THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1886 Patron -H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART VI: 1942 Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1 Decembsr, 1942. Publications Committee, 1942-43 F. P. Dunn (Chairwzan), J. J. Fox (Pvesident), A. L. Bacharach, H. Baines, F. Challenger, J. W. Cook, D. Jordan-Lloyd, J. R. Nicholls, Sir Robert Pickard and Garfield Thomas. Correspondence should nornzdly be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I ; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.u.Telephone number: Hillside 1859. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Co-operation Fellows and Associates who wish to participate in the scheme under which they can acquire, for a reduced subscription, joint membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and substantial privileges as to publications, can obtain particulars from the Conjoint Chemical Office, 6, Burlington Gardens, Piccadilly, London, W.I.Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 20th November, 1942.-In answer to the enquiry whether approved courses in science and engineering might be accepted in lieu of at least part of the classes and parades of the Air Training Corps, the Council received a reply to the effect that young men on becoming eligible for service could only be considered for pound duty in the Royal Air Force if they had received training in the A.T.C., and that it would not be practicable to accept certificates of attendance at approved courses in science and engineering in lieu of service in the A.T.C., as the latter service was regarded as furnishing recruits with a Service background as well as training in appropriate Air Force trades.Where a man wished to enter for flying duties there was no restriction and he was not required to be a member of the A.T.C. (In a subsequent letter, however, the Director of Manning, Air Mirlistry, stated that, in certain places, technical colleges and other educational institutions had been asked to provide classes in particular subjects in the A.T.C. syllabus for cadets, and where this had been done, attendance at such classes was allowed to count in lieu of A.T.C. parades for grants and for other purposes; also where boys were covering some of the A.T.C. syllabus in the course of their ordinary education, it had been agreed that it was unnecessary for them to duplicate the work as part of their A.T.C. instruction, but, in this, attendance did not count for the grafit; the number of hours required to earn A.T.C. grant must be cal- culated apart from such classes.Incidentally, youths of 17 who have voluntarily enrolled in the Home Guard and wish to join the A.T.C., must secure release through the Home Guard Commanding Officers.) The Council decided to intimate to the appropriate authorities that chemists with the Allied Forces now in this country would be welcomed at meetings .of the Institute, both in London and at Local Sections. The Council felt sure that the Local Sections would concur in the proposal and directed that they be informed accordingly. It was reported that Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Mr. A. A. Eldridge and Sir Robert Pickard had consented to attend, as representatives of the Institute, a meeting to be held at the Board of Education on 24th November, to receive information regarding the findings of the Com- mittee of the Board on Curriculum and Examinatiom for Secondary Schools.It was referred to the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee to revise the schedule of languages specified in the Regulations relating to Approved Preliminary Examinations for the registration of Students of the Institute. Mr. A. L. Bacharach and Mr. F. P. Dunn were appointed as represen-tatives of the Council on a Special Committee of the Chemical Council appointed to consider and report upon the question of .promoting in- creased membership in the co-ordinated bodies,- the Chemical Society, the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry.The Chemical Council, having reported that Dr. H. A. Tempany had c 247 1 completed three years’ service as representative of the Institute, the Council appointed Mr. A. L. Bacharach to the vacancy, and expressed thanks to Dr. Tempany for his services. A letter was received from the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section informing the Council that a Sub-committee of the Section had conferred with Professor James Kendall, F.R.S., of the University of Edinburgh, with a view to organising “Revisal Courses” for chemists in the district, to be held at the University as soon as possible after the war. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Vice-president, was reappointed to represent the Institute on the Poisons Board, in accordance with the Second Schedule of the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933, and the thanks of the Council were accorded to Dr.Roche Lynch for his past services. A letter was, received from the Royal Society stating that the term of office of Sir Robert Pickard as representative of the Institute on the National Committee for Chemistry would be completed on 31st December, 1942. The Council was asked to appoint a representative to serve for a period of six years beginning 1st January, 1943. Professor J. W. Cook was appointed to succeed Sir Robert Pickard, to whom the thanks of the Council were accorded for his services. A letter was received from the Science Masters’ Association stating that a Standing Committee had been set up for co-ordination and guidance in the teaching of physics, and it was decided to set up a similar Com- mittee to discuss problems of chemistry teaching.The Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry were being asked whether they would be willing to form a Joint Committee which would later get into touch with the Examining Bodies and the Universities. The Council decided that it would be willing to co-operate in the proposal if the Association would suggest an appropriate number of representatives for appointment to the Committee. A letter was received from the Medical Officer of Health of the Cor- poration of Glasgow on the subject of the Freezing Point (Hortvet Test) in the examination of milk samples. The Council felt that, although the Institute was interested in the matter, it was one more essentially for the Society of Public Analysts.It was decided, therefore, to ask the Society to inform the Institute of any report proposed to be made by the Society before it was transmitted to the Medical Officer of Health, Glasgow. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. On the recommendation of the Finance and House Committee, the Council decided to make a donation of EIOOto the Bureau of Chemical Abstracts. On the Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, the Council decided that candidates applying for registration as Students of the Institute, who are serving with the Forces and for that reason are unable to continue a recognised course of study, should receive favourable consideration, provided that their applications are supported by the heads of the Chemistry Departments of the recognised Colleges at which they were previously studying.The Council gave preliminary consideration to suggested revised By- laws submitted by the Special Committee on the Constitution of and Method of Election to the Council. c 248 1 Local Sections The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read OY in speeches delivered during discussions. Belfast and District.-A meeting of the Belfast and District Section of the Institute of Chemistry was held in the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast, on 16th October, 1942. Arising from the minutes of the last meeting it was reported that no further action had been taken by the Ministry of Commerce towards education of consumers in efficiency in the use of fuel since the meeting arranged at the request of the Mines Department in February for that purpose; nor had the resolution, passed at the meeting of the Section in March, recommending appointment of a staff of fuel technologists for the instruction of consumers, had any result.It was decided to write to the Ministry of Commerce again pointing out the necessity of taking steps to implement the suggestions for fuel economy. The Chairman, Dr. M. H. Hall, then opened a discussion on “The Future Policy of the Institute.” He said that the Institute, when founded, fulfilled adequately the needs of the chemical profession- mainly confined to academic and public analytical spheres, at that time- as a registering and examining body.Since then the scope of chemistry had enormously enlarged, and now probably not more than one-third of those earning their living by chemistry were members of the Institute, and one-third were not members of any of the chemical bodies. Further-more, the functions of the Institute as an examining body had been largely superseded by the Universities. Accordingly it would appear that if the Institute were to continue to be a dominant factor in the chemical world, certain alterations in policy and outlook were required. The present system of a multiplicity of chemical bodies did not permit the profession to present a unified front to the public, with the result that national and public appreciation of the chemist and his work was inclinded to be undirected and incomplete.Furthermore, the abilities of the chemist were not utilised to the best advantage, and in many cases the remuneration was not adequate. It was considered that a Central Body which would deal with all professional matters, such as registration, organisation, legal affairs- with special reference to conditions of employment-benevolent fund, and publicity, and had subsidiary associated groups representing the various sub-divisions of chemistry for publication, meetings, etc., would fulfil more adequately the requirements of the profession to-day. A start in this direction had been made by the co-ordination of the three principal bodies for purposes of publication, but this step required much greater amplifica- tion.Union of the main chemical bodies in this manner would enable the profession to speak with one voice and would enable full representation to be obtained in matters of national.importance. The Central Body should [ 249 3 be able to coordinate research, which at present was inclined to be random in direction and, by representing the profession in government circles, should enable more generous funds for research to be provided. As regards the stages of union, it would appear that the functions of the Institute and the British Association of Chemists were .largely comple- mentary and that an excellent start could be made by the union of these two bodies.The main publishing bodies, such as the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, etc. ,whilst having full representation on the Council of the Central Body, could assume the functions of the associated groups and be responsible for all publications in close con- junction with the Central Body. Many members, including Dr. W. Honneyman, Mr. D. A. Derrett-Smith, Dr. E. M. Reid and Mr. R. V. Manning, took part in the discussion which followed. It was decided that members should embody their ideas in resolutions which could be brought before a further meeting for discussion and then submitted to the Council. Birmingham and Midlands.-On 18th November, Dr. A. G. R. Whitehouse, Staff Chemist of the West Midland Forensic Science Labora- tory, Birmingham, gave a lecture on “Forensic Science and the Chemist” (P-265).Bristol and South-Western.-At a meeting of the Section , held at the University of Bristol, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society, on 12th November, Mr. A. Sanders, Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, presided, and a paper on “The Long Ashton Contribution to the Utilisation of Surplus Fruit and Vegetables,,’ was read by Mr. V. L. S. Charley. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides, and a variety 3f the products, resulting -from the activities of the Long Ashton Research Station, was exhibited. A meeting of the Section was held on 3rd December, in the Chemical Department of the University of Bristol, jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical.Industry, the Chemical Society and the Institution of Chemical Engineers. Mr. A. Sanders, Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Soeiety of Chemical Industry, presided. A paper on “The Production of Concentrated Nitric Acid ” was given by Mr. A. H. Manning, and a paper on “Computations on the Denitration of Aqueous Mixtures of Sulphuric and Nitric Acids with Steam” was given by Dr. G. E. Stephenson. Cardiff and District.-A meeting of the Section together with the Chemical Society and the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 14th November, 1942, at the University College, Cardiff.The chair was taken by Mr. S. Dixon. Professor 1-1. W. Melville, F.R.S., gave a lecture on “The Mechanism of Polymerisation.” (p. 263.) [ 250 1 Dublin.-Mr. J. W. Parkes presided at ‘a meeting held in Trinity College, Dciblin, on 28th October, when Dr. J. Havelock Nelson gave an account of experimental work carried out in collaboration with Professor Bigger on the growth of coliform bacilli in distilled water. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Section has held three meetings jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and local Fellows of the Chemical Society. On 24th September, the President, Dr. J. J. Fox, gave a short lecture on “Methods in Use for Infra-red Investigations,” followed by some remarks on the future policy of the Institute.Qn 10th October, Dr. G. Gee, of the British Rubber Growers Research Association, lectured on “Fundamental Factors Governing Oil Absorption in Rubber,” and on 1st December, Professor J. Monteath Robertson, G ardiner Professor of Chemistry in the University of Glasgow, spoke on “Molecules and Crystals.” Members of the Section are reminded that the Annual General Meeting will be held in the North Eritish Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on Friday, 8th January, 1943,at 7 p.m. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section took place in Glasgow on 30th October, Professor W. M. Cumming presiding. The Reports of the Honorary Treasurer and Honorary Secretary were received and adopted.An appeal was made for more generous and widespread support of the Benevolent Fund. The Chairman made reference to the loss the Section and the pro- fession had sustained by the death of Professor G. G. Henderson, and asked the members to stand in silence as a token of respect. The decision, taken at a previous General Meeting, that during the war the Office-bearers and Committee should not be changed was unani- mously reaffirmed. Following on the above business, members were asked to discuss the points regarding the policy of the Tnstitute mentioned by the President, Dr. J. J. Fox, in his address to the Section in September. The discussion was opened by Professor J. W. Cook, District Member of Council, who gave a clear and concise account of the present position as to (a) Council representation, (b) closer union among the three char- tered societies and others, (c) third grade of membership.He reported that progress made on the first question had been considerable and that it was probable that all members might soon be given an opportunity to discuss and criticise the proposals of the Sub-Committee on this matter. As to closer union among the societies, there had also been progress but much remained to be done, and constructive suggestions would always be welcomed by Council. On the question of a third grade of membership, Professor Cook said there were various opinions and the matter seemed to be a.very controversial one. At the conclusion of Professor Cook’s remarks the Chairman declared the discussion open and suggested that the last question should be taken first, il2Fi11 Many members voiced their opinions, and from the views expressed it was obvious that considerable thought had been given to the question.The remark made by Professor Cook about the difficulty of answering it was fully justified. A vote was ultimately taken on the advisability of opening a third grade of membership and, although it was actually against such a move, the number voting was so small that it was un- animously agreed that it could-not be recorded as a vote of the Section. As it seemed likely that fuller information on the questions of “Council” and of “Union” would shortly be made available to members, only a brief discussion on these took place.Several members, however, asked for information as to the reactions of other Sections and of Council to the question of making Associates eligible for election to Council, this being a matter about which the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section had unanimously passed a resdution early in the present year. Since no precise information was available the Secretary was in-structed to seek it from the Registrar. The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to Professor Cook for his summary of the present position. