGrath, James, 15, Glasgow Street, Ardrossan, Ayrshire. Mieras, Adrian Pieter, Keith Lodge, Beaverhall Road, Edinburgh. Mosley, Martin Aaron, 3, Rylands Road, Beeston, Notts. Moyes, Robert Baird, 24, Caledonian Road, Edinburgh. Oliver, James Herbert, B.Sc.(Lond.), 22, Avenue Gardens, Acton, London, w.3. Paul, David, Park Place, Uphall, West Lothian. Pound, Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Victoria Road, Ilfracombe. Rosewarne, Joel Alfred Henry Totterdell, 9, Osnaburgh Terrace, Regent’s Park, London, N.W.1. Russell, William Lyle, Belmont House, 3, Strand Road, Carlisle. Saunders, Harold Nicholas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Riverside, Stratton, N. Cornwall. Scott, Robert, 12, Balsusney Road, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Smith, Charles George, 10, Lorne Road, Walthamstow, London, E.17. Snelus, Miss Suzanne Mabel Lavinia, 67, Elgin Mansions, London, W.9. Thacker, Gilbert Doe Dwyer Way, 25, Southwood Avenue, Highgate, London, N.6. Thomas, Brynmor, M.Sc. (Dun.), 25, Gorsefield Road, Prenton, Birkenhead. Threadgold, Hubert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Southfield Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. Tully, James Duncan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 41, Livingstone Road, Southampton. Walker, John, Clifton House, Slaithwaite, near Huddersfield. Wells, William Herbert, Dunira, Epsom Road, Guildford.Wilkie, Alexander Stewart, Beach Villa, Wormit, Fife. Wilson, George Edward, 16, Caledonia Road, Edinburgh. Wood, Thomas, 2, Central Road, Port Sunlight, Cheshire. Woodhead, John Ezra, B.Sc. (Lond.), 61, Chancery Lane, London, W.C.2. Wylie, Andrew Robertson, Langlands, Bridge of Allan, Stirlingshire. New Associates. Allen, Miss Margaret, R.Sc. (Liv.),164, Chatham Street, Liverpool. Allen, Walter Edward, B.Sc. (Manc.), 53, Upper Dicconson Street, Wigan, Lancs. Ashley, Julius Nicholson, B.Sc. (Birm.), 62, Lodge Road, West Bromwich, Staffs. Bailey, Walter George, B.Sc. (Edin.), c/o Robertson, 8, Caledonia Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Barr, John Donald, B.Sc. (Glas.), Morven, Hillpark, Newlands, Glasgow.Bishop, Gerald, M.Sc. (Lond.), 38, Clarence Place, Gravesend, Kent. Bonnyman, Robert Mollison Rennie, B.Sc. (Glas.), Church Street, Carnoustie, Forfarshire. Boyd, John Smith, B.Sc. (Glas.), St. Leonards, Douglas Avenue, Burnside, Glasgow,Brooks, Arthur Cecil, A.R.C.Sc.I., “Cintra,” Garville Road, Rathgar,Dublin. Brown, Frederick Stanley, B.Sc. (Wales), Rosebank, Tile Hill Lane, Coventry.Campbell, Hugh Hannay, B.Sc. (Edin.), 12, Leopold Place, Edinburgh. 253 Castell, Reginald Arthur Salter, B.Sc. (Binn.), 37, Olive Road, Great Yarmouth. Catton, Eric Draycott, B.Sc. (Birm.), Beeston, Kings Lynn, Norfolk. Clayson, Donald Herbert Frank, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), D.I.C., 33, Priory Avenue, Hornsey, London, N.8. Curtin-Cosbie, Arthur James, A.R.C.Sc.I., 7, Whitehall Terrace, Clontarf , Dublin.Davies, JohnEdward, A.C.G.F.C., 106, Gordon Road, Ealing, London, W. 13 Defries, Ralph, The Sorbo Rubber-Sponge Products, Ltd., Sorbo Works, Woking.Doxey, FIederick William, A.R.C.S., 55, Richford Street, Hammersmith, London, W.6. Driscoll, Ernest Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, St. Paul’s Road, Tottenham, London, N.17. Dryburgh, James, B.Sc. (Edin.), 10, Willowbrae Road, Edinburgh. Easson, Alexander Peter Tawse, B.Sc. (Edin.), 19, Belgrave Road, Corstorphine, Midlothian. Ellis, Percival Francis, B.Sc. (Wales), 72, Mackintosh Place, Cardiff. Esdaile, Ralph Margrave, A.C.G.F.C., Upminster, The Drive, Coulsdon, Surrey.Evans, Samuel, B.Sc. (Wales), Aelybryn, Forest Road, Pontardulais.Flett, Thomas, B.Sc. (Glas.), Anchor Cottage, Kirltwall, Orkney. Foott, Charles Hamilton, B.Sc. (N.U.I.),171, Ordnance Road, Enfield Lock, Middlesex. Forrester, Charles, 4, Barclay Terrace, Edinburgh. Gard, Herbert Morris, B.Sc. (Dun.), c/o The Canadian Salt Co., Ltd., Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Glanville, Arthur Evenson, A.R.C.Sc.I., Ben Inagh, Blackrock, Co. Dublin. Grant, Julius, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Rookwood Road, Stamford Hill, London. N.16. Gregory, Thomas Edmund, B.Sc. (Bris.), 1, Richmond Terrace, Guiseley, near Leeds. Harwood, John, M.Sc. (Manc.), 7, Ightenhill Street, Padiham, Burnley, Lancs. Hensman, John Cyril, B.A. (Cantab.), 7, Rod Lion Square, Stamford, Lincs. Hindle, Harold, B.Sc. (Mnnc.1, King Edward VI. School, Bury St.Edmunds. Holloway, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Elmfield Road, Bromley, Kent. Hughes, Ernest Chislett, M.Sc. (Liv.), 14, Seymour Road, Broad Green, Liverpool.Hurst, Richard Henry, B.Sc. (Liv.), Meadow Head, Heddlesden, near Darwen, Lancs. Ireland, Stanley John, B.A. (Oxon.), 368, Ivydale Road, Peckham Rye, London, S.E.15. Jarrett, Edgar Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 124, East Street, Sitting- bourne, Kent. Joachim, Anian Walter Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), Department of Agri-culture, Peradeniya, Ceylon. Kent, Robert Gray, A.R.C.Sc.I., Ard Grena Terrace, Wicklow, Ireland. Litchfield, Arthur Frank Darwin, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 9, Westfield Road, Beckenham, Kent. Louden, Charles Robertson, R.Sc. (Glas.), 4, South View, Dalmuir, Dumbartonshire.Marston, Llewelvn, B.Sc. (Wales), 1, Sunnybank, Rhayader, Radnorshire, Wales. McClelland, David, A.R.C.Sc.I., 2, Clonmohr Terrace, Ballymena, Co. Antrim. McDowall, Frederick Henry, M.Sc. (Otago), Ryal Bush, Southland, New Zealand. 254 MeGeorge, Walter, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., c/oFerguson, 65, Upper Tulse Hill, Brixton, London, S.W. 2. Mehta, Miss Maneck Merwanji, M.A., M.Sc. (Bombay), c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., 16, Charing Cross, London, S.W.l. Merrylees, James Simpson, BSc. (Glas.), 167, Glasgow Street, Ardrossan, Ayrshire.Middleton, Charles Roger, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 4, Achilles Road, West Hampstead, London, N.W.6. Milne, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Leeds), c/o 398, Great Western Road, Aberdeen. Morgan, Richard, B.Sc.(Wales), “Bryn Teifi,” Cilgerran, S.O., Pem-brokeshire. Nisbet, Hugh Bryan, B.Sc. (Edin.), 3, Maurice Place, Edinburgh. Orr, Andrew Picken, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.), 22, Portland Road, Kilmarnock, Scotland. Phelan, Miss Margaret, B.Sc. (N.U.I.), John Street, Cashel, Co. Tipperary, Ireland. Price, Charles Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 41, Empress Avenue, Woodford Green, Essex. Priston, Harold Edward Mead, B.Sc. (Lond.), 95, Kenilworth Avenue, Wimbledon Park, London, S.W. 19. Rankin, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), 34, Dudley Drive, Hyndland, Glasgow. Revis, Frank Leonard Bingham, A.C.G.F.C., 7, Kitson Road, Barnes, London, S.W.13. Richards, Howard Walter, B.Sc. (Liv.), 9, Hawarden Avenue, Wallasey, Cheshire. Ridge, Dudley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, College Place, Brighton, Sussex.Sanford, Chris, B.A. (Oxon), 10, Camalt Gardens, Putney, London, S.W. 15. Sargent, Mervyn Victor, A.R.C.Sc.I., Lannregh, Naas, Co. Kildare. Scales, Henry Stanley, A.R.C.Sc.I., 62, Palmerston Road, Rathmines, Dublin. Sen, Dhires Lobhan, M.Sc., Tech. (Mane.), M.Sc. (Bombay), 21, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Shimwell, John Lester, B.Sc. (Birm.), 70, Station Road, Harborne, Birmingham.Shrewsbury, Richard Arnold, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Radnor Avenue, Harrow. Slater, Robert Henry, B.Sc. (Edin.), 4, Kingsburgh Road, Edinburgh. Snow, Frederick Henry, A.C.G.F.C., 57, Cobham Road, Kingston-on- Thames. Spiers, Andrew McLaren, M.A., B.Sc. (Edin.), 293, Stonhouse Street, Cowdenbeath, Scotland. Swan, Richard Leslie, A.R.C.S.(Lond.), 221, Bedford Road, Rock Ferry, Cheshire. Teale, Ronald Sowerby, B.A. (Cantab), 45, Arthur Road, Wimbledon Park, London, S.W.19. Wadsworth, Alan Eric, M.Sc. (Leeds), 72, Marshfield Road, Goole. Walsh, Patrick Michael, A.R.C.Sc.I., Clifton Cottage, Richmond Road, Drumcondra, Dublin. Wayne, Edward Johnson, B.Sc. (Leeds), 20, Cowper Street, Leeds. Whitehouse, Alan George Raine, B.Sc. (Birm.), 15, Wye Cliff Road, Handsworth, Birmingham. Whitelegg, Cyril James, RI.Sc., Tech. (Mane.), Broomedge, Lymm, near Warrington.Willcox, Cyril Mason, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Worple Avenue, Wimbledon, London, S.W.19. Wilson, George Alan, B.Sc. (Glas.), 34,Annette Street, Govanhill, Glasgow. Wilson, Gerald William France, B.Sc.(Edin.), Morden, Duddingston Road, Portobello, Scotland.255 Wilson, John, B.Sc. (Sheff.), 144, Cemetery Road, Doncaster, Yorks. Wood, William Stanley, B.Sc. (Mane.), 40, Hoghton Street, Southport. Zeitlin, Albert, B.Sc. (Lond ), 29, Gloucester Road, Finsbury Park, London, N.4. New Students. Allister, Charles Fulton, 30, Clarence Street, Edinburgh. Campbell, Evan Lockhart, Cintqra, Aylesbury Park, Ballsbridge, Co. Dublin. Coats, Hector William, 8, Trinity Road, Edinburgh. Daley, Reginald Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 67, London Road, North End, Portsmouth. Elmes, Miss Hermione MacMahon, 38, Kenilworth Square, Dublin. Evans, Thomas, 11, Marlborough Lane, Bath, Somerset. Gill, Miss Emma Goodwin, 33, Waltham Terrace, Rlackrock, Co.Dublin. Gleave, Ronald Hubert Frank, 44, Birkhall Road, Catford, London, S.E.6. Harris, Arthur William Joseph, I 5, Furlong Road, Holloway, London, N. 7. Hopper, Cecil Frank, 41, Bearwood Hill Road, Burton-on-Trent. Hugh, Wilfred Eynon, 4, Upper Frog Street, Tenby, Pembrokeshire. Joselin, Frank Edward, 86, Pendle Road, Streatham, London, S.W. 16. Joseph, Douglas Eric, 73, Oxford Gardens, London, W.10. Masterton, William, 15, Ryehill Avenue, Leith, Scotland. Mayfield, Harold, University College, Nottingham. Park, James Ritchie, 164, Lessingham Avenue, Tooting, London, S.W. 17. Rumford, Frank, 72, Shelgate Road, Clapham Common, London, S.W. 11. Soar, Reginald Herbert, 3, Frankfurt Road, Herne Hill, London, S.E.24. Westmoreland-White, Mrs.Bertha, 61, Moyser Road, Streatham, London, S.W. 16. White, Arthur Southan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 533, Barking Road, Plaistow, London, E.13. DEATHS. Fellows. George William MacDonald, O.B.E., M.A ,M.Sc. (Melb.).Edmund Knomles Muspratt, H0n.LL.D. (Liv.). John Pettigrew. Frederic Isenbart Scard. James Cole Thorpe, M.A. (Oxon.).George Ward. Associates. William Ralph Bates, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M. Herbert Henry Froysell. Isabel Mitchell, B.Sc., M.B., Ch.B. (Edin.). Student. Constanoe Elizabeth Mitchell. Change of Name. Donald Alford Smith to Derrett-Smith (Associate). 256 General Notices. Institute of Chemistry Dinner, 10th December, 1923. -7’0 celebrate the 46th anniversary of the foundation of the Institute, a dinner will be held at the King Edward VII.Rooms, Hotel Victoria, Northumberland Avenue, on Monday, 10th December, at 7.30 p.m. Tickets for the Institute dinner (15s.each, not including wine) for members and their guests (ladies and gentlemen) can be obtained from the Registrar (30, Russell Square, London, W.C.r), and will be allotted in the order in which the applications for them are received. Chemists’ Dinner, 31st October, 1 923.-Arrangements have been made for an informal dinner and a social gathering of chemists to be held, under the joint auspices of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Chemical Society, and the Institute, to which members of these, and other chemical societies, with their friends (including ladies), are invited.This dinner will be held in the King Edward VII. Rooms, Hotel Victoria, Northumberland Avenue, London, W.C.Z., on the evening of Wednesday, 31st October, at 7 for 7.30 p.m. The price of the tickets for ladies or gentlemen will be 12s.6d. each, not including wine. The Councils hope that members of the Societies mentioned who intend to be present will make early application for tickets, which must be limited to 300, and will be issued in the order in which applications (accompanied by payment) are received. All applications for tickets should be sent to the General Secretary, Society of Chemical Industry, Central House, Finsbury Square, London, E.C.2. Conference at Liverpool, 18-20th October, 1923.-At the invitation of the Liverpool and North-Western Section a Conference of the Fellows and Associates of the Institute will be held at Liverpool from 18th to 20th October, 1923.Notice of the 257 Conference has already been published separately. The Section has arranged the following programme and agenda :-’IHURSDAY, OCTOBERI~TH. 4.0 p.m. Reception by the Lord Mayor of Liverpool at the Town Hall. 7.30 p.m. Informal dinner at the Exchange Station”Hote1. FRIDAY,OCTOBER IgTH. 10a.m.-r p.m. Opening session of Conference at the University Arts Theatre. (a) Address by the President, Mr. A. Chaston Chap- man, F.R.S. (b) Discussion. “The formation of a National Federa- tion of Men of Science and a General Science Council.” Opened by Prof.Baly, seconded by Dr. Brislee, supported by Assoc.-Prof. Roberts and Prof. Heilbron. I.o p.m. Luncheon in the Embassy Rooms, Mount Pleasant. 2.30-5.30 p.m. Second session of Conference. (Tea will be served during the afternoon.) (a) “ The Benevolent Fund.” Resolution by Mr. R. A. Morton. (b) “ The Election of Members of Council.” Resolution by Dr. R. Thomas. (c) “The desirability of a Publicity Campaign on the Service to the Community rendered by Chemists.” Resolution by Mr. F. S. Thurston. (d) “The desirabilityof extending to students in training the facilities for insight into works practice and technical operations.” Resolution by Dr. Brislee. 8.0 p.m. Conversazione in the Students’ Union, Bedford Street (opposite the University Arts building).Dinner will be provided for any members who desire it. SATURDAY, OCTOBER 20TH. 10a.m.-1 p.m. Concluding session of Conference. At the session on the morning of Saturday, 20th October, any member will be at liberty to raise any question affecting the Institute or the interests of the pro- fession or of its members. 258 It will facilitate procedure if members who desire to speak to any of the motions will, if possible, inform the Registrar before the meeting. Hospitalzty Committee.-A Special Sub-committee of the Liverpool Section will make arrangements for providing hospi- tality for as many members as possible of those attending the Conference. Associates will be given the first consideration.*An endeavour will be made to secure railway tickets at special fares. The final arrangements will be communicated to all who notify their intention to be present. Fellows and Associates who desire to attend the Conference are requested to fill in the form issued with the notice and to forward it as soon as possible to Mr. E. Gabriel Jones, F.I.C., City Analyst’s Laboratory, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to October 1920, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Members and Students who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months ; Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and 5s. for each succeeding period of six months. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. 259 Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. On the recommendation of the Publications Committee, the Council have agreed to accept advertisements, subject to the Committee’s approval of the wording, from Fellows and Associates seeking appointments, at a special rate of 3s.gd. for each insertion. Advertisements may also be received from employers seeking the services of chemists and from Fellows and Associates seeking partnerships. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of IOA.M. and P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: IOA.M. and z P.M.), except when examinations are being held. Registered Students using the Library are informed that the Assistant Secretary may be consulted by those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 A.M.to g P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. The new Register of the Institute is now in proof. Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students are requested to notify the Registrar immediately of any alterations with regard to degrees, addresses, etc., which they wish to be made in the new edition. Change of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address ale requested to give, as far as possible, their PzrmaPzent addresses for registration.260 Meldola Medal,-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually for chemical research work of outstanding importance, carried out by a British chemist under 30 years of age, and completed during the year in respect of which the award is made. The award is primarily for analytical chemistry, but need not be restricted to that branch. The Council will be glad to have their attention directed to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1923 will be decided in January, rgq. Covers for Journal.-A suggestion has been received that the Publications Committee should provide members with publishers’ covers for binding the Journal of the Institute.The Committee have ascertained that, provided there is sufficient demand for them-say 500-covers of stout strawboard, buckram or art linen, lettered in black ink, can be obtained at about IS. each, and members who desire such covers are requested, there- fore, to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9234700221

