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THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885 Patron -H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART I: 1942 Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1 February, 1942 Publications Committee, 1941-42 F. P. Dunn (Chairman.),J. J. Fox (President),E. E. Ayling, H. Baines, M. Bogod, R. R. Butler, F. Challecger, J. W. Cook, A. Coulthard, A. E. Dunstan, L. Eynon, E. Gregory, T. P. Hilditch, W. Honneyman, R. H. Hopkins, H. Hunter, G. W. Monier-Williams, A. C. Monkhouse, H. W, Moss, J. R. Nicholls, T. J. Nolan, Sir Robert Pickard, F. M.Rowe, Garfield Thomas, S. W. A. Wikner and F. J. Wilson.Correspondence should normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.12. Telephone number : Hillside 1859. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, FUND, OFBENEVOLENT INSTITUTECHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON,W.C.1. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.All communications to be addressed to the Registrar. Report of the Council: 1941-1942 (To be submitted at the Sixty-fourth Annual General Meeting of the Institute, to be held on .Monday, ad Ma+ch, 1942.) I. THE WAR. The Institute has continued to render all possible assistance to Government Departments in connexion with the war, includ- ing-the Ministry of Labour, by co-operation with the Central Register; the War Office, by supplying the names of officers for technical Commissions ; the Ministry of Home Security, with reference to the services of Gas Identification Officers; and the Mines Department, in arranging conferences on Fuel Economy. The Institute has also been in communication with the Ministry of Supply, regarding the conditions of appointments in Government factories and the supply of Laboratory Chemicals and Reagents, and with the Board of Trade, with reference to coupons for protective clothing and other matters..Representa-tions have been made through the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee on the subject of compensation for war damage to scientific laboratories and equipment , and the importance of applied chemistry as well as pure chemistry in dealing with problems arising from the war. The Council has also been called upon jointly with the Council of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists to submit to the Ministry of Health complaints regarding the interference of Emergency Public Health Laboratory Services with the practice of public analysts and other consulting and analytical chemists. The Officers of the Institute have continued to give informa- tion and advice to members and students on questions relating to national service, reservation and similar matters.2. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. During the twelve months ended 30th January, 1942,102new Fellows have been elected, of whom 82 were formerly Associates, and one Fellow has been re-elected. 352 new Associates have been elected, of whom I 87 were Registered Students of the Institute, and 12 Associates have been re-elected. 224 new Registered Students have been admitted, and 3 Students re-admitted. r31 The Council records with regret the deaths of 44 Fellows, 22 Associates and 2 Registered Students, namely:- Fellows Lionel Leigh Smith.John Pedrozo d’albuquerque. Philip Alfred Stiff. Thomas Jarnos Rowland Leonard Temple Thorne. Alexander. Oliver Trigger, M.R.E. Frederick Bascombe. Percy James Ward. Frank Royce. Sir William Henry Willcox, Andrew Campbell. K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G. John Arthur Carpenter. Harry Wilson. William Lewis Davies. Lotliian M’ilson. Stanley Ernest Dawson. Thomas Richard Duggan. Associates Thomas Gifford Elliot. Walter Sydney Clark. Robert Brooke Floris. Harold Matthew Cooper. Francis Ernost Francis. Joveph Campbell Elliott, M.C. Arthur Geake. George Holland Ellis. George Harrison Gemmell. Peter Bainbr igge Fletcher. Arthur George Green, F.R.S. Harry Harper. Herbert Lloyd Hind.Bert Harris. Philip Charles Holmes Hunt. Herbert Stone Heaven. Robert Philip Keith. Sarniiel Edwards Hodgkinson. Vincent Herbert Kirkham. James Ken tish. Arthur Lapworth, F.R.S. Maurice Noel Lacell Douglas Lay. Wermann Gunther Gottschaldt William Macnab, C.B.E. Mohrhenn. Frank Maudsley. Vincent Stanley Nicholson. Harold McGowan. Oscar Lennox Ochse. James Charles Philip, O.B.R., Ronald Arthur Punter. F.R.S. Edward Norman Redsell. James Picken. Howard Walter Richards. William John Price. James Frederick Fothergill John Gustav Adolf Rhodin. Rowland. William Thomas Rigby. Herbert Louis Watson. Oswald Digby Roberts. William Trevor Wilde. Andrew John Robertson. Harry Wildman. Robert Robison, F.R.S. Cedric Warren Woolgar.Harold Rogerson. Frederick Grevile Ruddoclr. Reqistered Studenta Herbert Sutoliffe Shrewsbury. Ronald Greenwood. John Richard Skelton. Leonard Manchip. The Council has accepted the resignations of 2 Fellows, 14 Associates, and 15 StGdents. The names of 39 Associates and 144 Students have been removed from the Register, m accqrdance with the By-laws. The Register, at 30th January, 1942,contains the names of 2326 Fellows, 5713 Associates (in all 8039 members), and 785 Registered Students. The number of members has increased by 264 (57 Fellows and 207 Associates) and the number of Kcgistered Students has decreased by 21. Largely owing to the engagement of Fellows and Associates on active service or in work of national importance, many “Addresses unknown” have been listed in the JOURNAL AND ThePROCEEDINGS.Council acknowledges the kind help of members who have assisted the Registrar in tracing the [*I whereabouts of such Fellows and Associates, and will be grateful for any further assistance in this connexion. (See JOURNAL AND PR~CEEDINGS,Part 1'1, 1941,p. 338.) 3. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIVES. The Council has held 12 meetings; the Committees, Sub-Committees and Board of Examiners have held 63 meetings. COMMITTEESAND THEIR CHAIRMEN. Emergency .. .. .. .. The President. Appoinbments . . .. H. A. Tempany, Vice-President. Benevolent Fund .. i' John C. U'hite, Hon. Treasurer. -*Finance and House .. Legal and Parliamentary . ... The President. Nominations, Examinations and The President, with H. V. A. Institutions CommitCee . . .. Briscoo, Vice-President, as Vice-Chairman. Yedler Research Scholarship .. The President. Publications and Library .. F. P. Dunn. Joint Committeo with the Board of Education (National Certificates in Chemistry) .. .. .. H. V. A. Briscoo, Vice-President. Joint Committee with the Scottish Education Department (Tu'ational Certificates) . . .. .. John Weir. Supplemental Charter . . .. The President,. Special Comm,ittees: Re Nomination and Election of the Council . . .. .. .. The President. Policy Committee .. .. .. The President. Publicity . . .. .. .. A. L. Bacharach. Technical Education and Industry H. V. A. Briscoe, Vice-President.Dr. J. B. Firth was elected to the Council on the retirement of Dr. G. D. Elsdon; Mr. Louis Fletcher was elected a District Member of Council in place of Dr. W. G. Hiscock, and Dr. John Arnold Lovern was elected Member oPCouncil in the place of Captain J. S. Allan. The Institute has been represented as follows:-STATCTORYAPPOINTMEKT. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Vice-President,-on the Poisons Board, constituted under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933. Tho President,-on the Chemical Council, and on tho Sir GeorgeHeilby Memorial Fund Committee. Sir Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., Past President,-on the Parlia- mentary and Scientific Committee. Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., Vice-President, Post Presidwt,--on the National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society.Dr.H. A. Tempany, C.B.E., Vice-President,-on the Chemical Council. Professor H. V. A. Rriscoe, Vice-President, Mr. A. L. Racharach, Mr. H. W. Cremer, and Dr. E. Vanstone,-on the Joint Library Committee of tho Chemical Society. Dr. Harold G. Colman,-on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference, of which he is Hon. Treasurer. Dr. H. E. Cox,-on the parliamentary and Scientific Committee. Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Member of Council,-on the Chemical Council. Mr. William Herbert Simmons,-on the Oils, Fats and Waxes Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute. Dr. J. F. Tocher,-on the Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act. [-I The Registrar,-on the Headmasters of Secondary Hchools Employment Committee, Ministry of Labour, and on the Parlia- mentary and Scientific Committee, of which he is Hon.Txeasurer. The Assistant Secretary,-on the Chemical Trades’ Advisor)- Committee, and tlie Chemical Trades’ Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes. The Institute and Fellows and Associates have continued to co-operate with the British Standards Institution in the drafting of Specifications for Standards and by giving their opinions on Draft Specifications. Mr. Leslie Aitchison,-Chemicals and Chemical Plant for Electro- plating; Plated Finishes for Fittings and Equipment. Mr. S. A. Brazier,-Tests for Rubber and Rubber Products. (Specifications for testing Vulcanived Rubber and for testing Latex, Raw Rubber, and Unvulcanised Compounded Rubber have been issued.) Professor H.V. A. Briscoe, I’ice-Pre.side,Lt,-on the Chemical Divisional Council. Professor €3. V. A. Briscoe, Vice-PTeuicletit, Dr. E. H. Farmer, Meiiibcr of Couizcil, Dr. A. G. Francis, Mr. W. G. Messenger, arid the Assistant Secretary,--on Technical Committee C,’8011 Standardisation of Scientific Glasswaro . Mr. W. .J. A. Rut,terfield,--on tl Committee to co-ordinate tlit work of the Building, Chemical and Engineering Divisional Councils in its Relation to Industrial Units and Data. Dr. Harold G. (‘olmai1,- Benzole for Xotor E’uel; Sampling of Tar Products. . Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., President,-Analysis of Chemicals and Materials used in Electro-plating.Mr. Walter C. Hancock and Mr. F.mi. Harbord, C.B.E.,-Cements. Mr William Herbert Simmons,- on a Technical Committee to examine the draft methods for the analysis of soaps and fats, prepared by the International Cominission for the Study of Fats. Dr. dailies Watson,--Sand Lime Bricks ;Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement,; Containers for Heavy Acids and Solvents. The President and Council had the pleasure of sending greetings and congratulations, on behalf of the Institute, to the Chemical Society and also to the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, on the occasion of tlie celebrations of the ccn- tenaries of their foundations. 4. THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. The Accounts for 1941 are attached (page 18).The income from subscriptions showed an increase o€ f482 19s. The fees for Examinations of the Institute showed a decrease of f32 0s. 6d. ; receipts for the Appointments Register, a decrease of L50 3s.; sale of publications, an increase of fl104 15s. 7d., reducing the additional expense on that account. Further expenditure was incurred on repairs and maintenance of the premises. Changes inevitably occurred in the staff, but the account for salaries and wages was approximately the same as for 1940. HaITing acquired good stocks of fuel and stationery, and with careful regard to the need for economy, the House and Office expenses showed a decrease of ~JIIZ 7s. The expenses of Members of Council were put on a more satisfactory basis in CGl view of the difficulties of travel at the present time.Publica-tions cost E292 10s. Id. more than in 1940, partly owing to rising cost of paper and labour, but mainly due to the inclusion in the account of a lecture, the cost of which was incurred in 1940. A sum of EI,OOO has been placed to reserve against War Contingencies, and Lr,ooo to Intermittent Publications Reserve. In addition to normal grants to Local Sections, sums amounting to L262 are held by them for possible emergencies. Life Compositions and Entrance Fees reserved for investment amounted to a sum of fT1,071 IIS.,and, taking into account the reserves for War Contingencies, Intermittent Publications and Staff Superannuation Contingences, and deducting the amount previorisly invested in excess-&479 4s.~d.-the total due for investment at the end of 1941 was L3,821 13s. 3d. The balance at the Bank in London was &,232 7s. Bd., and the balances at Banks in Australia and New Zealand amounted to the equi- valent of E1,276 6s. zd. in sterling. The pay of members of the staff who are serving with the Forces has been supplemented. The premises have been maintained in as good a state of repair as possible. The basement of the premises of the Institute has been available as a public air-raid shelter. Several tons of paper were removed for salvage. 5. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE. The Acounts for 1941 are attached (page 27). The Benevolent Fund Committee desires to express grateful7 thanks to all who have supported the fund during the past year and especially to collectors of “group ” contributions.The Committee reports that the subscriptions and annual subscriptions for Income Account showed an increase of E228 ~gs., but the donations to Capital Account, a decrease of E93 10s. gd.-excluding a special anonymous donation of E5oo received in 1940. The Committee was called upon to meet fewer appeals than usual, and certain of the recipients of regular allowances volun- tarily relinquished them on obtaining work or on changed cir- cumstances. As the result of the year’s working, the Committee was able to place E5oo to Reserve in the Post Office Savings Bank, and the balance at the end of the year was E73 4s. 8d. higher than at the end of 1940.A sum of over EIOOhas been claimed in respect of recovery of Income Tax on subscriptions received under Deeds of Covenant. The Committee feels, however-as the President has indicated in his letter, issued early in the year-that it is very necessary to endeavour to build up the fund before the end of the war. [71 As indicated in the Report for 1940-1g41, the Committee has asked Local Sections to appoint members to take special interest in the fund and in cases arising within their districts. Several Sections have already appointed such representatives, and the Committee has expressed its indebtedness to those who have been called upon to assist them in this connexion. 6. THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL. Fellows and Associates are reminded that the Scheme of co-oyeration between the Chemical Society, the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, advocated by the Chemical Council, came into force on 1st January, 1941.Under this scheme, Fellows and Associates may become members of the three Bodies on payment of an annual joint subscription of E5 ss., in the case of Fellows, and &j,in the case of Associates. Those who co-operate in this way are entitled to receive the publications and services of the Institute, publications not exceeding 70 units selected from the Journals, Abstracts and Reports of the two Societies, and to purchase other publications according to the scheduled prices, which are much lower than those charged to the public. The Institute undertook to collect the joint subscriptions for the year 1941 and is continuing to do so for the year 1942,but it is the intention of the Chemical Council to establish a new office for the collection of such joint subscriptions for 1943 and thereafter.In the meantime, Fellows and Associates who have not already decided to participate in the Scheme can obtain full information and appropriate forms on application to the Registrar. So far, about 1,500 Fellows and Associates are participating, and the Council hopes that as the advantages become better known the number will steadily increase. The Chemical Council contributed l250 to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society, thereby reducing the contributions of the three constituent bodies, and EIOOtowards the expenses incurred by the Institute on behalf of the Council during the year.7. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY. The Legal and Parliamentary Committee has been concerned during the year with questions relating to the position of public analysts under the Local Government Superannuation Act, 1937, and other questions affecting the terms and conditions of their appointments. Questions raised in the Houses of Parliament relating to matters of interest to chemists, and the replies given thereto, have been reported from time to time in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. [SJ 8. LOCAL sEcrIoNs. In addition to Annual General Meetings and other meetings at which discussions have been held, the following records of meetings held and papers submitted have been received from the Honorary Secretaries :-BELFASTAND DISTRICT.Mr. Oliver Davies . . .. “Ancient Metallurgical Technique.“ Mr. R. A. Hamilton . . .. “Soil Fertility.” Dr. A. J. Kidney .. .. “Preserving of Foodstuffs by Canning.” ABERDEENAND NORTHOF SCOTLAND. Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., “Polycyclic Hydrocarbons related to Member of Council. Fluorene.” BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS. Discussions on “A Post-War Policy” and on “A United Body of Chemists.” Professor K. N. Moss, O.B.E. “Energy Output and Food Requirements of Miners.” Dr. J. M. Davidson .. ‘ .. “Modern Industrial Toxicology.”Dr. A. H. Cook .. .. “Chromatographic Analysis.” Dr. A. L. G. Rees . . . . “The Electron Microscope.” Dr. E.G. Cox .. . . “Physical Methods in the Investigation of Molecular Structure.” Dr. L. H. Lampitt, Member of “The Food Industry in War Time.” Council. BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERNCOUXTIES. *Mr. A. L. Bacharach .. “Biochemistry and Vitamins.” *Dr. C. G. Addingley .. “Some Aspects of the use of Asbestos in Plastics.” *Professor G. M. Bennett . . “Liquid Crystals.” *Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Member of “Oil, in Peace and War.” Council. *Professor H. T. S. Britton .. “Potentiometric Redox Titrations and the use of Redox Indicators.” *Jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society. CUE. Visit to the Cape Explosives Factory, jointly with the Cape Chemical and Technological Society-Nozember, 1940. Dr.-. Mally .. .. . . Some Chemical Aspects of Entomology.” Dr. A. H. Spong .. .. “Splitting the Atom.” Professor F. Walker . . “Chemical Methods in Modern Geological Investigations.”Dr. I. Donen .. .. .. “Pectins and their Industrial Applica- tions. ’’ Professor W. Pugh .. .. “Metals and Inter-metallic Compounds.” *Miss H. M. Schwartz .. “The Production of Vitamin Oils in Sout,h Africa. ’’ *Mr. P. E. Kriel .. . . “Recent Local Investigations on the Importance of the Minor Elements in the Nutrition of Fruit Trees.”*By invitation of the Cape Uhemical and Technological Society. CARDIFF AND DISTRICT. *Mr. H. Berry *. .. “Disinfectants.” *Professor C. S. Gibson, O.B.E., “More Recent Investigations of the F.R.S. ‘ Organic Compounds of Gold.” *Dr.Janet W. Matthews . . “Some Recent Developments in Micro- chemistry. ¶’ A Display of “Talking-Films” of Technical Interest. *Dr. Magnus Pike . . .. “The Chemical Determination of Vita-mins.’’ *Jointly with the Local Section of the Society of ChemicalIndustry and Fellows of the Chemical Society. r91 DUBLIN. Films on Microscope, Liquid Air, Vitamins-Xr. Flusk. Visits to the Seed Testing Station of the Department of Agriculture and to the Albert Farm, Glasnevin. Mr. H. O’Reilly .. .. “Cider.” EAST ANGLIA. Discussions on the Gas Identification Service and Orpanisation for theL.Examination of Contaminated Foodstuffs. Mr. R. C. Terry .. . . “Field and Laboratory Tests for Chemi- cals in Warfare; Quantitative Estima- tion of War Gases in Food, particularly those containing Arsenic.” EASTMIDLANDS. Mr.G. F. Hall .. . . “Flavints.” *Dr. M. Crawford .. .. “Molecular Com~ounds.” Professor J. B. Speakinan .. “The Reactivitfof Protein Fibres.” fMr. E. M. Bavin . . .. “The Coagulation of Blood.” *-Jointly with the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society. fJointly with the h’ottingharn Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. EDINBURGHAND EASTOF SCOTLAND. Professor J. M. Gulland . . “Nucleic Acids.” Professor H. W. Melville . . “Some Problems of Macromolecular Chemistry.’’ Professor J. C. Drummond, ‘‘Feeding a Nation in Wartime.” Member of Council. Dr. S. Pakowski . . . . “A Xew Azeotropic Method of Dehydrationof Alcohol.” Professor H.L. Riley. . .. “The Crystallisation of Graphite.” Dr. E. B. Hughes .. . . “Modern Concepts of Analysis, with particular reference to Food.” Allmeetings of the Section were held jointly with the Local-Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society. GLASGOWAND WEST OF SCOTLAND. ‘fMr. W. G. Bailey . . .. “The Organisation of an Industrial Laboratory.”“Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., ‘‘Correlations among Cancer-producingMember of Council. Compounds.”TDr. D. T. Gibson .. . . “An Introduction to Micro-analysis.” *Professor T. S. Patterson . . “Forty Years of Optical Activity.” ‘*At the invitation of the Chemical Society. f At the invitation of the Local Section of the Society of Chcmica! Industry.HUDDERSFIELD. *Professor J. B. Speakman .. “Alginate Fibres.” Dr. A. J. Holland .. . . “Modern Safety Glass.” *Dr. H. H. Goldthorpe . . “The Treatment of Sewage and Trade Effluent.”*Jointly with the Society of Dyers and Colourists. LEEDSAREA. Professor N. M. Comber . . “The Chemistry of Soil Fertility.” Mr. R. H. Morley . . .. “Chemicals from Petroleum”; with a display of “Sound-Films” dealing with Petroleum Production. Dr. Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd .. “The Application of X-rays to Research in Leather Manufacture.” Mr. S. Ellingworth .. . . “Chemotherapy.”All meetings were held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society. LIVERPOOLAND NORTH WESTERN. Mr. E. Finklestone .... “The Chemist, the Engineer and Viscose Rayon.”Mr. J. R. Stubbs .. . . “The Profession-Some Observations, sub rosa.” Mr. H. Humphreys Jones .. “The Growth of a Pharmacopoeia.” r 101 AND SOUTHEASTERNLONDON COUNTIES. *Dr. V. G. W. Harrison . . iiColour Printing.“ *Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., ”Infra-Red Absorption and Molecular President. Structure.” Dr. A. H. Cook .. . . “Chromatographic Analysis.” (Pub-lished by the Institute.) *Dr. D. A. Spencer . . . . “Photography in Industry.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach . . ’.Nutritional Science and Dietary Prac- tice.” ?$ Jointly with the London and Eome Counties Branch of the Institute of Physics. MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. Visit to the Shirley Institute, Didsbury. Dr. 35. W. Goldblath .. “Some Hazards in the Chemical Indus- try.” *Mr. F. Howlett and Dr. H. Hunter, Member of Cozmcil ”Long Molecules.’’ ?Professor M. G. Evans . . “Some Aspects of the Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules.” TProfcssor A. R. Todd . . ‘’The Chemistry of Hashish.” Jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellow of the Chemical Society.t At the invitation of the Chemical Society. NEWC4STLE UPON TYKEAND NORTH EAST COAST. *Dr. A. Crawford . . . . ’iProducer Gas for Road Vehicles.” tProfessor C. H. Browning, ‘‘Landmarks in Chemical Therapy.” F.R.S. *Professor F. a. Donnan, “Reflections on the Philosophy of C.B.E., F.R.S. Science.” *Dr. M7. T. Astbury, F.R.S. . . “Applied X-R,ays.” Under the auspices of the Society of Chemical Industry.t Under the auspices of the Bedzon Club, King’s College. NEWZEALAND. *Dr. F,.0. Page . . . . ”Tho Training of the Industrial Chemist.” *Dr. R. Gardner . . . . ”New Industries in New Zealand.“ “Visits to the Laboratories of the Wool Research Association, Messrs. Cadbury, Fry and Hudson, the Millburn Cement Co., and t,he Duiiediii Engineering and Steel Co. $x Jointly with the Kew Zealand Insxitute of Chemistry. SOUTHWALES. SDr. J. A. Sugden . . . . “The Development of Ceramic Electrical Insulating Materials.” *Mr.F. Hudswell . . . . ‘’Microchemistry with special refurcnce to Spot Tests.” -f.Professoi-C. S. Gibson, O.H.E., “The Life and Work of Sir William F.R.S. Jackson Pope, K.B.E., F3.S. §Dr. E. B.Hnghes . . . . “Modern Concept,s of Analysis with particular reference to Food.” *Dr. Wilson R. Harrison . . “The Scientific Examination of DOCLI-ments.’’ (IL Jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society. f At the invitation of the Chemical Society. 3 At the invitation of the Society of Chemical Industry. SOUTHYORKSHIRE. “Professor R. D. Haworth . . “Resins.” SMr. E. J. Vaughan . . . . “Modern Methods of MetallurgicalAnalysis.” (Published by the Insti- tute.) TUr. A. W.Chapman . . “Some Aspects of Boiler Water Treat- ment.” -:.Tointly with Fellows of the Chemical Society. ‘i Jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical LidustiT. 5 Joint,ly with the Yhe5eld Metallurgical hociaticn. Members of t,he Section were invited to two Local Meetings of the C’hemical Society. r 111 Short papers:-Mr.C. E. Spooner-“A New Rapid Method for the Ulti- mate Analysis of Coals”; Mr. J. L. West-“The Determination of Silver in Steels of the 18 per cent. Chromium, 8 per cent. Nickel Type”; Mr. A. H. Dodd-“Coal Tar Spirits as possible Motor Fuels”; Mr. B. W. Methley-“Sheffield and the Chemist.” Discussion on “The Training of the Chemist.” Opened by Professor R. D. Haworth, Lieut. J. Convey, and Mr. P. Lord. Dr. R. A. Mott .. .. “Modern Methods of Coal Analysis.” Sir Robert Picltard represented the President at a Luncheon of the Birmingham Section, held jointly with Local Sections of other Chemical Societies in the Midlands, in April. The President visited the Birmingham Section in September.The Conference of the Honwary Secretaries of Local Sections was held at the Institute on the 21st June, 1941,and was attended by the President, the Honorary Treasurer and Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Vice-president. Local Sections are reminded of the precautions to be taken to prevent the disclosure of confidential matters which might be the subjects of discussion at their meetings. 9. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The Council gratefully acknowledges the continued help in the affairs of the Institute given by the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries in the Overseas Dominions, in India and in the Colonies. 10. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee (the Council in Comrnittce) has held 10 meetings and the exam- inations Sub-committee 11 meetings.The Committee has reported on 833 applications for Student- ship, Examination and Membership, and on numerous enquiries in connexion with the training for admission to the Associate- ship and Fellowship. Sub-committees and Local Interviewing Committees have interviewed candidates for the Studentship, Associateship and Fellowship, and the Council again records its indebtedness to the Advisory Committee in India, and especially to its Honorary Secretary, Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, for reports and advice in connexion with applications and enquiries from that Empire. Special thanks are also accorded to the Sub-committee for conducting oral Exaniinat ions.Applications for Studentship, Examination and Membership are summarised below :-Applications foy Adnzission to Shudentship, includinq re-admission AcceptedDeclined .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 324 7 -231 [ 121 231Broui$il forward Applications for Admission to Exarninntioji /or thc AssociateshipAccepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 Applicntions for Election (and re-election ) lo the AssociateshipAccepted .. .. .. .. .. 364 Referred for Examination . . .. .. 5 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 -377 Applications for Admission to Exanbination for the Fellowship 18Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. Applications from Associates for election to the FellowshipAccepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 82 Declined .. ' .. .. .. .. .. 3 -86 Applications from Non-Associates for election to the FellowshipAccepted . . .. .. .. .. .. 28 Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. 2 -22 Applications for re-election to theFellowshipAccepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 -883 EXAMINATIONS.-BYthe courtesy of the Universities of Lon-don and Manchester and the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, practical examinations were held in April and September, 1941, and in January, 1942. Theoretical examinations were held at the Institute and, by the courtesy of several Fellows, in a number of local centres. The Council records its indebtedness to the authorities of the above Institutions and to the Fellows whose help is much appreciated. The entries and results are here summarised:- S~ARYOF RESULTS.Associateship EXAMINED.PASSED. General Chemistry .. .. .. 116 53 Fellowship Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry . . 2 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry .. 2 2 Branch E. Chemistry (including Micro- scopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water .. .. 8 3 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry . . 2 2 Branch H. General Analytical Chemis- try . . .. .. 1 0 131 61 __ -In the corresponding summary for 1940-41,the number of candidates examined for the Associateship was 145,of whom 85 passed; 17 candidates were examined for the Fellowship, of whom 8 passed. The total number of candidates examined for r 131 the Associateship and Fellowship was 162, of whom 93 passed. A number of candidates who had entered for the examinations were obliged to withdraw owing either to pressure of war work, Home Guard or Civil Defence duties.The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners, and to the Assessors who have reported on records of research, specifications for patents, etc., submitted by candidates for admission to the Fellowship. Professor W. Wardlaw was re-appointed Examiner for the Associat eship. Branch H: General Analytical Chemistry has been added to the Branches of the Examination for the Fellowship, and Mr. €3. N. Wilson appointed Examiner in that Branch. STUDENTs.-Many students have been able to continue their courses of study, but others have postponed the completion of their training owing to military service or war work.The Committee has agreed to retain on the Register all Students who have expressed a desire to remain associated with the Institute and to qualify for the Associateship as soon as possible. Only the names of those who have definitely aban- doned their courses or who have failed to reply to requests for the submission of progress reports have been removed from the Register. INSTITUTIONS.-The Municipal Technical College, Bolton, and the South-West Essex Technical College, Walthamstow, have been added to the list of institutions recognised for the training of candidates for admission to the Associateship of the Institute. The Denbighshire Technical Institute, Wrexham, has also been added to the list of institutions recognised for training candidates for admission to the Associateship of the Institute, subject to the appointment of an additional member of the staff, on the termination of the war or as soon as a suitable person is available.AwARDS.-with the concurrence of the Society of Macca-baeans, the donors, the Council has awarded the Meldola Medal for 1941to Clement Henry Bamford, Ph.D. (Cantab.). The Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize (LIO 10s.) are awarded to Gordon Alfred Baxandall, a Registered Student at University College, Leicester. 11. APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. At the date of this Report, the number of Gellows and Asso- ciates known to be disengaged is 30, and of these 19 have been c 141 unemployed for less than 6 months. The number unemployed at the same date in 1941was 66. A Report on the Appoin,tments Register was published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, 1941,page 282.12. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute has been published in six Parts during the year 1941,and the following lectures have been published as separate monographs :-Mr. E. J. Vaughan’s “The Use of the Spekker Photo-Electric Absorptio- meter in Metallurgical Analysis ”;Dr. A. H. Cook’s “Chromato-graphic Analysis” and Mr. H. Gordon Dale’s “The Precious Metals.’’ In view of the need for economy in the use of paper, the Committee gave instructions for closing up matter, and the addition of a line or two to each page in the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, as well as the cutting down of General Notices and the omission of other items, such as the record of attendances of Members of Council. The Publications Committee hopes to publish in the near future Dr. A.E. Dunstan’s lecture on “The Petroleum Industry.” The Council authorised the free distribution of thousands of copies of lectures, published by the Institute, since 1920, to Universities, Colleges and Public and Secondary Schools. The production of the third edition of What Industry Owes to Chemical Science, for the benefit of the Benevolent Fund, has been unavoidably delayed, due to the circumstance that, owing to being engaged on war work, several authors who had promised to deal with important subjects were unable to complete their articles until recently.Some indeed who hoped to participate in the production could not fulfil their promises, so that other writers had to be approached to deal with their subjects. The book, consisting of articles dealing with various industries, gener- ously contributed by over 50 selected authors, is nearly ready; but the time limit for handing over the manuscript to the pub- lishers has been long exceeded, and restrictions on paper, binding, cloth, etc., may make it difficult for the publishers to take it in hand at present. Every effort will be made, however, to produce the book as soon as possible. The thanks of the Benevolent Fund Committee and the Publications Committee have been accorded to all who have participated in the work.LIBRARY.-The thanks of the Council are accorded to authors, publishers and others who have kindly presented books and journals to the Library of the Institute. Fellows, Associates and Registered Students have continued [ 151 to enjoy the use of the Library of the Chemical Society and of the Science Library, South Kensington. LANTERNSLrDEs.-Selections from the Institute’s collection of lantern slides have been loaned to Fellows and Associates for the illustration of lectures. 13. SPECIAL COMMITTEES. The Emergency Committee-consisting of the Officers-has dealt with several matters of urgency as they arose, and the action taken thereon has been subsequently confirmed by the Council. PubZicity.-It will be recalled that, in 1940,the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section had asked the Council to review the general question of publicity for chemistry, and to give consideration to the formation of a Public Relations Committee and the engagement of the services of an officer to co-ordinate all chemical publicity.A Sub-committee of the Section had expressed the view that increased efforts should be made to educate public opinion to a better appreciation of the value of the profession, and that publicity should be directed to the general public, the industrialists and the chemist himself. The Special Committee appointed by the Council to consider the matter was of opinion, however, that the time was not oppprtune for promoting further publicity in the press or by bulletins to industrialists, but suggested that the Council should remind members and students of the services rendered by the Institute, and should emphasise the value of professional organ- isation.In normal times, the expenditure of the Institute on publicity has amounted to L400 or L5oo a year, including advertisements of the Examinations and the Appointments Register, and the free issue of publications of the Institute to Government departments, Local Government Authorities, Public Libraries, Universities, Colleges and other Institutions. The whole subject will receive further attention in due course. Nominatiovt and Election of the Council.-The Committee has recorded its agreement on the following points:- That the Council of the Institute is too large; that its Members should be elected for three years, subject to satisfactory attend- ance, and that a third of its members should retire annually and be ineligible for re-election for twelve months; that some form of regional‘ representation (irrespective of the inclusion of Local Sections) should be retained, and that “regional ” members should be elected by the Fellows and Associates within their respective regions; also that the Council should retain the right to nominate a certain number of General Members, bearing in [ 161 mind the importance of the representation on the Council of various branches of the science and of the profession.The Committee has drafted revised By-laws for bringing into effect the foregoing proposals, and will submit them for con-sideration in due course.Technical Education and Idtstry.-The Committee appointe! to consider the letter received from Dr. E. A. Rudge on the liaison between technical education in industry and the recruitment for the chemical profession has met under the Chairmanship of Professor H. V. A. Briscoe. The Council has referred to this Committee the report of a Sub-committee of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section appointed “to review the method of recruitment and explore the possibility of improved education facilities for the training of chemical assistants.” Policy Committee.-The Special Committee to consider and make recommendations on the future policy of the Institute, with particular reference to the post-war period and to the possible union of chemical bodies, has held a preliminary meeting, and the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections have been asked to forward any views which their Committees or Sections may desire to express, so that they may be received at the Institute before 16th February.14. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. Examinations have been continued for National Certificates in Chemistry conducted by the Institute jointly with the Board of Education (England and Wales), the Scottish Education De- partment and the Ministry ‘of Education (Northern Ireland), respectively. 15. PEDLER RESEARCH SCHOLARSHIP. Dr. Charles Simons (Pedler Scholar, 1938-1940)has published in The Biochemical Journal, Vol. XXXV, pp.749-54, 1941 a paper on “The Behaviour of Scopulariopsis Brevicaulis towards Choline.” The Council has decided not to appoint a Pedler Scholar before the end of the war. 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. 30th Januayy, 1942. THE lNSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEARENDED 31s~ DECEMBER, IN INCOME ACCOUNT 1941. 1940. INCOME. 1941. € s. d. To Premises-€ 8. d. € s. d. € s. d. E s. c ly Subscriptiom- S s. d. € s. d. € s. d. 300 0 0 Rent .. .. .. .. 300 0 0 3,830 10 1 Fellows .. .. .. 3,797 11 6 632 6 8 Rates and Schedule ATax .. ' 643 12 10 Insurance (Including War 8,121 3 Associates .. .. .. 8,595 6 5 107 12 10 Risks) .. .. .. 242 13 1 390 0 Students .... .. 431 15 0 187 5 2 RepairsandMaintenance .. 275 2 3 99 5,274 12 6 1,227 4 8 442 9 2I 6,717 1 8 77 3 6 340 2 7 34 4 2 458 15 2 574 9 11 6 17 2 203 12 5 42 0 0 117 14 10 93 1,461 8 Staff-SaIaries,Wages and Gratuities 5,323 11 7 Superannuation .. .. 394 2 0 5,717 13 House and Office Expenses- RenewalsofEquipment .. Fuel, WatersndLight . . 302 7 1 Telephone .. .. .. 30 0 8 PrinthgandStationery .. 414 13 3 Postage .. .. .. 584 8 8 Travelling Expenses .. 8 14 2 Advertisements .. .. 273 19 6 Auditors' Honorarium .. 52 10 0 Miscellaneous .. .. 75 19 5 2 7 12,341 13.1 1,270 10 75 0 1,206 9 201 13 28 14 1 yj Examinations and Assessment Fees- 1) National Certiiicates : England and Wales ,, National Certificates .. .. .. .. 465 Institute .. .. .... . . 1,238 (1940 A/c.) . . . . .. .. .. 99 Dividends and Interest (Gross) . . .. 7) Appointments Register .. .. .. 9, Sale of Publications .. .. .. .. 79 Fees Forfeited . . .. .. .. .. 96 76 12,824 12 11 1,703 17 0 1,218 2 3 151 10 0 133 10 6 47 5 0 1,854 19 9 1,742 12 9 183 14 7 3, 19 Sundry Receipts .. .. .. Australian and New Zealand Account .. .. 15 10 127 0 3 4 359 1S 3 '9 99 Members of Council Travelling Expenses Publications- .. 440 14 3 9,362 8 9 100 0 77 33 The Chemical Council for Expenses incurred Refund on Repairs and Maintenance (1940Ajc.) 100 122 0 4 0 1 957 1.000 -192 1 0 6 3 0 71 Journal,$658 7s. 10d., Postage, $405 5s. 5d.1.063 13 Intermittent Publications Reserve Lectures and Lantern Slides .. .. 1;ooo 0 ..378 4 3 0 8 2,149 7 101 35 Examin&ion Expenses- Institute .. .. . .. .. .. 753 16 8 2,441 17 11 National Certificates .. .. ., 320 9 2 870 16 8 1,074 5 10 368 19 7 7) Local Sections- Grants .. .. .. .. .. 436 18 7 48 0 0 Section Secretaries Conference .. *. 54 11 11 416 19 71 491 10 6 25 17 10 682 11 41 39 39 Library .. .. Chemical Society Library .. . . .. .. .. .. 35 11 674 7 6 6 708 9 21 709 19 0 59 13 0 33 Donations .. .. .. .. .. 51 5 0 141 19 4 249 4 10 ---1,000 0 0 652 11 6 93 39 9) 9, 39 Income Tax . . .. .. Legal Expenses .. .. A.R.P. Expenditure .. .. RGerve fGr War Contingencies Excess of Income over Expenditure .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. a. .. 81 10 3 317 11 6 30 0.6 1,000 0 0 883 3 0 215,408 3 3 $16,443 12 3 €15,408 3 S16,443 12 3 r 19 1 1940.LIABILITIES. 1941. 1940. ASSETS. 1941. S s. d. € s. d. S s. d. e s. d. 2 s. d. S s. d. 123 17 4 Sundry Creditors . . .. .. .. 168 18 7 2,280 2 3 Balance at bankers in London .. ..5,232 78 434 1 6 Income Te,x Reserve .. .. .. 513 12 11 (Including Reserve Accounts 94 13 11 Subscriptions Paid in advance .. .. 91 11 9 S4,300 17 8)132 6 0 Examination Fees paid in advance .. .. 200 11 0 Balance at bankers in Australia and New Application Fees- 1,147 3 10 Zealand (Sterling Value) . . . . 1,276 62 63 0 0 Retained pending further appli- cation .. .. .. .. 21 0 0 3,427 6 1 --6,508 13 10 329 14 0 In abeyance awaiting decision .. 353 17 0 275 4 0 Sundry Debtors, rates, etc., paid in advance 205 14 1 392 14 0 374 17 0 Balances with Local Sections for emergencies 262 0 0 36,954 '4 5 Investment Account .... .. 38,034 5 3 Investments at Cost (including accumulated Reserve Accounts- 37,356 15 4 redemption fund premiums) .. *. 38,513 9 8 1,105 2 II Intermittent Publications Re- serve .. .. .. 2,100 17 8 100 0 0 StaffSuperannuationReserve 200 0 0 1,000 0 0 War Contingencies Reserve 2,000 0 0 2,205 2 11 -~ 4,300 17 8 Income and Expenditure Account- Balance at Credit, 1st January, 1941 .. 722 5 4 545,489 17 7 i- Investment Account for the year ended 31st December, 1941 $ s. d. € s. d. Balance of AccumuIated Fund, 1st January, 1941 . . .. .. 36,954 4 5 Funds received for investment during year :-Entrance Fees .... .. .. 1,009 12 0 Entrance Fees, Australia and New Zealand .. .. .. .. 220 Life Composition Fees .. .. .. 59 17 0 --_____ 1,071 11 0 Profit on Investments Sold or Requisi-tioned .. .. .. .. 8 910 -$38,034 6 3 Investments, at cost, held at 1st January,1941 .. .. ..... .. 37,356 15 4 Deduct: Investments sold or requisitioned by H.M. Treasury during year (at cost)-€1,000 3$ yo Canadian 1950155 .. .. $973 17 0 €1,000 4 yo Canadian 1953158 .. 1,090 3 0 %1,0005 % South Africa 1945175 .. .. 1,136 8 0 3,200 8 0 $34,156 7 4 Add: Investments made during Year- % s. d. %2,0002* yo War Bonds 2,000 0 0 €1,000 3 yo Savings Bonds 1,000 0 0 €1,000 London CountyCouncil Consols 34 yo1954159 .... 1,046 8 0 €100 London County Council Consols 3 yo1856!61 .. . . 100 0 6 $100 Wolverhampton 3 yo1924154 . . .. 100 5 6 Redemption Fund Policy 110 8 4 4,357 2 4 €38,513 9 8 Deduct: Amount in Excess of Life Com- positions and Entrance Fees .. 479 4 5 €38,034 6 3 Balance, 31st December, 1941 2,100 17 8 January, 1941 Transferred from Income and ..1,105 2 11 ExpenditureA/c 1,000 0 0 €2,105 2 11 €2,105 2 11 Subscriptions and FeesPaid in and Retained (in Currency) in Australia and New Zealand Receipts. Expendit we. S s. d. E s. d. e s. d. To Balance, 1st January, 1941-On Deposit . . .. .. 1,350 2 4 OnCurrentAccounts .. 82 9 0 -_ _-1,432 11 4 77 Subscriptions-Fellows . ... .. 65 2 0 Associates .. .. .. 88 4 0 ___-153 6 0 y> EntranceFees .. .. .. 220 99 Deposit Interest, less Tax . . 18 12 3 By Bank Charges .. .. .. 1 3 11 9) Local Section Grant .. .. 10 0 0 35 Balance at Bankers, 31st December, 1941-7) On Deposit .. .. .. 1,565 18 4 Current Accounts . . .. 29 9 4 di1,606 11 7 1,606 11 7 ~ *Equivalent in Sterling S1,276 ' 6 2 STATEMENT AND FEESRECEIVEDOF SUBSCRIPTIONS LESS OUTGOINGS s. a. s s.. a. Subscriptions-Fellows .. .. .. .. .. 65 2 0 Associates .. .. .. .. .. 88 4 0 153 6 0 Entrance Fees .. .. .. .. .. 2 2 0 Deposit Interest, less Taxes .. .. .. 18 12 3 174 0 3 Less: Bank Charges . . Local Section Grant .. .. .. .. .... 1 10 3 11 0 0 11 3 11 Loss on Exchange into Sterling .. .. .. 162 16 4 33 14 0 129 2 4 Less: Entrance Fees taken to Investment Account 2 2 0 Balance (inSterling) taken to Income & Expenditure Account El27 0 4 STATEMENT OF INVESTMENTS HELD AND DIVIDENDS RECEIVED : 31st December, 1941 Holding. cost. Value.t Gross. Tax. Net. $ $ s. d. ;E s. d. 2 s. d. $ s. d. ;E s. ti. Great Western Railway 24% Debenture Stock 500 384 16 3 340 0 0 12 10 0 6 1 11 681 L.M.S. Railway 5% Redeemable Preference Stock .. .. .. .. .. 500 503 0 0 470 0 0 25 0 0 12 3 9 12 16 3 L.M.S. Railway 4y0 Preference Stock .. 2,000 1,843 15 1 1,340 0 0 80 0 0 37 0 0 43 0 0 Southern Railway Company 5% Redeemable Guaranteed Preference Stock, 1957 ..1,000 1,174 6 2 1,130 0 0 50 0 0 23 2 6 26 17 6 Government of Commonwealth of Australia 3+y0 Stock, 1964-74 .. .. .. 4,000 3,985 5 7 3,560 0 0 130 0 0 63 7 6 66 12 6 Union of South Africa 5% Loan, 1945-75 (Requisitioned by H.M. Treasury) .. 1,000 mf Ilb) 50 0 0 24 7 6 25 12 6 Union of South Africa 34% Loan, 1953-73 .. 700 670 7 0 728 0 0 24 10 0 , 12 5 0 12 5 0 New Zealand 5% Loan, 1949 .. .. 1,000 1,141 8 0 1,020 0 0 50 0 0 25 0 0 25 0 0 Dominion of Canada 3f% Loan, 1950-55 (Sold) 1,000 §(b) ll(b) 16 5 0 826 826 Dominion of Canada 4% Loan, 1953-58 (Requisitioned by H.M. Treasury) .. 1,000 40 0 0 18 10 0 21 10 0 Port of London Authority 34y0 RegisteredStock, 1964-75 .. .. .. .. 1,000 1,033 4 9 990-0 0 35 0 0 17 1 3 17 18 9 n t.3 Wolverhampton Corporation 3% Stock,+ 1924-54 .... .. .. .. 100 100 0 6 99 00 ---------U London County Council 3i0h Stock, 1954-59 1,000 1,046 8 0 1,050 00 -_-------London County Council 3% Stock, 1956-61 .. I00 100 5 6 99 10 0 -_------_ 3% Local Loans .. .. .. .. 4,800 4,329 15 0 4,596 00 144 0 0 66 11 11 77 8 1 34% War Loan .. .. .. .. 13,000 13,554 I6 8 13,650 00 455 0 0 227 10 0 227 10 0 36% Conversion Loan.. .. .. .. 750 738 19 6 802 10 0 26 5 0 12 2 10 14 2 2 3% Defence Bonds .. .. .. .. 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,007 10 0 30 0 0 15 0 0 15 0 0 3% War Loan .. .. .. .. 500 500 0 0 507 10 0 15 0 0 6 18 9 813 24% National War Bonds .. .. .. 2,000 2,000 0 0 2,020 00 10 12 3 561 562 23% National War Bonds (Interest waived) .. 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,010 00 ---------3% Savings Bonds, 1965-65 .... 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,005 00 2 19 2 197 197 Bank Deposit Interest .. .. .. ------21 0 10 10 10 5 10 10 5 36,106 8 0€35,425 0 0 $1,218 2 3 $592 11 6 €625 10 9 “Redemption Fund Policy (AccumulatedPremiums) .. .. .. .. .. 2,407 1 8 2 s. d. S s. d. ‘(a,)Cost 1,136 8 0 I[(a)Realised 1,072 11 8 $38,513 9 8 i(b) ,, 973 17 0 li(b) ,, 1,029 17 0 I(C) ,, 1,090 3 0 I~(c) ,, 1,106 9 2 At 31st December, 1941. *To realise $50,000 in year 2( 0. BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for the year ended 31st December, 1941 Income Account 1940. Rcceipts. 1941. 1940. Payments. 1941. f: s. cl. € s. d. S s. d. € s. d. ---Balance at credit, 1stJanuary, 1941 . . 127 17 10 34 0 11 Debit Balance 1st January, 1940 .. ---S!ll14 0 Siihscriptions .... .. .. 1,043 11 1 151 19 0 Grants .. .. .. .. .. 111 9 9 523 7 7 Annual Subscriptions .. .. ., 601 9 6 1,316 13 4 Reigiilar Payments .. .. .. 1,174 16 5 1.558 I?’10 Dividends and Interests .. .. .. 152 7 11 51 7 9 Printing and Postage .. .. .. 19 7 11 82 16 5 Income Tax recovered* .. .. .. ---550 Audit Fee . . .. .. .. .. 550 170 8 0 Loans repaid . . .. .. .. 111 15 6 116 0 -0 Loans granted dnring 1941 . . .. ---25 0 0 Donations to London Orphan School .. 25 0 0*Claim submitted for €108 4s. 7d. ---Post Office Savings Bank: Reserve . . 500 0 0 127 17 10 Balance at Credit, 31st December, 1941 201 2 6 n€1,828 3 10 €2,037 1 10 €1,828 3 10 €2,037 1 10 01 U Capital Account Receil:ts. E s. d. Payments. € 8. d. € ‘Y.d. Balance Uninvested Capital, 1st $ s. d. Investments-339 10 6 January, 1941 .. .. 102 18 3 ---f2.502+yoNational War Bonds .. 250 0 0I. 765 7 3 Donations .. .. .. .. 171 16 6 S240 Corporation of London 3% Investments Sold $500 34% Canada Debenture, 1957 .. .. .. 238 1 0 1950-55 (Requisitioned by H.M. $275 Lon, Elec. Trans. Finance ---Treasury) .. .. .. .. 520 12 1 ---Corp. 2fry0Debs. .. . . 267 1 10 1,001 19 6 Investments (1940 A/c) .. .. __-Balance Uninvested Capital at 31st 102 18 3 December, 1941 .. .. .. 40 4 0 €795 6 10 €1,104 17 9 €795 6 10 Balance Sheet at 31st December, 1941 2 R. tl. ;E s. d. 2 s. d. Investmentsatcost- f. s. d. € s. d. 7,425 1 4 CapitalAccount .. *. . . 7,630 11 5 7,322 3 1 Capital Account 7,590 7 5 ---Income Account Reserve .... 600 0 0 ---Income Account 500 0 0 Income Account-Surplus at 31st -_____ 8,090 7 5 127 17 10 December, 1941 . . .. .. 201 2 -6 230 16 1 Cashat Bank ., .. .. 241 6 6.I -f7,552 19 2 $8,331 13 11 i $7,552 19 2 $8,331 13 I1 ---_I_ ---, -_______ r-l a2f.3 Statement of Loans U f. s. d. f. s. d. f. s. d. f. s. d. 2,6,57 6 0 Loans to 31st December, 1940 .. . 2,773 6 0 1,515 I 4 Loans repaid tto31st December, 1941 . . 1,626 16 10 116 0 0 Loans granted during, 1941 .. Loans written off prior to 31st Decem- 751 I4 0 ber, 1940 .. .. .. .. 751 14 0 ' Loans outstanding at 31st December, ,506 10 8 1941 .. .. .. .. .. 39-1 15 2 g2,773 6 0 €2,773 6 0 €2,773 6 0 S2;773 G 0 __I_-- BENEVOLENT FUND : INVESTMEN-TS HELD AND DIVIDENDS RECEIVED : 31st December, 1941 cost. Value.t Gross.Tax. Nett. ;tl s. d. L s. d. s. d. ;tl s. d. s. d. i1,000 4% Consols . . .. .. .. .. 1,077 13 0 1,115 0 0 40 0 0 19 10 0 20 10 0 ~I,SOOWar Loan 34% . . .. .. .. .. 1,296 3 0 1,260 0 0 42 0 0 -_-42 0 0 62,250 Local Loans 3% .. .. .. .. 1,973 6 1 2,154 7 6 67 10 0 31 4 5 36 5 7 ~500Port of London Authority 34% Registered Stock, 1965-75 .. .. .. .. .. .. 516 17 11 495 0 0 17 10 0 8 10 8 819 4 A5GO Canadian 3&%, 1950-55 (Requisitioned by H.M. Treasury) .. .. .. .. .. 0 826 413 413Z L400 Commonwealthof Australia 3$%, 1964-74 .. .. 398 10 7 356 0 II 0 13 0 0 669 6 13 3-1500 New Zealand 5% Loan, 1949 .. .. .. 570 14 6 510 0 0 25 0 0 12 10 0 12 10 0 2750 2&% National War Bonds .... .. 750 0 0 757 10 0 14 6 11 6 13 9 7 13 2 i500 3&y0Conversion Stock .. .. .. .. 501 19 6 535 0 0 17 10. 0 8 1 10 982 2240 Corporation of London 3% Debentures, 1957 . . 238 1 0 237 12 0 ---------i276 London Electric Transport Finance Corporation 2$yvDebenture Stock .. .. .. .. 267 1 10 261 5 0 Post Office Savings Bank (Current Expenses Reserve) 500 0 0 500 0 0 Bank Deposit Interest . . .. .. .. .. -----_ 472 __._____ -_ ;tl8,090 7 5 ,$S,lSl 14 6 +340 6 7 L96 18 8 Q62 7 11 , --_____ 7 Value at 31st December, 1941. 5 Cost f486 18s. 6d. .IIRealisod 2520 13s. Id. SIR ALEXANDER PEDLER SCHOLARSHIP ACCOUNT: 31st December, 1941 Receipts. Payments.L s. d. f; s. d. Balance, 1st January, 1941 .. .. .. .. .... 272 18 6 Interest on Investments .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 146 15 0 Bank Deposit Interest . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 121 Investment Sold (Requisitioned by H.M. Treasury) .. .. .. 520 12 1 Purchase of L525 London Electric Transport 2&y0Stock , . .. .. 508 16 6 Balance at Bankers, 31st December, 1941 .. .. .. .. Deposit Account . . .. .. .. 220 0 0 Current Account . . .. .. .. .. *. .. .. 212 11 2 L941 7 8 L941 7 8 i Securities held at 31st December, 1941:-n cost. Value. Gross. Tax. Nett. t4m & s. d. f: s. d. f: s. d. s. d. f: s. d. u LlOO Great Western Railway 5% Consolidated Prefer- ence Stock .. .. .. .. .. .. 94 0 0 108 0 0 500 289 2 11 3 k900 Royal Mail Steam Packet Ordinary .. .. 787 10 0 ---------L2.600 3&y0War Loan .... .. .. .. 2,808 6 0 2,730 0 0 91 0 0 ---91 0 0 i500 Port of London Authority, 3&y0Registered Stock, 1965-75 .. .. .. .. .. 516 17 11 495 0 0 17 10 0 8 10 7 8 19 5 L500 Southern Railway Company, 5% Redeemable Guaranteed Preference Stock, 1957 .. .. 687 4 10 565 0 0 25 0 0 11 11 3 13 8 9 L600 New Zealand 5%, 1949 .. .. .. .. 570 14 6 510 0 0 25 0 0 12 10 0 12 10 0 L300 4% Consols .. .. .. .. .. .. 323 1 0 334 10 0 12 0 0 6 1.7 0 630 I.L500 Local Loans 3% . . .. .. .. 433 13 3 478 15 0 15 0 0 6 18 8 814 L500 Dominion of Canada 3iy0Loan, 1950-55 (Requi-sitioned by H.M. Treasury) .. .. .. -§ II 826 413 413 L525 London Electric Transport Finance Corporation, Ltd., 2&./, Debentures, 1950-55. .. .. .. 508 16 6 499 0 0 L6,630 4 0 L5,720 5 0 b $Cost €486 18s.6d. IIRealised €520 12s. Id. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture Fund 31st December, 1941. €200 34y0 War'Loan. Value €210. € s. d. , e 8. d. Balance 1st January, LectureExpenses .. 2 10 0 1941 .. .. .. 65 7 9 Balance on Deposit 31st Dividends .. .. 700 December, 1941 .. 69 17 8 E72 7 9 €72 7 9 Meldola Fund 31st December, 1941. €75 Government of Commonwealth of Australia 34% Stock, 1964-75. Value €66 15s. E s. d. E 8. a. Balance 1st January, Meldola Award. . .. 1 16 0 1941 .. .. .. 484 Balance 3 1st December, Dividends and Interest 1 5 1 1941 .. .. .. 3 17 5 25 13 5 $5 13 5 S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture Fund 31st December, 1941. €240 34% Conversion Loan. Value €256 16s. E s. d. E 8. d. Balance 1st January, BaIrtnce on Deposit ..1941 .. .. .. 16 12 4 31stDecember, 1941 21 2 8 Dividends and Interest 4 10 4 $21 2 8 €21 2 8-c 2Q 3 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS We have examined the Balance Sheet at 31st December, 1941, of the Institute of Chemistry, also the Statements of Accounts for the year ended 31st December, 1941 ,with the books and vouchers. The values of the Lease and Premises of the Institute, Furni- ture, Library, Apparatus, etc., are not included in the Balance Sheet. Subject to that remark, we have obtained all the in- formation and explanations we have required and in our opinion the Balance Sheet and Statements of Accounts are properly drawn up and are in accordance with the entries in the books. We certify that we have received from the Bank of England and the Westminster Bank, Ltd., certificates that they hold on behalf of the Institute the Investments shown on the Statements of Investments.J. Y. FINLAY, & Co., Chartered Accowtants.PEARSON C. L. CLAREMONT ,}Hon. Auditors, J. G. A. GRIFFITHS 1941-42. 26th Jamary, 1942 Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 19th December, 1941.-Dr. Firth was welcomed back to the Council, having been elected to fill the vacancy caused by the retirement of Dr. G. D. Elsdon. The Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists reported that a letter to the Minister of Health had been drafted and a statement on the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service had been prepared to be sent to the Minister, with the request that he would receive a deputation from the Institute and the Society.It was also reported that arrangements were well in hand for the organisation of meetings by Engineering and Scientific Institutions, at the request of the Mines Department, to consider Fuel Economy. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. On the Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, the South-West Essex Technical College, Walthamstow, was added to the list of Institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the Associateship of the Institute. The Council proceeded to make preliminary arrangements for the election of the new Council to take office on 2nd March, 194.2.The following were nominated as new District Members of Council:- L. V. Cocks (Liverpool and North-Western), D. M. Freeland (London and South-Eastern Counties), H. Stevenson (Manchester and District), G. J. Denbigh (Yorkshire), D. A. Derrett-Smith (Northern Ireland), John Andrews (Dublin). On learning that in accordance with the By-laws five Vice-presidents were due to retire, the Council felt that, in the present circumstances, it was undesirable that the Institute should lose the services of so many Officers at once, and resolved to make application to the Lord President of the Privy Council for permission to suspend the operation of the By-law--23 (b)--governing such retirement and to provide that at least two of the Vice-presidents should remain in office for a further year.It was furtfier reported that the following Members of Council would retire at the Annual General Meeting in accordance with the By-laws:- W. M. Cumming, E. H. Farmer, A. Findlay, T. R. Hodgson, R. H. Hopkins, H. Hunter, L. H. Lampitt, A. J. Prince* and F. M. Rowe. The Council discussed the changes recently announced with regard to the Schedule of Reserved Occupations on which a statement appeared in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI, 1941. *Erratum.-In JOURNAL Part VI, 1941, page 333, theAND PROCEEDINGS, name of Mr. A. J. Prince was inadvertently omitted from the list of General Members of Council ineligible for re-election on 2nd March, 1942. [ 31 3 Professor Wilson having mentioned the need for helping the Russian Forces with supplies of medicinal chemicals, was informed that the matter was receiving the attention of the Ministry of Supply.Council Meeting,23rd January, 1942.-The Council was informed that the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists had asked the Minister of Health to receive a deputation regarding the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratories; also that the Lord President of the Privy Council had been pleased to direct that the operation of By-law 23 (b)-referring to the nomination of Vice-presidents of the Institute-be suspended until the Annual General Meeting in 1943. Mr. John S. Allan, District Member of Council for Aberdeen and North of Scotland, having expressed his regret that he was unable to attend meetings, it was reported that the Local Section had suggested the name of Dr.John Arnold Lovern as a suitable Fellow to fill the vacancy on the Council. Dr. Lovern was declared duly elected. On a Report from the Board of Examiners and with the concurrence of the Society of Maccabaeans, the Council resolved that no candidate be considered for the award of the Meldola Medal if over 30 years of age on 31st December in the year for which the award is made. Among others, a letter was received from an Associate pressing the question as to the surrender of coupons by industrial chemists for obtaining overalls and protective clothing. It was understood that in some branches of the engineering industry supplementary coupons had been sanctioned, and it was contended that they should be available for certain classes of chemists, on the recommendation of the Factory Inspec tors.The Council felt that the Board of Trade had made reasonable conces- sions. In the course of the discussion, Dr. Jordan suggested the useful- ness of tarpaulin aprons, which are obtainable at 30s. a dozen without coupons. The attention of the Council was directed to an announcement regard- ing a scheme for providing tests for milk under the Ministry of Food, to come into operation on 1st April. The matter was referred to the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists.On the suggestion of Sir Robert Pickard, it was resolved to send hearty congratulations and the cordial good wishes of the Institute to Professor George Gerald Henderson, F.R.S., Past President, on his attaining the age of 80 years. The Council proceeded with the nomination of the new Council :-Dr. J. J. Fox was unanimously nominated for re-election as President. Mr. John C. White was unanimously nominated for re-election as Honorary Treasurer. The following nominations for the election of General Member of r 32 1 Council delivered to the Secretary in accordance with By-law 26 were submitted:-G. Dring, J. R. Fraser, H. H. Hodgson. Having regard to the permission of the Privy Council to suspend the operation of By-law 23 (b),the following six candidates were nominated for election as Vice-presidents :-H.V. A. Briscoe, Alexander Findlay, Leslie H. Lampitt, G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert H. Pickard and H. A. Tempany. The following Fellows were nominated for election as General Members of Council:-E. B. Anderson, E. F. Armstrong, A. L. Bacharach, H. Baines, S. R. Carter, F. Challenger, A. Coulthard, W. Cullen, J. C. Drummond, F. P. Dunn, A. E. Dunstan, Norman Evers, Lewis Eynon, J. B. Firth, I. M. Heilbron, E. L. Hirst, E. B. Hughes, S. J. Johnstone, L. A. Jordan, Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd, J. G. King, F. G. Mann, G. W. Monier-Williams, J. R. Nicholls, T. F. E. Rhead, W. H. Roberts and F. J. Wilson. The Council nominated five Fellows, from whom four shall be elected as Censors at the Annual General Meeting:-F.H. Carr, Alexander Findlay, G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Pickard and Sir Robert Robinson. Mr. C. A. Bassett and Mr. B. A. Ellis were appointed to act as Scruti- neers to report on the ballot for the election of Officers, Members of Council and Censors. Reports were received from the Standing Committees, and the President mentioned that the Censors had received no complaints during the year 1941. Mr. E. E. Ayling commented on the omission from JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI, 1941,of the record of the attendance of the Council, and on the absence of any reference to- the omission. The President suggested that in fairness to those members who were much occupied with Government work, it was preferable not to publish the record during the war.Council Meeting, 30th January, 1942.