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held on 29th Sep- tember in Field’s Caf6, Huddersfield, Dr. J. W. Whitaker presiding. Mr. A. L. Bacharach gave a talk entitled “Some Aspects of Nutrition in War- time.” On 30th October a meeting, to which local members of the British Association of Chemists were invited, was held at the Technical College, Huddersfield, under the chairmanship of Dr.J. W. Whitaker. A sound film of the oil industry was shown and was followed by a lecture by Dr. A. E. Dunston, entitled “The Chemist in the Oil Industry.” Leeds Area.-At the Annual General Meeting, held at the University of Leeds on the 9th November, the Section welcomed the President, Dr. J. J. Fox. Professor F. Challenger, Chairman of the Section, presided. The Financial Statement was received and adopted. Messrs. J. H. Bendle, H. Hollis, E. G. Raynes and Dr. F. R. Goss were elected to the Com- mittee, and Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A.Woodmansey were re-elected as Hon. Auditors. The President spoke on the various important questions of policy which are now engaging the attention of Council. These were of two kinds-those concerned with the domestic affairs of the Institute and those affecting its relations with the public and with outside bodies. Under the first heading came the question of the constitution of the Council. Many people thought that the Council was too large, but if proper local representation were to be accorded he did not think that this would prove to be the case. He personally favoured the creation of a larger number of Sections with sectional or regional representation. He wished to learn the views of the younger men on the question of the eligibility of Associates for election to the Council.[ 252 1 As regards external relations, it was to be emphasised that the Institute’s qualification represented a high standard of professional attainment from which it would not depart, and it was important to make this clear publicly. The minimum standard laid down by Statutory Order for registration with the Chemical Section of the Central Register was too low for acceptance by the Institute. It was not possible for the Institute to include those who do not conform to its standard, but there was no desire to interfere with any organisation that did so. The desirability of establishing a third grade of membership was an open question on which he was trying to find the opinions of members. He was greatly concerned about the future of the very large numbers of partially trained young people who were now doing excellent routine work in chemical laboratories, and they might well present a serious problem after the war.We could not contemplate these young people being thrown overboard in happier times: although the Institute could not assume responsibility for their future, it would doubtless be very glad to lend a hand in dealing with the problem. He was glad to be able to inform the Section that the Institute had co-operated with the Institute of Physics and representatives of other sciences in the formation of a Joint Council charged with the duty of maintaining the status and promulgating the views of professionally qualified scientists.This step constituted a most important advance. The Chairman emphasised that the Institute was fundamentally democratic in its working and kept in close touch with the trend of opinions and events. Mr. Mackey thought it important that the chemist should get some training which would help him to deal with members of the public. He sometimes suffered by being confined too closely to the laboratory and so shut off from contact with men and affairs. The Institute’s Register should be in every public library along with the Law List and the Medical Register. He feared that after the war the Institute might be swamped by those who were essentially employees and considered that it should watch the interests of the man who does not wish to be an employee.Dr. Baker asked whether it were not practicable to obtain a statutory definition of the term “chemist .” Mr. Hopkinson considered that the position of the chemist should be legally defined and that there should be a guaranteed minimum salary. Mr. Manley supported a wider cirtulation of the Register and thought that the letters F.I.C. conveyed very little to the public. He supported the suggestion of a grade of “Associate Members.” Mr. McLellan pointed out that the analogy frequently drawn between the professions of chemistry, medicine and law was false. The medical man and the lawyer carried a direct responsibility for the bodily and material welfare of human beings; the chemist in general carried no similar responsibility to human beings; the closest analogy was with the engineer.He emphasised that the welfare of society depends upon the people who put more into it than they get out. L253 1 Ah-. Butterworth questioned whether the Institute was in effect democratic and considered that it must shoulder the responsibility of the par tly-trained people. Replying, Dr. Fox agreed that chemists should be more known outside chemistry and should show in their sociai contacts that they were in every respect the equal of mer, of business and of other professions. The Institute contained employers as well as employees and was therefore concerned with both. It was a very difficult matter to define what constituted a chemist or employment as a chemist. He thought that it should be possible to sub-divide those on the Central Register into chemists (meaning those whose qualifications were accepted by the Institute) and technicians.It was most important that the chemist should realise that it was his duty to join his professional organisation for the sake of what he could put into it and not solely for what he could get out of it. When considering salaries, it was important to assess fairly the value of the work done and to recognise that in this respect pure routine work could riot rank highly, but should of course be fairly paid for. The Institute’s methods of promoting the financial welfare of its members were not publicly obtrusive, but a very great deal was done for individuals in ways that were quiet but effective.The Institute and its contacts were at all times at the service of any member who wished to make use of them. If, as has been suggested, the Institute was not effectively democratic, then it was the duty of the members to see that it was so. The difficulties of securing executive action on reports were not confined to chemistry; the scientist in general was not in his view given enough executive power, but there were definite signs that this was changing. The President was warmly thanked for his stimulating address and for the wider view of the Institute’s activities which the members had gleaned from his visit. Liverpool and North-Western.-A special meeting of the Section was held on roth September, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool, M‘r.H. Humphreys Jones in the chair, for a discussion on “The Future Policy of the Institute. ” Mr. L. V. Cocks (District Member of Council) said that the com-paratively small size of the meeting and the few communications received from those unable to attend suggested that many members either accepted the present position as satisfactory or were willing to allow others to speak for them. He felt that Council was hampered in making decisions by not having before them the views of the average chemist which so easily could be contributed through the Local Sections to enable the Council to weigh the pros and cons. Some action appeared to be necessary. Communications received between April and August in reply to his request, referred to :-I.Compulsory registration was favoured by many, but the Institute was not the body to undertake it. 11. The formation of a new as3ociation was advocated by some. 111. There was no real demand for a third grade of Institute membership. E 264 3 Mr. P. N. Williams (Fellow) ,in a written communication, considered three points:-I. Many younger chemists wanted an organisation capable of exerting economic pressure like trade unions. 11. The fact that so many chemists on the Central Register were in neither the Institute nor the British Association ol Chemists. 111. The desirability of centralising the administration of the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Chemistry under one Secretary.He held that it was impracticable for a qualifying body to be a trade union and the economic gain was problematical; apathy on the part of chemists was responsible for I1 and attempts to remedy it directly would probably prove disappointing. He was very strongly in favour of 111, holding that it would greatly strengthen the prdfession and the Institute itself. Mr. H. R. Jensen (Fellow) made some strong criticism of certain aspects of the Institute. Our organisation, he said, is neither scientific nor logical. There is little enthusiasm for the Institute, and it is not sustained, younger chemists receiving little help in improving their status. He quite failed to understand the reasons for excluding Associates from membership of Council, the present constitution of which he con- sidered cumbrous and expensive, the ratio of Council members to total membership comparing very unfavourably with that existing in Local Government organisations.The present system of nomination was bad and contributed to inertia; he preferred open nomination in con- junction with a ballot. The value of a referendum was recognised by the Institute of Public Opinion. A scientific voting system was required, and so, too, was a delegated inner Council. The inadequacy of the Benevolent Fund was regrettable, yet the Institute could devote some three per cent. of its gross revenue to staff superannuation. On the educational side he pleaded for a development of refresher courses for all chemists, an expansion of industrial research fellowships subsidised by firms, and more flexibility in undergraduate courses.The true value of scientific work could only be shown with the aid of popular exposition. Mr. G. H. Turner (Fellow) advocated compulsory registration of all chemists because it would benefit the community, the profession and the individual. He considered that the Institute was not the body to effect the registration (advocating the formation of an outside chemical council for this purpose) arid opposed the formation of a third category of members. Mr. E. Gabriel Jones (Fellow) also supported the idea of registering all chemists, because an authoritative body in control would be needed after the war, when it appeared that trade unions and employers’ federa- tions would have greatly increased powers.Registration would also ensure that those requiring competent chemists would get them. In his view the Institute should be the registering body or should at least make the first move. It was a responsible body, for the Government consulted it for information on chemical matters. He considered the idea of fusion of existing societies useless; some of them include non-chemists in their membership. Would it be possible for the Universities to make it a I266 1 condition that members of their staffs must be members of the Institute, He preferred to retain Council membership exclusively for Fellows. Dr. R. A. Morton (Fellow) said that there were two competing concepts of the Institute, one static and the other (potentially) very dynamic.There was value in the static attitude which led the Institute to give advice but not to proffer it. The present method of selecting Council favoured the static policy and members should ask themselves if they were prepared to take the risks of reversing policy; it was for the Sections to decide. Some discussion on registration followed, it being urged that the Central Register constituted registration of all chemists and that further action was unnecessary and would bring no additional benefits. Mr. B. D. W. Luff pointed out that compulsory registration with the object of barring unregistered chemists from practising would need an Act of Parliament and the necessity for such a course of action would have to be made quite clear.A number of other members also spoke. Finally the following resolutions were put to the meeting: I. I That this meeting is in favour of registration of’the profession by tile profes- sion and for the profession. (Carried with one dissentient.) 11. That this meeting considers that Associates should be eligible for election to Council. (Carried with three dissentients.) 111. That this meeting considers that the institution of an Intermediate Examination is desirable. (Rejected with only two supporters.) IV. That this meeting proposes that a third category of Members of the Institute be not formed. (Carried by fourteen votes to seven.) V. That modernisation of the Council is essential, and that a radical reform of the selection of candidates and the system of voting should be undertaken.