出版商:RSC    

年代:1923

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885, JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1923. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. KICHARD B. PILCHER, Reqi \tr-ar-and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C, 1,LONDON, October, 1923, Publications Committee, 1923-24 T. SLATER PRICE (Cha~rmart), A. CHASTON CHAPMAN (Prestdertt), ARCHIBALD A. BOON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, R. LESLIE COLLETT, HAROLD G. COLMAN, T. W. DRINKWATER, R C. FARMER, A. J. HALE, G. NEVILL HUNTLY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, AN DREW MORE, B. D. PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, GEORGE TATE, FORSYTH J WILSON 263 Proceedings. ~~ Conference held at Liverpool from 18th-20th October, 1923.-The report of the proceedings of the Conference is in preparation; but a short summary is here given.The opening session was attended by about roo members, including the President, two Vice-presidents , 18 Members of Council, and representatives of nearly every Section. Over 50 members from the Liverpool Section were present to welcome the visitors. The programme announced in JOURNAL, Part IV. (pages 256-258) was modified in some particulars, and was eventually carried out as follows:-THURSDAY,I~THOCTOBER. 7.15p.m. Reception by the Chairman and Committee of the Liverpool and North Western Section, at Exchange Hotel. 7.45 p.m. Informal dinner at the Exchange Station Hotel. FRIDAY, IgTH OCTOBER. 10 a.m.-I p.m. Opening session of Conference at the Chemical Lecture Theatre, The University.(a) Address by the President, Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S. (b) “That this Conference approves the formation of a National Federation of Men of Science and a Geneial Science Council.” Moved by Professor Baly, seconded by Dr. Brislee, supported by Assoc.-Professor Roberts and Professor Heilbron. The resolution was carried. 1.0p.m. Luncheon in the Embassy Rooms, Mount Pleasant. 2.30-5.30 p.m. Second session of Conference in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, The University. (a) “That this Conference regards with misgivings the present position of the Benevolent Fund; it is of the opinion that the Council should consider the advisability of making an annual levy on all members.,’ Moved by R.A Morton. 264 The motion was lost: but a motion by Mr. A. C. Brook, of Dublin, to the effect that publicity should be given to the fact that the Benevolent Fund could be utilised in necessitous cases for obtaining loans as well as gifts, was adopted. (b) “That the present method of electing the Council of the Institute be reconsidered with a view to ensuring adequate local representation, and that a small committee be appointed to consider the matter.” Moved by Dr. R. Thomas. The resolution was carried. (c) “That a Publicity Compaign be started by any means that may be found best.” Moved by Mr. F. S. Thurston. The resolution was carried. (d) “That in the opinion of this meeting it is desirable to obtain facilities for extending to students in training the facilities for insight into works practice and technical operations.” Moved by Dr.F. J. Brislee. The resolution was carried. Tea was provided by the courtesy of the Liverpool and North-Western Section during the afternoon. 7.0 p.m. Dinner in the Students’ Union. 8.0 p.m. Smoking Concert in the Students’ Union. S,4TURDAY, 20TH OCTOBER. 10a.m.-r p.m. At the concluding Session of the Conference, any member was at liberty to raise any question affecting the Institute or the interests of the profession or of its members. Notice had been given that a member would move, “That some distinctive gown should be adopted by Fellows and Associates of the Institute.” In the absence, owing to illness, of the member referred to, Professor Baly opened a discussion and moved, “That this Conference approves of the wearing of a distinctive gown by Fellows and Associates of the Institute.” The motion was carrieds as was also a motion by Professor Roberts, “That this Conference recommends the Council to obtain the opinion of the Local Sections as to the desirability or other- wise of the adoption of a distinctive gown for Fellows and Associates of the Institute.” 265 Mr.Brook, Dublin, addressed the Conference on the position of Irish Chemists and on the formation of a separate Institute for Ireland. On the motion of Professor Heilbron, it was resolved, “That this Conference has listened to Mr.Brook‘s statement, voiced on behalf of ex-service chemists in Ireland, with sympathetic attention, and asks the Council to give his remarks the most careful consideration. ” It was agreed that in making arrangements for future con- ferences, delegates should be definitely appointed to represent each Local Section. Dr. R. B. Foster proposed “That this Conference considers the time opportune for closer co-operation between the Institute and the British Association of Chemists.” The resolution was carried. The thanks of the Conference were accorded to the Chairman and Committee of the Liverpool and North Western Section, and to Mr. Hanley, Hon. Secretary, and Mr. Gabriel Jones, in particular, for the arrangements which they had made, and also to Prof.Baly and his colleagues and the Senate of the University for the use of the Chemical Lecture Theatre. The proceeding closed with a vote of thanks to the President. Patents.-A conference summoned by the Engineering Joint Council to consider the questions raised by Mr. B. E. Dunbar Kilburn, referred to in the JOURNAL, Part 111. (page 153) and Part IV (page 224), was held on 2nd October, at the Institu- tion of Civil Engineers. Mr. Kilburn holds that it is the duty of the examiners to determine whether an application for a patent relates to a manner of new manufacture, but not to decide the question whether the claim contains proper subject matter for a patent, or to reject the claim on the ground of lack of inventive ingenuity; while some examiners in the Patent Office appears to claim that they have the right to decide whether or not an alleged invention contains good subject matter, or involves sufficient inventive ingenuity to support a patent.At the request of Sir Herbert Jackson, the Chairman of the Special Committee dealing with the matter, the Institute was represented by Mr. Horatio Ballantyne, and there were also present representatives of the principal professional engineering institutions, of the Federation of British Industries, and of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents. Mr. Ballantyne subsequently reported on the proceedings. 266 The Chairman (Sir Maurice Fitzmaurice) having opened the Conference, called upon Mr. Dunbar Kilburn, who referred briefly to the object for which it had been called.He was followed by Mr. William H. Ballantyne, also representing the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents, who explained the circumstances under which the difficulties referred to by Mr. Dunbar Kilburn had arisen, and quoted, by way of example, a number of cases illustrating the action of the Patent Office Examiners, to which objection is taken. These points were developed by other representatives of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents-Mr.Ransford, Mr.Gray, Mr. Thornton and Mr.Gil1. Mr. Horatio Ballantyne explained the action which the Institute of Chemistry had taken, and stated that the Institute would be glad to co-operate with the engineering institutions in any action which might be decided upon, and which seemed likely to secure the object in view.He referred to the late Lord Moulton’s frequent allusions to the beneficent practice, hitherto followed by the Patent Office, with respect to the question of subject matter, and quoted cases to show the difficulties which had occurred, and which would be still more likely to occur in the future, with regard to chemical inventions, if the power which the examiners were inclined to arrogate to themselves were placed in their hands. Sir Robert Hadfield, representing the Federation of British Industries, stated that he personally and the Council of the Federation took a strong view of the matter, and he read a resolution passed by that Council to the effect that the powers of the Patent Office should be confined to making a search for novelty through prior specifications, as at present, and should not extend to deciding questions of subject matter.The Chairman and other representatives of the Engineering Joint Council then asked question?, and the discussion became general. At the conclusion of the conference, the Chairman intimated that he and the other engineering representatives would report to their respective councils, Mr. Dunbar Kilburn said that in the view of the Council of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents, the next step should be to call a conference of all the scientific and technical societies interested, at which members of the patent Bar would be present, and at which, it was sug- gested, a committee should be appointed for the purpose of carrying out the action decided upon at that conference.The meeting then terminated. 267 Local Sections. BeJfast.-On 12th October, Mr. J. W. Porter discoursed on “Some Impressions of the Liverpool Meeting of the British Association.” The programme of the Section for the present Section includes the following: “The Quantum Theory,” by Prof. W. B. Morton on 2nd November; “A Photographic Theme,” by Mr. J. R. Bainbridge, on 14th December; “The Spectroheliograph,” by Mr. J. C. A. Brierley, on 11th January; “Recent Developments in Organic Chemistry,” by Dr. E. W. McClelland, on 6th February; “Some Recent Developments in Bacteriology,’’ by Prof. J. W. Wilson, on 14th March; and “Permutites,” by Mr.J. Allan, on 11th April. The Annual General Meeting will be held on 9th May. Birmingham and Midlands.-On 15th October the Section enjoyed a smoking concert and social evening at the White Horse Hotel, Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, the Chairman of the Section, presiding. The Annual General Meeting will take place on 28th Novem- ber, at the White Horse Hotel, at 7.30 p.m., and on the same evening an address will be given by the Chairman of the Section. In December, a Dinner will be held jointly with the Birming- ham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and on zrst January, 1924, a second smoking concert and social evening will be arranged. The Section hopes to be visited by the President of the Institute early in the new year.Bristol and South-Western Counties.-On 11th October the President gave an address before the Section on “Some of the more important factors making for success in Chemical Practice.” The address was mainly intended for students and younger members of the Institute. Through the courtesy of Prof. Francis, and by kind permission of the Senate, the meeting was held in the Bristol University Chemical Lecture Theatre. The chemical students of the University and members of the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry were also invited to be present. 268 An abstract of the address will be published in due course. The meeting was very well attended. A cordial vote of thanks to the President was moved by Mr.Littlefield, seconded by Dr. Hooper, and carried by acclamation. Thanks were also accorded Professor Francis and the Senate of the University for the use of the lecture theatre. The programme of the Section includes: A meeting at Exeter on 24th November, when papers will be read by Mr. Arthur Marsden and Mr. Frank Southerden; a joint meeting with the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Mr. R. D. Littlefield will give “Some Reminiscences of an Alkali Inspector”; a paper by Dr. J. Wertheimer, on “Some Experi- ments with Water Finders,” on 16th January, 1924, at the Merchant Venturers’ Technical College. The Annual Dinner will be held in February jointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Annual General Meeting will be held on 15th March.Glasgow and West of Scotland.--The Annual Meeting of the Section was held at the Institute of Engineers and Ship- builders, Glasgow, on 25th October, Mr. William Rintoul in the chair. Nine recently elected Associates were welcomed and received their certificates. The ordinary annual business was conducted. The Assistant Secretary of the Institute was present, and gave some impressions of the Liverpool Conference, upon which a short discussion followed. Thanks were accorded Mr. Marlow for his attendance. On 16th November the Section will discuss the Liverpool Conference, and on December 20th the Section will participate, with other scientific societies, in the Joint Ramsay Chemical Dinner.On 25th January, 1924, the Section will hold a joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and on 29th February, a joint meeting with the Ardeer Chemical Club. On 3rd April, a smoking concert will be arranged jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. The Section has reported the contribution of articles on the following subjects to the Glasgow Herald since June :-“ Life’s Little Essentials” and “Modern Research,” by Dr. S. H. Tucker; “Parisian Barm” and “The Manufacture of Yeast,” by Dr. D. Ellis; “Chemistry and Lighting,” by J. K. Steel; “Chemistry as a means of Culture” and “Smoke,” by Prof. R. M. Caven; 269 “Colours in Nature,” by 1. V. Hopper; “Leather,” by A.E. Caunce; “Food Adulteration,” by J. W. Hawley; and “The Chemist in Modern Life” (two articles), by Messrs. J. W. Hawley and W. M. Cumming, the last-mentioned articles being written at the special request of the editor, having regard to the Housing and Health Exhibition held in Glasgow from ~st-zoth October. Huc!dersfleld.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Queen Hotel on 11th October, when the report for the session 1922-23 was presented by the Chairman, Dr. H. H. Hodgson. The financial statement, prepared by the Hon. Treasurer, was read and approved. The income of the Section having been more than sufficient for present needs, it was decided unani- mously to make a donation of five guineas to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute.Two members of the Committee retire this year-Dr. Pollock and Mr. J. H. Wilson. Dr. Pollock having expressed his desire not to stand for re-election, Dr. Bruce was elected in his place. The Committee for the session was then elected as follows:- Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Chairman; Mr. S. Robson, Hon. Treasurer; Dr. A. E. Everest, Dr. L. G. Paul, Dr. James BIuce, Mr. J. H. Wilson; and Mr. T. A. Simmons, Honorary Secretary. The programme for the coming session includes addresses by Prof. R. Robinson, in November; Prof. R. V. Wheeler, in January; and Dr. L. G. Paul, in February. Two other meetings willbe held for discussions. Leeds.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held at the Queen’s Hotel, Leeds, on 14th November, at 7 p.m., Mr.W. McD. Mackey in the chair. The proceedings of the Liverpool Conference will be considered. On 13th December Mr. Griffith Brewer will read a paper on “Practice under the Modern Patent Law ”;and on 16th January Dr. R. D. Abell will read a paper on “The Training of the Chemist.” London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 24th October, Mr. F. W. Beck addressed the Section on “The Food and Drugs Acts: Chemists and Analysts as Witnesses.” Mr. E. R. Bolton, Chairman of the Section, who presided, said that there was no need to introduce Mr. Beck to many of those present; they had, as witnesses, met him in the Courts, and sometimes, unfortunately for them, on the opposite side. 270 Mr. Beck, referring briefly to the personal relations of the analyst to the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, expressed the opinlon that public analysts were not treated fairly, either in the position which they occupied in respect of their authorities or in the matter of remuneration.He remarked on the greatly improved relations between the public analysts and the Govern- ment Laboratory, and dealt with action taken under the Act. He felt that the public analyst was not sufficiently consulted as to whether proceedings should or should not be taken; he should be in a position to exercise more control, and to influence the authorities beyond merely giving a certificate in a prescribed form. The prescribed form was a great joy to defending advocates, who, having no other defence, could almost always frame an argument upon it.He warned public analysts not to run their own fads or be stalking horses for the fads of others. Too often proceedings were taken solely upon the ipse dixit of the medical officer of health. Proceeding to deal with the giving of evidence, he emphasised that the public analyst should always insist on giving a full precis, or report, on which he could be examined. It was a mistake to trust to luck, and to suppose that everything would be all right on the hearing. Wherever possible he should insist on attending consultations with solicitors or counsel: it assisted in understanding the line which the advocate intended to pursue. It was especially important thus to ensure that there was no difference of opinion between him and the solicitor and counsel.The demeanour of witnesses in court was also a matter of grave importance. Addressing himself to the younger members, Mr. Beck advised them to make the best of themselves, and not to adopt an apologetic air which carried with it something of a suggestion of insincerity. The professional witness should show every appearance of detachment and disinterestedness. It was a great mistake for him to attempt to exaggerate his own view of the case or to go outside his own sphere of knowledge, or to play the advocate; and as a chemist he should not pretend to give evidence on medical, physiological or legal matters. The manner of a witness in the box might differ according to circumstances: thus, whether he was giving evidence before the High Court or before a country bench.Before a judge or a skilled tribunal he should not be anxious to enlarge upon his subject, but the aspect of things was often different in the country. The skilful advocate was always able to give his vritness a lead. Very much depended upon tact, and he recalled a saying of the late Mr. Gordon Salaman that “there is no formula for synthetic tact.” Those who had long experience of watching other people give evidence had a great advantage in dealing with matters of this kind. The manner of giving evidence differed also according to whether it was given as evidence in chief or in cross- examination. The former would usually be perfectly easy, because witnesses followed the line of the main examiner; but in cross-examination the attitude of mind was different, although the demeanour should remain unchanged.In any case, a witness should avoid a show of antagonism and should be just as anxious to show fairness in his evidence in cross-examination as in the examination in chief. He should guard against losing his temper, because in that case he would be at the mercy of the cross- examiner. There were of course instances in which witnesses were entitled to lose their tempers, because advocates were some- times apt to ask questions in a most offensive manner and form. The most effective form of cross-examination was that which gently led the witness into a dilemma, which was what was colloquially described as “leading him up the lane.” He instanced cases in which questions were put which were both rude and grossly unfair.Next, Mr. Beck advised chemists who were liable to be called into court to beware of the written word and to keep a record of what they said in each particular case. If any one of them had written a book on the subject, it was almcst certain to be referred to in evidence if it contained anything bearing on the case. Those who kept a record of the evidence which they had given and took care to study shorthand notes of the case in which they appeared, would also find it the best corrective of style and of tricks of expression; and they would not be led into giving evidence which was in contradiction to that which they had given on a previous occasion.It was important that they should be sufficiently alive to deal with unfair and improper questions, such as being pressed for an opinion with regard to the skill and knowledge of other persons perhaps of equal importance, or with regard to the views of any scientific writer. Scientific experts were occasionally too much disposed to worry counsel or solicitors while in court. It was often a nuisance and not much help. He warned them against labouring 272 fine-spun arguments and small subsidiary points, which often obscured main issues. When the witness had once pledged himself to support a case he should do his best to be loyal to the team, but it was his duty to let those who were conducting the case know of any weakness, because the other side would be sure to detect it.This was not inconsistent with the suggestion which he had made earlier that the witness should not adopt the attitude of an advocate. It was sometimes suggested to him that when a case was over, counsel took no real interest in the result, but, as a matter of fact, when this happened it was clear that they would be doing bad work. The same principle applied to witnesses. Younger men should, if possible, model themselves on others for style and demeanour. They should always maintain an appearance of fairness, because it had a great effect on the tribunal. Mr. Beck then mentioned Sir Thomas Stevenson as a model in this respect : he was calm, self-possessed, absolutely fair, never raised his voice nor lifted his hands, and always restricted himself to scientific fact.Mr. Beck added that as an advocate he had learned more from bad advocates than good ones, and similarly the witness might learn from other witnesses how not to give evidence. In conclusion he submitted a list of ‘‘ Don’ts” :-Dont’ appear to take sides. Don’t be flippant. Don’t lose your temper whatever the temptation. Don’t try to be funny. That is the exclusive privilege of judges. Don’t lecture-grown-ups don’t like it. Don’t affect an air of superiority or of contempt for the questioner. Don’t enlarge on answers unless specially invited to do so. Don’t use unnecessarily obscure or technical language.Don’t fidget your advocate unnecessarily. Don’t be led into giving medical or physiological evidence. Don’t exaggerate or over-emphasise-quiet certainty is better than dogmatism. Don’t be induced to give answers derogatory to a brother scientist. 273 Chemists should remember that as professional men they were the custodians of the honour of their own profession. In conclusion, Mr. Beck quoted from Hamlet: “ This above all : To thine own self be true, And it must follow as the night the day Thou canst not then be false to any man.” The Chairman, before inviting discussion, remarked that Mr. Beck had shown himself a sportsman. He had given them a great deal of information and advice, which would no doubt enable many of them better to understand the game. He confirmed Mr.Beck‘s view of the importance of talking over the case before it was heard, and also the high tribute which he had paid to Sir Thomas Stevenson as a witness. Mr. Otto Hehner expressed his gratitude to Mr. Beck for his admirable discourse. It was difficult to form our conduct on advice, because we were all apt to neglect it. Our characters and temperaments would invariably show theniselves. The main thing was for the witness to be honest, not to lower himself and not to be too clever or to pretend to encyclopaedic knowledge. The chemist had no right to diverge from his own proper sphere. He made the best impression who showed clearly that he knew thoroughly what he professed to know.Mr. Collett gave two examples within his experience. One where a distinguished chemist had refused to be drawn into giving an answer to a physiological question, and the second where Mr. Hehner himself had been asked whether he thought that Sir William Ramsay was as eminent as himself, in which case Mr. Hehner had replied that on a question of radiilm he would defer to Sir William Ranisay, but on the matter in question he thought he was entitled to prefer his own opinion. Mr. Lemmens remarked on the skill of advocates in grasping points, even though of some technical difficulty. He was not sure that some chemists did not carry their sense of dignity a little too far, and emphasised that it was a great mistake -to undertake to give evidence without pointing out to the side for which they were retained the weak points of the case.Mr. More said that he had had experience of being “led up the lane.’’ He felt that his position was exceptional, because as an official chemist he had to be ready to be buffeted by both sides. 274 Dr. Dyer said that he had listened to Mr. Beck with great pleasure, and he would like to suggest one more “Don’t’’ : “Don’t allow yourself to be lured or coaxed either by feelings of sympathy or by the prospect of a good fee, to give evidence in a case which you honestly believe to be unsound.” A client might think his case good, but, if the chemist felt sure that he would have to say something which would damage the case, he should save his client from unnecessary expense.It was useful for him to throw himself mentally on the other side and consider the question “If I wanted to destroy my client’s case, how could I set about it.” Colonel Umstal, speaking as one engaged with a local authority concerned with the conduct of prosecutions under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, endorsed the opinions expressed with regard to the value of consultations. It was hopeless for the lawyers to conduct a case without knowing what the analyst intended to say. Advocates and their witnesses, therefore, should be on the best of terms. Mr. Cahill humorously suggested that some of Mr. Beck‘s “Don’ts ’’ indicated the very things which sometimes resulted in winning a case. He referred to the deference paid to the views of medical officers of health, whose influence in country places and large towns was such that it appeared to be necessary to call in three other doctors to confute their opinions.It was true that human temperament would always be drawn by a skilled advocate. The expert should not be misled by a meek and mild manner. After referring to some of the peculiar artifices of advocates, Mr. Cahill suggested that public analysts should bring the pressure of commonsense to bear upon their local authorities, in order to prevent them from taking out absurd summonses. Jn many cases, there was no dispute as to the facts, but rather as to the interpretation of the Acts. He felt that many present would benefit by the friendly advice which Mr.Beck had given them. Mr. E. M. Hawkins commented on the great value and privilege which it was for scientific men to meet and to go through the points of a case, in consultation with experienced solicitors and counsel. Mr. Hinks asked what was to be done with the advocate who asked unfair questions. Mr. Beck had cautioned analysts against chemists becoming advocates, but had said nothing about advocates who posed as analysts and would insist on giving evidence on chemistry. He proposed that Mr. Beck should address the Law Society on that point. The Chairman, before calling upon Mr. Beck to reply, sug- gested that many deplorable disputes could be settled out of court by the analysts conferring. Such a course was quite legitimate in the interests of all concerned.Mr. Beck, in reply, commented on the remarks which had been made by various speaker.. In answer to Mr. Hinks, he said that, if a grossly improper question was put, the witness was entitled to protest that the question was one which he should not be called upon to answer. With regard to Mr. Bolton’s suggestion that where there was a difference in results of analysis it was well that the analysts should confer, he thought that if the work of either of them had been grossly careless or inaccurate, or if he declined to meet his fellow analyst, he should be left alone to stand the consequences. The proceedings terminated with a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Beck. The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held on 2Ist November, when Dr.Ormandy will address the members on (‘Works Chemists, Consultants and Employers.” Manchester and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 24th October, at the Textile Institute, Manchester. On the same evening, Mr. S. E. Melling read a paper on “Some Aspects of Water Tight Cases.” On 2nd November the Section participated in a joint meeting with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Society of Dyers and Colourists, and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, at the Textile Institute, at 7 p.m., when a paper was read by Professor Treadwell, of Zurich, on “Electrometric Methods in Analytical Chemistry.” On 12th December, a meeting will be held at the Textile Institute, at 7 p.m., to hear a paper by Mr.F. E. Hamer, editor of The Chemical Age, on “The Chemist in relation to Public Life.” 276 Notes. Gas Regulation Act, 1920.-The Gas Referees have issued a revised Memorandum on the Appointment, Qualifications, and Duties of Gas Examiners, for the information of Local Authorities and Quarter Sessions. The following abstracts are of interest :-As regards “competence ’’ of Gas Examiners, the Gas Referees consider that it is important that a Gas Examiner should have a sufficient knowledge of physics and chemistry to enable him to understand thoroughly the tests to be applied to the gas. It is also important that he should be a person accustomed to making quantitative measurements, the accuracy of which he is prepared to sustain under cross-examination.A person of good professional standing as an analyst or engineer, and with experience of the physics and chemistry of gas, should be suitable. As regards “impartiality,” it is obviously undesirable that the Gas Examiner should be in the employment of the gas undertaking, or should have any financial interest in it; and that when the Local Authority owns the undertaking he should not be an employee of the Authority. In any case the personal standing and professional qualifications of the Gas Examiner should be such as to inspire the confidence of tho public and of the management of gas undertakings. When a Gas Examiner is appointed, a deputy similarly qualified should, where practicable, also be appointed to act in his temporary absence.The foregoing opinion of the Gas Referees on “competence” and “impartiality,” reproduced from previous issues of this Memorandum, is supported by the following extract from the Report to the Board of Trade of the Therm Charges Committee (Cmd. 1825):-“54. It has been represented to us that gas examiners appointed by local authorities should be possessed of certain scientific qualifi- cations. Whilst we in general endorse the opinion that men of scientific training should be appointed, it is not within our duties to recommend a definite standard, especially in view of the fact that officers who have for some years made tests and become familiar with the work to be undertaken may be fully competent to perform their duties satisfactorily.We strongly deprecate, however, any tendency on the part of local authorities to place the appointment of gas examiner open to tender to the cheapest bidder, and we are of opinion that it is to the best interests of gas consumers that the most efficient men available should be eppointed.” “Consideration could usefully be given to the question of prescribing a minimum qualification for future appointments.” 277 Milk.-The National Clean Milk Society has arranged a Conference on Pasteurization to be held in the Council Chamber of the Guildhall, London, on 21st November. Viscount Astor will preside in the morning, and Lord Dawson in the afternoon.Among those announced to take part in the discussion are Dr. G. W. Monier-Williams, Captain John Golding, Professor Gowland Hopkins, and Mr. G. Cecil Jones. The membership fee for the Conference is one guinea. Applications for tickets, and communications with reference to the Conference, should be made to Miss H. M. Willans, Hon. Secretary, National Milk Conference, 3, Bedford Square, London, W.C. I. Broadcasting.-On 27th September, the Registrar gave a short address entitled “How to become a Chemist, ” from the z LO Station of the British Broadcasting Co. The address, which consisted in the main of an abstract of “Chemistry as a Career,’’ was also read from broadcasting stations in different parts of the country. Birmingham Municipal Technical School.