-The Council received replies from Fellows accepting nomination as candidates for election to the Council at the Annual General Meeting to be held on and March. The Report of the Council for the year 1941-42, prepared by the Publications Committee, together with Reports and Statements prepared by the Finance and House Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee and approved by the Auditors, was amended and passed for publication. The Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Com-mittee, embodying the Report of the Board of Examiners on the January Examinations and on the award of the Meldola Medal, and the Report of the Assessor on the award of the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize, were received and adopted.The awards are recorded in the Report of the Council. Local Sections (The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read or in speeches delivered during discussions .> Bristol and South-Western Counties.-At the request of the Mines Department, a meeting was arranged by Engineering and Scientific Societies, including the Institute, to inaugurate a discussion on means of improving the efficient use of fuel in industrial plants. The meeting at Bristol took place in the Physics Lecture Theatre of the University, Bristol, on 3rd January,-Sir Richard Redmayne in the Chair. There was a good attendance, including a large number of members of the Institute.Mr. J. G. Bennett, of the Fuel Economy Committee of the Mines Department, opened the discussion, in which representatives of the leading local firms participated. Mr. Bennett stated that he had received many useful suggestions to take back to headquarters. The meeting concluded with votes of thanks to Sir Richard Redmayne, for presiding, to Mr. Bennett, and to Mr. Arthur Marsden, Fellow, who had made the local arrangements. Cape-A meeting of the Section was held in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University of Cape Town, on 11th July, 1941. Proposals for improved co-operation with the Cape Chemical and Technological Society were discussed and it is hoped that some mutual benefit will result. Dr. A. H. Spong, Hon.Secretary of the Section, addressed the meeting on “Splitting the Atom.” A meeting of the Section was held in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University of Cape Town, on 8th August. The South African Chemical Institute asked for the Section’s co-operation in collecting information about chemists serving with the South African Army, whether in a technical or a non-technical capacity. (Fellows and Associates who are usually resident in South Africa and are now with the Forces are asked to inform the Registrar or the Hon. Secretary of the Section.) Professor F. Walker gave an interesting lecture on “Chemical Methods in Modern Geological Investigations.” On 12th September, in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University of Cape Town, Dr.I. Donen gave a very interesting address on “Pectins and their Industrial Application.” By invitation of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society, members of the Section have attended two meetings held by that Society, both in the Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town. On zznd August, Dr. R. G. Shuttleworth read a paper on “The Benzene [ 34 1 Problem and the Benzcyclooctatetraenes ” in large part descriptive of his attempts to synthesise compounds of this type. On 28th November, Professor W. F. Barker read a paper on “The Conductimetric Analysis of Acid Mixtures ” describing research on this problem now being carried on at Rhodes University College, Grahams- town. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Members of the Section had the privilege of joining with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in being present at a Jubilee Memorial Lecture by Dr.E. B. Hughes, F.I.C., who gave an interesting and instructive account of “Modern Concepts of Analysis with particular reference to Food.” This meeting, which was held in Edinburgh on 12th December, 1941, was very well attended and promoted a lively discussion. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held on 12th January, 1942,in the University of Leeds. Professor F. Challenger, Chairman of the Section, presided, and Mr. S. Ellingworth gave a lecture on “Chemo- therapy.” The meeting was well attended and a good discussion followed. Liverpool and North-Western.-A well-at tended informal social meeting of the Section (to which friends of members were invited) was held at 1.0p.m.on 17th January, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool. In the unavoidable absence of the Chairman (Mr. H. Humphreys Jones), through illness, the chair was occupied by Mr. J. R. Stubbs, vice- chairman of the Section. Following lunch, a short musical programme (arranged by Mr. H. Weatherall, FeZZow) was given. This was greatly appreciated and the meeting concluded with a show of films of scientific interest. London and South-Eastern Counties.-It is regretted that the name of Mr. R. L. Kenny, Fetlow, was omitted from the list of committee members in the last number of the Journal. Members of the Section are asked to preserve the list of meetings issued to them, as no further notices will be given. South Wales.-On 24th January members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,-Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., F.R.S., presiding.Mr. J. Idris Jones delivered a lecture on “Plastics from Acetylene.” [: 35 1 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Cider By H. L. O'REILLY,MSc., A.I.C. [Dublin Section, on 10th December, 1941.1 Modern cider making is a highly organised industry using specialised machinery and demanding constant scientific control in order to obtain a satisfactory product which will hold its place in the market with such drinks as lager and other light beers.It requires supplies of cider apples of which a few thousand varieties are known. Of these a few outstanding varieties are Kingston Black, Old Foxwhelp and Knotted Kernel. Apple juice of suitable characteristics is fermented in oak vats, after which it is racked, fined and filtered. Then it is suitably blended and prepared for bottling. The sterilising filter and suitable resistant metals are important factors in the industry. Cider is most susceptible to traces of metals, such as iron and copper, small quantities of which may completely spoil the flavour. Coagulation of the Blood By E. M. BAVIN,B.Sc., F.I.C. [East Midlands Section, on 4th December, 1941.1 The present-day theory of blood coagulation was discussed and the complexity of the problem was emphasised.No theory yet presented explains fully all the known facts. The main components of the coagula- tion reaction are agreed upon by most workers, but their exact r61e is still a matter of controversy. There is considerable evidence that the production of thrombin and fibrin is in the nature of an enzymic reaction. The properties, chemistry and uses of heparin were described. The use of the toluidine blue reaction by Jorpes and other workers to study the secretion of heparin by the mast cells was discussed, and also the use of the same reaction by MacIntosh for the assay of heparin. The possible r6le of heparin in the preservation of the fluidity of the blood in vivo was also mentioned. Quick's recent classification of haemorrhagic diseases , due to deficiency of one or other of tlie essential constituents of the blood clotting mechanism, was then dealt with.Prothrombin deficiency can be brought about by lack of vitamin K, and the same prothrombin deficiency occurs in haemorrhagic disease of the new-born and in sweet-clover disease of cattle. In haemophilia the blood platelets show increased I;esistance to disintegration with a consequent lack of thromboplastiii and a prolonged clotting: time. C361 Chemotherapy By S. ELLINGWORTH,M.Sc. [Leeds Area Section, on 12th January, 1942.1 Little knowledge concerning the mode of action of drugs is available to guide the organic chemist in his endeavours to synthesise compounds for the treatment of parasitic infections and he can seldom forecast with certainty the effects of his products.Nevertheless successful remedies have resulted from following up biological observation. The chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis began with Ehrlich’s observa- tion of the selective tissue-staining capacity of certain dyestuffs; this suggested that substances might be found which would attach them- selves to the parasite and destroy it without harming the host. With the aid of the dyestuffs chemist, “Bayer 205 I’ (Suramin) was ultimately produced, and remains the most satisfactory remedy for human tropical sleeping sickness in its early stages. Study of the photo-sensitising action of the cyanine dyes led to the trial of the styrylquinolines as antiseptics, and to the unexpected observa- tion that some of them were trypanocidal. These drugs, however, have not so far found practical application.The discovery of the powerfully trypanocidal diamidines was the outcome of the conception that the Synthalins, originally proposed as insulin substitutes, might favourably influence trypanosome infections by producing hypoglycaemia in the host, thus depriving the parasites of their necessary sugar supply. Although these compounds apparently do not act in this way, drugs of great clinical promise have resulted from this line of work. Ehrlich also experimented with organic arsenic compounds, postulating from biological observations that reduction of the arsenic in the body to the tervalent form was a prelude to activity.The synthesis of “606” (Salvarsan) followed, and this drug, in solubilised form, is still the standard treatment for syphilis, thus affording an example of a remedy arising frm an investigation in relation to another disease. The most successful arsenical trypanocide, Tryparsamide, contains quinquevalent arsenic, but there is evidence that the active form of this drug, and probably of all the arsenicals, is the arsenoxide. The anti-malarials, Plasmoquin (Pamaquin) and Atebrin (Mepacrine) are examples of synthetic remedies structurally related to a natural drug, for although methylene blue is said to have been the starting point from which Atebrin was developed, both drugs incorporate the 6-methoxy quinoline structure which appears in quinine.Until five or six years ago no clinical success had attended the attempted chemotherapy of internal bacterial infections. The discovery, however, of the anti-streptococcal action of Prontosil opened the way to what has been described as the greatest medical discovery of the century. Examination of variants of Prontosil afforded the clue to C 371 the fact that reduction in the body occurred and that sulphanilamide was the active agent, Variations on the latter have in turn led to sulpha- pyridine, sulphathiazole, and sulphadiazine, which have a wider range of anti-bacterial action. Study of their behaviour in the body indicated that slowly absorbed compounds might be useful as intestinal antiseptics, and sulphanilylguanidine has proved effective against bacillary dysentery.The most active compound of this group, 4 :4’-diaminodiphenyl sulphone, is too toxic for man, but is well tolerated by cattle, and may prove valuable for the treatment of bovine mastitis and other infections of domestic animals. The mode of action of the sulphanilamide drugs has been the subject of much speculation. Particular interest has been aroused by the sulphanilamide-antagonism of 9-aminobenzoic acid, and by Fildes’ suggestion that new anti-bacterial compounds may possibly be obtained by synthesising variants of other substances which, like 9-aminobenzoic acid, play an essential part in bacterial growth. Many important problems remain to be solved.Staphylococcal infections are often intractable, and there is so far little indication of success against the tubercle bacillus; and of the chemotherapy of virus diseases practically nothing is known. January Examinations, 1942 Report of the Board cf Examiners Examinations were held as under: Entered. Pussed. For the Associateship in General Chemistry, at the Institute, in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, and at a number of local centres. Monday to Friday, 12th- 17th January inclusive .. .. .. .. .. .. 23 11* * One candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners in the theoretical paper only. The following papers and exercises were given. Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry MONDAY, 12tl~ JANUARY, 1942: 9.30 a.m.to 12 noon. (Answey FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of the phenomenon of thermal dissociation, illustrating 3. Compare the chemical bohaviour of the more important compounds of your answer by suitable examples. sulphur, selenium and tellurium. 3. Explain, as fully as you can, the meanings of the following terms which are used in relation to the subject of reaction velocity:-(a) order, (6) velocity constant, (c) energy of activation, (d)heterogeneous reaction. 4. Give a method of preparation, properties and characteristic reactions of any TIIEEE of the following:-(a) phosphonium iodide, (b) sodium metaphosphate, (c)potassium mercuri-iodide K,HgI,, (d) sodium hyponitrite, (e) tungsten trioxide.5. Explain the meaning of the term “parachor,” and show how measurements 6. When solutions of copper sulphate and sodium carbonate are mixed of the parachor can give information about the structure of molecules. ~381 together, a precipitate is formed. Explain, with full experimental details, how you would propose to investigate this reaction and to determino the nature of the products. 7. Discuss TWO of the following:- (a)Inhibitors or negative catalysts; (b)Fractional distillation; (c) Eutectic temperatures and eutectic mixtures. 1to 3.30 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1.Show how the simple gas laws fail to represent adequately the behaviour of real gases and discuss the attempts which have been made to modify the laws. 2. Give some account of the present state of our knowledge concerning the complexity of elements in the gaseous state. 3. Select ONE of the less common metals and describe its natural occurrence and extraction. By a consideration of the properties of the metal and its compounds justify its position in the periodic classification. 4. Write an account of the part played by diffusion in chemical processes. 5. Discuss ONE of the following:- (a)The Debye-Huckel theory of electrolytes in solution; (b) Conceptionsof resonance in molecules. 6. Write short accounts of any TWO of the following:- (a) isomorphism; (b) deuterium; (c) the corrosion of metallic surfaces; (d) the structure of gels.7. Write an essay on “New methods and reagents in quantitative inorganic analysis.” TUESDAY, 13th JANUARY, 1942: 9.30 a.m. to 12 noon. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Describe FOUR general methods of preparing a-amino acids; give an account of the characteristic properties and reactions of these compounds and indicate their relationship to proteins. 2. Outline methods by which lactic acid may be prepared; by means of equations and short notes indicate the various compounds derivable by the dehydra- tion-direct or indirect-of lactic acid. 3.Show how acetone may be used as a starting material in the preparation of SIX of the following compounds :-(a) pinacone (or pinacol), (b) mesityl oxide, (c) iso-propylamine, (d) mesitylene, (e) iodoform, (f) tertiary butyl alcohol, (9) P-methyl- /3-hydroxy-n-butyric acid, (h)acetylacetone. 4. Give concise definitions of the following terms, with two illustrative ex8mples of each :--(i) halogenation, (ii) esterification, (iii) enolisation, (iv) dehydrogenation, (v) ozonolysis. 5. Give an account of the various types of molecular structuro which are 6. Indicate how the following compounds are usually prepared from naphtha- capable of giving rise to optical activity. lene :-(a) a-naphthol, (b) /3-naphthylamine, (c) 4-amino-l-naphthol, (d) l-amino-2-naphthol, (e) phthalic anhydride, (f) tetralin.7. Write an essay on EITHER the stereoisomerism of oximes; OR the use of 8. By means of equations and short notes indicate the reactions involved in catalysts in organic chemistry. any FOUR of the following examples:-the conversion of-(i) phenol to cydopentanone ; (ii) phthalic anhydride to anthranilic acid; (iii)ethyl alcohol to n-butyl alcohol; (iv) toluene to bonzil; (v) nitro- benzene to phenylhydrazine. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translations from French and German Technical Literature. [ 39 1 WEDNESDAY, 14th JANUARY, 1942: 9.30 am. to 3.30 p.m. Identify compounds (A) and (B). (A) = benzyl salicylate or n-butyl salicylate; (B) = phthalimide or phthalamide.THURSDAY, 15th JANUARY, 1942: 0.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Characterise, as completely as time allows, compounds (C) and (D). (C) = sulphanilic acid or diphenylamine ;(D) =p-chloronitrobenzene or p-dichloro benzene. FRIDAY, 16th JANUARY, 1942: 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. 1. The solution (E) contains barium bromide and barium nitrate. Determine the total barium gmvimetrically and the bromide volumetricall y. Express your results as grams of barium and grams of bromine per litre of solution (E). You are provided with a decinormal solution of silver nitrate and an approxi- mately decinormal solution of ammonium thiocyanate. 25 C.C. of solution (E)yieldabout half a gram of barium sulphate. 2. Identify the two substances present in the Mixture (F).(F) = BaSiF, and NaCl. SATURDAY, 17th JANUARY, 1042: 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. 1. You are given a sample of commercial ortho-phosphoric acid (G). Det&rmine the percsntage of H,PO, in the sample. Standard carbonate-free sodium hydroxide is provided. 2. By a gravimetric method determine the percentage of lead in the sample of commercial red lead (H)provided. 3. Identify the substances (I) and (J). (I)= Potassium cobalticyanide.(J)= Potassium titanium oxyoxalate. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY,AND PHYSICAL Although most candidates were able to attempt the required five questions in each paper, many of the answers were slight in content, and there was a tendency to avoid coming to grips with the subject matter. This was especially noticeable in the answers to the questions dealing with the phenomenon of thermal dissociation and the “parachor.” The problem question 6 in paper I was selected by a number of candidates, but the answers were often poor.Some very good answers were returned to the question on the gas laws in paper 2. The examiners gave avery liberal interpretation to what constituted “New methods and reagents in quantitative inorganic analysis.” The practical work was very well done. A few candidates had difficulty in getting the red lead into solution because they overlooked the simple method of dissolving it in dilute nitric acid in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Theory.-With some notable exceptions the theory papers did not receive good answers.No question seemed to cause particular difficulty, but many of the answers were below the standard normally reached, and there can be little doubt that a number of candidates were ill-prepared. This view is supported by the fo_llowing comments:- Question I was attempted by very few candidates and few appeared 40 1 to have more than a vague idea of the relationship of a-amino acids to proteins. Question 2 was attempted by only a few candidates, who gave quite inadequate answers. Questioh 3 and question 6, which are straightforward bookwork, were the most popular and, on the whole, received the best answers. Only a few candidates, however, suggested that iso-propylamine can be prepared by the reduction of acetoxime-many seemed to be quite unaware that sec-halides when heated with ammonia are largely converted into olefines, or that numerous aminophenols can conveniently be prepared by the reduction of hydroxy-azo-compounds. Question 4.This straightforward question received surprisingly few answers. Several candidates considered that halogenation was any process which resulted in the production of a halogen-containing compound, e.g. the action of hydrogen chloride on an alcohol or of phosphorus penta- chloride on a ketone. Question 5. Of the candidates who attempted this question few seemed to appreciate its content-the others wrote at length, and often vaguely, about the asymmetric carbon atom. Question 7. The essays on stereo-isomerism of oximes were generally quite good; those on the use of catalysts were sometimes discursive and too restricted in scope.Question 8 was fairly well done, although some answers to part (iii) would suggest that n-butyl alcohol is a very costly substance to prepare. Practical.-A number of candidates did well, but the standard of proficiency reached by the remainder was not so high as usual. Several candidates had clearly received inadequate training and were not suffici- ently familiar with routine operations. TRANSLATIONS. The French passage was generally done quite well, but the German passage was frequently done in a very unsatisfactory manner. PASS LIST Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Claret, Paul Arthur, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol.Crowder, Norman Frederic, College of Technology, Manchester. Fowler; Frank, Ph.C., Harris Institute, Preston ; Manchevter University. Large, Frank Elton, Central Technical College, Birmingham. O’Xeill, Thomas Gerard, City Technical College, Liverpool. Ottway, Denis Silvester, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Seyfang, Amyot Paul, Battersea Polytechnic, London. Shaw, William Harold Cullen, University College, Nottingham. Tomlinson, Itussell Frederick, College of Technology, Manchester. Willmott, Wilfrid Eric, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Wood, James Herbert, Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. Notes Honours, January, 1942.-Percy Henry Carpenter, Fellow,-O.B.E. ; Hubert Ernest Page, B.Sc.(Lond.), Associate,-O.B.E. Dr. Edwin Gregory, Member of Council, has been elected President of the Sheffield Metallurgical Association. Science in Parliament Vitawins.-On 20th January, in the House of Commons, Captain Elliston asked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food whether, considering the importance of vitamins in medical treatment, he would remove restrictions on the use of those products for pharmaceutical purposes ? In reply, Major Lloyd George said that there was no restriction on the use of vitamins BI and D for pharmaceutical purposes. Vitamin A was still available in reduced quantities: it was not possible to increase the supply owing to the large demands for this vitamin for the fortification of margarine.With regard to vitamin C,-there was no restriction on the use of ascorbic acid for tablets and other “straight” preparations. There was, however, a, voluntary restriction whereby supplies of ascorbic acid were allowed to manufacturers on the basis of their average usage in the first five months of 1941. This restriction had been imppsed by agreement with the Minister of Health on the recommenda- tion of the special Diets Advisory Committee of the Medical Research Council. Synthetic Rubber.-On 2Ist January, Rear-Admiral Beamish asked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministg of Supply what steps were being taken, and in prospect, for the manufacture of synthetic rubber? Mr. Harold Macmillan, in reply, said that the manufacture of synthetic rubber in Great Britain was being considered in relation to the general question of Inter-Ally supply.It would not be in the public interest to give particulars of our supplies of rubber. Every possible step was being taken to economise in the consumption of rubber in tyres and other manufactures and to make use of the available supplies of waste. Prodziction.-On 27th January, Mr. Graham White asked the Prime Minister whether he would consider the advisability of establishing a production general staff, consisting of production engineers and other technologists, charged with the duty of continuous experiment and research in methods of production, and enjoying sufficient authority to see that the best known methods and improvements might be adopted? Mr.Attlee, replying for the Prime Minister, said that he was always ready to consider questions for making better use of research and technical c 42 1 experience, but production for war purposes required so many different procases that it would not be practical to set up a single body with the suggested functions. Experiments and research were constantly being carried out in the most important establishments, and means existed for the interchange of information so obtained. The production Ministries also had ready access to the best independent engineering and scientific experience, which was most willingly and generously given. Flow.-Also, on 27th January, Sir E. Graham-Little asked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food what chemicals were added to Canadian or other imported flour before export; what were the proportions of each such added ingredient; and whether the flour was chemically bleached either before or after arrival ? Major Lloyd George replied that the only substance added to Canadian flour before export, under instructions from the Ministry of Food, was aneurin (synthetic vitamin BI) which was added to bring the BI content to a figure similar to that of fortified flour produced in this country.It was understood that the position in regard to chemical improvers and bleachers in Canadian and other imported flour was similar to that of flour milled in the United Kingdom, but no information was available as to the proportion of any added ingredient in individual consignments.Imported flour was not chemically bleached after arrival in this country. Mr. Boothby asked what was the cause of the delay in fortifying white bread with synthetic vitamin BI; and when all the supplies of white flour would be so fortified? Major Lloyd George said that the scheme for fortifying white bread with synthetic 'vitamin BI was being extended as rapidly as possible having regard to the supplies of aneurin. There had been recent improve- ments in the rate of home-production, but it was not possible to say when all white flour would be fortified. Deferment of Calling Up.-The Institute has been notified by the Ministry of Labour and National Service that in the cases of men under 25 years who have been previously considered by the Joint Recruiting Boards and have been informed that the work upon which they are engaged is of vital national importance, no further action need be taken either by them or their employers, in order to secure deferment of calling up, provided that they remain in the same posts.It would also be more convenient if men under 25 years possessing the necessary technical qualifications who have hitherto been reserved but will shortly be de-reserved, but have not been considered by the Joint Recruiting Boards, would apply to the local offices of the Ministry and complete Form Misc. 20. The local offices will then furnish them with the addresses of the nearest Joint Recruiting Board to which the completed application forms should be submitted. This procedure in the case of men under 25 years, at the date of registration, is in substitution of application for deferment using Form N.S.300. r 43 1 The Central Register.-At a Conference of the Association of Scientific Workers recently held in London, Professor W.Wardlaw, of the Central Register Branch, Ministry of Labour and National Service, said that he had been asked to explain the part played by the Central Register in promoting the use of technical personnel in the war. The Central Register was established, at the time of the Munich crisis, as part of the campaign for voluntary national service. The Government knew that it would be essential to find specialists of all kinds and hence to have a comprehensive record of the qualifications and other particulars of such persons; that it was desirable to establish means of recruitment of professional, technical and administrative staff in order to prevent wasteful competition between departments, and generally to maintain central machinery for conserving and mobilising the country’s resources in technical personnel.At first, the Register came in for a good deal of criticism: and the staff was overwhelmed with the mass of routine material despite the help given by professional institutions and expert advisers who had played a major part in compiling the Register and could not at once reach a stable conception of its functions and procedure. The public found it difficult to distinguish between the Central Register and other agencies which were responsible for finding employment for technical personnel, whereas the Central Register was intended to be a Gomprehensive record of the higher administrative, professional and technical personnel of the country whether already employed or not.Practically all such persons were already in useful work from which they could only be asked to move for a more urgent and vital service; but there was a limited number of persons with various forms of administrative experience who had been encouraged to offer their services to the Government and could not understand why the Government did not make use of them. Some critics then were contemptuous of the Register as being a mere card index; others resented the esercise of its proper functions, while others again abused it for not fulfilling functions with which it had never been en-trusted.For example, it had never been its function to determine how scientific and technical knowledge should best be used in the prosecution of the war; its purpose was and is to meet demands for technical personnel for war purposes, and to allocate the available supply. As the mobilisation of the country’s resources got under way and the implications of niechanised and total warfare were realised, so the pressure of the demands on technical and scientific personnel increased, not only for the production of more and more complicated weapons but for their operation, maintenance and repair in and behind the front line.The organisation of the Central Register had to be developed. In June and July, 1940,the Ministry issued “Specified Classes of Persons Orders’’ Nos. I and 2, requiring all physicists, chemists, engineers and quantity surveyors with certain specified qualifications to register, if they had not already done so voluntarily. The numbers 011 the Central Register rose from 65,000 in May, 1940,to 167,000 in December, 1941. [ 44 1 This necessitated the appointment of technical officers of full professional standing at the head of each section of the Register. In May, 1941,the Minister of Labour asked Lord Hankey to preside over an Inter-Depart- mental Committee to supervise the supply of technical personnel.The Central Register became concerned not only with filling vacancies but also with planning the organisation for the supply of technical personnel over the whole field of the war effort. For example, the plans for the State Bursary Scheme for expanding the intake by the universities of young scientists and engineers and for accelerating the professional training of engineers in industry both originated in the Central Register. The experience and resources of the Central Register became linked to the Technical Personnel Committee for which it acts as the main executive machine. The organisation of the supply of technical personnel is not one of the least important achievements in this technical and scientific war. In this work, the Central Register has played an indispensable part.Under the new procedure of progressive de-reservation which is being conducted by the District Man-Power Boards of the Ministry of Labour, steps are being taken to ensure that any man with technical qualifications of Central Register standard, who is not "deferred " in his existing work, or urgently required for work of national importance, will be dealt with by the Central Register and placed in work where his technical capacity will be fully utilised, such as a technical commission with the Forces or a suitable post in a Government department or with a firm concerned with vital war pro- duction. It is hoped that men with qualifications of Central Register standard will inform the Central Register when they cease to be reserved if no deferment application is being made on their behalf.The Ministry of Labour has recently announced an Appointments Department, a new organisation with a number of provincial branches. Its function will be to ensure that men and women possessing professional and higher industrial qualifications or experience are fully used to the national advantage. The major problem of the war has been, not so much to secure a supply of material or machines, but the man-power, in hands and skill and know- ledge, for the production and use of machines of war. Never before have such tasks been laid upon scientists and engineers, whether in the field, the factory or the laboratory. A thorough and persistent effort is needed to marshal our resources in technical personnel to ensure their most economical and effective use and to intensify the upgrading and training.The Central Register has only one aim,-to ensure that the war effort is not hampered or delayed or robbed of efficiency by lack of technical man-power. Fuel Economy-At the request of the Mines Department, meetings have been arranged by Engineering and Scientific Societies, including the Institute, to discuss means of improving the efficient use of fuel in [ 45 1 industrial plants. Fellows and Associates of the Institute have attended meetings at Manchester on 16th December, at Glasgow on rgth December, at Bristol on 3rd January, in London on 8th January, at Leeds on 20th January, at Nottingham on 23rd January, and at Belfast on 6th February, and a meeting will be held at Sheffield in the near future.At the meeting in London held at the Institution of Electrical Engineers Dr. E. S. Grumell, Chairman of the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Mines Department, suggested that between nine and ten million tons of fuel might be saved annually: four-and-a-half million tons, equal to two-and-a-half per cent. of the coal used in the generation of steam, gas, heat, etc., four-and-a-half million tons, equal to two-and-a-half per cent. of the coal saved in the better utilisation of steam, gas, heat, etc., after genera- tion, and a half to one million tons used in the getting and transport of the nine million tons. It was not generally appreciated that five and a half tons of coal were used to raise IOO tons at the pit, and then there was the coal used in transport.If ten million tons were saved, something of the order of five hundred million train-miles would be saved, 30,000 (ten-ton) waggons would be released and upwards of 30,000 men. Economy could be effected by increasing the number of fuel engineers attached to the District Coal Officers or by making people "fuel conscious," so that they would bring about, by their own efforts, an improvement in the use of fuel, which, with goodwill, co-operation and education, would ensure advantages of permanent benefit. The Secretary of Mines had addressed a letter to the heads of industry asking them to use their personal influence to encourage a greater interest in the use of fuel.Inefficiency, in many instances, was due to lack of interest on the part of the management, because, in some cases, the cost of fuel was a relatively low proportion of the total cost of production. In other cases, the larger users of fuel were reluctant to employ a fuel engineer. Trade and Research organisations had been asked to set up their own Fuel Economy Commit tees. If Research Associations would take an interest in fuel problems, it would be perhaps the best and the quickest method of securing immediate economies and of assuring a more rational development for the use of fuel for steam raising, heating, power, etc. Dr. Grumell endorsed the opinions of Dr. E. W. Smith that greater co-ordination of all research bodies would be of assistance, that develop- ment should not be left to chance but should be planned, and that the day had passed when technical developments and research work should be kept secret.Arrangements were being made in collaboration with the Board of Education to provide lecture Courses for managerial staffs, information about which could be obtained from the Divisional Coal Officers. Dr. Grumell suggested that the scientific societies should collaborate in publishing articles and discussions, and generally in the dissemination of [ 46 1 knowledge of the whole subject of fuel economy. There was a lack of statistics on the utility of fuel, but the Mines Department was preparing a census of appliances and of coal used, in order to give a general survey of the matter.There was a lack of information with regard to the per- formance of various types of mechanical stokers, the sizes of coal and the draught required for combustion. A Joint Committee had been appointed to deal with such matters and the Mines Department had under considera- tion the setting up of testing stations for independent investigations. There were other questions, such as the treatment of fine slack, the sampling and analysis and the suitable distribution of coal according to its properties, the possibility of pooling steam and heat supplies, and so forth. The immediate object, however, was to save fuel now. In view of the rapidly changing conditions in the dyeing industry, the Society of Dyers and Colourists has appointed a Technical Advisory Committee as a means of bringing the accumulated knowledge and experience of the members to bear on matters within the purview of the Society, in order to enable it to play an effective part in the war.The services of this Committee, in a consultative capacity, are at the disposal of the Institute. The Committee consists of 55 members, representatives of the dye-making, dye-using and allied industries, and of allied and re- search organisations. The Technical Advisory Committee will function by means of comparatively small panels selected from its membership by an Executive Committee according to the nature of the problem on which the panel is required to report.Income Tax: Rebate to Chemists in Respect of Damaged Clothing.- “We think that some of our members may not be aware of the fact that following representations made by the British Association of Chemists and the Institute of Chemistry, the Commissioners of Inland Revenue in December, 1920, decided that Chemists should be allowed a rebate on a sum not exceeding Lz5 in any year expended on the replacement of clothing damaged during employment on professional duties. This decision would appear to apply in the case of clothing damaged by enemy action, since such damage would come within the definition ‘wholly necessarily and exclusively incurred for the purpose of employment ’.” -From State Service, December, 1941. The Miscellaneous Chemical Control has moved from Iron Trades House to Terminal House, 5th Floor, 52, Grosvenor Gardens, London, S.W.1 (Tel: Sloane 2271).Scrap Metal.-The Ministry of Works, at the request of the Ministry of Supply, urgently calls for the recovery of scrap metal. The Director of Demolition and Recovery (Mr. G. M. Carter of G. M. Carter Erectors, Ltd., Newcastle upon Tyne), is in charge of this work. c 47 I Obituary JOHNPEDROZO died at Ilfracombe on 20th December, 1941, D’ALBUQUERQUE in his 76th year. Born in London and educated at the City of London School, he studied chemistry at the University of Cambridge from 1885-1890, and in 1887 was elected Scholar, Exhibitioner and Wright Prizeman of St. John’s College. In 1889, he obtained a .first class in Part I1 of the Natural Sciences Tripos and was appointed demonstrator to Professor Liveing in the University Laboratory.In due course he proceeded to M.A., and in 1890 he was appointed Government Professor of Chemistry and Public Analyst for Barbados, West Indies, where also he was largely engaged on experiments at the Island Agricultural Experimental Station. In 1926 he was appointed first Director of Agriculture for Barbados and two years later he retired from the service. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1892. WALTER SYDNEY CLARKdied at Luton on 15th October, 1941, in his 60th year. Trained at the City and Guilds of London Central Technical College, he obtained the Diploma A.C.G.I. in 1906, and in the same year qualified as a Pharmaceutical Chemist.From 1907-1915, he worked at the Anglo-Continental Guano Co., Ltd. with H. H. B. Shepherd, Fellow, and during the same period continued his studies at West Ham Municipal Technical Institute. In 1915 he enlisted as a Corporal in the Royal Engineers, but later obtained a commission as Lieutenant in the Yorks and Lanes Regiment, before he was transferred to an ordnance factory under the Ministry of Munitions, where he continued until the end of the war. From 1919 he was engaged as a manufacturing chemist at Luton. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1915. I JOSEPHCAMPBELLELLIOTT died suddenly while on a visit to Sandown, Isle of Wight, on 3rd March, 1941, in his 53rd year. He was educated at Wesley College, Dublin, and studied at the Royal College of Science for Ireland (Dublin) from 1907- 1910, gaining the Associateship of the College.Ho subsequently worked with Professor--later Sir -Gilbert Morgan on behalf of the Gratwich Cancer Research Institute of Huffklo, U.S.A., on organic compounds of arsenic, mercury and selenium suitable for therapeutic application. In October, 1914, he joined the Colours asa despatch rider and became attached as EL Corporal to the Royal Engineers. He was transferred to the Special Brigade, R. E., in June, 1915, commissioned in 1916, and awarded the M.C. in the same year. At the end of the war he was attached to No. I G.H.Q. Chemistry School at Roubaix. On demobilisation in 1919, he obtained an appointment with Messrs.Levinstein, but in the following year joinedWilliam Mortimer & Co., Ltd., later The Orford Tanning Co., Ltd., at Warrington, of which Company he was a director at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. UEORGBHOLLANDELLIS died at Beeston, Notts., on 27th May, 1941, in his 48th year. Born at Stoneclough, Lanes., he was educated at the Municipal Secondary School and studied science at the Municipal College of Technology, Manchester, where he gained the Diploma of the Associateship of the College. In 1912, he became an assistant chemist with the Ship Canal Portland Cement Manufacturers, Ltd., at Elleamere Port. In 1914 he became assistant research chemist with the Calico Printers’ Association, Ltd., in the Central Laboratory, Rhodes, near Man-Chester, and thereafter was a research and general administrative chemist at the Bradshaw-Hammond & Co., Ltd., Branch, Reddish Vale, Stockport, except for a period of service with the Forces during the War of 1914-1918, when he was invalided owing to phosgene poisoning.He was specially interested in problems connected with fire-proofing and dyeing of balloon fabrics. Prom 1923 he was engaged with British Celanesc, Ltd., at the Spondon factory, where he held the appointment of chief colourist until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. [ 48 1 ARTHURGEAKE died at Wilmslow, Cheshire, on 19th December, in his 5lst year. Educated at the Christian Brothers’ College, Bristol, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, and the University of Bristol, he graduated B.Sc.with first class honours in 1910, and in the following year proceeded to M.Sc. and subsequently to Ph.D. He became engaged on research work for the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, as assistant to Dr. M. Nierenstein, with whom, as well as independently, he was the author of a number of papers published in the Biochemical Journal and elsewhere. In September, 1914, he joined the Royal Warwickshire Regiment, and later served with the Special Brigade, R.E., before he was transferred to munitions work as a shift chemist, and later as a research chemist, at H.M. Factory, Gretna. From 1919 to 1920, he was a research chemist with the British Dyestuffs Corporation, Ltd., Blackley ; from 1920-1922, research chemist with British Cyanides Co., Ltd., at Oldbury; and in the latter year was appointed a senior assistant on the staff of British Cotton Industry Research Association, Didsbury.Ho was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1916, and a Fellow, in 1940. HARRY died at Keighley on 20th July, 1941, in his 62nd year. Educated HARPER at the Central Higher Grade School, Manchester, he studied at the Royal College of Science, London, from 1896-1899, was awarded the Associateship of the College, graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) and, having taken special courses at Bradford Technical College, obtained the full technological certificates of the City and Guilds of London Institute in Wool, Cotton, and Silk Dyeing and in Iron and Steel manufacture.From 1900-1902, he was assistant lecturer in chemistry, and from 1902-1908, assistant in the chemistry and physics department, of the Huddersfield Technical College. From 1908 until his retirement in 1940 he was head of the Chemistry Department of the Trade and Grammar School, Keighley. He was joint author with Dr. James Bruce of a textbook on Practical Chemistry, and author of An Introduction to Textile Chemistry. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. BERT HARRIS died at. Cambridge on 20th November, in his 41st year. He was educated at Northampton School, and from 1920 to 1924 studied at Cambridge, obtaining a first class in Part I1 of the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1923.He sub- sequently proceeded to M.A. and also graduated B.Sc. (Lond.), with honours in chemistry. During 1924-1925 he continued at Cambridge as a demonstrator and supervisor, and in the latter year obtained an appointment as works and research chemist with the Calico Printers’ Association, Manchester, where he was also a demonstrator in the Manchester College of Technology. In 1931 he joined the staff of the British Aluminium Co., Ltd., at Warrington, and, from 1934-1939 was engaged in the Research Department of the Morgan Crucible Co., Ltd., at Battersea. Thereafter, he was a member of the staff of the Chemical Inspec~on Department of the Ministry of Supply.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1932. The death of SsnluEL EDWARDS in his 62nd year, has recently HODGRINSON, been reported by the Manchester Local Section.He was trained at the Manchester School of Technology, where he attended many classes between 1903 and 1916, while employed with the Co-operative Wholesale Society, Ltd. In 1895 he entered the textile laboratory of William Graham & Co., Ltd., and after three years became a clerk at the Co-operative Wholesale Society’s Tobacco Factory, where, in the course of time, he became engaged in the testing of tobacco for excise purposes, and also acted as private secretary to the Manager. Until then, he had paid special attention to commercial subjects and qualified as an Associate of the Chartered Institute of Secretaries. About 1905 the Company fitted up a laboratory, of which he had charge from 1908 onwards. He continued his classes, however, and in due course took the degree of B.Com. in 1925 and M.A.in 1925, both at the University of Xanchester. He was the author of works on the Chemistry of Tobacco, contributed to Martin’s Induslrial and Manufacturing Chemistry (Organic),fourth edition, and Atack’s Ghemi.sts’ Year Book, and he carried out extensive researches on the utilisation of tobacco offal. He was elected an Associate in 1919. VINCENT HERBERT KIREHAM died at Eldoret European Hospital, Kenya Colony, on 12th September, 1941, in his 61st year. Educated at Portsmouth Grammar School, he matriculated at London University, and from 1897-1904 was a [ 49 1 pupil-later assistant-of Mr.J. Moore Murray, Public Analyst and Lecturer in Chemistry at the Municipal Technical Institute, Port<smouth. In 1904, Mr. Edward Russell, Fellow, succeeded Mi-. Murray as Public Analyst and Kirkham continued as assistant. In the meantime (1903) he graduated B.Sc. (Lond.). In 1905, he was appointed Agricultural Chemist in the County Laboratories, Chelmsford, and in 191 1 he became Government Analyst at Nairobi, where he developed his Department for the benefit of the Colony. In 1923 he was appointed Director of Agriculture and Government Chemist to the Zanzibar Protectorate, from which post he retired in 1934, when he returned to Kenya Colony. Ho was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1905 and a Fellow in 1908, aiid was for many years Honorary Corresponding Secretary for British East Africa.The Institute has only recently been notified that MAURICE NOEL LACELL died in June, 1939, in his 54th year. Born at Heme1 Hempstead, Herts., he was educated at Exeter Grammar School. He matriculated at London University and studied at East London College-now Queen Mary College-from 1904 to 1907, when he graduated B.Sc. (Lond.), and joined the Standard Ammonia Co., Ltd., as a chemist. In 1912 he became chief chemist, later assistant manager and works manager at East Greenwich. He was also works manager to the London Phosphate Syndicate at Old Ford. About 1918 he became works manager to the Magnesium Metal Co., Ltd., and the Magnesium Chloride Co., Ltd.-later the Magnesium Production Co., Ltd.Much of his research resulted in improved manufacturing processes. His brother, Harold George Lacell, FeZZou., died in 1929. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. LIONEL LEIGH-SMITH died at Hindhead, Surrey, on 19th January, ill his. 70th gear. He was educated at St. Leonards School, and with W. C. T. Heasley, M.A., at St.. Leonards-on-Sea, and proceeded to Cambridge, where he studied from 1891 to 1895, taking honours in Parts I and IT of the Natural Sciences Tripos, and subse- quently proceeding to the degree of M.A. He then worked for about two years in the laboratory of the late William Macnab, Pellow, and thereafter was chemist to the Eritish Aluminium Co. at Milton in Staffordshire until 1903, when he underwent a course of instruction at Waltham Abbey, before he was appointed chemist in the Cordite Factory at Aruvankaclu, where he remained until his retirement in 1931. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1908.HAROLDMCGOWANdied in his 32nd year, as the result of an accident. near Thorner, Leeds. Born at Stow-on-the-Wold, he was educated at the Friends’ School, Saffron TValden, and Bootham school, York. We was for about eight months a junior assistant analyst with Messrs. Rowntree SS Co., before he studied at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, where he gained the Associateship of the Royal College of Science, and graduated B.Xc. (Lond.) with hoizours in chemistry, subsequently proceeding to M.Sc. in 1931. He then joined the staff of Messrs. Burroughs, Wellcome & Co.at Dartford, and at the time of his death he held an appointment under the Ministry of Supply. He was elected an Associate of the lnstitute in 1919, and in 1931 he passed the Examination for Fellowship in Branch E, the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food, Drugs and Water. Sergeant Observer (Navigator and Bombor) LEONARD MAXCHIP, R.R.F., a Registered Student of the Institute, was reported “missing” in May, 1941, and is now presumed to be dead. Born on 2nd Kovember, 1919, at Gillinghani, Kent, he was educated at Sir Walter St. John’s School, Battersea, and on winning a scholarshipbecame registered as a Student of the Institute at Keble College, Oxford, in 1939. He had been serving with the R.A.F.since the outbreak of war. GEOFFREYMILNE died suddenly at Nairobi, Kenya, on 16th January, in his 44th year. Born at Hull, where he was educated at Hyiners College, he trained at Leeds University and graduated B.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry, later proceeding to M.Sc. On leaving the University in 1921 he was appointed junior assistant in the Department of Agricultural Chemistry of the Xorth of Scotland College of Agriculture, Aherdeen, but in 1923 he returned to Leeds as assistant lecturer in the Agricultural Chemistry Department. His published work dealt with the effect of graduated extractions with acid upon the composition and d~soi~ptior: c 50 1 properties of a iiiineral soil, on exchangeable bases in soils, on the estimation of potassium in soil extracts, and the composition of various types of roots.In 1928 he was appointed soil chemist at the Xast African Research Institute, Amani, Tanganyika Territory, which appointment he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923 and a Fellow in 1928. ERNESTBROOKSXAYr>oR died at Gathurst, near Wigan, on 31st January, in his 65th year. Educated at the School of Science, Bolton, and at Owens College-now the University-Manchester, he graduated B.Sc. with honours and later proceeded to XSc. He was for 33 years lecturer in chemistry at the Technical Institute, Burnley, and 1$ years lecturer at the Technical Schools, Widnes, before he ioined the staff of the Mlning and Technical College, Wigan, as lecturer in metallurgy. In 1905, he became head of the chemistry department, from which position he retired in 1938.A successful teacher and a loyal and keen worker for the interests of the Institute, he was elected an Associate in 1907 and a Fellow in 1510. WILLISM JOHN died at Birmingham, on 23rd December, 1941, in his 40th PRICE pear. Educated at King Edward’s Grammar School, Aston, and King Edward’s School, Birmingham, he studied at Birmingham University, graduated B.Sc. in 1921 and, after spending two years in research under Professor A. R. Ling, was awarded the degree of M.Sc. From 1919 he was also engaged part-time as assistant chemist with Mitchells & Butlers, Ltd., with whom he remained as a research chemist and, eventually, deputy chief chemist until his death.He made a special study of the antiseptic properties of hops, worts, beers and other brewing materials, and was a member of the Advisory sub-Committee on Hops, of the Research Association of the Institute of Brewing. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923, and a Fellow in 1941. JOHN died in Edinburgh on 22nd January in his 46th year. WILLIAM SWAXNEY Born at Leith, he was educated at Trinity Academy in that town, and at Heriot- Watt College and the University, Edinburgh. He graduated B.Sc. in 1922 rand was awarded the Associateship of Heriot-Watt College in 1927. From 1922 to 1924 he was principal science master at Loanhead Science School, Midlothian; in the latter year he became assistant science master at the Bomughmuir Secondary School under the Edinburgh Education Authority and, since 1938, principal science master at the James Clark School, Edinburgh.He wm elected an Associate of the Institute in 1928. OLIVERTRIGGERdied at Worthing on 22nd January, in his 82nd year. The son of William Trigger, of Newbolds Farm, near M701verhampton, he was educated at Brewood Grammar School and Denstone College, Staffordshire, and studied at the Royal College of Chemistry, South Kensington, from 1878-1880. In 1883 he joined the staff of the Department of the War Office Chemist, Woolwich Arsenal, where he continued until the war of 1914-1918. He was Deputy Head Chemist in the Depart- ment of Chemical Inspection in the Ministry of Munitions, and later Technical Adviser to the Directorate. In 1918 he was appointed a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, and in 1919 he retired.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, served on the Council for three periods, and was for many years a very helpful Member of the Benevolent Fund Committee. HARRYWILSON died at Blackpool on 18th October, 1941, in his 80th year. Born and educated at Southport, he was trained for pharmacy under Dr. J. C. Thresh at Buxton, and continued his studies at Owens College, Manchester, and at Hudders- field Technical College. He was for some years engaged in the laboratory of Messrs. James Woolley, Sons & Co., Manufacturing Chemists at Manchester, and passed the Major Examination of the Pharmaceutical Society in 1885.In 1894 he became partner with W. B. Randall, in the firm of Randall & Wilson, Ltd., Southampton, of which he became Governing Director in 1902, retiring in 1927. He served on the Formulary Committee of the British Pharmaceutical Conference, and from 1915 to 1919 as an Examiner to the Pharmaceutical Society. He was the author of several papers contributed to the British Pharmaceutical Conference and The Pharmaceutical Journal. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and a Fellow in 1892. r 51 1 Books and their Contents The following new book has been kindly presented by the publishers- “Elementary General Science.” Edited by J. M. Harrison. Book 111. Pp. viii + 248.(London, New York and Toronto: Lon,gnans, Green & CO.) 5s. Intended to meet the requirements of the more modern School Certificate General Science Examination Syllabuses. Carbon monoxide, methane, coal-gas ; carbon compounds; carbon assimilation and the carbon cycle ; heat measurements ; man and his food ; nitric acid and some of its derivatives ; parasites ; force; gravity ; energy ; waves ; optics ; pressure in fluids; sulphur; sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid; salt ; hydrochloric acid; chlorine ; caustic soda; metals; insects ; flowers, fruits and seeds ; heredity and evolution. The following books have been presented to the Library of the Institute by the Registrar :-“Essays in Historical Chemistry.” Sir Edward Thorpe, C.B., F.R.S.London, 1923. I‘ Chemical and Physical Researches.’’ Thomas Graham, F.R.S. Edin-burgh, 1876. “Introduction to the Study of Chemical Philosophy.” William A. Tilden, F.R.S. London and New York, 1891. “Laboratory Teaching or Progressive Exercises in Practical Chemistry. ” C. L. Bloxam. Edited by A. G. Bloxam. London, 1893. “Consolations in ‘Travel or the Last Days of a Philosopher.’’ Sir Humphry Davy, Bart. London, 1830. A Collection of Twenty Lectures given before the British Science Guild. “Endeavour.”-The Institute has recently received the first number of a new British Scientific Quarterly, the object of which is to keep before the world the continuing vitality and progress of the sciences in the service of mankind.The Editor, Dr. E. J. Holmyard, is assisted by Professor Allan Ferguson, Sir Robert Robinson, Dr. R. E. Slade and Dr. C. H. Waddington. The first issue contains articles by the Astronomer Royal, Dr. H. Spencer Jones, Sir William Bragg, Sir William Yonge, Mr. J. G. Crowther, Mr. A. L. Bacharach, Professor John Read, Dr. C. H. Waddington and others, and correspondence from many well-known scientists. “Endeavour” is being distributed largely to colleges, scientific institu- tions, clubs, and prominent industrialists and other individuals and is published by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., with the co-operation of the British Council. The latter body was established in 1934,at the instance of the Foreign Office supported by other Government Depart- ments, to make the life and thought of the British peoples more widely known abroad, to promote a mutual interchange of knowledge and ideas with other peoples, and, inter alia, to make available to other peoples the benefits of current British contributions to the sciences and technology.C621 The British Standards Institution has recently issued-British Standard: No. 997-1941. Crude Sperm Oil. The Institute has received from the Mines Department the Nineteenth Annual Report of the Safety in Mines Research Board including a Report of matters dealt with by the Health Advisory Committee, 1940. H.M. Stationery Office, IS. net. The Report deals with coal dust and firedamp explosions, electrical researches, mining explosives, safety lamps, mine lighting, falls of ground, haulage, etc.; protection against dust, silicosis; lectures, films, lantern slides and exhibits. The Imperial Institute, Mineral Resources Department, has recently issued a leaflet containing Supplementary Statistics for addition to the Imperial Institute monograph on Manganese by A. W. Groves, giving particulars of the World’s Production of Manganese Ore 1938-1939, Exports of Ferro-Manganese, Spiegeleisen, etc. The British Compressed Air Society has published the 1941 edition of “Compressed Air Terms and Standards,” as. 6d. post free. Compressed air definitions ; types of compressors; method of construction: systems of compression; systems of cooling; methods of drive; types of installa-tion; accessories and details, etc.A brochure entitled “Chemistry in the Development of New Zealand Industry”: A Review of the Influence of the Chemist in the First Hundred Years of New Zealand’s History-has been published jointly by the New Zealand Section of the Institute and the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry. It contains an introduction by Sir Thomas Easterfield and articles by members of both Institutes dealing with goldmining, agriculture, meat freezing, dairy chemistry, cold storage, wheat, wool, leather, flax, tobacco, fertilisers, food and drugs, coal and gas, ceramics, Portland cement, brewing, petroleum, highway materials and pharmaceuticals. The Register At the meetings of Council held on 19th December, 1941, and a3rd and 30th January, 1942,4 new Fellows were elected, I Fellow was re-elected, 16 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 71 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 36 Students were admitted.The Council regrets to record the deaths of 10 Fellows, 8 Associates, and I Student. New Fellows Ballantyne, William Henry, B.Sc. (Glas.), 112, Hatton Garden, London, E.C.l. Hurley, John, B.Sc. (Birm.), Blakeley Green, Tettenhall, Staffs. Ridsdale, Noel Douglas, Providence House, Bishop Monkton, Harrogate. Williams, Howell, 31, Sudbury Court Drive, Harrow, Middx. 