(Carriedby fifteen votes to two.) The first Joint Meeting of the Session, opening the programme ar-ranged by the Chemical Societies of Merseyside, was held (under the auspices of the Liverpool Section of the British Association of Chemists) at the Adelphi Hotel, Liverpool, on ~7th September. In the unavoidable absence of Dr. A. E. Dunstan, who was to have spoken on “The Chemistry of Petroleum,” members of the Association constituted themselves a “Brains Trust” and answered questions, mainly on professional matters, put by the audience. The second Joint Meeting was held (with the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry as hosts) at the Adelphi Hotel, Liverpool, on a3rd October, when Mr.A. E. Findley (Head of the Chemistry Depart- ment, City of Liverpool Technical College) was installed as Chairman for the Session, and gave an address entitled “Some Reflections on the Training of Chemists in Industry.” Mr. Findley discussed a number of papers by Dr. A. E. Rudge and found much to approve in them but disagreed with the statement that “the present system of training industrial chemists is unsatisfactory.” He compared conditions relating to the supply and training of young chemists in Liverpool with those in other areas, and paid a tribute to the efficiency of the methods employed by local chemical industries in the [ 266 1 selection of candidates for training.Commenting on the probability of young chemists attaining qualified status, he pointed out that the majority of failures occurred in the pre-Intermediate Science or Ordinary National Certificate stage ; beyond this the percentage achieving success was good. A classification of chemists was made in relation to the type of work carried out and the desirability of facilitating passage to the higher grade was emphasised. Young chemists showed great determina- tion and perseverance in the endeavour to make this type of progress. The substitution of day classes for evening classes, a change necessitated by war conditions and one which the whole-hearted co-operation of chemical firms in the district had made possible, was surveyed, and a plea put forward for a continuance of the system after the war.The third Joint Meeting of the Chemical Societies of Liverpool was held on zIst November, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool, under the auspices of the Institute, with Mr. H. Humphreys Jones in the Chair pro tern. Dr. R. A. Morton, who was installed as Chairman for the Session for the ensuing session, gave an address entitled “Chemical Education in the Post-War Period. ” London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on 18th November. The honorary officers and members of the Committee for the coming year were elected as follows :-Chairman, Dr. J. Grant ; Vice-Chairmen, Dr. G. L. Riddell, Mr. S. J. Johnstone; Treasurer, Dr.H. Baines; Secretary, Mr. E. Q. Laws. Committee :Mr. A.L. Bacharach, Dr. M. P. Balfe, Mr. C. W. Davies,,Mr. R. B. Drew, Dr. J. Fife, Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths, Dr. D. W. Kent- Jones, Mr. T. McLachlan, Mr. D. D. Moir, Mr. S. G. E. Stevens, Mr. S. G. Stevenson, Mr. T. B. Wilton (Fellows), Dr. A. Barly, Mr. J. Stewart Cook, Dr. A. J. Jinkings, Mr. W. C. Peck, Mr. H. E. C. Powers and Mr. L. W. Ragg (Associates). The Hon. Auditors, Messrs. C. L. Claremont and P. Bilham were re-elected and Dr. Griffiths was re-appointed to look after the Benevolent Fund. After the business of the meeting Dr. J. R. Nicholls gave an address on “Adulteration through the Ages.” (p. 266.) Manchester and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 17th October, at the University, Manchester.The following new members of. committee were elected :-Messrs. S. R. Rest, J. T. Marsh, G. D. Elsdon, F. Scholefield, and G. Spencer. Dr. Maiden and Mr. R. M. Gray were elected Hon. Auditors. A vote of thanks was passed to the retiring Auditors, Messrs. H. H. Stocks and L. Thompson. The Chairman, Dr. Hunter, then made a presentation of a cheque subscribed by members of the Section to Dr. Albert Coulthard, in ap- preciation of his long service to the Section. He paid a warm tribute to the splendid service Dr. Coulthard had given the section over nearly seventeen years. [ 267 ] In his reply, Dr. Coulthard, after expressing his thanks and apprecia- tion to the Chairman, Honorary Secretary, and Members present, for the honour they had done to him in making the presentation, referred to the early days of the Manchester Section. He believed it was the first Section to be formed, and its formation was largely due to the activities of a band of stalwarts, including Mr.W. D. Rogers, Dr. G. D. Elsdon, Mr. S. E. Melling, Mr. J. H. Lester, and others who had since passed away. They felt it fulfilled the need for a closer touch between the Institute’s Head- quarters in London and its members in the provinces. The Institute for a long period had been largely the preserve of the Public Analyst, but after the Council had decided, during the later years of the last Great War, to admit as Associates and Fellows, without the usual examinations, graduates with high honours in chemistry and others, less academic but well trained in chemistry, who held responsible posts in industry, some changes were inevitable.Many of the old members of the Institute in the Manchester District who had attained the Associate- ship by examination did not take kindly to the new ruling and did their utmost to cause it to be rescinded, but without success. Their activities, however, led to the formation of Local Sections and on 4th October, 1918, the inaugural meeting of the Manchester Section was held in the rooms of the “Chemical Club,” Victoria Hotel, and was attended by the Registrar who addressed the meeting. Dr. Coulthard read the minutes of this meeting and the names of the first committee:-Messrs. F.W. Atack, W. Marshall, S. E. Melling, E. L. Rhead, S. G. Rawson, F. Robinson, A. K. Miller, J. H. Lester, and L. E. Vlies, with Mr. J. Grant as the first Chairman and Mr. D. Cardwell as the first Honorary Secretary. It was interesting to note that no less than four of these committee members subsequently held the post of Chairman, including Mr. S. E. Melling, 1923-1925, Mr. W. D. Rogers, 1929-1931, and Mr. J. H. Lester, 1931-1933-Subjects discussed in the earlier days of the Section included:- Ways and means of raising the Profession of Chemistry: Agreements for Chemists; Training of youths for Chemical Works; Regulations for the election of Council; Proposal to form a Branch of the Institute to deal with the Economic Interests of Chemists; Proposal (in conjunction with the Liverpool Section), to close the Chemical Profession and set up a Register; Establishment of a Benevolent Fund (1920); Per Capitiz grant to Local Sections; and Patent Law.Several of the suggestions put forth at this period had been taken up and adopted by the Institute. Discussion on the formation of a Register was active during the period 1920--1925, and in 1925 the views of the Manchester and Liverpool Sections were admirably summarised in a statement drawn up by Mr. F. Scholefield. This was printed and copies were sent to all Sections asking for their support. Arising out of this was the appointment by the Council of a sub-committee on Registration, which, Dr. Coulthard believed, was r 268 1 still in existence-but Registration of Chemists still remained a pious hope. From 1925 onwards a definite programme of meetings was drawn up; the Section had the privilege of hearing such distinguished speakers as Prof.H. E. Armstrong, Prof. J. B. Cohen (“Air Pollution”), Prof. E. C. C. Baly (“Light and Life”), Prof. A. G. Green (“Principles of Chemo-therapy ”) , Sir John Russell (“ Chemistry and Modern Farming”), Prof. Arthur Harden (“Alcoholic Fermentation ”), and many others. Gradually a little more attention was given to the social needs of chemists and of their ladies. The Honorary Secretary had often been informed that “Chemists don’t dance,” but when, in December, 1927, a Dance with Cabaret was arranged at the Grand Hotel, during the Chair- manship of Dr.Levinstein, it was difficult to get a room large enough to entertain the number of applicants. Every year, from 1928 to 1939, a very successful Annual Dance and Cabaret was held at “The Manchester Ltd.,” and attended by many distinguished guests. The holding of a Summer Meeting (Picnic) was suggested as far back as 1921; but it was not until June, 1929, that the first of these meetings was held at “The Rising Sun,” Hope. Many others followed, the success of which was largely due to the fact that members attending offered seats in their cars to other members, so that no public conveyances were ever necessary. Lawton Hall, Ilam Hall, Manbury Hall, and Hawkstone Park were visited in successive years.In 1929 during the Chairmanship of Mr. W. D. Rogers, a “Students’ Section” was inaugurated and continued until 1935; but owing to the many other calls on the time of the students it gradually languished and ended with the resignation of its Honorary Secretary, Mr. F. Sowerbutts. It was arranged, however, that students should be invited to the meetings of the Section, and should also from time to time be entertained by the committee. Co-operation of the Manchester Scientific Societies had always been regarded favourably by the Institute’s Local Section, and in 1922 arrange-ments were made for an annual lecture to be held under the auspices of the local branches of four societies,-The Institute, The Society of Chemical Industry, The Society of Dyers and Colourists and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.They were joined later by the Chemical Society. Many prominent speakers had addressed the Annual Meeting of this group and a good attendance can always be counted upon. Co-operation was taken a stage further in 1932 by the formation of a “Joint Advisory Committee” composed of the Honorary Secretaries of the above societies together with those of the Institution of the Rubber Industry and the Oil and Colour Chemists. This was largely due to the energy of Mr. H. Clayton, Hon. Secretary of the Oil and Colour Chemists at that time. A joint calendar of meetings was published at the beginning of each session and members of the participating societies were invited to attend the meetings of the others.The Committee is still in existence. An offshoot of it, the “Manchester Chemical Club,” was started in 1935, r 259 1 but, largely owing to the want of a suitable meeting place, lasted only for two years. In the event of the rebuilding of the premises of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society he hoped that it would be possible to provide a home for other Manchester scientific societies, and that the Cllub would be revived, as it was closed with the regret of many of its members. In concluding this short resum6 of events in the Section during his long period of office (16i years), Dr. Coulthard referred to the excellent relations which had always existed between himself and his Chairman as well as with “Russell Square.” He laid down his office with real regret tempered perhaps by a touch of relief; but he felt happy in handing over to Dr.Harper, whose appearance as the right man at the right time seemed to him almost providential. He could assure Dr. Harper that the old tag: “A Secretary gets more kicks than ha’pence,” did not always hold, and that the thanks and appreciation he continuously received more than repaid him for the work. After the Annual General Meeting a joint meeting with the Chemical Society was held in which Dr. G. Baddeley gave a paper on “Aluminium Chloride as an agent of Isomerisation.” On 7th November a joint meeting with the British Association of Chemists was held, at which Dr. J. B. Firth gave a paper entitled “Some Recent Experiences in Science.” Tees-side.-The first meeting of the Tees-side Local Section since its inauguration was held on 2znd October, 1942,at the William Newton Schools, Norton-on-Tees.Dr. G. I. Higson, the Chairman, welcomed the President, Dr. J. J. Fox, who spoke on “The Policy of the Institute and the Future of the Professional Chemist.” The general rules governing the formation of a new Local Section provided that it must be for the further organisation of the Institute and the promotion of its objects, as well as for the maintenance of the interest of the Fellows and Associates in the general welfare of their profession and of the Institute and for the promotion of social intercourse among them. This rule summarised the functions of the Local Sections of the Institute and it was for them to devote their activities to the good of the Institute in their respective districts and to assist the governing body, i.e., the Council of the Institute.They had also their duties towards the general public. Arising out of the compulsory registration of chemists by the Central Register, it seemed that only about 12,000 were attached to one‘or more of the Chartered Chemical bodies: the Institute was not without some responsibility towards the non-members, who number several thousand. The formation of the Chemical Council and its Co-operation Scheme were important steps in the field of collaboration. Co-operation with other bodies whose aims include the organisation of chemists was of course not excluded; the Institute ha.d no quarrel with any other organisation, but it was important to see the Institute in its true light- that of the body [ 260 1 representing professionally qualified chemists.The Institute must not be allowed to lose its individuality among organisations of chemists; the reasons that held good in 1877 for forming the Institute still held good in I94 2. It was the duty of the younger members of the Institute to show that they were members of a live organisation. Changes in the representation on the Council might be necessary. If so, it was for the members of the Institute to express their views to the central body. Possible post-war problems must be considered which might well affect in a large measure the professional chemist, who should regard himself as having responsibilities towards the less qualified, but very necessary, grade of workers who earn their living by the practice of chemistry.Furthermore, in anticipation of these post war problems, the Institute had made an important step in association with the Institute of Physics and representatives of other sciences,-botanists, zoologists, geologists, and mathematicians-in forming a Joint Council to voice the collective opinion of their members on matters of public interest. The members who participated in the discussion included: Dr. J. S. Dunn, Mr. A. Scholes, Dr. A. E. J. Vickers, Mr. K. R. Garrett, Mr. T. Biddulph-Smith, Mr. A. J. Prince, Mr. C.C. Skou, Mr. C. Wilson, Dr. F. Booley, Dr. W. E. Allenby, Dr. G. I. Higson, and Dr. A. R. Martin. South Wales.-Members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, which was held on 28th November in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea, Professor J. E. Coates presiding. Dr. A. C. Monkhouse delivered a lecture entitled “The Alkali Works Regulation Act and its Development.” SUMMARIES OF LECTURES “The Rubber Molecule: its Size and Significance” By DR. G. GEE, MSc. [Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, 18th October, 19421 The purpose of this paper is twofold: (I) to describe how the molecular weights of rubbers have been determined, and (2) to indicate the effects of molecular weight on the properties of raw rubbers and the vulcanisates made from them.(I) Molecular Weight Methods.-The method adopted for the deter- mination of absolute molecular weights depends on measurements of the osmotic pressures of ca I per cent. solutions in a mixed solvent containing benzene (85 per cent. by volume) and methyl alcohol. Although rubber solutions do not obey van’t Hoff’s law, statistical calculations show that [ 261 1 the molecular weight can be calculated by extrapolating T/C to infinite dilution, and applying van’t Hoff’s law to the extrapolated value (n= osmotic pressure, c = concentration). The extrapolation is difficult for most solvents, since n/c varies rapidly with c, but in the solvent selected T/C is almost independent of c up to a concentration of ca z per cent.The values thus obtained are of the order of zoo,ooo to 300,000 for natural rubber, and are believed to be true molecular weights. Argu-ments to the contrary have been advanced by other workers, who claim that benzene does not produce a molecular dispersion of rubber. Camphor has been claimed to be superior in this respect, giving mobile solutions, from whose freezing point a “true” molecular weight of ca 1400 was found for rubber (the Rast method). The lecturer has shown (I) that if oxygen is excluded, solutions of rubber in camphor are highly viscous, and (2) that the freezing points of such solutions cannot be used to calculate the molecular weight of the rubber, since such a procedure involves the assumption of van’t Hoff’s law, which he has shown is not obeyed.The viscosity of a dilute solution of rubber may be used to calculate the molecular weight of the rubber only if the rubber is known to have a linear structure and to be substantially homogeneous. Staudinger’s law, M = KqsD,/c (where M = molec. wt., qsp= specific viscosity, c = con-centration, and K is a constant which is determined by measuring the “osmotic molecular weight ”) rests solely on experiment, since no satis- factory theory of the viscosity of rubber3olutions exists. The lecturer has shown it to hold over a wide range of M, when the above conditions are satisfied. The most valuable use of viscosity measurements is in con- junction with osmotic molecular weights as an indication of the homo- geneity or linearity of a rubber sample. (2) The Efects of Molecular Weight on Properties.