-On 31st October, Sir Robert Hadfield opened a new research laboratory in the Birmingham Municipal Technical School.The laboratory, which has been equipped largely through contributions from local manufacturers, is intended mainly for research on corrosion. In the course of an address, Sir Robert gave a brief summary of the results of the investigation of the subject to the present time. Hc estimated an annual loss to the world of at least ,(500,000,000 through corrosion. Dr. Newton Friend, the head of the Chemistry Department, has received grants for research, of fI150, from the Royal Society, and LIOO from the Carnegie Fund. The Royal Microscopical Society has arranged for the present session a comprehensive programme of meetings, in- cluding in addition to ordinary meetings, special provision for a biological section, a section devoted to the industrial applications of microscopy, and a course of lecture demonstrations of technical microscopy.Invitations to the meetings will be extended to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student of the Institute, on application to the Secretary of the Society, at 20, Hanover Square, London, W.I. 278 Obituary. HERBERTMCLEOD,an original Fellow of the Institute, died at Rich- mond on 1st October, in his 83rd year. Born at Stoke Newington, and educated at Stockwell Gramar School, he worked under Hofmann and Frankland in the Royal School of Mines from 1860-71, when he was appointed Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Indian Engineering College, Cooper’s Hill, Staines, which position he held for thirty years.He was the author of many papers contributed to the Royal, Chemical, and Physical Societies, and was the Director of the Royal Society Catalogueof Scientific Papers. He wm President of the Chemical Section of the British Association in 1892, was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1881, and received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University, St. Andrews. He served on the Council of the Institute for nine years. EDMUND MUSPRATT,the youngest son of James Muspratt, KNOWLES the pioneer of the alkali industry in Lancashire, died at Seaforth Hall, Liverpool, on 1st September, in his 80th year. Born at Linacre, near Booth, and educated at Worksop, he studied chemistry under Liebigat Giessen, and later at Munich, before he became manager of his father’s works at Liverpool and Widnes.In 1890 the works became incorporated in the United Alkali Company, of which Mr. Musprcttt was Honorary President at the time of his death. He was also Chairman of the British Insulated and Helsby Cables, Ltd. He was one of the founders of the Society of Chemical Industry, of which he became President for the year 1895-1896, a past Chairman of the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce, a past President of the Liverpool Financial Reform Association, and for many years tb member of the Lancashire County Council and of the Liver- pool City Council. In the latter capacity he was an active mover in connection with the Vyrnwy water scheme and in the founding of Uni-versity College, now the University of Liverpool, of which he was one of the two first pro-Chancellors and the first President of the Council.He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Liverpool in 1907. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878, and served on the Council (1897-98). 279 National Certificates in Chemistry. THECouncil have received from the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute, the report of the Assessors upon the examinations held by schools which have submitted schemes of training in connection with the arrangements set out in Rules roo issued by the Board of Education. The following is a summary of the report of the Assessors: Prof.G. T. Morgan and Prof. J. E. Coates:-In certain instances, the Assessors introduced compulsory questions in the theoretical papers, so that these questions were of the nature of “unseens.” The results tend to show that this procedure furnishes a useful test of the general reading of the candidates, and will have a good educational effect. Apart from these additions, the examination questions were generally accepted in the form proposed by the internal examiner. In the assessment of scripts, an improvement was noticed this year in the candidates’ knowledge of the fundamental principles of chemistry, and it is to be hoped that the study of the most essential part of chemical knowledge will he further developed in the future.Last year reference was made to a tendency to overmark scripts on the part of internal examiners. This year the tendency has to a considerable extent disappeared, so far as the stronger candidates are concerned. Such candidates have in general been marked fairly severely, but there seems to have been a somewhat lower standard adopted for weaker candidates, by giving them the benefit of every doubt and recommending them for a fair pass. It was felt, however, that in their own interests these candidates should repeat the course. This policy finds striking confirmation in the fact that several students who were referred by the Assessors last year have this time passed very creditably. It should be emphasised again that the co-operation of the Institute in the granting of National Certificates has for its main objects :(I) The teaching of the principles of pure chemistry Qn a wide and comprehensive basis; (2) the maintenance of a 280 high standard of analytical proficiency in the laboratory work of the Colleges and Technical Institutes.The following summary of the pass lists shows the results obtained this year and in 1922: 1922 1923 Suc-Per Suc-Per Entries. cesses. cent. Entries. cesses. cent. Ordinary Part-time Course Certificate 93 20 22 121 57 47 Higher Part-time Course Certificate 10 6 60 67 46 69 Full-time Course Certificate 2 0---I_ Totals 103 26 25 190 103 59 In 1922 two candidates each for the Higher and for the Ordinary Gxtificates were awarded “distinction.” In the present year, nine candidates for the Ordinary Certificate and six for the Higher Certificate were awarded “distinction.” It may be noted that, under the revised Rules roo, dis-tinction will not be awarded in future to candidates for the Ordinary Part-time Course Certificate. 281 Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.THEReport of the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research for the year 1922-1923,embodying the Report of the Advisory Council, was recently published by H.M. Stationery Office (Cmd. 1937:4s. net). The report deals with many matters of interest to chemists and shows, inter alia, that the number of grmts to students-in- training has been increased from 132 (in 1920-21) to 205 (in 1921-22)and 252 (in 192z-z3), 145 of the last number referring to chemistry and 10 to metallurgy.The number of grants to yesearch workers and research assistants, however, has been decreased from 70 (in 1920-21) to 55 (in 1921-22) and 38 (in 1922-23), including 11in chemistry and 4 in metallurgy. A table is given indicating the after-careers of the 205 students-in-training who received grants in 1921-22. Of these, 96had their grants renewed and 15 obtained scholarships; 22 passed into Government service, 31 to industrial research, 24 to teaching, and 10 to unaided research work; 3 were trans- ferred to the Governments of Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State, and 4 are designated “miscellaneous.” Further, with regard to grants to students in training and industrial research workers, the report of the Advisory Council contains the following comments : “From time to time we have referred to the importance which we attached to the reports on their work which students are required to make to us at the end of the academic year.These reports are important evidence of the value of the training which the students receive, and for this reason we are glad to be able to state that there has been an appreciable rise in their quality during the last two or three years. Year by year we have observed an increase in the proportion of the reports that have been published in scientific journals, and this fact indicates a steady improvement in the scientific value of the work done.At the same time we have noted an impiovement in the style of the reports, though there is still room for further improvement in this respect. We have always paid great attention to the 282 style and general presentation of the reports, for they reflect generally the intellectual calibre of the student, and we cannot lay too much emphasis on the need for a student to be able to present a clear, concise, and logical account of his work. “It will be seen that the chemical sciences have an over- whelming preponderance, and that the numbers of students in the other branches of science are small. It is common know- ledge that there is at present a considerable body of chemists unemployed, and the number of students who have recently graduated in chemistry is so large that many of them cannot hope to obtain satisfactory scientific employment, including teaching employment, in the near future.We have kept under particular review the immediate after-careers of our chemistry students, and while we have no evidence that the supply of students who have had two years’ training in research is as yet in excess of the posts open to them, the situation is one which it is imperative should receive the most careful attention of university and college authorities; for our own part we must continue to restrict increasingly the number of awards made to post-graduate students in chemistry. On the other hand, there are openings for well-trained biologists and physicists, and we should be glad to be able to recommend allowances to more students to be trained in these subjects.The remedy for this state of affairs must be sought at the undergraduate stage; at the post-graduate stage it is too late. We earnestly invite the attention of all who are responsible for the direction of undergraduate studies to the enormous importance of con-sidering, in the interests of the nation as well as of the students themselves, the prospects of employment which different branches of scientific study offer.” British M.use.um.-Commenting on the work of Dr. Alexander Scott and his scientific staff, on the cleaning and restoration of museum exhibits, which has been published in two reports, the Advisory Council suggest the necessity for reserving the scientific staff for the investigation of new problems, and the desirability of building up a body of trained museum workmen capable of applying methods. It is intended to employ part of the in- creased working bench accommodation now available for the training of museum staffs.After a course of instruction the men will return to their departments, and carry out restorations as required. 283 A Committee of the Building Research Board, including Prof. Desch, Sir Herbert Jackson and Dr. Alexander Scott, has been appointed to deal with stone preservation. The programme of the Board includes a further study of different kinds of cement and cement concretes, of paints and varnishes, of the economical use of fuel in brick-burning, of the use of new materials and of by-products and waste materials, and of certain problems of construction.Reference is made to the specification of the British Engineering Standards Association, for Iron-Portland Cement, which is stated to be particularly suitable for making fireproof concrete and for constructions under sea-water. The Board is experimenting with the new bauxite crment. The Chemistry Research Board is making arrangements for an investigation to assist the Home Office in discovering dis- infectants, alternative to formaldehyde, for the treatment of wool and hair infected with anthrax. The Ministry of Health has also approached the Chemistry Research Board for advice in connection with the disinfection of ships.The Advisory Council state that it has become more and more apparent that while the Government facilities for general researches in physics and engineering are at present sufficient for the purposes of the boards, the facilities for research in chemistry, apart from those of direct and often of sole interest to the service departments, are comparatively small. This lack of facilities is a severe handicap to the Chemistry Research Board, and is causing delay in carrying out the important work which the Board has in view. Sympathetic consideration to the views of the Board has been given by the Advisory Council, who are of opinion that the provision of further laboratory accommodation for chemical researches required for Government purposes is a matter which affects not only the efficiency of the Chemistry Research Board, but of the Department generally.They recognise the difficulties of providing further accommodation at the present time, but trust that these difficulties may be overcome. Investigations on behalf of the Board have been continued at the Royal Naval Cordite Factory on the oxidation of hydro- carbons, the chief object being to provide a method of manu- facturing formaldehyde in this country. The laboratory results were of such a nature as to indicate a possible, though not very promising, commercial method of manufacture, which the Board decided to investigate on a semi-manufacturing scale; 284 but so far asit has gone, it does not appear likely that a successful commercial method will be evolved.The Board has continued to give attention to the production of X-ray plates and screens, and, in order to advance this work, has arranged for an investigation into the general problems of phosphorescence to be undertaken on its behalf by the British Scientific Instrument Research Association. This investigation is allied to that on luminous paints already being conducted by the Association on behalf of the Chemistry Board. The outstanding event so far as the Food Investigation Board is concerned, is the equipment of the Low Temperature Research Station at Cambridge. The function of the station is funda- mental research, the results of which can be made generally available.Established to conduct researches on the effect of cold upon animal and vegetable tissues, the station is intended to fulfil two allied purposes: to act as an instrument for research carried out by the various Committees of the Board and, in- cidentally, to take its part in the general scientific work of the University by offering to workers in other laboratories the peculiar facilities it possesses for research in which low tempera- tures are required. Thirty-five research workers have made use of these facilities, including Messrs. L. B. Winter and W. Smith, of the Bio-chemical Laboratory, who have investigated the effect of cold upon the preservation of insulin. Work on the chemistry of canned fish has been continued at Cambridge by Miss M.T. Marrack, under the direction of Mr. F. W. Foreman; and Dr. W. G. Savage has given a good deal of time to the preparation of several reports on his recent work on the Bacteriology of Canned Foods. The Forest Products Research Board, which has submitted a report on its proposals with a statement of the investigations in progress, is giving attention to fundamental problems underlying the preparation and use of forest products, making the fullest use of facilities already available for research, and undertaking itself only work which cannot be carried out by existing institutions and organisations. Special consideration has been given to testing and seasoning timber, and the aim of the Board is to accumulate sound scientific knowledge which will place timber technology on a firm basis.A research station has been set up at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, for the study of the fundamental laws of drying wood, embracing such factors 285 as hygroscopicity, movement of hygroscopic water in and out of wood, moisture movement within the wood, shrinkage, swelling and warping. The relations of heat to wood will be explored having regard to the effect of variation of the conditions of temperature, humidity, and air circulation underlying the determination of correct schedules for the artificial seasoning of the various classes of timber. The programme also includes work on the chemical composition of wood in relation to the chemical changes resulting from various natural and artificial treatments; on the effect of steaming, for instance, in eradicating warping and twisting; on sterilisation of infected timber ; and on the mechanical values of timber under different treatments. Kiln design will also be studied.The Fuel Research Board-The Committee of the Privy Council and the Advisory Council express their regret on the resignation of Sir George Beilby from the position of Director of Fuel Research which he had held since 1917,and pay a high tribute to his work. Sir George had planned and brought into existence the Fuel Research Station at East Greenwich; had conducted a number of valuable researches into the use of coal, peat, alcohol, and other fuels; had laid the foundations of the baffling problem of low-temperature carbonisation, and had solved for the Board of Trade the question of charging for town gas on a scientific and equitable basis. The Advisory Council state that : “During nearly seven years’ strenuous voluntary service he has laid the foundations of a structure of new know- ledge of great significance for the health and industrial welfare of this country, and he has won the admiration and affection of his colleagues on the Council.We gratefully accept his promise of continued interest in this important work, and we think ourselves fortunate in retaining his help and advice in the many other problems on which we are engaged. Sir George Beilby informed us that he had advised the Lord President to take the opportunity afforded by his retirement of enlarging the membership of the Fuel Research Board, and that he had suggested the appointment of Sir Richard Threlfall as his successor in the chairmanship of the Board.” The work of the Board and its associated Committees is largely summarised in the Technical Papers and Reports published by H.M.Stationery Office:-Report of the Fuel Research Board for the years 1922-1923:Fir& Section, “The Production of Air-Dried Peat,” (5s.); Technical Paper No. 5, “An Apparatus for the Memurement of Specific Gravity of 286 Gases in Small Quantities” (3d.);Technical Paper No. 6, “Comparisons of ?me Methods of Running Water-Gaa Plant” (29.); Technical Paper No.7, Preliminary Experiments in the Low Temperature Carbonisation of Coal in Vertical Retorts” (9d.);Technical Paper No. 8, “The Cybonisation of Wigan Arley Coal in Vertical Gas Retorts” (in the press); Physical and Chemical Survey of the National Coal Resources,yy No. 2, “Interim Report onMethods ofAnalysis of Coal ” (in the press) ;“Fuel for Motor Transport : Second Memorandum by the Board ” (613.). The staff of the Geological Survey has been augmented to facilitate more frequent revision of the information relating to coalfields and other geological areas of economic importance. Attention is directed to a memoir by Mr. G. V. Wilson on Ayrshire Bauxitic Clays, the discovery of which enabled British manu- facturers to provide substitutes during the war for certain classes of refractories formerly obtained from Germany, and other foreign countries, and has led to the establishment in Ayrshire of a new industry in the manufacture both of refractory bricks and of alum.Further additions to the series of Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain have to be noted. These are Volume 11.-Barytes and Witherite (3rd edition). Volume XX.-Lead and Zinc. The Mining District of North Car- diganshire and West Montgomeryshire. Volume XXII1.-Lead and Zinc Ores in the Pre-Carboniferow Rocks of West Shropshire and North Wales. Volume XX1V.-Cannel Coals, Lignites and Mineral Oil in Scotland. The Directors’ Report and Summary of Progress (1922) is in the press and will be obtainable from the Director General, Ordnance Survey, Southampton.In the Museum of Practical Geology, attention is drawn to the arrangement and display of the collection of British economic minerals and rocks such as fire-clays, abrasives, ganisters, silica rocks, roadstones and iron ores. Glass.-Research on the physical properties of glass has been conducted, at the National Physical Laboratory, for the Glass Research Association. In addition to the researches which the National Physical Laboratory necessarily undertakes in the discharge of its functions as the custodian of national standards, and with a view to the improvement of measurements of all kinds, the Report states that there is much research work of a general character which can be carried out appropriately by a national institution.As examples of such work are mentioned researches which involve 287 observation over a very extended period of time and researches requiring the use of exceptionally expensive equipment or specid facilities, e.g. work at very high voltages, or at very low iempera-, tures. With a view to making the fullest use of the resources of the Laboratory for the purposes of fundamental research, a Research Committee has been appointed, consisting of Sir J. J. Thomson, O.M., F.R.S. (Chairman), Sir Wm. Bragg, K.B.E., F.R.S., Sir Ernest Rutherford, F.R.S., with the Chairman of the Executive Committee (the President of the Royal Society) ex oficio, to advise and assist in planning schemes of research to be carried out at the Laboratory.Among other researches in progress may be mentioned the determination of various physical constants of metals, including measurements of high temperatures : X-ray spectrometry : the investigation of lens systems. Work in connection with the provision of new fundamental standard barometers has made good progress, and improvements have been made in routine barometer testing. In the Metallurgical Department, research on ferrous alloys has been continued for the Alloys Research Committee. Progress has been made in the stddy of the iron-chromium alloys; the effect of oxygen on iron is being examined; and researches are proceeding on the physical constitution of metals and alloys, and the preparation of certain metals in a very high state of purity.In conducting some further tests on accumulators of recent design, a new method has been developed for the determination of the fatigue limit of metals. Work on the corrosion of alu- minium and its alloys has been progressed under the direction of a Committee of the Institute of Metals. An investigation on the electro-deposition of cadmium and other metals on aluminium under the direction of Prof. C. H. Desch was originally begun in the hope of obtaining a metallic covering suitable for the protection from corrosion of aluminium parts in aircraft. The increase in weight necessary to get a suitable covering is prohibitive, but the investigation is being further pursued.Other investigations in progress at the Laboratory include research into the causes of detonation of explosive mixtures of gases, the cracking of boiler plates, and a considerable amount of work for the Minor Metals and Springs Committee of the Engineer- ing Co-ordinating Research Board. 288 The Fabrics Research Committee has been mainly concerned with three problems: the deterioration of fabrics by micro-organisms, light and other destructive agencies ; the strength- testing of fabrics; and the testing of the water-resistance of fabrics. The work for the Lubrication Research Committee has con- sisted of investigations into- (a) The characteristics of boundary lubrication in engineeringpractice. (b) The changes in pressure and temperature of the oil film between a (c) The lubrication of sliding surfaces by means of “Aquadag” in journal and its bearing in the neighbourhood of seizing point.the presence of super-heated steam. A successful method has been devised by means of which the values of the co-efficients of friction of different surfaces under conditions of boundary lubrication can be determined up to pressures of 2,000 lbs, per square inch. 289 Books and their Contents. [* Books presented by the authors or publishers, ar purchased, to be seen in the Library of the Institute.] “Atomic Theory, Recent Developments in.” L. Graetz, trans- lated by G. Barr. Pp. xi.+174. (London: Methuen & Co., Ltd.) 9s. Molecules and atoms; the kinetic theory of gases, atoms and irons; disintegration in radio-active substances ;X-ray structuie ;the nucleus theory; line structure and Bohr’s model of the atom; further investiga- tions on the structure of the nuclei, atoms, ions and molecules.“Atom, The Structure of the.” N. R. Campbell. Chapter XVII. : Modern Electrical Theories. Pp. x. +161. (Cam-bridge University Press.) 10s. “Cellulose, Viscosity of.” Report No, 22, Part 3. Research Dept., Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. (London: H. M. Sta-tionery Office.) IS. gd. “Electro-metallurgy, A Treatise on Electro-metallurgy.” W. G. McMillan, revised by W. R. Cooper. 4th edition. Pp. xv.4-449. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 21s. “Gas Manufacture.’’ W. B. Davidson. Pp. viii.+464. (London : Longmans, Green & Co.) 21s. Physico-chemical laws as applied to gases; the constituents of coal gas; raw materials ;carbonisation, condensation, exhausting, washing, puri- fication, storage ;water gas, condenser gas, and mixtures; residuals; by- products ; distribution ; modern tendencies ; measuring testing, etc.; analytical methods ;appendix of tables. “Government Laboratory, Report on work of.” 1922-23. (H.M. Stationery Office.) IS. 6d. “Metallurgy of Steel.” E. W. Harbord and J. W. Hall. 7th Edition. Vol. z : Mechanical Treatment. J. W. Hall. Pp. xv.+553. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 32s. “Metallurgy, An Introduction to the Study of.” Sir W. C. Roberts-Austen. 7th edition by F. W. Harbord. Pp. xv.+478.(London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 21s. 290 “Organic and Biological Chemistry, Fundamentals of .” T. G. Phillips. Pp. x.+25g. (New York: D. Appleton & Co.) 8s. 6d. “Organic Chemistry, Treatise on General and Industrial.” E. Molinari. Translated from the 3rd revised and enlarged Itdian Edition by T. H. Pope. Pp. viii.+241. (London: J. & A. Churchill.) 30s. Part II., Chapter 8. Esters; aldehydric or ketonic polyhydric alcohols. Part III., Cyclic compounds; iso-cyclic compounds; heterocyclic com- pounds; colouring matters; proteins. *“ Organischen Chemie, Handbuch der.” F. K. Beilstein. 4th Edition. Pp. vi.+794. Vol. V. (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.) E4 10s. 291 General Notices. 46th Anniversary Dinner, 10th December, 1923.-The President and Council hope that Fellows and Associates will make a special effort to attend the Public Dinner of the Institute, which is to be held in the Large Hall, Hotel Victoria, Northumber- land Avenue, on 10th December-7.0 for 7.30 p.m.The guests of the Institute on this occasion include Viscount Milner, Viscount Haldane, Viscount Burnham, Sir Philip Lloyd-Greame, President of the Board of Trade, Lord Justice Sargant, Sir John F. L. Brunner, Bart., Sir Edward Brotherton, Bart., Sir Amherst Selby-Bigge, Bart., Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Trenchard, Bart., Admiral Sir F. C. Doveton Sturdee, Major A. Boyd Carpenter, M.P., the Very Rev. Dean Inge, together with representatives of Universities and Colleges, learned and professional Societies, and the Civil Service. Tickets (15s.each, not including wine) for members and their guests (ladies and gentlemen) can be obtained from the Registrar (30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I), and will be allotted in the order in which the applications for them are received. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to Nov- ember 1920, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chernistiy for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suit able vacancies for qualified chemists. 292 Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Members and Students who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months; Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s.6d. for the first period of six months, and 5s. for each succeeding period of six months. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. On the recommendation of the Publications Committee, the Council have agreed to accept advertisements, subject to the Committee’s approval of the wording, from Fellows and Associates seeking appointments at a special rate of 3s.gd. for each insertion. Advertisements may also be received from employers seeking the services of chemists and from Fellows and Associates seeking partnerships. The Library,-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10A.M. and G P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10 A.M. and z P.M.), except when examinations are being held. Registered Students using the Library are informed that the Assistant Secretary may be consulted by those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10A M.to g P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10A.M. to 5 P.M.) Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. 293 Change of Address,-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify change of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Meldola Medal.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually for chemical research work of outstanding importance, carried out by a British chemist under 30 years of age, and completed during the year in respect of which the award is made.The award is primarily for analytical chemistry, but need not be restricted to that branch. The Council will be glad to have their attention directed to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1923 will be decided in January, 1924. Covers for Journal.-A suggestion has been received that the Publications Committee should provide members with piiblishers’ covers for binding the Journal of the Institute. The Committee have ascertained that, provided there is sufficient demand for them-say 500-covers of stout strawboard, buckram or art linen, lettered in black ink, can be obtained at about IS. each, and members who desire such covers are requested, there- fore, to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal.Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of Council, nominations should be received at the office of the Institute on or before Monday, 10th December, 1923. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting, held on March 7th, 1921, and amended on March Ist, 1923:- (i) Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham,Leicester, Lincoln, Rutland and Northampton. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts., Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall.(iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmoreland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wiganand Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. 294 London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks., Oxford, Bucking- ham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Huntingdon, Hants., with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands.Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as af oresaid. North-East Coast and Yorkshire, including the Counties of Northumberland, Durham and York. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Nairn, Elgin, Banff , Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh. Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Inverness, Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries. Wales (excluding the County of Flint, see iii).The County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies, and elsewhere abroad. The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council:-11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within anyone District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94, 2(a) may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all -the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election. (2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (regstered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XII. should be received not later than 31st August. 296 IIT. (1) Onor before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner pre- scribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candi- dates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District ; except that in the case of District (xii) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting-- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member addressed to the Secretary at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held.IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting lists shall, on the third Thursday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, not Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the gear preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose. (2) The balloting list of any member who on the third Thursday in January is in arreer with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed.(3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting on the third Friday in January specially convened for that purpose. (4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has withdrawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election. Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting.296 If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancv shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election ot one eligible Fellow. The following Fellows are the present District Members of Council for the Districts indicated, and the name? of those who are eligible for re-election are marked *. The remainder retirc under By-law 23.(ii) Rristol and South-Western Counties : Robert Dexter Littlefield. * (iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast : John Hanley. (iv) London and South-Eastern Counties : Alfred Vincent Elsden, B.Sc. (v) Manchester and District : William Marshall. (vi) North-East Coast and Yorkshire: William McDonnell Mackey. * (vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Thomas William Drinkwater, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S. (viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland: John Henrv Young,* MSc. (ix) Wales and the County of Moriniouthshire: (x) Northern Ireland : William Howieson Gibson," O.B.E., George Rudd Thompson. n.sc. (xi) Irish Free State: Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard, A.R.C.S.I., B.Sc., Ph.D. No District Member of Council has as yet been elected for either of the following Districts :-(i) Birmingham and Midlands, and (xii) The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies, and elsewhere abroad.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9234700261