53 1 Re-elected Fellow Theomin, Mrs. Ethel Grace, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Messrs. Graviner Co., Ltd., Gosport Road, Fareham, Hants. Associates elected to the Fellowship Alexander, James Ranald, M.A., B.Sc.(St. Andrews), Yh.D. (Cantab.), Strathearn, 7, Oakleigh Road, Stourbridge. Critchley, George Norton, M.Sc. (Sheff.), A.M.I.Chem.E., 39, Holland Street, London, W.8. Darley, John Harold, 54, Beaufort Road, London, W.5. Holt, Paul Frederic, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 26, The Avenue, Sunbury-on- Thames. Lafferty, Cyril Denis, B.Sc. (Liv.), 6, Caldecott Road, Kirkee, India. Lovern, John Arnold, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Liv.), 19, Woodhill Road, Aberdeen. Lovett, Martin, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Riding Rivers Board, 71, Northgate, Wakefield. Macwalter, Roy James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.M.I.Chem.E., 17, The Grove, Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset. Myer, Edward, 10, Porto Hey Road, Irby, Wirral. Overin, Richard Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 89, Cankerbury Road, Kennington, Ashford, Kent. Poxon, Denis Will, B.Sc.(Lond.), Melton Lane, Sutton Bonington, nr. Loughborough, Loics. Rothwell, Bernard Paul, M.Sc. (Vict.), 6, Woodend Road, Davenport, Stockport. Scarf, Frank, M.Sc. (Birm.), Metchley, Twatling Road, Rednal, Birmingham. Threadgold, Hubert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Riddlesdale Avenue, Tunbridge Wells. Weatherall, Harry, 83, Queen’s Avenue, Meols, Cheshire. Wright, Clifford Rex, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 8, Highfield Drive, Ewell, Surrey. New Associates Bailey, Arthur John Marson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, East Road, Maidenhead. Barkley, Harry, B.Sc. (Liv.), Messrs. Glaxo Laboratories, Ltd., Greenford, Middx. Bayley, William John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 140, Ferrars Road, Tinsley, Sheffield.Bloor, Ernest Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Upper Belgrave Road, Longton, Stoke-on- Trent. Bowman, Ralph Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), Pine View, Burtons Way, Chalfont St, Giles, Bucks. Breaden, Thomas William, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), 340, Clontarf Road, Dollymount, Dublin. Brundell, James Evans, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 646, Mt. Albert Road, Royal Oak, Auckland, S.E.3, New Zealand. Chapman, Norman Bellamy, B.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), Magdalene College, Cambridge. Chatterjee, Durga Pada, M.Sc. (Calcutta), 127, Downagazy Road, P.O. Bally Howrah, Bengal, India. Christie, Hamish, B.Sc. (Glas.), 12, Ruskin Terrace, Glasgow, W.2. Claret, Paul Arthur, 18, Grove Road, Bridgend, Glam. Clarke, Arthur Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 108, Elthorne Park Road, London, W.7. Collins, Ronald Bernard, B.Sc.(Lond.), Ilford Research Laboratories, Messrs. Ilford, Ltd., Ilford. Cronne, David Henry, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 60, Wellington Park, Belfast. Crossley, Harold, 16, Broad Green Road, Liverpool, 14. Crowder, Norman Frederic, 50, Higher Lane, Lymm, nr. Warrington. Dickinson, Miss Lois, B.Sc. (Mane.), 6, Billington Road, Agecroft, Pendlebury, Lancs, Dowdeswell, Dennis Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Beacon Road, Loughborough, Leics. Edwards, Lawrence John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Linden Gardens, London, W.2. Fowler, Frank, Ph.C., 12, Ashfield Road, Chorley, Lancs. Gentry, Charles Harold Raymond, B.Sc. (Lond.), 40, Severn Road, Clacton-on-Sea. Glover, John, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 53, St. Thomas’s Road, Chorley, Lancs. Godfrey, Alan Crofton, B.Sc.(Lond.), c/o I.C.I. (Plastics), Ltd., Research Depart- ment, Black Fan Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts. Harries, Cledwyn Ronald Stephen, B.Sc. (Wales), Janefield Cottage, George Place, Stevenst on, Ayrshire. Hayes, Frank Wypn, Hulett’s South African Refineries, Ltd., Laboratory, Rossburgh, Natal, S. Africa. I: 54 1 Hilton, Frederick, B.Sc., Yh.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 22, Brighton Road, Addle+one,13 Surrey.Hodgson, William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 50, Maiden Lane, Liverpool, 13. Jones, Norman Ralph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Fernside Road, Winton, Bournemouth. Kraniers, Willem Julianus, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 41, Legh Road, Sale Moor, Man-Chester. Landells, George, B.Sc. (Dunelm), 26, Tweed Street, Hebburn, Co. Durham. Large, Frank Elton, 15, Granville Terrace, Stone, Staffs.Lawson, John Charles, B.A. (Cantab.), Broadheath, Hall Park, Lancaster. Lodwick, John Rhys, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Abadan, Iran. Manahan, William Xugustine, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), 25. Nottingham Place, London, W.l. Martin, Graham Robert, R.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., University Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham City. McDowell, Charles Alexander, B.Sc. (Q.C.B.), 8, Thiepval Arehue, Belfast. McKoberts, Thomas Stanley, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.),Ballykelly House, Blackscull, Dromore, Co. Down, N. Ireland. Michael, Stephen Ernest, Ph.D. (Freiburg), c/o British Rubber Producers’ Research Association, 48, Tewin Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts. Morgan, Jack Donald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Priory Road, Tonbridge, Kent.MurfXt, Harry Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Lydeard Road, London, E. 0. Norris, Alfred, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 332, Kensington Street, Girlington, Bradford. O’NeilI, Thomas Gerard, 23, Carisbrooke Road, Walton, Liverpool, 4. Owen, John Thomas, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), at “Trosmarian,” Llangoed, Beaumaris, Anglesey. Parkins, Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.), Burnt Oak, East Bergholt, nr. Colchester. Phillips, Reginald Francis, MA., R.Sc. (Oxon.), 88, Woodfield Way, London, N.ll. Pinder, Albert Reginald, B.Sc. (Sheff.), 194, Springfield Road, Millhouses, Shefield, 7. Pitts, Frank, B.A. (Cantab.), 9, Highfield Road, Lymm, Cheshire. Pye, Charles Rossall, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, St. George’s Road, Wallington, Surrey. Read, Malcolm George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 73, Laburnum Road, Hayes, Middx. ltees, Albert Lloyd George, M.Sc.(Melbourne), Ph.D. (Lond.), Chcrnistry Depart- ment, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, S.W.7. Reid, James Hamilton, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 11, Barns Crescent, Ayr, Scotland. Iteilly, Desmond Myles Connor, B.Sc. (X.U.I.), 3 Carrigfern, College Road, Cork, Eire. Seyfang, Amyot Paul, 15a, Wells Drive, London, N.W.9. Shaw, William Harold Cullen, 27, Noel Street, Nottingham. Sheppard, Harry Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Vernon Avenue, Raynes Park, London, S.W.20. Shingleston, Alfred George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, St. Ladoc Road, Keynsham, IW. Bristol. Sillars, David Rose, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 67, Frazer Street, \T70rkington, Cumber- land. Swan, George Albert, B.Sc. (Dunelm), 3, Kavensworth Crescent, Low Fell, Gateshead 9, Co.Durham. Taylor, James, 62, Southway, London, N.W.11. Thomas, Leslie Roderick, BSc. (Lond.), 26, Arthur Street, Williamstown, Ithondda, S. Wales. Thomson, Ronald Hunter, B.Sc. (Leeds), 20, Kensiugtoii Terrace, Leeds, 6. Tomlinson, Russell Frederick, 10a, Bold Street, Warrington. Walker, Wilfred Arthur, R.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Field Street, Shepshed, Loughborough, Leics. Westmoreland-White, Miss Beryl, B.Sc. (Lond.), 68, Glendower Avenue, Coventry. Whitehouse, Arthur Arnold Keer, M.A. (Cantab.), 83, Westley Road, 3cocks Green, Birmingham, 27. Wignall, John Samuel, RSc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 30, Kingsley Avenue, Rugby. Willmot, Wilfred Eric, c/o Mrs. English, 19, Palatine Avenue, Bowerham, Lancs.Wilson, Ian Stuart, M.Sc., PhD. (Leeds), 21, Westminster Drive, Wrexham, Denbighshire.IVinter, Ernest Roy Sealey, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Willowdene, 3, Xewton Road, Bletchley, Bucks. Wood, James Herbert, 1, Walkden Avenue, Mesnes Road, Wigan. Yearsley, Cecil Wentworth, M.Sc. (Lond.),5, Pereira Road, Harborne, Birmingham, 17. Re-elected Associate Stopford, Thomas Rinck, M.Sc. (Manc.), 28, Westbourne Road, Marsh, Huddersfield. [ 56 J New Students Alexander, Edward Peter James, Bank House, 5, High Road, Willesden Green, London, N.W. 10. Allen, Robert, 15, Pearl Grove, Acocks Green, Birmingham, 27. Ashton, David John Antony, 80, Park Avenue, Wrexhsm. Benny, Henry Thomas, St. Piran, High Road, Stovenston, Ayrshire. Broadbent, Neville Halford, 30, Penlcett Road, Wallasoy. Campbell, Archibald, 3, Leainington Road, Edinburgh, 3.Chapman, William Bernard, 47, Otter Street, Derby. Clements, John Godfrey, 89, Penarth Road, Grangetown, Cardiff. Colinese, Dennis Charles, 8, Hazel Avenue, Maidstone, Davis, John Burton, 33, Harelock Hoad, Croydon. Dutton, Kenneth Richard, 40. Sutton Lane, I-lounslou-. Fryer, Miss Thelma Doreen, 28, Vernon Road, Bushey, Herts. Gollin, Albaii William James, 14, Shepherds Gardens, London, W. 12. Inman, Eric Richard, Church House, Knaresborough, Yorks. Jones, Robert, 188, High Park Street, Liverpool, 8. Keene, Richard Michael, 52, Victoria Road, London, N.W.7. Kyle, Thom Ian, 2, Yosford Plaee, Edinburgh, 6. Large, Gordon, 101, Queen Street, Swinton, hlexborough, Yorke.Libman, Dennis David, 135, Adalaide Road, London, N.W.3. Lynch, Miss Sybil Bridget Roche, 81, Sussex Place, Slough, BUC~S. Mayoh, Ronald, 126, Ainsworth Lane, Bolton. Morgan, Edward Korman, Myrtle Villa, Brynithel Crescent, Llanhilleth, Mon. Noble, Peter James, The White House, Sutton, Macclesfield. Ogden, Cyril Pcrcival, 13, Kildare Road, Swinton, Lancs. Pare, Richard, 6, Stratford Avenue, Atherstone, Warwickshire. Ritchie, Gilbert Benjamin, Aucheiihabrig, Kilrnacolm, Renfrewshiro. Robinson, Joseph Court, Town End, Nether Kellet, nr. Camforth, Lancs. Scanlon, Kenneth Evans, 19, Ililrose Avenue, Urinston, nr. Manchedtcr. Schofield, Arthur William, 50, Ronald Street, Qldham. Senior, Robert Rirst, 29, Red Doles Road, Fartown, Huddersfield.Snook, Horace Henry, 95, Dover Road, London, E.12. Spence, Miss Joan Betty, 11, Heathfield Road, Bebington. Wirral, Cheshire. Sudworth, Geoffrey Booth, 59, Righercroft Road, Lower Darwen, Darmen. Tawn, Alec Richard Hornscy, 15, hlarlborough Avenue, Hornsea, Yorks. Williams, James Frederick, 12, Dobell Road, London, S.E.9. Winning, Herbert, Jr., The Croft, Kilinacolm, Ronfrewshire. DEATHS Fellows John Pedrozo d’Albuquerque, M.A. (Cantab.).Arthur Geake, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D.(Bris.). Vincent Herbert Kirkham, B.Sc. (Lond.). Harold McGowan, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Geoffrey Milne, hI.Sc. (Leeds). Ernest Brooks Naylor, M.Sc. (Manc.). William John Price. M.Sc. (Birm.). Lionel Leigh Smith, M.A. (Cantab.).Oliver Trigger, M.R.E.Harry Wilson. Associates Walter Sydney Clark, A.C.G.I., Ph.C. Joseph Campbell Elliott, M.C., BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.Sc.1. George Holland Ellis, A.M.C.T. Harry Harper, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Bert Harris, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.).Samuel Edwards Hodgkinson, M.A. (Manc.), A.C.I.S., B.Corn. Maurice Noel Lacell, B.Sc. (Lond.). John William Swanney, B.Sc. (Edin.) A.H.-W.C. [561 Registered Student Leonard Manchip. (Reported missing ;presumed dead.) CHANGE OF NAME (Miss) Alice Patterson Weatherhead, Ph.D. (Edin.), A.H.-W.C., Associate, to Mrs. Hickie,-on her marriage. Coming Events Feb. 27 CHEMICAL SOCIETY (South Yorkshire). “The Chemistry of Starch.” Professor E. L. Hirst, F.R.S., at the University, Western Bank, Sheffield, 10, at 5.30 p.m.(Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to attend.) OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Birmingham and Midlands Section). Joint Meeting with the Plastics Group :“Chemical Factors involved in the glueing of wood with cold-setting urea-formaldehyde resins.” Mr. W. G. Campbell, at the Chamber of Commerce, at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Edinburgh Section) :Jointly with the Food OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Group: Four papers, by the staff of the Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, on Scientific Research and the Fish Industry, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. March 2 Institute of Chemistry: Annual General Meeting, at the Institute, at 3 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (London Section).“Gold and its Scope in Industry.” Mr. E. Downs, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 2.15 p.m. 6 SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS AND OTHER ,ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS: Lhnual General Meeting. At the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 4 p.m. “Entomology of Commerce.” Professor J. W. Munro, at 4.45 p.m. 10 CHEMICAL SOCIETY.Joint Meeting with the Leeds University Chemical Society. Discussion on the “Enzymatic Breakdown of Tryptophan to Indole.” Opened by Dr. €1. A. Krebs, DF. F. C. Happold and Dr. J. U’. Baker. 18 THE I~sTITuTE (London and S.E. Counties Section): (Jointly with the OFLondon and Home Counties Branch of the INSTITUTEPHYSIC$): “The Applications of Nuclear Physics in Chemistry and Biology.” Pro-fessor M.L. E. Oliphant, F.R.S., at tho Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, W.l, at 2.30 p.m. 20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section).Annual General Meeting, at 6.15 p.m., Jubilee Memorial Lecture : “Science and the Land.” Professor F. L. Engledow, at the Chamber of Commerce, at 6.30 p.m. 21-28 Chemical and Allied Industries : London Warships Week. Com-munications to the Secretary, Room 85a, Nobel House, 2, Bucking-ham Gate, London, S.W.l. r. 57 1 28 THE INSTITLTE(South Yorkshiro Section). “Tlio Coliiery Chiiiist at 8 Group of Collieries,” Mr. J. T. Storrow; --The Colliery Chemist and Safety Requirements,” Dr. F. V. Tideswell: “The Training of the Colliery Chemist,” Dr.T. G. Woolhouso. Short yaperg to bo followed by discussion, at thc College of Technology and .4rt, Rotherham, at 3.0 p.m. April 6 SOCIETY OH CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(London Section). Discussion on “Laboratory Design,” opened by Mr. J. McKillop, Mr. W. E. Prytherch and Ilk. P. L. Rilham, at the Chemical Societ’y, Burlingtoil House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 2.15 p.m. 10-1 1 INSTITUTEOF PHYSICS: Conference on “X-ray Analysis in Industry” ;4t Cambridge. “Tho Historical Development of X-ray Analysis,” by Sir. Lawrence Bragg, O.R.E., M.C., F.R.S., President. 13 SOCIETY (Yorkshire Section) : Annual General Meet- OF CHEMICAL INDCSTRY ing. Joint Meeting of the Section with tho Food Group. ‘-Colour in Foods.” THE INSTITUTE(London and S.E.Counties Section): “What tho Plant does with its Materials.” Dr. Hugh Nicol. at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 6 p.m. 21 THEINSTITUTE(Leeds Area Section): Joint Meeting with ths Leede TJniversity Chemical Society . 25 MIDLANDCHEMISTS: Luncheon-Dance. May 12 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Leeds Area): Eighth Pedler Lecture. “Recent Progress in Stereochemistry.” Dr. W, H. Mills, F.R.S. General Notices The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute on Monday, 2nd March, 1942, at 3 p.m. Election of Officers and Council.-The Balloting List for the election of Officers, Censors and Members of Council was issued at the end of January. Votes should be received at the office of the Institute not later than 3 o’clock on 28th February.In accordance with By-Law 29 (2)the vote of any member who is in arrear with his annual subscription must be disallowed. L 68 I Examinations.--Arrangements have been made to hold examinations for the Fellowship and Associateship in April. It is hoped that examinations will also be held in September. Full information will be given at a later date. ,Active Service.--Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Asso-ciates to qualify for the Fellowship. Gopies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. For Library Notices of the Institute, The Chemical Society, The Science Library, Boots' and Lewis's, see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 117, August, 1941, pp. 250-251. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 7d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their peiwzanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. 4WAR SAVINGS CAMPAIGN 444 151-becomes 2016 4 How so ? AIS/-National Savings Certificate grows in vahe until at the end of 10years it is worth 20/6.i 4 Do I pay any Income Tax on thi; increase? No. It is entirely free of Income Tax.1 Where do I buy Savings Certi$cates?4 From any Post Office, Bank, or TrusteeSavings Bank;through a Savings Group orfrom shops acting as Honorary Oificial Agents.1 How do I buy Savings Certz.cates?4 You can buy them outright at IS/-each. Youcan also purchase them byinstalments bybuying 6d.or 2/6National Savings Stamps. 4 Is there any limit to the number I may hold?4 No individual may hold more than 500 Certificates. Can I get my money back if I need it ? 4 Yes. You can cash Savings Certificates at any time by giving a few days’ notice. You will 4 get your money back with the increase which your Certificates have earned up to that date. 44 4i NATIONAL 4 1 WNGS444 TIFICATES4a

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9426600001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1942

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885 Patron -H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART 11: 1942 Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secvelavy 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1 April, rgp Publications Committee, 1942143 F. P. Dunn (Ch,airman), J. J. Fox (President), A. L. Ba.charach, H. Baines, F. Challenger, J. W. Cook, D. Jordan-Lloyd, J. .R. Nicholls, Sir Robert Pickard and Garfield Thomas. Important Notice Remuneration Statistics.-In the near future Fellows and Asso- ciates resident in Great Britain will be asked to make a return of their remuneration. The return will be in simple form, similar to that made in 1938, when members were asked merely to make a cross on a card and return it anonymously.On that occasion 5,386 cards were received. The Council considers that it would be of great value to the Institute and to the profession to obtain as full a record as possible of the remunera- tion now being received by members under war conditions. It is hoped therefore that all Fellows and Associates will respond to the request. Correspondence should normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.Iz.Telephone number : Hillside 1859. Qfficers and Members of Council, 1942-43 PRESIDENT : JOHN JACOB FOX, C.B., O.B.E., D.Sc. VICE-PRESIDENTS : HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc., A.R.C.S. ALEXANDER FINDLAY, M.A., PH.D., D.Sc. LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT, D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. SIR ROBERT PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. HAROLD AUGUSTINE TEMPANY, C.M.G., C.B.E., D.Sc. HON. TREASURER : JOHN CHRISTISON WHITE, O.B.E., M.C., A.K.C. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: EDWARD BERTRAM ANDERSON, M.Sc. : London. JOHN ANDREWS, B.Sc. : Irish Free State. EDWARD FRANKLAND ARMSTRONG, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. : London. EHNEST EDWARD AYLING, M.Sc., A.K.C. : Wales and the County of Monmouth. ALFRED LOUIS BACHSRACH, 1C1.A. : London. HARRY BAINES, D.Sc.: London. SYDNEY RAYMOND CARTER, D.Sc.: Birn&ghanz.FREDERICK CHALLENGER, PH.D., D.Sc. : Lee&. LESLIE VICTOR COCKS : Liverpool and North- West Coast. JAMES WILFRED COOK, PH.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.: Glasgow and West of Scothnd. ALBERT COULTHARD, PH.D. : Manchester. WILLIAM CULLEN, LL.D., M.I.CHEM.E. : London. GEORGE JBMES DENBIGH, M.Sc. : Yorkshire. DONALD ALFORD DERRETT-SMITH, B.Sc., A.C.G.B.C. : Northern Ireland. JACK CECIL DRUMRIOND, D.Sc. : London. FREDERICK PERCY DUNN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : Londou. ALBERT ERNEST DUNSTAN, D.Sc. : London. NORMAN EVERS, B.Sc. : London,JAMES BRIERLEY FIRTH, D.Sc., M.I.CHXM.E. : P~eslott. LOUIS FLETCHER : Edinburgh and East of Scotlard. DAVID MICHAEL FREELAND : Londcn arzcl South-Enstem Counties.EDWIN GREGORY, M.Sc., PH.D. : Eust Midlands and South Yorkshire. IAN MORRIS HEILBROK, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S.: London. EDMUND LANGLEY HIRST, &LA., D.Sc., F.R.S.: Bristol. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, MA., B.Sc., PKD. : HuddersJiekE. EDWIN BURNHOPE HLTGHES, D.Sc. : London. SYDNEY JAMES JOHNSTONE, l3.S~. : London. LOUIS ARNOLD JORDAN, D.Sc., A.R.C.S.: Lo)~do,a.DOROTHY JORDAN-LLOYD, MA., D.Sc.: London. JAMES. GRIEVE KING, PH.D., D.Sc.: London. JOHN ARNOLD LOVERX, PH.D., D.Sc. : Aberdee)i ad North of Scotland. FREDERICK GEORGE MANX, Sc.D.: Cambridge.GORDON WICKRAM MONIER-WILLIAMS, O.B.E., M.C., M.A., PH.D. :London. ALLAN CUTHBERTSON ;\IONKHOUSE, B.Sc., PH.D:Bristol ad South- Western JOHN RALPH NICHOLLS, D.Sc. : London. [Counties.THOMAS FRED ERIC RHEAD, XSc., M.I.CHEM.E.: Birmingham.WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.Sc.: Liverpool.NORMAN LINDSAY SHELDON, C.I.E., PH.D. : The Ouerseas L)ominions um! HAROLD STEVENSON : Manchester and District. [Elsewhere Abroad. GARFIELD THOMAS, XSc. : Birmingham and Midlaid. SIGURD WALFRID ALBERT WIKNER : NewcaRtle upon Tyne und North- East FORSYTH JAMES TVJLSON, PH.D., D.Sc. : Glnsgow. [Gocl-3t. 1631 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: FRIDAYS, 24~~ MAY, 19~~ OCTOBER,APRIL, 15~~ JUNE, 24TH JULY, 16~~ ZOTH NOVEMBEH, 18~~ DECEMBER, 1942, 22ND and 29TIf JANUARY, and 19~~FEBRUARY, 1943. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: MONDAY, 1ST MARCH, 1943. CENSORS: 1942-43 TEE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. FRANCIS HOWARD CARR, C.B.E., D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S.SIR ROBERT PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. SIR ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1942143 Chairman* FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, A. E. DUNSTAN, NORMAN EVERS, A. FINDLAY, H. H. HODGSON,S. J.JOHNSTONE, L. A. JORDAN, L. H. LAiMPITT, G.'ROCHE LYNCH, H. A. TEMPANY, AND J. C. WHITICE". LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH A. L. BACHARACH, H. V. A. BIEISCOE, W. CULLEN, J. €3. FIRTH, J. G. KING, L. H. LAMPITT, G. ROCHE LYNCH*, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, J. R. NICHOLLS, W. H. ROBERTS, AND H. A. TEMPANY. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*; H. V. A. BRISCOE (VICE-CHAIRMAK); AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH A.L. BACHARACH, H. BAINES, F. CHALLENGER, J. W. COOK, F. P. DUNN", D. JORDAN-LLOYD, J. R. NICHOLLS, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, AND GARFIELD THOMAS. SPECIAL COMMITTEES BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, J. C. WHITE (HoN. TREASURER)*,THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, H. G. COLMAN, E. M. HAWKINS, AND G. RUDD THOMPSON. APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. BAINES, H. V. A. BRISCOE, A. COULTHARD, H. E. COX, J. C. DRUMMOND, NORMAN EVER8S, E. GREGORY, L. A. JORDAN, J. G. KING, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, G. ROCHE LYNCH, F. G. MANN, J. R. NICHOLLS, W. H. ROBERTS, R.E.SLADE, H.A.TEMPANY,* AND W. WARDLAW. EMERGENCY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT", THE VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND THE HONORARY TREA- SURER. CONSTITUTION OF THE COUNCIL: THE PRESIDENT", THE HONORARY TREASURER, E.E. AYLING, A. L. BACHARACH, H. BAINES, M-4RK BOGOD, A. FINDLAY, D. M. FKEE-LAND, I. M. HEILBRON, T. P. HILDITCH, G. KING, J. H. LESTER,G.ROCHE LYNCH, A. .J. PRINCE, TV. H. ROBERTS, AND S. B. WATKINS. i-641 TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY: H. V. A. RRISCOE*, WITH R. R. BUTLER, T. J. DRAKELEY, J. KENYON, H. WEBSTER MOSS, H. STEVENSON AND W. WARDLAW; CO-OPTED: EL B. NlSBET AND E. A. RUDGE. POLICY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT", WITH E. E. AYLING, MARK BOGOD, H. V. A. BRISCOE, F. CHALLENGER, G. ELLIOT DODDS, A. FINDLAY, E. M. JOINER AND SIR ROBERT ROBINSON. PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE: (Proceedings suspended.) THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, F. H. CARR*, F. CHALLENGER, W.CUMMING, E. H. FARMER, I. M. HEILBRON, T. P. HILDITCH, R. H. HOPKINS, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, L. H. LAMPITT, H. McCOMBIE, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, E. K. RIDEAL, SIR ROBERT ROBINSON, D. F. TWISS, AND WILLIAM WARDLAW. PUBLICITY COMMITTEE : (Proceedings suspended) A. L. BACHARACH*, H. BAINES, L. EYNON, T. P. HILDITCH, J. G. KING, AND E. Q. LAWS (REPRESENTING THE COMMITTEE OF THE LONDON AND SOUTH-EASTERN COUNTIES SECTION). SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER COMMITTEE : (Proceedings suspended) THE PRESIDENT*, WITH W.M. AMES, E. E. AYLING, H. V. A. BRISCOE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, H. E. COX, A. E. EVEREST, I. M. HEILBRON, T. P. HILDITCH, H. HUNTER, G. ROCHE LYNCH, D. W. PARHES, SIR ROBERT YICKARD, W. H. ROBERTS, AND S. B. WATKINS. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON THE JOINT COMMITTEE WITH (a)THE BOARD OF EDUCATION (ENGLAND AND WALES) : THE PRESIDENT, WITH H.V. A. BRISCOE, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, AND SIR ROBERT PICKARD. (b) THE SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT: THEPRESIDENT, WITH R. BRUCE, J. W. COOK, W. M. CUMMING, A. FIND- LAY, P. F. GORDON, J. W. HAWLEY, F. D. MILES, N. PICTON, J. WEIR", AND F. J. WILSON. (c)'THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, NORTHERN IRELAND : THE PRESIDENT, WITH D. A. DERRETT-SMITH, J. HAWTHORNE, W. HONNEYMAN, AND G. S. ROBERTSON. REPRESENTATIVE ON THE POISONS BOARD : (Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933) G. ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL : J. J. FOX (PRESIDENT),A. E. DUNSTAN, AND H. A. TEMPANY. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE JOINT LIBRARY COMMITTEE : A.L. BACHARACH, H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. W. CREMER, AND ERNEST VAN- STONE. [ 65 1 JOINT COMMITTEE OF THE INSTITUTE AND THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS AND OTHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS : Imtitute: A. L. BACHARACH, F. H. CARR, G. ROCHE LYNCH, E. B. ANDER- SON AND E. HINKS. SOC.Pub. Analysts: E, B. HUGHES, F. W. F. ARNAUD,H. E. COX, S. E. MELLING, E. V. SUCKLING. BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1942-3 Chairman: THE PRESIDENT. Representativesof the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee: H. V. A. BRISCOE, G. ROCHE LYNCH, F. G. MA", SIR ROBERT PICURD, AND W. H. ROBERTS. Examiners for the Associateship: JOSEPH KENYON, D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S. WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc.(DUNELM). Examinersfor the Fellowship: Branch A.-INORQANIC CHEMISTRY:WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc. (DUNELM). Branch B.--YHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: RONALD GEORGE WREYFORD NOR-RISH, Sc.D. (CANTAB.),F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: JOSEPH KENYON, D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY : HAROLD RAISTRICK, B.A., Sc.D. (CANTAB.),D.Sc. (LEEDS), F.R.S. Branch E.-CREMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: HENRY EDWARD COX, D.Sc. (LoND.). THERA- PEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY, AND MICROSCOPY: CHARLES HERBERT HAMPSHIRE, M.B., B.S., B.Sc. (LoND.), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Braqch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY:ERNEST VANSTONE, D.Sc. (BIRM.).Branch G.-~NDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY(General Chemical Technology) : ILER-BERT WILLIAM CREMER, M.Sc.(LoND.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed a8 required. HON. AUDITORS, 1942-43 : CLAUDE LEOPOLD CLAREMONT, B.Sc. (LoND.), AND JOHN GNUS ASHWELL GRIFFITHS, B.A., PaD. (CA~TAB.). AUDITORS, 1942-43 : &SSRS. J. Y. FINLAY, PEARSON & CO., Chartered Accountants. SOLICITORS : MESSRS.MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 5, Bishopsgete, London, E.C.2. BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloombury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C.l. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY: RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CANTAB.), F.I.C. Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 20th February, 1942.-A cordial letter was received from Professor G.G. Henderson, F.R.S., Past President, thanking the President and Council for their message of good wishes on the occasion of his 80th birthday. A communication was received from the Ministry of Food reporting that the proposal that milk should be purchased from producers on a quality basis was being closely considered, with other proposals affecting the organisation of milk marketing, but until final decisions had been reached, the Ministry would be unable to send the Institute the further particulars. A letter was received from the British Association of Chemists asking whether the Council would be willing to appoint two or three members to meet members of the Council of the Association with a view to taking joint action, if deemed desirable, in matters affecting the duties of Gas Identification Officers.It was understood that the London Section of the Association felt that the position might be improved if some remuneration were allowed for the services of such Officers. In this connexion, letters were read from absent Members of Council expressing their personal opposition to the suggestion of remunerating Gas Identification Officers, the service having been built up on a voluntary basis. Members of Council stated that the Officers were acting mainly in an advisory capacity. They had been seldom called upon to function and were not giving as much time to duty as that given by many other branches of the Civil Defence, although from time to time in some regions their advice had been sought by the authorities on certain confidential matters and on a few incidents.Several Senior Gas Advisers had informed the Registrar, directly or through Members of Council, that an enquiry among representative Gas Identification Officers showed that the idea of remuneration was repug- nant to the Service, so far as could be ascertained in the time available. Members of Council present at the meeting expressed similar views. The Council was aware that complaints and difficulties which had arisen in connexion with this service had been communicated by the executive officers of the Institute from time to time, to the Home Office and had received prompt attention. The Council recalled the decisions made at meetings held on 20th October and 15th December, 1939,that, as those who offered themselves as Gas Identification Officers were already in paid employment, their services should be voluntary.The Council directed, therefore, that the British Association of Chemists be informed accordingly; but that, apart from the question of remuneration, the Council would be glad to be informed of any matter c 67 1 concerning chemists who are Gas Identification Officers which, in the opinion of the Association, should be investigated. The Council discussed correspondence relating to instructions which had been sent by the Ministry of Labour and National Service to the Joint Recruiting Boards, especially as they affected part-time students. The Council formed the opinion that whereas there was evidence that a few students might have been inclined to embark on courses of chemistry with a view to obtaining deferment of military service, this tendency had been carefully watched and only those who were serious in their studies had continued to be reserved.Such continuance was subject to reports of satisfactory progress from the colleges. It had been suggested that it would be desirable to ask the Ministry of Labour to give the Institute representation on the Technical Committees, but the Council held that it would then be impossible for the Minister to refuse similar representa- tion to other professions. The Council also coiisidered that it would be unreasonable to ask that a part-time Student who might be more than two years-in some cases from five to eight years-from the completion of his course should be reserved, but realised that the part-time Student was ex hypothesi employed in chemical work during the day.Except in the case of Students who were within two years of the completion of their courses, the claim to be reserved must rest upon the work on which they are engaged. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Bene- volent Fund Committee reported that the following representatives had been appointed to deal with cases arising within their respective areas:- Birmingham and Midlands: E. G. K. Pritchett; Cardiff and District: S. B. Watkins; East Anglia: W. Lincolne Sutton; Huddersfield: A. E. Everest; Belfast: Wm. Honneyman; Leeds Area: H.111. Mason; London and South-Eastern: J. G. A. Griffiths; Manchester and District: A. Coul-thard; Newcastle upon Tyne and North East Coast : P. L. Robinson; South Wales: E. E. Ayling; South Yorkshire: E. Gregory. A special vote of thanks was accorded to Professor Briscoe and Dr. E. H. Farmer for their most valuable services, as Chairinan and Member, respectively of the Interviewing Sub-committee of the Nomina- tions, Examinations and Institutions Committee during the year. The Council confirmed the appointment of the Board of Examiners and reappointed the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries and the execu- tive officers of the Institute for the ensuing year. The President expressed the thanks of the Council to the retiring Members for their seryices.Council Meeting, 20th March, 1942.-The President welcomed the new Members of Council who attended for the first time,-Messrs. L. V. Cocks, W. Cullen, Norman Evers, D. M. Freeland, E. L. Hirst and S. J. Johnstone,-and others who had served in previous years,-Messrs. A. L. Bacharach and H. H. Hodgson, and Miss D. Jordan-Lloyd. In addition to appointing the Committees and their Chairmen, and r 68 1 fixing the dates of Council meetings for the ensuing year, the Council reviewed correspondence from the Sections and from individual members on (I) the method of nomination and election of the Council and (11)the future policy of the Institute, in order that a discussion should enable the Special Committees to obtain, especially from new Members of Council, further views which would assist them in their deliberations.The Council decided that the Special Committees concerned with those topics should continue their work and report, so that the present Council could formulate proposals for acceptance by the Institute at the appropriate time. Under (I), the size of the Council was discussed, the period for which it should be elected, representation of areas and of branches of science and professional work, and the inclusion of Associates on the Council. No definite decisions were arrived at, but three additional suggestions were submitted :-. (a) That the Council should have the power to co-opt, say, not more than three, additional members, in order to ensure the inclusion of members whose services might be of value to the Council in some particular respect.(b) That past Presidents, not more than say four, should be included among the Vice-presidents, and (c) That the Council should consider the desirability of electing a small number of Honorary Fellows. Under (11), the discussion was directed to the importance of the Institute securing the registration not only of qualified chemists but of a possible third grade-Licentiates,-within the definition of the Central Register of the Ministry of Labour. It had been suggested that there were as many as 7,000 chemists within that definition, many of them young men who should be attached to some organisation. Arising from this discussion, reference was made to the question as to the part the Institute could take in promoting the economic interests of chemists through the influence of its senior members.The Council decided that it was desirable to obtain, in the near future, remuneration statistics, as had been done on several previous occasions. Whether or not a third grade of membership were established, the Council was firmly determined not to lower the standard for Fellowship and Associateship of the Institute, although the fees for assessment might be reconsidered. Reference was also made to “Chemistry House” and the possibility of professional and learned societies obtaining sites for an appropriate science centre after the war. The Council asked that the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists should continue in being to pursue negotiations with the Ministry of Health on the subject of Emergency Public Health Laboratory Services, and with the Ministry 1691 of Food regarding the proposal that milk should be purchased from producers on a “pay on quality’’ basis, The Ministry of Food had informed the Institute that the scheme for testing milk was related primarily to the keeping quality of milk, and there was no intention to make any arrangements for chemical analysis.The Council felt, however, that the Institute and the Society should be assured that there was no intention of interfering with the duties of the public analysts.A letter was received from the Chancellor of the Exchequer thanking the Institute for foregoing the interest on a further holding of LI,OOO 24% National War Bonds. The Council resolved to send greetings and congratulations to the following members on their election to the Fellowship of the Royal Society :-Professor E. C. Dodds, M.V.O., Professor T. P. Hilditch, Assistant Professor D. M. Newitt, and Professor A. R. Todd, Meldola Medallist. Sixty-Fourth Annual General Meeting MONDAY, 2nd MARCH, 1942 The Sixty-fourth Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Monday, 2nd March, 1942, at 3 p.m.,-Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., President, in the Chair. PRESENTATIONOF THE MELDOLA MEDAL The PRESIDENT: “The pleasant duty falls to me of presenting the Meldola Medal to Dr.Clement Henry Bamford. (Applause.) It is a great pleasure to me, on behalf of the Institute and of the Society of MaccabEans, to present this Medal, which was founded by the Society of MaccabEans to commemorate a very distinguished Past President of this Institute. It is given to a chemist under the age of 30 years who has distinguished himself by his work. In presenting it to Dr. Bamford, I should like to say that the Medal has been held by a fairly long line of predecessors, every one of whom has distinguished himself since he received it. The award on this occasion is particularly fortunate, inasmuch as Dr. Bamford’s Professor, Dr. R. G. W. Norrish, was a recipient of the Medal in 1926. “Dr.Bamford has published outstanding work, first in conjunction with Professor Norrish on the photolysis of certain compounds, and then on his own account on the’ photolysis and pyrolysis of certqin nitro- genous compounds, which has definitely established the proper quantum yield. It forms a chapter in chemistry which has been put on a solid foundation and must lead to far-reaching results in the future. I have seen another paper, which Dr. Bamford has not yet published, on the subject ofoa very elegant and neat apparatus for the accurate analysis of gases.” r 701 The President then presented the Medal to Dr. Bamford, and said: “Dr. Bamford, on behalf of the Council of the Institute and of the Society of Maccabzans, I ask you to accept this Medal.It is our practice to present a book chosen by the Medallist, which I am also glad to hand to you.” (Applause.) Dr. BAMFORD: “I deeply appreciate the honour which the Council of the Institute and the Society of Maccabaeans have conferred on me. It was very unexpected, and I feel that I am unworthy of it. “This Medal commemorates a man who frequently complained of the lack of chemical research in this country, Had he lived in present times, he would have seen chemical research coming into its own, and he would undoubtedly have played an important part in the direction of our chemical industry; this will be a determining factor in the present war, on which the future of science itself depends.The Medal, therefore, is a special incentive now to give of one’s best in the common effort, and I shall try my utmost to keep up its high tradition. “It gives me great pleasure to thank Professor Norrish for all that he has done. He has guided my footsteps since I was a second-year student, and anything that I may have achieved is entirely due to him. For his infectious enthusiasm and inspiration I have the very deepest regard.” (Applause.) PRESENTATION FRANKLANDOF THE SIR EDWARD MEDAL AND PRIZE The PRESIDENT:“My next duty is to present to Mr. Gordon Alfred Baxandall a cheque and this handsome Medal. The Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for 1941are awarded to Mr. Baxandall for his essay ‘The Graduate Chemist and Industry.’ The Assessor reported that Mr.Baxandall had presented a good essay which showed that he had ideas of his own, although, as might be expected, some were debatable.” (Laughter.) Mr. BAXANDALL:“I thank you, Sir, and the Council of the Institute for the presentation of this Medal. I receive it with deep appreciation, and I feel honoured that the Council should find my essay worthy, even if it is a little debatable. As for the cheque, I can assure you that that will be very useful, especially at the present time, when books and other things a student requires are very expensive. It is encouraging to receive this award, and I hope that I may look on it as a symbol of a progressive career.” (Applause.) MINUTES The Minutes of the previous Annual Meeting, which had been circu- lated in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSfor April, 1941,were taken as read, and signed.ANNUALACCOUNTS Mr. JOHN C. WHITE (Hon. Treasurer): “The Accounts have been published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,and I shall not weary you by going into details with regard to them; I will only say that we carry [ 71 3 forward from this year a slightly larger balance of income over expen- diture than we did last year. We have followed the precedent of setting aside ;tlr,ooo to a Reserve for War Contingencies, LI,OOOto Intermittent Publications Reserve, and a further LIOO to the Staff Superannuation Reserve Fund. I think everyone will agree that it is a sound policy to continue to supplement those reserve funds. “1 should like to take this opportunity to express to the Registrar my appreciation, and I am sure yours, of his careful custody of the In- stitute’s funds which pass through his hands, and of the economy which he has practised without stinting the service demanded.” (Applause.) “With your permission, I submit the Accounts for acceptance, and move that they be received and adopted.” Dr. A. E. DUNSTANseconded the motion. The motion was carried unanimously. VOTE OF THANKSTO THE AUDITORS Mr. JOHN C. WHITE(Hon. Treasurer): ‘‘ I should like to propose a vote of thanks to the Honorary Auditors, Mr. Claremont and Dr. Griffiths, for their work. Having been an auditor myself, I know that it means at least one day’s hard work. In my case it was work with which I was not too familiar, and that, perhaps, made it a little more arduous than Mr.Claremont and Dr. Griffiths may have found it. I know the care with which they audit the accounts; they do not simply take the word of the chartered accountants for everything, but like to see things for themselves. I am sure that I am only interpreting your wishes when I extend to them, and to the professional auditors, our hearty thanks for what they have done for us.’’ Dr. A. E. DUNSTANseconded the motion. The motion was carried unanimously. REPORTOF THE COUNCIL The PRESIDENT:“It is now my privilege to present to you the Report of the Council, which appears in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I, 1942. I shall not read the Report, but I should like to make some comments on it.“Before we proceed to that, however, I should like to call your atten- tion to what may be regarded as a landmark in the history of the Institute. This month marks the fiftieth year of Mr. Pilcher’s association with the Institute. (Applause.) I am glad to be in the chair as President on such an occasion. “The third year of the war finds the Institute still active in matters of national concern, and at the same time carrying on its normal business. The Report is a summary of the work of the Institute during the past twelve months. It records continued admissions to membership, re-sulting in a net increase of 264 in the roll, bringing the total number to over 8,000, which is considerably more than five times the number that we had in 1914.Almost the whole profession is engaged in work of im-portance in the war, and you will recollect that even in times of peace I: 7.2 1 there has not been at any time a surplus of chemists, to judge by the number reported out of work. The number of new admissions com- pares very favourably with the average of the last five years, which was 252; this year, as I have said, the figure is 264. “We have suffered severe losses by the death of many distinguished chemists and loyal members of the Institute. I will reoall to you only a few-Andrew Campbell, with his remarkable record as a petroleum engineer; Professors Francis E. Francis, Arthur George Green, Arthur Lapworth, James Charles Philip and Robert Robison, between them representing all branches of chemistry; Herbert Lloyd Hind, a brewing chemist and a man of standing; William Macnab, explosives chemist, who rendered such great service throughout the last war; and Sir William Henry Willcox, the famous toxicologist and physician.We have lost many others, not so well known generally, who have served their country and been honoured members of this Institute. We have also to mourn those who have fallen in action. Their names should be recorded per- manently in the years to come. “I should here like to emphasise the request for the names of all members who are serving with the Forces and also for the addresses of those with whom we have lost touch for the time being, due to their engagement on war work.“Next, the Report deals with finance and with the Benevolent Fund. I am sure we should all like to express our very great appreciation of the services of the Hon. Treasurer. (Applause.) Having attended meetings of the Finance Committee over which he presides, I have personal know- ledge of the care and thought which he and his colleagues give to their work, and I think that you may well be satisfied with the Accounts which have been presented to you. Although our Treasurer sometimes tries to make light of the work, let me assure you that to be Treasurer of this Institute is a heavy burden. “At the same time, I want to express my personal thanks for the very kindly response which so many members have made to the appeal for the Benevolent Fund.I hope that members will not disregard appeals fcr the fund because it happens that we have not such great calls on it now as in the past. We may anticipate that the fund will be in demand when the war is over, and, to be frank, it is useless to pretend to be entirely satisfied so long as less than one-third of our members actually subscribe. I have stated before that if the rest would each contribute only half-a- crown a year, we should get a very substantial sum. Past experience shows that, when bad times come, the Committee is hard put to it to give the help that is needed. I would assure you again that the Com- mittee decides each case with sympathy and sound judgment, and that anything that you can spare will be aery well spent.There is need for giving even small amounts at this time, because we must build up a sum for the future. I should also like to call the attention of members to the fact that we have asked the Local Sections to appoint one member in each Section to act as a kind of almoner. We find that the personal c 73 1 touch in these cases gives us very useful information and also a closer contact of great value. “The Co-operation Scheme , recommended by the Chemical Council in I940 and adopted by the three chartered bodies at the beginning of 1941,has made a fairly good start. Over 1,500 Fellows and Associates have agreed to participate, and I understand that the number is steadily increasing. Through this scheme, the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry have each elected about 800 new members from among the Fellows and Associates of the Institute, and the Institute itself has gained a few members.I feel that Fellows and Associates should participate, not only for the great advantage to be gained from the publications which they receive on generous terms, but also because we cannot afford to ignore the work carried out by those who are busy in other fields than our own, and it is timely to indicate that we cannot afford not to know what is going on in bodies other than ours. Apart from that, the privileges of membership of the Societies, whereby we can attend meetings and meet our professional brethren, must always be helpful. “The importance of science in matters bearing on the war has been constantly before the Council.The Institute has been of assistance to various departments, and the advice of the executive officers has been readily at the disposal of our members. Many subjects discussed in Parliament have been mentioned in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,and the Council have also dealt with questions relating to the interests of Public Analysts and others. “With the United States as our Ally, I should like to ask you to-day to send greetings from this Annual General Meeting to the American Chemical Society (applause),-and to that suggestion I am sure that I have your unanimous consent, We propose sending this cable: ‘Cordial greetings and good wishes to our Allies from the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland in General Meeting.’ (Applause.) “With the coming of the Japanese into the war, the Institute is much concerned for its hundred members or so in the Far East and Burma.They were all good friends, and I know that out there they constituted an excellent fellowship. We have tried to get into touch with them, but we have not so far been able to obtain much information about them. So far as we know, however, none of the chemists has become a casualty, and I hope that that will continue to be true. They are prob- ably prisoners; numbers of them were at Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, and Hong Kong and in Burma. “The record of the activities of the Local Sections at home is re-markable for the present time, and it reflects very great credit on the officers and committees of Local Sections that they have carried out such very fine programmes. I have had the pleasure of visiting one or two Sections, and I hope in the course of this year to visit them all.For various reasons that has not so far been possible, but I feel that I have to c 74 3 make an effort, so that at least some of them can see what kind of President they have! “I have, however, had the opportunity of attending the Conference of Honorary Secretaries. This is an important meeting, for it lets the Council know what is in the minds of the various Local Sections. Out of this Conference has come the idea of making some attempt to formulate the future policy of the Institute, and a Special Committee has, as you know, been appointed for that purpose.“Opinions differ widely on such questions as the size, the constitution and the method of election of the Council; whether members should be elected to represent different branches of the science; and whether Associates should be eligible to serve on the Council. “Questions of policy include such matters as the relationship of the Institute to the State; the exercise of influence in matters affecting the conditions of employment of chemists; the maintenance of the standards of membership ; the possible extension of membership to other grades; further co-operation (some have suggested union) with other bodies, including all grades of qualification; the development of publicity, by publications and otherwise ; the promotion of conferences and annual meetings in various parts of the country; and the acquisition of a ‘Chemistry House.’ “Here I want to call attention to a matter which is somewhat dis- turbing.As you know, chemists with a certain minimum qualification are compulsorily registered with the Central Register. I speak subject to correction, but I understand that the Chemical Section of the Central Register contains about zo,ooo names. Of those, the members of the Institute and of the other chartered bodies are not more than 12,000. If you take another 1,000for members of the British Association of Chemists who are not members of the other bodies, it means that 13,000 out of the zo,ooo are united with their fellows in some orgainsation of mutual interest; so that we have 7,000 who are called chemists, and there must be large numbers of others not so called, but doing chemical work, outside any organisation whatsoever.I do not think that is a good state of affairs. Some steps should be taken, I do not quite know how, to see whether these chemists can be brought to associate with their fellows insome organisation for their mutual interest and for the ultimate benefit of chemistry. “The views of most of the Sections on some, but not all, of the subjects I have mentioned, have been received, and they are by no means in agree- ment. Some would have the consideration of such subjects by the Sections deferred until the Special Committees of the Council have re- ported; some would defer it until after the war, but others are anxious to press on now.“It is not my intention to answer these questions to-day, but some facts and opinions may be mentioned for your censideration. “As to the numerical strength of the Council, now consisting of eight officers and forty-two members, there seems to be general agreement that [ 76 3 it is too large. As to the representation of various branches of chemistry and practice, it should be evident that it is desirable that the Council should have within its ranks those who can give advice on all branches of our science. There is general agreement that there should be district or regional members, but some Sections would prefer that every Section should be represented; yet this would result in enlarging and not in reducing the size of the Council, unless the number of General Members is reduced.Others urge some scheme of proportional represen tation, but this, of course, depends upon the unit taken; if, for example it were taken at IOO members, we should have an overwhelming number of representatives for London and the South-Eastern Counties. It is that sort of thing that makes the consideration of this subject by no means easy. As to the method of nomination and election of the Council, various types of procedure have been suggested, including some which would certainly not lighten the labours of the scrutineers. These con- siderations are before- a Special Committee which has already come to some conclusions, and has framed modifications of the By-laws which will be submitted to the Fellows and Associates in due course.“Turning to matters of policy, affecting the position of the Institute as a chartered body, it is the duty of the Council to bear in mind the prime importance of maintaining the standards of qualification for the Fellowship and Associateship. Then comes the question, which has been raised again and again, of forming another grade. How far would candidates desiring membership be content with a third grade? “The subject of remuneration and the suggestion that the Institute should use its influence in that connexion, are constantly recurring. It is interesting to note that before the war chemists between 21 and 30 years of age earned much the same as men of the same ages in other professions; they usually earned about twelve times their age in pounds.In wartime, the Powers that be have specified salaries for definite posi- tions, and there has been no compulsion on anyone to take any position offered; but taking the subject as a peacetime problem-and we have to look to that-it is by no means certain that any great body of chemists will want a minimum wage or a minimum salary for different types of work, because minimum salaries are apt to become maximum. There is always the risk attached to laying down a minimum salary, that men will never get beyond it; and, as you know, advancement in industry is likely to depend on other factors than the particular academic distinction held.“This subject is linked in some ways with that of publicity, which in turn may have its effect upon supply and demand. The main object of publicity is to ensure the full employment of the chemical talent available, and it is well to remember that, while the roll of the Institute is more than five times as great as it was during the last war, the number of members unemployed at any time during the intervening years has only for a short period exceeded 4 per cent,-and that was in the years of depression-and for nearly all that time has been under z per cent. As in other professional technical work, any advance in chemistry that C761 can be understood by the people or by those who direct industry is soon the subject of comment; but without such advances it is unlikely that people will notice chemistry any more than any other profession.There is no doubt, however, that chemistry stands higher than ever to-day, and its influence for good will, we hope, steadily grow in the happier days to come. “As to Chemistry House, I would only remind you that it is in the programme of the Chemical Council, My own view is that if we are going all out for Chemistry House, it is no use doing so unless we are reasonably certain that we shall succeed. “The Report deals with the work of the Nominations, Examina- tions and Institutions Committee, which, in spite of the war, shows no decrease, but rather the reverse, in volume and complexity.The number of applications of various kinds received exceeds by nearly IOO those considered in the previous twelve months. The standards on which we have insisted for admission to the Associateship and the Fellowship have been fully maintained. I should like here to acknowledge the excellent help of the Chairman of that Committee, Professor Briscoe, and of Drs. E. H. Farmer and J. R. Nicholls, members of the Interviewing Committee. They have carried a very heavy burden. “The lectures published by the Institute are really best-sellers, as you know, and we are sorry that at the moment we cannot provide more, because of paper restrictions and for other reasons. Mr. F. P. Dunn, the Chairman of the Publications Committee, has had to contend with great difficulties, and he deserves our cordial thanks for his activities in this direction.