-Rubber shows its characteristic elastic behaviour because it possesses a very high molecular weight. The rubber chain is capable of more or less free rotation about the single C-C bonds, and in consequence of thermal motion therefore takes up an ever changing configuration.A “snapshot” of an isolated rubber molecule at any instant is unlikely to reveal the molecule in an extended configuration, and it has been shown that the most probable overall length of the molecule is proportional to the square root of its chain length. If the individual molecule could be forcibly straightened, it would tend, by its normal thermal motion, to retract to a more probable shape.This mechanism of retraction underlies the whole elastic behaviour of rubber, and is essentially a property of its high molecular weight. A piece of rubber can only be elastic if the molecules are held together at certain points, and in raw rubber these points of attachment are believed to consist simply of “entanglements” of the chains. It is evident that the probability of producing entanglements will increase with the molecular weight, and we can therefore understand why only the highest molecular weight rubbers show high tensile strength in the raw state. If the molecular weight is low, the molecules slip bodily past one [ 262 3 another and the rubber shows plastic flow.This phenomenon is the basis of the technical process of “milling,” which consists essentially in a reduction of the molecular weight of the rubber to ca 50,ooo to IOO,OOO. When a high molecular rubber is stretched, the molecules align them- selves, and form a crystal lattice, which contributes notably to the tensile strength of the material. At not too high temperatures (below ca 25” C.) these crystallites are stable and sufficiently strong to prevent the rubber from retracting when the tension is released. On warming a piece of crystalline rubber, a well defined melting point is found, which is inde- pendent of the molecular weight of the rubber. Other properties which are independent of molecular weight are (I) the temperature (about -67” C.) at which rubber ceases to be elastic and changes over to a glassy state, and (2) the vapour pressures of concentrated rubber solutions or gels.This second factor accounts for the failure of the Rast molecular weight method. The properties of vdcanised rubbers depend more on the molecular weights of the raw materials from which they are made than might be expected from the picture of vulcanised rubber as a single giant molecule. A series of vulcanisates made from rubber which had been milled to progressively greater extents show an interesting gradation of properties. The tensile strength and especially the resistance to tearing decrease progressively along the series. The paper seeks to point out the determining role of molecular weight in rubber technology, and suggests a future control of materials and processes by molecular weight determinations. “The Mechanism of Polymerisation” By PROFESSORH.W. MELVILLE, D.Sc.,F.I.C., F.R.S. [Joint meeting of the Chemical Society, the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Cardiff and District Section of the Institute, 14th November, 1942.1 The elucidation of the mechanism of the formation of substances of high molecular weight has gradually been developed as a branch of chemical kinetics and some fairly definite progress has been made. In general high polymers are formed by polycondensation reactions, for example, the interaction of dihydric alcohols and dicarboxylic acids, or by the union of ethylene derivatives into chain-like molecules.The polycondensation type, though of great importance practically ,is rather difficult to study kinetically and not a great deal is known about the precise meachanism of such reactions, except that it is probable that successive addition of molecules of monomer is essentially a series of similar reactions. With ethylene derivatives much more progress has been made because the reaction can be conveniently followed in the liquid and in the gaseous phase and it has turned out that these reactions are formally similar to the so-called chain reactions of ordinary kinetics. Thus a ready-made machinery exists for elucidating their mechanism. r 263 1 Of the ethylene derivatives the vinyl compounds of the general type CH, : CXY are most susceptible to polymerisation.The substituent groups exert a profound influence on the course of the reaction and in a general way it may be said that the more highly polar X or Y. is, the more readily does the polymer form. That the reactions are of the chain type is proved readily by the facts that small amounts of catalyst or of radia-tion suffices to produce large amounts of the polymer whilst all these reactions are readily inhibited by substances which have powerful anti- oxidant characteristics. In these chain reactions the chain carrier is the growing polymer which is in a particularly reactive state such that when it collides with a monomeric molecule addition occurs fairly readily, that is with a small energy of activation.As in ordinary kinetics it is difficult to identify the nature of the active polymer. In reactions induced by the addition of free radicals there is no doubt that the growing polymer is simply a large free radical with a terminal free valency. It may be supposed in polymerisations otherwise catalysed and possessing similar kinetic characteristics that the reactions proceed by way of free radicals. Since reactions such as the photopolymerisation of xhloroprene CH, : C(C1)CH : CH, and of methyl methacrylate exhibit characteristics which are difficult to explain on the free radical mechanism, there must exist at least one other type of mechanism. The most striking of these characteristics is the continued growth of the polymer in the dark.Such long-lived molecules are unique in kinetics. Further, these active mole- cules make possible the building of sandwich-like polymers since, for example, it is possible to grow chloroprene on active centre of poly- methylmethacrylate. The precise nature of the activity is not yet known, but it is probably chemical in nature because it is subject to quite specific chemical destruction. The structure of vinyl polymers has been established in a number of ways. By analogy with the reactions and physical properties of relatively small molecules it appears that the predominating structure is of the head to tail type, for example, polyvinyl alcohol is similar to 1:3 diols X-ray evidence, where available, supports this view; the way in which atoms or groups are removed, e.g.chlorine from polyvinyl chloride, also points in this direction. But there is still need for more sensitive methods of structure determination. Three-dimensional molecules are also of great interest and are in general produced by the addition of divinyl compounds to monovinyl material, the divinyl compound forming the cross link. The trouble is that such 3-dimensional polymers are very difficult to deal with since they cannot be dissolved or orientated mechanically for examination by X-rays. Qualitatively, hQwever, e.g. by observations of swelling in solvents, it is possible to get some idea of the extent of cross linking, but that is about all that can be accomplished at present.“Forensic Science and the Chemist” By A. G. R. WHITEHOUSE,M.Sc., Ph.D. , F.I.C. StaffChemist at the West Midlafzd Foremic Sciepzce Laboratory, Birmingham [Birmingham and Midlands Section , 18th November, 1942.1 Police laboratories have been in existence for some considerable time in certain foreign countries, but in this country it is only comparatively recently that regional forensic science laboratories have been instituted by the Home Office. The objects of these laboratories may be sum- marised as follows: (I) The practical application of scientific aids to police work in the investigation of current crimes; (2)The instruction and training of police officers in this branch of police work; (3) The develop- ment of fresh applications of science to police work by laboratory research.The laboratories are staffed and equipped for pathological, biological, chemical, physical and photographic work. The chemical work carried out covers a wide field, and may be referred to most conveniently, perhaps, under different classes of> crime. Two of the mdst prevalent classes of crime, larceny and “breaking and entering,” bring a more or less regular stream of work to the forensic chemist. Stolen material may be examined to ascertain if it is identical with or different from material from a particular source. Examination of the clothing of the suspected persQn will frequently yield useful evidence, e.g. presence of particles of metal, glass or paint which are found to be identical with material from the scene of the crime.In con- nexion with “breaking and entering,” instruments used for forcing windows, doors, etc., will often be found to bear traces of paint, and the woodwork may show marks corresponding to the shape of the instrument. Where there is any doubt as to the identity of a motor car in a road accident, examination of the clothing of the injured person may reveal particles of glass or paint which will afford useful corroborative evidence. Collision between two road vehicles usually results in paint being trans- ferred from one to the other, and as a result the chemist may be called in to help in the identification of the vehicle concerned. In the examina- tion of small flakes of paint as above-mentioned, the spectrograph is invaluable, and in fact spectrographic analysis is frequently the only method of investigating the very small amount of inaterial available.Poisoning cases constitute a considerable proportion of the work of the forensic chemist, particularly with regard to time, since the extraction of poisons from human viscera cannot be hurried. In general, it is advisable that standard and well-tried methods of analysis should be employed. Cases in which food is suspected of being poisoned are of frequent occurrence, and, although the majority yield negative results, a considerable amount of time has to be spent in carrying out systematic analyses. Criminal abortion involves the chemist in examination of syringes and other instruments, and also in analysis of medicine, pills, etc.In [ 265 3 the latter the presence of reputed abortifacients is of paramount impor- tance. Unfortunately sometimes the medicine in question consists of a mixture of herbal extracts, which it is quite impossible to identify. Counterfeit coining is still practised, although the cases dealt with are not very numerous. The complete outfit of the coiner is often cap- tured by the police, and the chemist is required to give evidence as to the use of all the various tools and equipment. Here again the spectrograph is of great service, both in the rapid analysis of a number of counterfeit coins and of small particles of metal frequently found on the clothing of the coiner.The investigation of cases of suspected arson is another branch of the work of the forensic chemist. Although these cases ,are often of con-siderable importance, they are as a rule the least satisfactory to the chemist. In most instances the material submitted for examination reveals nothing unusual. In a large blaze it is extremely likely that incendiary material will be consumed without leaving any trace, par- ticularly with substances such as petrol or paraffin. In addition to the above, there are a number of cases which do not fall into any of the classes already mentioned. Examples of these are the throwing of corrosive fluid and shooting. The latter usually involves examination of the barrel fouling, and analysis of the bullet or portions of bullet recovered from the body of the injured person.During the war special cases have arisen such as suspected sabotage, material suspected to have been dropped from enemy aircraft, suspected explosive or incendiary substances, and the larceny or illegal use of Government petrol and aviation spirit. Although this is by no means a complete catalogue of the problems that fall to the lot of the forensic chemist, it may suffice perhaps to give some idea of the scope and field for research offered by this branch of chemistry. “Adulteration through the Ages” By DR. J. R. NICHOLLS,Member of Council [London and South-Eastern Counties Section, 18th November, 19421 Adulteration is the wilful addition to an article of any substance or substances, the presence of which is not acknowledged in the description under which the article is sold.Articles are adulterated to increase their weight or bulk, and to improve or change their appearance or flavour in imitation of an article of higher grade or different kind. In ihe limiting case adulteration can be regarded as covering the complete substitution of one article for another. Wilful addition implies addition which could have been avoided and hence covers contamination brought about by lack of care. The term is mainly usedin connexion with foods and drugs but the practice extends to almost all manufactured products and is an inseparable accompaniment of trade competition. I2661 The mere mixing of one thing with another does not, in itself, warrant the term adulteration.The mixing must be coupled with an intention to deceive by passing off the mixed article as if it were unmixed. The intention may not be apparent until some circumstance warrants the inference, such as the sale or exposure for sale of the article. Accidental contamination or impurities unavoidably present, if not due to neglect or lack of reasonable care, are not normally regarded as adulteration unless the impurity is dangerous to health. In this country the only Act which deals directly with adulteration is the Food and Drugs Act. The present Act, that of 1938, prohibits adulteration in words which differ but slightly from those of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, and are based upon definitions of adulterated articles drawn up and approved by the Society of Public Analysts early in 1875, almost the first activity of that Society.The primary object of adulteration is gain by deception. In other words it is simply fraud or obtaining money by false pretences. The Food and Drugs Act will exonerate a retailer who sells an adulterated article if he has obtained a warranty from his supplier that the article conforms with the Act. No such provision exists for goods other than food or drugs; but the Sale of Goods Act requires articles to be suitable for the purpose for which they are sold. Adulteration is more easily detected by trade experts, and is generally sufficiently dealt with by the ordinary laws against fraud.Once adulteration is detected appropriate action can be taken. In some instances careful inspection discloses the fraud, but in others a more detailed form of examination or analysis is required involving scientific knowledge. Until comparatively recent times it was difficult to prove adulteration unless the act was witnessed. At the present day most forms of adulteration can be detected, although it is possible for the skilful sophisticator to be one stage ahead of the analyst. There are still some forms of adulteration which cannot be proved even if suspected; but the number decreases yearly. The first forms of adulteration were almost certainly the production of an increase in weight or size by the inclusion of heavier material. This still obtains to-day where raw material is prepared in a rough state by primitive people and sold by weight or measure.Pieces of metal, stones and bullets have consistently been used for adulterating such things as opium and musk. Water has always been a favourite adulterant and in ancient Babylonia about 3,000 B.C. the sellers of adulterated beer, whether the brewer or his barmaids, could be ducked in water. It was well known as early as 1,000B.C. that cinnabar and minium from certain localities were adulterated. Pliny records that various balsams, particularly Balm of Gilead, were rarely pure. The alloying of gold and silver with baser metals has prevailed since these metals were used for ornaments and coinage. Archimedes about two and a half centuries before Christ employed a physical method, still in use to-day, for detection of the base metal in King Hiero’s crown.L: 267 1 Dioscorides refers to the adulteration of opium with gums and the juices of other plants. In the Middle Ages adulteration reached its highest pitch : bakers, brewers, vintners and spicers were regular offenders. The first legal enactment in this country for the protection of pur- chasers was the “Assize of Bread” in the reign of King John. Various modifications were made until they were finally abolished in 18x5, In the case of meat, “Wardens of the City ” were appointed to act as over- seers. Offenders were punished by the pillory, and sometimes a rope and a loaf of bread were hung round the offender’s neck, or offending carcases were burnt beneath him.