出版商:RSC    

年代:1923

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1923. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B PILCHER, Regzstrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, December, 7923. Publications Committee, 1923-24 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairmatz), A. CHASTON CHAPMAN (President), ARCHIBALD A. BOON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, R. LESLIE COLLETT, HAROLD G. COLMAN, T. W. DRINKWATER, R. C. FARMER, A. J. HALE, G. NEVILL HUNTLY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, AN DREW MORE, B. D. PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, GEORGE TATE, FORSYTH J. WILSON. 299 Proceedings. Conference held at Liverpool from 18th-20th October, 1 929.-The Council have had under preliminary consideration the report of the Conference held at Liverpool in October, which is being issued to the Fellows and Associates with this Part.The Council have asked the President to explore the ground covered by Professor Baly’s resolution : “That this Conference approves the formation of a National Federation of Men of Science and a General Science Council.” The discussion on the Benevolent Fund, and Mr. Brooks’ resolution with regard to the Fund being available for loans, have been referred to the Benevolent Fund Committee. After careful consideration of Dr. Thomas’ resolution for the reconsideration of the present method of electing the Council and the appointment of a Committee for that purpose, the Council came to the decision that no action was necessary.Mr. Thurston’s resolution, advocating a publicity campaign, has been referred to the General Purposes Committee. Dr. F. J. Brislee’s resolution on the subject of obtaining facilities for students to secure an insight into works practice, has been approved and the Council have directed that it be referred to Local Sections to ascertain what steps can be taken to further the proposal. The resolution, ‘‘That this Conference recommends the Council to obtain the opinion of the Local Sections as to the desirability or otherwise of the adoption of a distinctive gown for Fellows and Associates,” has also been referred to the Local Sections. Piof. Heilbron’s resolution with regard to Mr.Brooks’ state- ment on ex-service Irish chemists has been referred to the General Purposes Committee. The Council have decided to defer the consideration of Dr. R. B. Forster’s resolution regarding the relations between the Institute and the British Association of Chemists until some progress has been made with regard to the proposed formation of a Federation of Men of Science and a General Science Council. 300 46th AnnivePsary Dinner of the Institute, 10th December, 1 923.-An account of the Public Dinner of the Institute held at the Victoria Hotel, Northumberland Avenue, on 10th December, is publishedk-this Part (p. 318). Federated Malay States, Straits Settlements.-On a request received from members in the Federated Malay States and Straits Settlements, the Council have authorised the forma- tion of a local section to be known as the Malaya Section.The rules of the Section have been duly approved. Mr. R. 0. Bishop has been elected Hon. Secretary. Meldola Medal.-On a report from the Board of Examiners in conference with Dr. P. E. Spielmann, representing the Society of Maccabaeans, the Council have considered the conditions for the award of the Meldola Medal, and have revised the scheme for the award of the Medal, as follows: (I) That a Medal, to be known as the Meldola Medal, be presented by the Society of Maccabaeans annually to the chemist who shows the most promise, as indicated by his or her published chemical work, brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending the 31st December preceding the award; provided that the Medal be not awarded more than once to the same person.(I.a.) That it be recognised that, without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, the adminis- trators shall have primary regard to work having a bearing on analytical chemistry. (2) That the award be assessed by the Council of the In-stitute of Chemistry and a member of the Society of Maccabacans appointed by their Committee, with libert) to withhold it if in their opinion no work of sufficient excellence has been brought to their notice. (3) That the recipient be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.[Until 1928, the Medal may be awarded to candidates who at 6he time of the completion of the work are more than 30years of age, provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval, military or air service.] (3) That the presentation be made by the President of the Institute of Chemistry at the Annual General Meeting of the Institute, which is usually held on the 1st March. 301 (5) That power to vary these conditions be vested in the Committee of the Society of Maccabaeans and the Council of the Institute acting jointly. According to Clause (z), the award must be made by the Council of the Institute, although the Board of Examiners, sitting jointly with a member of the Society of Maccabaeans, has been deputed by the Council to advise on the award.The Council, however, have empowered the Board of Examiners to co-opt the services of any persons who can usefully assist them, in deciding the award and particularly the authors of the annual reports upon analytical chemistry for the Chemical Society, and for the Society of Chemical Industry. The Society of Maccabaeans has intimated its full concurrence in the modifications of the scheme and the procedure for deciding the award. Teachers in Technical Institutions.-The Council have addressed the local education authority of Birmingham on the question of according proper recognition to the qualification F.I.C. The Council regard the Associateship as at least equal to a first class honours degree, because, although it may now be granted to candidates who have not actually passed the examination for the Associateship, such candidates must produce evidence that they have obtained a B.Sc.degree with first or second class honours in chemistry, or an equivalent diploma, and must have completed (I) at least four years day course of study in the requisite subjects in a university or college formally recognised by the Council of the Institute, or (2) at least three years such study filus approved experience of at least an additional year. All other candidates are required to have completed at least an equivalent period of systematic study in a recognised univer- sity or college, to have passed the class examinations satis- factorily and to pass the examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. The standard of the examination is fully equal to that for a first class honours B.Sc.degree, with a special bias on the practical side. The A.I.C. examination occupies five days, includes two papers in theory (3 hours each), four full days’ general practical chemistry under constant supervision of the examiners, and translation from French and German technical literature. In order to qualify for the Fellowship of the Institute, an 302 Associate is required to produce evidence that since his ad- mission as an Associate, and for a period of three years therefrom, he has been continuously engaged in the study and practice of chemistry in a manner satisfactory to the Council, and to pass an examination of a highly technical character in one of a number of specified branches.Only in exceptional cases does the Council consider applications from Associates for election to the Fellow- ship without examination: every such Associate is required to produce evidence satisfactory to the Council : (i) That he has carried out original research work of sufficient merit ; or (ii) That he has devised processes or inventions of sufficient merit ; or (iii) That he is possessed of knowledge and ability equiva- lent to having fulfilled the conditions contained under (i) or (ii) above. It will be seen, therefore, that the Fellowship of the Insti- tute cannot be obtained in less than a minimum of seven years’ study and practice of chemistry and ccgnate subjects.Alfred Gordon Salamon.-The thanks of the Council have been conveyed to Mrs. Defries for a framed portrait of her brother, the late Mr. Alfred Gordon Salamon (Hon. Treasurer, 1903-1918). 303 Local Sections. Belfast.-On 12th October, at the opening of the session, when Mr. J. W. Porter, gave an interesting account of his impressions at the Liverpool meeting of the British Asso-ciation, the opportunity was taken to make a small presentation to Mr. Templeton, the Senior Fellow in the District, as a token of the high regard in which he is held by all members of this Section. In accepting this expression of goodwill, Mr.Templeton said that he felt it was the duty of members of the Institute each in their own sphere, to do all they could to ensure the success of their local Section, and that while he had helped in the way open to him, he hoped that all would do their bit in keeping the Belfast Section active and prosperous. On 2nd November, Professor Morton, of Queen’s University, gave a most interesting account of the development of the Quantum Theory, which was much appreciated by a large audience. Birmingham and Midlands.--A General Meeting of the Section, held on 15th October, was well attended. After the normal business of the Section had been transacted, a very enjoyable Smoking Concert was held. On 28th November, the Annual General Meeting of the Section was held, and the following Officers and Committee were elected:-Chairman, Prof.G. T. Morgan; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. J. N. Friend; Committee: Messrs. W. A. S. Calder, A. W. Knapp, H. T. Pinnock, A. Slator, D. F. Twiss, W. B. Ault, T. J. Glover, A. B. Holmes, and C. J. House; Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. A. F. Hastilow. The Report and Financial Statement showed the Section to be in a healthy state, and were adopted by the Section without discussion. The Resolutions passed at the Liverpool Conference were discussed at length, and it was decided to send the opinion of the Section on the various points to the Council for their consideration. Bristoland South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held at Exeter on Saturday, 24th November, a party of the members and friends including Mr.M. J. Jones, Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and Mr. Preston, of the British Gas Company. The party was met 304 by Mr. R. D. Littlefield, Chairman of the Section, Mr. F. South-erden, and other Exeter and district members, and a short tour of the city was made, with a visit to the classic Cathedral. Tea was provided in the University College Cafit, through the hospi- tality of the Exeter members, and thereafter the Ordinary Meeting was held in University College Chemical Lecture Theatre, when Mr. Littlefield presided over a good attendance. After the members had been cordially welcomed by the Chairman and Professor Lewis, three new Associates were presented with cer- tificates, and a paper was read by Mr.Arthur Marsden, on "Notes on an interesting underground deposit ." Mr. Marsden referred to the formation of a deposit of calcium acetate around the out- side of a hot gas main from which there was no trace of leakage. The source of the organic matter necessary for the bacterial production of the acetate was difficult to trace, but was, in the opinion of the lecturer, matter carried along percolating water. The paper, which was admirably presented, and was absorbingly interesting, was illustrated with lantern slides and numerous specimens of materials. Much discussion was provoked, in which Dr. E. Vanstone, Dr. H. Lloyd Snape, Messrs. T. Tickle, Barke, Mitchell, and Wintle participated.A cordial vote of thanks was given to Mr. Marsden, and the meeting terminated with votes of thanks, proposed by Dr. D. Hooper, and seconded by Mr. F. H. Popham, to the Exeter members, for their hospi- tality, and to Professor W. H. Lewis and the College authorities, for the use of the Chemical Lecture Theatre. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Theannualmeeting of the Section was held on Tuesday, 6th November, 1923,in the Grand Hotel. In the unavoidable absence of both the chairman and vice-chairman of the Section, Dr. L. Dobbin presided. The formal business included the adoption of the revised by- laws which had been drawn up to meet the particular conditions of the Section and which had been accepted by the Council of the Institute.A large number of new associates were formally ahitted, and the Chairman before presenting the certificates enlarged upon the position occupied by the Institute as exemplified by the number of men who were qualifying for the profession of chemistry by sitting for the examinations for the Associateship. In the course of his remarks he emphasised the gratification which he felt in welcoming them as members of the local section, and 305 expressed his appreciation of the personal element which was introduced by the regulation that such certificates should be presented at meetings of the local sections of the district in which the new Associates resided. Dr. Lauder and Dr. Tocher were re-elected as Chairman and Vice-chairman respectively, while the vacancies occurring on the committee were filled by the appointing of Mr.J. G. Annan, Mr. J. A. Robertson, Mr. J. B. Shoesmith, and Dr. F. D. White. After the conclusion of the formal business, a smoking concert was held, the talent being supplied entirely by members of the Section. This was much appreciated by the members present, and a very enjoyable evening was brought to a successful con- clusion. Giasgow and West of Scotland,-The Ramsay Chemical Dinner, arranged jointly by the Section of the Institute and other chemical societies in Glasgow and the West of Scotland, was held on Thursday, 20th December, at the Ca’doro Restaurant, and a report thereon will be published in due course. Irish Free State.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Trinity College, Dublin, on ~3rd November, Professor Sydney Young, F.R.S., presiding.The annual reports of the Hon. Secretary and Treasurer were submitted and adopted. Six new Associates were welcomed and received their Certi- ficates. The following were elected members of the Section Com- mittee for the current session:-Prof. W. E. Adeney, B. G. Fagan, Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Dr. J. H. Millar, A. O’Farrelly, Prof. Hugh Ryan, Prof. Sydney Young, Fellows, and J. W. Parkes, Associate, Mr. D. Mellon proposed, and Mr. J. W. Parkes seconded, the following resolution, which was unanimously passed : “That this meeting of the Irish Free State Section of the Institute of Chemistry views with regret the continued closing of the College of Science, and is of opinion that it is essential, in the interests of industry and education in applied science, that the buildings and equipment of the College should be restored to their normal functions.” Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Queen’s Hotel, Leeds, on 14th November, Mr.306 W. McD. Mackey in the chair. Four Associates were welcomed, and received their certificates from the Chairman. The Chair- man then gave a resum6 of the work of the past session, and mentioned, among other matters, the work of the Council. He made special reference to the Official Register. The financial statement was read and adopted.Messrs. R. Gawler, D. McCandlish, W. J. Read, and Dr. N. M. Comber were nominated to fill the vacancies on the committee. Dr, R. B. Forster was re-elected Hon. Secretary. The Hon. Secretary then read a report on the Liverpool Conference, which was followed by a discussion. The following meetings have been arranged :-16th January, “The Training of the Chemist,” Dr. R. D. Abell. 5th March, “The Fertilizers and Feeding Stuffs Act and the Professional Aspect of Agricultural Analysis,” Dr. N. M. Comber. London and South Eastern Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on zIst November, 1923. The Chairman (Mr. E. R. Bolton) presented his annual report on the proceedings during the session 1922-1923,and commented with regret on the retirement, in accordance with the rules, of the Hon.Secretary, Mr. R. L. Collett, who, he said, had been so largely instrumental in building up the Section. The balance sheet and auditors’ report were presented by the Hon. Treasurer (Mr. P. H. Kirkaldy), to whom, and to the Hon. Auditors (Messrs. Bridge and Johnstone) a vote of thanks was accorded. The following officers and members of committee were appointed for the session 1923-1924:-Chairman, Mr. E. R. Bolton ; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. P. H. Kirkaldy ; Vice-Chairmen, Mr. Arthur J. Chapman and Mr. R. L. Collett; members of Com- mittee: Messrs. C. T. Abell, W. L. Baillie, 0. L. Brady, W. T. Burgess, C. M. Caines, F. H. Carr, E. Hinks, T. Macara, W. R. Ormandy, 0.Trigger, J.C. White, Miss M. A. Whiteley, Fellows : Messrs. G. T. Bray, J. H. Crossingham, S. A. de Lacy, T. McLachlan, D. G. Murdoch, Miss P. M. Tookey, Associates. Mr. G. S. W. Marlow was elected Honorary Secretary of the Section. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Collett for his services as Honorary Secretary. At the conclusion of the Annual General Meeting, light refreshments were served. 307 An Ordinary Meeting followed, for which notice had beefi given of a discussion on “The Relationship between Employers, Works Chemists and Consultants.” The opener, however, had unfortunately been called abroad on business, and his deputy was unable to be present. The Chairman, therefore, invited some preliminary discussion on the subject, in which Messrs.Macara, Bridge, Bolton, Innes, Atherley, and de Lacy, par ticipated. The Chairman then asked Mr. Collett to make a brief report to the Section upon the proceedings of the Liverpool Conference. The following members took part in the discussion of the resolutions of the Conference : Messrs. Hinks, Chapman, Barrs, Murdoch, Kirkaldy, Bolton, Marlow, Claremont, and de Lacy. The meeting passed a vote of thanks to Mr. Collett for his report . Manchester.-The Annual General Meeting was held in the Textile Institute on 24th October. Mr. William Marshall, Chairman, presided. Before proceeding to the business of the meeting, the Chairman referred in sympathetic terms to the death of Mr. Wm. Thomson; he, further, made reference to Mr.Thomson’s valued counsels at the Section meetings, and to his work in London during his two terms of office as Member of Council. The Section passed a vote of condolence with the relatives. After the usual business of the Annual Meeting had been transacted, Mr. C. E. Potter gave an account of the discussion at the Liverpool Conference on the subject of Council Elections. Mr. F. Scholfield emphasised the radical alteration which had taken place in the membership of the Institute. There was now a much larger proportion of industrial chemists in the Institute, and he therefore urged the necessity for a greater number of industrial chemists on the Council. Although to some extent bound by the Charter, the Institute might do more for the in- dustrial chemist.Mr. T. R. Hodgson and others expressed agreement with Mr. Scholfield’s*remarks. Dr. E. Ardern raised the question of payment of expenses of Members of Council, and, after referring to other similar asso- ciations, expressed the hope that the scheme of part payment recently introduced would be extended in the near future to full payment. This was essential in any democratic institution. The only other possibility was the holding of alternative meetings in the provinces. 305 Mr. R. Brightman referred to the attendance of Members of Council, and hoped that in future the attendance record would be published before the ballot sheet. Mr. S. E. Melling then introduced a discussion on “Some Aspects of Water Right Cases.’’ An interesting discussion ensued in which the Chairman and Messrs. Ardern, Barr, Humphries, Race, and Scholfield took part.A vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Melling for his in- teresting and enjoyable paper, and Mr. Scholfield associated himself with Mr. Radcliffe in hoping that Mr. Melling would allow his paper to be published in the Institute Proceedings. Mr. Melling emphasised the desirability of a freer interchange of opinion and views between members in matters relating to the practice of technical and professional chemistry, and expressed the opinion that the value of the meetings would be considerably enhanced by each member illustrating specific points and principles in reference to his own experience.In advancing a suggestion of this kind, he thought it would not be inexpedient to outline his experience consequent upon cases relating to the respective claims of certain riparian owners, and to summarise the High Court judgments in reference thereto. As introductory, he briefly touched upon the importance of the clean water problem to the full development of the textile and other industries and compared present-day conditions with those which led to the passing of the Rivers Pollution Prevention Act, 1876. Distinction was drawn between the scope and powers of this Act and the common law, as affecting riparian owners, and attention was directed to the part played in the prevention of abuse of the rivers of the industrial North by the several Joint Rivers Authorities. As specific instances of water right contentions, involving technical evidence, a review was made of two recent Chancery Court cases upon which important judgments have been delivered.In Hulley v. Silversprings, etc., Co., the plaintiff, as a riparian owner, established that the defendants, in carrying on their bleaching and dyeing business, had so interfered with the character of the water as to entitle him to an injunction despite the plea of prescriptive right set up by the defendants. Dealing with the position brought about by the relevant facts, one or two points of considerable interest were noted: (I) Defendants had no right to discharge effluent at a spot some 130 yards nearer to the plaintiff’s boundary unless they could show that such 309 change could not possibly affect the plaintiff.The onus of so doing rested on the defendants, and they had not discharged it. (The evidence showed that in the above distance sedimentation and the natural self -purifying agencies would have materially improvedthe polluting effluent carried down to the plaintiff’s land) ; (2) In view of the progressive increase in plant, and in the volume ot effluent, no prescriptive right to pollute could follow even if all other difficulties had been removed; (3) The prescriptive easement claimed absolutely violated the provisions of the Rivers Pollution Prevention Act. In the more recent case, Calico Printers’ Association v. J. Makin & Son, the issue was as to whether the defendants (a firm of papermakers) had-since the date upon which undisputed pollution had ceased-by reason of the discharge of effluent into the river about a quarter of a mile above the plaintiffs’ intake, invaded the riparian rights of the plaintiffs. The case was a little unusual in that the effluent was of such quality as to satisfy all due requirements of the Rivers Pollution Prevention Act, the “foul, noxious and polluting matter” complained of being essentially salts contributing to hardness (mainly calcium chloride).The onus of proof was on the plaintiffs in respect of (I) A sensibly increased impurity at their intake in com-parison with the condition at the defendants’ intake, and (2) That such increase was caused or contributed to by the effluent from defendants’ works.The learned judge interpreted “sensibly ” as “something more than an increase capable of being detected by a meticulous analysis,” but which is “capable of being detected in the pur- poses, be they domestic, agricultural, or industrial, for which the water is used.” The character of the river, both in volume and quality, its temporary retardation of flow by up-stream riparian owners, the nature and amount of defendants effluent and so forth, were all common ground, so that the factors of dilution and diffusion became all-important. In giving judg- ment in defendants’ favour, it was held, inter aha,to be quite unsafe to deduce any conclusions from the analysis of isolated samples taken at each intake simultaneously or after an interval, unless calculated with reference to the time that must elapse before the water at the upper point reaches the lower point.In other words, nothing short of a continuous and con-temporaneous sampling over a reasonablelr period could deter- mine satisfactorily the relative conditions at the two critical 310 points. Details were given of the method by which the plaintiffs’ suggestion as to unequal diffusion or short circuiting of the saline matters in the effluent were negatived and, finally, Mr. Melling stressed the importance of collecting all the physical, chemical and engineering data which might have some bearing, however little, on cases of the type described.Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Annual General Meeting of this local Section was held in the rooms of the Chemical Industry Club, Ellison Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne, on 20th November, Dr. P. E. Bowles in the chair. The following members were elected to the Committee:- Messrs. H. C. L. Bloxam, W. G. Carey, J. B. Duncan, J. F. S. Gard, C. L. Haddon, T. Wallace, and A. F. Wilson; and Mr. C. J. H. Stock was re-elected Honorary Secretary for the ensuing session. The Hon. Secretary submitted the Committee’s report, from which it appeared that five meetings of the Local Section had been held during the past session. The number of Fellows and Assbciates resident in the Section Area had increased from 69 to 86. The meetings had been devoted to the discussion of matters of general interest to members of the Institute.On 20th April the Local Section had welcomed the President and the Registrar of the Institute. Reference was also made to the proceedings of the Joint Executive Committee for the North Eastern area. The Committee recorded its appreciation of the services rendered by the retiring members of the Committee and its regret that Dr. A. Fleck had found it necessary, owing to pressure of business, to resign his position as Hon. Treasurer. The report was received. At the request of the meeting, the Hon. Secretary gave some information with regard to the proceedings at the Liverpool Conference. A member raised the question of publicity, and suggested that an effort should be made to have a series of short talks on matters of interest connected with the profession of Chemistry broadcasted from Newcastle.The suggestion was referred to the Committee. It was decided to hold Section Meetings on the first Wednes- days in the months of February, March, April, and October, at 7.30 p.m., the January meeting to be held on the 8th. The Annual General Meeting will be held on the 5th November, 1924. In the absence of the Hon. Treasurer, the Hon. Secretary read the financial statement for the year, which was adopted. 31 1 Before the meeting was dissolved, a very hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. P. E. Bowles for his successful occupation of the chair for the past two years. At a meeting of the Committee, held subsequently, Mr.J. B. Duncan asked permission to resign from that body, and this was granted. It was decided to ask Dr. Henry Louis to allow him- self to be nominated to fill the vacancy thus created, and also to accept the Chairmanship of the Committee, and of the Local Section for the new Session, to which proposals Dr. Louis has consented. Mr. T. Wallace had been elected Hon. Treasurer to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Dr. A. Fleck. North Eastern D i stri ct Exec u ti ve Commi ttee.-This committee, which consists of elected representatives from the local Sections in the Voting District, met at the Station Hotel, York, on 1st December. The problem of the title of chemist had been discussed at a previous meeting, and referred to the local Sections for considera- tion.It was felt, however, that at the present nothing could be done. In view of the small number of members who voted at the last election for the Council, it was thought that the present system of election was probably not the best, as members seldom knew who the majority of the candidates were; it would be better if the members resident in the different voting districts were allowed to nominate the candidates, and if the voting were con- fined to the members residing in their respective areas. This would give members the chance of knowing who the candidates were, and whether they were likely to prove suitable members of Council. A cordial invitation was sent to the Council to hold a conference at York in the near future, on similar lines to the Liverpool Conference, which had proved so successful.Mr. Mackey, the present District Member of Council for this Voting District having intimated his intention to stand this year as a candidate for election as a General Member of Council, was thanked for his past services, and in his place, Dr. L. G. Paul, of Huddersfield, was nominated as the official candidate for this Voting District at the next election. South Wales.-Mr. L. E. Hinkel, who has rendered ex-cellent service as Honorary Secretary to the Section, has retired from that office, and Mr. Arthur Grounds has been appointed to the vacancy thus caused, 312 Notes. Dinner of Chemists: 31 st October, 1923.-Sir William Pope, Chairman of the Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chemistry, presided at the dinner held at the Hotel Victoria, on 31st October, under the joint auspices of the Chemical Society, the Institute, and the Society of Chemical Industry. Lord Wargrave, in proposing the toast of “Chemistry and the Nation,” expressed the hope that the experience gained by chemists engaged in industry during the war would not be lost, but that full advantage would be taken of it in the development of industry.Sir William Pope, in reply, said that he feared that the appreciation of the importance of chemistry to the nation had lessened since the war. He suggested that chemists should take counsel together and discuss what could be done to promote the interests of the nation in scientific matters.Mr. W. J. U. Woolcock proposed “Our Chemical Organisa- tions,” remarking that the country was well served with such associations. He was not sure that some of them might not with advantage be combined in some way, in order that they might work in closer touch with the larger societies. Already the American Chemical Society and our own Chemical Society had arranged to co-operate in producing the Journal of Physictrl Chemistry. It was a time for co-operation and co-operative effort. Referring to the Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chemistry, he suggested that it might be a forum, so that ideas with regard to progress among the various societies could be offered to it for consideration, and that it should pursue the object of establishing a central home for chemical organisations.Professor W. Palmer Wynne, President of the Chemical Society, replying for the Chemical Organisations, referred to the difficulty experienced by the Chemical Society in finding adequate accommodation for its Library. He was sorry to say that the Government did not dppear to be inclined to afford the Society further help in that direction. The country did not 313 understand chemists or their work: what was needed was publicity. If they succeeded in getting a suitable home, the country would perhaps begin to recognise them. Mr. Woolcock was helping them in the matter of publicity, especially in con- nection with the British Empire Exhibition, and he should be encouraged by their whole-hearted support, in order to make known the supreme importance of chemistry to the nation.Dr. E. F. Armstrong proposed “The Universities.” He suggested that chemists, in order that they might achieve the success they deserved, should have more faith in themselves and in those whom they chose as their leaders. The education of the chemist led him to analyse, to criticise and to argue, and he never lost those habits ;but chemists should work together and have faith. The Rev. E. C. Pearce, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, in response to the toast, endorsed the view that the chemist must be a man of vision. Speaking of the older Universities, he thought that they were able to produce men who could be entrusted with a job and who knew what to do when they were in a tight fix: men with technical knowledge who had the power of vision and decision.Beiore the company separated, the Chairman called upon Lord Exmouth, who was very cordially received. Lord Exmouth said that he had spent all his life in America, but he recollected after his first two years at Columbia University, a visit to England, during which he horrified the friends with whom he stayed by telling them that he had given up classics to study science. When he said that he intended to study chemistry they imagined that he would spend his life rolling pills in an apothecary’s store. He impressed upon them his belief that the country which had the best chemists would win out in the future.Manufacturers generally were beginning to appreciate the importance of chemistry; all the great firms in America, where industry was based very largely on chemistry, had their laboratories. His lordship then referred to the ad- vantages of the Chemists’ Club in New York, which had done so much to bring American chemists together. He expressed the hope that the Chemical Industry Club in London would also grow into one of the great central organisations for chemists. An excellent programme of music, rendered by Mr. Ivor Foster and Miss Megan Foster, was thoroughly enjoyed. 