“Then we have to thank the members of the Council who have, very often at considerable inconvenience and at considerable expenditure of time, come here and attended to the business of the Institute. You will have observed that the Council stood to lose the services of five Vice- Presidents. We therefore appealed to the Privy Council, and they allowed us to waive the By-Law which would have forced this on us. I should like. to take this opportunity to express our special thanks to Dr. Francis H. Carr, who has given us exceptional service during the past five years, but who has, I regret to say, decided, owing to pressure of other work, not to stand for re-election on this occasion.“1 beg to propose the reception and adoption of the Report.” Dr. G. ROCHE LYNCH: “I do not propose to add anything to the interesting observations of the President on the work of the Council for the past year. As you see, we have discussed many problems thoroughly. There are only two observations that I should like to make. The first is, Sir, to say how happy all the members of the Council have been to serve under your Presidency and to receive your sound advice during our year’s work. Secondly, I should like to pay a tribute to the regularity with which members have attended at Council meetings, often, in these days, in spite of great difficulties as regards travelling. I beg to second the motion for the adoption of the Report.” I: 771 The PRESIDENT:“Are there any questions? If not, I will put the motion that the Report of the Council be received and adopted.” The motion was carried unanimously.REPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS The SECRETARY read the following Report of the Scrutineers: The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 1244. The following were elected :-President: J. J. Fox. Vice-presidents: H. V. A. Briscoe, Alexander Findlay, L. H. Lampitt, G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Pickard, H. A. Tempany. Honorary Treasurer : John C. White. The number of valid votes cast for General Members of Council was 1241. The following were elected :-I. M. Heilbron, A. L. Bacharach, William Cullen, A. E. Dunstan, J.C. Drummond, Frederick Challenger, E. F. Armstrong, T. F. E. Rhead, F. J. Wilson,E. L. Hirst, D. Jordan-Lloyd, G. W. M~nier-VC~illiams, J. G. King, E. B. Hughes, J. B. Firth, Norman Evers, Harry Baines, L. A. Jordan, Albert Coulthard, E. B. Anderson, S. R. Carter, W. H. Roberts, J. R. Nicholls, H. H. Hodgson, F. P. Dunn, F. G. Mann and S. J. Johnstone. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 11.53. The following were elected:-G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Pickard, Sir Robert Robinson and F. H. Cam. The following voting papers were disallowed :--89 from Fellows and Associates whose subscriptions were in arrear; 1 unsigned; 2 received after the close of the poll;2 others irregular. The total number of papers received was 1336.The PRESIDENT:“I have to declare those members whose names have been read are duly elected to their offices respectively. “I should like to propose a cordial vote of thanks to the scrutineers, -Mr. C. A. Bassett and Mr. B. A. Ellis- who have assisted us again on this occasion. It is a considerable effort to go through all the papers, and I should like on your behalf to express to them the thanks and appreciation of the Institute for their services.” (Applause.) ELECTION AUDITORSOF The PRESIDENT:“The next business is to elect the Auditors and fix their remuneration. I desire from the Chair to nominate Mr. C. L. Claremont as Honorary Auditor. One Honorary Auditor must be nominated from the body of the hall.” Dr. G.ROCHELYNCH:“I beg to nominate Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths.” “Messrs. C. L. Claremont and J., G. A. GriffithsThe PRESIDENT: have been nominated as Honorary Auditors. Is their appointment agreed to ? ” The motion was carried unanimously. Mr. JOHN C. WHITE (Hon. Treasurer): “I beg to move that Messrs, J. Y. Finlay, Pearson & Co., Chartered Accountants, be reappointed Auditors, at a fee of fifty guineas.” Mr. C. L. CLAREMONTseconded the motion. The motion mas carried unanimously. c 78 I TO THE RETIRINGVOTEOF THANKS OFFICERSAND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL Professor H. V. A. BRISCOE: (‘I have much pleasure in moving that the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the retiring Officers and Members of Council for their services.The Vice-presidents who retire are Dr. Carr and Professor Hilditch; seven General Members of Council and seven District Members of Council also retire on this occasion. I am sure you will realise, as we all do, that membership of the CoiznciI and office in the Institute is a great pleasure and honour, but none the less a fairly heavy duty, especially for those who live far away. It is right and proper that we should accord to those who are retiring our thanks on the termination of their period of office.” Dr. EDWINGREGORY:(( I have great pleasure in seconding this vote of thanks to the retiring Officers and Members of Council. We shall miss them at the Council meetings.” The motion was carried unanimously, with acclamation. THE REGISTRAR The PRESIDENT:“I am sure that we should like to hear Mr.Pilcher on the occasion of his fiftieth year in the service of the Institute.” (Applause.) Mr. RICHARD (Registrar and Secretary), who was received B. PILCHER with applause, said: To tell you the truth Mr. President, I feel a little embarrassed; but I had some warning that something might happen in this way, because I received to-day from the Sections many kind tele- grams which have very deeply moved me. It is true that I came to the Institute fifty years ago, when it occupied one room at 9, Adelphi Terrace. I worked there under a Secretary who was expected to attend for two hours a day. George Henry Robertson had been in the Army, had subsequently attended classes in chemistry and electrical engineering. He had only recently been appointed Secretary of the Institute, and he had not been used to office work.However, we got on very well together until he fell ill. For a while, I carried on without him, and then his illness brought on blindness, and the Council (in 1894) appointed me Assistant Secretary. I had at that time been clerk for two years, but for much of that time I had carried on the work alone. In 1895, I was appointed Secretary and in 1900 Registrar and Secretary. In 1892, we had about 800 members, and it is curious how everything has since been multiplied by ten. Instead of 800 members, we have 8,000 members to-day. Our investments were worth about L6,500 then, and I think we are well worth L65,ooo to-day, if we take into account the value of our premises which cost j621,000,and j644,ooo invested.In the early days we had a staff of two, the Secretary and one clerk; to-day we have nineteen, and at times have touched twenty. I feel, therefore, that I have been associated with something which has been growing, and I often wonder what the position of this country would be like to-day if it had not the 8,000 members of the Institute, “lgl and-as the President has suggested-Iz,ooo other chemists, to help it. It is surprising, when one reflects, that the profession was one which nobody was encouraged to follow. Boys were told that there was nothing in it; but those who had the pluck to follow it are of service to the country to-day, and I venture to say that they are not doing too badly.In the course of years, under the encouragement of such excellent Presidents as I have known-and I have known every one from the very beginning, although the Institute had been in existence for some fifteen years when I came to it-and with the encouragement of the Vice- Presidents, the Treasurers and Members of Council, I have myself developed a little from the nervous youth that I was when I came to you fifty years ago at the age of 18. I have had a good time with you. I am very grateful to you, and,when I look round this room, with its portraits of Past Presidents, and think of the friends that I have had and lost, you will know what it means to me, I never expected to reach this period in the history of the Institute.I never expected to have the happiness to be with you so long. I will not detain you, but to tell one little story. In 1923, I broadcast from zL0, Savoy Hill, and at that time chemists were saying “Don’t encourage them”;-meaning that I was not to encourage young people to become chemists. I did not, I warned them that the profession demanded brains of an unusually high order, hard work, considerable sacrifice and steady application and, among other things, I said “Chemistry is not a profession for the fool of the family: the fool will be wise to leave it to others.” A Scottish elder greeted me on the station platform, on the morning after the broadcast, with “What is the trouble between you and the kirk, Pilcher?” I replied: “I said nothing about the kirk!” At home five people with headphones were listening on one cat’s whisker! “I really do thank you, and I am more than grateful to you all.” (Prolonged applause.) The PRESIDENT:“That concludes the business of this Annual General Meeting, and I thank you for your attendance.” Local Sections The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read or in speeches delivered daring discussions.Belfast and District.-On 6th February, a meeting was held jointly by the principal scientific institutions in Northern Ireland for discussion of “Efficiency in the Use of Fuel,” in the Central Hall of the College of Technology, Belfast. The Chair was taken by Mr. Alexander Brown, M.I.Mech.E., and the discussion was opened by Mr.L. O’Connor (Member of the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Mines Department). r 801 There were upwards of IOO representatives of industry and science present and among others who took part in the discussion were Messrs. F. H. Wysall of the Belfast Electricity Department, W. H. Hyslop of the Belfast Gasworks, Dr. R. H. Common, Dr. H. Mastin, and Professor Warnock. Bristo1 and South-Wes tern Counties .-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Department of Bristol University on 26th March,-Dr. A. C. Monkhouse, District Member of Council, presiding in the unavoidable absence of Professor W. E. Garner. The Reports of the Honorary Secretary and Treasurer were received and adopted.Messrs. Edward Russell and W. J. Carter were re-elected Honorary Auditors. Dr. E. B. Maxted, Mr. Osman Jones and Mr. I. Dembrey were elected Members of the Committee. The proceedings concluded with a vote of thanks to the University for allowing the Section to hold its meetings in the Chemical Department. Members subsequently attended, by invitation, the Jubilee Memorial Lecture given before the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry by Professor F. L. Engledow, C.M.G., on “Science and the Land.” Cardiff and District.-A meeting of the Section, jointly with the Chemical Society and the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, was held on 27th February, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff.Before proceeding with the business the Chairman, Mr. S. Dixon, introduced Mr. Valentin Rawson who brought a message of greeting from the chemists of Australia. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Vice-president of the Institute, gave an address on “Chemical Methods of Attacking Certain Biological Problems,” dealing particularly with investigations into the effects of inorganic dusts on the grain-weevil. The lecture was highly appreciated. Messrs. Dixon and Rawson, and Drs. Evans, Sharma and Williamson participated in the ensuing discussion. A vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Dr. Williamson, seconded by Mr. F. Kernick, was carried with acclamation. There were 68 persons present at the meeting. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Since the beginning of the year, the Section has met on three occasions.On 28th January, Professor R. D. Haworth, lectured to a large audience on “Synthetical Investiga- tions in the Natural Resin Field.’’ On 27th February, members took part in a Symposium held jointly with the Food Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, on various aspects of Fish Preservation and, on 6th March, Mr. S. Ellingworth gave a lecture on ‘‘Chemotherapy.” This last lecture attracted an audience of over 100,despite inclement weather, and the ensuing discussion was lively and extremely instructive. A synopsis of Mr. Ellingworth’s lecture was given in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part I, 1942(pages 37-38). Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A SpeciaI Meeting of the Section was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 30th January, to LSlI consider the proposals put forward by the London and South-Eastem Counties Section, and other matters.Professor W. M. Cumming presided. There was a good attendance of members and many of those who could not be present had forwarded their views in writing. The items for consideration were :--eligibility of Associates as council- lors, the size of the Council, place of Annual General Meetings of the Institute, co-operation or collaboration with the B.A.C. and other organisations, method of election of the Council and the possibility of forming a Federation of Science. The first item brought forth a large amount of discussion: Dr. F. Rumford, opened the argument in favour of Associates serving on the Council and Dr.P. F. Gordon, spoke in favour of the present system. The overwhelming majority were in support of the proposal, and when the motion “That Associates should be made eligible for election to Council, subject to certain limitations (to be decided), but that there should be no lowering of the standard of the Fellowship” was submitted by Dr. Caunce and seconded by Mr. Grant, it was carried unanimously. There was not much discussion regarding the “Size of Council,” and despite the views of some ex-members of Council that a large Council ensured a reasonable attendance at meetings the motion that “Council as constituted at present is too large” was carried unanimously. On the question of the place of the Annual General Meeting there was not a single voice raised in support of the present system and a motion that “An attempt should be made to hold the Annual General Meeting of the Institute in centres outside London in alternate years or once in every three years at least” received the complete support of all present. Time did not permit of full discussion of the other matters and no other formal decisions were reached.In view of the importance of these items and the fact that the Secretary had received a memorandum, signed by twelve members, outlining their proposals regarding the forma- tion of a Federation of Science, the members present asked the Committee to convene, another meeting at an early date and that copies of the memorandum should be sent with the notice of the meeting.It was hoped to hold a further meeting on 20th March when the items left over would be fully discussed and some suggestions formulated for the guid- ance of the Special Committees of Council. In addition to the above, members were invited by the Chemical Society to attend two meetings. The first of these was held on 16th January when a lecture on “Sesquiterpene Ketones” was given by Professor J. L. Simonsen, F.R.S., and the second-the Tilden Lecture- on 20th February, when Dr. H. J. EmelGus was the lecturer and his subject was “Fluorine.” Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., presided over both meetings. Newcastle uponTyneand North-East Coast.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society was held on zznd January, at E 82 1 2.30 p.m., under the chairmanship of Dr.A. A. Hall (Chairman of the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry). Professor F. A. Paneth, Ph.D., of the University of Durham, gave a lecture on “The Completion of the Periodic System,” illustrated by lantern slides. Professor Paneth outlined the bearing of the periodic classification and the results of X-ray spectroscopy on the discovery of new elements. He discussed the methods employed for the artificial disintegration of elements and some of the results obtained, illustrating his remarks by reference to the disintegration of magnesium and aluminium and the preparation of the elements numbers 43, 61, 85 and 87.The possibility of the natural occurrence of these latter four elements and the evidence for the existence of transuranic elements was also discussed in a highly interesting way. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer, moved by Mr. Wikner, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute. Many members on Tees-side find it difficult to attend meetings arranged on Tyneside under existing conditions. The Committee of the Local Section has under consideration the possibility of forming a sub-section on Tees-side; alternatively, occasional meetings may be arranged in other centres than Newcastle. The 23rd Annual General Meeting was held at the Chemical Industry Club, Lovaine Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, on 25th February, Mr. S.W. A. Wikner in thechair. The reports of the Hon. Treasurer and Hon. Secretary were received and adopted, and officers were re-elected for the ensuing year. Mr. W. G. Carey and Dr. G. E. Stephenson were re-elected members of the Committee, and Mr. L. L. Walls was elected in place of Mr. E. G. Hancock, who had retired on leaving the district. The Committee was empowered to co-opt a Tees-side member in place of Mr. A. J. Prince who retired owing to pressure of work. Mr. H. Berry and Dr. J. H. Jones were re-elected as auditors. The meeting endorsed the Committee’s action in appointing Dr. P. L. Robinson to undertake local responsibilities in connexion with the Benevolent Fund. A discussion ensued on the future policy of the Institute.Opinion was divided on the subject of election of Associates to Council, but there was substantial agreement about proposals that the Institute should explore means of watching over the interests of members in regard to remuneration and conditions of service. The programme of the Section for the year was discussed. Members appreciated the difficulties of transport, etc. arising out of the-prevailing conditions and agreed that so far as possible arrangements should be made with local chemical organisations to hold joint meetings. The business of the evening was followed by the Chairman’s address on “Some Notes on Industrial Benzole.” (See p. 84.) The interest aroused by this address was indicated by the lengthy discussion which followed.r 83 I South Wales.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society on 14th February, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea, -Mr. R. H. Jones presiding. Dr. H. Baines, Member of Council of the Institute, Vice-president of the Royal Photographic Society, delivered a lecture on “Recent Advances in Photographic Theory.” (See p. 85.) South Yorkshire.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association was held at the latter’s premises, 14th February, when Mr. E. J. Vaughan, of the Admiralty Laboratories, delivered a paper on “Further Advances in Metallurgical Analysis.” Mr. Vaughan detailed recent work in connexion with the application of the photo-electric absorptiometer to metallurgical analysis, on which a monograph has already been published.The meeting was very well attended, an appreciative audience including members from the Manchester, London and other Sections. The interest of the subject was further demonstrated by the excellent discussion in which Mr. Vaughan was joined by Dr. J. Convey in answering the many questions raised. The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held in May, and notices will be circulated in due course. The Secretary of the Section reports that a Fuel Economy Meeting was held in Sheffield on 16th February, when the speakers included Dr. R. A. Mott, FrlZow, representing the Mines Department and the Institute.In this connexion it may be mentioned that the Department of Applied Science, University of Sheffield, inaugurated in October, 1941, courses of lectures on boiler management for furnacemen, boiler firemen and stokers; also, that classes for instruction in boiler management and on engineering calculations and drawings are being organised, probably under the auspices of the Sheffield Trades Technical Section, of whose Development Board Mr. G. Parkin, Honorary Secretary of the South Yorkshire Section of the Institute, is Chairman. SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Some Notes on Industrial Benzole By S. W. A. WIKNER,F.I.C. [Newcastle upon Tyne and N.E. Coast Section, on 24th February, 1942.1 Current practice for recovering and refining motor benzole from the carbonisation of coal was described.At low carbonising temperatures, unsaturated hydrocarbons such as mono- and di-olefines occur in the benzole. Although valuable as fuel these will polymerise on storage, c 84 I with formation of gum, and were formerly removed by treatment with H2S04. In the Inhibitor process, invented by chemists of the National Benzole Co., Ltd., unsaturated substances are not removed, formation of gum being prevented by addition of a small proportion (0.03 per cent.) of an inhibitor, e.g. cresol, catechol. No treatment with strong acid is necessary, so there are increased yields with reduced costs. The most important advantage is that crude benzoles from vertical gas retorts and from low temperature carbonisation processes can be refined at reasonable cost, thus greatly widening the source of supply.In time of war this assumes greater importance not only as an addition to our fuel supply but for production of hydrocarbons even more vital to our war effort. The specification for motor benzole was modified to suit the new process and a test introduced for determining the potential gum content. A stream of oxygen is passed through the boiling benzole under controlled condi- tions, the amount of gum formed giving an indication of that to be expected on prolonged storage. Sulphur content of crude benzole may vary from 0.5 per cent. to 2.0 per cent. and is usually present half as carbon disulphide and half as thiophen.The finished benzole must not contain more than 0.4 per cent. of sulphur, so that the excess must be removed, In the former acid wash, thiophen was removed with the unsaturated substances; until a means is discovered of taking out thiophen without attacking them, sulphur reduction must be by removal of carbon disulphide. This can be effected by distillation in efficient fractionating plant but there is waste of hydrocarbons. Chemical methods are preferred. The methanol-soda process is based upon the reaction CS, + NaOH + CH,OH = CH,O.CSSNa + H20. Sodium methyl xanthate is formed and on treatment with dilute sulphuric acid is decomposed with recovery of methanol and carbon disulp hide. Another mkthod of purification is by treatment with ammonium sulphides The products are decomposed by simple distillation, e.g.: (NH,), CS, = zNH, + CS, + H2S + S. Recent Advances in Photographic Theory By H. BAINES,DSc., F.R.P.S., Member of Council, [South Wales Section, on 14th February, 1942.1 The tremendous advances which photography has made during its IOO years of existence have been almost entirely empirical. The theorist has lagged far behind the practician, and it is only in the last three or four years that we have been able to form any adequate picture of the formation of the photographic latent image. I85 1 Microscopic examination of the development of a silver bromide grain shows development to commence at one or more points on the grain surface and to spread rapidly therefrom throughout the grain.These initial points are known as "development centres they are formed "e; by light action on the grain and are therefore thought to constitute the latent image. Experimental evidence has supported the view that even before exposure there exist on the grain certain regions which differ from the remainder of the crystal. Sheppard's work indicated that these *' sensitivity specks " consist of silver sulphide formed by interaction with labile sulphur compounds contained in gelatin. For some years, therefore, the chemist has believed that an unexposed grain consists of silver iodobromide containing specks of silver sulphide which of themselves are unable to make the grain developable, and that light action causes disassociation of silver bromide, the bromine being absorbed by the gelatin and the silver being deposited on the silver sulphide specks so as to convert them into development centres. The explanation of transfer of silver through the crystal lattice from regions of light absorption to the sensitivity specks has proved very difficult for chemists, and it was not until Gurney and Mott (1938) advanced their theory that a satisfadory mechanism was proposed.According to these physicists the formation of the photographic latent image is based upon two well- known properties of silver bromide-photoconductance and electrolysis. The primary (electronic) process is the immediate production by light of a cloud of electrons in the silver bromide lattice; some of these are trapped in the silver sulphide sensitivity specks, and the region of high negative charge thus formed is capable of bringing about the slower, secondary (ionic) process, viz., the attraction and neutralisation of interstitial silver ions to give larger and more efficient electron traps.This process is capable of repetition until light action ceases. Strong supporting evidence of the Gurney and Mott theory has been provided by subsequent experimental work, and by the ability of the theory to explain known photographic effects. Berg and Mendelsohn, and also Webb have shown independently by a study of reciprocity failure and other photographic effects at low temperatures that the primary and secondary effects can be separated in conformity with ex- pectations based on the Gurney-Mott theory.Th? development process has been the object of intensive study over many years, but purely chemical considerations of reduction poten- tials and catalysis have failed to supply a complete explanation of known phenomena. The recent application in the Eastman Kodak Laboratories of the electron microscope to a study of development has shown very clearly that the developed silver has a filamentary structure, and that it appears to be forced in ribbons out of the grain from specific points on the grain surface. It is now considered that previous conceptions of the production of silver by ionic reaction in solution between developer and dissolved silver halide are untenable, and that the mechanism involves reaction of adsorbed developer.Modern fast emulsions invariably contain r 86 1 excess soluble bromide and hence silver bromide grain must be present as “bromide body” (Fajans). It is incapable of adsorbing further negative ions such as developer ions, and the silver sulphide specks of a correctly digested emulsion are postulated to be insufficient in size to give an area suitable for such adsorption. The effect of exposure to light may be explained by assuming that the addition of metallic silver increases the size and modifies the properties of the specks so as to allow local adsorption of developer ions, which act as an electrode for the introduction into the silver bromide mass of electrons from the reducing agent.Doubtless there will be considerable modification of the present theory, but the theoretical physicists have thrown a flood of light on the chemists’ darkness and provided conceptions which may well prove to be of practical value in photographic technique. Artificial Radioactivity and the Completion of the Periodic System By Prof. F. A. PANETH. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section, on 18th February, 1942.1 The first prediction of a missing element and of its atomic weight by Newlands was followed by the development of Mendeleeff’s Periodic System. The elements masurium, illinium, alabamine and virginium which have been supposed to fill the vacant places 43, 61, 85 and 87 of the Periodic System, have so far not been found.The element 87 probably occurs in nature as a branch product of the actinium series, “actinium K,” recently discovered by Mlle Perey in Paris. The properties of the elements 43, 61 and 85, however, can be studied owing to the possibility of artificially producing these missing elements in a radioactive form. Element 43 has been obtained by bombardment of molybdenum with deuterons; its chemical investigation showed that it is more closely akin to rhenium than to manganese. Element 61,a rare earth, could be obtained from neodymium as well as from praseodymium. Element 85 makes it appearance if bismuth is bombarded with helium nuclei; although the higher homologue of iodine it differs markedly from the halogens and reacts in several ways more like a metal.One element higher than uranium, with the atomic number 93, has been obtained; its chemical properties seem to be similar to those of uranium. “Mattauch’s Rule” indicates that it is not likely that stable isotopes of an element can be found if one of its neighbours in the Periodic System possesses isotopes of the same weight. The rule does not exclude the possibility that aLl the elements missing on our Earth have a transitory existence in the hot interior of the Sun and the stars. c 87 3 Notes War and Science.-Addressing the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee in February, Sir Henry Tizard said that he had been consider- ing the position of Science in the war as a whole. With the changing problems and the vast arena of the war, mistakes were almost inevitable; but it was wrong to imagine that the other side did not also make mistakes.The influence of science was greater than it had ever been, and the present Government and Parliament attached a value to the help and guidance of scientists that no previous Parliament had ever done. There was hardly a phase of the national life with which scientists were not now associated. We had a Prime Minister who had a scientific adviser con- tinually at his elbow, and he was not the only Minister who had a scientific adviser. Scientists were a very critical lot: they were brought up to be critical, and it was part of their education to accept things only on evidence and not merely on the unsupported authority of older men.There was no such thing in the scientific world as authority based merely on position and seniority. Scientists were brought up to be constructive critics, and that was what they generally tried to be. They did not always agree among themselves and that fact should be borne in mind. There were not many people who really understood the methods and processes of science. Like war, it had its strategy and its tactics. Tactics came in when the plan was settled, the task decided and the problem set. Success in tactics depended on good command, good organisation, an adequate amount of up-to-date equipment and an adequate supply of highly trained men. The tactical strength of science in this country, he said, was very great.There were many well-run and well-equipped research and experimental establishments, and there was a large number of able young men who were rendering great service to the State. The amount and quality of the scientific and technical ability available in the country surprised not only the older generation but foreign friends and foes. So far as tactics in science were concerned, we had nothing to fear in comparison with any other nation, but so far as strategy of science was concerned, Sir Henry said he was not so confident. The strategy of science was to attack at the weakest spot of the barrier to knowledge. The choice of the problem, more than anything else, marked the man of genius in the scientific world. We could not afford to dissipate our efforts over things that did not matter or did not matter much, and had to remember that any technical advance, to have a decisive effect in war, made big demands on the productive capacity of the country.The real trouble and waste of time was caused by inventions and proposals that had something to be said for them, that were not technically impossible and that might be of some use in some circumstances; but if we tried to use all of these things we dissipated our efforts and would end by doing C881 nothing well. Who was to decide the strategy of scientific war, to decide what things really mattered, and where we should devote our scientific strength ? Certainly not the scientists alone, however eminent. Nor could it be left to the staffs of the fighting services, even though each Service Department might contain officers of high scientific ability.Nor could it be left to a War Cabinet, however fertile in ideas. The safest way to reach the right decision was to have scientists working side by side and in the closest collaboration with those who had the administrative and executive responsibility. Moreover, the first thing that the scientist learned, when he had the benefit and privilege of such collaboration, was that he had a lot to learn. Sir Henry expressed the hope that due credit would be given to those senior members of the staff of the Air Ministry, and to the then Minister, Lord Swinton, for adopting this policy, which had since been greatly developed.The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee could do no greater service than to ensure that kind of co-operation. The Committee should concern itself rather with general strategy than with tactics. In conclusion, Sir Henry referred to the two great driving forces of our modern civilisation,-Science and Christianity,-and he quoted from the Right Rev. Herbert Hensley Henson :-it Science and Christianity are the distinctive features of the civilisa- tion which has been cradled in Europe and from Europe extended over the world. The principle of both is liberty, the expression, in un- shackled freedom, of the innate powers of the human spirit, the expres- sion and vindication of individuality.” The present tyranny would be beaten and die away, sooner perhaps than we dared hope, maybe only after years of suffering, but, when it passed, it was to be hoped that scientific men, administrators and legisla- tors, tempered in the furnace of war, would continue to work side by side with respect for each other’s knowledge, and tolerance for each other’s ignorance, to restore a stricken world and to lead us to better things.Income Tax.-In Part I of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,reference was made to possible rebate to chemists in respect of damaged clothing, and a quotation was given from State Service, December, 1941. It should be explained that in December, 1920, the Commissioners of Inland Revenue received a deputation from several scientific bodies with regard to the claims of chemists and others for abatement of tax in respect of subscriptions to societies, libraries and periodicals, the purchase of books and instruments, damage to clothing, expenses incurred in attend- ing meetings and conferences, rent and expenses of private laboratories and also those incurred in research.The deputation sought to demonstrate that scientific workers incurred such expenses essentially in the exercise of their profession. The Com- missioners intimated that, in the case of scientists who derived their incomes from appointments, such claims would need to be decided according to the terms of their respective appointments. Such claims c 89 1 could not ordinarily be allowed except in cases where it could be proved to the satisfaction of the Commissioners that the expenses were incurred necessarily, wholly and exclusively in the performance of duties required to be carried out under formal agreement.It was clear, however, that where the agreement provided an allow- ance for specific expenses of the nature indicated above and the allowance was expended in accordance with the agreement, it was not subject to tax. In JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI, 1922,it was reported that the correspondence between the Institute and the Board of Inland Revenue had been brought to the notice of the Income Taxpayers Society, whose Director, Lord Decies, consented to the publication of opinions given thereon, including, inter aZia, that abatement of tax on damage to clothing is allowable so far as it is inevitable and is the result wholly of use for professional purposes.The Registrar’s Jubilee.-On the suggestion of the President, past and present Officers and Members of Council and Officers and Members of Local Section Committees have contributed to a fund for a presentation to the Registrar on the occasion of his having completed 50 years’ service with the Institute. Mr. Pilcher was engaged as Clerk-at that time, the only clerk-in March, 1892; he was appointed Assistant Secretary in March, 1894, Secretary in March, 1895, and Registrar and Secretary in March, 1900. Over 180 members have responded to the President’s proposal, and very many letters have been received expressing appreciation of the Registrar’s services. Mr.Pilcher has been informed of the proposed presentation-the nature of which, however, has not yet been determined-and has asked the Publications Committee to allow him to express in the JOURNAL, to all concerned, his very sincere and grateful thanks for the messages and congratulations which he h’as received and for the great kindness which has been shown to him on the occasion of his Jubilee. The staff of the Institute has also congratulated “the Chief” and has taken advantage of the opportunity to present him with an umbrella, for which he desires to express his warm thanks. Paints Industries.-Mr. C. A. F. Hastilow, FeZZow, is joining the Miscellaneous Chemicals Control at Terminal House, 52, Grosvgnor Gardens, London, S.W.1, to be in charge of a Section dealing with raw materials required by the Paint Industry. Gas Identification Officers.-It is understood that the Ministry of Labour will not apply compulsory enrolment in the Home Guard to Gas Identification Officers without the consent of their local authority.The following have been awarded the degree of D.Sc. (London):- G. W. Scott Blair, Fellow, A. H. Cook, Associate, and C. L. Hewett, Associate. c 90 1 Medals of the Institution of Chemical Engineers have been awarded to the following :-Dr. Albert Parker, Fellow; The Osborne Reynolds Medal; Mr. Percy Parrish, Fellow-The Moulton Medal; and Mr. E. W. Pates, Associate, The William Macnab Medal. A Registered Student, Sergeant John Webster Murfin,’ R.A.F., is reported to be a prisoner of war in Germany.Obituary ALFRED CLAY ABRAHAM died at Ormskirk on 7th March, aged 89 years. The son of John Abraham, one of the founders of Clay and Abraham, Ltd., he became associated, in 1871, with his father’s firm, of which he was managing director from 1911 until his retirement in 1928. He was educated at the Liverpool Institute and his early training in science was obtained under Christison, Balfour, Crum Brown and T. H. Huxley in the University of Edinburgh, and under Attfield, Redwood and Bentley in the School of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. He qualified as a pharmaceutical chemist in 1878 and during his career published about forty papers, many of which were read before the Liverpool Chemists’ Association and the British Pharmaceutical Conference.An early paper entitled “Note on the Estima- tion of Fixed Oils and Fats with special reference to Milk” was published in The Analyst in 1884 and, jointly with Mr. John Rae, he contributed a series of papersdealing with Opium to The Pharmaceutical Journal in 1922-1926. He served on tho Council of the Pharmaceutical Society and on the British Pharmaceutical Con- ference Formulary Committee from its inception in 1888 until the work was taken over by the Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. At his funeral, the Institute was represented by Mr. F. Robertson Dodd, Fellow. ARTHURCHARLES CARTERdied at Harrow on 30th March, in his 60th year. Educated at Brighton Grammar School and trained at University College, London, under Sir William Ramsay, he was appointed, in 1903, an assistant chemist to the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal, under Dr.George McGowan. In 1914 he was appointed an Inspector under the Alkali Works, etc. Regulations Act and after some years at Swansea under Dr. A. C. Fryer was transferred to the Birmingham and Midlands District. During the last war he served with the Welsh Regiment, attaining the rank of Captain. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1904, and a Fellow in 1907. DAVID ALLAN GRACEY died at Southend-on-Sea on 7th February, in his 76th year. Educated at the City of London School, he entered the Inland Revenue Department by open competition in 1886, later becoming attached to the Govern- ment Laboratory and attending courses at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington. , He continued as an assistant in the Laboratory until 1898, when he was appointed to the permanent staff, and in 1906 was promoted Analyst, First Class.At the time of his retirement in 1929 he held the position of a Superintending Chemist and received the honour of the Imperial Service Order. In 1934, havingfor several years been specially concerned with the examination of tobacco and snuff, he succeeded J. F. Halpin, Fellow, as Director of the Tobacco Laboratory attached to the Ministry of Finance, Alexandria, Egypt, which position he held until 1940. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1908. OSWALDHITCRENdied, as the result of enemy action, on 19th March, 1941, in his 35th year.Born at Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire, he attended the Local Grammar School and from 1925-1929 he was a pupil with Messrs. Richardson and Jaff6 at Bradford. He then became an analyst at the I. C. I. Agricultural Research Station, Jealotts Hill Farm, where he remained until 1931, when he entered on his training at the Manchester College of Technology; there he continued until 1034, graduatingB.Sc. Tech. with first class honours. In the same year he joined the st& of c 91 1 Mr. R. W. Sutton, FeZEow, Public Analyst for the County of Derby, and in 1939 passed the Examination for the Fellowship in the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food, Drugs and of Water. At the time of his death he was attached to a Govern-ment Department in London.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1934, and a Fellow in 1939. ALFREDWILLIAMTOVEYHYDE died in New Zealand on 18th February, in his 67th year. Educated at Walsall Grammar School, he was trained in science at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and at Birmingham University. He became an assistant lecturer in chemistry in the Department of the Birmingham Municipal Technical School under Dr. Slater Price and, in 1913, joined the laboratory staff of the Dunlop Rubber Co., Ltd., first as chief assistant chemist and later in charge of the physical testing laboratories. He equipped laboratories at the Para Mills and Manor Mills factories of the Company, and developed metkiods of testing and control of manufacture of rubber products.He retired in 1929 and proceeded to New Zealand, where he joined his son, who was engaged in farming in the Dominion. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. ROBERT ERNEST JEFFERSONdied at Sutton Coldfield on 4th February, in his 59th year. Born at Peridleton, Salford, he was educated at the Peridleton Higher Grade School and the Pupil Teachers’ Centre, Salford, before his training at the University of Manchester, where he graduated B.Sc. in 1906, proceeding to M.Sc. in 1909. He taught science in elementary schools at Sale from 1906 until 1911, when he was appointed science master at Jamaica College, Kingston, B.W.I. He returned to England in 1913 and, after teaching for some time at a college in Harro-gate, obtained a post as chemist in a cement works at Kirkington, Oxon.In 1915 he joined the laboratory staff of H.M. Factory, Oldbury and, in 1919, was appointed to the chemical staff of the City of Birmingham Gas Department, whbre, in 1936, he became senior chemist in charge of the special laboratories, the position he held at the time of his death. He served on the Standardisation of Tar Products Test Committee, and pub- lished several papers on refractories, coke, and allied subjects. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. JOSEPHLONES died at Smethwick on 4th February, in his 72nd year. He was educated at King Edward’s Grammar School, Five Ways, Birmingham, and after spending five years as pupil and assistant with A.E. Tucker, Fellow, of Birmingham,studied from 1892-1894 under Tilden at Mason College. He obtained an appoint- ment as a teacher of metallurgy and iron and steel manufacture under the Smethwick Technical Board, and established a private practice as a consulting and analytical chemist in the same town, where, in due course, having qualified by passing the necessary examinations of the Institute, he became Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1895. FREDERICKO’BRTENdied at Bristol on the 28th March, within three days of his 69th birthday. Educated at Ackworth School, near Pontefract and at the Liverpool Institute, he studied from 1896 to 1899 at University College-now the University-Liverpoor, graduated B.Sc.(Vict.) with honours in chemistry, and proceeded to M.Sc. in 1902. For about fifteen months he was an assistant to Professor Campbell Brown in the Lancashire County Laboratory, before he obtained an appointment as research chemist with the Western Tanning Po., at Bedminater, Bristol, with whom he remained until 1907. He then entered into partnership with C. J. Waterfall in an analytical and consulting practice in the same city, still acting as consultant and analyst to the Tanning Co. After the death of Mr. Waterfall in 1928, he was joined by Mr. F. P. Hornby until 1938, when he continued his practice independently, Mr. Hornby having been appointed chemist to the Brivtol Water- works Co.He retired in 1940, and the practice is now carried on by Mr. H. s.Howes. Mr. O’Brien was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. The Institute was represented at the funeral by Messrs. F. P. Hornby and F. E. Needs. GEORGESENTERdied at Pinner on 14th March, at the age of 68 years. Educated at Kildrummy Public School, Aberdeenshire, he became a student at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, where he was a Bell Scholar and gained the Pereira Medal. He subsequently studied at University College, London, c 9.2 1 from 1901-1903, under an 1851 Exhibition Research Scholarship, and at the Univer- sities of Leipzig and Gottingen. He graduated B.Sc. (Loud.) with first class honours in chemistry, Ph.D.(Leipzig), subsequently proceeding to D.Sc. (Lond.). From 1904-1914 he was lecturer on chemistry at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School and during this period, for some years lecturer at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute. From 1914-1932 he was head of the chemistry department at Birkbeck College and, from 1918 to 1039 was also Priricipal of the College. He wtts an examiner in chemistry (1906-1910) for the Conjoint Board of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, and for the University of Birniingham. He was Member of the Senate and (1912- 1911) a Reader in Chemistry of the University of London and, from 191!‘to 1917, Honorary Secretary of the Faculty of Science. He was the author of Outlines of Physical Chemistry” (17th edition, 1933), “A Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry” (14th edition, 1934) and of many papers on physico-chemical and biochemical subjects contributed to The Transactions of the Royul Society, The Journal of the Chemicul Society, and Transactions of the Paraday Society, and to other chemical journals.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1915.Pilot Officer WILLIAM KELMAN was reported missing in February, BURR THOMAS 1941, after air operations over Germany, and it was thought that he might have been taken prisoner, but information has lately been received that he lost his life while on a raid. The son of Alfred Ernest Thomas, Associate, he was born at Oban, Argyll, on 3rd April, 1914. He was educated at Glasgow Academy and at the University of St.Andrews, where he graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1936, having interrupted his course while obtaining experience in 1934 and 1935 with the Gourock Ropework Co., Ltd., Port Glasgow, and with the Union Cold Storage Co., Ltd., London. He took the chemical engineering course at University College, London, and was engaged in the Engineering Division of the Norton Grinding Wheel Company, Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, until the outbreak of war, when he joined the Royal Air Force. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936. LEONARDVICTOR WRIGHT died at Grantham on 3rd March, at the age of 71 years. He was educated at Nottingham High School, and proceeded to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he was Foundation Scholar and Prizeman of his college and gained a first class in the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1892.Shortly after, he was appointed Science Master at Pocklington School, Yorks. Subsequently he taught in tho Northampton County Modern and Technical School, but from 1920 in Northampton School only, where he continued as second Master and Senior Science Master until his resignation, in 1928, owing to ill-health. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1900, and a Fellow in 1903. The death has been reported of Leading Aircraftman JOHN MORTIMERBLUNDELL, a Registered Student of the Institute. He was born at Southampton in 1.912, was educated at Cannock House School, Eltham, and studied at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute while employed on the technical staff of Messrs.W. B. Dick & Go., Engineers. He joined the Royal Air Force in July, 1940. ERRATUM.-owing to an accident in filing the papers of two members with the same surnames and initials, the particulars given in the obituary notice in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I (p. 48),relating to the late Walter Sydney Clark should be omitted from the words “From 1917” to “until the end of the War.” Books and their Contents The Annual Report of the Imperial Institute, 1941, recently issued, deals with the work of the Scientific Departments concerned with Plant and Animal Products and Mineral Resources ;Exhibition Galleries, Lectures, Films, etc. ‘‘Tannin Analysis.” A Provisional Official Method of Quantitative Tannin Analysis of the British Section of the International Society of Leather Trades’ Chemists.Edited by D. McCandlish. Pp. 14. (Croy-don: A. Harvey.) 93 3 The National Smoke Abatement Society has recently published memoranda on Smoke Prevention in relation to Initial Post-War Recon- struction ; obtainable from the temporary address of the Society, Wood- borough, Not tingham. The British Standards Institution has published :-No. 998-1931:Pure Vacuum Salt for Dairy Purposes; and No. IOII-I941: Red Lead Ready Mixed Paints. Each, 2s. net, post free 2s. 3d. The Steam Boiler Yearbook and Manual. Edited by Sydney D. Scorer; foreword by E. S. Grumell. Pp. 400. (London: Paul Elek.) 20s. net. Steam boilers ; mechanical design ; selection ; combustion appliances ; fuel ; boiler types; superheaters ; feed pumps ; water treatment, etc.; coal selection and storage; fuel economy and combustion; pulverised fuel; oil fuel; ash; design and operation ; steam generation ; automatic control. The first of a number of enginsering textbooks dealing with modern practice, as well as research and development work recorded in technical journals, which will be followed by others under the titles of The Machine Shop Yearbook and Production Engineers’ Manual, The Mechanical Handling Yearbook and Manual, and Wirelea and Telecommunications Yearbook. The Library, 1941-42 Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1941,the Council has had the, pleasure to acknowledge the following gifts :-MESSRS.J. BIBBY& SONS,LTD.: Bibby’s Rook on Milk.Sections I and 11and Supplements. Liverpool, 1928. Also Progress in Milk Technology. Edited by J. Hanley. Liverpool, 1936. MESSRS. BLACKIE & SON, LTD.: Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Analysis. H. J. S. Sand. Vol. 111. London and Oladgow, 1941. THE BRITISH ALUMINIUMCo., LTD. : Analysis of Aluminium and its Alloys. London, 1941. MESSRS. CHAPMAN & HALL,LTD.:The Identification of Molecular Spectra. R. W. B. Pearse and A. G. Gaydon. London, 1941. Mercerising. J. T. Marsh. London, 1941. Principles and Practice of Chromatography. L. Zechmeister and L. Cholnoky. Translated from the Second and Enlarged German Edition by A. L. Bacharach and F. A. Robinson. London, 1941. Technology for SugarRefinery Workers.0. Lyle. London, 1941. PROFESSORJ. W. COOK, D,Sc., F.R.S.: Atti del XO Congremo Internazionale Di Chimica. Roma, 15-21 Maggio, 1938. Vol. IV. Roma, 1939. MESSRS.J. M. DENT& SONS, LTD.: An Introduction to Organic Chemistry. J. W. Baker. London, 194 1. Pam ELEK,Publisher: The Steam Boiler Year-Book and Manual. London, 1942. DR. E. GREGORY,F.I.C.: Steel Manufacture simply explained. E. N. Simons and E. Gregory. London, 1940. OF PETROLEUMTHEINSTITUTE : Annual Reviews of Petroleum Technology. (Petro-leum Technology in 1940.) Vol. 6. F. H. Garner. Birmingham, 1941. THE INSTITUTION Annual Report on the Progress of OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY: Rubber Technology. Vol. IV, 1940. Cambridge, 1941. MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN& Co., LTD.: Elementary General Science.Book 111. Edited by J. M. Harrison. London, 1942. Practical Physical Chemistry. A. Findlay. 7th Edition, revised and enlarged. London, 1941. Tables of Physical and Chemical Constanta-and some Mathematical Functions. G. W. C. Kaye and T. H. Laby. London, 1941. Thorpe’s Dictionary of AppliedChemistry. 4th Edition, Vol. V. By (the late) Jocelyn Field Thorpe, Kt., C.B.E., F.R.S., and M. A. Whiteley, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.I.C. Also an Abridged Index to Vols. I-IV of the new edition of Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. London, 1941. I943 THE MOND NICKEL Co., LTD.: The Nickel Bulletin. Vol. 13, 1940. London, 1941. THE PHARMACEUTICALSOCIETYOF GREAT BRITAIN : The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.Centenary Commemoration, 1841-1941. London, 1941. RICHARD B. PILCHER,O.B.E., Registrar of the Institute: A number of books of historical interest, and lectures published by the British Science Guild. THE TALBOT PRESS,LTD.: Three Centuries of Irish Chemists. Edited by D. O’Raghallaigh. Cork, 1941. THE WILLESDEN PAPERAND CANVASWORKS, LTD.: The Romance of Willesden Dux Oriental and Anti-Gas. London, 1941. Book Purchased The Mineral Industry. Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1940. Edited by G. A. Roush. Vol. 49. Supplementing Vols. 1-48. London and New York, 1941. Coming Events April (Leeds Area Section). Joint Meeting with Leeds University 21 THE INSTITUTE Chemical Society. Films: “Vitamins ”; “Enough to Eat ”; by courtesy of Dr.L. J. Harris and of the British Commercial Gas Association, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of th:, University of Leeds (entrance Wood- house Lane), at 5.15 p.m.; also Vitamins in war-time,” by Dr. L. J. Harris, ar 6.30 p.m. 25 MIDLAND CHEMISTS. “Recent Applications of Chemical and PhysicalMethods.” Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., at the Midland Hotel, Birmingham, at 11 a.m. Annual Luncheon, 1.30 p.m., followed by a f?lm show and informal dancing. 30 THE INSTITUTEOF FUEL. “Practical Application of Gas Producers to Road Transport, including Passenger Service Vehicles.” Dr. S. G. Ward and Mr. W. J. Morison, at the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, Kings-way, London, W.C.2, at 2.30 p.m. May OF THE RUBBER INDUSTRY.6 INSTITUTION Twentieth Annual General Meeting, at the Empire Restaurant, Wilton Road, London, S.W.l, at 6.45 p.m.7 THE INSTITUTE(Liverpool and North Western). Annual General Meeting, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool. Lecture by Dr. J. B. Firth, Member of Council. THE INSTITUTE(Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section).“The Completion of the Periodic System.” Professor F. A. Paneth, at the Black Lion Hotel, High Street, Stockton-on-Tees, at 7.15 p.m. 12 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY (Leeds Area): Eighth Pedler Lecture. “Recent Progress in Stereochemistry.” Dr. W. H. Mills, F.R.S. 29 THE FARADAYSOCIETY.A general discussion on “The Structure and Re- actions of Rubber,”-at the Hotel Rembrandt, South Kensington, London, S.W.7, from 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Contributions by G. S. Whitby, W. J. S. Naunton, E. H. Farmer, J. R. Scott, R. M. Barber, G. Gee, D. D. Eley, R. F. Tuckett, L. R. G. Treloar, and C. W. Bunn, will be issued in advance proof,-free to members; 5s. to non-members,-on application to the Secretary of the Faraday Society, 6 Gray’s Inn Square, London, W.C.l, before 15th May. THE INSTITUTE(South Wales Section). Annual General Meeting and Visit of the President, Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E. I:95 1 The Register At the meeting of Council held on 20th February, 1942,z new Fellows were elected, 11 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 33 new Associates were elected, and 24 Students were admitted. The Council records with regret the deaths of 8 Fellows, 3 Associates and one Student. New Fellows Hoar, Thomas Percy, M.A., Ph.D.(Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 5c, Market Hill, Cam-bridge. Saunders, Bernard Charles, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), Magdalene College, Cambridge. Associates elected to the Fellowship Bayley, Dudley Perrin, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., Oban, Greenbank Road, Latchford W., Warrington. Blyth, William, 27, Canterbury Road, Bybrook, Ashford, Kent. Dougill, George, M.Sc. (Leeds), 15, Worcester Gardens, The Drive, Ilford, Essex. Edwards, William Arthur Meredith, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 46, Stourcliffe Close, George Street, London, W.l. Gant, Thomas Harold, A.R.C.S., M.I.Chem.E., 258, Gillott Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 16. Jones, Ewart Ray Herbert, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Wales), Organic Chemistry Department, Imperial College, London, S.W.7. Mundy, Mrs. Lilian Marjorie, Ph.C., Cornerways, Red Lane, Claygate, Surrey. Page, James Ernest, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Glaxo Laboratories, Ltd., Greenford, Middlesex. Radley, Jack Augustus, M.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Wilton Road, Crumpsall, Manchester, 8. Stewart, Martin Louis Haerpfner, M.Sc. (N.Z.), The Shell Company of New Zealand, Ltd., c/o G.P.O., Box 1663, Wellington, N.Z. Walton, Arthur, M.Sc. (Manc.), 2, Prince’s Drive, Littleover, Derby. New Associates Ablett, Edward Thomas, B.Sc. (Dunelm), 124, Smawthorne Lane, Castleford, Yorks. Airs, Mrs. Margaret Veronica, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Westways, Stoneleigh Hill, Ewell, Surrey.Batty, John Woolley, B.Sc., P1i.D. (Lond.), 77, Acresfield Road, Middleton, Lancs.Braithwaite, Donald Parkinson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Randall Drive, Hornchurch, Essex. Brown, Arthur William, B.Sc. (Liv.), 34, Woodland Drive, Worksop, Notts. Cann, Charles, 152, Parsonage Lane, Enfield, Middlesex. Church, Mervyn George, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Little St. Ann’s, Ferndale Avenue, Chertsey. Surrey. Clow, Archibald, M.A., D.Sc., Ph.D. (Aberdeen), 20, Edgehill Road, Aberdeen. Cooper, Richard Herbert Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Roberts Road, Rainham, Kent. Copp, Frederick Charles, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), 36, Manor Road, Beckenham, Kent. Coutts, Donald Kerr, l3.S~. (Q.U.B.), 6, Alliance Avenue, Cliftonville, Belfast, N. Ireland. Davis, Vivian Edwin, M.Sc. (Wales), Rock Villa, Sunnybank Road, Griffithstown, Nr.Pontypool, Mon. Emblem, Harold Garton, B.Sc. (Liv.), 263, Marshall8 Cross Road, Sutton, St. Helens. Fenemore, Stanley, M.Sc. (Liv.), 11, Southwood Road, St. Michaels, Liverpool, 17. Hoyes, Reginald Grime, B.Sc. (Leeds), Ph.D. (Liv.), Sedanka, Parkway Close, Welwyn Garden City. Holness, Harry, T3.h (Leeds), 127, Wallwood Road, London, E.11. Horrocks, Robert Heaton, H.Sc. (Lond.), 1165, London Road, Alvaston, Derby. Howard, John Leslie, M.Sc. (Birm.), 20, Clee Road, Cleethorpes, Lincs. Hutchison, Alexander Cantlay, M.A., BSc. (Aberd.), 51, Sharphill Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. r 96 1 Jdniey, John Charles, B.6c. (Lond.), 41, Woodberry Avoiiue, North Harrow, Middle- sex. Lovelock, James Ephraim, B.Sc. (Mane.), The National Institute.for Medical Re- search, London, N.W.3. Mayland, Harry, 28, Lincoln Drive, Newton Eanlr, Hoole, Chester. Murfitt, George, 40, Vernon Road, Totley Rise, Shoffield. Myles, Donald, 48, “Skernwood,” Canal Bank, Monton, Nr. Manchester. Paige, Mark Frank Critchell, B.Sc. (Glas.), 17, Cessnock Road, Troon, Ayrshire. Peters, Raymond Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 38, Studley Drive, Word, Essex. Phillips, Derek Michael Phillips, B.$c. (Lond.), 3 1, Green Lane, London, N.W.4. Russell, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), 86, Spottiswoode Street, Edinburgh, 9. Shanahan, Cyril Edmund Arthur, E.Sc. (Lond.),38, Murray Road, Rugby. Skelly, Hugh McKenna, B.Sc. (Glas.), 26, Leven Street, Glasgow, S.l. Soper, Henry Robert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 36, Barton Court, Barons Court Road, London, W.14.Taylor, John Boris, B.Sc. (Mane.), 21, Margaret Road, Wornbwoll, Nr. Barnsley,Yorks. Turtle, Edgar Ernest, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., c/o Biological Field Station, Slough, Bucks. New Students Baker, Brian Yatrick, 10, Ripplevale Grove, Barnsbury, London, N.1. Bathgate, Ronald James, 91, Cornhill Terrace, Leith, Edinburgh, 6. Bennett, Harold Hoy, 119, Whibehill Road, Gravesend, Kent. Bibby, Robert Heslani, 15, Central Avenue, Slyne Road, Lancaster. Bones, Leonard William Alfred, 9, Dymokc Road, Romford, Essex. Brooks, Archibald, 84, Merton Drive, Hillington, Glasgow, S.W.2. Cowap, Douglas, 1, Blantyre Road, Swinton, Manchester. Dick, Terence Anthony, 60, Southcoates Avenue, Hull. Felstead, Donald Robert William, 75, Pondcroft Road, Knebworth, Herts.Freestone, Philip Harry, 432, East Park Road, Leicester. Harper, Harold Whalley, 54, Kearsley Road, Criimpsal!, Manchester, 8. Harrington, John Frederick, 86, Putnoe Lane, Bedford. Henstock, Hubert Ian, 22, Grosvenor Street, Ellesinere Port, Wirral, Cheshire. Holt, Alfred Gordon, 18, Mill Lane, Shoreham-by-Sea. Kiiowles, Ernest, 17 1, Manchester Road, Denton, Manchester. Matchhar, Bhishmasen Ishwarlal, Chemistry Department, Royal Technical College, Peel Park, Salford, 5. McFarlane, Dondd, 29, Cross Green Crescent, Leeds, 9. Morrisroe, John Douglas, Mill House, Canklow, Rotherham. Ronder, Jack Tobias, 18, Moston Terrace, Edinburgh, 9. Rosenberg, Wolfe, 59, Kingston Road, Willerby, E.Yorks. Speedie, John Douglas, Holly Farm, Gt. Sutton, Wirral, Cheshire. White, John Alexander, Hillside, Harrow Road, Sudbury Town, Wembley. Williams, Charles Frederick, 17, Lodge Road, Southampton. DEATHS Fellows Alfred Clay Abraham. Arthur Charles Carter. David Allan Gracey, I.S.O. Oswald Hitchen, B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.). Joseph Lones. Frederick O’Brien, M.Sc. (Vict.). George Benter, D.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Leipzig). Leonard Victor Wright, &LA. (Cantab.). Associates alfred William Tovey Hyde. Robert Ernest Jefferson, M.Sc. (Mane.).Pilot OEcer William Kelman Burr Thomas, B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Student John Mortimer Blundell. r 97 1 General Notices p-Examinations-It is hoped that examinations for the Associateship and for the Fellowship will be held in September as usual.Candidates whose applications have not yet been accepted by the Council must forward them to reach the Institute not later than Monday, 15th June. It is hoped that candidateswhose applications hatve then been accepted, may be informed early in July its to the arrangements for the esamina- tions. The last date for actual entries and ya-yment of examination fees will be Monday, 20th July. -. Active Service.--Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Asso-ciates to qualify for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the ofices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. For Library Notices of the Institute, The Chemical Society, The Science Library, Boots’ and Lewis’s, see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, August, 1941,pp. 250-251. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 7d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Kegistrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their pevmavtent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-x8.Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Z-reaswer, l%x;EvoI,EN'r FUND,TWTIT~'TL:, OF CHEbiIsTRY, 30, RUSSELL u'.c.I.SQUARE, LONDON, APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. 1 WAR SAVINGS CAMPAIGN1 1 1 1 151-becomes 2016 1 1 Hmso? I AIS/-National Savings Certificate growsinI value until at the end of 10years it is worth 20/6. I Do I pay any Income Tax on this increase?I No. It is entirely free of Income Tax.I 1 Where do I buy Savings Certi$cates? From any Post Office, Bank, or Trustee1 Savings Bank; through a Savings Group or1 from shops acting as Honorary Official Agents. 1 How do I buy Savings Certz&ates?1 You can buy them outright at IS/-each. Youcan also purchase them by instalments bybuying 6d. or 2/6National Savings Stamps. Is there tiny limit to the number I may hold? No individual may hold more than 500 Certificates. Can I get my money back if I need it ? Yes. YOU can cash Savings Certificates atanytime by giving a few days’ notice. You will get your money backwith the increase which your Certificates have earned up to that date. 4 NATIONAL SAVINGS CERTIFICATES4. vwvwv~~vvv~~w Issued by The National Savings Committee, Lmdon