‘IIn the sixteenth century ale tasters’’ wearing leather breeches tested beer by pouring it on a wooden seat and sitting upon it till the liquid had evaporated. If there was difficulty in rising it was concluded that sugar or gum had been added; pure malt left no stickiness. In France severe restrictions were placed upon wine and the mere possession of possible adulterants was an offence. In Germany in 1444, several people were burnt alive for selling false saffron. During the eighteenth century several Acts of Parliament dealt with excisable articles such as tea, coffee and beer. Officers of Excise were concerned with adulteration since it affected the Revenue. The advances which were made in chemical, physical, botanical and medical sciences, including the discovery of the microscope, were utilised in the detection of adulteration.In 1757a pamphlet was published, entitled Poison Detected: or Fright-fikl Truths; and alarming to the British Metropolis, which exposed the bad condition of the people’s food. This was followed by others, such as The Natwe of Bread, Honestly and Dishonestly Made, and also by an amusing parody called Lying Detected; or some of the Most Frightful Untruths that ever Alarmed the British Metropolis. In An Essay on Bread; wherein the Bakers and Millers are vindicated from the Aspersiovts con- tained in T-&o Pamphlets, written by H. Jackson, Chemist, in 1758,there appear tests for adulteration on scientific lines.The year 1820 was a landmark in the story of adulteration, for in that year was published A Treatise on the Adulteration of Food and Culinary Poisons, etc., etc. by Dr. F. Accum. In it the author says “it would be difficult to mention a single article of food which is not to be met with in an adulterated state; and there are some substances which are scarcely ever to be procured genuine.” The greatest value of this book was the attention drawn to the dangers from poisoning by metallic compounds either added as colouring matters or introduced accidentally by the use of unsuitable metal utensils. Others who wrote books of a similar nature were Mitchell, Normandy, Chevalier, Garnier and Harel. An anonymous brochure with a long title but generally referred to as Death in the Pot was written in popular style and had a great influence on the public.[ 268 1 Tobacco was an article which was frequently adulterated and on account of loss of Revenue the Excise authorities were much concerned. One of their officers, George Phillips, had in his spare time become pro- ficient in chemistry and in using the microscope, and offered his services for the examination of tobacco. A hundred years ago this year Phillips was given a room for this purpose, and his immediate success demanded an increase in his staff. Later his activities were extended to all excisable materials. This one man and one room eventually became the Inland Revenue Laboratory, Somerset House, which was subsequently con-stituted into a separate Department known as the Department of Government Chemist.Its activities now extend to work for all Govern- ment departments, but the original objects for which it was founded’one hundred years ago still form an important part of its work. In 1850, the Lancet established “The Lancet Sanitary Commission ” to institute an extensive series of investigations into the condition of various articles of diet supplied to the people. A leading spirit of the Commission was Dr. Hassall who did much experimental work in this connexion, his reports being published in the Lancet. In 1855, Hassall published Food and its Adulteration Comfrisingthe reports of the Analytical Sanitary Commission of the “Lancet” for the years 1851-1854.Later he published other volumes dealing with the detection of adulteration in a wide variety of articles. In many common articles of food he found over 50 per cent. of samples taken were adulterated; in some instances, all. In 1855, a Select Parliamentary Committee was appointed to consider the whole question of the adulteration of food, and evidence was given before it by the most important food experts in the country. As a result of the Committee’s Report the Adulteration of Articles of Food or Drink Act was passed in 1860. This was amended in 1872 but on account of difficulties another Select Committee was appointed in 1874,resulting in the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, which has been the basis of all food legislation in this country and many of its principles remain in the current Food and Drugs Act, 1938.During the early nineteenth century the science of chemistry -had advanced far and by the middle of the century there were many chemists in consulting practice and in the commercial world. Many of these were concerned with food and when Public Analysts were legally recognised in the Acts there were chemists available for such posts. In 1874 the Society of Public Analysts was founded and this gave an enormous stimulus to analytical chemistry in this country. Although at first mainly concerned with foods and drugs the influence of the Society has extended to all branches of analytical chemistry and it has well lived up to its present title of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists.The reports of Public Analysts for the years immediately following the 1875 Act showed that about 20 per cent. of the samples received were adulterated. In 1900the proportion had dropped to just under 10per cent. and in recent years the average is under 5 per cent. When it is r 269 1 remembered that the finding of an adulter,ited sample usually results in an intensive campaign against such articles in several districts, and that inspectors have become familiar with the types of articles liable to be adulterated, it can be seen that the proportion of samples reported against at the present time is an exaggerated measure of adulteration. Looking at the position to-day it is clear that such adulteration as exists is of a relatively minor character.Maniifacturers and retailers endeavour to obtain and retain a high reputation for the quality of their products. Gross adulteration is easy of detection; the profits from small frauds are meagre (except possibly in war time) and are more than counterbalanced by loss of reputation through publicity if legal action is taken. As regards food it may be said that it is of a higher standard of purity to-day than at any stage of our history, due to the efforts of medical officers of health and sanitary inspectors who condemn unsound goods, of public analysts who check adulteration, and of reputable manufacturers who serve the public. Notes Joint Council of Professional Scientists.-For the period of the national emergency a Joint Council of the Institutes of Chemistry and Physics, together with other scientists has been established to voice the collective opinion of their members on matters of public interest, to provide a liaison between professional organisations of scientists ior co- ordinated action in matters of common interest, and, in particular, to concern itself with : the utilisation of scientists to the best advantage in the service of the community; the education , training, supply and employment of scientists; the better understanding of the place of scientists in the community; the maintenance of adequate qualifications and ethical standards among professional scientists ; the supply of information and advice to public and other bodies on matters affecting scientists, Representing the Institute of Chemistry: Dr.J. J. Fox (President), Prof. Alexander Findlay, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., Dr. H. A. Tempany, Mr. R. B. Pilcher (Registrar and Secretary). Repre-senting the Institute of Physics: Prof. Sir Lawrence Bragg, F.R.S. (President), Prof. J.A. Crowther, Mr. E. R. Davies, Dr. B. A. Keen, F.R.S., Dr. H. Lowery, Dr. €3. R. Lang (Secretary). Representing Botanists: Prof. W. Brown, F.R.S. ;representing Zoologists: Prof. D. Keilin, F.R.S. ; representing Mathematicians : Prof. S. Chapman, F.R.S. ; representing Geologists, Prof. H. H. Read, F.R.S. r 270 1 The Committee therefore now represents well over 10,000professional scientists practising in various branches, and in addition some 1500 students in training. Sir Robert Pickard has been appointed Chairman and Dr.H. R. Lang, Honorary Secretary of the Joint Council. Among the matters receiving the Council’s attention are a proposed Central Scientific and Technical Board, the Ministry of Labour’s announce- ment regarding the minimum number of hours per week to be worked, and the continuance of the Central Register in some form after the war. The Joint Council has been established for the period of the National Emergency, but it may form the nucleus of some more permanent or- ganisation to facilitate the close collaboration between professional men and wsmen practising in all branches of science.Communications to the Council should be addressed to Dr. H. R. Lang, Honorary Secretary, The Joint Council of Professional Scientists , c/o The Institute of Physics at the University, Reading, Berks. Royal Society.-With the approval of H.M. the King, the Council of the Royal Society has awarded a Royal Medal to Professor Walter Norman Haworth, F.R.S., Nobel Laureate, for his fundamental contribu- tions to organic chemistry, particularly to the constitution of the sugars and the structure of complex polysaccharides. The Copley Medal has been awarded to Sir Robert Robinson, F.R.S., Fellow, for research of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry. The Davy Medal has been awarded to Professor Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, F.R.S., for his distinguished work on the mechanism of chemical reactions.Professor Frederic Horace Garner, Fellow, has been appointed to the Chair of Oil Engineering and Refining in the University of Birmingham. Professor J. L. Simonson, F.R.S., Fellow, has been appointed Director of Colonial Products Research under the Colonial Office. Dr. David Spence, Fellow, has been appointed Chief Technical Adviser to the Committee on Rubber in the War Production Bureau, Washington, U.S.A. Cheap Day Tickets for Students.-On 17th November, in the House of Commons, Sir Ernest Graham Little asked the President of the Board of Education whether, in view of the withdrawal of cheap day return tickets and the consequent hardship to students attending part- time courses, he would arrange for some remission of fees to compensate for the extra charge of travel.Mr. Butler, in reply, said that he was aware of the hardship caused to- certain part-time students by the withdrawal of cheap day return tickets, r 271 I and he was asking the local educational authorities to consider giving assistance, where necessary, either by remission of fees in whole or in part, or by some payment towards travelling expenses. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-At a meeting held at the Institute on Friday, 27th November, the President reminded the Fellows and Associates that the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture was given to preserve the memory of Frederick William Streatfeild, who was engaged in the training of chemists at Finsbury Technical College for nearly 35 years.Streatfeild so much endeared himself to his students that, on his death in 1918,they instituted this lecture in his honour. Many well-known chemists had contributed to the series, which since 1926 had been delivered under the auspices of the Institute. The President then called upon Mr. Russell G. Pelly, Fellow, an Old Finsbury student, previously on the staff of the Imperial Institute, but for the past fifteen years Chemist to the Southend Waterworks Co., to give a lecture entitled “Some Notes on Water Treatment.” (The lecture is being prepared for publication as a separate monograph.) At the conclusion, Mr. Pelly recalled that a party from the London and South-Eastern Counties Section had visited the Southend Waterworks in 1936, and expressed the hope that the visit would be repeated. The President said that he had to express regret on behalf of the Governors of the City and Guilds of London Institute that, owing to the Government restriction, they were unable to present the Streatfeild Medal to the lecturer. He believed that it would be struck and presented to Mr.Pelly in due course. For the present, he had pleasure in handing Mr. Pelly a photograph of Streatfeild as a very slight souvenir of the occasion. In moving a vote of thanks to the lecturer, Mr. J. H. Coste said that the institution of the Streatfeild Lecture was mainly due to the late Sir Gilbert Morgan. Mr.Pelly’s lecture was a worthy and valuable contribution to the series. Mr. E. M. Hawkins, in seconding the motion, endorsed Mr. Coste’s remarks. He said that he had visited the Southend Waterworks and strongly advised members to take advantage of Mr. Pelly’s invitation. Laboratory Precautions.-Few particulars have been received in recent times of accidents occurring in laboratories, suitable for publication in the series of leaflets under the above title, published by the Institute before the war. Most chemists are well aware of the dangers of peroxides, but the following report of an accident may be of interest:- A violent reaction occurred during the preparation of a sodium hydroxide-sodium peroxide fusion mixture, resulting in projection of the fused mixture several feet.The operator fortunately escaped injury. The mixture is made up as follows:- 5-10 g. pure NaOH, dried on filter paper, is fused in a nickel crucible and then allowed to solidify, and cool further. About z g. Na,O, is then [ 272 1 added and the mixture again fused; it was at this stage that the accident took place. The operator is sure that no other material had entered the crucible, and that no deviation from standard practice (by which many such fusions have been performed without incident) had occurred. It has been suggested that the unexpectedly violent reaction of the fusion mixture might have been the result of a spontaneous decomposition of the sodium peroxide, or due to some contamination of the peroxide by a material which was easily oxidisable.Remuneration Statistics In Part I11 of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,issued in June, Fellows and Associates resident in Great Britain were informed that they would receive a letter and a pre-paid addressed postcard on which they would be asked to mark a X in the appropriate space, indicating their approxi- mate age and total remuneration. 6,884 cards were issued, and up to 30th September, 5,364 cards had been returned. In November, 1938, a similar return was requested, cards being sent to all members resident both at home and abroad. In response to that request, 5,366 cards were returned, the members then (January, 1939) numbering 7,185, of whom about 900 were abroad. The replies received to the present enquiry may be summarised as follows:-Fellows.Associates. Total. Returning a definite figure . . * * 1,261 3,687 4,948 Retired .. .. .. .. .. 211 28 239 Serving in the Forces .. .. .. I7 92 109 Unemployed .. .. .. .. I1 22 33" Employer or in private practice (with no figure mentioned) Unclassifiable .. .. .. *. .. .. .. 