314 Soci6t6 de Chimie Industriel1e.-At the third Congress of the Sociktk de Chimie Industrielle, held in Paris, arst to 26th October, the Institute was represented by Mr.Arthur R. Smith. The Congress opened with a reception of foreign delegates and their ladies, at the Hotel Majestic, on the evening of zrst October. M. Kestner, the President of the Soci6t6, and M. Ggrard, Secretary of the Congress, received the guests. A delightful musical and artistic programme was provided, Madame Chasles (Maitresse de Ballet at the Op6ra) and MadameHuguette Duflos (Df the Com6die Franqaise) and other well known artists taking part. At the reception, the foreign delegates received an invitation to a dinner, given in their honour by the Committee of the “Bienvenue FranCaise,” on the next evening at the Cercle Interallik. The object of the “Bienvenue Franqaise,” of which the Marquis de Vogue is the President and Madame de Jouvenel the Secretary, is to give foreigners visiting France an opportunity of meeting with members of French Society, whose exclusiveness generally makes such introduction difficult.The Congress was officially opened on the aznd, by Monsieur Dior, Minister of Commerce and Industry, at the Conservatoire des Arts et Mktiers, when a large number of foreign delegates attended. M. Kestner pointed out that the first Congress had been devoted to the study of nitrogen; the second, in 1922, to oils and fats and colonial products and that the third Congress would be devoted particularly to the applications of chemistry to agriculture. During the Congress, three lectures dealing with agricultural questions were given:-(^) by Prof.Menozzi: On the present state of our knowledge of the analysis of soil and its practical applications ; (2) by M. Lindet : On the reconstruction of sugar factories, breweries, and distilleries in the devastated areas ; (3) by Sir John Russell: on the relationship between organisms of the soil and its fertility. In the 15 Sections, which met separately, over 150 papers were read. In the section on Organisation, M. A. Ranc read a paper on the Manufacture of Synthetic Organic Compounds and the Laws of the Practice of Pharmacy. Since the passing of the law on the practice of pharmacy, attempts have been made to restrict the manufacture and sale of chemical medica- ments sold in sealed packages to (‘Pharmaciens ” or Companies composed of “Pharmaciens.” One proposal is that in any such company a quarter of the board should be “Phar- 315 maciens”; another that two-thirds of the board and half the shareholders should be ‘‘Pharmaciens.” It was pointed out that if such proposals became law it would greatly hamper the manufacture of synthetic organic chemicals in France.A resolution was adopted that companies engaged in the manu- facture of chemical medicaments to be sold in sealed packets should only be obliged to have one “Pharmacien” on their Board, and that he should be responsible for the quality of the preparations. On the 24th, the Congress was brought to a close under the Presidency of M. Sarraut, Minister for the Colonies.The social functions finished with a banquet at the Palais presided over by 111. Roux of the Ministry of Agriculture. On the ~5th~ the members of the Congress took an excursion to the stores of MM. Fitlix Potin, and later were the guests of M. Gaston Menier, head of the big chocolate factory at Nosiel, who conducted the party over his model works, village and farm. On the last day they enjoyed an outing to Rheims and the Champagne district, including visits to the cathedral, the champagne cellars of MM. Pommery, and Heidsieck, and an excursion to the fort of La Pompelle. The Congress was most successful, both technically and socially. Sir John Russell and Professor Menozzi were elected honorary members of the Soci6t6 de Chimie Industrielle.The welcome offered to the British and other foreign delegates was very cordial. The Insti tute of Chemistry Students’ Association .-The Registrar of the Institute took the chair at a general meeting of the Association which was held at the Institute on 13th December, when Mr. Harwood, of University College, opened a debate on the motion “That the present control of the Press is detrimental to public interests.’’ Mr. Edgerton, of Birkbeck College, led the opposition. Every member of the Association present contributed to the discussion, and at the conclusion the motion was carried by a very narrow majority. 316 Obituary. JOHNEDWARDSTEADdied at Redcar on 31st October in his 73rd year. Having served as pupil with John Pattinson, of Newcastle-iipon- Tyne, he held appointments in copper and iron works before he joined Pattinson in partnership in 1876.Subsequently he established a separate practice in Middlesborough, and held appointments as Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst for that County Borough. He was associated with the early working of the Bessemer process in which he suggested the after-blow for the removal of phosphorus, and he was t~ skilful and active worker in microscopical metallography, the methods of which he considerably developed. I-Ie received the degrees of D.Met. from the University of Sheffield, and of D.Sc. from the Universities of Leeds and Manchester. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1905; was a Bessemer Medallist (1901), and President, in 1920, of the Iron and Steel Institute.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878, and served as a member of the Council from 1906 to 1909. WILLIAM an original Fellow of the Institute, died suddenly TROMSON, at Manchester on 4th October, in his 73rd year. Born at Glasgow. he was educated at the Andersonian College, and moved to Manchester in 1869, where he became assistant to Dr. Crace-Calvert, who had already established a laboratory underneath the Royal Manchester Institution- now the City Art Gallery. Four years later he entered into partnership with Dr. Crace-Calvert, on whose death, two months subsequently, he succeeded to the practice, which he thereafter continued. He held the appoint ments of public analyst and water examiner for the County Borough of Stockport.He was an active member of the Mancheeter Literary and Philosophical Society for 50 years, and took an active part in many other local literary and scientific societies. He contributed many papers to the local sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, to the Society of Public Analysts and other bodies. In 1880 he opened a Conference of the Inetitute, with a paper “On the relations of professional chemists to each other and to their clients and to the public, in legal cases.” He was a member of the Council of the Institute from 1887 to 1890 and from 1893 to 1896, and was a keen member of the Manchester Section. He acted as Honorary Secretary to an ,Association which was in being from 1888 to 1891, and had been formed to express opposition to certain lines of policy adopted by the Council.This Association objected to the strong professorial representation on the Council of the Institute compared with the representation of consulting and industrial chemists, and disapproved of the regulations which required the compulsory college curriculum for the Associateship. 317 JOHNMATTHEWWILKIEdied at West Bridgford, Nottingham, after an operation, on the 29th November, in his 48th year. Born at Montrose, and educated at Montrose Academy, he qualified as a pharmaceuticalchemist before his appointment, in 1900, as an assistant analyst in the laboratory of Messrs. Boots Pure Drug Co. He pursued his studies at University College, Nottingham, graduated m B.Sc.(Lond.) in 1906, and, in the same year, passed the Intermediate Examination of the Institute. In 1908 he passed the ha1 examination for the Associateship in the chemistry of foods and drugs. He continued with Messrs. Boots Pure Drug Co., in whose laboratory he became Deputy Chief Analyst, which position he held at the time of his death. He made valuable contributions on analytical estimations and determinations, and published several papers in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. From 1914 until the present year he was Honorary Secretary of the Nottingham Section of the Society, of which Section he had been recently elected Chairman. At the funeral at Willford Hill (Nottingham) Cemetery, the Institute was represented by Mr.H. Droop Richmond. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1921. CHEMISTSIN THE SUGARINDUSTRY.-~a short obituary notice re- ferring to the late Mr. Frederick Isenbart Scard, given in JOURNAL,Part IV., page 248, it is suggested that Mr. Scard was the first trained chemist to be employed on sugar estates in British Guiana, where he was engaged from 1881 until 1904. It is interesting to note, however, the following passage in a letter, which has lately come under the notice of the Registrar, written by Professor George Fownes to his father, on March 7th, 1848, from the Government House, Barbados, where he had gone for his health: “I have not been much better, among strangers and without regular employment.I have met with much kindness, however, from many, but no offers whatever of professional employment, neither do I think that there is any field for erection at present in these parts. The Governor, who is most zealous for improvement, and some few of the more enlightened people here and in St. Vincent, are anxious to start their proposed School of Agriculture and Industrial Chemistry, and have subscribed money to purchase apparatus; but nothing has been done for many months past, and there is very little general encouragement to proceed. They will hardly imitate the example of the people of Demerara, who spend two thousand pounds yearly in supporting a chemical establishment.” 318 Forty-Sixth Anniversary Dinner.To celebrate the 46th anniversary, the Institute held a Dinner in the Large Hall, Hotel Victoria, London, on Monday, 10th December, 1923. The President, Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., was in the chair, and there were present over 230 members and guests. List of the Company Present. A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., President. Abbott, A. Bronsted, Prof. C.I.,Board of Education. Copenhagen. Aiken, J. H. Bruce, R. J. Anderson, Rt. Hon. Sir J.,C> C.B. Brunner, Sir J. F. L., Bart., M.P. Permanent Under-Secretary, Home Buchanan, J. L. Ofice. Bulloch, Prof. W. Anthony-Lmgsdale, D. Burdett, A. E. Ashley, P., C.B. Burnham, Rt. Hon. Viscount, C.H. Head of Department of Industries and Manufactures, Board of Trade. Caines, C.M. Atherley, S. W. Caines, Mrs. C. RI. Carr, F. H., C.B.E. Backes, J. V. Carr, Mrs. F. H. Baker, A. Chapman, Mrs. A. Chaston Baker, Mrs. A. Chapman, Arthur J. Baly, Prof. E. C. C., C.B.E. Member of Council. Barker, Dr. E. Chapman, Mrs. Arthur J. Principal, King’s College, London. Chapman, Sir S., K.C.B., C.B.E. Barnard, J. E. Permanent Secretary, Board 01 Hon. Sec., Royal Microscopical Trade. Soct ety. Chattaway, Dr. F. D. Bean, P. L. Member of Council. Beck. F. W. Chemical ,4ge, The Bedson, Prof. P. P. Chemical Trade .Journal, The Birch. Sir Noel, K.C.B., K.C.M.G. Cheshire, F. J.,C.B.E. Maker-General of the- Ordnance, Claremoiit, C. L. L. Bolton, E. R. Collett, R. L. Member of Council. iMember of Council. Bolton, Mrs. E.R. Colman, Dr. H. G. Boorman, H. G. T. Member of Council. Boorman, Mrs. H. G. T. Corbett, A. Borland, W. D. Croft-Smith,J. Borland, Mrs. TIr. D. Cubitt, Sir B. B., K.C.B. Bowles, B. €I. Permanent Assistant Secretary, Bradley, S. W. War O&e. 319 Daily Telegraph, The Davies, W. R., C.B. Principal Assistant Secretury,Technical Schools and Continua-tion Classes, Board of Educa-tion. Dains, H. H. bains, Mrs. H. H. Defries, R. Delevingne, Sir M., K.C.B. Permanent Deputy U&r-SecTe-tary, Home O&e. Dewrance, Sir J.,K.B.E. President, Institution of Mechani-cal Engineers. Donnan, Prof. F. G., C.B.E. Duke, Sir W., G.C.I.E., K.C.S.I. Under Secretary, India O&e. Durrans, T. H. Dmana, Mrs. T. H. Dyer, Dr.B. Dyer, Mrs. B. Elkington, H. D. Evers, N. Evers, Mrs. N. Eynon, L. Farmer, Prof. J. B., F.R.S. Ferguson, Dr. R. Findlay, Prof. A. Finnemore, H. Fox, Dr. J. J., O.B.E. Franks, W. Temple, C.B. Comptroller of Patents. Garran, Sir R., K.C.M.G. Solicitor-General for Australia. Gibbings, W. A. Gibbings, Mrs. W. A. Blnsgow Herald. Goldsmith, Dr. J. N. Goolden, Commander A. C., O.R.E. Gray, J. Hunter, K.C. Gregory, Sir R. Haldane, Rt. Hon. Viscount, K.T., O.M., F.R.S. Hale, Prof. A. J. Member of Council. Hall, Sir A. D., K.C.B. Chiet ScientiBc Oficer, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. Hancock, NT.C. Hawkins, E. M. Heath, Sir H, F., K.C.B. Secretary, Department qf Scienti$c and Industrial Research.Henderson, D. Henley, Capt. J. C. W., R.N. Director of Naval Ordnance. Heywood, W. R. Hill, C. A. Hinks,E., M.B E. Hogan, G. Holland, Sir T. H., K.C.S.I.,K.C.I.E.,F.R.S. Rector, Imperial College of Science and Technology. Hooper, E. G. Houston, Sir -4. C., K.B.E., C.V.O. Hughes, E. B. Hughes, T. Hunt, L. J. Prime Warden, The Dyers Corn-PanY.Huntly, G. N. Member of Council. Huntly, Mrs. H. L. Inge, The Very Rev. Dean, C.V.0 Innes, R. F. Jackman, D. N. Jackson, Sir H., K.B.E., F.R.S. Past -President. Keenan, -Kelly, Capt. R. C. Kewley, J. Kirkaldy, P H. Vice-President. Knight, A. H. Knight, Mrs. A. H. Lander, J. St. H. Leighton, A. E. Le Rossignol, R. Levy, F. Littlefield, R. D. Member of Council.Lowry, Prof. T. M., C.B.E.,F.R.S. Member of Council. Lowry, Mrs. T. M. Macara, T. Macdonald, Dr. G., C.B. Secretary, Scottish Education De- partment.MacFadden, Dr. A. J. W., C.B. MacGillivray, E. J. MacLean, Mrs. I. S. Macnab, W., C.B.E. Vice- President. Munchester Guardian. Marlow, G. S. W. Aasistant Secretary. Marshall, W. Member of Council. May, Dr. P. McGowan, Dr. G. McHugo, C. W. McHugo, Mrs. C. W. McLachlan, T. McLachlan, Mrs. T. Melville, A. C. Melville, Mrs. A. C. Merrett, ProE. W. H. Merrett, Mrs. W. H. Miall, Dr. S. Micklethwait, Miss F. M. G., M.B.E. Milner, Rt. Hon. Viscount, K.G., G.C.B. Monier-Williams,Dr. G. W., O.B.E. Moore, W. L. More, A. Vice-President.More, Mrs. A. Morning Post, The Morgan. Sir C. L., C.B.E. President, Institzition oj Civil Engineers.Morgan, Prof. G. T., O.B.E., F.R.S. Moritz, E. R. President, Institute of Brewing. Murray, K. S. Nesbitt, R. C., M.P. Neathercoat, E. T., C.B.E. President, Phamacezctical Society. Northall-Laurie, D. Northall-Laurie, Mrs. D. Ormandy, Dr. W. R Ormandy, Mrs. W. R. Palmer, W. J. Palmer, Mrs. W. J. Partridge, W. Pendred, L. Percival, J. E. Perry, G. H., O.B.E. Member of Council. Perry, R. G., C.B.E. President, Associat.con of British Chemical Manufacturers. Petavel, Sir J. E., K.B.E.,F.R.8. Director, National PhysicalLaboratory.Philip, Prof. J. C., 0.B E., F.R.S Member of Council. Pickard, Dr. R. H., F.R.S.Member of Council. Pilcher, R. B., O.R.E. Registrar awd Secretary, Pilcher, Miss J. F. Pollak, J. E. Pope, Sir W. J., K.B.E., F.R.S. Porritt, B. D. Member of Council. Porritt, Mrs. B. D. Press Association, The Price, Dr. T. Slater, O.B.E. Member of Council. Reid, Miss A. S. Reid, W. F. Richards, P. A. E. President, Society of Public Ana-lysts and Other AmlyticabChemists. Richards, Mrs. P. A. E. Rintoul, W., O.B.E. Robertson, Sir R., K.B.E., F.R.S. President, Faraday Society. Robertson, Lady. Robinson, Sir A., K.C.B., C.B.E. First Secretarp, Ministry cf Health. Rogers, Miss 81. Rogers, W. D. Member of Council. Rolleston, Sir H. D., K.C.B. President, Royal College of Physicians. Ronca, J. F., O.B.E.Ronca, Mrs. J. F. Ross, A. Ross, Mrs. A. Ross, Miss D. H. Rotter, Dr. G., O.B.E. Russell, Dr. A. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers. Salmond, Air Vice-Marshal Sir' 1lr. G. H., K.CM.G., C.B., D.S.O. Sargant, Rt. Hon. Lord Justice Selby-Bigge,Sir 1,. A., Bart., K.C.B. Permanent Secretary, Board 04 Education. Sherrington, Sir C. S., G.B.E. Presidevt of the Royal Society. 321 Simmons, W. H. Thompson, Lieut-Col. J. MT. Smith, Dr. E. W. Thomson, Prof. J. Millar, F.R .S. Smith, Mrs. E. W. Past-President. Smith,F. E., C.B.E., F.R.S. Thorpe, Prof. J. F., C.B.E., F.R.S. Director of Research, Admiralty. Thorpe, Mrs. J. F. Smith, Sir W. R., D.L. Tilley, J W. Smith, Lady. Tilley, V. J. Smithells, Prof.A., C.M.G., F.R.S. Times, The. Vice-President. Tocher, Dr. J.F. Snelus, Miss S. M. L. Townshend, E. V. Spielmann, Dr P. E. Trigger, O., M.B.E. Sproxton, F. Sproxton, Mrs. F. Vine, L. Stock, C. J. H. Voelcker, E. Member of Council. Voelcker, E. (Guest).Stonehouse, Miss D. M. Sutherland, D. A. n'ehster, A. Sutherland, Mrs D. A. Webster, J. Whiteley, Miss M. A, O.B.E. Taylor, G. Wilson, D. M. Taylor, G. (Guest). Wilson, H. J.,C.B., C.B.E. Thompson, G. Rudd Secretary, Ministry of Labour. Member of Council. Wood, A. S. TOASTS. THEKING THE QTJEEX, QUEEN ALEXANDRA, THEPRINCEOF WJUES, AND THE OTHER MEMBERSOF THE ROYALFAMTLY. THEINSTITUTEOF Cmmsmy OF GREAT BRITAINAND IRELAND. Rt. Hon. the Viscount Haldane, K.T., O.M., F.R.S. Response-The President.THEHOUSESOF PARLIAMENT. Professor Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., F.R.S. Response-The Right Hon. the Viscount Milner, K.G., G.C.B. Robert C. Nesbitt, Esq., M.P. THEFORCES. Sir Robert Robertson, K.R.E., F.R.S. Response-Captain J. C. W. Henley, R.N., Director of Naval Ordnance. Lieut. -General Sir Noel Birch, K.C.B., K.C.M. G., Master-General of the Ordnance. Air-Vice-Marshal Sir W. G. H. Salmond, K.C.M.G., C.B., D.8.0. TEECIVII, SERVICE. Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S. Response-Sir L. Amherst Selby-Rigge, Bart., K.C.B., Permanent Secretary, Board of Education. SC~ENCEIN INDUSTRY. The Right Hon. the Viscount Burnham. C.H. Rmponse-Sir John F. L. Brunner, Bart., M.P. THZGUESTS. Sir William J. Pope, K.B.E., F.R.S.Response-The Very Rev. W. R. Inge, C.V.O., Dean of St. Paul's The Right Hon. Lord Justice Sargant. 322 The loyal toasts having been honoured, the President said that it was a matter of great regret to all, as it was to him, that the Hon. Treasurer of the Institute, Mr. E. W. Voelcker, could not attend, owing to ill-health. He suggested that a message should be sent to Mr. Voelcker expressing regret at his absence, and wishing him a rapid recovery. (The Hon. Treasurer received the message by (‘wireless.”) The President also announced that Viscount Milner, who was a guest, had met with a slight accident, a bone having lodged in his throat, and he had found it necessary to leave the table. The President expressed regret that the company was thus deprived of Lord Milner’s presence.(Lord Milner wrote a few days subsequently, to say that he was greatly disappointed to be obliged to leave the company so prematurely, and that he was in a fair way to complete recovery.) “THEINSTITUTE.” Viscount Haldane proposed the toast of “The Institute.’’ At the moment, he said, we were in somewhat troublous times, but he was perfectly confident that this great practical nation, with its constitutional instincts, would make its way out of its diffi- culties. Speaking of the Institute, he said it was a body which sought to combine science and organisation; he knew of nothing of which we were in deeper need. We had had recently a con-troversy about tariffs, of which he would say nothing, but there was one thing that inclined far deeper down, and that was the growth and prosperity of the British nation.That depended much more upon science and organisation than upon contro- versies which, however important they might seem, were bound to be ephemeral. The Institute was directing science and organi- sation, and it was well that it should be doing so. In this century we lived in new times. Going back 70 years, this country was then in a position much to be envied. It had national energy then, as it had national energy now. It had raw materials, and it had sufficient for its necessities, and it had that wonderful set of people, the British manufacturers and British workmen. They might be handicapped to-day for want of scientific know- ledge, but they were not handicapped in those days.In those days we had men who were in the very forefront of scientific advance. On the Continent, too, there were very great men, but what he wished to call attention to was that the science of the forties and fifties was an abstract science, and had very little relation to industry; the manufacturers were able to get on very well without it; but they were extremely shrewd people, and beat the world at production. Later, a change set in, and new discoveries began to be applied to industry. There was the introduction 01 synthetic chemistry, and the discovery of coal-tar products, and the great German chemist, Hofmann, had come over to this country. In this connection, Lord Haldane said he thought we had rather under-estimated what the Prince Consort had tried to do in fostering the development of new ideas.We would not listen, and the result was that Hofmann had to go back to Berlin, where he began the terrific application of science to industry, and we lost &o,ooo,ooo a year in trade in coal-tar products alone. Whereas we could not make anything at all out of chemical progress, the German firms were paying 25 or even 30 per cent. He himself went to Berlin, and had seen the great technical high school at Charlottenburg applying the discoveries of Hofmann to new processes. When he came back, he had confessed himself to be appalled at German science. Then came the scheme for the Imperial College of Science and Technology, at South Kensington, which, to-day, ranks with Charlottenburg at its best.But that only brought us to the beginning of our task. The present century had been most fruitful. In this country the production of young men of science had gone on with extraordinary vigour, and, while we might not produce so many here as were produced on the Continent, he was sure we produced more peaks and pinnacles than were produced on the Continent. There was an extraordinary amount of new science in this country. There was a comparatively new science, called physical chemistry, which brought chemistry into relation with physics, and among the things revealed to us was that the atom, which we had thought was as solid as the British Constitution, was still more solid than the British Constitution.Electrons moved at enormous velocity, which we could not measure properly. We had to learn to understand the theory of relativity in order to understand accurately the velocity of the electrons, and if we did not under- stand the movements of the electron we did not understand modern chemistry. But we had to take warning. Speaking as a practical politician concerned with the future of the country, he said that if we did not develop science to the utmost, and, above all, see to its application to industry, we should fall far behind. We were a wonderful people, but there came a point when we could not prevail against knowledge. There came a time when science, knowledge, and organisation were essential ; he thought we had come to that time.The problem of the future was to see that more science was applied to industry, and that its application was organised in the best way. He was not one of those who thought that the State could ever produce science; that would always be the work of the individuals of genius. The future of the country depended upon knowledge; we wanted to enlighten the people, and wanted more peaks and pinnacles than even we had to-day. He did not doubt that we were quite capable of holding our own in the world; the only question was how much we should suffer from going too slowly. As the result of the election, he hoped Parliament would be more interested in the diffusion of knowledge than Parliaments in the past had been.In conclusion, he welcomed the opportunity of proposing the toast, because the Institute had set itself to apply science to the affairs of this country, and to organise its application. It was a great task, and any body such as this which sets itself to do these things was deserving well of the State. The President responding said:-I desire in the first place, on behalf of the Institute, to thank Lord Haldane for the very warm and friendly manner in which he had proposed this toast. We know Lord Haldane not only as one of our greatest living lawyers and philosophers, but as one who has taken a deep interest in natural science, and who had done so much to illumine those shadowy and difficult pathways in that fascinating region where natural science merges into philosophy, and where the old boundary lines between physics and metaphysics have become so uncertain that they may almost be said to have ceased to exist.As chemists in general, and as members of the Institute of Chemistry in par- ticular, our activities, our aims and our aspirations are, moreover, well known to Lord Haldane. Words of appreciation from him are, therefore, especially welcome, and I think we are entitled to congratulate ourselves that he should have found it possible in proposing this toast to refer to us and to our work in such laudatory terms. In the course of his remarks, Lord Haldane has given you some information in regard to the Institute, but for the informa- tion of our guests who may not know us quite as well, I would ask you to bear with me if I enlarge for just a few minutes on this subject. 325 As you are aware, we are celebrating to-night our 46th anniversary, having been founded in 1877 for the purpose of formulating a scheme of training for professional chemists, and of instituting examinational tests, whereby the fitness of persons to practice chemistry could be adequately determined.The need for such an organisation was very widely felt, for at that time there was no profession of chemistry, using the word in the sense in which we employ it to-day; there were but few chemical practitioners other than the Professors in the universities and colleges, and there was no hall-mark by which the Government and the general public could distinguish between the competent and the incompetent.Although not exempt from infantile troubles, the Institute made steady headway, and in 1885-that is eight years after its foundation, -it was granted a Royal Charter, thanks very largely to Professor Odling, who was at that time President. In virtue of the possession of this Charter, the Institute was definitely authorised to conduct examinations, to grant certificates of com- petency, and to register persons qualified to practise. Since those early days, it may be said that the Institute had experienced no set backs, and that its record is one of uninterrupted progress and of continuous service, not only to the profession which it repre- sents, but to the nation as a whole.Perhaps the best proofs of the need for such an organisation-if proofs were required-are to be found in the strength of its membership roll, and the recogni- tion accorded to the Institute by Government Departments, by Public Bodies, and indeed by all who know anything of its real activities. We have to day, in fact, on our Register, the names of no less than 1615 Fellows, 2714 Associates, and 862 Registered Students, making a grand total of 5191. With regard to recog- nition, the qualifications and examinations of the Institute are recognised and approved by all the principal Government Depart- ments concerned with chemical appointments. To attempt to enumerate all the public and other important bodies by which the Institute is frequently consulted, and on which it has been, or is now, officially represented, would impose too great a strain on your patience, and it will,perhaps, suffice to say that to-day we do not merely claim what we consider to be our rightful position among the great and older professional associations, but we find that position being voluntarily and freely conceded to us on all sides.And this recognition is based upon something more than professional competency, since one 326 of the chief aims of the Institute has always been, not only to maintain its very high standard, both in respect of the training it demands of those who apply for admission to its examinations, and in the character of the examinations themselves, but also to insist upon a high standard of conduct on the part of all its mem- bers; and it may be said, without fear of contradiction, that a man bearing the hall-mark of the Institute is one whom the public may trust implicitly in respect of training, knowledge, character, and professional conduct.Although I have not yet reached what may be fairly described as an advanced age, the profession of chemistry was only in the making when I commenced my chemical career, and few things connected with our science are, I think, more remarkable than the wonderful development on the professional side which has taken place very largely-indeed, almost entirely-through the instru- mentality of the Institute of Chemistry during the past thirty or forty years.Order has been evolved out of chaos, and in that short space of time a great and powerful profession has been built UP. Whether we regard chemistry as a subject of study essential to an understanding of the world in which we live, or as an agent which has done so much to transform the life of man, or again as one of the most powerful factors in the creation of material wealth, or, finally, as that department of knowledge on which our national prosperity and our national security so largely depend, its supreme importance is equally manifest, and that importance it must be our business to make our Governments and the nation understand. When we realise the stupendous part which chemistry has played, and is destined to play, in human affairs, and when we remember how much it may be made to contribute to the pro- gress and welfare of the human race, it should, I feel, be regarded as a privilege by those who are in the happy position of being leaders of the people to do all they can to foster its development and to widen the sphere of its influence.As members of the Institute we are especially interested in this aspect of the matter, since the prosperity of the Institute must clearly depend upon the extent to which the importance of chemistry is recognised by our rulers, by our industrialists, and by the great body of the general public. During the war, I will not say that we were actually dis-covered, but for the first time the nature of our activities and our 227 great usefulness to the nation were widely and generally recog- nised. It will not be necessary for me to refer to the special ser- vices rendered by the Institute during that great struggle, but I may just remind you that it was the chief mobilizing agency for all purposes in which chemistry was concerned, not only in relation to the active forces for offence and defence, but also in connection with the no less important matter of the production of munitions and other materials of war.Notwithstanding all this, can it be said that since the termination of the war the influence of chemists as a body has increased? I believe not, but rather the reverse. We are honoured to-night by the presence of many very dis-tinguished guests, representing many branches of learning, and all sides of our great public life, and I would, if I may, express the hope, not only that they will take away with them pleasant recollections of an evening spent with us, but that they will do what they can to increase, in the interests of the nation, the general knowledge and better understanding of the services which chemistry is ever rendering to the community.I will, if I may, remind you of an old story relating to a negro revival service. The negro minister was very eloquent, and had reached a point at which he felt it necessary to make a direct personal appeal to the members of his congregation. He said “My brothers, de Church am walking.” Back came the expected response from the congregation, “Amen, let her walk.” He proceeded, “My brothers, de Church am leaping.” Back again came the expected reply, “Amen, let her leap.” Becoming more excited he said, ”My brothers, de Church am flying.” Back once more came the reply, “Amen, let her fly.” “But, my brothers,” proceeded the preacher, “leaping and flying cost money, and if the Church am to leap and to fly, every brother here must put his money in the plate.” Back came the, this time unexpected, response, “Amen, let her walk.” Well, ladies and gentlemen-and I am venturing for the moment to address myself to our guests-if chemistry is to leap and to fly, and it is in the national interest, and indeed in the interest of the whole world, that it should-then we need your assistance in the direction I have indicated, and I am confident that when we appeal to you to help us to make better understood the great services of chemistry to the nation, we shall not be met with the response, “Amen, let her walk.” In conclusion, I desire once more to offer to Lord Haldane, on 328 behalf of the Institute, our warmest thanks for the kindly and interesting manner in which he has proposed the toast.“THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.” Professor Arthur Smithells proposed “The Houses of Parlia- ment.” It was seldom, he said, that he had to speak in the name of the whole profession to which he belonged, and he felt deeply the honour and the responsibility. There was present a very distinguished assembly of guests, representing a great variety of representative institutions.Not only were there representatives of theHousesof Legislature, butof the Church, the Navy, the Army, the Air Force, the Civil Service, the Press, and other interests, and it was impossible for a chemist, before such a gathering, not to feel conscious of the neglect which his science suffered at their hands, and to be tempted to pronounce to each in turn a suitable homily on the importance of chemistry. He did not intend to offer any observations as to the relation of the houses of Parlia- ment to the particular subject of chemistry; he did not propose to suggest an alteration in its composition, which would include an influx of chemists. The only thing he would venture to say on that subject was that if, as we had been assured lately with almost oracular solemnity by Mr.Galsworthy, the future welfare of mankind lay in the hands of science, it was eminently desirable that science should be more diffused amongst those who had to enact the laws of this country. It was impossible at this time to speak of the Houses of Parliament in any vein of levity; the circumstances of the time were far too grave, and the responsi- bilities that fell upon our legislators were far too heavy; but he was sure he could say, on behalf of the chemists, that they were sensible of the debt they owed to those men who devoted their lives to service in the Houses of Parliament; that they felt the utmost sympathy with them in the times through which we were passing, and hoped that they would-be wisely guided, and would pass through the crisis, and bring us to peace and prosperity. He regretted the accident to Lord Milner, and trusted and believed it was no more than a slight accident, and that Lord Milner would be restored immediately to the health he needs now, as never before, for the service of his country.Lord Milner was held in high esteem, amongst those who were present, as one of the greatest and most disinterested servants of the State. Lord Haldane had been good enough to undertake to reply to the toast on behalf of the House of Lords, in place of Lord Milner. 329 Chemists knew Lord Haldane to be their friend, and they knew him to be, like his great predecessor in the office of Lord Chan- cellor, a man who had taken all knowledge for his province.Not only had he just given evidence of the hold he had on their own particular science, but, amongst the servants of the State who had great responsibility during the war, there was none whose services more deserved acknowled,pent. There was also present a representative of the House of Commons, of a type which, above all, we wanted at the present time, namely, Mr. Robert C. Nesbitt. He was a man of character and of know- ledge, and one who would devote himself disinterestedly to the service of the State, a man who was bound to chemists by the services he had rendered to the Institute.* Professor Smithells coupled the toast with the names of Lord Milner, Lord Haldane, and Mr.Nesbitt. Viscount Haldane, responding for the House of Lords, said that at one end of a corridor at St. Stephen’s there was nothing but bustle and great interest evinced, especially by the ladies; at the other end there was a gloomy place from which ladies had been shut out, and which had a resemblance to Thackeray’s description of Lady Bareacre’s House. The proceedings of the House of Lords, if not always brilliant, were generally sane. As to the future, nobody knew what it would bring forth, but if it brought forth any changes of a striking nature, his opinion was that the House of Lords would prove itself equal to the emer- gency. That was his impression. He was wholly incapable of foretelling the immediate future, and could only say that he awaited it with feelings of tranquillity. Mr.Robert C. Nesbitt, M.P., replying for the House of Commons, said that he was not given to listening to remarks not intended for his own ears, but during the dinner apparently some gentleman sitting near him had not been aware that he was a membep of the House of Commons, or was likely to respond to this toats. They had made the observation that it was a pity that this toast was not cut out. (Laughter.) He ventured to say, however, that there was no occasion and no circumstance in which it was more desirable, so far as the House of Commons was concerned, that it should have a toast granted it; it should be given encouragement. He had been touched by the words of the proposer of the toast, particularly because of his expression *Mr.Nesbitt is head of the firm of Messrs. Msrkby, Stewart and Wadesons, Solicitors to the Institute. 330 of sympathy with the House of Commons, and with the country, in the circumstances in which it found itself. He would say for the present House of Commons, that so far, it had done nothing to which any person could possibly object. (Laughter.) The House of Commons, no matter how it might be composed from time to time, was the greatest legislative assembly in the world. So far from despairing of the present House of Commons, we should find that it would prove itself equal to the situation which it had to face. Whether or not it really represented the views of the country at the present time, it was not for him to say, but when we had three parties represented, no one of which was able to carry through any policy which it had set its heart on, it might be well that some other method of electing the members might be desirable.The House of Commons contained men of all callings, of all knowledge, of all skill. He wished there were more men of science there. (( THEFORCES.” Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., F.R.S., proposing (‘The Forces,” coupled with it the names of Captain Henley (Director of Naval Ordnance), who, from the close touch he had with scientific matters, looked with sympathy on matters chemical; Sir Noel Birch (Master-General of the Ordnance), who represented the army, he was sure, as was so well known in the case of his predecessor, also had sympathy with the science of chemistry; and Air-Vice-Marshal Sir W.G. H. Salmond, who represented the Air Force, and was Director of Research for that force. Dis-cussing the connection of the Services with chemistry, Sir Robert said that since the thirties of the last century the War Office had maintained chemists to advise it, including Sir Frederick Abel, one of the founders of the Institute and a Past President. About 1900, a research department was instituted, having for its object the investigation of the properties of the explwives and metals required for munitions. From a book published by the Institute of Chemistry, he found that, before the war, there were about 50 chemists connected with the fighting services.At the present time the number of chemists employed in the various departments was nearer 180. That represented a considerable improvement, which was not only a numerical one: there had been brought into the whole scheme of things a spirit of co-ordina-tion which had, perhaps, not been so evident formerly. The activities of the chemists connected with the fighting services, 331 therefore, should be rendered the most useful on accQunt of this feature, and we could feel that from the point of view of security we had a nucleus on which we could rely in time of need. There were two reflections he might be permitted to make in regard to these matters. Firstly, in the prosecution of research, it was essential that investigators should not be over-much kept down to the solving of ad hoc problems-and this applied not only to Government service, but to any service in which specific problems to be solved were put before investigators; because it might happen that the men of experience were so impressed by the necessity for getting out the solution of a particular problem, that they might have no opportunity for investigating more important problems affecting progress in the future. The other matter he would like to put forward for the consideration of the Services was the need for the constant review of chemical products, not only of home, but also imperial and foreign origin, from the point of view of ensuring that the country was well provided with them.Sir William Pope had urged the necessity for that study, and had given to it the apt name of “chemical geography.” Recent years, specially during the war, had demonstrated how shortages of the products affected us very deeply. Sir Robert coupled with the toast the names of the representatives of the Forces whom he had mentioned. Captain J. C. W. Henley, Director of Naval Ordnance, responding on behalf of the Navy, said he was fortunate in being able to convey to the Institute of Chemistry the sense of gratitude and deep appreciation which the Navy had for chemistry. They realised that without the backing of knowledge and science they would be nowhere. Owing to the economic necessities of the country, the Navy at the present time is small, but that em- phasised the fact that it should be second to none in efficiency.Those afloat looked to those ashore to provide them with the most efficient weapons, armaments and materials, and for that they turned to research in all its branches. Peace time was the time for research, though we believed in peace at all times. It might be that in the past the Navy had failed to appreciate fully the value of the products which science and research had given it, but it had learned its lesson, and, so far as the Navy was concerned, it was the policy at present to encourage, and benefit by, science and research to the very utmost. When we looked through the broad field of research, we saw that the science of chemistry was the backbone and the life of it-high explosives,. propellants, chemical warfare, metallurgy, etc., all looked to chemistry as a basis.A4sto the problems which chemical science was trying to investigate for the Navy, it seemed to him that, although chemical problems in industry might be difficult, yet perhaps the Services were frequently set even more difficult problems. For instance, there was the propellant, cordite. There the chemist was asked to prGduce a substance which, when put into a gun, developed the right pressure at the right time, and projected a shell at a velocity far in excess of that of sound-some 700 miles per hour. Not only was the chemist askcd to do that, but to produce a substance which would give the necessary variations in velocity.Then he was asked that the propellant should be stable under all conditions-that it would not go off when it was not expected to : that was a difficult problem. In regard to naval warfare generally he could only say that if the chemical world had not proved equal to the call made upon it during the war, he did not know where we should be at the present day. Again he offered ap- preciation on behalf of the Navy for the toast which had been so kindly honoured. Lieut.-General Sir Noel Birch, Master-General of the Ordnance, on behalf of the Army, remarked that he had often heard it said that various people won the war; he would not inflict his own opinion upon those present on that matter, but there was one statement which no one contradicted, namely, that the chemist saved us from defeat in the great war.That was not saying too much. What the chemist had done, the Army appreciated, though the President had possibly suggested that it did not, and though it was not widely known outside. Besides munitions there were other products, such as fertilisers, food, etc., in connection with which the chemist had done great woxk. Without the chemist we could not have continued the war. In 1915, when the Germans had made their first gas attack, a procedure which our chemist thought any white man would never adopt, our chemists had readily come to the assistance of the Army, and had answered the supreme test right royally. With great sacrifice of life, and at the cost of permanent disablement of many men, they had provided the Army with protective measures; then, they had taken the offensive, and had beaten the German chemists at their own game.On the question of research, he said that, as Master-General of the Ordnance, he would always do his best to get as much money as possible applied to research. (Hear, hear.) He would give chemists a nice little problem to go on with. In the next war we might find uncivilised people who would again start using gas. At present the chemist had come up to the mark, but let him-go further, and give each person a small parcel to put in his pocket, filled with some concoction which, when the cork was pulled, would nullify the effects of the gas.He knew it was a difficult problem. (Laughter.) In conclusion, he expressed his thanks for the manner in which the toast had been received. Air-Vice-Marshal Sir W. G. H. Salmond, for the Royal Air Force, said he was not erring when he acknowledged that the Royal Air Force was dependent upon the Institute of Chemistry just as much as it was on other scientific institutions. Illus-trating the dependence of the Royal Air Force upon chemistry, he said he need only speak of dope, which was used on the fabric of aircraft. He believed we possessed the finest dope in the world, and it was entirely a product of the science of chemistry. Without it our aircraft could not reach the heights it must reach if we were to maintain supremacy.During the war, dope was found to contain ingredients which were absolutely poisonous in their preparation. That had caused a great deal of trouble, but the science of chemistry had solved the problem, and thus saved a lot of distress amongst our workpeople. Therefore, the thanks of the Royal Air Force were due on that account alone. Apart from that, there were various ingredients in dope of which, when war broke out, we were deplorably short. Again the science of chemistry came to the rescue, and tremendous plants were erected all over the country. Then the fabric was found to contain materials, in the weaving, which rendered the dope bad, and that difficulty was solved by the chemist, as was the difficulty with regard to the varnish used on propellers.Valuable work was done with regard to petrol and oil. Again, during the war, the rapid seasoning of wood was vital, because we could not wait the three years which wood required for seasoning normally. The rapid seasoning of wood was made possible by chemistry. Then there was the provision of liquid oxygen, which enabled pilots to get to the necessary heights, and with which the name of the late Sir James Dewar would always be associated. That was a gift to the Royal Air Force by the science of chemistry. We were now in the midst of the development of metal aircraft, which involved the problem of corrosion, on the solution of which 334 the lives of our pilots depended; that was entirely a matter for the science of chemistry.They were dependent upon the chemist for the production of light metal alloys. It would be realised, there- fore, how much the Royal Air Force considered it was in debt of the Institute of Chemistry for its efficiency, and he was very glad of the opportunity to pay a tribute to the Institute. rr THE CIVIL SERVICE.” Sir Herbert Jackson, Past President, proposed “The Civil Service,” which, he said, was an important toast. The result of his experience was that in general it was true to say that the Civil Service was most criticised by those who knew it least, and those who knew it best held it in the highest estimation. The Institute of Chemistry had had cordial relationships with a great many Departments of the Civil Service and, speaking on behalf of the Institute, he would emphasise the high appreciation which the Institute had for the benefits which it had received from many branches of the Civil Service.The Civil Service was a wonderful system with high traditions. These did not grow by themselves; they were the result of the thought and activities of able men. He might mention that during the day he had heard the remark “Thank God for the permanent official.” It would be invidious to make distinctions, but in connection with the response to this toast, he would call attention to the unfailing courtesy which the Institute had enjoyed in its dealings with the Board of Education. In all those dealings it had had the advantage of the wisdom and advice of Sir Amherst Selby- Bigge with whose name he coupled the toast. Sir L.Amherst Selby-Bigge, Permanent Secretary of the Board of Education, having expressed gratitude for the manner in which the toast had been proposed and received, referred to Sir Herbert Jackson’s remarks as to the permanent official. He said that if the Civil Servant confined himself to advising his Ministers to the best of his ability, in his own province, in the light of his own experience of the adjustment of means to ends-which had frequently been brought by the painful process of burning his own fingers-and if he advised his Ministers also, as he believed he was permitted to do, in the light of his own application of what Parliament, and what public opinion which lay behind Parliament wished to be done, and if he served his Ministers loyally, and carried out their decisions not only in the letter but in the spirit, -then the Civil Servant might claim, and did claim, officially, to be beyond both blame and praise.That was an austere doctrine, and it was not to be expected that, human nature being what it was, it should always be observed. We lived in rather an unstable world, and the national polity, sometimes in a rather embarrassing way, showed a tendency, being a compound, to resolve itself into its elements; and a philosopher would be rash to dare to prophecy how they would recrystallise. The perman- ent Civil Servant contributed an element of continuity and permanency, and the man in the street who had not been trained in the rigorous logical methods of John Stuart Mill sometimes fell into a fallacy.He thought that, in a world of changing cir- cumstances, that which displeased or failed to satisfy him must be due to the permanent circumstances which he-found. The Civil Service had its difficulties, just as had any other profession, With regard to Sir Herbert Jackson’s remark, that those who knew the Civil Service most liked it best, he did not know whether that was really so, but he could say, on behalf of the Civil Service, that it was quite content to be judged by those who knew it. The Institute has not disdained to associate itself with the Board of Education with regard to the inspection of schools. The President had undertaken a duty in that respect, as had also Dr.Slater-Price and Professor Gilbert Morgan. Again, the Institute had, with admirable public spirit, and with considerable practical wisdom, been willing to take a responsible share in solv- ing the problem of getting better value for public money spent on public education. The Institute agreed with the Board, he believed, that the old, narrow, utilitarian view of technical education had vanished, at all events in the provinee of chemistry, and he believed they were in complete agreement in believing that at the root of the application of science to industry there lay, as an absolute essential, a good general education, unprejudiced by premature specialisation. He believed that, on the principles and methods which should be followed in scientific education, there was not a “ha’porth” of difference between them.The Board did not claim for itself a monopoly of educational wisdom : it was a very good augury for the future of organised science and organised industry that such a great Institute, composed of practical scientific men, constantly engaged in solving practical problems of education, should help Government Departments to do their work. He believed we had made a beginning in the last few years of that close co-operation which ought to exist between Government Departments and the great professional and scientific 336 institutes of the country, and he saw no reason why it should not go further. He regarded the invitation to respond to the toast as a symbol of the close and cordial relations which the Institute desired to maintain between itself and, not only the Government Department which he had the honour to serve, but also other Government Departments; the better and more cordial those relations, the better the Civil Service would appre- ciate them.cr SCIENCEIN INDUSTRY? Lord Burnham, proposing the toast of “Science in Industry,” said that science in industry was, we were all glad to recollect, of British origin. In the false security of our industrial life in the last century we had in our hands three-quarters of the manufactur- ing production of the world, but we had allowed it to be largely naturalised and developed in Germany and America. Lately, though he believed not too late, we had discovered our default, and had been trying to think ahead of ourselves ever since.Talk-ing of education, Herbert Spencer had said “Only when genius is married to science can the highest results be obtained.” But if, as he believed, this country could only exist provided the maximum of efficiency be practised with maximum of economy, it was not only genius, but industry itself, that must be married to science if the result was to be at all commensurate with the exhausting demands of our people. The mechanics’ institutes founded IOO years ago began the infusion of elementary science into industrial life. The technical colleges had carried it to the point of replenishment and revival. They had transferred the teaching of science, which was organised knowledge, from the class room and laboratory to the workshop and the power station.He was glad to think that the benefit of the trained mind as well as the trained hand was being recognised more and more every day by the employers of the country. Not so long ago they spurned diplomas as useless for the practical uses of this workaday world. Well, their objection had some ground in fact. They did not want industrial snobs who were above their work; they wanted men who were not superior to their duties. He hoped and believed they were now getting the right stuff, prepared in the right way; and he believed they knew it. There were no more convinced believers in technical education based an general knowledge than the enlightened captains of our 337 industries to-day.Science saved its cost in money a hundred-fold. As most of the troubles of our industries had chemical origin, no works could be called efficient or progressive without a works chemist. He knew what the works chemist meant in his own paper mills. Until lately they were in the old ruts of customary usage, but had now reorganised their man power and increased their brain power. Schopenhauer had said “Philosophy never saved me a sixpence.” He (Lord Burnham) could say unhesitatingly, from his own experience, that science was saving us even more-and he hoped Lord Haldane would not object to this-than we could possibly get from the capital levy. During the French Revolution, a tribunal had said that the public had no need of the chemist.To-day the chemist could- and he knew he would if he could-save and fructify the State. He coupled with the toast the name of Sir John Brunner. Sir John F. L. Brunner, responding, agreed that we were im-proving in the matter of the application of science to industry. The reason that the heads of businesses in the past had hesitated to engage highly trained chemists was because they would not have known what to do with them when they had got them. But to-day the heads of businesses were better equipped; they knew, to some extent, at any rate, how to use a chemist, and the heads of businesses and the technical staffs were able to talk together and to understand what each other said.They were better able to discuss all the problems, new and old, which came before them in their businesses. It was almost impossible to get the super-man who knew the business of both sides. It was often said that knowledge was useful for its own sake, but it was very difficult to get a good many people to believe it. ’The in- dustrialist wanted, mostly, the knowledge he could turn into pounds, shillings and pence; but we never knew whether some scientific fact or reaction which had lain dormant in the literature for many years might not find industrial application. When we wanted to take some new step in industry we ought first to search the literature, and we very rarely failed to find some hint which would lead us on lines of further research.Less highly trained men could very often find the observations of men of genius to be extremely valuable ; we wanted to read the life of Lord Kelvin to know that fact. As to himself, Sir John said that, now he had been elected to Parliament, he hoped to be of use to the industry. (Hear, hear.) Science and industry must go on; science had vastly helped industry, and it could be said that it 338 had made modern industry. For his own part, as an industrialist, his opinion was that industry must help science, and he hoped all companies and firms which were able to do so would find means whereby they might endow research, because what the professors at the universities wanted most was money to carry on their daily work of research.It was all the more necessary because it had been said that Governments were still apathetic. He hoped that scientific men and men of business would co-operate heartily in the future, and we should thereby put our country in the fore- front of technical progress. “THEGUESTS.,’ Sir William Pope proposed the final toast of “The Guests,” remarking that the Institute was very fortunate in being able to welcome such a very distinguished list of guests. It was a very welcome sign that a chemical gathering should be able to collect so many distinguished guests, men who had been in the forefront of the activities of the Empire during the last 50 years, and who had, in fact, identified themselves with what we called the “mechanism of the British Empire.” It was a great tribute to chemistry. It was a pleasure to receive as a guest one of the leaders of the Established Church, the Venerable Dean of St.Paul’s, to whom he paid a tribute. The Church had always commanded the services of eminent and broad-minded men, and men of great experience of the world. Dean Inge was a great friend, not only to the City of London, but to the whole of the British Empire, and, incidentally, to the Institute of Chemistry. Another guest whose name he coupled with the toast was Lord Justice Sargant. During the last few years a large number of Fellows of the Institute had appeared before him as witnesses, but, unfortunately, not very often as principals, in connection with applications for awards for inventions.Many Fellows had put forward applications for money awards for inventions which they had had the honour of submitting to our country for use during the time of war. They had all been struck by the tact, the dignity, and the great common sense which Lord Justice Sargant had exhibited in adjudicating upon those applications. He welcomed Lord Justice Sargant, and trusted that for many years to come he would be amongst the guests of the Institute. The Very Rev. W. R. Inge (Dean of St. Paul’s), re-sponded briefly. He hoped the Institute would long flourish, to 339 give its friends and well-wishers such delightful entertainments as it had given to them that evening. The Right Hon. Lord Justice Sargant, who also responded, made reference to the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors.Unfortunately, on his recent promotion, he had had to give up the Chairmanship of that body, which was a matter of very great regret to him, because, during 44 years, he had had the great pleasure of dealing with a vast mass of most interesting matter, and had had associated with him a number of the pleasantest and most capable colleagues that any man ever had, including the late President of the Institute, Sir James Dobbie, and, later, Mr. Chaston Chapman. In the work they had had to do he had really felt that they were sailing on an unchartered sea; they had had to create their own precedents. He thanked the gathering for the very kind manner in which the toast had been received, and Sir William Pope for the kind words he had used in pro- posing it.Many messages were subsequently received from Fellows and Associates expressing their appreciation of the arrangements made with the British Broadcasting Company whereby the speeches of Lord Haldane, Lord Burnham, and the President were transmitted to all stations throughout the country. 340 Books and their Contents. [* Books presented by the authors or publishers, or purchased, to be seen in the Library of the Institute.] “Alcohol, Industrial.” The production and use of Alcohol for industrial purposes, for use as a Luminant and as a Source of Motive Power. J. T. M’Intosh. and revised and en- larged edition. By H. B.Stocks. Pp. xii $400. (London: Scott Greenwood & Son). “Boiler Chemistry and Feed Water Supply.” J. H. Paul. and edition. Pp. vii.fa52. (London: Longmans, Green Sr Co. 14s. First edition carefully revised. Sixty-six new analyses of waters added. “Carbon Compounds.” A Scheme for the Detection of the more Common Classes.” F. E. Weston. 4th edition. Pp. x.+108. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 4s. 6d. “Chemical Annual.” Van Nostrand, Edited by J. C. Olsen. 