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9426600061

出版商:RSC    

年代:1942

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885 Patron -H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART 111: 1942 Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary 30, RUSSELL LONDON,SQUARE, W.C.1 Jme, 194.2 Publications Committee, 1942-43 F. P. Dunn (Chairman), J. J. Fox (President), A. L. Bacharach, H. Baines, F. Challenger, J. W. Cook, D. Jordan-Lloyd, J. R. Nicholls, Sir Robert Yickard and Garfield Thomas. Important Notice Remuneration Statistics.-Shortly after the issue of this part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,all Fellows and Associates resident in Great Britain will receive a separate circular letter and a prepaid addressed postcard, on which they will be asked to make anonymously a return of their remuneration.The return will be in simple form, similar to that made in 1938, when members were asked merely to make a cross on a card. On that occasion 5,386 cards were received. On this occasion an attempt will be made to differentiate between those members who are in “permanent” employment and those who hold temporary war-time appointments. The Council considers that the in- formation so obtained will not only be of great value to the Institute and to the profession as a record of the position under war conditions, but will also provide a valuable indication as to the situation which is likely to arise on the termination of hostilities. Fellows and Associates are therefore asked to read the letter very carefully and it is hoped that all-without exception-will respond to the request.Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. In view of the aim of the Benevolent Fund Committee to build up a strong Fund to meet the heavy appeals that are likely to be received after the War, the Committee learns with anxiety that the contributions received for the Fund up to 15th June, 1942, are less by a sum of E160 11s. than those received to the corresponding date in 1941,and would bring this to the particular notice of the Fellows and Associates who have not yet forwarded their subscriptions to the Fund for the present year.Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT FUND,INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON, W.c.1. Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 24th April, 1942.-A letter was received from the Ministry of Agriculture stating that the correspondence about the testing of milk, which had recently passed between the Ministry of Food and the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, had been under consideration. The Ministry of Agriculture reported that the scheme had reference only to the cleanliness of milk, and at present, at any rate, was not concerned with its composition. The operation of the scheme was not likely to interfere with the duties of public analysts.From the American Chemical Society a message was received expres- sing sincere appreciation of the cordial greetings cabled to the Society from the Annual General Meeting of the Institute. The American Chemical Society heartily reciprocated the good wishes expressed by the Institute and expressed the “hope that the chemists and chemical engineers of Great Britain would continue the good work they are doing for the salvation of both countries and for the type of humanity that they represent.” A letter was received from the Chemical Council reporting the acquisition of offices in Burlington Gardens, London, W., for the collection of joint subscriptions under the co-operative scheme, for the distribution of publications for the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, and for the indexing section of the Bureau of ChemicalAbstracts.The Chemical Council also asked that the three Chartered Bodies would agree to divide their contributions to the maintenance of the cost of the Library for the Chemical Society for 1941on the same basis as for the year rg4o,-the Institute paying 50 per cent., the Society of Chemical Industry 26 per cent., and the Chemical Society 24 per cent., after bring- ing into account contributions from other sources, including E250 from the Chemical Council itself. With this the Council concurred. Letters referring to the remuneration and status of chemists in ordnance factories and those lent by industrial concerns to the Govern- ment for the period of the war were referred to the Appointments Com- mit tee. Correspondence referring to coupons for overalls and protesting against the ruling that three coupons should be surrendered for a laboratory coat, was also submitted, and it was mentioned that in the House of Com- mons on 8th January, Captain Waterhouse, replying for the Board of Trade, had said that laboratory workers, like other members of the com- munity, werenormally expected to provide their working clothes out of their c 103 1 ration. Those who wore overalls would benefit both by the recent reduc- tion in the coupon-rating of these garments and by the saving of wear on ordinary clothes which overalls undoubtedly afforded.Special arrangements were being considered in co-operation with representatives of industry to meet the cases of laboratory workers who needed a very large amount of protective clothing, or whose clothing was severely damaged by industrial accident.The Council was informed that the Officers were still in negotiation with the Board of Trade. (See p. 132.) A letter was received from a Fellow complaining that members of the Institute are excluded from retailing poisonous preparations for vermin destruction. The Council suggested that the Fellow concerned should apply to his local authority with a view to becoming a licensed seller of poisons. Two resolutions were received from the Birmingham and Midlands Section,-one recommending that the Council be requested to refrain from italicising its own nominees in the balloting list for Council elections, and the second, that the Publications Committee be requested to give sympathetic consideration 'to a method of incorporating letters and discussions of policy in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.The first resolution could not be accepted without alteration of By-law 27 and the question was referred to the Committee on the Constitu- tion, Nomination and Election of the Council. The second resolution was referred to the Publications Committee. A Fellow raised the question whether large employers had been able to make arrangements for the insurance of their staffs who did not come within the scope of the Workmen's Compensation Acts, in order to insure against disability caused by laboratory accidents, such, for example, as a bite from a rat, resulting in septicaemia. After discussion, the consideration of the matter was deferred for further enquiries.(See p. 105.) A Fellow wrote to inform the Council that most Gas Identification Officers in his district stood by three nights a week, and took part in the combined exercises of other Civil Defence Services nearly every other week-end, in addition to lecturing to C.D. personnel and to the Home Guard. They did not wish to be paid for their services, but they thought that the Council should be aware of their activities. Another Gas Identification Officer reported that such Ofiicers were expected to have telephones at their private addresses, although the regulation prescribed that telephones would not be installed at public expense.This enquiry was also referred for further information. Reports of the Standing Committees were received. The Storey Technical Institute, Lancaster, and the Bridgend Mining and Technical Institute were added to the list of colleges recognised for the training of candidates for the examinations of the Institute. The Appointments Committee reported on the form of questionnaire relating to remuneratioh statistics, and the Finance and House Com-mittee concurred in the expense involved. [ 1041 The President stated that the Policy Committee had discussed the proposal to establish a third grade of membership, but although the Committee had made progress it was not in a position to report.The Council concurred in the suggestion that the President should mention the proposal at meetings of Local Sections. The Council received the Sixth Annual Report of the Chemical Council. Council Meeting, 15th May,1942.-A letter was received from the Ministry of Health regarding the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service, and was referred to the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, which has the matter under consideration. Regarding the enquiry submitted at the previous meeting as to the insurance of chemists against laboratory accidents, information was submitted that, in an occupation involving such risks, particular emphasis was likely to be laid upon the risk of accident arising at work, but it should not be overlooked that there is always exposure to accidents in every-day life.In comparison with occupational accidents, even in a rather hazardous occupation, the extra premium to cover accidents in private life was small. Insurance companies and underwriters were prepared to give accident policies providing for medical expenses in excess of L5 for any one accident, and the word “accident” was generally defined as “bodily injury caused by violent external and physical means.” Thus a bite from a rat is an accident within the meaning of the policy, and if septicaemia and eventual death resulted, the policy would apply. Where the employer made provision for paying salaries during the first four, eight or thirteen weeks of disablement resulting from an accident during employment, “cover” under the policy could be restricted and a more favourable premium would be payable. The Council received a letter from the Ministry of Home Security stating that G.1.0~.were not expected to bear the expense of installing telephones, but they should endeavour to make arrangements to be readily in communication with the Civil Defence Authorities. A letter was received from Dr. S. Judd Lewis directing attention to the suggestion that a University Quarter should be considered in re-building operations in London, and that it would be desirable that “Chemistry House ’’ or a Science Quarter, including Chemistry House, should be in the neighbourhood of the University Quarter.The sugges- tion was referred to the Chemical Council. The Council was informed that the Tees-side members contemplated making application for the formation of a Local Section. Reports were received from the Standing Committees and from the Appointments Committee, who expressed the hope that the questionnaire regarding remuneration statistics might assist them in reporting on enquiries regarding the present status of chemists. c 105 1 Lectures .-The Publications Committee hopes shortly to arrange for the issue of “Further Advances in the Use of the Spekker Photo- Electric Absorptiometer in Metallurgical Analysis ” by Mr. E. J. Vaughan, Fellow, and a lecture on Petroleum by Dr.A. E. Dunstan, Member of Council. Mr. Russell G. Pelly, Fellow, has kindly consented to give the Twenty- fifth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, and will deal with the subject of “Water Purification ” or “Water Treatment.” A further announcement will be made in due course. Local Sections The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read or in speeches delivered during discussiom. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Section, held on 27th April, the office-bearers for 1941-42 were re-elected with the exception of Dr. A. B. Stewart, who had retired. The vacancy was filled by the election of Dr. Archibald Clow. Belfast and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in “The Carlton,” Belfast, on 30th March.Tn the absence of the Chairman, Dr. R. H. Common, through illness, the Chair was taken by Dr. W. Honneyman. The statement of accounts and annual report were passed after some discussion. The joint meeting held in February for the discussion on Fuel Eco- nomy was criticised. Several speakers mentioned that nothing practical had been done since the meeting and the following resolution proposed by Mr. A. N. Adamson and seconded by Dr. E. M. Reid was passed unanimously :-“That a qualified staff of Fuel Technologists with powers similar to Factory Inspectors be appointed as a government organisation to instruct Fuel and Power consumers in Northern Ireland in the operation of Plant with a view to fuel economy.” Officers for the .coming session were elected as follows :-Chairman, Dr.M. H. Hall; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. W. Honneyman; Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. S. McDowell; Committee, Mr. A. N. Adamson, Drs. R. H. Common, T. E. Ellison, A. J. Kidney. Birmingham and Midlands .-The Annual Meeting of the Section was held on 25th March. The Committee elected for the ensuing yep was as follows :-Chairman, Mr. T. H. Gant; Vice-chairman, Dr. S. R. Carter; Treasurer, Mr. G. H. Edwards; District Member of Council, Mr. Garfield Thomas; FeZZows, c 106 1 Mr. H. A. Caulkin, Mr. A. Churchman, Professor R. H. Hopkins, Mr. Geo. King, Mr. E. G. K. Pritchett; Associates, Mr. R. Black, Mr. J. F. Hearne, MI-.F. W. Pinkard, Dr. G. W. Usherwood; Secretary, Mr.E. M. Joiner. Dr. A. G. R. Whitehouse and Mr. F. G. Broughall were elected Honor- ary Auditors. On the conclusion of formal business a general discussion took place and the following resolutions were passed :-(I) “That the Couiicil be requested to refrain from italicising its own nominees in the ballot list prepared for Council elections.” (2) “That the Publications Committee be requested to give sym- pathetic consideration to a method of incorporating letters and discussions of policy in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.”(See P. 104.1 On 25th April, the Section was visited by the President, Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., who delivered an address on “Recent Applications of Chemical and Physical Methods.” Dr.Fox prefaced his lecture by advocating the establishment of University Chairs in Analytical Chemistry. Analysis was the ground- work of chemistry and as such merited the most careful study and investigation. In the course of his lecture he dealt with the modern technique of fractional distillation, the importance of the microscope in the detection of minute quantities of impurities and the recent advances in spectrographic analysis. Following this meeting the Midland Chemists held a luncheon at which Mr. George King presided. The guests included the Lord Mayor of Birmingham and the Lady Mayoress, Dr. J. J. Fox, President of the Institute, Dr. William Cullen, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, Mr. Kenneth Chance, President of the Institute of Plastics, and Mr.W. J. Foulkes, of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting was held on 23rd April, jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society, in the Chemical Department of Bristol University, when Mr. E. W. Sawyer gave a paper on “Oil from Coal.” The Chair was taken by Mr. A. Sanders, Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. A meeting of the Section was held on 14th May, at Bristol University, jointly with Fellows of the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. Dr. E. B. Maxted, the local representative of the Chemical Society, was in the Chair, and the members were privileged to hear the Tilden Lecture of the Chemical Society given by Professor R.D. Haworth, on “The Chemistry of the Lignan Group of Natural Products.” Dr. A. C. Monkhouse, District Member of Council, has been elected Chairman of the Section for the coming session. r 1071 Cardiff and District .-The Seventh Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Philharnionic Hotel, St. Mary Street, Cardiff, on 1st May,-bIr. S. Dixon in the Chair. The officers and committee elected ior 1942-43 were :----Chairman : Mr. S. Dixon; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer: Dr. J. F. J. Dippy; Com- mittee: Dr. N. M. Cullinane, Dr. D. Y.Evans, Mr. G. M. Kerman, Mr. R. G. Minor, Mr. S. B. Watkins, Dr. W. T. H. Williamson; District Council Member (ex-ojicio member of Committee) : bfr.E. E. Ayling; Hon. Auditor: Mr. D. Hicks. Dublin.-A joint meeting with the Chemical Society was held on 25th February, in University College, Dublin, Professor T. J. Nolan in the Chair. Mr. T. Breaden gave an account of the application of chromatographic analysis and demonstrated the methods employed. Mr. V. E. J. Davidson dealt with micro methods of organic analysis and also demonstrated a hydrogenation apparatus which he had con-structed and which was now in general use in University College, Dublin. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A well attended meeting of the Section was held on 20th March, Professor W. M. Cumming, Chairman of the Section, presiding. Further consideration was given to the size, composition, and method of election of Council.It was generally agreed that District Members should be elected as at present, and that, in addition, some form of Regional representation should be introduced. On the question of a limiting qualification for Associates, should they become eligible for election, there was conSiderable discnssion, but on a vote being taken it was agreed by a two-thirds majority that no such qualification should apply. The following resolution was then passed unanimously :-“The Council, exclusive of Officers, should consist of District Members and Regional Members, the former to be nominated by Local Sections, the latter by the membership within the Region. Associates should be eligible for election under both categories. Members of Council should hold office for three consecutive years and should then be ineligible for re-election until the expiry of one year.One-third of the Council should retire annually.’’ It was also suggested that any existing rule by which attendance of Councillors can be ensured should be strictly applied. The next business was the question of co-operation or collaboration with other chemical bodies, such as the B.A.C., but as there was also before the meeting a Memorandum signed by a number of members, and circulated to all, proposing the formation of a Federation of Science, these two items were taken together. The opening statement of the Memorandum was as follows:- “Members of the scientific professions, increasingly aware of the interdependence and community of interests of their sciences, are becoming alive to the need for greater co-opgration between scientific and technical societies, institutes and associations concerned with the r 108 1 publication of scientific information, the maintenance of standards of scientific qualification, and with the economic status and general welfare of their members.. . .” The Memorandum suggested (i) the formation, under the initial convenership of the Royal Society and/or the British Association for the Advancemefit of Science, of a British Federation of Science from existing organisations concerned with biology, chemistry, engineering, physics and allied branches of science and technology; (ii) this Federation would serve the affiliated organisations as the Chemical Council serves the three senior chemical bodies; (iii) these organiations would be autono- mous except where the constitution of the Federation affected them; (iv) as a practical symbol of the new found unity, the Federation could be housed in a generously conceived building.Dr. J. A. Cranston, in introducing the Memorandum, spoke of the desire among the members of the various societies for some more active policy, and for the formation of some body which could speak with authority for all interested in science. Such a body would prevent unnecessary duplication of functions, undesirable rivalries, uneconomical dispersion of administrative offices and personnel; it would provide a national centre for the publication of all scientific information, and could fulfil the urgent need for the clarification of ideas as to the part science as a whole should play in society.Discussion on this matter was long and lively, a very large percentage of those present taking part. Various opinions were expressed, including the view that the present time was not opportune for such a large scale movement. This view was not supported by many; the large majority obviously held the opinion that more vigorous action by the Institute was desirable, not only for the welfare of its members, but also wherever chemistry impinged on the national life. Proposals were submitted by Mr. J. W. Kerr, seconded by Dr. P. F. Gordon, and by Dr. J. A. Cranston, seconded by Dr.T. J. Mitchell, and the following resolutions were adopted :-“ (a)That this meeting recommends that the Institute of Chemistry should urgently consider its position and functions and the develop- ment oE these with particular reference to internal affairs including welfare, external affairs, publications, with a view to exploring the desirability of collaboration with other scientific bodies, particularly those operating in the chemical field. “(b) That, having approved the general principles embodied in a Memorandum recommending the formation of a British Federation of Science, this meeting requests the Council of the Institute to ascertain, by ballot or other means, if the members of the Institute would be in favour of affiliation to such a Federation. Should this be the case, the Council should then invite the Royal Society and/or the British Association for the Advancement of Science, to call a Conference of Representatives from established Scientific and Technical Bodies to explain to them the objects of the Federation ; the convening organisation [ 1091 would then request each body to determine whether or not it was prepared to become affiliated to the Federation on the basis proposed and, if the responses were adequate, would proceed to &he formation of the Federation.’ Huddersfield.-The Twenty-second Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 17th March, in Field’s Cafe, Dr. J. W. Whitaker in the Chair. The reports of the Hon.Secretary and the Hon. Treasurer were received and adopted. Mr. D. Hanson and Miss E, C. Gilmore were elected to the Committee in place of Mr. F. Robinson and Mr. W. D. Scouller, who retired by rule. Messrs. H. S. Pink and C. E. Randolph were re-elected Hon. Auditors. The Meeting endorsed the action of the Committee in appointing Dr. A. E. Everest to handle local matters for the Benevolent Fund. The business meeting concluded with a brief talk on Institute matters by Mr. H. W. Moss, the retiring District Member of Council for Yorkshire, and an ordinary meeting of the Section was then held, at which the Chair- man, Dr. J. W. Whitaker, spoke on “Technical Education after the War.” A most interesting discussion followed in which nearly every mein ber present participated.Leeds Area.-A joint meeting with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held at the University on zrst April. Professor M. G. Evans, President of the University Chemical Society, presided at the first part of the meeting, at which two films were shown --“Vitamins,” by courtesy of Dr. L. J. Harris, and “Enough to Eat,” by courtesy of the British Commercial Gas Association. Both films proved very interesting and were much appreciated by a large audience. After an interval for light refreshments, the Chair was taken by Professor F. Challenger, Chairman of the Section, and Dr. L. J. Harris, Director of the Dunn-Nutritional Laboratory, Cambridge, gave a lecture on “Vitamins in War-time.” (See p. 112.) Liverpool and North-Western.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 7th May, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool,-Mr. H.Humphreys Jones in the Chair. The Chairman expressed the congratulations of the Section to Professor T. P. Hilditch on his election as a Fellow of the Royal Society. The following officers were elected for the ensuing session :--Chairman, Dr. R. A. Morton; Vice-chairman, Mr. H. Humphreys Jones; Hon. Treas- urer, Mr. G. W. Beaumont; Committee, Professor T. P. Hilditch and Messrs. R. R. Butler, E. G. Jones, H. Weatherall and P. N. Williams; Auditors, Messrs. L. V. Cocks and B. D. W. Luff; Hon. Secretary, Dr. F. J. Smith; Hon. Assistant Secretary, E. Reid. The Hon. Treasurer’s Report was received and adopted.Dr. J. B. Firth, Member of Council, gave an interesting lecture on “Some Problems in Forensic Chemistry,” in which he described 110 1 systematically the principal methods employed in the identification of blood stains, giving examples drawn from his own experience. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Firth, on the motion of Mr. Gabriel Jones, seconded by Dr. Morton. Manchester and District .-A joint meeting with the Chemical Society was held on 2Ist March at the University of Manchester, when Dr. J. M. Robertson gave a lecture entitled “Application of X-ray diffraction methods to problems of molecular structure.” There was an animated discussion after the meeting at which about IOO members were present. South Yorkshire.-A well-attended meeting was held at the College of Technology and Art, Rotherham, on 28th March, when three short papers were presented: “The Colliery Chemist at a Group of Collieries,” by Mr.J. T. Storrow; “The Colliery Chemist and Safety Requirements,” by Dr. F. V. Tideswell; and “The Training of the Colliery Chemist,” by Dr. T. G. Woolhouse. The papers were followed by an interesting and informative discus- sion in which Dr. R. A. Mott, Mr. A. H. Dodd, Mr. E. J. Vaughan and others took part, and the success of the meeting suggested that others of similar type might be arranged. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was’held on 29th May, at the Sheffield Metallurgical Association. A report on the year’s activities was presented by the Hon.Secretary and the audited statement of Section funds was accepted. The deaths of Mr. T. G. Elliot, Fellow, and Dr. W. T. Wilde, Associate, wcre recorded with regret. Officers for the year 1942-43 were elected as follows :-Chairman, Mr. A. H. Dodd; Vice-Chairmen, Mi-.E. J. Vaughan and Mr. B. W. Methley; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. W. W. Stevenson; Hon. Auditor, Dr. A. W. Chapman; Hon. Secretary, Mr. G. Parkin. The Section Committee includes:-Mr. W. F. Andrew, Mr. R. Belcher, Dr. E. Gregory (Member of Council), Professor R. D. Haworth, Dr. G. Lawton, Mr. P. Lord, Dr. E. A. J. Mahler, Dr. R. A. Mott, Mr. G. E. Speight, and Mr. J. L. West. Mr. Dodd welcomed the new members of Committee, and said that he anticipated a busy year of office.Dr. E. Gregory paid tribute to the excellent work of Mr. Methley, who had done much to maintain the high le~l of activity of the Section during a difficult year. Arrangements are in hand for a joint meeting to be held in Sheffield on 24th June, of the Iron and Steel Institute with the Sheffield Society of Engineers and Metallurgists, the Sheffield Metallurgical Association and the South Yorkshire Section of the Institute. Dr. E. .Gregory will present the first Report of the Standard Methods of Analysis Sub-Committee of the Iron and Steel Institute, of which Committee he is Chairman. It is expected that Dr. W. H. Hatfielci, F.R.S., Vice-president of the Iron and Steel Institute, will preside, and an interesting meeting is anticipated. [ 111 j SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Vitamins in War Time By Dr.LESLIE J. HARRIS,F.I.C., Nutritional Laboratory, Medical Research Council and University of Cambridge [Leeds Area Section of the Institute and Leeds University Chemical Society, on zrst April, rg~p.1 Do vitamins matter ?-People sometimes suppose that since there is little beri-beri or scurvy to be seen in this country, therefore everybody must be having enough of the corresponding vitamins. The fallacy is that they overlook the importance of PartiaZ deficiency of vitamins, by which is meant ill health without the more spectacular symptoms of the advanced deficiency disease. Our ancestors.-Another argument sometimes propounded is that provided we have an “average” mixed diet, we are bound to have an adequacy of all food essentials: “so why bother? ” To this is added the rhetorical question : “How did our fathers get on so well before vitamins were invented? ” The reply is that “they didn’t,’’ as is shown by the prevalence of vitamin deficiencies in earlier decades, and the continual improvement in the physique of schoolchildren with better feeding in the years leading to the present war, and with a consequent fall in morbidity and mortality rates.Incidence of .undern.utrition.--There is, however, still much room €or further improvement, as there is ample evidence of the continued existence of undernutrition at the present time. Vitamins in this war and the last.-In war time there is the additional problem of the more restricted choice available.In the last war symp- toms of severe deficiency diseases could be seen in all the belligerent countries, including own own-for example, there were outbreaks of scurvy in this country, and of beri-beri among the troops in the Near East. To illustrate the advance in knowledge, conditions in this war may be compared with those in the last. Vitamins were then only just beginning to be of more than theoretical interest; their chemical nature and relation to the prevention of specific diseases had still to be determined. Four vitamins may be considered in detail as of special interest and importance: two of these are fat-soluble, vitamins D (anti-rachitic) and A (anti-xerotic) ; and two are water-soluble, C (anti-scorbutic) and B, (ant i-neuri t ic) .Vitnmin D.-In this country, the most important vitamin from the practical standpoint has been the anti-rickets factor, vitamin D. At the beginning of the present century rickets was almost universal among [ 1121 children in many sections of the industrial population in certain big cities, and “fulminating” cases, of a severity now virtually extinct, were quite common. It was during the last war that the cause of rickets was being worked out, and since then chemists ha17e been able to isolate, and estab- lish the forniuk of vitamin I> (D2,Q, etc.). Concentrated preparations of vitamin D can in consequence now be given, and the abolition or potential abolition of rickets is one of the major medical advances of the century. The discovery of the prevention and cure of rickets by ultra-violet rays was made in Germany at the end of the last war: it was due to a “non-Aryan,” Huldschinsky, who would accordingly now be precluded from helping his fatherland and humanity in this way.In Central Europe at the close of the last war, malnutrition was so severe that rickets was prevalent not only among infants, children and adoles- cents, but also in adults. (Photographs of the so-called “marmalade legs” women were shown.) The use of “synthetic” vitamin D (made from irradiated ergosterol or dehydrocholesterol) has been a great boon in stamping out rickets, as it is possible to reach a more adequate level of dosage than with cod-liver oil.Incidentally its use implies the need for care, or rather common sense, in not overstepping a reasonable dosage; and the lecturer referred to his observations on the nature of hypervitaminosis D and the explanation of the mode of action of the vitamin in controlling the “net absorption” of calcium and phosphate. As a result of the investigations of medical research workers and chemists since the last war it is now possible for Government action to be taken to control rickets-for example preparations containing vitamins D and A are now supplied by the government for all babies and all our margarine is fortified with these same vitamins. New sources of vitamin D, halibut-liver oil, tunny-liver oil and the oil of certain marine mammals, are also being increasingly called into use.Vitamin A .-The second important fat-soluble vitamin is vitamin A. During the war of 1914-18,cases of xerophthalmia were common among children in Denmark (photographs were shown), because of the German appropriation of Danish dairy products. Since then, the chemical nature of the protective factor had been ascertained, and it was the work of Dr. Harris’s colleague, Dr. Thomas Moore, at Cambridge which eluci- dated its relation to the yellow pigment carotene. Met-hods have been worked out for detecting early signs of deficiency or “partial deficiency ” -e.g. the dark-adaptation test for studying minor degrees of night blindness. The application of these tests by Dr. Harris and his co-workers indicates that a considerable proportion of people, especially children, may be near the border line of normality, or slightly deficient.As already mentioned, vitamin A is now added to all margarine, although the dose given in the margarine is not enough in itself if other foods containing the vitamin are not eaten. The consumption of carrots constitutes the most satisfactory way of obtaining an adequacy of pro-vitamin A under war-time restrictions. c 113 1 Vitami?zC.-Scurvy made its appearance both in France and in this country during the last war. Now vitamin C can be manufactured synthetically by the ton. Also the “saturation” test (introduced by the lecturer) enables one to ascertain the level of nutrition of the human subject-i.e. whether given individuals or groups of people have good, mediocre or inadequate reserves, or in other words how near they are to scurvy.Tests on schoolboys before and during the war indicate that as a result of the absence of imported fruits, reserves are liable to be low after the winter and spring months. It is important therefore that good helpings of potatoes and green vegetables should be taken by all. For young children synthetic vitamin C, or alternatively black-currant pur&e, have been provided by the Government. Much work has been done at Cambridge on improved methods of cooking, and these are now being adopted by the services, to prevent losses. New types of canned and processed foods, retaining the vitamin, will also soon be on the market.Long research has been necessary to work out the right condi- tions ior preventing destruction of the vitamin in these processed foods. Vitamin &.--The fourth and last vitamin to be discussed here is vitamin B,. A diet of polished rice, from which the vitamin has been removed, has been responsible in the past for thousands of deaths every year in Japan. This vitamin has likewise ,been isolated since the last war, and it can be produced synthetically at a very cheap price. Dr. Harris is responsible for introducing a test for ascertaining the level of nutrition, similar to that which he devised for vitamin C. He has since applied this to other vitamin deficiencies. As well as a deficiency of vitamin 13, arising from a shortage in the diet, a state of “conditioned deficiency” can result from faulty absorption or utilisation of the vitamin, as in the alcoholic neuritis seen in inebriates, and in the neuritis associated with pregnancy and with certain gastro-intestinal disorders.Beri-beri (vitamin B, deficiency) occurred among British troops in the last war. We know for certain now how to prevent it, easily and cheaply. The substitution of wheatmeal for white (“ devitalised ”) bread is to be welcomed because white bread contains virtually no vitamin B,. Another possibility would be to enrich bread or biscuits with extra yeast or with a particularly potent variety of yeast. The growing of yeast in large amounts is however itself a problem when food supplies are restricted. Bread and biscuits prepared with alkaline baking powdei- have their vitamin B, destroyed, and the practice should be discouraged.It is possible to make good biscuits with yeast. Contrary to popular supposition, commercial yeast extracts as sold are poor sources of vitamin B,, since the activity falls off rapidly in the neutral moist medium. No less than 50 g. would have to be eaten daily to provide the daily requirement of vitamin B,. Wheat germ, yeast, or wheatmeal or whole- meal breads are more suitable ways of supplying it. The authorities are to be congratulated on having dropped the proposal to add synthetic vitamin B, to the white flour from which the vitamin has previously [ 114 1 been removed by milling. Synthetic vitamin B, has however been a valuable tool in curative medicine, in the treatment of actual beri-beri or of conditioned polyneuritis.Other vitamins.-For the sake of completeness, passing allusion should be made to at least two other vitamins, the first being the anti-pellagra vitamin and the second vitamin K. Thousands of people have died annually on the Mississippi basin and in certain other parts of the world from pellagra, caused by deficiency of a vitamin now identified as the relatively simple organic compound, nicotinamide. Vitamin K, too, has found important uses in medicine, e.g. in preventing haemorrhage after operations for obstructive jaundice and in the bleeding disease of new-born babies : it is a naphthaquinone derivative, several active homo- logues being known.Sources of vitamins in way time.-It is notable that we have to rely on relatively few foods among the many we eat to provide us with the necessary amount of the several vitamins. For example, vitamin A (or its equivalent, carotene), is found in large quantities in carrots, and in green leafy vegetables; but apart from these the only other significant carriers at present available are milk, reinforced margarine, and the liver oils provided for babies. Vitamin B, we get from wheatmeal or wholemeal bread, and to a less extent from potatoes: the amounts in most other foods are relatively small. For vitamin C we must rely mainly on potatoes and on green vegetables (especially sprouts and cabbage), and, when in season, on certain summer fruits (notably black currants and strawberries).Vitamin D is present in our reinforced margarine, apart from which the only other supply is cod-liver oil or other fresh liver oils and concentrates: hence all babies should receive a preparation of this kind, otherwise rickets is inevitable for a large proportion of them (in climates such as ours, relatively deficient in ultra-violet rays), as indeed all past experience has repeatedly proved. Partial dejciencies.-The idea must be abandoned that vitamins are “qualitative” factors only and that any small trace in the diet is enough. A definite amount of each vitamin (the so-called “minimum” dose) is needed to prevent the corresponding severe deficiency disease, but a larger amount (the “marginal” dose) is needed to prevent milder clinical manifestations, and a still larger amount (the “optimal” dose) for full health.The curve relating “response” (e.g. growth in young animals) to the “dose” is logarithmic: i.e. large increases in the dose at levels far above the mere minimum dose still produce slight but per- ceptible improvements in performance. In experimental animals and man, the signs of partial deficiency include: for vitamin A, poor dark adaptation and xerosis of membranes; for vitamin B,, gastro-intestinal hypotonia and poor growth in the young; for vitamin C, diminished resist- ance to infection, faulty healing of wounds and probably dental hypo- plasia; for vitamin D, lowxed assimilation of calcium and phosphorus, [ 1151 impaired muscular tone, minor bony defects and increased dental caries ; similarly, with the minerals and other components of the diet.One of the most conclusive demonstrations of the reality of a partial deficiency was given by Dr. Helen Mackay, who showed that a large proportion of babies and mothers in working-class areas although apparently normal had “sub-clinical ” nutritional anaemia : addition of extra iron improved their health as shown by the lowered morbidity rates. Similarly, it had been repeatedly proved with statistical accuracy all over the world that the provision of extra milk for supposedly “normal”-but in reality only “average ”-schoolchildren improved their health, physique and high spirits.Reality of .undenz.utrition.-Evidence of the existence of undernutrition before the war in this country had been sought on several different lines. First there was the “economic” evidence: it had been shown that some- where around 50 per cent. of the population had -insufficient financial resources to provide a diet judged by physiologists to be necessary for full health. Secondly there was the “dietetic ” evidence:by analysis of budgets it had been shown that the food eaten was ,below optimum standard, notably in the consumption of milk. Thirdly there was the “medical” evidence: for example, about 75 per cent. of infants in London slums or 50 per cent. of working-class mothers in Aberdeen had some degree of haemia; 97 per cent. of 9 year old schoolchildren in L.C.C.schools gave signs of having had some degree (often mild) of rickets; 50 to 15per cent. of children were below standard in vitamin-C reserves in the speaker’s experience. Fourthly there was the “sociological” evidence: health returns (morbidity rates, physique) were notoriously lower in poorly fed groups as compared with the better fed in the more prosperous areas. Fifth and most convincing was the “experimental ” evidence: in controlled tests there had been a lowered incidence of infections and better physique and general good health when the diet was supplemented. Conclusions.-Mr. Bruce, the Australian prime minister, who was chairman of the Assembly of the League of Nations in 1935,referred at Geneva to “the paradox of glutted markets while insufficient nourishment is available for a substantial proportion of mankind.” In 1936 the League of Nations’ Mixed Committee on Nutrition gave their considered verdict that “the evidence that inadequacy of diet is widespread is conclusive, the greatest single cause of malnutrition is poverty.” The discoveries made before the war have put us in a strong position to prevent the spread of vitamin deficiencies at home arising from the use of one-sided diets.In many parts of Europe, however, the problem now developing is not malnutrition but famine. After the war there will be a wonderful opportunity for a central organisation with pooled nutri- tional resources to apply modern knowledge in a world-wide programme of relief.It will be the most important side of post-war reconstruction, and it is not too early to start considering plans now. [ 116 J Oil from Coal By E. W. SAWYER,BSc., A.I.C. [Bristol and South-Western Section, on 24th April, 1942.1 The hydrogenation of coal, first achieved by Bergius, has been developed and applied on the large scale in Germany by the I.G. Farbenindustrie, while in this country the work done by I.C.I. in technical co-operation with the I.G. and other concerns has carried the investiga- tions, begun by the D.S.I.R., through semi-technical and pilot plant stages to a full scale plant which came into operation in 1935 for the production of petrol from bituminous coal. The hydrogenation of coal involves (a) the elimination of ash and of unwanted elements (oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur), (b) the addition of hydrogen to double bonds, and (c) the scission of carbon-carbon bonds and further hydrogen addition to reduce the size of the molecule to that required in the final product.Although these reactions occur chiefly in this order, there is also much overlapping. The breakdown of coal in reaction (c) involves temperatures of about 450" C. even in the presence of catalysts, and to control the reaction and direct it towards the desired products a high hydrogen pressure of over zoo atmospheres is required. Many of the problems in the development of the process arise out of this requirement of high hydrogen pressure and high temperature. In present-day technique the initial stage is carried out in the liquid phase with coal paste using, as a vehicle, heavy oil, which is a product of this reaction. The liquid phase process produces heavy oil, middle oil and petrol, and the proportion can be varied by control of reaction time.Thus the heavy oil produced may be controlled at just the amount needed for pasting oil so that there is no net production of heavy oil. It is found better, however, to separate the process into two stages, in the first of which heavy oil is produced from coal in excess of pasting oil requirements. This excess is hydrogenated in the second stage to petrol and middle oil under conditions more favourable than can be achieved in the first stage. The middle oil from the liquid phase stages of boiling point up to about 330" C.is sufficiently volatile to be vaporised and processed over fixed catalysts to produce petrol and a middle oil fraction which is re- cycled. The resulting petrol is of high quality and only that produced in the liquid phase stages needs any refining beyond simple washing with sodium hydroxide. [ 1171 April Examinations, 1942 Report of the Board of Examiners Examinations were held as under :-No. No. For the Associateship in General Chemistry- Entpred. Passed. At the Institute, in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, and at the University of Manchester ; theoretical papers being also t'akeii at a number of local centres. Theory-Monday and Tuesday, 13th and 14 ~JLApril.Practical-Wednesday to Saturday, 8th-11 th April, inclusive .... .. .. .. *. 60 '5* For the Pd1owship- Branch C. Organic Chemistry . . .. .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes . . .. 1 0 With special reference to Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Synthetic Drugs, Fine Chemicals, etc. .. .. 2 1 At the Institute and at Battersea Polytechnic.-Nonday to Friday, 13th-17th April, inclusive. Brunch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water: at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington,-Monday to Friday, 13th-17th April, inclusive . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 4 Byanch F. Agricultural Chemistry :at the Seale Hayne Agri -cultural College, Newton Abbot, Devon,-Monday to Friday, 6th-10th April, inclusive .... .. .. 1 1 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with Special Reference to Coke and By-product Manufacture :at the Institute and at the South-East Essex Technical College, Dagenham,- Monday to Friday, 27th April to 1st May, inclusive .. 1 1 Branch H. General Analytical Chemistry : at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington,-Monday to Friday, 13th-17th April,inclusive .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 0** 74 33 * Three candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners ill part only of the examina- tion, 2 candidates were absent from the practical part and 1 candidate satisfied the Examiners in that part in which he had previously failed.** Failed only in the theoretical part of the examination. The following exercises were given :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry MONDAY, 13th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1 pm. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point.Give formulae and equations where possible. ) 1. How are the following gases prepared on an industrial scale and what are their principal uses :-(a) oxygen, (b)chlorine, (c) ammonia ? Discuss the theoretical principles involved in the processes which you describe. 2. Give an equational statement of the Phase Rule. * Define the terms involved 3. By reference to particular applications, write an account of some reducing 4. Give an outline of the theory of electrolytic dissociation and critically and illustrate their meanings by discussing TWO systems in detail.agents which are of service in analytical chemistry, c 118 3 examine the evidence which supports it. 3. Describe the preparation and properties of FOUR of the following substances: (a) phosphorus oxychloride, (b) nitrosyl chloride, (c) iodine monochloride, (d) di-borane, B&,, (e) nitrogen sulphide, N,S,, (f)chromyl chloride. 6. Write a concise account of the original Werner theory of chemical combina- tion and molecular structure. 7. Indicate some of the developments in chemistry which are associated with the names of (a)Madame Curie (b)Aston, (c) Ramsay. 2 to 5 p.nz. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1.Show how the law of mass action may be utilised to determine the equi- librium of a balanced reaction. Discuss how the dissociation of a gas is influenced by (u)pressure, (b) addition of an inert gas, (c)addition of a decomposition product. 3. Comment on TWO of the following subjects:- (a) the classification of valency bonds; (b) The reactions of carbon monoxide with metals; (c) the use of non-radioactive isotopes as indicators in chemical reactions. 3. What, do you understand by “protective action” in colloidal systems? Discuss, with examples, the mechanism of this action, and give an account of some of its practical applications. 4. Explain the meaning of “oxidation-reduction potential.” Discuss the determination of standard oxidation-reduction potentials.6. What constituents would you kxpect to find in coal gas and in what pro- portions approximately would they be there ? Describe in detail how you would carry out a quantitative analysis of a sarnplc of coal gas and comment on the accuracy of the method you describe. 6. Write an account of ONE of the following subjects:- (a) The influence of light on chemical reactions; (b) The transmutation of elements. 7. Give a concise account of ONE of the following:- (a) rhenium and its compounds; (b) the rare earths; (c) the platinum metals. TUESDAY, 14th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (,4nswer FOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point.Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of the products obtained when nitrobenzene is reduced 2. By means of equations and short notes illustrate the characteristic reactions under various experimental conditions. of:-(a) urea; (b) acetone; (c) chloroform; (d) ethyl chloroformate; (e) methylsulphate; (f) citric acid. 3. Outline the processes by which the following compounds are usually pre- pared from benzene :-(u) cyclohexanone; (b)picric acid; (c)resorcinol; (d) hydro- quinone (quinol); (e) salicylic acid; (f) maleic anhydride; (9)adipic acid. 4. Give an account of optical activity associated with the presence of (a)nitro-5. Describe the reactions by which glucose may be converted into (a) man-6.Describe some important applications of catalysis in industrial organic7. Write an essay on (a)tautomerism, OR (b) geometrical isomerism. gen and (b) sulphur in organic compounds. nose, (b) fructose, (c)glucoheptose, (d) arabinose. chemistry. 2 to 3.30 p.711.. Translations from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY, 8th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Identify compounds (A) and (B).(L4)= Benzene-azo-P-naphthol, OR Benzene-uzo-salicylic acid ; (B) = n-butyloxalate, OR ethyl chloroacetate. [ 1191 THURSDAY, 9th APRIL, 1942: 10 am. to 4.30 p.m. Characterise as completely as time allows the two components of the mixture (C) and state the approximate proportions in which they are present.(C) = Toluene and salol; OR cyclohexane and p-toluidine. FRIDAY, 10th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.na. 1. Solution (D) is a nitric acid solution containing copper and bismuth nitrates. Determine the bismuth gravimetrically as bismuth ovychloride and the copper volumetrically by means of the standard solution of sodium thiosulphate provided. Express your results as grams of Bi... and grams of Cum. per litre of solution (D). 2. Identify the substances (E) and (F). (E) = PbClF; (F)= Ammonium phosphomolybdate. SATURDAY, 11th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Determine the percentage of purs sodium nitrite in the commercial sample (G) by two independent volumetric methods. You are to use the approximately decinormal potassium permanganate and the approximately decinormal ceric sul- phate provided, Pure ferrous ammonium sulphate is available for standardisation.2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture (H) which contains six radicals. (H) = Borax, Ca,(PO,),, MgF,. 3. Identify the solid (I). (I)= K,Na [CO(NO,),]. Examination for the Fellowship Branch C : Organic Chemistry MONDAY, 13th APRIL; 1942: 10 0.m. to 1 pm. (AnswerFIVE questions.) 1. Give examples illustrating the uses of the reducing agents more commonly employed in organic chemistry. 2. By means of equations and short notes indicate how SIX of the following compounds are usually prepared :-(a) benzidine ; (b)azobenzene; (c) benzaldehyde ; (d) carbon tetrachloride; (e) chloroform; (f) cyclohexanone; (9) anthranilic acid; (h),8-naphthylamine; (i)salicylic acid.3. Give an account of the uses of diazo-compounds in preparative chemistry. 4. By means of typical examples illustrate the uses of SIX of the following reagents :-(a) methyl sulphate; (b)thionyl chloride; (c) thoria; (d)selenium dioxide ; (e)phenylhydrazine; (f)ozone; (9)alumifiium chloride; (h)zinc (other than for reduc- tion). 5. Describe the preparation of a typical Grignard reagent. Give an accoiint of the uses of these reagents. 0. Discuss the isomerism of the tartaric acids. 7. Outline the methods available for the synthesis of quinoline and iso-quino- line and their derivatives. 2 to 5 p.m. (AnswerFOUR questions.) 1. Give an account of any important group of dyestuffs.2. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a)The electronic theory of valency in organic chemistry; (b) the structure of benzene. 3. Give an account of the Walden Inversion with special reference to more recent work. 4. Outline the various molecular structures which are capable of giving rise to optical activity in organic compounds. 5. Give an account of the evidence, analytical as well as synthetical, on which the structure of ONE of the following compounds is based: (a)camphor; (b)papaverine, (c) indigo. 6. Dismiss the evidence for the present day formulation of glucose. [ 1201 TUESDAY, 14th APRIL, 1942: 10 u.jn. to 6 p.~. (A) is a mixture of three compounds. You are required to:- (i) prepare a pure specimen of each; (ii) prepare a crystalline derivative of each; (iii) state the approximate proportions in which they are present.(A) = Cycloliexanol, phenol and p-toluidine. This exercise may be completed to-morrow. WEDNESDAY to FRIDAY, 15th to 17th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. From the aniline supplied prepare specimens of:- (i) p-nitraniline ; (ii) p-bromoacetanilide ; (iii) pheiiylhydrazine hydro- chloride-and from this prepare (iv) the phenylhydrazone of benzaldehyde ; (v) benzene-azo- 13-naphthol-and from this prepare (vi) a-amino -P-naphthol. 3. From the phthalic anhydride provided, prepare specimens of:- (vii) methyl hydrogen phthalate ; (viii) phthalimide. Branch C : Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats andWaxes MONDAY, 13th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. See page 120. 2 to 5 p.m. (AnswerFIVE questions.) 1. Describe the reactions involved in the sulphation of (u)fatty acids ;(b)amino-alkyl compounds, and indicate how these compounds may be identified. 2. Compare, with reasons, the modern view of saponification in the soap pan with the old fashioned theory. 3. What microscopical structures may be seen in soaps and what light do they give on the soap-boiling process ? 4. What changes take place during the “boiling” of linseed oil; how may they be followed and what reactions do you consider may account for them ? 5. Give an account of the process of hydrogenation as applied to oils.6. How would you determine:-(a) the rosin content of a soap; (b)tri-ethanol-amine in, say, a cosmetic cream; (c) trimethylene glycol in crude glycerine ? 7. Discuss in outline the synthesis of waxes from carbon monoxide and of fatty acids from these waxes. TUESDAY, 14th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Estimate the glycerol content in the crude glycerine sample (A). 2. Report upon the purity of the Oiticica Oil (B). These exercises may be continued to-morrow. WEDNESDAY, 15th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.?)!.to 5 y.nt. 1. Coinplete yesterday’s exercises. 2. Estimate the rosin in the soap (C). This exercise may be completed to-morrow. THURSDAY, 16th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 6 p.ttL. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise.2. Prepare a specimen of azelaic acid from the oleic acid provided. This exercise may be complet,ed to-morrow. FRIDAY, 17th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Examine and report upon the detergent (D). (D) = it sulphonated fatty ester. c 121 1 Branch C : Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Synthetic Drugs, etc .) MONDAY, 13th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1 p.nz. See page 120. 