20 6 7 2 27 8 34 cards arrived too late to be included in the analysis. Table I shows Fellows and Associates together, the figures in each square representing the total numbers of crosses placed in that square. Tables 2 and 3 show Fellows and Associates separately. Squares were provided on the card to indicate members who were employers, or in private practice, were serving in the Forces, were retired or were unemployed.Tables I, 2, and 3 include the figures given by such members; but it will be seen that some did not indicate their age or remuneration. *At no time since June, 1942 have there been niore than 17 members on the disengaged list of the Appointments Register. At 1st December the number was 12. r 273 1 Members were also asked to make crosses in appropriate squares, under the main table, indicating whether they held permanent or tem- porary Government appointments, or temporary war appointments other than those under Government, Tables 4, 6 and 7 show the results of this part of the enquiry, Fellows and Associates being combined. Table 5, headed “Permanent Appointments Not Government,” shows figures arrived at by subtracting those included in Tables 4, 6, and 7 from those in Table I. This includes members who indicated that they were employed by Municipal or Local Education Authorities, which have not been included under Government Appointments.Table 4 shows that 513 members of the Institute (144 Fellows and 369 Associates) held permanent Government appointments. It should be mentioned that this number includes 39 (3Fellows and 36 Associates) who indicated that they were in Government employment, but did not state whether their appointments were permanent or temporary. Table 6 shows that 432 members (53 Fellows and 379 Associates) held temporary appointments under Government. Table 7 shows that 226 members (35 Fellows and 191 Associates) held temporary war appointments not under Government.The above tables indicate that 648 members of the Institute out of 5,360 held temporary war time appointments, while 33 were unemployed. In September, 1939, about 90 members of the Institute were unemployed. The tables also indicate that the great majority of members holding temporary war-time appointments are in the younger age groups. It is possible that, before the war, the majority were employed on work which has been since regarded as of sufficient importance to justify their reten- tion in such work, and that the majority of the temporary war appoint- ments have been filled by chemists who either are not members of the Institute, or have been recently admitted.To the list of those holding temporary appointments must be added 109 members who have indicated that they are serving in the forces, and it should be remembered that cards have probably only reached those who are serving in Great Britain. On the right-hand side of each table will be found the total number of appointments and the average. remuneration in each age group. Under E250 per annum has been calculated as ;6225, and over ;61,600 has been calculated as E1,600. It is clear, therefore, that these are not true averages. Tables 8 and 9 show the percentages of the total number of members in each salary group,-Fellows and Associates being calculated separately. TABLE 1 TOTALA.I.C. AND F.I.C. -250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 Average under to to to to to to to to to to to to to to over remun-Age €250 299 349 399 449 499 549 599 699 799 899 999 1200 1400 1600 1600 Total eration ----__ ----~21-25 29 88 83 39 15 4 2 3 ----1 ---264 323--___~__I_-___ -~----941 39725-30 14 100 223 212 171 101 60 25 _______ ___~~____ 30-35 5 24 78 131 128 107 88 56 5 3 1 792 506 _____ ----n I I I 1 I I I 1 I35-40 2 9 23 64 114 87 108 78 124 60 52 22 43 12 5 7 810 615 -_I____-__-014.1 40-45 3 4 18 28 69 81 83 58 131 96 61 58 65 24 15 42 836 741 Y --___~_________---~~45-50 13 8 8 28 27 52 37 61 63 41 34 56 19 10 40 478 820 _I___--___ ___ -~ ----------50-60 2 2 5 11 16 35 41 38 74 65 50 40 75 46 24 94 618 936 -___ ----___-___-__---~-~Over 60 1 3 2 4 5 6 11 8 21 20 23 7 22 20 13 43 209 1014 ~----___ _______---.-----A B C D EFG H IJKLMNOP Total 57 233 440 497 546 448 445 303 520 352 242 171 271 126 70 227 4948 Serving in Forces, 109. Retired, 239.Employer, or in Private Practice, 27 (with no sum indicated). Unemployed, 33. Unclassifiable, 8._---- TABLE 2 TOTALF.I.C. 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 Average1 1to to to to to to to to to to to to to to over remun-Age 299 349 399 449 499 549 599 699 799 899 999 1200 1400 1600 1600 Total eration ---------____~ ----1-21-25 1 -----1-1--I-I--I I ---19 44225-30 1 2444 1 -1-1--______-~----___~ 30-35 1 5 11 7 11 14 9 17 7 2 4 5 2 1 1 97 616 --------~____r-l.. E3 35-40 25 23 30 20 19 7 16 2 1 3 179 6934 --___~0 U 40-45 20 13 38 28 18 26 28 9 6 18 233 844 -___--______-I I45-50 15 7 24 20 21 16 29 13 5 20 186 915 -----~~ 50-60 22 9 36 42 22 26 57 32 22 67 364 1021 ______----Over 60 9 6 17 16 20 6 20 18 13 38 182 1028----------___________ B CDEF G HI J KLM N O P Total 8 17 33 63 54 107 68 162 134 102 85 155 76 48 147 1261 Serving in Forces, 17.Retired, 211. Employer, or in Private Practice, 20 (with no sum indicated). Unemployed, 11. Unclassifiable, 6. TABLE 3 TOTALA.I.C. 250 300 350 400 450 600 550 600 700 800 900 1000 Average rnder to to to to to to to to to to to to remun-Age €250 299 349 399 449 499 549 599 699 799 899 999 1200 eration -----~--___ ____~ ----32321-25 *29 87 83 39 15 4 2 3 ---~-----__ ___ 26-30 14 99 221 208 167 97 58 24 22 11 -1 396 30-35 5 23 73 120 121 96 74 47 70 39 13 5 491 ---______--~ __~-36-40 2 9 21 58 95 81 83 55 94 40 33 15 593 ---___----___ ___ 34 40-45 3 4 16 26 55 70 63 45 93 68 43 32 701 U ---___ 46-50 11 6 7 20 24 37 30 37 33 20 18 759 ~ ---___----_-60-60 11 3 6 10 21 19 29 38 23 28 14 818 -~---------Over 60 -1 ---122 4 4 31 920 ---___-------AB I J KL Total 55 225 358 218 140 86 Serving in Forces, 92.Retired, 28. Employer, or in private practice, 7 (with no sum indicated). Unemployed, 22. Unclassifiable, 2. * Includes 3 Scholarships. TABLE 4 PERMANENT A.I.C. AND F.I.C.~VERNMENTAPPOINTMENTS: ~ ~~______________~ ~~ 260 300 350 400 I 450 500 I 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1 1200 AverageI 1 I I I Irnder to to to to to to to to to to to to to Age €250 299 349 399 21-25 -42 25-30 13 30-35 10 -1 -I 78 I 479 35-40 U 40-45 45-50 50-60 Over 60 4 2 19 1144 --___-OP Total 6 3 513 TABLE 5 PERMANENT “NOTGOVERNMENT”:A.I.C.AND F.I.C.APPOINTMENTS 250 300 350 400 900 1000 1200 1400 Average under to to to to to to to to over remun-Age €250 299 349 399 449 999 1200 1400 1600 1600 Total eration --___~ 21-25 20 43 45 20 7 -1---141 321 ------__--_______ 25-30 6 74 123 123 101 81 I 46 I 16 I 14 I 10 I --595 403 --__. ~~-n 3&35 4 17 65 99 91 1 616 614 ---------I-I-l-to (04 35-40 2 7 19 54 84 64 89 61 108 52 42 20 38 12 4 7 663 627 ~~W -~-___-----___ -___ _____--40-45 3 2 11 19 53 69 65 51 102 80 49 50 60 23 14 42 693 765 ----___-___----~~-_I-__ 45-50 11 6 6 24 23 45 27 45 37 28 28 52 18 9 37 387 841 ----___ --------50-60 2-5 5 12 31 36 30 50 48 40 30 61 34 23 91 498 967 ~--___ ----___--__--____-Over 60 1 3 2 4 4 6 9 8 17 19 19 7 19 17 9 40 184 1009 -----------___-A B CDE FGH LMN 0 P Total 39 147 276 330 376 357 357 241 143 238 109 62 218 3777 TABLE 6 GOVERNMENTTEMPORARY APPOINTMENTS: A.I.C.AND F.I.C. I I I 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 Average to to to to to to to to to to to to to to over remun-Age 299 349 399 449 499 549 599 699 799 899 999 1200 1400 1600 1600 Total eration -------~____--_______--_I_I21-25 28 23 9 2 1 1---------72 311 25-3030-3535-4040-45 -----pp-pp--45-50 14-3 11 1--1 18 668 5&60 2 4 7 6-3 -l--33 621 -------------LLOver 60 2-11-----1 5 810 -----___----__I-GHIJKLMNOP Total 33 27 22 19 7 5 5 1 0 2 432 TABLE 7 TEMPORKRY (NOTGOVERNMENT)WAR APPOINTMENTS : A.I.C.AND F.I.C. 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 900 1000 1200 under to to to to to to to to to to to Age E250 299 349 399 449 499 549 599 699 999 1200 1400 ___--------______-21-25 I 13 13 10 6 2-----I-I---__----25-30 2 3 21 29 22 7 3 ----21 n 30-35 1-44ts00 --__-c -1U 35-40 3 4 -_I_ 40-45 -1 --34 -I--I -245-50 50-60 --I-Over 60 -___-I-1Total "8 I7 Average remun-Total eration ___^____ 45 340 ~.91 393 _I______ 27 491 ___._____ 20 594 18 600I 1 ___-226 TABLE 8 FELLOWS A 2 % 0.16 Below €250 .. .. %0.16 I3 8 C 17 D 33 2.62 f250-t500 .. .. . . 13.86 E 63 F 54 G H 107 68 8-48) 1 J 162 134 12.84 10.63 ~500-€1000 .. .. .. 52.16 K 102 8.08 L 85 6.74 M 155 12.27 N 0 76 48 3.806*0,> €1000-€1600 .. .. ., 22.12 P 147 11.66 Over €1600 . . .. .. 11.66 1261 99.95 99-95 TABLE 9 ASSOCIATES A 55 1.50 Below €250 .. .. ... 1-50 B 225 C 423 11-47 D 464 12.58 €250-€500 . . .. .. 53.93 E 483 13.10 F 394 10.68 G 338 H 235 I J 358 218 €500-$1000 .. .. . . 37-28 K 140 3.80 L 86 2-33 M 116 N 50 2.1000-€1600 .... . . 5.10 0 22 0.60 P 80 2.17 Over El600 .. .. .. 2.17 - 3687 99.98 99.98 Obituary JOHN COLLIE died at Sligachan on 1st November in his 84th year. NORMAN He was trained under Prof. Letts, at University Collegelater the University- Bristol, and at the University of Wurzburg, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. From 1896 to 1902 he was professor of.chemistry at the School of Pharmacy of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, and professor of organic chemistry at University College, London, from 1902-1928, when he retired with the titleof Emeritus Professor. From 1912 he was Director of the Chemical Laboratory until 1928, He served as a Member of the Council of the Chemical Society from 1889-1894, and from 1900-1901; he was Vice-President of the Society from 1909-1912.He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the Universities of Glasgow and St.% Andrews, and the honorary degree of D.Sc. from the Universities of Liverpool and Belfast. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1896, and sarved on the Council of that Society from 1905-1907. In addition to his numerous contributions to scientific and technical journals, including tho Transactions of the Chemical Society, he was the author of a book on “Climbing in the Himalaya,” 1902, and, jointly with H. E. M. Sheffield, of “Climbs and Exploration in the Canadian Rockies,” 1903. He was a Past President of the Alpine Club and a Past Vice-president of the Royal Geographical Society.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1897, acted as an Examiner from 1912-1913, and served on the Council from 1905-1908. GWYN ISLWYNDAVIES, whose death, at the age of 30 years, after an operation has recently been reported, was born at Cornelly. He was educated at Bridgend County School, and studied for six years at the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, during the latter part of his training acting as student- demonstrator; he graduated B.&. with honours in chemistry and proceeded to M.Sc. in 1936. Later, he obtained an appointment under the Ministry of Supply, and he was on leave at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1937.JOHNHARQREAVESdied, as the result of an accident, at Hough Green, Widnes, on 22nd November, in his 91st year. He was born at Sabden, Lancs., and was originally engaged with his father in pharmacy, but in 1871 became associated with his brother, James, in experiments directed to the development of chemical and chemico-metallurgical processes-some in conjunction with Dr. Ludwig Mond. Many of the processes evolved by the brothers, and subsequently by the firm of Hargreaves and Robinson, were adopted in the heavy chemical industry. He travelled in Spain, America, Norway, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Hungary, Algiers and Ireland in connexion with his professional work. He was first Secretary and one of the founders of the organisation which eventually became the Society of Chemical Industry. In 1879, he summoned a meeting of chemists and managers at the rooms of the Y.M.C.A.at Widnes, and subsequent meetings at the Officers’ Room of the Drill Hall, when J. L. Muspratt took the Chair; next, at the Royal Institute, Liverpool, with Dr. Ludwig Mond in the Chair, and, finally, at the Victoria University, Manchester, with Professor-later Sir Henry-Roscoe, in the Chair, when he suggested the appointment of Mr. George E. Davis as Secratary of the Society. He continued in practice as a consulting chemist and chemical engineer in Widnes until his retirement a few years ago. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. JULIUS died at Southport on 8th November, in his 76th year.HUEBNER Educated at Friedland, Bohemia, he studied for four years at the Imperial Higher Technical College in Reichenberg, Bohemia, before he became chemist and colourist in 1885 to K. Oehler at Offenbach a/M.; then, for over a year, he was manager of the G&rda Dyeworks, Gothenburg, Sweden, and after a few months’ experience at Spindler’s Dyeworks in Berlin, became chief colourist to Levinstein, Ltd., Manchester, with whom he remained until the end of 1900. He was then appointed Director of the Bleaching, Dyeing, Printing, Finishing and Papermaking r 283 1 Department of the Municipal School of Technology, Manchester, and later Chief Chemist to the Nuera Art Silk Co., Ltd. He was Honorary Secretary of the Manchester Section of the Society of Chemical Industry from 1903-1911, Vice- Chairman from 1911-1913, and Chairman from 1913-1915.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1904. BRYNMOR who at the time of his death held an appointment with the JONES, Geological Survey, Nigeria, West Africa, died at sea, when returning to England on leave, on 21st October, in his 40th year. Educated at Swansea Grammar School, he continued his training at University College, Cardiff, and graduated I3 .Sc. (Wales) with honours in chemistry. For some years before he obtained his appointment in Nigeria, he was a research soil chemist in the Agricultural Chemistry Department of the University College of North Wales, Bangor. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924.WILLIAM RICHARD SIMPSON LADELL died suddenly at Jamaica, British West Indies, on 6th November, in his 56th year. Educated at Merchant Taylors’ School, he continued his studies at Finsbury Technical Colloge, London, from 1903-1 906, and, after some experience with Cross and Bevan and B. E. R. Newlands, was for a short time chemist to a company known as “Chemicals, Ltd.” in Co. Antrim. From 1907-1908 he was assistant in the Research Laboratories of the Imperial Institute. In 1908, he was engaged with the Candy Filter Co., and early in 1909 was appointed chemist to the Agricultural Department at Cedara, Natal. In November, 1910, he was transferred to the Grootfontein Agricultural College, Middelburg, Cape Colony, as lecturer in chemistry. In 1912 he obtained an appointment with the Soci6t6 Financiere des Caoutchoucs in the Federated Malay States, where his duties related mainly to plant procedure; but at the outbreak of the War of 1914-1918, he joined the Malay States Volunteer Rifles. He then served for a time with the Colombo Town Guard during a native rebellion in 1915, before he returned home, and was commis- sioned Lieutenant, R.A.O.C., and towards the end of 1916 was appointed Inspecting Ordnance Officer, Northern Command.He was promoted Captain in 1916 and Major in 1919, was twice mentioned in despatches, and eventually appointed Major, Regular Army Reserve of Officers, in January, 1921. As an Inspecting Ordnance Officer he was successful in dealing with unexploded bombs, and on one occasion worked single-handed on a bomb which had fallen.with its mechanism caught in a lath and plaster partition,-the surrounding houses being cleared of the occupiers. In 1920, he became assistant in the Government Laboratory at Bangkok, Siam, under Mr. A. Marcan, Fellow, and, in 1923, was transferred to the Ministry of Agri-cultfire and entrusted with the formation of the Bureau of Agricultural Science, where he was concerned mainly with paddy and the cultivation of citrus fruits, cotton, tobacco and ground-nuts. He also devoted attention to experiments showing the effect of irrigation on soil condition. While in Siam he re-organised the Chemical Department of the Pre-medical School, Chulalongkorn University, where he acted as part-time lecturer for two years. He was much interested in entomology and gave to the Natural History Museum many specimens new to science.He published a number of papers in the Journal of the Siam Society. At Rothamsted, where he worked from time to time when on leave, he contrived an apparatus for counting wire worms in soil. In 1938 he joined the Scientific Staff of the West Indies Sugar Company, Ltd., in Jamaica, with whom he became Chief of the Research Staff, a position he held at the time of his death. In 1941 a research board of the Jamaica sugar planters was set up; Mr. Ladell was the Chief Research Cfficer of this board, and as such had dealings with all the companies in Jamaica. He was engaged in experiments, initiated by the Govern- ment of Jamaica, on growing rice on the Island; and, for his company, was growing experimentally citron and pineapple.He had recently inaugurated a journal for West Indian sugar planters and had been promoted Lieutenant-Colonel in the Regular Army Reserve of Officers, but his services had not been required. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1907 and a Fellow in 1910. IVANDOUGLASLAMBdied at Bexley on 26th November, in his 43rd year. Born at Leicester, he was educated at Claremont School and the Secondary School, Blackburn, passed the Matriculation of the Northern Universities and pursued the degree course. at the Manchester Municipal College of Technology, graduating [ 284 1 B.Sc.Tech. with honours in 1922 and proceeding to M.Sc.Tech.in the following year. Towards the close of 1923, he obtained an appointment with Messrs. Burrough, Wellcome & Co., Dartford, with whom he remained until his death. He pubfished research in conjunction with Professor F. I,. Pyman, F.R.S., in The Journal of the Chemicul Society. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924. Information has been received that HARRYDENNIS LORD has been presumed lost at sea, due to enemy action, since February, 1941. Born in 1907, he was educated at Ashby Grammar School from 1923-28 and continued his studies at Loughborough College,.graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) with first-class honours in chemistry in 1927 and proceedmg to Ph.D. in 1931. From 1929-33 he wm lecturer in chemistry, physicsand metallurgy at Loughborough College, and during part of that time was Warden to the senior students hostel.He was also, with the late Dr. Bramley, engaged on research, the results of which were published in Nature, in the Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute and the Journal of the Chemical Society. Since 1933 he had held an appointment as a research chemist with the Burmah Oil Co. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1933 and a Fellow in 1939. WALTER ODLING, who died at Hove, Sussex, on 17th November, was born on the 14th April, 1852. The son of a surgeon, he was educated at the City of London School, where he gained the Edkm Memorial medal for mathematics and the medal for chemistry. He also obtained the Mortimer Exhibition for chemistry and a Whitworth Scholarship for science. Through the advice and influence of his cousin, Dr.-later Professor-William Odling, F.R.S., he went to the Royal College of Chemistry and School of Mines, where he studied from 1871 to 1873 and became privats assistant to Professor-later Sir Edward-Frankland, F.R.S.In 1874 he was appointed, by the late Mr. John Gretton, chemist and brewer to Messrs. Bass & Co., Burton-on-Trent, where ho continued for nearly 50 years, including 28 years as head brewer at the Old Brewery, and retired at the age of 70 in 1922. He was one of the founders of the Burton Archaeological Society, and was for 12 years Chairman of the Governors of the School of Science. He was elected a Fellow of the Chemical Society in 1873 and a Fellow of the Institute in 1878.He was thus one of the Fellows to receive the Frankland medal at the Charter Jubilee in 1935. Walter Odling came of a long-lived family. His grandfather, Charles Odlhg, of Tetney, Lincolnshire, was born in 1750, in the reign of George 11; his father, in 1793, in the reign of George 111. Professor William Odling died in 1921 in his 92nd year. REGINALD died on 22nd November, in his 39th year. EducatedWILLIAMPAYNE at Loughborough Grammar School, he matriculated at London University, and studied at Loughborough College from 1921-1924, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry in 1923. In 1924 he joined the staff of the British Celanese, Ltd., Spondon, Derby, where he remained until 1937, when he became managing director of Messrs.Payne & Thornhill (Dyers), Ltd., at Derby. Shortly after the outbreak of war, however, he secured an appointment at Abbey Meadow Mills, Leicester; in March, 1941, he became assistant manager to Messrs. J. G. Marlow & Son, Ltd., elastic web manufacturers, of Derby, and in May, 1941, was appointed an inspecting officer at a factory in Scotland, the position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1926 and a Fellow in 1932. HARRY WILLIAMS,who died at Aldham, Essex, on 23rd October, in his 66th year, was born in Devon and educated at Sir Joseph Williamson’s Mathematical School, Rochester, Kent. Having passed the Inter. Science Examination at London University, he was from 1898 to 1902 chemical and physical lecture assistant to Dr.-later Sir-Thomas Stevenson, Mr.Charles E. Groves, F.R.S., Dr. John Wade and Professor Reinold, at Guy’s Hospital Medical School. From 1902 he worked for a time at the Stadtische Laboratorium at Mannheim, and thereafter continued his studies in Germany, while engaged as a teacher of English at the Berlitz School of Languages, Heidelberg. In 1909 he resumed his appointment at Guy’s Hospital, where he remained until 1912, when he became research assistant to the late Mr. M. AtkinsQn Adam, Fellow. In 1915 he joined the staff of Messrs. A. Boake Roberts & Co., Ltd., as a plant control chemist, and in 1920, proceeded to Sydney, r 286 3 New South Wales, where he was chemist and works manager to the RoseberyLanolines Co., Ltd., later becoming chief chemist at Arlington Mills, Botany, New South Wales, when the Company was registered as the Lanoleen Co.While in Sydney he represented the Society of Chemical Industry on the Advisory Committee of the Sydney Technical College. He retired and returned to England in 1939. He ww elected an Associate of the Imtitute in 1918. STANLEYWILSON WORRELL died at Chelmsford on 10th November, at the age of 42 years. Educated at the Tottenham County School, he studied from 1919-1921 at University College, London, and graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry. From 1922-1924, he was assistant chemistry master, and, from 1924-1926 senior chemistry master, at Westcliff (Co-edueational) High School; from 1926-1928 he was senior physics master at Westcliff High School for Boys, and was thereafter, until 1933, head of the Science Department at St.George’s School, Harpenden. In the following year he obtained an appointment at the Mid-Essex Technical College, Chelmsford, where he was lecturer in chemistry at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1932. NICHOLAS died, as a result of an accident, on 16th November, at the SARAVANOS age of 22 years. He was educated at Hessle Council School and Hymers College,Hull, and became registered as a Student at the local Municipal Technical College in 1937, where he continued until 1939, when he joined the R.A.F.V.R., in which he had reached the rank of Flight-Sergeant at the time of his death.HENRYJEFFRIESPOOLEY,M.1.Chem.E. By the death of Mr. H. J. Pooley, which occurred on 2nd December, many Fellows and Associates of the Institute have to deplore the loss of a genial kindly friend. Mr. Pooley, who was trained as a chemical engineer at University College-later the University-Liverpool, from 18941898, was for many years until 1924 associated with Messrs. George Scott & Son, manufa,cturers of chemical plant. From 1924 he practised independently as a consultant until 1929, when he was appointed General Secretary of the Society of Chemical Industry, in which position he continued until his retirement, early in the present year, owing to ill-health. The Register At the meeting of Council held on 20th November, 1942, 3 new Fellows were elected, 12Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 33 new Associates were elected, and 40 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 7 Fellows, 5 Associates and I Student.New Fellows Barton-Wright, Eustace Cecil, M.Sc. (Lond.), Owls Nest, Ox Lane, Harpenden, Herts. Harvey, Arthur, 3, Stafford Court, Stafford Road, Waddon, Croydon. Thomas, Wilfred Henry, A.R.S.M., F.Inat.P., Dorquain, Church Path, Merton Park, London, S.W.19. Associates elected to the Fellowship Barron, Harry, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.I.R.I., Spinney Corner, Bassett Avenue, Southampton.Best, John Kenneth, 7, Hemyock Road, Weoley Hill, Birmingham, 29. Bowen, James Emrys, l3.S~.(Wales), Ph.C., Robert Gordon’s Technical College, Aberdeen, [ 286 I Busliill, John Herbert, D.Sc. (Birm.), Kingsthorpe, Ouseley Road, Wraysbury, Bucks. Dixon, Theodore Frederic, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 132, Longland Drive, London, N. 20. Dobson, Charles Stuart, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ben-I-Mora, Baddeley Edge, Milton, Stoke-on- Trent. Field, Tl’illiam Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Ingleby Way, Wallinpton, Surrey. Hammond, Roy, B.Sc. (Lond.), Fairholme, Manchester Road, Hapton, nr.Burnley,Lanes. Harvey, Cecil Owen, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Geological Survey and Museum, Exhibition Road, London, S.W.7. Islip, Harold Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.),25, Bailie Drive, Bearsclen, Glaspow. Speirs, Richard Killoch, R.Sc. (Glas.), Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Iran.Westlake, Herbert George, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., Ph.C., 35, Derham Gardens, Upminster, Essex. New Associates Aldred, John, The Rookery, Hough Lane, Anderhon, Northwich, Cheshire. Anderson, William Nelson, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 31, Wellington Park, Malone Road, Belfast. Bailey, Eric, R.Sc. (Mane.), 1, Quantock Road, Bridgwater, Somerset. Beard, Sydney George, 19, Regarth Avenue, Romford, Essex. Brown, William, 4, Kirkhill Terrace, Edinburgh, 9. Bruce, Miss Helen Somerville Dunbar Mackenzie, B.Sc. (Glas.), 38, Kennedy Drive, Airdrie, Lanarkshire. Carr, Albert Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Rossend Castle, Burntisland, Fife. Carter, John Whitaker, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Cross Flatts Terrace, Reeston, Leeds, 11. Chadwick, Lawrence Cyril, B.A.(Cantab.), 4,Matlock Way, New Malden. Chamberlin, Miss Lilian Marjorie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 10, Speer Road, Tliames Ditton, Surrey.Clark, TVilliam Richard Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Selwyn Crescent, Welling, Kent. Crouch, Eric Arthur Crouch, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Brookhill Road, London, S.E.18. Dickinson, Harold Owen, B.Sc. (Lond.), 55, Kings Avenue, Woodford Green. Fleming, Francis, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/oLawson, 64, Ardrossan Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire.Fortime, Herbert James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Grove Road, London, N.12. Hathhay, David Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Massey Road, Cloucester. Hayes, William Peatman, n.Sc. (Lond.), 149. Tlkeston Road, Nottinghain. Hood, Harold Malcolm, R.Sc. (Dun.), 55, Highfield Road, Dartford. Jones, Kenneth Macdonald, B.Sc.(Wales), Dantwyn, Swansea Road, Waunarlwydd, Swansea. Koch, Heindrich Julius, M.Sc. (S.A.), P.O. Dynamite Factory, Somerset West, S. Africa. Lane, Edward Sydney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Wilton Avenue, Southampton. Lindop, Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Westbury Road, Ipswich. Long, Charles William, B.Sc., P1i.D. (Birm.), 137, Bowerham Road, Lancaster. Macnab, John William, B.Sc. (Glas.), 3. Lilyoak Terrace, Rothesay, Bute, Scotland. Murray, Peter, B.Sc, (Sheff.), 24, Marlowe Drive, Herringthorpe, Rotherham, Yorks. Pryor, James Harvey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 109, Spring Grove Road, Hounslow, Middx. Rose, GeraldGershon, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 25, Prothero Gardens, London, N.W.4. Sabel, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 117, Willesden Lane, London, N.W.6. Townend, John, B.Sc.(Lond.), Ryban, Brampton Road, Oakdale, Poole. Wilde, Alan Richard Delaney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 53, Salisbury Road, Dover. Wilson, Joseph Hood, B.Sc. (Glas.), 117, Craigton Road, Glaspow, S.W.l. Wood, Harry Sandiford, 9, Bolton Grove, Seaton Carew, West Hartlepool, Durham. Wynne, Thomas Merfyn, B.A. (Oxon.), 5, Egerton Road, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent. New Students Ashley, Michael George, 6,Park Hill Road, Harborne, Birmingham, 17. Baker, Peter, 24, Alderson Drive, Doncaster. Cowling, William, 33, George Eliot Road, Coventry. Fawcett, Roland, 34, Sefton Terrace, Leeds, 11. Fletcher, John Charles, 53, Dyson Road, Pellon, Halifax, Yorks. Grfiths, Harry William, 22, Maple Avenue, Thornbury, Bradford. Harlock, Peter Samuel, 21, Carrsvale Avenue, Urmston, Lanes.[ 287 3 Holt, Frank Bradshaw, 40, Britain Street, Bury, Lancs. Hornby, John Arthur, 16, Dundalk Lane, Ditton, Widnes. Hoyle, Miss Joan, 34, Primrose Lane, Gilstead, Bingley, Yorks. Hughes, John Theodore, 393, Brornley Road, London, S.E.6. Hulme, Ralph, 3, Danefield Place, Liverpool, 19. Jackson, Joseph Fox, 13, Dumers Lane, Bury, Lancs. Jeffreys, Godfrey Vaughan, 52, Harrison Street, Bloxwich, Walsall. Johnson, William, Police Dormitory No. 1, Meece House, Cold Meece, nr. Stone, Staffs. Long, Charles Alexander, 27, Byron Mansions, Upminster, Essex. Magson, Maurice Sugden, 42, Park Road, Sowerby Bridge, Yorks. Marson, Harold Wilson, 55, Arundel Street, Astley Bridge, Bolton, Lancs. McEvoy, Kevin Joseph, 114, Gidlow Lane, Wigan, Lancs.Mitchell, Elwyn Meiriadog, 25, Argoed, Pen-y-Graig, Brymbo, nr. Wrexham. Oakley, Donald Percy, Speldhurst, Ellerslie Road, Ashton-on-Ribble, Preston, Lancs. Oliver, Brian Michael, 24, Chest& Road, London, N.17. Owen, William John, Yenda, Prenton Road West, Birkenhead. Palmer, Harold John, 138, Whitehead Road, Aston, Birmingham, 6. Payne, Donald, 54, Saint Margaret’s Avenue, Luton, Beds. Platts, Maurice, 10, Holdsworth Terrace, Shaw Hill, Halifax, Yorks. Robinson, Norman, Craignure, Ivybank, Port-Glasgow, Renfrewshire. Ross, Douglas Macintosh, 12, Glamis Avenue, Newton Mearns, Renfrewshire. Rout, Herbert Kenneth Beatty, 36, Temple Road, Prenton, Birkenhsad. Shaw, Peter Burnett, 16, Parkland Drive, Meanwood, Leeds, 6.Shine, Henry Joseph, 10, Lyndhurst Avenue, Sunbury-on-Thames, Middx. Smith, Harry Edward, 24, Hayle Road, Maidstone, Kent. Smith, Robert James, Braemar, Bedford Avenue, Whitby, Ellcsmere Port. Taylor, Robert Kenneth, 19, Lower Lane, Fazakerley, Liverpool, 9. Thomas, Frank Edmund, 49, Fernbank Avenue, Sudbury Hill, Wembley, Middx. Vaughan, Leonard Hubert, 606, Hagley Road West, Quinton, Birmingham, 32. Wiggins, Thomas, 185, Millhouse Road, South Yardley, Birmingham. Willison, Geoffrey, 6, Third Avenue, Bradford Moor, Bradford. Winstanley, Miss Sheila, 32, Barkers Lane, Sale, Manchester. Wright, James Victor, 55, Links Road, Ashtead, Surrey. DEATHS Fellows Professor John Norman Collie, Hon. LL.D. (Glas. and St. Andrews), Ph.D.