5th issue, 1922. (London: Constable & Co.) 21s. “Chemical Elements, The.” F. H. Loring. pp. vii +171. (London: Methuen & Co., Ltd.) 8s. 6d. “Chemistry Applied to Home and Community.”A Textbook and Laboratory Manual. P. G. Beery. Pp. mi. xvif534. (London and Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co. 15s. Chemistry of fuels ;water ;waste disposal ;cleaning and polishing agents ; stain removal ;textiles; dyes; cellulose industries; paints and varnishes; silicate industries ;toilet preparations ;food ;drugs. “Chemistry, General, for Colleges.” A. Smith. Revised and re-written by J. Kendall. Pp. xiii+747. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. “‘Chemistry, General, A Course in.” W. C. Bray and W. M. Latimer. Pp. viii. f148. (New York: The Macmillan Co.) 7s. Section I.: Weight relations and chemical reactions. Section 11.: Ionic theory; rapid reversible reactions and equilibrium. Sections 111. and IV.:Reaction of ions. Section V. :Qualitative analysis. 341 ‘‘ Chemistry, General, An Elementary Survey of.” H.G. Deming Pp. xii+605. (New York: John Wiley 8r Sons, Inc.). 17s. 6d. An elementary survey ;industrial applications of fundamental principles. ‘‘ Clays, The Chemistry and Physics of Clays and other Ceramic Materials.” A. B. Searle. Pp. 634. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 55s. Physical structure ;properties depending on structure ;colour, hardness, and minor physical properties ; strength and allied properties ; specificgravity and density of ceramic materials; changes in the physical state effected by water; changes in the physical state,following the removal of water; chemical constitution of ceramic materials; chemical components of ceramic materials and products ;mineralogical composition of ceramic materials ;physico-chemical reactions between ceramic materials ;heat and temperature; effect of heat on ceramic materials; electrical and magnetic properties of ceramic materials; optical properties of ceramic materials.*“ Coal Tar Distillation and Working up of Tar Products.” A. R. U‘arnes. 3rd edition. Pp. xv. +511. (London : Ernest Benn, Etd.). 45s. *“Coke and Its Uses.” E. W. L. Nicol. Pp. xii.+134. (Lon-don: Ernest Benn, Ltd.). 19s. 6d. Coal carbonisation; coke as fuel; the influence of excess air; forced draught; smoke prevention ;calorific power as a basis of purchase. “Differential Equations in Applied Chemistry.” F. L. Hitch- cock and C. S. Robinson. Pp. vi.+~ro. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.). 7s. 6d, “Electric Furnace for Iron and Steel, The.” A.Stansfield. Pp. ix. +453. (New York and London: McGraw Hill Pub- lishing Co.). 25s. Introductory; electric smelting of iron ores; ferro-alloys and their pro-duction; electric steel making. *“ Inorganic and Theoretical Chemist1 y, A Comprehensive Treatise on.” Vol. IV. J. W. Mellor. Pp. x.+zo74. (London : Longmans, Green Sr Co.) 63s. Structure of matter; radium and radio-activity j architecture of the atom; beryllium or glucinum ; magnesium; zinc and cadmium ; mercury. Inorganic Chemistry, A Laboratory Manual of.” (To accom- pany Holleman’s Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry). Pp.ix.+112 (interleaved). J. B. Ekeley. and edition. (New York: John Wiley Sr Sons, Inc.) 7s.6d. 342 “Lead, Its Occurrence in Nature, the Modes of its Extraction; its Properties and Uses; with some account of its Principal Compounds.J. A. Smythe. Monographs of Industrial Chemistry. Pp. vii. f343. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 16s. “Organic Chemistry for Advanced Students.’’ J. B. Cohen. Vol. 111.: Synthesis. 4th edition. Pp. vii.+412. (Lon-don : Edward Arnold & Co.) 18s. “Organic Chemistry, Systematic.” W. M. Cumming, I. V. Hopper and T. S. Wheeler. Pp. xxii.+535. (London: Constable & Co.) 25s. Part I. Apparatus and methods. Part 11. The linking of carbon to carbon, of hydrogen to carbon, of oxygen to carbon, of sulphur to carbon, of hydrogen to carbon, of hydrogen to nitrogen, of nitrogen to nitrogen. Part 111. Quantitative estimations. “Paints, Pigments, and Varnishes, Chemistry of.” J.G. Beam. Pp. x.+277. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 30s. Paints, their composition and uses; the inorganic and organic pigments, their preparation and properties ;varnishes, lacquers and japans. w‘ Petroleum, The Genesis of.” P. E. Spielmann. Pp. iv. +172. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 5s. Older Theories ; inorganic, vegetable, animal; modern theories : Corn-position and properties of petroleum;laboratory experiments. *“ Pharmaceutical and Food Analysis.” A Manual of Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats, and Waxes, and Substances in which they. exist, together with Allied Pro- ducts. A. Thurston. Pp. xiii. +416. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 21s. General methods of analysis; oils, fats and waxes; dairy products; flesh foods; eggs and egg substitutes; volatile oils.‘I Physico-Chemical Principles. A Course of Laboratory Experi- ments.” M. S. Sherrill. Pp. x. $125. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) 9s. ‘I Soap and Detergent Industry, including Glycerol Manufacture, The Modern.” 3 Vols. Vol. I.: Theory and Practice of Soap Making. G. Martin. P2. xii.+367. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son). 36s. The nature of soap and detergent action; organic ram materials used-in the soap industry; inorganic raw materids used in the soap industry; perfuming substances used in the soap industry; manufacture of soapfrom free fatty acids; boiling process for the manufacture of soap; house-hold and laundry soaps. 343 “Sir William Crookes, Life of.” With a Foreword by Sir Oliver Lodge.E. E. Fournier D’Albe. Pp. xvii. +413. (London: T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd.) 25s. “Rubber, Chemistry of.” B. D. W. Luff. Pp. 242. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 25s. *‘Farm Soil and its Improvement.” Sir E. J. Russell. Pp. v.+126. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 7s. 6d. “Soil, The Micro-organisms of the.” Sir E. J. Russell and others. Pp. viii+188. (London: Longmans, Green 8r Co.) 7s. 6d. Occurrence of bacteria in soil ; conditions affecting bacterial activityin the soil; protozoa of the soil; soil algae; soil fungi; the invertebrate fauna of the soil other than protozoa; the chemical activities of the soil population and their relation to the growing plant. “Soils, The Nature and Properties of.” T. L. Lyon and N.0. Buckman. Edited by L. H. Bailey. Pp. v.+588. (New York: The Macmillan Co.) 15s. Agricultural Science Series. *“ Varnishes and their Components.” R. S. Morrell. Pp. xii. +361. (Oxford Technical Publications). 25s. Part I. Drying oils; catalytic oxides; boiled, blown and stand oils; other drying and semi-drying oils; varnish, resins, japan, lac; bituminous varnishes; insulating varnishes; drying oil and oil-varnish analysis. *“The Expert Witness.” C. A. Mitchell. Pp. xv. +188. (Cam-bridge: Heffer & Sons, Ltd.) 7s. 6d. Expert evidence; evidence of identity; identification of skin prints; medical evidence; evidence of the chemist; scientific evidence in poison trials ; bacteriological evidence ; documentary evidence ; the expert in handwriting; experts in art; application of expert evidence to history.344 Changes in the Register. At meetings of the Council, held on 26th October and a3rd November, z new Fellows were elected, 18 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 85 Associates were elected, and 46 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 5 Fellows by death. New Fellowa. .Appleyard, Alfred, M.Sc. (Leeds), Research Station, Campden, Glos. Stead, Arthur, B.Sc. (Vict.), Grootfontein, Middelburg-Cape, South Africa. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Appleyard, Frederick Norman, 12, Cartwright Gardens, London, W.C. 1. .hall, Francis, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 153, St. John’s Hill,London, S.W. 11. 13arber, Harold Hayden, B.Sc. (Lond.), 38, Vicarage Avenue, Derby. Barnett, Walter Leigh, B.A.(Cantab), B.Sc. (London), Deputy Island Chemist, Government Laboratory, Hope, Kingston P.O., Jamaica. Barrett, Frank Leslie, 33, Stanley Road, Whalley Range, Manchester. Bowman, Stanley, 97, Langham Road, Teddington. Buck, Johannes Sybrandt, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Liv.), 67, Harpes Road, Sunny- meade, Oxford. Dunnicliff, Horace Barratt, M.A. (Cantab), B.Sc. (Lond.), Government College, Lahore, Punjab, India. Garner, Frederic Horace, MSc. (Birm.), Ph.D. (Pittsburg), Bay Cottage, Fawley, Hants. Harler, Campbell Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Rectory Place, Woolwich, London, S.E.18. Hastilow, Cyril Alexander Frederick, M.Sc. (Birm.),B.Comm., Chenda, Bittall Road, Barnt Green, Worcs. Hunter, Harold, M.Sc.(Lond.), 213, Strone Road, Manor Park, London, E.12. Kon, George Armand Robert, M.A. (Cantab), D.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C., 22, Eaton Mansions, Cliveden Place, London, S.W. 1. Leea, Arnold, c/o County Laboratory, 36, Dansie Street, Liverpool. Xartin, Frederick John, M.A., Ph.D., Agric. Dip. (Cantab), Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories, Khartoum, Sudan. Phillips, Sydney Bertram, S, Milford Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Walsh, Thomas Crosbie, La Chaumina, Western Road, Canford Cliffs, Bournemouth. IVardlaw, William, D.Sc. (Dun.), The University, Edmund Street, Edgbaston, Birmingham. 345 Nex Associates. Anthony, John David Cecil, B.Sc. (Wales), Bank Home, Morgan Street, Tredegar, Mon. hour, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), 55, Gardner Street, Partick, Glasgow.Aykroyd, Franklin Milnes, B.A. (Cantab), Newtown House, Dodder Road, Rathgar, Dublin. Bailey, Cecil Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Lloyd Square, London, W.C. 1. Bannerman, James Campbell, B.Sc. (Glas.), 5, Manor Road, Jordanhill, Glasgow.Barrett, William John, A.R.C.Sc.I., 46, Gardiner’s Hill, St. Luke’s, Cork. Beaman, Ronald Mervyn, B.Sc. (Wales), Resolven, Glamorgan. Behram, Jal D. Edal, M.Sc. (Bombay), Shanghai Waterworks Co., Shang-hai, China. Bennett, Harold Benson, B.Sc. (Bris.), Winsley, Milton Park Road, Weston- super-Mare, Somerset. Blacktin, Samuel Cyril, M.Sc. (Sheff .),173, Ecclesall Road South, Sheffield. Blyth, HowardNeville, B.A. (Oxon)., 66, Redcliffe Square, London, S.W. 10. Bostock. Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 47, The Village, Lower Bebington, Cheshire.Brady, Frank Lawrence, M.Sc. (Birm.), 12, Summerseat Place, Horton Road, Bradford, Yorks. Brooks, Bernard Simon, B.Sc. (Bimi.), 11, Alexandra Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.Bullock, Kenneth, B.Sc. (Mane.), 190, Wallgate, Wigan. Bury, Frank Ward, M.Sc. (Vict.), Cedar Lawn, Knott Green, London, E.lO. Carter, George Arthur Joseph, B.Sc. (Liv.), Sandunes, Crosby Road, Sea- forth, near Liverpool.Chatterjee, Devendra Nath, B.A., B.Sc. (Allahabad), 36, Drummond Road, Agra, U.P., India. Cheadle, Norman, B.Sc. (Glas.), 37, Castle Street, Dumfries. Chignell, Guy, B.Sc. (Lond.), Thelwall, Fareham, Hants. Clarke, George Robert, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon,), Holly Cottage, Westfield, Harpenden, Herts. Clowes, Archibald John, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., 39, Marmora Road, E. Dulwich, London, S.E. 22. Cowen, Lawrence Gordon, A.C.G.F.C., 136, Turney Road, Dulwich, London, S.E.21. Davey, Wilfrid Shacklock, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Churchill Avenue, Kenton, Harrow, London, N.W. Davidson, Ronald, B.Sc.(Mane.), 102, Rose Hill Street, Derby. Davies, Trevor, B.Sc. (Wales), Bryn Celyn, Blackwood, Mon. Dowden, Henry James, B.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc (Lond.), 13, Glenton Road, Lee, London, S.E.13. Fagelston, Isaac, B.Sc. (Lond.), 87, Nelson Street, London, E.1. Farmer, William Thorpe, B.Sc. Tech. (Mane.), 6, Woodbine Street, Moss Side, Manchester. Ferrier, George Straton, B.Sc. (Glasgow), A.R.T.C., 10, Hamilton Park Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow. Fry, Gilbert Evan Reeves, B.Sc.(Sheff.), c/o Mrs. Churcher, Elmview, 1st Avenue, Stanford le-Hope, Essex. Gallie, George, B.Sc. (Edin.), 27, Rossie Place, Edinburgh. Gardner, Roy, M.Sc. (N.Z.), King Edward Technical College, Dunedin, New Zealand. Gibb, Henry, B.Sc. (Glas.), 23, Barrington Drive, Glasgow, W. Good, Stanley John, R.Sc. (Bris.), 110, Cheltenham Road, Bristol. Groves, Clarence Richard, M.Sc. (Birm.), 37, Scholemoor Lane, Bradford. Grigg, Felix John Theodore, M.Sc. (N.Z.),Dominion Laboratory, Sydney Street, Wellington, New Zealand. 346 Hagues, George, B.Pc. (Leeds), 54, White Street, Hull. Harrison, Christopher Jerome, B.Sc. (Bim.), 127, Poplar Avenue, Edgbas- ton, Birmingham. Hassell, Albert, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 47, Stanley Street, Tunstall, Stoke-on- Trent.Holmes, Marshall, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Ballyeaston Road, Ballyclare, co. Antrim, Northern Ireland. Howarth, John Trafford, B.Sc. (Manc.), 1, Market Walk, Marsden, Hud- dersfield. Ingram, Leslie Pool, M.Sc. (Leeds), Lyndale, The Avenue, Truro, Cornwall. Jehu, David Bret, M.Sc. (Wales), 34, High Street, Welshpool, Mont. Johnson, Bertrand Reaveley, A.C.G.F.C., Netherfield, Turner Drive, Hampstead Garden Suburb, London, N.W.ll. Jones, Leonard, B.Sc. (Vict.), 5, Waterloo Road, Runcorn. Krizewsky, Jacob, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Tenison Road, Cambridge. Leather, Alfred Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o 16, King Street, Rock Ferry, Cheshire. Longwell, John, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 4, Waverley Terrace, Coleraine, Ireland. Macdonald, John, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D.(St. Andrews), 19, Whyto Street, Lochgelly, Fife. Mainland, Malcolm Smythe, B.Sc. (Aberd.), c/o Anglo-Persian Oil Co., Ltd., Maidan-i-Naftun, Ahwaz, Persian Gulf. Mallinson, Sydney John, R.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Burmah Oil Co., P.O. Box 67, Rangoon, Burmah. Mathias, Owen, B.Sc., Tech. (Manc.), 31, Clarendon Road, Whalley Range, Manchester. Millar, Charles, B .Sc. (Edin.), 130, Marchmont Road, Edinburgh. Moir, Hugh Clouston, B.Sc. (Glas.), 7, Craigielea Street, Dennistoun, Glasgow.Munro, Reginald James, B.Sc. (Glas.),c/oMrs. Bolton, 36, Rock Lane West, Rock Ferry. Murray, Alexander Frederick, B.Sc. (Glas.), 3, Barns Park, Ayr, Scotland. Murray, Miss Martha Elizabeth, A.R.C.Sc.I., c/o Mrs. Barnetson, 27, Moss Street, Paisley. McHugh, Gerald Patrick, M.Sc.(Lond.), 101, Sabine Road, Battersea, London, S.W. 11. Newby, Cecil Frank John, A.R.C.S., 21, Basil’s Road, Stevenage, Herts. Nicholls, Ronald George, BSc. (Liv.), The Bungalow, Thorndale Farm, Wallasey Road, Wallasey. Owen, Ieuan Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales), Brynheulwen, Gordon Terrace, Cardigan.Platt, Stanley, B.Sc. (Manc.), 83, Beaconsfield Road, Blackheath, London, S.E.3. Price, William John, M.Sc. (Birm.), 182, Station Road, Wylde Green, Birmingham.Rees, Gomer John, B.Sc. (Wales), 103, Tanygroes Street, Port Talbot, Glam. Richardson, Miss Kathleen Helen, A.R.C.Sc.I., 47, Kenilworth Square, Rathgar, Dublin. Roberts, Owen James, A.C.G.F.C., 27, The Grove, Church End, Finchley, London, N.3. Ross, George Ronald Percival, B.Sc.(Leeds), 1, Albert Road, Hinckley, Leices ter . Saint, Sidney John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Clearmount, Old Castle Road, Weymouth.Sheavyn, Geoffrey William Ison, B Sc. (Birm.), The Grove, Atherstone. Silk, Arthur James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 108, Gosbrook Road, Caversham, Reading. 347 Sparkes, William Henry, B.Sc. (Wales), 1, Victoria Terrace, Llanhilleth, Monmouthshire. Stuart, Noel, B.Sc. (Liv.), 4,Victoria Avenue, Great Crosby, Liverpool. Sutherland, Douglas John Stewart, M.A., B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 30, Lam- merton Terrace, Dundee. Thorn, Stanley Charles Hammond, 44, Castelnau, Barnes, London, S.W.13. Trescot-Brinkworth, Denis John, A.C.G.F.C., 8, Marshfield Road, Chippen- ham, Wilts. Tunstall, Richard Brian, B.Sc.(Birm.), 16, College Road, Saltley, Bir- mingham.Waddington, Arthur Hill, B.Sc. (Birm.), 73, Queen Street, Newton Abbot, S. Devon. Walker, George Hugh, B Sc. (Liv.), 166, Lord Street, Southport. Webb, Thomas GilberC, A.R.C.Sc.I., Tinoran, Glenageary, co. Dublin. Wilson, Leslie Muir, M.Sc., Tech. (Sheff.), 28, The Avenue, Consett, co. Durham. Wilson, Richard Llewelyn, B.Sc. (Wales), Gwynfynydd, Caersws, Mont- gomeryshire.Woodhead, Donald Whitley, B.Sc. (Manc.), 248, Claremont Road, Moss Side, Manchester. Wornum, William Esmond, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), 58, Belsize Park, Hampstead, London, N.W.3. Wright, Gerald Spyvee, B.Mett. (Sheff.), B.Sc. (Birm.), 2, Wharncliffe Villas, Sunny Bank, Sheffield. New Students. Adams, Frederick William, Woodcote, Southfield Park, Pinner, Middlesex.Aldington, JohnNorman, 3. Victoria Parade, Ashton-on-Ribble, Preston. Allen, Frederick William, 20, Crosby Road, Bolton, Lancs. Andrew, Miss Gertrude Garland, 147, Hampton Road, Ilford. Auld, Duncan John, 51, Golden Hillock Road, Small Heath, Birmingham. Bayston, Geoffrey Coryndon, 3, Hart Grove, Ealing Common, London, W.5. Bell, John Lindsay, Craiglea, Abbotshall Road, Kirkcaldy. Bendle, Laurence Stanley, 5, Whitrnore Road, Beckenham, Kent. Brocklesby, Horace, 20 15, Assinaboine Avenue, Sturgen Creek, Manitoba. Bryan, Cyril Whymper, 6, Hallowell Road, Northwood, Middlesex. Carne, John Britton 40,The Grove, Wandsworth, London, S.W.18. Cohen, Wilby Edison, 79, First Avenue, Mount Lawley, Perth, Western Australia. Connor, Robert Jordan, 53, McDonald Road, Edinburgh.Cooper, Claude Harold, 304, High Street, West Bromwich, Staffs. Cooper, William Ernest, 105, Park Road, Warley Woods, Birmingham. Cross, David Thomas, 71, Parliament Hill, London, N.W.3. Dawes, Stephen Mellinson, Southfleet, Dorchester, Dorset. Ferguson, William Swan, 65, Great Church Lane, Hammersmith, London, W.6. Gillam, Albert Edward Maxwell George, 2, Lear Road, Old Swan, Liver- pool.Haddon, Edward Charles, c/o Principal Medical Officer, Entebbe, Uganda, Africa. Hatcher, Percival Roy, 206, Stapleton Road, Bristol. Hoare, Bertie Gordon Willmott, 9, Denman Drive, Golders Green, London, N.W.11. Holden, Allan James, Winscombe, West End Avenue, Pinner, Middlesex.Ikin, Gilbert, 72, Thicketford Road, Bolton, Lancs. Jevons, John Dudley, The Cottage, Cooper’s Hill, Alvechurch, Worcs. 348 Lawrence, Samuel George, 7, Chestnut Villas, Dorchester, Dorset. Laxton, Albert Edward, 110, Fairfoot Ittoad, Bow, London, E.3. Mason, Albert Edward, 17, Trafalgar Road, Moseley, Birmingham. Morris, Richard William. 21, Montserrat Road, Putney, London, S.W.15. Napier, George Alexander, 116, Cambridge Road, Kilburn, London, N.W.6. Norman, Arthur Geoffrey, 313, Gillott Road, Edgbastoii, Birmingham. Poulton, George Robert, 62, Hallam Street, West Bromwich, Staffs. Raven, Miss Sarah Eleanor, 5, Mackenzie Place, Edinburgh. Raymond, Walter Desmond, Rose and Crown Hotel, Saffron Waltlen. Robinson, Edwin Brew, 58, Kirkgate, Cockermouth, Cumberland. Rowe, Geoffrey Keene, 124, Seabrook Road, Seabrook, near Hythe, Kent.Savage, William Guthrie, Daymer, St. Minver, N. Cornvdl. Selby, Leslie Francis, 72, Derby Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7. Sims, Rupert Charles, 113, Blackpool Street, Burton-on-Trent. Solomons, Reuben, 42, Cephar Street, Mile Xnd, London, E.l. Someren, Ernest Horace Sebaskian van, 25, Whitehall Park, London. N. 19. Staff ord, William Edward, 27, Worsley Road, Winton, Manchester. Stent, Howard Braithwaite, Ash Lodge, Stretford, Manchester. Tompsett, Sidney Lionel, 16, Warwick Road, New Southgate. London, N.ll. Vyle, Leonard Reginald, 17, Carnarvon Road,West Bridgford, Nottingham. Woodford, William Herbert Gann, Inglenook, Summersdale, Chichester, Sussex.DEATHS. Fellows. Charles Edward Bean, F.R.C. S., L.R.C.P. John Cammack. John Edward Stead, D.Met., F.R.S. William Thomson. John Matthew Wilkie, B.Sc. 349 General Notices. Exam i nations.-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held at the Institute in April, 1924. Candidates who desire to be examined in April should notify the Registrar. Notice to Associates,-Associates elected prior to January 1921, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Members and Students who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months; Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s.6d. for the first period of six months, and 5s. for each succeeding period of six months. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. 350 The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10 A.M and h P.M.on week-days (Saturdays: 10 A.M. and z P.M.), except when examinations are being held. Registered Students using the Library are informed that the Assistant Secretary may be consulted by those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10A.M. to g P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10A.M. to 5 P.M.) Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Change of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify change of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.Meldola Medal.-The award for the year 1923 will be decided in January, 1924. (See p. 300). Covers for Journal.-A suggestion has been received that the Publications Committee should provide members with piiblishers’ covers for binding the Journal of the Institute. The Committee have ascertained that, provided there is sufficient demand for them-say 500-covers of stout strawboard, buckram or art linen, lettered in black ink, can be obtained at about IS. each, and members who desire such covers are requested, there- fore, to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal.So far, orders have been received for 75 covers. The Royal Microscopical Society has arranged for the present session a comprehensive programme of meetings, in-cluding in addition to ordinary meetings, special provision for a biological section, a section devoted to the industrial applications of microscopy, and a course of lecture demonstrations of technical 351 microscopy. Invitations to the meetings will be extended to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student of the Institute, on application to the Secretary of the Society, at 20, Hanover Square, London, W.I.Microchemistry.-Professor van Hallie, Director of the Pharmaceutical Laboratory of the University of Leiden, will lecture at 17 Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.1, on Tuesday, the 8th January, 1924, at 8 p.m., on “Microchemistry and some of its applications.” The lecture will be illustrated by lantern slides and probably also by microchemical experiments projected on a screen. The Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain will be glad to see at the lecture any Fellows of the Institute who may be interested in the subject. District Members of Council,-The following have been returned unopposed as District Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting to be held on Monday, 3rd March, 1924 :-(i) Birmingham and Midlands : Cyril Alexander Frederick Hastilow, M.Sc.(ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties : Robert Dexter Lit t lefield. (iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast : Herbert John Evans, B.Sc. (iv) London and South-Eastern Counties : Ernest Mostyn Hawkins. (v) Manchester and District: Samuel Ernest Melling. (vi) North-East Coast and Yorkshire: Lewis Gordan Paul, Ph.D. (vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Leonard Dobbin, Ph.D. (viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland: John Henry Young, M.Sc. (ix) Wales and the County of Monmouthshire : Clarence (x) Northern Ireland: William Howieson Gibson, O.B.E., (xi) Irish Free State: William Robert Fearon, M.A., Sc.D. Arthur Seyler, B.Sc. D.Sc. No District Member of Council has been nominated for (xii) The Overseas Dominions, the Empire of India, and Abroad.352 Nomination of General Members of Council,-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council :-By-Law 26. (1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-Law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form :-“We the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A. B., of (registered address) , 8 Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-Law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-Law 24 (2) No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer, for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up as on a casual vacancy.The names of the President, Vice-presidents, and General Members of Council whp retire at the next Annual General Meeting, and who are ineligible for re-election as such, are as follows:-President : A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S.; Vice-Presidents: Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S. ; William Macnab. General Members of Council : Arthur Jenner Chapman, Harold Moore, O.B.E., DSc. ; Thomas Slater Price, O.B.E., D.Sc.; William Henry Roberts, M.Sc.; Cyril Joseph Heath Stock, B.Sc. ; Sir James Walker, D.Sc., F.R.S. The question of the retiral of members of Council is governed by By-Law 22, which states that “At every Annual General Meeting .. . . all members of Council shall retire; . . . . ” By-Law 23, however, states that any retiring , . . .member of Council shall be eligible for re-election (or for election . . . . .) provided that . . . . . a retiring General or District Member of the Council who has served as a Member of the Council for three successive years shall be ineligible for re-election (or for election except to the office of President, Vice-president, or Treasurer) until the Annual General Meeting, or in the case of a retiring District Member, the annual election in his District, held next after his retirement.” 353 It may be mentioned that in the By-Laws which were approved in 1893, and were superseded in 1920,there was this essential difference, namely, that the clause relating to retiral definitely stated that.nine of the ordinary members of Council should be ineligible for re-election. By-Law 21 (1920)~ which relates to the filling of casual vacancies, does not affect the retiral of members at an Annual General Meeting, except so far as a casual vacancy is concerned. It states that any person elected under this By-Law (i.e. relating to a casual vacancy) shall retain his office or membership of the Council so long only as the member of the Council or vacating officer would have retained the same if no vacancy had occurred. It will be seen, however, that By-Law 22 expressly provides that an officer or member of the Council retains his office or member-ship only until the next succeeding Annual General Meeting after his election.He may in some cases be eligible for re-election, but he certainly loses his seat for the time being. This By-Law does not purport to confuse the issue with regard to the retiral of members, but is included expressly to indicate that a member who is elected to membership of the Council on a casual vacancy, say in June, does not hold office until the next succeeding June, but only until the next succeeding Annual General Meeting. As a result of the enforcement of these By-Laws since 1920, only six general members of Council are ineligible for re-election at the next Annual General Meeting, although in succeeding years the number of General Members retiring will average, and on occasions may exceed, nine.A record of attendances at Council and Committee meetings is given overleaf. The Annual General Meeting will be held on Monday, 3rd March, 1924. Nomination Papers must be received at the Office of the Institute before 4 p.m. on Friday, 18th January. 354 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES, MARCH TO DECEMBER, 1923. COUNCIL. COUNCIL LN COMMITTEES. OOMhIITTEE. A. Chastori Chapinan. . London .. 9 0 1 23 5 33 7 G. G. Henderson .. Glasgow .. 9 0 5 23 0 2 0 Sir H. Jackson .. London .. 9 4 1 23 3 7 3 P. H. Kirkaldy . . London .. 9 9 0 23 23 28 21 W. Macnab .. .. London .. 9 6 1 23 2 15 2 A. More .. .. London .. 9 7 0 23 9 20 8 A. Smithells .. .. London .. 9 3 1 23 3 3 0 E. W. Voelcker ..London .. 9 6 2 23 13 20 15 E. F. Armstrong .. Warrington .. 9 2223 0 2 0 E. R. Bolton.. .. London .. 9 8 1 23 13 16 7 A. A. Boon .. .. Edinburgh .. 9 4223 1 5 0 A. J. Chapman .. London .. 9 9 0 23 19 13 11 F. D. Chattaway .. Oxford .. 9 2223 0 5 0 R. L. Collett .. London .. 9 9 0 23 23 17 17 H. G. Colman . . London .. 9 8 0 23 16 17 10 T. W. Drinkwater . . Edinburgh .. 9 1223 1 2 0 A. V. Elsden .. .. London .. 9 4 2 23 10 12 6 J. Evans .. .. Sheffield .. 9 5223 4 7 0 R. C. Farmer .. London .. 9 5123 1 7 2 W. H. Gibson . . Belfast .. 7 1217 0 0 0 A. J. Hale .. .. London .. 9 802319 6 4 J. Hanley .. .. Liverpool . . 9 4123 2 0 0 *G. N. Huntly.. .. London .. 9 9 0 23 13 16 8 A. G. G. Leonard . . Dublin .. 9 2123 2 2 1 R. D. Littlefield .. Exeter .. 9 4223 3 6 1 T. M. Lowry .. Cambridge .. 9 1323 0 2 0 W. McD. Mackey .. Leeds .. 9 6223 5 6 1 W. Marshall .. . . Manchester .. 9 4123 2--H. McCombie .. Cambridge .. 9 7023 7 10 H. Moore .. .. London .. 9 4323 0 1 0 G. H. Perry .. .. London .. 9 602313 7 1 J. C. Philip .. London .. 9 812314 1 0 R. H. Pickard .. London .. 9 6 1 23 16 23 13 B. D. Porritt .. London .. 9 712315 6 2 T. Slater Price .. London .. 9 9 0 23 21 11 6 W. H. Roberts .. Liverpool .. 9 6223 4 2 0 W. D. Rogers .. Stockport .. 9 4323 1 5 0 H. Silvester .. Birmingham .. 9 6123 2 7 0 C. J. H. Stock .. Darlington .. 9 6323 3 8 0 G. Tate *. .. Liverpool .. 9 4323 110 0 G. Rudd Thompson.. Monmouth .. 9 3523 011 1 D. F. Twiss .. .. Birmingham .. 9 5223 2---Sir J. Walker.... Edinburgh . . 9 1223 2 0 0 F. J. Wilson .. . . Glasgow .. 9 4323 110 0 J. H. Young .. Glasgow .. 9 0123 0----%Hasalso attended 23 out of 29 Committee meetings of the Institution of Civil Engineers as a representative of the Institute. 355 Benevolent Fund,-A pamphlet on the Benevolent Fund, with financial statement for 1923,is published simultaneously with this Part of the Journal. Local Sections.-Fellows and Associates who have not already joined a Local Section are invited to communicate with the Hon. Secretaries of the Local Sections within their respective districts. Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Birmingham and Midlands: C. A. F. Hastilow. M.Sc., F.I.C., Chenda, Bittall Road, Barnt Green, Worcester- shire. Bristol and South.Western A.W. M. Wintle, A.I.C., 170, NewbridgeCounties: Road, St. Anne’s Park, Bristol. Edinburgh and East of J. Adam Watson, A4.C.G.I., F.I.C., 22, Scotland: Polwarth Gardens, Edinburgh. Glasgow and West of Scot- W. M. Cumming, R.Sc., F.I.C., Royalland : Technical College, Glasgow. Huddersfield: T. A. Simmons, B.Sc., F.I.C., 27, LyndaleAvenue, Birkby, Huddersfield. Ireland (Belfast) : Dr W. H. Gibson, O.B.E., F.I.C., York Street Flax Spinning Co., Ltd., Belfsst. (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. beds Area: Dr. R. B. Forster, F.I.C., Dept. of Colour Chemistry and Dycing, The University, Leeds. Liverpool and North John Hanley, F.I.C., 7, University Road, Western : Bootle, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern R. Leslie Collett, M.A., F.I.C., The Institute Counties: of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. Manchester and District: James Barr, B.Sc., A.I.C., The Bungalow,Waterside, Marple, Cheshire. Newcastle-on-T;yne and C. J. H. Stock, B.Sc., F.I.C., County Analyst’s North-East Coast: Office, Darlington, Co. Durham, South Wales : Arthur Grounds, B. Sc.Tech., A.I.C., 30, Charles Street, Cardiff. Malaya : R. 0.Bishop,’M.B.E.,A.I.C., Department of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States. Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). Hon. Secretary: R. T. CLAYDON, 116, Queen’s Road, Finsbury, N.4. The Association will hold an informal dance in the Union Rooms, University College, Gower Street, on January 23rd, at 7.30pm. Tickets, including refreshments, 3s.6d. per head, may be obtained from the Hon. Secretary. .