2 to 5 p.m. (AnswerFOUR questions.) 1. Naturally occurring medicinal chemicals are gradually being replaced by synthetic materials identical in chemical structure. What considerations govern the choice of route in the synthesis of sych substances? In addition to general considerations, illustrate your answer by discussing possible practical methods of synthesis of EITHER caffeine OR progesterone. 2.Write an account of the applications in research on medicinal and fine chemicals of (a)the molecular still, (b)chromatographic adsorption. 3. Give an account of some recent structural chemical investigation carried out in the field of EITHER the cardiac glycosides, OR of lysergic acid compounds. 4. What principles guide the research worker in attempts to devise new chemo- therapeutic substances, and what tests should such substances be required to pass before being released for general use ? 5. What methods are available for the production of TWO of the following substances on an industrial scale : nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, riboflavin and adrenalin? Indicate in your answer the type of plant or apparatus involved.6. Write an account of modern antiseptics, with special reference to their fields of use, and to the validity of the accepted methods of testing their efficacy. 7. Discuss the chemistry of the principal modern sleep-producing drugs (sedatives and hypnotics) and indicate the main reasons why they are used in preference to the many hundreds of chemically analogous substances which exhibit similar pharmacological activity. TUESDAY, 14th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 P.W. (A), (B) and (C) are specimens of a well-known medicinal chemical. Identify the material and report on the suitability of the three specimens for issue. Prepare a specimen of the pure drug from the raw materials (D) provided.(A) = Dithranol; (B) = dithranol, with unchanged dihydroxyanthraquinone ; (C)=dithranol, with 0.5 per cent. zinc oxide and unchanged dihydroxyanthraquinone ; (D)= 1 :8-dihydroxyanthraquinone. The preparation may be completed to-morrow. THURSDAY, 16th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identifythesubstance (E). (€3) = 2-methyl-I: 4naphthaquinone; or allantoin. 2. Examine the sample (G) which purports to be the crude output of a caffeine plant. Report on the nature of this product, identify the impurities and indicate how pure caffeine may be economically prepared from it. Prepare a pure sample of caffeine from it. (G) = caffeine containing 30 per cent. theobromine and 5 per cent. cocoa butter.This exercise may be completed to-morrow. FRIDAY, 17th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complzte yesterday's exercise 2. 2. (H) is a by -product from an industrial process ;identify and prepare a purespecimen of the main constituent. Suggest three fine chemicals of industrial importance which could be made conveniently from this material, indicate the methods to be used and prepare by your chosen method a sample of one such sub- stance. (€€) .= comniercial 8.0 per cent. p-nitrophenol. Branch E: The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs,and of Water MONDAY, 13th APRIL, 1942: 10 to 11.30 a.m. (AllTHREE questions should be answered.) 1. What are the reqiiirenients of thc Sale of Xilk Regulations, 1939? Out-line High Court decisions which affect these standards.2. What methods are appropriate to the routine bacteriological oxarninat ion of potable water ? If presuniptix-e R.Coliarefound,what further tests would you apply ? 3. How may (a)sacctiarix and (b)dulcin be identified and estininted? [ 1221 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only THREE questions to be answered.) 1. Name the Pharmacopoeia1 preparations of mercury and its compounds, and give some account of their therapeutic uses. 2. Discuss the pharmacology and therapeutics of the following :-(a) mandelic acid; (b)nicotinic acid; (c) diamorphine hydrochloride : (d) pilocarpine nitrate. 3. Give an account of the pharmacology of the drugs of the belladonna group and the alkaloids obtained from them.4. Write an account of the microscopy of the following drugs, with special reference to the diagnostic features of the powders :-(a) nux voinica; (b)ipecacuanha; (c) senna leaves; (d)cinchona bark. 2 to 5 p.1tt. (FIVEquestions shozild be answered.) 1. Give pn account of the composition and properties of hens’ eggs and of their function in cookery. 2. Discuss the tests which have been proposed for the identification of horse flesh and their possibilities. 3. How would you report upon:- (a)An orange squash substitute containing 5 per cent. phosphoric acid; (b) a baking powder containing magnesium sulphate; (c) a baking powder containing alum ; (d) a baking powder containing ammonium carbonate; (e) sausages containing 0.08 per cent.boric acid; (f)an egg substitute containing 10 per cent. dried egg, 20 per cent. soya meal and 70 per cent. flour? State briefly your reasons in each casc. 1. How would you determine quantitatively :-(a) Citric acid in fruit juice; (b) iso-propyl alcohol iii ethyl alcohol; (c) phenols in a carbolic soap; (d) citral in lemon oil? 5. How may vitamin R, be prepared synthetically, and how is it estimated in flour ? G. Describe a recent method for the determination of the unsaturated fatty acids in a fat such as lard. TUESDAY, 7th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine and report upon the samples of pimento and vinegar respectively. This exercise may be completed to-morrow. IBEDXESDAY, 8th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Report upon the milk (A). (A, prepared from milk powder.) THURSDAY, 9th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the lemon oil (B) and make a microscopical study of the two food substitutes (C) and (D). (B)contained mineral oil and lemongrass oil, (C) contained wheat and oat meal and dextrin, (D) = wheat, oat and soya meals and gelatin. PRIDA Y, 10th APRIL, 1942 : 10 a.m. to 5 p.17~. Ihtermine the formic acid and ascorbic acid content of the fruit juice (E). SdTURDAY, 11th ,4PRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.rn. Reports on microscopical examinations should include annotated sketches. 1. Examine the vegetable powders (F), (G), (H) and (I) microscopically. Identify (F)and (G). Coinpare (H) with (F)and (I)with (G) and report on any siinilarities and differences.(F)= belladonna root, (G) = squill, (H) = Indian belladonna root, (I)= Indian, squill. 2. Identify the ingredients of the analgesic tablets (J). (J)= aspirin,phenacetin, codeine phosphate. 3. Examine the stained fabric (K), and report on (a)the nature of the stain, (b)the constituent fibres of the fabric. (K) =-silk and wool stained with blood. L 123 ] Branch F : Agricultural Chemistry -MONDAY, 6th APRIL, 1942: 10 ~.WLto 1 p.?~. (Answer THREE questions ordy.) 1. Discuss the manufacture of superphosphate, including any changes caused by war conditions. State fully the composition of the product, and discuss the changes it undergoes in the soil and those it causes in soil constituents.2. Discuss recent developments in our knowledge of the mineral colloids of the soil. 3. Describe the various methods employed in estimating the available plant nutrients in soils, giving your opinion of the practical value of each method. 4. Discuss any TWO of the following:- (a) The replacement of potash by sodium compounds in fertilisers; (b)the utilisation of waste products as fertilisers; (c) the liming of soils; (d) the relative values of organic and inorganic fertilisers. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer all FOUR questions.) 1. Give an account of the experimental work on which our knowledge of main- tenance and production requirements of cattle is based, with special reference tmo recent work. 2. Discuss the variations in the carotene content of dried grass and hay.How is the carotene content of a foodstuff determined? 3. Give an account, EITHER of the chemical methods of seed treatment, OR of chemical methods used in the partial sterilisation of soils. 4. Discuss the various methods that have been proposed for increasing the production of protein in farm crops. Distinguish between crude protein, pure protein, protein equivalent, and digestible protein. How is the percentage of digestible protein in a foodstuff determined ? TUESDAY, 7th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Report on the available plant foods in the sample of soil (A), and its suitability for horticultural crops. This exercise may be completed to-morrow. WEDNESDAY, 8th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1.Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the Fertiliser (B) and determine in it the percentages of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. This exercise may be completed to-morrow. l’HURSDAY, 9th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Analyse the foodstuff (C), and determine the percentage of CaO. (C) =A. poultry balancer meal. This exercise may be completed to-morrow. FRIDAY, 10th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Determine the percentage of copper in the sample of Bordeaux mixture (D). Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Coal, Coke and By-product Manufacture iMONDAY, 27th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.(FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Writo a short essay on research on the reactions between hydrogen and carbon monoxide at high pressures. 2. Outline the series of operations by which concentrated nitric acid is obtained from ammonia liquor, indicating clearly the optimum conditions for the chemical reactions involved at the various stages. 3. State briefly the restrictions imposed by the Alkali Act in regard to the discharge of gaseous impurities into the atmosphere. Describe one method which you consider suitable for removing sulphur dioxide from the flue gases from a large power station. c 124 I 4. What requirements do you consider should be satisfied by tower-packing in connexion with equipment for gas-absorption ? Describe some of the types of packing with which you are familiar, and state the uses for which you consider them to be particularly suited.5. What is meant by the term “activated charcoal,” and how is this substance obtained. For what purpose is activated charcoal used? Describe and give a diagram of a typical plant which employs this material. 6. Under what headings is it customary to classify the various ways in which heat is transmitted ? Write short notes on each classification. What is meant by the term “film-coefficient,” and in what manner do fluid films influence the rate of heat transfer ? Indicate the relationship between fluid velocity and rate of heat transfer in, for example, a tubular heat interchanger. 7. Write notes on any TWO of the following:- (a) Caustic embrittlement ; (b) corrosion fatigue ; (c) heat-resisting cast iron ; (d) factors which influenco the permeability of refractory materials to gases.2 to 5 p.771. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. State in outline how the products formed when coal is carbonised are affected by (a)the size of the coal, (b)the temperature of carbonisation, (c)the rate of heating, (d) the passage of time and (e) the extent to which the charge fills the retort or oven. 2. Give an account of the use, prospects arid limitations of micro-methods and semi-micro-methods in the analysis of solid, liquid anti gaseous samples in the fnel and by-product laboratory. 3. Describe, with diagrams to illustrate the underlying theory, the behaviour of a mixture of benzene and toluene as it is distilled, and describe, with reference to the theory developed, a plant for separating such a mixture.4. State (a) the forms in which sulphur occurs in coal, (b) the behaviour 01’ the sulphur compounds when coal is carbonised, (c) how the sulphur is distributed among the products of the carbonisation, (d) the disadvantages of sulphur in the products and how these disadvantages may be minimised and (e)how useful sulphur compounds may be recovered from the products. 5. Write a few lines on each of FIVE of the following: (a)E.V.T.; (b)octane and cetene numbers, (c) shatter index and Cochrane test; (d) size-weight ratio; (e)detoxification of todm’s gas and (f) inhibitors. 6. Discuss the chemical constitution of coal in relation to coking power, dealing also with.the control of coking power. What methods are available for assessing coking power ? Criticise these methods and suggest improvements in them. 7. Give an account of the normal degradation and synthesis of hydrocarbons, drawing your examples from the carbonisation industries. 8. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a)The coalfields and coals of Great Britain (with special reference, if you wish, to an industry you are interested in.) (b) The heating of coke ovens. (c) Smoke abatement. (d) The limitations imposed on the use of a coal by the fusibility and other properties of its ash. TUESDAY to PRIDAI’, 28th APRIL, to 1st MAY, 1941: 10 a.m.to 5 p.nz. each day. 1. Examine and classify the three coals (A), (B) and (C), and report on their suitability for (a)the manufacture of metallurgical coke, (b)the production of town’s gas, and (c) use in a gas-producer. 2. (a) Determine the percentage of carbon disulphide in the crude benzol (K).(b) Determine the percentage of unsaturated hydrocarbons and of aromatic hydrocarbons in the synthetic spirit (S). You may use the method provided, or any other method that you consider superior. If you do use another method, you should say why you think it superior. r 1251 3. Two gas-sampling tubes (1) and (2), differing in design, are provided. A gas, flowing along a pipe-line at a uniform rate, but varying in composition, is to be sampled with one of these tubew The tube, filled with a confining liquid, is to be attached to the gas-main by a tee-joint, and the confining liquid then run out under its own head, with no mechanical aid, during a period determined by suitable adjustment of the cock on the tube or by a capillary jet.Say with which tube you expect to get the more nearly representative sample, giving your reasons. Pro-ceed to ascertain by experiment which tube should be selected, and comment on any difference between the result and your expectation. 4. The tube (3) contains a suspension. Investigate tho interdependence of the slope of the tube and the time required for sedimentation to be completed. How might any principles established be of use in industrial processes ? Branch H : General Analytical Chemistry MOATDAY, 13th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m.to 1 p.prb. (FIVEpestions to be answered.) 1. It has recently been said that “In our opinion photometric or photoelectric measurements will largely replace so-called colorimeters within the next few years.” Discuss this statement. 2. Explain the term “oxidation-reduction potential.” Discuss in detail two oxidation-reduction systems used in volumetric analysis, of which one must be the iodine-arsenious acid system. 3. Describe metliods available for the determination of viscosity in (u) oils, (b) thixotropic systems. What precautions must be taken in each case to avoid errors, how reproducible should the results be, and how are the instruments you describe calibrated ? 4. Write a critical essay on the determination of unsaturation in organic compounds. 5.Describe modifications which have been nistcle in Kjcldahl’s method for nitrogen in organic compounds, with a view to extending its utility. Tndicate how far this has in your view been achieved, and what classes of compound still cannot be determined in this way. 6. Give a brief outline of methods for the determination of FOUR of the following groups : acetyl, carbonyl, imino, nitro, ethoxy. 7. What arc the desirable properties in a standard substance in volumetric analysis? Describe the system of standardisation you prefer, and state what degree of accuracy you expect in good anelytical practice. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions to be answered.) 1.Write an essay on the principles underlying the sampling of solids in large quantities, using as illustrations materials with which you are familiar. 2. Draw up a scheme for the detailed analysis of bauxite. 3. How would you determine potash accurately in (a) a Cornish stone, (0)a mixed fertiliser containing ammonium salts, (c) a natural brine. Mention the chief sources of error in these determinations. 4. Discuss the theory and application of adsorption indicators, if possible basing any criticisms on your own experience. 5. Draw up a scheme for the separation and determination of EITHER:-(a)Ti, Mo, and W (in an alloy steel); OR (b) Be, Al, Mg and Zn (in a light alloy); OR (c) C1, Br and I (in sea water.) 6.Describe methods for the assay of FIVE of the following commercial chemi- cals : acetic anhydride; o-cresol or nz-cresol in cresylic acid; sodium cyanide; sodium nitrite ; sodium hyposulphite ; sodium perborate ; glycerol; potassium ferricynnide. 7. Explain briefly how you would make the following determinations, and indicate any likely interfering elements or sources of error :-(a)Selenium in sulphur (0.02-0~0Sper cent.); (6) selenium in glass (as a, colouring matter) ; (c) selenium in cadmium red pigment; (d) vana-dium in alloy steel; (e) vanadium in coal ash; (f) peroxide oxygen in organic solvents. [ 130] TUEBDAY to FRIDAY, 14th to 17th APRIL, 1042: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. I. Examine the sample of river water and report as to treatment necessary t,o render it suitable for use in medium pressure boilers.2. Examine the sample of grease, determine its composition, and report on its suitability for lubrication of light roller bearings. 3. Determine the ammoniacal nitrogen, phosphoric anhydride, and, SO far as time allows, the fluorine, chromium and copper, in the fertiliser. EXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIP.FOR INORGANICAND PHYSICAL. Theory.-The papers were of a general and fundamental character and it was hoped that they would afford good scope for the majority of the candidates. On the whole, the answers did not come up to expectations. The Brin Process is interesting as illustrating the equilibrium state and other chemical principles, but it has ceased to be of interest as a method for the preparation of oxygen on an industrial scale.Yet too many candidates were satisfied to give the Brin Process as the answer to Question I (a) in Paper I, and to state that ammonia is obtained com- mercially by sparking nitrogen and hydrogen. In Question z dealing with the phase rule, certain candidates did not appreciate that in the system CaCO, = CaO + CO, there are three phases and not two. It was reasonable to expect good answers to Question 3, which required a discussion of reducing agents of service in analytical chemistry, but many (if the answers dealt only with hydrogen, sulphur dioxide and ferrous sulphate. As a general rule candidates were not familiar with the preparation of POC1, and NOCl while N4S4was seldom selected for dis- cussion.It was curious to find that the name of Ranisay was not always spontaneously linked up with the discovery of inert gases. In Paper 2, the classification of valency bonds was invariably well done; some excel- lent answers were given to the question on the transmutation of elements and to Question 3 dealing with colloidal systems. Few candidates gave :t reasonable answer to the method for the quantitative analysis of coal gas. PracticaZ Work-The work set in practical inorganic chemistry gave the candidates full days, but as a general rule they did very good work both in the qualitative and quantitative exercises. ORGANIC. In the answers to the theory papers the standard of attainment reached by a large proportion of candidates was not so high as usual, but a few candidates answered the questions very well indeed.None of the questions presented any special difficulty for they all received roughly the same number of answers. Quite a number of candidates possessed but a scanty knowledge, both of general reactions and of fundamental prin- ciples; this betrayed itself, not so much in inaccuracy of statement as in lack of clarity and precision. This criticism is particularly applicable to the answers to Questions 4 and 7, and incidentally suggests that candidates should pay more attention to the rubric at the head of the paper which states that formulae and equations are to be given where possible. [ 127 1 Detailed points of criticism are as follows: The only characteristic reaction of chloroform mentioned by several candidates was the “horrid” or “foul” odour which this substance gives with aniline and potash (no equation); many candidates appear to believe that phenol is usually prepared from benzene via aniline, and several suggested that resorcinol is usually prepared from m-phenylenediamine.The answers to Question 5 were generally very good. Practical.-Although a few candidates did very well, the majority did not carry out the practical exercises as well as usual; the work on the second day, however, showed a general improvement over that of the first day. A number of candidates, although they strongly suspected that one of the compounds to be examined was an azo dye, had not very definite ideas on the procedure to be adopted for its characterisation. A few candidates failed to detect the presence of nitrogen in the hydroxy- azo-compounds provided.TRANSLATIONS.-These were done moderately well although a few candidates were very weak in German. FORTHE FELLOWSHIP BRANCHE: The Chemistry, including Microscopy of Food and Drugs, and of Water. On the whole the written work was satisfactory, but more considera- tion should be given to scrutiny of the words of the question, in order that the answers may be wholly relevant. Several candidates failed to remember that magnesium sulphate when warmed reacts as an acid in admixture with sodium bicarbonate. The practical work showed a tendency to embark at once on quantita- tive determinations with the help of a text book without a careful pre- liminary survey of the materials.Thus a deposit of undissolved milk powder was quite unobserved in a sample prepared from so-called house- hold milk. Several candidates failed to notice pepper (to the extent of 35 per cent.) in some pimento which was also heavily contaminated with lead. PHARMACOLOGYTHERAPEUTICS, AND MIcRoscoPu.-The standard in this part of the examination was well maintained. There is evidence that candidates studied these subjects with some care. In the practical work the microscopical examination of vegetable powders was well done, but some candidates were not so successful in those parts of the exercises which required the comparison of unknown material with powders which they had already identified.Tablets given for chemical analysis had been made according to a well known formula and contained aspirin, phenacetin and a small dose of codeine phosphate. Some candidates appeared to be so occupied in proving the presence or absence of caffeine that codeine phosphate was missed and in some instances alkaloids were ignored or proved absent. The stained fabric gave little difficulty. I: 1281 PASS LIST Emiizinat ion i)~General Chemistry for t?ie Associateship. Bayley, Andrew Newton, Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. Bentley, Reginald Alfred, Technical College, Lancaster ; and Harris Institute, Preston. Bradburn, Ernest, College of Technology, Manchester.Bradwell, Lawrence, Sheffield University; and University College, Nottingham. Bridge, Frank, College of Technology, Manchester ;and Municipal Technical College, Holton. Broadbent, Neville Halford, City Technical College, Liverpool. Buckley, Gerard Dunstan, College of Technology, Manchester. Cregeen, William Allan, College of Technology, Manchester. Gibbons, George Cuthbert, Stockport College. Glover, Jack Harry, Technical College, Derby. Gooclo, Eric Victor, Municipal Technical College, Blackburn. Hatfull, Ronald Stanley, Battersea Polytechnic, London. Holland, Eric James, M.P.S., City Technical College, Liverpool. Jones, Robert, City Technical College, Liverpool. Looney, Reginald Frederick, City Technical College, Liverpool.Mayoh, Ronald, College of Technology, Manchester ;and Bolton Municipal Technical College.Nicholls, Stanley Frederick, M.P.S., City Technical College, Liverpool. Oglethorpe, Charles Christopher, B.Sc (Lond.), Northern Polytechnic, Lonaon. Pomfret, Richard, Collage of Technology, Manchester ;and Bolton Municipal Techni- cal College. Portwood, Walter Ernest, College of Technology, Manchester. Shaw, Wilfrid, College of Technology, Manchester. Stephens, Francis Frederick, College of Technology, Manchester. Tompkins, William Arthur, Municipal Technical College, Cbventry. Tully-Turner, Raymond, B.Sc. (Lond.), City Technical College, Liverpool. Watt, Alfred Henry, Central Technical College, Birmingham. White, Basil David, University College, Hull.Examination for the Fellowship. In Branciz C : Organic Chemistry. Senior, Xorman, B.Sc. (Lond.). with special reference to Pharmaceutical Chemistry : Westlake, Herbert George, B.Sc., B.Pharm. (Lond.), Ph.C. In Branch E : 7”he Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Pood and Drz~gs,and of Water. Adamson, Donald Colin Malcolm. Frost, Henry Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.). Robins, Cecil Hancorn, B.Sc. (Lond.). Wordsworth, Charles Harcourt, B.Sc. (Lond.). IrL Branch P : Agricultural Chemistry. Tinsley, Joseph, B.Sc. (Reading). ln I3runch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special refe,.encc to Coke und By-productManufacture. Illingworth, Prank Knoudes, B.Sc. (Lond.). [ 129 ] The Chemical Council Umiev Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, The Iizstitute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry rst July, 1935.(Extended on. rst Jdy, 1940, to 30th June, 1947.) SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT (March, r942) The Fifth Report with Financial Statements for the twelve months ended 30th September, 1940, was published in May, 1941, having been deferred pending the inauguration of the new Scheme of Co-operation between the three Chartered Bodies. CONSTITUTION.-In November, 1941, Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, who had been Chairman of the Council since 1938, and had been one of the repre- sentatives of the Society of Chemical Industry, was appointed a repre-sentative of the Chemical Society in the place of Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., whose term of office had expired, and Dr.William Cullen, Dr. R. T. Colgate and Mr. Stanley Robson were appointed representatives of the Society of Chemical Industry to fill the vacancies caused by the retirement of Mr. C. S. Garland, Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt and Mr. H. 17. Potter, who had also completed the full term of three years’ service in that capacity. The thanks of the Council are accorded to their retiring colleagues for their valuable help. CO-OPEKATION.-BYthe appointment of Dr. Lampitt as representative of the Chemical Society, the Council retains the collaboration of one of the chiei initiators of the Scheme of Co-operation between the three Chartered Bodies on which the Council is glad to report progress. The time chosen for the initiation of such a Scheme was not, in some respects, the most convenient, but the Council, after long deliberation, felt it was important that a beginning should be made.It was not easy to visualise the work which would devolve at short notice on the depleted staffs of the three Bodies in the circumstances prevailing at the beginning of 1941. The correspondence, accounting and recording, and the dis- tribution of publications, involving the possible combinations of more than 20 different requirements in varying numbers, rendered delays unavoidable, but the Council learns that the organisation for 1942 is running more smoothly, and intends, in the near future, to establish an offi:e staffed independently for carrying on the whole of this work. At the date of this Report (March, 7942) about 1650 chemists are participating in the Scheme as joint members of all three Bodies, and about 370 as joint members of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry.This does not represent all who enjoy membership of more than one Eody. There are Life Members and other subscribers who do not participate in the Scheme bccause they prefer to continue their usual [ 1301 status, although, in many cases, limiting, voluntarily, their requirements of publications, thus contributing to economy in paper, pi-inting and distribution. The results so far may be summarised as follows:-The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry have each elected as members about 850 more Fellows and Associates of the Institute, and the Institute has acquired some addition to its Roll through the introduction of the Scheme.The participators have each indicated the publications they require, so that the Societies are better able to estimate xpproximately the prospective circulations. The ultimate effect of the Scheme on the finances of the Societies can hardly be calculated with any accuracy in a time of restricted output and abnormal costs, but the Council feels that the extended circulation and improvement of the publications will be of substantial benefit not only to the participators, whose numbers will steadily increase in the future under the encourage- ment of the Councils of the three Chartered Bodies, but also to the in- dustries which have so generously supported the Council in its endeavours to ensure the financial stability of the publishing Societies and the Chemical Library.LIBRARY.-The Council has continued to receive reports from the Joint Library Committee now constituted as follows:-Association of British Chemical Manufacturers: Dr. F. H. Carr; Biochemical Society: Dr. W. Robson ; Chemical Society: Professof A. J. Allmand, Prof. H. Bassett, Dr. 0. L. Brady, Prof. C. H. Desch, *Mr. M. B. Donald, Dr. H. J. Emelkus, Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham, Dr. C. F. Goodeve, Dr. P. Haas, Prof. C. R. Harington, Dr. T. A. Henry, Di-. E. W. McClelland Dr. E. E. Turner, Prof. W. Wardlaw; Faraday Society: Professor J. R. Partington; Institute of Brewing: Mr. H. W. Harman; Institute of Chemistry: Mr.A. L. Bacharach, Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe, Mr. H. W. Cremer, Dr. E. Vanstone; Society of Chemical Industry: Dr. H. E. Cox, Dr. L. A. Jordan, Dr. R. Lessing; Society of Dyers and Colourists: Mr. J. Blair; Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists: Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell. The contributions of the Chartered Bodies towards the maintenance of the Library during 1940, calculated approximately proportionately on the roll of members respectively, and taking into account donations received from other sources, and L2jo contributed by the Chemical Council itself under Section 7of the Constitution, were allocated as follows :-Institute of Chemistry : 50percent. L674 7 6 Society of Chemical Industry: 26 ,, L343 18 10 Chemical Society : 24 L330 8 9J, FINANcEs.-The Council has continued to assist the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry in the cost of publications, has again contributed &o to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society, as mentioned above, and in addition, l50 for the inclusion of “Summaries” in the Journal of the Society.c 131 1 The Council has also completed a donation of E50o towards the cost of the Quinquennial Index (1933-1937) of British Chemical Abstracts, and paid LIOOtowards the expenses incurred on its bchalf tq, the Institute of Chemistry. yo further appeal for funds has been made, but the (‘ouiicil has been much gratified to receive the regular payment of contributions under Deeds of Covenant and others in fulfilment of promises made at the time of the inauguration of the fund.Notes The Board of Trade have authorised the following announcement :-“The Board of Trade have arranged that where Laboratory or Industrial Chemists have expended more than twelve coupons on overalls during the period 1st June, 1941, to 31st May, 1942, they may claim a rebate of coupons expended in excess of that number. For the present, such claims supported with bills, should be sent: by members of the Institute of Chemistry to the Institute, and by members of the British Association of Chemists, or by chemists who are not members of any organised body, to the Association. No claims may be sent by chemists who have received extra coupons under any oi the Board’s awards of supplementary coupons.“The Board is also considering the special clothing needs of chemists in respect of the next rationing period, and a further announcement will be made in due course.” The Board has further considered the problem of the replacement of clothing destroyed by industrial accident;; and has now decided that, where a worker’s clothing-whether his own or whether supplied by his employer-is irreparably destroyed by accident resulting from his work, coupons will be granted for its replacement, subject to the following arrangements being complied with, viz :-(I) The employer of the worker concerned will be required to make an application for the necessary coupons giving the following particulars :-(a) the exact quantity and nature of the clothing destroyed; (b) the exact nature and circumstances of the accident and date; (c) a statement by the employee that he has not and will not make (2) With a view to facilitating the prompt handling of these applica- any other application for coupons in respect of the loss.tions the Board is prepared to allow such applications to be dealt with by employers’ organisations on behalf of their constituent firms. The Board has agreed to consider the Institute as an “Employers’ Association ” for the purpose of the above scheme, in respect of any Fellows or Associates who are employers but do not belong to any other such organisation. It is expected that this may prove useful to consulting chemists or other members working independently .132 1 Further particulars may be available on enquiry to the officers of the Institute in the near future. The Ministry of Home Security has announced that new equipment for the testing of gases is now being issued to Gas Identification Officers. It is not intended to apply compulsory enrolment in the Home Guard to Gas Identification Officers without the consent of the local authorities concerned. G.1.O.s who receive calling-up notices must communicate immediately with their local authorities in order that there should be no hitch in the procedure for application for the deferment of such officers if called up for military service. The Ministry of Home Security has confirmed that Gas Identification Officers fall within the grade of Officers. Mr.E. V. Evans, O.B.E., Fellow, has been elected President of the Institution of Gas Engineers. Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts., is glad to admit visitors on week-days to the extensive laboratories and farm. The latter is especially interesting at present on account of woodland reclamation. The Woburn Experimental Farm (Husborne ,Crawley, via Bletchley, Beds.) may be visited by appointment with the Hon. Local Director, Dr. 14. H. Mann, F.I.C. Corrigendum.-From the list of the Board of Examiners published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1942,page 66, the mention of Branch H, General Analytical Chemistry was inadvertently omitted. The Examiner for that Branch is Mr.Herbert Newton Wilson, Fellow. Obituary FRANCIS CLARK,who has been reported missing as the result of theWILLIAM oss of the ship in which he was known to have been travelling, was in his 42nd year. Educated at Hugh Myddelton Higher Grade School, he obtained employment in the laboratory of the City of London Electric Lighting Co., Ltd., and studied at Birkbeck College and at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry. In 1917 he became engaged on research for British Dyestuffs, Ltd., under Professor A. G. Perkin, F.R.S., at Leeds University, and later continued with t’he British Dyestuffs Corporation at Huddersfield and Blackley until 1925, when he visited the United States and Canada on an investigation on behalf of the British Dyestuffs Corporation and the Distillers Company, Ltd.In 1926 he visited France to study special processes of manufacture, and in 1927 joined the staff of the Distillers Co., Ltd., and was associated until 1934 with the building and organisation of the works of British Jndustrial Solvents, Ltd., with whom he became technical development manager, and two years later technical superintendent, in which capacity he made further visits to the United States, Canada and the Continent. In 1938 he was joint autrhor wit,h M. IT. Guinot of a paper on “Azeotropic Distillation in Jndustry,” read beforc tho Institution of Chemical Engineers. He was a very able chemical engineer. whose loss at the present time is much to be deplored.Ho was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918, and a Fellow in 1938. [ 133 1 GEORGEPERLY died in Australia on 10th April, in his 74th year. DARNELL-SM~TH Between 1886 and 1891 he attended courses under Williamson, and later under Ramsay and Carey Poster at University College, London. During his training, however, he held a post with the Soar Soap Works at Leicester, and taught for a year at Gainsborough Grammar School, but in spite of these digressions, graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1891. He was then for nine months assistant to Dr. William Marcet, P.R.S., Fellow, for whom he carried out the gas analysis required for a paper on respiration contributed to the Royal Society. Thereafter, he held an appointment as lecturer in biology and chemistry at the Merchant Venturers' School, Bristol, and had practical control of the cliemical department there from 1898 yntil about 1906 when he received nil appointment under the Board of Education, Auckland, New Zealand.Three years later, he joined the staff of the Government Bureau of Micro-biology, New South Wales, and subsequently held appointments as biologist in the cshemical laboratory of the Department of Agriculture, and finally became Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, from which position he retired in 1933. In 1918 hc received the Honorary degree of D.Sc. from the University of Sydney. He was elected an Associate of the Institute 1898 and a Fellow in 1901. ALFRED GREIXES died at Wortliing on 12th April, in his 75th year.About 1889, he became an assistant in the laboratory of Messrs. Thomas Farmer and Co., of Victoria DOC~S,and then studied for two years at Finsbury Technical College, under Meldola, before proceeding to the Royal College of Science, London, under (Sir) Edward Thorpe and Ruckcr, and to the South-Western Polytechnic Institute, Chelsea. He gained the A.R.C.S. and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry. He was for three years research assistant to Dr. M7. Palmer Wynne, and in 1894 joined the staff of tho Wandsworth Technical Institute, where he was in charge of the chemical department until his retirement in 1933. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1911 and a Fellow in 1914. LIONELSAMUELHARTZdied on 30th June, 1941, at the age of 29 years.1l:ducated at the Jews Froe Central School (L.C.C.), he joined the laboratory staff of Messrs. J. Lyons LQ Cn., Ltd., in 1936, and studied at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute, graduating B.Sc., with first class honours in chemistry, in 1939. He was electcd an Associate of the Institute in 1939. WILLIAMHAIGHJOHNSONJOHN died at Wakofield on 20th April in his 66th year. Educated at Wheelwright Grammar School, Dewsbury, he received his professional training under Smit hells at Yorkshire College-later the University- Leeds, from 1893 to 1896, in which year he graduated B.Sc. (Vict.). In the latter year he became assistant to George Jarmain, Fellow, Public Analyst for Huddersfieltl, and in 1898 obtained an appointment as chemist and biologist with the West Riding of Yorkshire Rivers Board, where he remained until his retirement in 1940.He conducted much original research embodied in reports to the West Riding Rivers Board and published in the Journal of Economic Biology and other technical journals. We was awarded t'he clegrce of M.Sc. (Leeds) in 1915. He was elected a Fellow in 1919. The Institute was represented at his funeral by Mr. W. A. Wightman, Honorary Secretary of the Leeds Area Section. HENRY died at Johnsonvillo, Wellington, New Zealand, WILLIAMLAWRENCE on 16th March, in his 77th year. The son of W. A. Lawrence, a leather merchant, he was born at Hackney, London, and educated at Downharn Road Collegiate School, Islington. From 1882 to lS90 he was an assistant under Dr.J. A. Voelcker in the laboratory of the Royal Agricultural Society and, while occupying that position, attended courses at the Onslow Collego of Science, King's Road, Chelsea. Prom 1890 to 1900 he worked under Sir Henry Gilbert at the Rothamsted Experi- mental Station, and in the latter year became cngaged in the laboratory of the Nek Zealand Agricultural Department. From 1905 to 2907 he was chief chemist to the Underwood Condensed Milk Co., Ltd., at Port Fairy, and in 1907 became chemist and manager with the Gilruth Food Co. With Dr. Gilruth he was engaged on animal feeding experiments and introduced standard cheese cultures. From 1907 until his death he was engaged in private practice, largely concerned with the meat freezing industry, in which he was joined later by his son, Mr.G. A. Lawrence, R .Sc. (N.Z.), Fellov. He was a Member of tho Council of the Wellington Chamber of Commerce and of other local bodies. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1921. 134 I SYDNEY died at Epsom on 1%li May, in his 60th year. TrainedANDREWM~NN at the East London-iiow Queen Mary-College, 116 obtained his first appointment as assistant chemist with Burgoyne Burbidges & Co., Ltd., Bfanufacturing Chemists, with whom he remained far three years. 111 1901 he was appointed chemist to the pathological laboratory of London County Jleiital Hospitals and devoted himself to research in biochemistry with special relation to the diagnosis of mental diseases, for which he was awarded the degree of B.Sc.(Lolid.); he later proceeded to D.Sc. Many of his papers were published in the Archiv~sof Neurology, the Journal of Physiology, The Lancet, anti the Proceedings of the Royal Soci~fy of Medicine. He carried out impor-lant research in connexion with a shortened method of the Wasser- man Test used in the diagnosis of venereal diseases.-a work which was published in conjunction with Dr. J. P. Candler,-and was for several years engaged on chemical investigations for the Royal Commission on Venereal Diseases, the results of which were published in the final report of the Commission. During the xvar of 1914-1918 he served as Captain in thc R.A.M.C. 1st London (City of London) Sanitary Company, was Officer Commanding 93rd Sanitary Section ( l915-1919), serving in Egypt and Syria, was mentioned iii despatches, and was Officer in Charge of the Army Malaria Research Laboratory (1919-1920). After the war he returned to his work at Maudsley Hospital, where he continued until his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1922. NAYLOR,KENKETH a Registered Student of the Institute (1935),was born 1917 and educated at Batley Grammar School, and studied for several years at Bradford Technical College. At the outbreak of war he was engaged with the Magadi Soda Co., in Kenya, and had intended to take the examination for the Associateship of the Jnstitute in the present year, but in 1940 he joined the Royal Air Force and was a Sergeant, when.in June, 1941, he was reported missing and believed to be a prisoner of war. Recently, the Air Ministry has announced that he is now presumed to have been killed in action. WILLIAMSELBY SIXPSONdied at Enfield on 18th April, in his 86th year. Educated privately before he was 15 years of age, he continued at Darmstadt for three years and, on his return, studied at the Royal College of Chemistry under Frankland, and subsequently in Berlin under Hofmann as an assistant in his private laboratory. In 1878 he joined the staff of Brooke, Simpson and Spiller at Hackney Wick, with whom he remained until 1903, when he established his own works at Old Southgate, and afterwards was also associated with British Aniline Dyes and Chemical M70rk~.Ltd., as well as W.J. Simpson & Co. He discovered several colours and initiated new processes in the dyestuffs industry. He was elected ;L Fellow of the Institute in 1887. Ti7RAN(’IS GEORGEHENRYTATE died at Felbridge, East, Grinst>ead, on 10th April, in his 64th year. He was trained at Loughborough College from 1892-1896, at Icing’s College from 1896 to 1899 and at the Roj-a1 College of Science, London, from 1900 to 1!)02,in which year he joined the staff of the Government Laboratory 8s assistant. I”om 1911 to 1025 he was in charge of the Tea, Cocoa and Coffee Section of the Customs Branch of the Laboratory; from 1925-1926 was in charge of the General Imports Seetioil; from 1926-192s was engaged upon his special investiga- tion into official inethoc‘s of determining alcoholic strengths for fiscal purposes; and from 1928 was an Inspecting Chemist, having charge of branch laboratories at the ports, being at the same time in charge of the Tobacco Section.Mr. Tate devised a new hydrometer aid worked out tables for determining spirit at high temperatures: he also worked out rofractometer tables to give the proof strengths of “obscured” spirits without distillation, and introduced improved methods of analysis of tobacco. He was the author of a book on Alcoholometry,published by H.34. Stationery Office, 1930: and of various articles contributed to the Encyclopmdiz Rritannica and Thorpe’s Dictionary of Chemistry. He was elected a Fellow of the Tnstitutc: in 1933.The Institute has recently been informed of the death of ARTHUR WILICINSON, in his 30th year. Educated at Newbridge (Mon.) Secondary School, he received his professional training at University College, Cardiff, and graduated B.Sc. (Wales) with honours in chemistry. He was subsequently engaged under thp War Depart-ment Chemist. He was elected an Associ8,te of the Institute in 1939. r 135 1 Books and their Contents The following books and publications have been kindly presented by the publishers:- Atomic Physics, Introduction to. S. Tolansky. Foreword by Sir Lawrence Bragg, F.R.S. Pp. xii + 344. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co.). 15s. net. A survey of modern atomic physics based on a course of lectures given to second year Honours Physics students at Manchester University. The conduction of electricity through gases ; electric discharge through gases at low pressures; charge and mass of tho electron; positive rays and the mass spectrograph; the quantum theory ; the thermionic effect ; photo-electricity ; atomic spectra and the periodic table; X-rays and their properties; the struc- tures of crystals ; wave mechanics ; electron collisions in gases ; radioactivityand radioactive transformations ; the a-particle; /%rays; y-rays; cosmic radiation: the positron and the meson; the nucleus of the atom; the relativity theory.Appendix. Index. Australia: Official Handbook. (Issued with the authority of the Minister of Commerce by the Australian National Publicity Association.Railway Buildings, Flinders Street, Melbourne, Australia.) June, 1941. Introduction by the Chairman. Geographical description ; rainfall and climate ; history ; government ; Aus-tralian territories ; social conditions ; culturo ; primary industries; land settle- ment ; water supply; manufacturing industries ; conditions affecting industry ; overseas trade ; marketing; finance; transport and communications ; the Aus- tralian aborigines : fauna ; flora; sports and pastimes ; the traveller’s Australia. Appendix :admission to Australia ; travel ; acquisition of land ; power, heat and light; maps. Introduction to Foremanship. Edited by H. McFarland Davis, for the Institute of Industrial Administration. Pp. x + zoo.(London: Macdonald and Evans.) 8s. 6d. net. Foremanship and supervision ; production organisation and planning ; labour management ;costing and remuneration ; reading and studying. Knotted String; Autobiography of a Steel Maker. Harry Brearley. Pp. x -/-198. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co.). ros. 6d. net. This is the story of a metallurgist who by sheer pertinacity and ability overcame the disadvantages of poverty and lack of education, eventually achieving fame as the discoverer of stainless steel-a record which may afford encouragement to others who may be striving against adversity. As a “cellar-lad,” his main duties consisted in wheeling coke for the crucible steel-making furnaces, removing clinker and fetching beer for the steel-melters. Next he became bottle-washer in the labora- tory of the works chemist, James Taylor-a Whitworth Scholar, who at one time had been private assistant to Sir Henry RosCoe-under whose guidance he learned woodwork, tinwork, soldering, glass-blowing and wirework for improvising apparatus for laboratory experiments.r 1361 Turning to other crafts, he made domestic furniture, repaired boots and shoes and made sandals, delighting in pulling waxed thread througll thick pliant leather. He was encouraged to rmd serious literature and was attracted by Carlisle, Ruskin and h‘lorris. Taylor gave him a Copy of Todhunter’s .4Zgebra and for a time he attended evening classes in science. While with Taylor, he was required to knot together pieces of string which had been used in tying up packets of steel drillings delivered for analysis.The “Knotted String” was kept in remote drawers arid was never used, but gives the clue to the title of the book, while the ‘‘James Taylor” Prize, awarded to a member of the Sheffield Metallurgical ASSO-ciation for the best paper or papers read or published during each two- year period, is a memorial marking the esteem of the pupil for his teacher. Brearley traces the development of analytical chemistry in steel works and makes critical comments regarding the influence of selected elements on the properties and microstructure of steel. We records his four years’ expetience in Czarist Russia where he became works manager and had to train Lettish labourers in the art of practical heat-treatment.The chapter on “Stainless Steel” indicates that at first his employers appear to have seen nothing of commercial value in the discovery and still less of scientific interest. Brearley was primarily concerned with the influence of chromium on the properties of steel for the manufacture of rifle-barrels and the inner tubes of guns, and his first realisation of the corrosion-resisting properties of low-carbon high-chromium steels was obtained from the “non-etching ” by the usual reagents, of specimens prepared for microscopic examination. The steel offered its highest resistance to corrosion when in the quenched or hardened condition. For a time, he was described as “the man who invented knives that won’t cut ”;but when they were properly hardened this difficulty was overcome and the knives did not readily snap when bent.He became works manager of Brown Bayley’s Steelworks, and wrote, with his brother, a treatise on “Ingots and Ingot Moulds.” Later he was appointed a technical director and travelled widely for his firm before he became an independent consultant. Among his other works, Mr. Brearley is the author, jointly with F. Ibbotson (“Phi ”), of The Analysis of Steel Works Materials, published in 1902, and sole author of The Analytical Chemistry of Uranium, pub-lished in the following year. In 1918,he published a book on The Heat-Treatment of Tool Steel. In 1920, he was awarded the Bessemer Medal of the Iron and Steel Institute-the only distinction he had ever coveted.Physical Chemistry, Introduction to. Alexander Findlay. Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Pp. viii + 582. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 15s. net. Constitution of matter ; properties of gases ; liquefaction of gases and crjtical phenomena ; liquids and their properties ; properties of crystalline solids; molecular dimensions and configurations. Dilute solution7 aiitl their colligat,ive [ 137 1 properties ; osmosis and osmotic pressure ; lowering of the vapour pressure. Behaviour of electrolytes in solution ; colloidal state ; adsorption ; thernio-chemistry and the first law of thermodynamics ; homogeneous equilibria : velocity of chemical reaction; catalysis ; second law of thermodynamics ; Iau of mass action applied to solutions of elactrolytes ;cliornical energy and electrical energy :clectromotivo force ;photo-chemistry.Hcterogeneous equilibria and thv law of mass action : distribution law. Heterogeneous equilibria : the phase rule. Appendix. Questions arid problems. Logarithms. Index. “Practical Chemistry.” James Bruce and Harry Harper. Fifth Edition. Pp. xxii + 510. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) 7s. Gd. net. Laboratory apparatus and methods ; physical measurements and laws: preparations. Qualitative analysis : reactions of the cations ; reactions of the anions; reactions of some rare elements. The balance; volumetric apparatus. Volumetric analysis. Gravimetric analysis.Appendix. Index. “Refractory Materials.” Second Report by the Joint Refractories Research Committee of the Iron and Steel Industrial Research Council and the ,British Refractories Research Association. Pp. vi + 168. (London: Iron and Steel Institute). 16s. Special Report No. 28 of the Iron and Steel Institute. Steelworks Refractories ; blast-furnacc refractories ; summary of publi4~etlxwrk of the British Refractories Rescarch Association. The British Standards Institution has published No. 1013-1942 Sanitary or Disinfectant Powders (2s. net, 2s. 3d. post free). Information Bulletin, No. I, on Handling, Storing and Trans- porting Wrought Aluminium Alloys has been received from the Wrought Light Alloys Development Association, 34, New Street, West Bromwich, Staffs.A brochure (C.D.A. , Publication No. 3G), entitled Classification of Copper and Copper Alloys has been received from the Copper Development Association, 9, Bilton Road, Rugby. The Mond Nickel Company, Ltd., has kindly presented the Institutc with a copy of The Nickel Bulletin, Volume 14, Nos. 1-12, 1941. Pp. 203 + I. Nickel ; non-ferrous alloys; nickel-iron alloys ; constructional steels ; heat- and corrosion-resisting alloys. Subjects and authors indcxes. Mr. E. T. H. Bucknell, Fellow, has kindly presented the Institute with Chemical Essays. R. Watson, D.D., F.K.S. Dablin, 1786. The first edition; two volumes bound in one. Dr. Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, was Regius Profcssor of Divinity and Professor of Chemistry (1764-1773) in the University of Cambridge.In his dedication to his former pupil, the Duke of Rutland, he says: “Chemistry is cultivated abroad by persons of the first rank, fortune and ability; they find in it a never failing source of honourable amusement for their private hours; and as public men, they consider its cultiva- tion as one of the most certain means of bringing to their utmost perfection, the manufactures of their country.” 138 J The Register At the meetings of Council held on 24th April and 15th May, 1942, 2 new Fellows were elected, 25 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 80 new Associates were elected, 3 Associates were re-elected, 47 Students were admitted, and I Student was re-admitted.The Council regrets to record the deaths of 8 Fellows, 3 Associates and I Student. New Fellows Battye, Horace George, Department of Mines and Resources, 552, Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Wood, William Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), Trevessa, Grasmere Avenue, Harpenden, Hertfordshire. Associates elected to the Fellowship Adamson, Donald Colin Malcolm, 47, Fordwich Rise, Hertford. Bell, Sydney Hector, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 6, Claremont Road, Teddington.Black, Hugh Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cranmere, Hatherden Avenue, Parkstone, Dorset. Blair, George William Scott, M.A. (Oxon.), D.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), F.Inst.P., National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shseld, Reading. Boulton, John, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 2, St.Peters Close, Braintree, Essex. Buchan, Samuel, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), 30, Hillcrest Gardens, Hinchley Wood, Surrey. Chatfield, Herbert Walter, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 81, The Ridgeway, London, N.W.3. Chatt, Miss Eileen Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.), Flat 11, 59, Christchurch Hill, London, N.W.3. Dohn, Frank Bernard, M.Sc. (Mane.), Ph.D. (Jena), F.C.I.Y.A., Kingsway House, 103, Kingsway, London, W.C.2. Frost, Henry Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ivy House, East Cliff, Preston, Lancashire. Gibbs, Egbert Mead, M.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Creffield Road, London, W.5. Hadley, William Henry, M.A. (Cantab.), 11, Slade Road, Newton-Mumbles, Swansea. Lawton, George, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.M.I.Chem.E., 27, Town Moor Avenue, Doncaster. Nicholls, Claude Edward Courtenay, B.Sc.(Lond.), Lowther Lodge, Beverley Road, Kirkella, E. Yorks. Rampton, Harry Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 41, Fordbridge Road, Ashfdrd, Middlesex. Robins, Cecil Hancorn, B.Sc. (Lond.), 79, Epsom Road, Croydon, Surrey. Rogans, Edward Stanley Fairfield, 59, Hopwood Gardens, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. Thomson, Robin Hamilton Kendall, M.Sc. (N.Z.), c/o The Bank of New Zealand, 1, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.4. Tinsley, Joseph, B.Sc. (Reading), S.E. Agricultural College, Wye, Kent. Trease, George Edward, B.Pharm. (Lond.), Ph.C., 17, Wollaton Vale, Beeston, Nottinghamshire. Wain, Ralph Louis, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Sheff.), Westerley, Church Lane, Backwell, nr. Bristol. White, Bertram, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, North Road, Cold Meece, Stone, Staffordshire.Whitworth, James Bell, B.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Cantab.), University Chemical Laboratory, Cambridge. Wordsworth, Charles Harcourt, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o The Laboratory, Finsbury Town Hall, Rosebery Avenue, London, E.C.l. Wyatt, Gordon Hilliar, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Lynwood, Wells Green, nr. Crewe. New Associates Acock, George Percival, B.Sc. (Bris.), 141, Belmont Road, Hereford. Adams, Alec Harold, M.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Thornton Road, London, S.W.19. Bache, Robert Edwin, B.Sc. (Liv.), 93, Leyfield Road, Liverpool, 12. Bayley, Andrew Newton, 112, Harvey Lane, Golborne, Nr. Warrington. Bentley, Reginald Alfred, Roaslyn, Vernon Place, Sandy Lane, Leyland, Lancashire. E 139 1 Bhave, Vbhnu Mahadeo, M.Sc. (Bombay), Bhave House, 105, 4th Road, Hindu Colony, Dadar, Bombay, India.Blackburn, Francis Henry Bernard, B.Sc. (Lond.), Imperial College of TropicalAgriculture, St. Augustine, Trinidad, B.W.I. Borkar, Shankar Keshav, M.Sc. (Bombay), 12, Icchaporia Sadan, Proctor Road, Bombay 7, India. Bradburn, Ernest, 29, Harcourt Road, Altrincham, Cheshire. Bradwell, Lawrence, 20, Lime Grove Avenue, Chilwell, Nottinghamshire. Bridge, Frank, A.M.C.T., 113, St. James’ Street, Farnworth, Nr. Bolton, Lancashire. Broadbent, Neville Halford, 30, Penkett Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Buckley, Frank Cyril, 47, Hullah Lane, Wrexham. Buckley, Gerard Dunstan, 8, Marston Road, Stretford, Lancashire. Burden, Frederick Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 118, Rickmansworth Road, Watford, Herts. Cartmell, Edward, B.Sc.(Lond.), Connaught Hall, Swaythling, Southampton. Chapman, John Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 106, Woodcock Hill, Kenton, Harrow, Middlesex. Comely, Richard Michael, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Lyndhurst Grove, Chaddesden, Nr. Derby. Cox, Herbert, 23, Tyndall Avenue, Moston, Mancheslter 10. Cregeen, William,Allan, The Manse, Cross Lane, Marple, Nr. Stockport. Cunneen, John Ivan, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 48, Tewin Road, Welwyn Garden City. Currie, Archibald Beveridge, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), 6, North Fort Street, Leith, Edinburgh 6. Davidson, Vincent Edward Joseph, M.Sc, (N.U.I.), 12, Prospect Road, Glasnevin, Dublin, Eire. Davies, Dennis Lancashire, B.Sc. (Manc.), 3, Queens Park, Colwyn Bay. Drew, Raymond Samuel, B.Sc. (Wales), 56, Rhyddings Park Road, Swansea.Gillham, Ronald William, 107, Becketts Park Drive, Leeds 6. Gilroy, Patrick Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Blackfriars Road, Kings Lynn, Norfolk. Glover, Jack Harry, 88, Gordon Street, Burton-on-Trent. Goode, Eric Victor, No. 1 Flat, Low Hill, Darwen, Lancashire. Hargreaves, Kenneth Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 114, High Street, Burntisland, Fife. Harvey, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33; Kent Road, Sutton, St. Helena, Lancashire. Holland, Eric James, M.P.S., 16, Loretto Drive, Upton, Nr. Birkenhead. Hopkins, Donald Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.), Tennyson House, West End, Clevedon, Somerset. Jones, Robert, 188, High Park Street, Liverpool 8. Judge, Miss Bertha Edith, B.A. (Cantab.), 156, Kings Court, Ravenscourt Park, London, W.6. Lancaster, Douglas Winston, B.Sc.