(Wiirzburg), Hon. D.Sc. (Liv. and Q.U.B.), F.R.S. John Hargreaves. Julius Huebner, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). William Richard Simpson Ladell. Harry Dennis Lord, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.) . Walter (Idling. Reginald William Payne, B.Sc. (Lond.). Associates Gwyn Islwyn Davies, M.Sc., Dipl.Ed. (Wales). Brynmor Jones, M.Sc. (Wales). Ivan Douglas Lamb, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Harry Williams. Stanley Wilson Worrell, B.Sc. (Lond.). Registered Student Nicholas Saravanos, Flight Sergeant, R.A.F.V.R. CHANGE OF NAME Derek John Campbell-Gamble, M.A. (Cantab.), Associate, to Derek John Campbell,by Deed Poll. [ 288 1 ADDRESSES REQUIRED Fellows Anderson, Frederic Alfred, B .Sc . (Lond.). Bardsley, Joshua. Bowles, Horace Edgar. Eastburn, Major Gerald Jerome, M.C., A.R,.T.C.Eastes, Ernest John. Gray, Archibald. Hogben, Walter. Legg, David Alliston. Nind, Edmund Robert, A.C.G.I. Paterson, John Hamilton, D.Sc. (Dunelm). Reid, John Fountain. Robertson, Joseph Gold, Ph.D. (Jena). Robinson, Conmar, A.R.C.Sc.I., Ph.D. (Utrecht). Slack, Harry, D.C.M., B.Sc. (Vict.). Stevens, Montagu White, A.R.C.S. Wild, Francis Eric, B.Sc. (Birm.). Associates Ballinger, Maurice, B.A. (Cantab.). Bhavnagri, Shapur Khushro, B.A., B.Sc. (Bombay), B.Sc. (Manc.).Brine, John Alfred, M.Sc. (Lond.). Brooks, Bernard Simon, B.Sc. (Birm.). Browne, Thomas Ethelred Wilby, M.A., B.Sc. (Lond.), M.Sc. (Wales). Carson, Samuel Corbett, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.).Claudet, Richard Arthur Ormerod, B.Sc, (Lond.).Cooper, Arthur Thomas, Ph.D. (Lond.). Cooper, James Marchbanks, A.H.-W.C. Craimer, Harris, B.Sc. (Lond.). Docherty, Kenneth 'Nilliam Thomas Cromb, B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Dodd, Eric Norman, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Doyne, Humphry Cathair, M.A. (Oxon.). Earle, Kenneth John Beaumont, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.). Forbes, John Stuart, B.Sc. (Birm.). French, Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.). Gibson, Peter Robert Scaife, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hallack, Maurice Hamilton, B.A. (Cape). Harris, Frederick Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hodson, William Brooke, A.C.G.F.C. Holman, Henry John, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. King, Douglas William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.). Mahal, Harbhajan Singh, M.Sc. (Punjab). Marklzam, Peter John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Massie, Duncan McRobert. Matthews, Thomas Henry, B.Sc.(Dunelm). Morrison, Ian Hugh, M.A. (Cantab.). Mowat, Ian Blair, B.Sc. (Glas.). Murti, Kambhampaty Satyanarayana, B.A. (Madras), M.Sc. (Allahabad). Oakley, Henry Brazenor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Pearson, Ernest Leigh, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Ransome, Gerard Lionel, l3.S~. (Lond.). Reynolds, Mrs. Emily Beatrice, B.Sc. (Lond.). Rollinson, Edgar Tyack, B.Sc. (Lond.). Rutter, Evan Guy, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Samways, Ernest Kenneth, B.Sc., B.Pharm. (Lond.). Sanford, Lieutenant-Colonel Chris., B.A. (Oxon.). Shearer, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.).Sheldrick, George, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dunelm). c 289 1 Shorrock, James Norman, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.).Smith, Sydney Kerr, R.Sc., B.Sc.Eng. (Glas.). Stoyle, John Alexander Robertson, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.).Thomas, Gordon Denis.Thomas, James Clifford, M.Sc. (Wales). Thorp, Edwin William, B.Sc. (Lond.). Underwood, Alfred Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Woodthorpe, Thoinas John. Wright, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Yeats, Howard, R.Sc. (Lond.). Young, William, M.A., B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Coming Events Jan. €4 THE INSTITUTE(Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section), jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry. “Some Recent Advances in Biochemistry applied to Brewing.” Professor R. H. Hopkins. In the North British Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 11 THE INSTITUTE(Leeds Area Section). “The Functions of a Government Inspection Department in War-time.” Mr. H. Hollis. 29 THE INSTITUTE(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section), jointly with the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.“Dermatitis.” Dr. A. N. Currie. 30 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY,jointly with the South Yorkshire Section of the Institute. “The Corrosion of Metals in Air.” Dr. W. H. J. Vernon. At the University, Western Bank, Sheffield, at 2.30 p.m. Feb. 6 SOCIETYOF ’CHEMICAL (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section), INDUSTRY jointly with the Local Section of the Institute and the Chemical Society. “The Factors governing the Absorption of Oil by Rubber.” Dr. G. Gee. 8 THE INSTITUTE(Leeds Area Section), jointly with the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the Society of Chemical Industry. “The X-Ray Study of Metals.” Dr. A. H. Jay. 17 THE INSTITUTE(Birmingham and Midlands Section).“Blood” by Mr. Garfield Thomas, At the Chamber of Commerce, New Street, Birmingham, at 5.30 p.m. 18 THE INSTITUTE(Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section), jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry. “The Chemistry of Hashish.” Professor A. R. Todd, F.R.S. At the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 19 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY, jointly with the Glasgow and West of Scotland Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry. “The Chemistry of Hashish.” Professor A. R. Todd, F.R.S. 24 THE INSTITUTE(Dublin Section). “Historical Glimpses of Dairy Practice.” Dr. P. S. Arup. In the Chemistry Department, University College, Dublin, at 7.30 p.m. 25 THEINSTITUTE(East Midlands Section), jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry.“Vitamins in War.” Dr. L. J. Harris. At The Welbeck Hotel, Nottingham, at 7 p.m. [ 290 1 26 THE CHE~XICAL SOCIETY,jointly with the South Yorkshire Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry. (‘Aspects of Nucleotide Chemistry.” Professor J. M. Gulland. In the University, Western Bank, Sheffield, at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midlands Section), and Food Group, jointly with the Chemical Society and the Institute. “War-time Food Packaging.” Mr. C. 1%. Oswin. At the Chamber of Commerce, New Street, Birmingham, at 5.30 p.m. 27 THE IXSTITUTE(South Yorkshire Section). “How Vitamins Act.” Dr, H. A. Krebs. At the premises of the Sheffield Metallurgical Association, 198, West Street, Sheffield.General Notices The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Monday, 1st March, 1943. Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of General Members of Council:-By-law 26.-(1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate hini as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24.-(2) No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that yeaa of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice- I’resident or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council ond the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy.The Officers and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, on 1st March, 1943,in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election (unless the Lord President of the Privy Council allows the suspension of the By-laws) are as follows:-President. John Jacob Fox, C.B., O.B.E., D.Sc. Vice -Presidents. Henry Vincent Aird Rriscoe, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Gerald Roche Lynch, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. Sir Robert Howson Pickard, D.Sc., F.R.S. Harold Augustine Tempany, C.M.G., C.B.E., D.Sc. [ 291 1 General Members of Council.Edward Bertram Anderson, M.Sc. Albert Coulthard, Ph.D. Jack Cecil Drummond, D.Sc. Frederick Percy Dunn, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. Albert Ernest Dunstan, D.Sc. Ian Morris Heilbron, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S. Gordon Wickham Monier- Williams, O.B.E., M.C., M.A., Ph.D. John Ralph Nicholl.s, D.Sc. Thomas Fred Eric Rhead, M.Sc., M.1.Chem.E. William Henry Roberts, M.Sc. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 2.30 p.m. on 18th January, 1943. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:- Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Osman Jones. East Midlands and South Yorkshire: George Frederick Hall, M.B.E., B.Sc. Liverpool and North-West Coast : Leslie Victor Cocks.London and South-Eastern Counties : David Michael Freeland. Manchester and District : Harold Stevenson. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast : Robert William Ancrum. Yorkshire: George James Denbigh, M.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland : Gilbert Elliot Dodds, A.H.-W.C. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: John Arnold Lovern, D.Sc. Glasgow and West of Scotland: James Wilfred Cook, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.),F.R.S. Wales and the Couniy of Monrnouth : Nicholas Michael Cullinane, D.Sc. Northern Ireland : Donald Alford Derrett-Smith, B.Sc., A.C.G.F.C. Irish Free State: John Andrews, B.Sc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : Messrs. E. E. Ayling, Louis Fletcher and S. W. A. Wikner, District Members of Council, have retired in favour of other nominees, for Wales and 'the County of Monmouth, Edinburgh and East of Scotland, and Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Districts respectively. Examinations.-It is hoped to arrange Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship in April, 1943.Associates who desire to present themselves for Examination for the Fellowship in April, 1943, should forward their applications for con-sideration by the Council and not wait for a notification of the exact arrangements for the Examinations. Candidates whose applications have been accepted will be notified at the earliest moment and may then forward their entry forms and fees. In order to facilitate identification, Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute.In the prevailing circumstances, Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. [ 292 1 Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Asso- ciates to qualify for the Fellowship. Regulations and forms of applica- tion can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. It is open from 10a.m.to 5 p.m. from Monday to Friday, and from 10a.m. to I p.m. on Saturdays. Mem-bers and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules regarding the use of the books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. Boots’ Booklovers Library .-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library will expire on 1st March. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boots’ Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.1.Lewis’s Lending Library .-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.[ 293 1 Index: 1942 Aberdeen and North of Scotland Sect,ion, 9, 106 Accidents, Laboratory, 104, 105 Accounts, 18, 71 Addresses required, 289 Adulteration, 2 66 Air Training Corps, 247 Allied Forces, 192, 247 American Chem. Soc., 103 Anglo-Soviet Collaboration, 179 Annual General Meeting, 70, 291 Appointments Committee, 14, 64 Appointmants Register, 14, 80 Auditors, 30, 66, 72, 78 Bankers, 66 Belfast and District Section, 9, 80, 106, 294 Benevolent Fund, 7, 25, 68 Benzole, Industrial, 84 Bequests, 192 Birmingham and Midland Section, 9, 106, 150, 196, 250 Biscuits, 207 Blood, Coagulation of, 36 Board of Education, 247 Books and their Contents, 52, 93, 136, 182, 231 Brewing, Science in, 212 Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, 9, 34, 81, 107, 150, 196, 250 British Standards Institution, 6, 63, 94, 138, 183, 232 By-Laws, Suspension, 31 Calling Up, 42 Cape Section, 9, 34, 150 e Carbohydrates, Structure and Pattern, 206 Cardiff Section, 9, 81, 108, 196, 250 Censors, 64 Central Register, 44 Chemical Council, 5, 8, 103, 130, 247 Chemical Trades Advisory Committee, 6 Chemist versus Forger, 205 Chemotherapy, 37 Chromatographic Analysis, 199 Cider, 36 City and Guilds of London Institute, 5 Clothing, Protective, 32, 103, 132, 149, 161 Colour Blindness, 192 Coming Events, 57,95,143, 185,237,290 Committees, 64 Co-operation, 108, 165, 190 Coulthard, A., Presentation to, 257 Council, 31, 63, 291 Council, Committees and Representa-tives, 5, 64 Council, Constitution and Nomination of, 16, 33, 69, 165, 193 Council, Proceedings, 31, 67, 103, 147, 191, 247 Council, Report of, 3, 72 Deaths, 4, 48, 56, 91, 97, 142, 185, 236, 288 Disinfection, 157 District Members of Council, 32, 240 Dublin Secliion, 10, 108, 251 Dyers and Colourists, 47 East Anglian Section, 10 East Midlands Section, 10, 151 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 10, 35, 81, 251 Education, Board of, 247 Emergency Committee, 16 Emergency Public Health Laboratories, 31, 32, 69, 148, 191 Examinations, 13, 38, 118, 215 Examiners, Board of, 13, 66, 133 Finance and House Committee, 6 Forensic Science, 249, 265 Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 14, 71, 186, 239 Fuel Economy, 31, 45, 249 Gas Identification Officers, 67, 90, 104, 133, 149, 163, 166, 196 General Notices, 58,98, 143, 186, 239,291 Gifts, 232 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 10, 81, 108, 196, 251 Headmasters’ Employment committee, 6 Henderson, G. G., 225 Honorary Corresponding Secretaries, 12 Honorary Secretaries, Conference of, 158 Honours, 42 Huddersfield Section, 10, 110, 252 Income Tax, 47, 89 Infra-red Investigations, 2 12 Institutions, 14, 31; 104 Insurance, 104, 105 Joint Council of Professional Scientists, 148, 149, 194, 270 Joint Recruiting Boards, 68, 161 [ 294 1 I,itbor&xwy Yreciautioris, 2 72 Lalitern Slides, 16 Lecture Sunimaries, 36, 84.112, 155, 109, 26 1 1,eecls Area Section, 10, 35, 110, 252 Legal and Parliamentary Committee, 8 Library, 15, 94 Library, Boots' Sooklovers', 23 3 Library, Chemical Society, 5, 243 Library, Lewis's Lending, 243 Library, The Science, 243 Liverpool and R'orth-Western Section, 10, 35, 110, 254 Local Sections, 9, 34, SO, 106, 150, 154, 196, 249 London and South Easterh Counties Section, 11, 35, 151, 197, 257 Marichester and District Section, 11, 110, 152, 198, 257 Meldola Medal, 14, 29, 70, 239 Micro-Analysis and Laboratory Gadgets, 200 Mini.;try of Labour, ti, 68 National ('rrtificatw in C'hemistry, 17, 228 Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section, 11, 82 K'cw Zealand, 11, 152 Nomination and Election of Members of Council, 16, 33, 69, 108, 147, 165, 193 N ominatioiis, I2 xai niiiu Lions and Inst i -t titions Committee, 12 Notes, 42, 88, 132, 178, 225, 270 Obituary, 48, 91, 133, 180, 229, 283 Oil from Coal, 117 Parljarnentary and Scientific Committee, 5, 85 Yedler Research Scholarship, 17, 28 Petroleum, 193 pliotopraphic TheoFy, 85 Plants, 155 Poicions Board, 65 Policy, 17, 69, 82, 108, 147, 1.52, 1.53, 163, 193, 249, 251, 25217 Polymerisation, The Mechanism of, 263 President, 63, 78 Publications and Library Committee, 15 Public Health Laboratories, Emergency, 191 Publicity, 16, 149, 159, 193 Radioactivity, Artificial, 87 Regiqter, 53, 96, 139, 183, 233, 286 Registrar, 79, 90, 194 Remuneration Statistics, 102, 106, 196, 273 Roll of the Institute, 3 Royal Society, 271 Rubber Molecule, The, 261 Science in Parliament, 42, 178, 223 Science Masters Association, 248 Scrutineers, Report of, 78 Solicitors, 66 South Wales (Swansoa) Section, 11, 35, 84,152, 198.261 South Yorkshire Section, 11, 84, 111 Spckker Photo-Electric Absorptiometer, si, 106, 192 Standards, British, 6, 53, 94, l38, 183, 232 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 29, 106,272 Students, Cheap Day Tickets for, 271 Students with the Forces, 248 Supplemental Charter Committee, 65 Technival Education arid Inctu~try,5, 17 Tees-side Section, 147, 198, 260 Therapeutic Substances Act, 5 Vitamins in JVnr Time, 112 llrar and Science. 88 Water Treatment, IOA What Industry Owes to ('hernical Science, 15 What the Plant does with its Materials, 155 World Power Conference, 5 PRINTED BY w.k4EFFER L SONS LTD..CAMBRIDGE. 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