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9234700297

出版商:RSC    

年代:1923

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

357 Index. Accounts (1922), 16 Admission of Members, 106 Advisory Committee (Board of Education), 4, 11, 75 Agricultural Analysts (Official), 198, 208 Agricultural Colleges, 24 Air Congress (International), 185 Annual General Meeting, 76 Appointments Register, 12, 28, 144, 217, 258, 291, 349 Atoms and Elections, 163 Attendance at Meetings of Council and its Coinmittees, 14, 354 Auditors, 15 Bacteriological Tests of Milk, 107, 162 Belfast Section, 31,163,227,267,303 Benevolenk Fund, 4, 6, 13, 19, 30, 75, 92, 134, 355 Birminghmn Municipal Technical School, 277 Birmingham and Midlands Section, 31, 113, 164, 227, 267, 303 Books and their Contents, 61, 137, 195, 249, 289, 340 Bristol and South-Western Section, 32, 113, 164, 267, 303 British Association : At Liverpool, 185 British Association of Chemists, 273 British Empire Exhibition, 187 British Engineering Standards As-sociation, 184 Broadcasting,’277, 339 Censors, 74 Ceylon, 27 Chemical Engineering, Institution of, 93 Chemical Society Library, 187 Chemical Warfare, 121, 169 Chemist, the title of, 111, 185 Cinchona and Quinine, India, 11 3 Civil Services Estimates, 184 Colloid Theory, 165 Coloiir Photography, 174 Committees, 74 Conditions of Appointments of Public Analysts and Official Agricultural Analysts, 198 Confbd6ration des Travailleura In- tellec tuels, 182 Conference (Liverpool), 149, 223, 256, 263, 299 Covers for Journal, 219, 350 Dangerous Drugs Act (1920), 24 Department of Scientific and In-dustrial Research, 281 Dinner (Chemists’), 256, 312 Dinner (Institute), 256, 291, 318 District Members of Council, 86, 160, 293, 361 Edinburgh and East ofi Scotland Section 34, 227, 304 Ethyl Acetate, 69 Examinations, 9, 48, 188, 237, 349 Exhibition of Apparatus, 39 Fares (Railway) :Members of COW-cil, 150 Fertilisers, 31 Finance and House Committee, 4, 5, 74 Food Preservatives, 210, 234 Forensic Chemistry, 118, 269 Future Publications, 30 Gas Examiners, 11, 21, 100 Gas Regulation Act (1920), 276 General Purposes Committee, 4, 6, 74 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 36, 114, 268, 305 Gloucester, 154, 223 Government Chemists, 149 Honorary Corresponding Secre-taries, 4, 13 Housekeeper and LaboratorySteward, 225 Huddersfield Section, 36, 269 Income Tax, 25 Indian Ordnance Department, 25, 167, 223 Institutions, 10 International Air Congress (1923), 30, 185 Irish Free State, 165, 305 Irish Institute of Chemistry, 166 Joint Advisory committee with the Institute of Physics re Gas Ex-aminers, 4, 11 Laboratory Equipment, 152 Law affecting Chemists, 68 Lectures and Library Committee, 4, 6, 59, 100, 124, 185 Leeds Area Section, 37, 118, 269,306 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittees, 4,7, 74, 75, 153, 154, 224, 265 Library, 4, 20, 125, 145, 217, 259, 292, 360 Liverpool and North-Western Sec-tion, 38, 120, 169, 227 Local Sections, 12, 31, 113, 163,227, 267, 303, 355 London and South-Eastern Coun- ties Section, 39, 122, 174,269, 306 Mancheater Section, 46, 122, 275, 307 Meldola Medal, 76, 260, 300 Microscopy, 59 Microchemistry, 361 Milk, 33, 107, 209, 224, 277 Municipal Research Work, 58 National Certificates in Chemistry, 94, 229, 279 Newcrcstle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast Section, 122, 176, 310 Nominations, Examinations and In-stitutions Committee, 4, 7, 74 Nomination of General Members of Council, 352 North Eastem District Executive Committee, 311 Notes, 58, 124, 234, 276, 312 Notices, 68, 144, 217, 256, 291, 349 Obituary, 60,135,194,248,278,316Officers and Council, 73 Official Chemical Appointments,218 Organisation, Chemical, 39 Pasteur Centenary, 182, 225 Pan Pacific Scientific Congress, 183 Patents, 153, 224, 265 Pharmacy Bill,150 Photography, Colour, 174 Plant Pigments, 38 Preservation of Ancient Buildings,184 President’s Address, 89 Public Analysts, 154, 198, 208 Public Appointments Committee, 10, 75, 94 Publications Committee (1923-24),2, 10 (1923-24), 72, 74, 148, 222, 262 Publications of the Institute, 222 Publicity, 151 Railway Fares :Members of Council, 150 Register, 3, 11, 63, 74, 80, 99, 111, 140, 214, 251, 344 Regulations, 8, 150 Report of the council,!3 Roll of Institute, 3 Royal Microscopical Society, 277, 350 Sale of Food and Drugs Act (1899),208, 269 Sampiing, 37 Sand-lime Bricks; Portland Blast Furnace Cement, 225 Science Museum, South Kensing- ton, 153 Soci6t6 de Chimie Industrielle), 236 Soci6t6 d’Encouragement pour 1’In- dustrie Nationale, 234 South Wales Section, 47, 124, 181, 311 Special Purposes Committee, 4, 11, 75 Steam Engine and Boiler Trials, 30 Students’ Association (London), 66, 128, 220, 234, 355 Teachers in Technical Institutions, 301 Therm Charges Committee, 109 The Title “Chemist,” 111, 185 University College, South-West of England, 110 Union Internationale, 162 “Water Right Cmes,” 308

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9234700357

出版商:RSC    

年代:1923

数据来源: RSC