(Lond.), 9, Eversley Crescent, Osterley, Middlesex. Lawton, Stanley Ewart, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Manc.), 17, Clarence Street, Warrington. Lees; Howard, 3.Sc. (Liv.), Unit of Soil Enzyme Chemistry, Rothamsted Experi- mental Station, Harpenden. Leigh, Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Arnfield Road, Withington, Manchester 20. Looney, Reginald Frederick, 149, King’s Road, Bebington, Wirral. Marsden, William, 8, Bishops Road, Benwell, Newcastle-on-Tyne 5. Martin, Geoffrey William, Minstead, Oxford Road ,Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire. Mayah, Ronald, 126, Ainsworth Lane, Bolton, Lancashire. Miller, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), “Middle Fens,” Grange Road, West Hartlepool. Mills, Eric William, B.Sc. (Liv.), 649, Queen’s Drive, Liverpool 13. Mitchell, Stanley Cecil, B.Sc.(Lond.), Inglebank, Oakleigh Road, Clayton, Bradford. Nicholls, Stanley Frederick, M.P.S., c/o 60, Merchant Avenue, Spondon, Nr. Derby. Perkins, Walter Manuel Temple, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., c/o Universal Grinding Wheel Co., Ltd., Stafford. Pinner, Solomon Harris, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Highview, Brantham Hill, Nr. Manning- tree, Essex. Pomfret, Richard, 75, Cambridge Street, Atherton, Manchester. Portwood, Walter Ernest, 33, Beccles Road, Brooklands, Cheshire. Pool, Leslie Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.), Glendene, Woodlands Avenue, Stone, Stafford- shire. Price, Frederick Charles, 42, Ickenham Close, Ruislip, Middlesex. Ramsden, Stanley Arthur, 32, Beadon Avenue, Waterloo, Huddersfield. Ransley, Henry Maurice Penrose, B.Sc.(Lond.), at 98, Marlborough Road, Beeston, Nottinghamshire. [ 140 1 Reeve, Thomas John, 14, Derby Street, Beeston, Notts. Reid, Robert Gray, 65, Church Street, Broughty Ferry, Dundee. Richards, Glyn Owen, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), The Coach Home, Rheola, Resolven, Glamorganshire.Rosney, William Charles Victor, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 5, Seafield Road, Walton, Liverpool. Ross, Francis Fraser, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 1, Coombe Rise, Coombe Lane, Kingston- on-Thames. Sharma, Vijay Ratna, B.Sc. (Benares), Ph.D. (Lond.), College of the Pharmaceutical Society, at University College, Cathay’s Park, Cardiff. Shaw, Wilfrid, 24, Marsh House Lane, Warrington. Silcocks, Clifford George, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Bris.), Fairfield, Gatley Road, Gatley, Cheshire. Sloan, John George, B.Sc.(Q.U.B.), c/o Bleary, Portadown, Co. Armagh, Northern Ireland. Stephens, Francis Frederick, 1012, Ashton New Road, Clayton, Manchester 11. Stewart, Donald McPherson, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 101, Bank Street, Irvine, Ayrshire. Stoddart, Eric Maurice, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Dun.), 10, Mavis Avenue, Heyworth Road, Leicester. Swarup, Daya, B.Sc. (Benares), Ph.D. (Sheff.), Department of Mining and Metal-lurgy, Benares Hindu University, Benares, India. Tewari, Chandra Nath, B.Sc. (Bengal), 15, Majidabad Buildings, Souterganj, Cawn- pore City, India. Thompson, Robert Norman, 21, Acacia Avenue, Knutsford, Cheshire. Tompkins, William Arthur, 607, Foleshill Road, Coventry. Topham, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Broxton Avenue, Daubhill, Bolton, Lancashire.Tully-Turner, Raymond, B.Sc. (Lond.), 71, Prenton Road East, Birkenhead. Turner, Kenneth, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Sheff.), 4, South Parade, Leeds 1. Varadachar, K. S., M.A., M.Sc. (Madras), Inspectorate of Explosives and Chemical Stores, Kirkee, Bombay Presidency. Walker, Frank Arthur, 25, Sundial Road, Offerton, Stockport. Watt, Alfred Henry, 415, Alwold Road, Selly Oak, BirmingharrJ 29. White, Basil David, Needler Hall, Cottingham, E. Yorks. Wilkinson, Robert Foster, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., 25, Bowham Avenue, Bridgend, Glamorganshire. Williams, William Sydney, B.Sc. (Bhn.), 22, Caroline Street, Dudley, Worcester- shire. Re-elected Associates Cleland, Andrew, B.Sc. (Glas.), Heatherdene, Bishopton, Renfrewshire.Gibson, Graham Charles, M.Sc. (Wales), 60, Salisbury Road, Maesteg, Glamorgan- shire. Haley, John Barber, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 25, Southport Road, Chorley, Lancashire. New Students Alcock, Arthur, Flat 3, 13, Brook Road, Fallowfield, Manchester 14. Ballard, Cecil Walter, 42, Parkstone Avenue, Emerson Park, Hornchurch, Essex. Broadwell, Edward, 29, Welbeck Street, Princes Avenue, Hull. Bushnell, Miss Rhoda Muriel, 22, Cramper’s Field, Coventry. Coathup, Alexander, 20, Anscot Avenue, Bebington, Wirral. Dawson, Joseph Henry, 28, Golgotha Road, Bowerham, Lancaster. Dean, Francis Edward, 34, Penderel Road, Hounslow, Middlesex. Done, James, 23, Shortwood Avenue, Staines, Middlesex. Flack, Geoffrey Eustace, 2, Berkshire Road, Bishopston, Bristol 7.Fletcher, Robert Mark Elgar, 19, Parksway, Sedgley Park, Prestwich, Lancashire. Gardner, Arthur Alan, Duncan House, St. Georges Avenue, Northampton. Gardner, Brian Conrad, 79, Banks Road, Coventry. Gilbert, Lionel Alfred, 16, Lindfield Gardens, London, N.W.3. Griffin, George James, 73, Bluehill Lane, Wortley, Leeds 12. Gwilt, John Ruff, 181, Swinton Hall Road, Swinton, Manchester. Hand, Albert, 166, Knowsley Road, St. Helens, Lancashire. Harris, Eric David, 24, Lakeside Road, London, N.13. Heaton, John Burgess, 5, Gardens Grove, Morecambe. Herringshaw, John Francis, Yelton Hotel, White Rock, Hasting. [ 141 1 Jepson, Frank Milton, 15, Burton Avenue, Lancaster. Lassman, Miss Doreen Esta, 19, Douglas Road, Lenton Sands, Nottingham.Lazarus, Alan Moss, 230, Torbay Road, Harrow, Middlesex. Leslie, Ronald, 3, First Avenue, Heatherhouse Road, Irvine, Ayrshire. Mann, Gordon Marshall Leonard, 10, Borstal Street, Rochester, Kent. Marshall, Walter Wilkinson, Green Bank, Little Hallam Hill, Ilkeston, Derbyshire. McIntosh, Henry James, 36, Windsor Street, Coventry. McLagan, Robert Alexander, 137, Lower Paddock Road, Oxhey, Herts. Moodie, Thomas, c/o 15, Carment Drive, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Parker, Alwyn, 27, Trentham Grove, Lesds 11. Patrick, Eric Anthony Knights, 49, Ingleby Way, Wallington, Surrey. Payne, William Charles, 16, Gladsmuir Road, London, N.19. Pierce, John Stephen, 23, Sunnyside Gardens, Upminster, Essex. Pollard, Alan, 73, Dewsbury Road, Leeds 11.Potter, Robert Towns, Viewforth House, High Street, Dysart, Fife. Reast, Norman, 3, Georges Road, Bessacarr, Doncaster. Reed, Dennis Woodgate, 81, Alleyn Road, London, S.E.21. Rubin, Wallace, 34, Cambrian Street, Aberystwyth, Cardiganshire. Rutherford, William Alexander, 32, Newland Park, Hull. Ruthven, Colin Richard Jerome, 20, Brackendale Gardens, Upminster, Essex. Senior, Arthur Edward, 123, Broadgat'e Walk, Horsforth, Nr. Leeds. Sharp, Sidney, 145, Do la Pole Avenue, Anlaby Road, Hull. Taylor, Henry, 73, Royal Park Avenue, Leeds 6. Thompson, Ronald John, 20, Meadowcroft Avenue, Cleveleys, Lancashire. Thornton, Arthur, 3, Central Avenue, Greenfield, Nr. Oldham. Tozer, Harold, Raby Road, Neston, Wirral, Cheshire. Watts, Charles Frederick, 65, Beresford Avenue, Foleshill, Coventry. Wells, Hal, 100, Wellesley Road, Slough, Buckinghamshire.Re-admitted Student Cumberland, Frank Charles, 10, Willow Trees Drive, Lammack, Blackburn, Lanca- shire. DEATHS Fellows Francis William Clark, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.1.Chem.E. George Percy Darnell-Smith, B.Sc. (Lond. & Bris.), D.Sc. (Sydney). Alfred Greeves, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. John William Haigh Johnson, B.Sc. (Vict.), M.Sc. (Leeds). Henry William Lawrence. Sydney Andrew Mann, D.Sc. (Lond.). William Selby Simpson. Francis George Henry Tate. Associates Lionel Samuel Hartz, B.Sc. (Lond.).Robert Ernest Jefferson, M.Sc. (Mane.).Arthur Wilkinson, B.Sc. (Wales). Student Kenneth Naylor. Coming Events June 24 THE INSTITUTE(Birmingham and Midlands Section). “Adhesives.” Dr.M. G. M. Pryor, at the Chamber of Commerce, New Street, Birmingham, at 6 p.m. Iron and Steel Institute, jointly with the Sheffield Society of Engineers and Metallurgists, the Sheffield Metallurgical Association and the South Yorkshire Section of the Institute of Chemistry: in the Assembly Room, Royal Victoria Station Hotel, Sheffield, at 7 p.m. 18 Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association (London Section). “Modern Views of and25 some Reactions of Organic Compounds.” Dr. H. B. Watson, at the JVLY2 Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6.30 p.m.(10s. for the course. Application to be made to the Honorary Secretary, London Section, Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association, Mr.David E. Roe, c/o Atlas Preservative Co., Ltd., Fraser Road, Erith, Kent.) JdY 15 THE INSTITUTE(London and South-Eastern Counties Section). ‘-Chemist versus Forger.’’ Dr. J. Grant, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 6 p.m. 22 THE INSTITUTE(Birmingham and Midlands Seetion). ”Structure and Pattern in Carbohydrates.” Professor W. N. Haworth, F.R..S., at the Chamber of Commerce, New Street, Birmingham, at 6 p.m. Aug . 12 THE INSTITUTE(London and South-Eastern Counties Section). “Chemist versus Forger.’; Dr. J.Grant, at Kodak Hall, Harrow, at 6 p:m. 36 THE INSTITIJTE(London and South-Eastern Counties Section). Visit to the Imperial Inst#itute (South Kensington), at 4p.m. Limited (by ballot) to 50 members; applications to be sent to the Hon.Secretary. Successful members will be notified. General Notices Examinations--It is hoped that examinations for the Associateship arid for the Fellowship will be held in September as usual. Candidates whose applications have not yet been accepted by the Council cannot now enter for these examinations. It is hoped that candidates whose applications have been accepted, may be informed early in July as to the arrangements for the examina- tions. The last date for actual entries and payment of examination fees will be Monday,20th July. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc.r 143 1 Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Asso-ciates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of .extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. For Library Notices of the Institute, The Chemical Society, The Science Library, Boots’ and Lewis’s, see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, August, 1941,pp. 250-251. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.--Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their eermanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Correspondence should ?zormaZZy be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.12. Telephone number : Hillside 1859. c 1441

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9426600101

出版商:RSC    

年代:1942

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDB 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885 Patron H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART IV: 1942 Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD 13. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.1LONDON, .4 ugiisf, 1942 Publications Committee, 1942-43 F. P. Dunn (Chairman), J. J. Fox (Preside&), A. L. Bacharach, H. Baines, F. Challenger, J. W. Cook, D. Jordan-Lloyd, J. R. Nicholls, Sir Robert Pickard and Garfield Thomas. Gas Identification The particular attention of Fellows and Associates of the Institute who are Gas Identification Officers or interested in the Gas Identification Service is directed to the article by Dr.G. W. Ferguson (see page 166). Remuneration Statistics Cards relating to Remuneration Statistics should be received at the office of the Institute not later than 30th September in order that a summary of the returns may be reported in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. The contributions received for the Fund up to 31st August, 1942, are less by a sum of E12g than those received to the corresponding date in 1941. Fellows and Associates who have not yet forwarded their subscriptions to the Fund for the present year are invited to send them to The Ho%. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT OFFUND,INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 19th June, 1942.-The President welcomed Mr.J. Andrews (Dublin) and Dr. Armstrong. The Assistant Secretary reported on negotiations with the Board of Trade on the subject of coupons for laboratory overalls. The Council approved the action taken. (See JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111, p. 132.) The Committee of the Birmingham and Midlands Section reported that it would support any measure designed to make the Institute the sole registering body for chemists, and that, in the opinion of the majority of the Committee, the creation of a new grade of membership of lower standard than the Associateship would facilitate the development of the Institute as the sole registering body for chemists.The resolutions were referred to the Policy Committee. It was reported that the Glasgow and W-est of Scotland Section had passed resolutions (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111, p. 108) to the effect that the Council, exclusive of Officers, should consist of District and Regional Members, and that Associates should be eligible for election under both categories; also that the Institute should urgently consider its position and functions with particular reference to internal affairs, external affairs and publications, with a view to collaboration with other scientific bodies. The resolutions were referred to the Special Committees on the Constitution and Method of Election of the Council and to the Policy Committee, respectively.The Council granted a petition for the formation of a Local Section centred on Tees-side, to include the postal districts of Stockton including Eaglescliffe and Norton-on-Tees, Billingham, Greatham, and the Hartle- pools, Darlington, Middlesbrough, Yarm, Redcar, Saltburn and Guis- borough. (The Honorary Secretary of the Section is Dr. F. R. Williams, A.I.C., 15, North Albert Road, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees.) The New- castle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section and the Yorkshire Section concur. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Publications Committee expressed its regret that it was imperative to limit the publication of matter received from Local Sections, and particularly that it was not practicable to incorporate letters and dis- cussions, because a journal published every other month was not suitable for such contributions.The Committee was anxious to publish more adequate Summaries of Lectures and had lately referred back to Local Sections a number of contributions of that character in order that they might be amplified. The Council received a preliminary report from a meeting of repre- sentatives of the Institute with representatives of the Institute of Physics, held to consider the desirability of co-operating in matters of mutual interest affecting scientists, with regard to both present and post-war I147 3 problems and the possibility of establishing some kind of joint standing committee for that object.The formation of a Joint Committee to represent scientists collectively was regarded as desirable. If the Institutes of Chemistry and Physics decided to set up a Joint Committee, representatives of other sciences could be co-opted. The Council concurred in the recommendation and appointed as its representatives to the proposed Committee, the President, with Dr. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Pickard and Dr. H. A. Tempany. The President reported that the Policy Committee had held two meetings to discuss whether it was desirable that the Institute should seek powers to register a third grade of membership, and that on the matter being put to the vote the Committee was evenly divided. The Report was referred back to the Committee for further considera- tion in the light of discussions by the Council and by the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.The Policy Committee was asked to consider especially the provision of an age limit for the third grade, if constituted, and the suggestion that the Institutes should register persons who had attained the standard indicated by the Intermediate Science and the Higher National Certificate Examinations. CouncilMeeting, 24th July,1942.-The Council received a further report on the activities of the Emergency Public Health -Laboratory Service and decided that it was advisable, jointly with the Council of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, to renew its representations to the Ministry of Health on the subject.A message was received from Professor and Mrs. Percy F. Frankland expressing their thanks for congratulations sent to them from the Institute on the occasion of their Diamond Wedding. The Council requested Dr. William Cullen to act as representative of the Institute on the Anglo-Soviet Scientific Collaboration Sub-committee, which had been formed to define means whereby British Scientific Societies could co-operate with similar societies in Russia. A letter was received from the Chemical Council expressing sympathy with the suggestion of Dr. S. Judd Lewis that “Chemistry House” should be included in the proposed London University Quarter. An inquiry was received from a Fellow as to whether it was desirable that public analysts should be compulsorily enrolled in the Home Guard, and the Council decided to refer the matter to the appropriate authority. The thanks of the Council were accorded to the Directors of Kodak, Ltd., who had kindly presented the Institute with a roller screen with stretchers for illustrating lectures given in the Council Room of the Institute, while the lecture hall is out of use.Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Finance and House Committee reported that a Statement of Accounts for the half year ending 30th June had been received from the Auditors. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that the amount of the contributions [ 1481 received to 20th July, 1942,was k118 9s. 7d. less than that received at the corresponding date in 1941.The Council received the Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. With regard to (I) Vacation Employment for Lecturers, the Council felt that there was now such a shortage of chemists and laboratory assist- ants that any who were willing to help during vacations should be utilised as far as possible. With regard to (2) Publicity, Dr. Cullen suggested the employment on suitable occasions of an experienced press-man. Mr. Bacharach agreed and proposed, and the Council resolved, that the Publicity Committee should resume its meetings with a view to post- war planning. In this connexion, Dr. Cullen mentioned that the Chemical Council proposed to consider means for the encouragement of further recruitment to the membership of the Chartered Chemical Bodies, and Mr.Ayling advocated the production of a suitable leaflet for distribu- tion to students and graduates. On the suggestion of Mr. Bacharach, Dr. Cullen, with his consent, was co-opted to the Publicity Committee. With regard to (3) Coupons and Protective Clothing for Chemists, attention was directed to the statement which had appeared in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111. The question of abatement of Income Tax in respect of protective clothing appeared to be treated differently in various districts and to depend on individual circumstances. Clause (4): Classification of Chemists by the Joint Recruiting Boards,-the Report of the Conference was amended under official advice. With regard to (5) Gas Identification Service, the Council received from Dr.Armstrong a copy of the Journal of the Institute of Civil Defence containing a paper by Dr. George W. Ferguson, Fellow, dealing very fully with questions concerning the Gas Identification Service. Dr. Armstrong advised, and the Council agreed, that it would be an advantage to obtain the consent of Dr. Ferguson and of the Institute of Civil Defence to reproduce the paper in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute, and the matter was therefore referred to the Publications Committee. Dr. Armstrong expressed the opinion that, as in the case of medical men, Gas Identifica- tion Officers were in a stronger position as advisers than they would be if granted specific rank. Their function was to report and advise.Section (6) of the Report was referred to the Policy Committee, and Section (8) to the Special Committee appointed to consider and report on the Constitution and Method of Electing the Council of the Institute, A Xeport was received from a Joint Committee of the Council of the Institute and the Board of the Institute of Physics, recommending that, for the period of the national emergency, a Joint Committee of the two Institutes be established to voice the collective opinion of their members on matters of public interest. The Council concurred in the above recommendation and appointed the following representatives to the Joint Committee :-The President, with Professor A. Findlay, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Pickard, Dr.H. A. Tempany, and the Registrar or (in his absence) the Assistant Secretary. [ 149 1 Local Sections The Institute is not responsible,for the views exflressed in papers read OY in.speech.es delivered dzwiptg discussions. Birmingham and Midlands .-A Programme of Summer Lectures has been concluded. On 20th May, Dr. W. H. Hatfield, F.R.S., lectured on “Rust-, Acid- and Heat-resisting Steels.” Members of local Metallurgical and Engineering Societies attended by invitation. This lecture will be published as a separate monograph. On 24th June a lecture on “Adhesives” was given by Dr. M. G. M. Pryor, Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough. The series ended with “Structure and Pattern in Carbohydrates,” by Professor W. N.Haworth, F.R.S. This lecture was given on Wednesday, zznd July. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held on zznd July, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society, in the Chemical Department of Bristol University, Dr. A. C. Monkhouse, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, in the Chair. A lecture was given by Mr. A. H. Dodd, Chairman of the South Yorkshire Section of the Institute, on “The Present-day Tendencies in Disinfection.’ ’ Cape.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Department of Chemistry of the liniversity of Cape Town, on 15th May,- Professor W. Pugh, in the Chair. The meeting confirmed the action of the Committee in appointing Mr.G. Leslie to act as Auditor in the place of Dr. I. Donen who had resigned on leaving Cape Town. The Honorary Secretary’s and the Honorary Treasurer’s reports for the year 1941-42 were received and adopted. The Honorary Secretary’s report showed that, in addition to the papers read before the Section, already reported in JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, Part I, a lecture had been given by Professor W. F. Barker, on 28th November, on “The Conductimetric Analysis of Acid Mixtures.” The members of the Section have collected a group contribution to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute. The Section has been concerned with the services of chemists in connexion with the war. The following Officers and Committee were elected :-Chairman, Mr.J. E. Worsdale; Hon. Secretavy, Dr. A. H. Spong; Hun. Treaswey, Mr. R. J. Kruger; Commzittee Members, Mr. G. Leslie and Mr. W. H. Seath; Hon. Auditors, Dr. P. C. Carman and Mr. H. Green. On the conclusion of the formal business, Professor Pugh, the retiring Chairman, delivered an address on “The Critical State.” [ 1501 By invitation of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society, members of the Section attended two meetings held by that Society,- on 1st May, in the Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, when Dr. W. E. Isaac, of the Low Temperature Research Laboratory, Cape Town, read a paper on “Wartime Activities in the Field of Food Preservation”; and on 5th June, at Shell House, Cape Town, when the Shell Company of South Africa presented a programme of scientific sound films dealing with the oil and the motor industries.East Midlands.-The Seventh Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Welbeck Hotel, Nottingham, on 16th April. The Finan- cial statement for 1941-2 and the report of the Committee were adopted. The new committee was elected as follows: Chairman, Mr. A. F. Hall; Hon. Secretary, Mr. J. Ratcliffe; Hon. Auditor, Mr. C. W. North; Com- mittee :-Derbyshire: Messrs. R. Davidson, C. W. North, A. E. Wilson, Leicestershire (excluding Loughborough) : Messrs. S. W. Atherley, H. L. Long; Loughborough : Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson; Nottinghamshire : Dr. H. H. Barber, Messrs. E. M. Bavin, C. F. Ward; Lincolnshire: Mr.D. A. Camp bell. The meeting was followed by a lecture by Dr. H. S. Holden on “Some Applications of Science to Crime Detection.” London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Committee of the Section has endeavoured to keep its activities normal so far as war con- ditions will allow. An innovation tried during the summer was the repetition of two lectures at places on the outskirts of London,-namely, West Ham and Harrow,-in order to give younger members who cannot easily reach the Institute in the early evening the chance of hearing the lectures nearer their own places of work. The plan met with a moderate response, and it is felt that it might have been more successful if it had been possible to give it more publicity. It is proposed to continue the scheme during the winter months if conditions permit.A number of members visited the Imperial Institute Galleries. The event, which proved popular, may become an annual one. The programme of the Section to date has included the following: On 18th February, Professor F. A. Paneth, on “Artificial Radioactivity and the Completion of the Periodic System”; on 18th March, jointly with the Institute of Physics, Professor H. Levy, on “The Social Im- plications of Science in War-time”; on 15th April, Dr. Hugh Nicol, on “What the Plant does with its Materials”; on 27th May and 17th June, Dr. H. Baines, on “Recent Advances in Photographic Theory”; on 15th July and 12th August, Dr. J. Grant, on “Chemist zleysus Forger”; and on 26th August, a Visit to the Imperial Institute Galleries.A summary of Dr. Paneth’s lecture was published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, page 87. A summary of Dr. Baines’ lecture was published in the same Part, pp. 85-87, and a summary of Dr. Nicol’s lecture appeared in Nature (4th July, p. 13),and is included in this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS(p. 155). [ 151 1 The Committee of the Section has under consideration matters raised at the Conference of Honorary Secretaries held in June, Manchester and District. --The Annual General Meeting will be held in the autumn. Arrangements will be made to hold inont hly meetings with Fellows of the Chemical Society throughout the winter period commencing in September. Further details will be notified in due course.New Zealand.-The Fifteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, on 14th April. The Section recorded with regret the death of Mr. H. W. Lawrence and expressed appreciation of his work in furthering the interests of the profession in New Zealand and in fostering the application of chemistry to industrial problems. The Annual Report and Treasurer’s Statement were received and adopted. The following Officers and Committee were elected as follows:-Chairman, Dr. R. 0. Page; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. P. White; Hon. Auditor, Mr. W. A. Joiner; Committee,Mr. F. H. V. Fielder (Auck- land), Mr. T. H. McCombs (Christchurch), Dr. McDougall (Palmerston North), Dr. H. 0.Askew (Nelson), Dr. R. Gardner (Dunedin), Dr. G. M. Moir and Mr. M. L. H. Stewart (Wellington). Thanks were accorded to Mr. T. A. Glendinning for acting as Honorary Auditor for a number of years, and to the Honorary Secretary for his services during the past year. South Wales.-The Twenty-fourth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 29th May, at the Grand Hotel, Swansea, Mr. R. H. Jones, Chairman of the Section, presiding. The Section washonoured by the presence of the President, Dr. J.J. Fox. The following Officers and Members of Committee were elected for the ensuing session: Chairman, Mr. R. H. Jones; Hon. Secretary, Mr. E. E. Ayling; Committee, Prof. J. E. Coates, Dr. F. Heathcoat, Messrs. J. W. Adye, T. Hedley Barry, J. Christie, and F.G. Willson. Messrs. G. Made1 and C. R. N. Strouts were elected Honorary Auditors. The President spoke of various activities of the Institute and parti- cularly of the Benevolent Fund. He stressed the importance of building up a substantial reserve while calls for assistance were not so numerous, in order to deal adequately with the appeals for help which might arise in the future. On the question of the constitution of the Council, he referred to the diverse opinions expressed by various Sections and to the interim report presented by the Special Committee of the Council. The Committee had recorded its agreement on the following points: that the Council was too large, that its members should be elected for three years, and that they should be elected partly regionally and partly nationally.The possible eligibility of Associates for membership of the Council was an open question. [ 152 1 With reference to the future policy of the Institute, the President emphasised that the Institute is a Chartered body and that while it could act in the interests of its members within the provisions of the Charter, it could not act as a trade union; more solid achievement would result from acting quietly than by raucous publicising of every supposed benefit gained for the members. An important issue had been raised by the compulsory registration of chemists on the Central Register : of approxi-mately zo,ooo who had been registered, it was estimated that some 8,000 were not associated with any chemical organisation.A large number of those who had been registered possessed lower qualifications than those required for the Associateship of the Institute, and it had been suggested that, in the interests of the profession, a third grade of Institute membership should be established. This proposal was being considered by a Special Committee. Any change in this direction would be so funda-mental that the views of as many members as possible must be obtained, and such a change should only be made if an overwhelming majority of the members favoured it. Before such a change could be proposed a number of points must be considered : the minimum educational standard and experience required for admission to such a grade of membership, the possible demand for such a grade among the potential members of the grade, the benefits which such members would expect, and the effect of the institution of such a grade on the professional status of the present members.The President then spoke of the importance of the formation of the Chemical Council and of the introduction of the Joint Subscription Scheme, which constituted noteworthy steps in the direction of co-operation. In conclusion, the President referred to possible post-war conditions when the Institute might be concerned with the future prospects of a large number of chemists. The Institute should maintain a careful watch, and older members must regard themselves as responsible for the younger. Mr. Thornton opened the discussion.He favoured the introduction of a third grade of membership, feeling that it should be possible for the Institute to include all who had for some time made chemistry their profession. Such membership would endow the member with a definite standing. A man of 30-35, engaged in chemical practice and holding the Higher National Certificate, should be eligible for membership of the third grade. Dr. Heathcoat also favoured the acceptance of the Higher National Certificate as one of the qualifications for admission to a third grade. He urged that the Institute should give more weight to the Certificate by. accepting it as a step towards the Associateship. Dr. Cunningham expressed regret that little publicity was given to any benefits obtained by the Institute for its members.In talking to potential members it was often difficult to think of concrete examples and to explain all the advantages of membership. If members and potential members knew more of the Institute’s activities, he thought that more of the latter would be inclined to become members. He [ 1531 favoured the introduction of a third grade and the maximum possible co-operation with other chemical bodies in order to form a strong pro- fessional organisation. Mr. Barry said that one fundamental question of policy should be the maintenance of the present high standards for the Associateship and Fellowship, so that there would continue to be a supply of professional chemists with recognised high qualifications.At the same time the interests of all chemists should be carefully guarded. There was a ten-dency to employ young chemists as cheaply as possible, to get older men to train them and then to dispense with the older chemists. Older as well as younger chemists might be placed in a serious position in the future. The Institute conferred on its members a recognised status. There were already the grades of Fellowship, Associateship and Student- ship, but there were many persons who were something more than students, yet not sufficiently qualified to become Associates, for whom a new grade was desirable, which might be called the Licentiateship. The President having replied briefly to various points which had been raised during the discussion, was accorded a vote of thanks for visiting and addressing the Section, moved by Mr.Thornton, seconded by Mr. Madel, and supported by Mr. Dixon, Chairman of the Cardiff and District Local Section. Local Sections.-The approximate number of members at present attached to each Local Section is given below. Section No. of members. Aberdeen and North of Scotland ., *. .. .. 67 Belfast and District .. I. .. .. .. .. 50 Birmingham and Midlands .. Bristol and South-Western Counties .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. 327 333 Cape of Good HopeCardiff District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 42 144 Dublin and District . . .. .. .. *. .. 50 East Anglia East Midlands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. *... .. .. .. .. 71 301 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Glasgow and West of Scotland . . Huddersfield . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 207 447 87 India .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . %98 Leeds Area .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 305 Liverpool and North-Western Counties London and South-Eastern Counties .. .. .. .. *. . . .. ti30 2550 Malaya .. .. .. Manchester and District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. *. .. .. 35 668 Newcastle and North-East Coast . . .. .. .. 90 New Zealand ... South Wales (Swansea) South Yorkshire . . .. .. .. .. .. .. ., .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 77 177 136 Tees-Side . . .. .. .. a . a . .. .. 108 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES “What the Plant does with its Materials” By Dr.HUGHNICOL,F.I.C., Imperial Bureau of Soil Science [London and South-Eastern Counties Section, 15th April, 1942.1 Only a few elements are represented in the majority of known coni- pounds of plant origin. The halogens are apparently not essential for plant growth, and no organic halogen compound is known in the higher plants. Chlorophyll is the outstanding compound of magnesium in plants, but does not account for a large proportion of this element therein. Alkalies and alkaline earths are mainly present in ionic form; the form in which silicon is taken up is obscure, but for some plants not more than traces are necessary. Of late years several elements previously COR-sidered to be unessential or toxic have been shown to be necessary for healthy growth :these include boron, copper, and zinc.On account of the minute amounts of such elements that plants need, they are known as “trace” or “minor” elements. The discovery that they are essential for plants has been partly due to accident, but it is now recognised that when trace elements are deficient in cultivated soil they must be supplied, and a minor industry concerned with the use of salts of manganese, boron, copper, zinc, etc., as fertilisers or fertiliser adjuncts has arisen. Cobalt salts (used at the rate of about z 02. per acre) may be included among these adjuncts, though they are essential only for the animals-particu- larly sheep-grazing on cobalt-deficient land : the vegetation acts simply as a vehicle. The very recent discovery of the existence of vast tracts of seleniferous soil has brought to light some curious relationships: for some plants selenium is an essential element.There is biological evidence of seleni- ferous soil in Ireland, though no chemical confirmation has been forth- coming. Some remarks of Marco Polo about China are now known to refer to effects of selenium. The subject of “indicator plants ”-meaning plants which by their presence or mode of growth indicate soil conditions- is a large and fascinating one. Recognition of such plants can usefully supplement the chemical analysis of soils. The generalisations can be made that plants are ionic feeders and that they like their ions as simple as possible. Chemically complex materials must be broken down before their elements can be assimilated by plants.The chief role of the soil is to act as nidus to such decompositions: weathering breaks down minerals, and microbial action breaks down organic compounds resulting from previous generations of plants and animals. Very large quantities of water are streamed through plants during life. New views on the assimilation of carbon dioxide hzve indicated the abandonment of the formaldehyde polymerisation theory [ 1551 of the formation of carbohydrates. It appears that the process of C0,-uptake by plants proceeds in two stages under the influence of an enzyme-like molecule which has been partially characterised. One of the stages-the dark reduction of carbon dioxide-is common to all living cells.(J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,1940, 62, 3443.) The relations between tops and roots are interesting. It should be borne in mind that roots are not merely absorbing organs; they also provide storage of reserve nutrients. There is a quantitative relationship between roots and tops. When the top of a growing plant is cut, as by grazing or mowing, the roots are in effect trimmed, thus reducing the ability of the plant to survive adverse conditions such as severe cold or drought. When roots of a plant are differently nourished or leaves differently insolated, the top develops asymmetrically, there being little or no lateral transport of nutrients within a plant. Thus a hydrangea may naturally bear, or may artificially be induced to bear, both blue and red flowers corresponding to the conditions to which different parts of its roots are subjected.Swedes in the field have been found to develop more on their south than on their north sides. Graminaceous plants have been shown to have each many miles of root, and the net gain of root may be of the order of one mile per plant per day. The finer roots even of trees are short-lived and within a few weeks take part in the cycle of decomposition in the soil. The plant is an equilibrium system and does not merely accrete material. The most obvious form of return of nutrients to the soil is the leaf-fall of perennials, yet there is reason to believe that there are other modes of “negative migration” of ionic nutrients, back to the soil.This is instanced in legumes by the seasonal decay of the nitrogen-fixing bacterial nodules, and possibly by the direct excretion of nitrogenous compounds from the nodules or roots, which excretion may enable a nodule-bearing leguminous plant to supply combined nitrogen to another plant (say, a cereal) growing alongside. The work of Pierre with wheat in the ’sixties of last century provides the most extensive analyses of a growing crop ever made; and incidentally it takes into account what most agricultural analysts have overlooked-the fact that stems differ in composition along their length. Pierre’s analyses of the whole plant show a maximum quantity of inorganic nutrients, per hectare, a month before harvest. The only late increase was of phosphorus in the ear.It may be concluded that an appreciable part of the nutrients was returned to the soil while the wheat was growing. Although plants can absorb ions from true solution, the notion that the state of ions in the soil is similar to that of a true solution interspersed among inert mineral particles is inadequate. Both mineral and organic colloids have to be taken into account from the point of view of nutrient uptake and soil structure. The dark materials known loosely as humus are end-products of microbial activity, and may not be indispensable ; hut the maintenance of soil fertility is largely bound up with gummy products of the recent activity of microbes on plant remains. [ 1561 The suggestion made by Professor N.Comber some years ago that the plant and the soil with which it is in contact form a practical continuum has gained force from work on ionic exchange. Contact exchange of anions between roots and soil colloids has yet to be demonstrated, as has contact intake of cations, but there is suggestive evidence for the depletion of cations from a root by contact with a soil colloid. Both root and clay colloids are negatively charged; no jumping of cations could be found between roots and (positive) iron hydroxide sol. In view of “negative migration ” and of the fact that roots do not yield ions to distilled water, the position of the “soil solution ” theory is seriously challenged. Dynamic views of soil and of the relation between soil and plant must henceforth take the place of the static views that have prevailed.Tropical rain forests, from the soil of which even the silica has been leached out to leave a soil composed largely of sesquioxides, offer an excellent illustration of the cyclicity of nutrients; in such forests the stock of nutrients resides in the vegetation itself, and the nutrient cycle takes place above the ground. The ideal agricultural soil is typified by the Russian chernozem; in this the cycle is fairly shared between soil and plant :the latter typically a grass. The operations of cultivation and manuring are, at their best, intended to maintain the soil-plant cycle in full and uninterrupted operation. “The Present-day Tendencies in Disinfection” By A.H. DODD., M.A., F.I.C. [Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, zznd July, 1942.1 Mass Disinfection.-In the last two decades of the nineteenth century the theory prevailed that infectious diseases would disappear when the germs alleged to be the cause thereof were eradicated. Hence the im- portance attached to terminal disinfection and mass disinfection and the development of disinfectants therefor. The coal tar disinfectants since the ’70’sof the last century still play a predominant part in disinfection. Droplet Infection.-The failure of mass and terminal disinfection to alter the incidence of infectious diseases caused the rise of the droplet infection theory, whereby it was maintained that infection only took place by infected droplets being breathed indirectly and “catching ” depended upon the immunity of the host.Pathogenic germs had little vitality outside their hosts. DropZet Nuclei Infection.-The failure of barrier nursing and the aseptic school of disinfection, particularly their inability to check streptococcal infection, has led to a complete change of opinion during the last six years. Much infection is now said to be conveyed by droplet nuclei which rise and fall according to air currents. Droplets sneezed or breathed out become droplet nuclei on. partial desiccation and the viability of certain pathogenic organisms therein has been proved to be long. Two tendencies of disinfection have been studied by the Medical Research Council :-(a) laying and disinfection of dust and especially [ 157 1 blanket dust in hospitals; (h) use of aerosols in shelter spraying.There has been confusion between ordinary spraying of shelters and use of aerosols. Wound Uisinfection.-During the last war a great controversy raged between antiseptic and aseptic schools of surgery, because, in general, wounds were aggravated by constant dressing. The Carrel-Dakin method of irrigation with hypotonic solutions was developed. In this war the “closed-plaster” system of Trueta, which was used in the Spanish Civil War, has become an important treatment. Never-theless the controversy persists between the antiseptic and aseptic theories. The whole matter has been overshadowed by the use of the sulphonamides, and it is probable that there will be a swing back from the use of these powerful therapeutic agents.The general opinion is that wounds are best treated with as little interference as possible. The use of antiseptics should be confined to the early stages, on which point there is universal agreement, and then the mildest form of disinfection should be used for washing. This would inhibit growth of organisms and neither spread them nor prevent healing of tissues. When the effect of a change could only be determined by weighing the evidence of a long series of experiments, there is a tendency for ideas to go round in circles. This can be illustrated by reference to the evidence on disinfection. Report of the Tenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.20th June, 1942, at 10 a.m. Present.-Dr. J. J. Fox, President, in the Chair; Mr. J. C. White, Honorary Treasurer, and the following:-Mr. E. E. Ayling, South Wales (Swansea); Mr. R. W. Bolland, vice Rlr. H. E. Blayden, Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast ; Dr. J. W. Corran, East Anglia; Dr. J. F. J. Dippy, Cardiff and District; Mr. G. Elliot Dodds, Edinburgh and East of Scotland; Dr. E. H. Goodyear, Huddersfield; Dr. J. G. A. GrifYiths, vice Mr. E. Q. Laws, London and South-Eastern Counties; Dr. D. A. Harper, Manchester and District; Mr. F. P. Hornby, Bristol and South- Western Counties; Mr. E. M. Joiner, Birmingham and Midlands; Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Dublin; Mr. G. Parkin, South Yorkshire; Mr. J. Ratcliffe, East Midlands; Dr.F. J. Smith, Liverpool and North-Western; Mr. W. A. Wightman, Leeds Area; The Registrar and the Assistant Secretary. Letters regretting absence were received from Mr. J. G. Duncan (Glasgow and West of Scotland), Mr. C. S. McDowell (Belfast) and Mr. W. M. Todd (Aberdeen and h’orth of Scotland). The President welcomed the Honorary Secretaries and expressed appreciation of the interest they showed in the affairs of the Institute and of the profession by attending the meeting. [ 158 1 (1)VACATION FOR LECTURERS.-A letter was read from EMPLOYMENT Mr. W. M. Todd, Honorary Secretary of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section, suggesting that many lecturers in universities and technical colleges wished to be more actively engaged in work of national importance, if possible, during the summer vacation.Mr. Todd suggested that the Institute might compile a list of such persons as a supplementary register and assist in placing them in temporary appointments; also that employers might be notified of the existence of such a register. The suggestion had been received by the Institute earlier in the war, but employers found it difficult to make use of the services of such personnel unless they were readily available in the district, and objection was raised on the ground that it was some time before they were of real use on the works.* Some scientific staffs in the universities and colleges were engaged on research for the war effort during vacations, but a number of teachers would like to be doing something for at least two months of their vacation.It was decided that the matter should be raised with the appropriate departments and that the Institute should offer to receive and pass on the names of lecturers and teachers who would be available for such work. (2) PuBLxcITY.--Mr. Joiner (Birmingham and Midlands) expressed his opinion that the Institute was not sufficiently known in some universities and colleges and in the works of some industrial concerns. The Institute did not sufficiently make known what it did to help the profession. On the agenda paper it was noted that the Special Committee of the Council had reported that the present time was not opportune for promoting further publicity, bkt that the Council should &mind Members and Students of the services rendered by the Institute and should emphasis0 the value of professional organisation.The Conference was reminded that in normal times the expenditure of the Institute on publicity amounted to between €400 and $500 a year, including advertisements of the examinations and the Appointments Register and the free supply of publications to Government Departments, Municipal Authorities, Public Libraries, Universities, Colleges, and other Institutions. Mr. Joiner said that, apart from the routine publicity, which he thought was satisfactory, there was the much more vital publicity which arose from the activities of a live and energetic society. The Local Sections could maintain the interests of their members and would in- evitably attract new ones by a bold and active programme.He hoped that after the war there would be greater activity in the Local Sections, more frequent meetings, professional and social. There would be less of “What do I get for my subscription?” and more of “What can I do for the Institute?” Mr. Joiner suggested that the Institute should hold a Congress triennially to discuss matters of scientific and professional interest and to promote a sense of fellowship. Hospitality could be arranged by the Local Sections.? Mr. Dodds thought the Local Sections were doing very well as it was and that chemists frequently wished to associate themselves with other people, rather than with other chemists, in their limited spare time; * This view was confirmed by the authorities concerned, who added that the time of the technical staff would be absorbed during the training period.t 1Lfr. Duncan (Glasgow and West of Scotland) wrote, after the Conference, suggesting that the Arixiual General Meeting be held at Local Section ceiitres in turn. [ 159 1 but means might be taken to tell chemists more about the Institute, and the public more about chemistry. Mr. Joiner insisted, however, that chemists welcomed opportunities of meeting one another. The President said he felt that the Institute existed for the profes- sional interests of its members, it conferred a professional hall-mark on its members, and it should actively co-operate with other chemical bodies.Dr. Harper thought that the Institute should work for closer unity though not actual union with other bodies. The President said that the American Chemical Society appeared to be able to co-ordinate the activities of the chemists, including the specialists, in the United States, but here the specialist societies were determined to be independent units. The Registrar remarked that science advanced very largely through the existence of specialised bodies, by bringing together those who were keenly interested in a particular branch. Mr. White, Honorary Treasurer, suggested that the Local Sections should make known the Institute, and that the staffs of chemical depart- ments of universities and colleges should encourage students to register and to qualify for the Associateship. Mr.Ayling said that sometimes such staffs were not members of the Institute. Dr. Corran and others suggested that undergraduates and grad- uates should be invited to Section meetings. Dr. Corran advocated that graduates should be addressed by prominent members of Local Sections and informed of the existence and work of the Institute. That might be done by inviting graduates to social meetings. Already, in some Sections, graduates were invited to joint meetings held with Local Sections of other societies. The Registrar expressed the opinion that when the war was ended and the factories closed, many chemists would be looking to the Institute to help them to obtain work. It could not be foretold whether chemists would be absorbed as they had been after the last war.At hardly any time, in the intervening period, had the number of members of the Institute out of employment reached 4 per cent. ; for most of the time the percentage of unemployment was less than 2, and at the present time, scarcely any chemists were available except a few who had retired but were willing to be useful if called upon. The matter of employment of chemists after the war might well be serious owing to the fact that very many had taken up the profession since the last war and larger numbers were employed on processes directly related to the war effort. Mr. Ayling thought that one useful means of publicity would be the production of a weekly journal,-perhaps in co-operation with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry,-and Dr.Dippy referred to the news edition of the Journal of the American Chemical Society as a useful example. It was decided to bring the suggestion to the notice of the Council. [ 160] Dr. Griffiths, dealing with the view that had been expressed that few graduates of the older universities became members of the Institute, indicated that this was partly accounted for by the fact that relatively few members of the older universities graduated with honours in chemistry. He suggested that contact should be made by sending such graduates a leaflet setting out the objects of the Institute. He wished to approach individuals directly rather than rely entirely on advertisements and notices sent to the heads of departments. Mr.Ayling felt that something smaller than “The Profession of Chemistry,” might be produced for distribution to universities and colleges. Mr. Wightman supported the idea that the Local ‘Sections should approach the professors in their respective districts. The Honorary Treasurer said that while all Associates and Fellows should be propagandists for the Institute, this should apply particularly to District Members of Council and Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Mr. Parkin advocated greater activity in the Local Sections and close association with other bodies. (3)COUPONS AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING FOR CHEMISTS.-It Was mentioned that the Institute had been in close touch with the Board of Trade on the subject of coupons for protective clothing for chemists, and that a statement on the subject would shortly be published. (Such a statement had already been prepared for inclusion in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111).The Assistant Secretary described the negotiations which had passed between the Board of Trade and the Institute. The Conference held that teachers and students should be allowed concessions in the matter of coupons, and that the question of abatement of Income Tax in respect of protective clothing should be clarified. (4)CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMISTS BY THE JOINT RECRUITINGBOARDS. -Dr. Corran referred to the classification of young chemists by the University Joint Recruiting Boards.He stated that the matter had been dealt with by the Assistant Secretary in a letter explaining the various categories so far as students in chemistry are concerned. *Category A indicated that the student had obtained a University degree with chemistry as a Final subject (or an equivalent or higher scientific qualification, including the Associateship or Fellowship of the Institute of Chemistry) and that a recommendation had been made by the Board to the Ministry of Labour and National Service as to how he could best be used in the National effort. The Board’s recommendation would be considered by the Central (Technical and Scientific) Register, which would determine whether he should be allocated to the Forces or to industry. Where the chemist was placed by the Central Register in *Since the Conference was held this statement has been slightly revised and brought up to date on advice received from the Central Register Department of the Ministry of Labour and National Service.c 161 1 industry or moved by the Register to another approved post, arrange- ments would be made to defer him from military service, so long as he was employed on approved work of National importance. Category B had ceased to exist, Category C referred to a student who had applied for deferment to the Joint Recruiting Board and had been recommended by the Board for deferment to enable him to complete a course of study. Deferment would be granted, subject to satisfactory progress and review at the end of the first year and provided the student was deemed likely to qualify for a degree or equivalent qualification within the maximum period of two years and three months (Scotland two years and nine months) from the date of entrince at the University or Technical College or from the date he attained the age of 184,whichever was the later.Deferment would not be granted in any circumstances for a period longer than sufficient to enable the student to qualify for a degree within the shortest possible time. To meet the needs of war research, Boards could, however, recommend that a percentage representing the most promising students and not exceeding 15 per cent. of the yearly output of all students at any particular University, should be allowed an additional year.Part-time students for the Associateship of the Institute of Chemistry or an award equivalent to a University degree in chemistry would be recommended for deferment by the Boards, provided (a) they had started a course at a recognised Technical College or Institution for these qualifications, and (b) those who had started a course for the Associateship of the Institute of Chemistry were registered students of the Institute and could be certified by their College to be within two years of the completion of the course for the Associateship examination. Until now skilled laboratory assistants had not usually been called up for active service; but the question of continued deferment or reserva- tion was always subject to review in the light of war needs. Category D consisted of graduates recommended by the Boards as the most promising students whose capabilities were such that it was desirable to place them in work where the fullest use would be made of their qualifications.Such graduates were allocated by the Central Register and in all cases their employment, whether in industry or in war research work at a University or elsewhere, required to be approved by the Register. Category E referred to men who had not obtained the necessary qualifications; they could not obtain deferment froin military service by means of Joint Recruiting Board mechanism. The President said that the Institute had successfully dealt with many questions affecting individuals, arising in connexion with recruit merit.The Assistant Secretary emphasised that prompt action should be taken in such matters. The occupations of chemists, and particularly “Laboratory Assistants (skilled),” should be described in the exact terms employed in the Schedule of Reserved Occupations. [ 162 1 (5)GAS IDENTIFICATIONOFFICERs.-?vIr. Dodds opened a general discussion on the Gas Identification Service. Gas Identification Officers were attached to the Civil Defence: they were not military and it was desirable that there should be an understanding as to their duties in certain contingencies. There appeared to be varying ideas in different parts of the country as to their duties, and it was obvious that they were more active in some districts than others.There were varying degrees of liaison with other branches of the Civil Defence and with the forces, and it was suggested that Gas Identification Officers should press for further iniprovemen t s in their organisat ion. Some members suggested too that, in addition to the distinctive steel helmet, they should have uniforms indicating their officer rank, and that their authority should be more clearly defined, for example, in giving advice in connexion with decontamination and certifying when areas are clear of gas. Dr. Harper suggested that the experience of G.1.0~.should be collected and communicated to Headquarters. He felt that the A.R.P. authorities should make more use of chemists. (6) POLICYCOMMITTEE;A THIRDGRADEOF MEMBERSHIP.-In the afternoon, the President referred to the proceedings of the Policy Com- mittee of the Council,-especially the consideration of the desirability of instituting a third grade of membership of the Institute, on which reasons for and against were freely discussed. Some Sections appeared to be strongly in favour of a third grade, and it was suggested that Bodies other than the Institute were attracting chemists because they were largely concerned with salaries and providing social facilities.The Policy Comniittee felt that the Institute must maintain its position as a professional body. There was obviously a feeling, however, among some members that a grade between Studentship and Associateship should be provided for those who had attained a standard, represented by Inter- mediate Science or the Higher National Certificate PZzis practical experi- ence, who should be encouraged to aspire to the Associateship.The Regulations of the Institute provided for such cases, but the view had been expressed that, given some form of membership, many who had reached the standard indicated would not attempt to qualify for the Associate- ship. The Policy Committee had been evenly divided on the matter and the Council had requested the President to invite the Conference to consider the matter. The President thought that those who were eligible for such a third grade would desire some form-of professional hall- mark from the Institute. Some members said that their Sections had not yet discussed this question; some held that there was no need for a third grade, that the Institute should not register persons who were not fully qualified profes- sional chemists.If, later, some forms of registration of chemists were established the Institute might be prejudiced by the inclusion of a third grade, and many in this junior grade would make no attempt to qualify as Associates. In any case, evidence of general culture was essential, r 1631 and members of a third grade should be required to produce certificates of having passed preliminary examinations or equivalent evidence. Some favoured registering chemists who had attained a pass degree standard, but it was pointed out that such candidates were provided for in the Regulations of the Institute in cases where they had several years practical experience.Dr. Harper suggested that the strength of the Institute lay in the fact that Fellowship and Associateship represented a high qualification ; it should not be disturbed. Mr. Parkin asked what was the reason for the suggestion. The President replied that it was known that there were many people who were earning their livelihood by practising chemistry and were not attached to any organisation devoted to the science. Representations had been made to the Council and the Policy Committee had been asked to consider them. Mr. Joiner strongly supported the idea that there should be introduced another level between the Studentship and Associateship, not only of those who had attained Intermediate Standard, but those who had been engaged in specialised work, provided they were scientific people.They would strengthen the Institute as the representative body of chemists and make it more comprehensive. The Honorary Treasurer suggested that chemical personnel might be classified as follows :-(a) Associates and Fellows of the Institute ; (b) those who were qualified but did not apply for membership of the Institute ; (c) those who were not qualified but were on the way to become so; and (d) those who were not qualified and unlikely to become so. Any third grade should apply to those in clause (c) who were on the way to become qualified. Mr. Ayling favoured the introduction of a third grade for works chemists who were attending evening classes and had obtained the Higher National Certificate.He would like the Institute to cater for the rank and file of those who earned their living by chemistry. In South Wales this proposal was favoured, not only by the younger members, but also by the seniors. Dr. Dippy held that the Higher National Certificate should be con- sidered in relation to the proposed third grade. Dr. Corran was opposed to the formation of a third grade since this lower grade would tend in many cases to be the goal for many young chemists, whose sole object was to get for themselves a qualification, however slight. He suggested that instead of this third grade the Council should consider restoring an Intermediate A.I.C.examination which would be analogous to Intermediate B.Sc. Some members approved the suggestion that there should be an age limit and a limit to the period of registration, so that those who did not qualify within so many years would cease to be registered. The President expressed the opinion that few would enter a third grade from which they could be removed by a time limit. [ 164 1 Mr. Dodds said that if the Higher National Certificate were accepted as the required standard, he feared it would be found that a high propor- tion of holders of that certificate had not passed an approved preliminary examination. He objected to the proposed third grade as being contrary to the interests of qualified chemists and of the Institute.Reference was made to the terms used in other professional bodies to indicate various grades of membership, such as Members, Associate-Members, Companions, Graduates, Licentiates, Cadets. There was a desire to afford facilities for all working in chemistry to be allowed the privilege of attending meetings which were generally open to other than members of organised bodies. In a general discussion it was suggested that the Policy Committee might consider the question of introducing an Intermediate Examination to be held by the Institute as a qualification for inclusion in a Register, instead of the proposed third grade. Intermediate Science and Higher National Certificates could be accepted but, in all cases, satisfactory evidence of general education should be required. Persons thus registered should not have voting powers, but they would be subject to professional discipline.They could attend Institute meetings and receive publica- tions. (7) UNIFICATIONOF CHEMICALBODIES-Dr. Harper said that his Section was interested in unification-not union-of Chemical Bodies. There should be some sort of “umbrella” under which all Chemical Bodies could be united to take action on behalf of the profession: one that could be approached by all authorities as the body for chemistry as a whole without disturbing the individuality of existing bodies. The President emphasised that any scheme must recognise the fact that most of the existing organisations were determined to preserve their independence.(8)CONSTITUTIONOF THE CouNcIL.-The Conference heard views in favour of and against the inclusion of Associates on the Council, The points raised were-that service on the Council was the only privilege open to Fellows and not to Associates, and the latter might be deterred from applying for the Fellowship if they could attain membership of the Council without becoming Fellows; that Associates who were the most eligible to serve on the Council were in general eligible for Fellowship; that if they were elected Fellows while serving as Members of Council the question would arise whether they should continue to represent the Associates. Some maintained that if they were elected Members of the Council they should not adjudicate on the applications for Fellows!iip.On the other hand, it was contended that the Associates out-numbered the Fellows by nearly three to one; that there were rarely any Members of Council less than 40 years of age, and that the younger members had no one to speak for them. It was felt by many that the younger members should have more say in the management of the Institute. The President having said that he had some sympathy with the latter view, the discussion turned on whether, in the event of Associates [ 165 1 being elected to the Council, they should be required to possess a qualifica-tion of say five years’ Associateship, and also whether the number of Associates serving on the Council at any one time should be limited-say, to a maximum of five.The By-law might be a permissive one, so that all Fellows and Associates were free to vote for members of either grade. The view was expressed, however, that the Privy Council would not approve a By-law which allowed the possibility of an unlimited number of Associates being elected to the Council. (9) REMUNERATIONSTATISTICS.-The Assistant Secretary read the circular requesting members to make returns for the purpose of formulat- ing salary statistics and asked members of the Conference to encourage Fellows and Associates in their respective districts to make a prompt return of the cards issued with the circular. A suggestion received from two Sections, that such Conferences should not be held during war-time, did not receive general support, but will be considered in 1943.The Honorary Secretaries lunched together at the Hotel Russell and resumed their sitting in the afternoon. Mr, Parkin (South Yorkshire Section) asked to be allowed to express, on behalf of members of the Conference, their congratulations to the Registrar and Secretary on completing 50 years’ service with the Institute. The Registrar, in reply, thanked the Hon. Secretaries for the kind messages which he had received from them, and referred to the happy relations existing between the Hon. Secretaries and Headquarters. The Conference passed a cordial vote of thanks to the President for presiding. Some Aspects of the Work of the Gas Identification Service* By GEORGE W. FERGUSON,Ph.D., F.I.C., Assistant Senior Gas Adviser, Londofi Regiox I much appreciate the honour of having been invited by the Council to discuss with you this evening some aspects of the work of the Gas Identi-fication Service, not so much from the purely technical aspect of the latter’s main function, but rather to review its work as an integral and necessary civil defence service, and to make some observations which may contribute to its optimum tactical employment when the occasion arises.In view of the remarks of both Mr. Mabane and Admiral Sir Edward Evans when discwsing the possible use of gas at our last meeting, the present survey may be not inappropriate. However, as an introduction, * Reprinted by kind p3rmission of the Author and of the Couiicil of the Insti-tute of Civil Defence from the Institute of Civil Defence JournaZ, Volume 4,No.5, June, 1942. [ 166 1 I would like, first of all, to put forward for your consideration some postulates in regard to gas warfare, and in particular to aerial gas attack, which bear repetition. (I) The element of surprise is a potent weapon, and to be at all effective must be accompanied by great weight of attack. It can therefore be anticipated that when gas is first used it will be employed on the heaviest scale of which the enemy is capable, consistent with the efficiency of the total power of attack (i.e. the ratio of H.E., incendiary and gas bombs in the total bomb load). It may also be the forerunner of, or accompanied by, military operations of a major character.(2) As a corollary to the above, attacks on pre-selected target areas of fairly limited extent are to be expected, in order to produce the maximum amount of destruction and dislocation in those areas. (3) Whilst the probability of heavy gas raiding at night is most feasible, surprise daytime attacks with the object of producing confusion and panic in densely populated areas cannot altogether be excluded as beyond the bounds of possibility. (4) More than one type of gas is likely to be employed during the same raid, in order to obtain the maximum casualty production in regard to both persons and property. (5) The nature of the gas or gases and the manner in which they are employed will depend on the strategic objectives to be attained; i.e.it will be logical to anticipate the use of a preponderating amount of persistent harassing gas bombs in factory, warehouse and communications areas, and conversely in suburban residential areas an increased proportion of non- persistent lethal gas bombs, probably accompanied by H.E. bombs is to be expected. Spray and cloud attacks may also take place in localities of certain types and under certain conditions. Arising from the foregoing statements, it will be realised that the problems confronting the authorities during and after a raid in any “target area’’ are likely to be many and varied, and the question of deploying all available resources to the best advantage arises. The care with which this point has been studied has received emphasis in all recent civil defence measures, and applies in a particular degree to the intel- ligent tactical use of the Gas Identification Service in order to obtain the utmost value from the limited number of specially trained officers available.The initial detection of the presence of gas during the course of a raid will fall upon the shoulders of the wardens and police, who have received full training in the subjective tests to be employed and their implications. Whilst it is well to bear in mind that a certain amount of caution must be exercised in accepting the evidence of subjective tests alone, it is only reasonable to expect that Control will be receiving corroborative evidence from several sources more or less simultaneously, and is therefore enabled to draw fairly sound conclusions as to the type of gas employed and the immediate measures to be taken by the civil defence services.The note of caution sounded in the preceding sentence can best be summarised in the [ 167 1 words, “Always suspect the worst until the contrary be proved.’, It will therefore be apparent that if the initial reports, for example, indicate the employment of a non-persistent gas of the arsenical nose-irritant type, then a lung irritant may be suspected to accompany it, and likewise even if reports of the definite presence of a persistent tear gas, such as BBC, are received, the presence of a vesicant covered by the lachrymator should also be suspected.Bearing in mind the earlier remarks in regard to the probable nature of aerial gas attack, it will be obvious that a large amount of evidence of this type from the field, first-aid posts, etc., will be arriving at Control, and will require rapid and expert sifting. It must also be borne in mind that, although the saving of life has first claim over that of other services, economy of labour and materials must be rigidly observed, in view of the heavy work inevitably and quickly following in the wake of the raid, and that at an early stage during its course evidence of indubit- able authenticity must be obtained by the discriminate employment of the Gas Identification Officers in the field. A suggestion which I would like to put forward at this stage, and one resulting from experience gained in many exercises, is that an experienced G.I.O.should be stationed at Control when raids of this type materialise. He would assist in correlating the mass of subjective evidence from in- coming reports and thus advise the Controller of any contradictions and anomalies, which, it may be emphasised, are only too certain to arise, particularly whilst experience is gained in the field. This procedure was instituted by the City Corporation, under whom I was then privileged to serve, in the early days of 1940, and has since been widely adopted elsewhere. Let 11s now consider the types of incident which require particular attention from the G.I.O. and, for convenience, divide these into two categories, namely : (I) Those requiring immediate investigation during the raid, and (11) post-raid problems arising from contamination of materials, referring to the latter in the widest sense.Incidents in category I will include : (a)The FIRST Report of the Suseected Presence of Gas. This may be of so definite a character as to admit of no ambiguity. On the other hand, some abnormal feature may have been noted and the services in the field require guidance. It is of the greatest importance that the G.I.O. should at once visit the incident and ascertain either that no danger exists, or that some dangerous or obnoxious material is present, due to local circumstances (e.g. incidents occurring at or near premises where chemical processes are employed, or where certain classes of goods may be in transit by road or rail, etc.).Control and the services can take any appropriate action and the matter be thus handled with discretion. On the other hand, if positive indications of the use of gas by the enemy should be obtained, then a sample (the larger the better) must be taken, for it is obvious that it is of the utmost national importance that [ 1681 the FIRST gas sample and. all relevant details should be subjected to the most detailed examination by the Ministry's Officers at the earliest possible moment. It is unnecessary to dwell upon the ensuing consc- quences when incontrovertible evidence has been obtained of the use of gas by the enemy. Furthermore, from what has been stated previously, rapid corroboration will undoubtedly be obtained from adjacent areas.(b) Incidents afecting the working of Vital Defence Services, both Civil ad Military. These require no further comment. (c) New Gases and Modijcations of Kno.w'nGases. Incidents involving suspected novelties of this type must receive immediate attention from the G.I.O. and the procedure laid down in Sections 16 (f)and 17 (a) of the G.1.0'~. Handbook, together with any official modifications, meticulously followed. The important points to note are: (I) Accurate and progressive reports on the part of all services, and particularly on the part of the G.I.O., are essential; (2) a sample must be obtained at any cost ; (3)contact with the Senior Gas Adviser must be made at the earliest moment; and (4) speed, combined with certainty at every stage, is the precursor of successful counter-measures in regard to the treatment of casualties, decontamination and related topics, on the promptness and effectiveness of which many lives may depend.Novel devices for the release of gas, and the results accomplished by their use may also be included in this section, although it must be borne in mind that accurate delineation of areas contaminated by persistent gas is not feasible under the conditions normally obtaining at night, and this may really be considered a post-raid problem to be investigated in col- laboration with the military authorities. (d) Unexploded Gas Bombs. From the principles involved in the design, construction and use of gas bombs, it is improbable that many unexploded bombs are likely to be encountered, but the possibility does exist, nevertheless, and must be taken into account in order that details of such bombs, when necessary, can be fully investigated at the Central Laboratories as soon as possible.The Bomb Disposal Officer and G.I.O. will collaborate in the immediate investigation (i.e. the opening of the case and sampling and testing the contents) and decide the course to be taken. (e) Incidents involving H.E. Damage to Property, complicated by the Presence of hlustard Gas Vapour. Situations may arise where (i) trapped persons have to be rescued, (ii) the question of evacuation of a shelter requires consideration and (iii)work of an essential nature must proceed in the damaged premises.In these cases the G.I.O. can give-and, in fact, is the only person capable of giving-information of a precise nature in regard to the question of vapour danger. Whilst the absolute determination of this factor is r 1691 impossible under night conditions, a relative estimate can however be made, and the safety conditions for work, etc., in such contaminated atmospheres reported to Control and the services on the spot. The nose, per se, is notoriously unreliable under these conditions as it tends to become fatigued and in general appears to become less sensitive in the dark. At daybreak further visits to these incidents must be paid unless all necessary work has been completed.(f)The “Normal” Raid. Apart from the above-mentioned special cases, even if all the subjective evidence suggests that mustard gas, phosgene and their co-contaminators are behaving in the manner in which we have been trained to expect, Control should dispatch G.1.0~. to selected incidents, chosen on account of their importance, e.g. road and rail communications, contaminated craters involving damage to utility mains, incidents at or near important food stores, etc., in order to support the evidence from the field, for it is essential to have the complete programme of work for the following day planned to commence at daybreak. The Decontamination Squads, Food Treatment Squads (acting under the Gas Contamination Officers) and other services can then proceed to their allotted tasks with the minimum of delay as soon as sufficient light is available.The absence of complete knowledge as to the probable extent of contamination and uncertainty as to its nature in regard to any one incident leads to delay in planning the programme for daybreak, with serious consequences. For instance, the whole programme of work for Food Treatment Squads which should be at work at an important warehouse may be disrupted, to say nothing of the “unnecessary ” casualties which may be caused. II. Post-raid Problems. The preceding section has dealt with incidents requiring urgent action on the part of the G.I.O., and has anticipated that such work will have to be carried out under dangerous and difficult conditions.Let us now examine some of the problems likely to confront any Local Authority and its G.1.0~. in the early hours of the morning following a heavy raid in which gas has been used, and at the same time let us assume for convenience, that this type of raid has become more or less common- place, presenting no features differing in any appreciable degree from those of its forerunners. Control will have obtained a general picture of the disposition and type of all incidents during the hours of darkness and will have completed the allocation of the Civil Defence Services to specific incidents in the order of their importance. As soon after daybreak as possible G.1.0~.will be required to investigate a number of incidents in considerable detail, such as those enumerated under (b) and (e) in the preceding category, together with others involving contamination of materials generally, dealt with in Section (f).The necessity for this procedure will be appreciated by consideration of the following facts : [ 1701 (I) Mustard Gas Imideizts. (i) The Official test, although precise, requires daylight for its employ- rnent in the estimation of low concentrations of mustard gas \Tapour-- artificial light is not satisfactory. (ii) Using this test, information can at once be given as to the con- ditions under which work can safely be carried out before minor physiologi- cal effects become manifest ; for example, men wearing respirators may have to decontaminate important plant, or work calling for vigorous physical effort which would be almost impossible to carry out whilst wearing a respirator may have to be undertaken.In each instance the C.I.O. can specify the time available for such work to be carried out by each squad. It may be remarked that until recently the general tendency has been to over-emphasise the vapour danger, owing to the difficulty of obtaining an accurate method of assessment of this factor, thus leading to a potential loss of man-hours of work and avoidable fatigue. (iii) The concentration of mustard gas vapour in different paris of a large workshop, for instance,is likely to vary, due to conditions of tem- perature, air currents, height above ground at which tests are carried out and other factors; the assessnient of the average concentration will there- fore demand a series of tests, and these may take a relatively considerable time to perform. (2) Incidents involving Other Gases.Persistent gases other than mustard gas, and “pockets” of non-persistent gas, may be encountered, and it is essential that (a)the Medical Officer, (b)decontamination squads and (c) the Gas Contamination Officer (and, at a later stage, the Public Analyst) receive accurate information as to their identity, in order that the appropriate measures may be put in hand. The conclusions to be drawn from this brief operational survey are : (I) If any doubt exists, the G.1.0~. must investigate. (2) The calls on the G.I.Os.are likely to be heavy even after con- siderable experience has been gained and the extensive use of mutual support will have to be developed. (3) Every facility in the way of (a) information, (b) communications. (c) transport and (d) cleansing facilities must be placed at their disposal. THE GAS IDENTIFICATION SERVICEAND LIAISONWITH OTHER CIVIL DEFENCE SERVICES The application of successful counter-measures when gas has been used depends primarily on the efficiency of the various services involved, considered not only individually, but also acting in close collaboration with one another. It will therefore be convenient, at this stage, to consider briefly the organisation of the Gas Identification Service itself, following this with a survey of its relationships with other civil defence services.[ 171 1 Relatiomhips between the Gas Ideiatijication Service and Other Civil Defence Services. MlNISTRY OF HOME SECURI'iY SVISER -----___---________-REGIONAL H .Q . 1+1.: WARDENSl\GROWl . ....T{ POLICE, 1.0's )_._.-..... ..._.-7.DC DEFTNCE SmVICES Y ... ._.-..._... GAS IDENTIFEATION OFFICER 4 . . ..__ _... ._... ... ......-LOCAL AUTHORITY, CONTROL ?..--. *. .. --.._ / I .._._ / (WPORT 'CENTRE: -' INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS,~ /' TRANSPORT, AND CLEANSING) M.0 H _:' <.:..\ CASUALTY SERVICES % 4.. --A ~ .._.._.__-...--PUBLIC ANALYSTcco 4_.__._..-_....... Executive Powers (operational orders) > Advisory functions of scientific nature --.-----.-+ ILiaison -------------The organisation of the service is vested in the Ministry of Home Security, whose executive powers are exercised through Regional Head- quarters, Group Headquarters and finally by the Controller of the Local Authority, the latter being responsible for its detailed administration and operation. All matters of an operational character proceed by this route to the Gas Identification Officers. On the other hand, the Ministry exercises its advisory functions in regard to the provision of information of a scientific nature by direct communication with the G.I.O., through the medium of the Senior Gas Adviser appointed by the Ministry to each Region. Neither the Senior Gas Adviser nor the G.I.O.possess any executive powers, their duties being purely advisory, but in this respect it should be borne in mind that the Senior Gas Adviser is an officer appointed by the Ministry on account of his outstanding chemical experience, and that any recommendation he may put forward receives very careful attention, and, in so far as the G.1.0~. are concerned, it is tantamount to a command. The Gas Identification Officers are the backbone of the Service, and on their experience and their initiative in the field much may depend. Drawn very largely from the ranks of the professional chemists and thus familiar with many aspects of their calling, they may perhaps best be regarded as scientific assistants to the Controller of the Local Authority.In addition to their duties in the field outlined in the preceding part of this survey, their services are willingly placed at the disposal of the general public by providing information to the Local Authority in regard to many 1: 1721 problems encountered by other branches of the Civil Defence Services. Their services are, of course, quite voluntary, and no amount of time and effort-and, in most cases, money-is spared by them in their efforts to provide really effective assistance and service. This spirit has been recognised and encouraged by many far-sighted Local Authorities in this Region who have provided accommodation (i.e. room, water, gas and light, etc.) on the scale authorised by the Ministry. This has been con- verted into a laboratory by the G.I.Os., who have supplied the requisite chemicals and apparatus out of their own pockets (to the extent of LSo to LIOO in some instances).The functions of these so-called Sub-Regional Laboratories are to provide facilities where work of the type outlined in Chapter V of the Handbook may be carried out on authentic war gases in order to augment the G.1.0’~. familiarity with these compounds generally, and where supplementary and confirmatory evidence can be obtained under active service conditions. They also serve as meeting places where personal contact between the G.I.Os. of neighbouring authorities can be established, and as centres for the organisation of large-scale gas exercises. Let us now consider how the services which the G.I.O.is capable of rendering to the Local Authority may be utilised to greatest advantage. With this object in view, the accompanying diagram has been drawn in order to illustrate the general liaison existing between the G.I.S. and other Services, as experience derived from a study of gas exercises has shown that in many cases the requisite degree of co-operation between the Services has fallen far short of that capable of attainment. The reason for this deficiency is due mainly to the fact that, although the members of each Service know how to perform their own particular duties, they are not generally informed as to the extent of the assistance they are expected to give, or should receive, from other Services. These remarks apply with considerable force to collaboration with the G.I.S., and I will now endeavour to indicate briefly the more important points involved in furthering this co-operation.(I) G.I.O. and Control. The G.I.Os., or at least the senior G.I.O., should be in close contact with the other Heads of Services, in order to exchange information as to progress of operational and technical aspects of gas problems. The Heads of Services concerned are the Chief Warden, Decontamination Officer and Medical Officer of Health. Contact with the Medical Officer of Health is of especial importance, in view of the fact that he supervises both Casualty and Food Contamination Services. The Gas Contamination Officer and, if possible, the Public Analyst, should also exchange views with the G.I.O.from time to time, as his field work is of fundamental importance to their investigation of contaminated foodstuffs. Liaison should also be estab- lished] via Control, with the officers (P.A.D.) attached to local Service establishments and the appropriate Home Guard Officer chiefly concerned with gas problems. [ 1731 (2) G.I.O. and Control’s Associated Services. When a G.I.O. is called to an incident, every facility in the way of information and communications, transport and cleansing facilities must be placed at his disposal, for he must know exactly where to go, and must get there as soon as possible. If proceeding to an incident outside the area of his own Local Authority when answering a call for Mutual Support, the exact position of the rendezvous point must be given to him, and his arrival signalled back via Group to the “Donor” Report Centre.He then becomes temporarily merged into the “Receiver” Authority’s service and is at their disposal, acting under their orders until his task is completed. In Mutual Support schemes of this type it is essential for the “Receiver” Authority to provide a guide to conduct the G.I.O. to the incidents requir- ing investigation, in order that no time be wasted by losing the way in a strange area, especially during the night. Control must acknowledge his report and issue further instructions, and, furthermore, should any undue delay in the receipt of his report be apparent, then enquiries should be made from Control to the Post. handling the incident, and the reason ascertained.All communications Services, either at Report Centres or Wardens’ posts must appreciate the urgency of the G.1.0’~. report to Control, as instances have been encountered where, for example, the telephonist at the Warden’s post thought that such a report was of merely immediate local interest, and did not consider it necessary to communicate with Control. It is hardly necessary for me to deal with the question of provision of transport for G.I.Os., in view of recent Ministerial pronouncements, but it may be remarked that She position in the past has been extremely unsatisfactory in certain areas, and I can recall a full-scale exercise in which all Services were involved and the G.I.O.concerned arrived by bus, in full equipment, an hour after all Services engaged had completed their work and returned to their stations, owing to gross carelessness on the part of the Report Centre. In actual practice, such conduct might have very serious consequences. The suggestion previously advanced, advocat- ing the presence of a G.I.O. at Control, would eliminate any deficiencies of this type. The necessity of providing precise information in regard to cleansing facilities for G.1.0~.on active service, should it be required, is obvious, for although they are skilled officers, trained to take every reasonable precaution, it must be borne in mind that much of their work will have to be carried out at night, and consequently the likelihood of chance contamination by contact is thereby increased.Furthermore, by virtue of the very nature of their duties they must enter grossly contaminated areas on occasions in order to conduct an adequate investigation, and, notwithstanding the fact that Official test provides positive evidence by virtue of its sensitivity to the vapours of certain types of war gases and thus obviates close approach to the contaminated area on all occasions, it would be extremely foolish to delude ourselves into thinking that no complications are likely to be encountered from time to time. [ 174 1 (3) G.I.O. and Services in the Field (Wardem, Incident Oficers and Police, Decontamination Squads). Whilst the general training of these field Services in anti-gas measures is outside the scope of this paper, it is of the utmost importance that they fully understand the functions of the G.I.O.and the nature of the informa- tion.which he will require on the one hand, and be able to impart on the other. In accordance with the views expressed earlier in this discourse, it is likely that only major incidents will be visited by the G.I.O., and these on a priority basis, and in consequence the Services enumerated above will probably be in at tendance. (a) Wardens. The recent classification of duties at an incident, involving the in- troduction of “D” Wardens to make a special gas reconnaissance, is of extreme value. The “D” Warden, by virtue of his anti-gas training, which is of a somewhat higher order than that given to Wardens generally, and his local knowledge, will be able to give the G.I.O.all requisite in- formation relating to the immediate effects of the bomb, i.e. probable type, initial casualty symptoms, etc., and will act in liaison with the Incident Officer to see that the G.1.0’~. report is promptly and accurately communicated to Control, and that any samples are despatched in the prescribed manner. In this respect, and in addition to his other duties, he acts as a special assistant to the G.I.O. at any one particular incident. As he is familiar with all details of the G.1.0’~. report he is able to assist the Incident Officer in seeing that any advice thus given is put into practice in an effective manner following the G.1.0’~.departure. It is of interest to record that in one group this subject has received really adequate treatment. Visits have been paid to each constituent Local Authority, in the course of which the Group Anti-gas Officer and Group G.I.O. have fully explained the principles to be adopted in the conduct of gas incidents. These lectures have been so muchappreciated by the Wardens that an audience of 300 to 400 is common, with an overflow outside which will not disperse and can only be satisfied by an immediate repetition of the lecture as soon as the first “performance” has concluded. (b) Incident O$cers and Police. By virtue of their training, these officers are fully conversant with the nature of the G.1.0’~. duties.The Incident Officer is in charge of opera- tions, and must, of course, be contacted by the G.I.O. on arrival in order to facilitate the latter’s investigation in all its aspects, as described in the preceding section. When this is concluded, he will discuss the report and its consequences and will undoubtedly act in accordance with any re- commendations the G.I.O. may put forward. Owing to the fact that the precursor of the Gas Identification Service -namely, the Gas Detection Service-was in some areas under the con- trol of the Police, the latter have always displayed the utmost interest in the work of the G.I.S., resulting in a degree of co-operation such as can scarcely be improved. [ 1751 (c) Decontamination Squads.The closest co-operation between the G.I.S. and the Decontamination Service has always existed, and needs but little comment. The DC squads will naturally be used with discrimination by Control and will commence work on their own initiative after reporting to the incident officer at the incident to which they have been allocated. It is probable that the incidents to which their exertions are first directed will be those of major importance and will have received a visit from the G.I.O. during the preceding hours of darkness. The nature of the contamination being thus established, the foreman can delineate the area and proceed with decontamination in the normal manner. A suggestion has been made, and widely adopted, that if any undue complication is apparent in regard to the nature of the contaminant, and in the absence of the G.I.O.or of any information from the latter, he should first put aside a sample of con-taminated soil or other material before commencing any decontamina- tion operations so that, should the G.I.O. arrive later, he will not be confused by the presence of any materials used for decontamination or side-products to which they might give rise. One or two jam-jars containing pieces of rag, and carried on the DC lorry, are very suitable for the purpose. (4) G.I.O. and Services under the Control of the Medical Oficer of fiealth. The Medical Officer of Health has a twofold interest in gas problems, for not only does he co-ordinate the work of the Casualty Services, but also that of the Services concerned with contaminated foodstuffs-namely the Gas Contamination Officer and his squads, and the Public Analyst.He will therefore require full and accurate information as to the nature of the gases employed in every incident likely to involve the Services under his control. In reciprocation, the G.I.O. will require full information from the Medical Officer of Health in regard to the interpretation of the physiological evidence provided by casualties. The contamination of foodstuffs by gas raises many problems which are beyond the scope of this discussion, and we shall only consider the basic relationships between the G.I.O., G.C.O. and Public Analyst. The Gas Contamination Officer is in charge of all work in the field relating to the contamination of foodstuffs and the investigation of growing crops which may have become contaminated.He will require urgent and precise information as to the nature of the gases employed, in order that the appropriate treatment and disposal of the contaminated material can be put in hand at the earliest opportunity. Information referring only to the type of gas employed is inadequate, and if he were informed, for example, that certain goods had become contaminated by a non-persistent lung irritant, he would require to know if any evidence of the presence of an arsenical of the alkyl dichloroarsine type had been obtained. The duties of the G.T.O., when investigating an incident in which foodstuffs have become contaminated, are strictly confined to (a) ascertaining the nature of the gas present, and (b)indicating the extent of the contaminated II 1761 area (which will include an assessment of the vapour danger, should mustard gas be encountered).These findings are communicated to the G.C.O. This officer is responsible for all other matters relating to the detailed examination, and subsequent treatment on the site, of the individual foodstuffs in question, and will take all necessary samples of the con- taminated foodstuffs for submission to the local Public Analyst, or a member of the panel of analysts duly authorised by the latter to conduct such analyses on his behalf. The Public Analyst then determines whether the contamination present is within certain limits, and his work will be greatly facilitated by a knowledge of the complete “history” of the sample in question, derived from the G.1.0’~.report.Past Accomplishments of the Gas Identi$cntion Service. Having discussed the probable nature of the duties to be performed by the Gas Identification Service in the event of gas being employed, this review would be incomplete were all mention of past accomplishments omitted. In the preceding “stand-by”-but not, I venture to suggest, “standstill ”-period, many materials of a chemical nature, such as portions of unexploded charges from H.E. bombs, the contents of in- cendiary bombs, and many powders of varied origin such as those resulting from. spent parachute flares or produced by the pyrogenic action of incendiary bombs on earth and other materials, have all received immediate investigation from the G.I.O.and, if necessary, the Senior Gas Adviser. Many incidents involving the suspected use of gas have received attention from the G.I.Os., and by reason of the latter’s prompt and thorough investigation, the propagation of any rumours has been pre- vented. One incident of this type, occurring during a heavy raid one misty night, is worth recounting by way of example. The Wardens on patrol in a riverside borough encountered a patch of very dense mist which caused them to cough violently and repeatedly. This was reported to Control and a G.I.O. called out and despatched to the incident within a few minutes. He immediately recognised the presence of sulphur dioxide in fairly considerable quantity, and reported accordingly, at the same time noting that the meteorological conditions were exceedingly favour- able for the propagation of a gas cloud which, he concluded, had probably been generated by some mishap occurring at a large gasworks on the opposite side of the river.Telephonic enquiry soon established that such was indeed the case. Many points have, of necessity, remained undiscussed in the present discourse, but throughout I have endeavoured to stress the fundamental importance of co-operation, for it is by this means alone that the dangers associated with gas warfare will be successfully mitigated. This co-operation involves not only the ability to perform the work required in one’s own particular branch of the Civil Defence Service, but also to realise the precise manner in which assistance may be given and received from other branches of the Service and from the general public.This object can only be attained by means of exercises devised to foster a [ 1771 co-operative spirit, and carried out at frequent intervals, in order to show up any weak points which can then be rectified in subsequent practice. It is also evident that speed, combined with certainty at every stage, is the criterion of success in dealing with gas incidents, and that should either of these primary requisites be lacking then confusion and delay will inevitably result, with all their consequences. It is obvious, too, that the Gas Identification Officer will have to play a predominant part, as we have seen from this survey of some aspects of his work.Notes Science in Parliament.-The Parliamentary and Scientific Com- mittee has continued to press the Government to make more effective use of men of science and still further to develop and apply scientific methods in the war effort. It will be recalled that on and April, 1941,Lord Hankey, in,answer to questions put in the House of Lords by Viscount Samuel, dealt with the functions of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Medical Research Council, the Agricultural Research Council and the Scientific Advisory Committee of the War Cabinet, but, although Viscount Samuel pressed for the more efficient utilisation of chemists and physicists, especially those with industrial experience, the Government then con-sidered that the provisions already made in the directions indicated were adequate, and proceeded to appoint an Engineering Advisory Committee.(JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1941,p. 113.) On 16th July, Mr. R. A. Butler, Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Committee, received a deputation from the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee at the offices of the Privy Council. Members of the deputation representing professional institutions expressed their earnest desire to render every possible assistance to the Government and advanced many reasons in support of the proposal of Professor A. V. Hill, Secretary of the Royal Society, a member both of the Scientific Advisory Committee and of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, that the Government should establish a Board similar to that existing in the United States, consisting of five or six representatives of the main branches of science, to devote its whole time to war problems on which science may have a bearing.It was suggested by members of the deputation that any department faced with difficulty should be required to disclose it to the proposed Board. . If the Board did not contain among its members any one with knowledge of the problem it should consult the appropriate professional institutions, disclosing in general terms the nature of the problem, to ask for the names of persons with the necessary experience.Such ;i Board should have power and the funds necessary to initiate investiga- tions, and when it made a report to any department which had sulmitted [ 1781 a problern, it should be an instruction to the department to report whether or not the advice given by the Board had been followed. Moreover, should the department concerned not report that the advice had been adopted, the Board should have authority to call for an explanation and to report direct to the War Cabinet. Members of Parliament who were interested in the movement subse- quently tabled a resolution which will come before the House of Commons in the near future. The Anglo-Soviet Scientific Collaboration Committee, on which the Institute is represented by Dr.William Cullen, Member of Council, was formed, in April last, under the Chairmanship of Sir John Russell, F.R.S. to discuss the development of co-operation between British and Russian scientific workers. The Committee has arranged that scientific communications addressed by individual British scientists to individual Russian scientists or com- munications from British scientific and technical organisations to similar Russian organisations can be sent either to Sir John Russell, F.R.S., Ministry of Information, Malet Street, London, W.C.1, or to Mr. J. G. Crowther, Vice-chairman of the Committee, at the office of The British Council, 3, Hanover Street, London, W.I. In collaboration with the University of London School of Slavonic Studies, the Committee has arranged for special classes in the Russian language for scientific workers, at a moderate fee.The Committee has also recommended that a survey be undertaken of the present location of Russian scientific and technical periodicals in this country, with details of accessibility. The cost will be borne by the British Council, and the survey will be organised by the Asso- ciation of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux. Librarians of scientific institutions are asked to co-operate in this work, and when the survey is completed, the Committee will endeavour to obtain from Russia the periodicals,published in the Soviet Union which have ceased to reach this country. The Committee is making a collection of existing glossaries of Russian scientific and technical terms to be placed in The Science Library, South Kensington.If at a later stage it be thought possible to compile a new Russian-English technical dictionary, these glossaries will form a valuable basis for such a publication. A location list of Russian technical dictionaries is also being compiled, and scientists are asked to send to the Secretary of the Committee particulars of any such dictionaries in their possession. The Committee is also prepared to receive the names of reliable trans- lators of Russian. Cominunications should be addressed to Miss B. M. Tripp, Secretary, Anglo-Soviet Collaboration Committee, c/o The British Council, 5, Fiar;ovc.r Slrect, T,ondon, LV.1.Mr. Cyril A. Masterman, Fellow, has been appointed to the Directorate of Gas Supply, to co-ordinate the work of the Directorate in connexion with the use of town gas for war purposes. Mr. James Kewley, Fellow, has been awarded the Silver Medal of the Royal Society of Arts for his paper on Evolution in the Petroleum Industry read before the Society in January last. Mr. Bernard Collitt, Fellow, has been elected a Director of Messrs. Jenkins Bros., Ltd., Montreal, Canada. The year 1942marks the centenary of the births of CorneliusO’Sullivan, Benjamin E. R. Newlands, Edmund J. Mills, Sir James Dewar and Sir William Tilden. Obituary JOHNKAYEdied at Craigie, Perth, on 24th August, in his 61st year. Educated at Perth Academy, he matriculated at Glasgow University in 1899, gaining an entrance bursary, and graduated M.A., B.Sc.in 1907. In 1906-1907 he was en- gaged on research with Dr. T. s. Patterson, with whom he was joint author of two papers on “Optical Superposition,” published in the Transactions of the Chemical Society. He held the Donaldson Scholarship and was demonstrator in the senior laboratory of the University before he joined the staff of Messrs. John Moncrieff, Ltd., Glassworks, Perth, as research chemist. He devoted much attention to the correlation of chemical constitution with physical properties, with a view to improving the quality of gauge glasses, and, during the war of 1914-1918, was active in adding chemical glassware to the Company’s manufactures. He cont’inueci with the Company and was for many years General Manager and later Managing Director.He was R member of the Society of Glass Technology. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. JOHNLILBURNEdied at Wallasey, Cheshire, on 22nd April, in his 82nd year. In 1883 he became assistant to F. Perkins, Public Analyst for Exeter, and in 1885 passed the entrance examination for admission to the Inland Revenue Labora- tory and became a student at the Royal School of Mines under T. E.-later Sir Edward-Thorpe and F. R. Japp. He was appointed an Assistant Analyst in the Inland Revenue Laboratory -later the Department of the Government Chemist,- and for many years was second in charge of the Customs and Excise Laboratory at Liverpool, from which position he retired in 1923.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1883 arid a Fellow in 1897. ALBERTNASHdied at Wath-on-Dearne on 3rd August, in his 58th year. Edu-cated at Doncaster Grammar School, he proceeded to University College, Sheffield, where he studied chemistry under W. Carleton Williams and metallurgy under J. 0. Arnold from 1902-1905. He was for seven years engaged with Messrs. Steel, Peech and Tozer, Ltd., Sheffield, and for four years with Simon Carves, Ltd., on whose recommendation, in 1914, he became manager of a batteiy of by-product ovens with the Wornbwell Main Collieries, Ltd., near Barnsley. In 1918 he was engaged on experiments in coal csrbonising with the Smokeless Fuel Syndicate, Ltd., at Thorncliffe, near Sheffield, and in July of the same year was appointed chief chemist to the Rother Vale Collieries, Ltd.Later, he reconstructed and enlarged a wood distillation works for Messrs. Tyson and Bradley, Ltd., Chesterfield. He was elected an Associate of the Iristutute in 1910. <JOSEPH DONALD died at Walkden, near Manehester, on 1 lth .July, PENNINGTON in his 87th year. Educated at Parnworth C:raniinar School, he became an a tories of 1.C.T. Dyestuffs in 1933, but in the following year entered on a full-time r 1801 course at the University of Rlanchester, and in 1936 graduated l3.9~.with honours in chemistry. Thereafter he continued at the University on research under Professor Heilhon, and proceeded to M.Sc. He was elwted an Associate of the lnst,itute in 1938.CHARLESSMARTROY died at Cuffley, Herts, 011 24th July, in his 58th year. Froin 1898 to 1903 he studied at the East London College under Professor J. T. Hewitt. He was then for 33 years assistant to the Superintendent in the Chemical Research Department, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, and nearly 2 years chief assistant to Dr. 0 Silberrad. In 1908 he proceeded to the TTniversity of Jena, where he .gained the degreo of Ph.D. magna cum Zaude, and after further experience with Dr. Silberrad, with whom he published several original researches, and with Messrs. Southall Brothers and Barclay, he joined the staff of Messrs. T. Morson & Sons, Ltd., with whom, in 1915, he became works managing director, and continued until his death.He devised and designed many new methods and plant for the manufacture of fine chemicals, and was associated with patents for improved methods and means for bringing about chemical reactions between gases and/or vapours by means of eatalysts. In 1919 he was a member of the Board of Trade Mission to Chemical Factorirs in the occupied area in Germany. He was elected an Associate in 1918 and a Fellow in 1922. ERIC ARTHUR REAVELL died at Midhurst on 15th July, 1942, in his 42nd year. The son of Mr. J. Arthur Reavell, of 5, Grosvenor Gardens, Westminster, he kas born at Catford and educated at Bishop’s Stortford College. He studied at the City and Guilds Engineering College of London University during 1917 and sub- sequently at the Royal College of Science, London, but his training was interrupted by service with the Royal Naval Air Force and later with the Royal Air Force in 1918-1919. He returned to the Royal College of Science and obtained the diploma of A.R.C.S. in 1922, later graduating B.Sc.(Lond.), and was elected a Member of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. During his training he had experience in bauxite and other chemical works in France and in chemical works in Spain. Later he joined the Kestner Evaporator and Engineering Company, Limited, of which he became a Director. He was also a Director of the Lennox Foundry Company, Limited. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. THOMAS who died at West Norwood, on 24th July, in his JOHNUNDERHILL, 80th year, studied under Professor Vivian B.Lewes, at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, and under Professor Meldola and F. W. Streatfeild, at Finsbury Technical College. In 1887 he became attached to the Admiralty Victualling Service, where in 1918 he was appointed senior technical examiner of food and clothing for the Navy, in which position he remained until his retirement in 1923. His duties involved the responsibility of examining a great variety of stores and necessitated his tr.avelling in many parts of the world. He visited packers of preserved corned beef in Chicago, tobacco plantations of Virginia and Kentucky, and food factories in Australia, Norway, Switzerland and Denmark. In January, 1920, he was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. ARTHUR WARNESROBERT died at Hampstead, after an operation, on 25th August, iii his 65th year. He studied at Hull Technical College, and at Borough Polytechnic and Birkbeck College, London. From 1897-1899 he was assistant chemist to the Vinolia Co., Ltd., and, after spending 9 months in the laboratory of Dr. F. Mollwo Perkin, joined the staff of Messrs. Major & Co., Tar Distillers, Hull, with whom he remained until 1908. From 1908-1911, he was works manager of Messrs. Hardman, Lttl., Tar Distillers. He then went into private practice until 1914, when he served as a quartermaster a.rid dispenser at a military and naval hospital. From 1918-1924, he was research chemist and consultant with Messrs.Raines and Porter, Ltd., manufacturers of paint’s and printing inks, and, in 1925, resumed practice as a con- sulting chemical and structural engineer. He was consulted on the restoration of Cantorbury Cathedral and the Bank of England. He was the author of numerous works contributed to the Oil and Colour Trades Joumal, the Building World, Chemical News, and many technical journals, and the author of books on “Coal Tar Distilla- tion,” “Coal Tar,” “Building Stones,” and of a booklet of “Notes Relative to Reparation Works” dealing with restoration of ancient buildings. Since the out -break of war, he had experienced misfortune froni enemy action both in TJondon and Hull. He was elected a Fellow of tho Institute ill 1018. .At, his funeral the Jnstitute was represented by Mr.Thomas McLachlan. WILLIAMSHERBERTJAMES died at Swansea on 3rd July, in his 68th year. Hr was educated at the Higher Grade School, Swansea, and in 1891 became a pupil under Suchsland with Messrs. Vivian & Sons, Ltd., copper and spelter manufacturers, Hafod. He studied chemistry and allied sciences at the Technical College, Swansea, where, in 1898, he was appointed a lecturer in charge of a section of the evening classes in inorganic chemistry, an appointment he held for upwards of 40 years. In due course he succeeded Suchsland as chief chemist and director of the laboratory of Vivian’s, with whom he remained until 1925. He was then for a few years in business as a metal broker, and, in 1029, obtained an appointment as metallurgistat the Grovesend Steel works.He was an active member of the Swansea Naturalists’ Society and Past President of the Swansea Metallurgical Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. Books and their Contents Spectroscopy and Combustion Theory. A. G. Gaydon. Foreword by A. C. Egerton, F.R.S. Pp. x + 192. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.). 17s. 6d. net. Introduction to molecular spectra ; conditions governing the appearance of emission spectra ; the hydrogen flame ; hydrocarbon flames ; cool flames and atomic flames ; carbon monoxide flame; explosion spectra : the internal com-bustion engine ; other emission spectra ; inorganic flames ; absorption spectra ; infra-red region; the lifetimes of activated molecules ; after-burning of carbon monoxide;flame temperatures, measured and calculated ; dissociation energies ; kinetic spectroscopy; description of plates.Appendix. Explosives. John Read, F.R.S. Pp. 160. (Harmondsworth, Middle- sex, and New York: Penguin Books, Ltd.). gd. A first analysis; what is chemistry ? ; what are explosives ? how explosives get their energy; more about explosives; the eldest explosive; the coming of modern explosives; from fats to dynamites ; explosives mads from cotton ; explosivesmade from coal; explosives that excite others; final fragments. Bibliography. Index. Illustrations in test ; plates ; abbreviations, weights and measures. Producer Gas Plant for Industrial Purposes: Its operation and maintenance.Pp. viii $-88. (Issued by the National Federation of Gas Coke Associations, the British Hard Coke Association, and the South Wales Anthracite and Dry Coal Committee.) 5s. Gas production ; gas generator; washer-coolers and filters ; fans ; boosters ancl gas pressure control; plant control instruments and the analysis of gas; sulphur removal; utilisation of producer gas ; typical producer gas plants. -4ppendix; index ; list of illustrations. [ 1821 The British Standards Institution has recently issued :-No. 187-1942. Sand Lime Calcium-Silicate Bricks. 987-1942. Camouflage Paints. 1013-1942. Sanitary or Disinfectant Powders. 1014-1942. Pigments for Colouring Magnesium Osychloride and Concrete.1033-1542. War Emergency British Standard : Priming Paint (Lead Base) for the Protection of Steel Sheet. 1045-1942. Manganese Steel Gas Cylinders for Atmospheric Gases. 1056-1942. Painting of Buildings in War-time. 2s. net, post free 2s. 3d. each. The United States Department of Commerce, Washington, has pub- lished a brochure on “Protection of Radium During Air Raids,” obtainable from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C., price 10cents. The Register At the meetings of Council held on 15th June and 24th July, 1942, 14 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 45 new Associates were elected, I Associate was reelected, and 21 StudeRts were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of six Fellows and three Associates.Associates elected to the Fellowship Belcher, Ronald, 85, Baiinerdale Road, Sheffield 7. Bray, Geoff rey Trelawney, Stonecroft, Cuckficld, Sussex. Bunbury, Hugh Mills, B.Sc. (Lond.), P,I.Sc. (Bris.), Dudley Lodge, Bury New Road, Prostwich, Manchester. Doss, Hadarundalige Sitraramadoss Gururaj, D.Sc. (Madras), A.Inst.P., Department of Chemistry, Central College, Bangalore, India. Fenner, George Price, 23, Kowstoke Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol 9. Gidvani, Bhawan Showkirizm, B.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., Lac Research Laboratory, School of Mines, Grassinarkst, Edinburgh. Hewett, Colin Leslie, D.Su., Ph.D. (Lond.), Stanley Cottage, Roby, Nr. Liverpool. Joiner, Eric Millward, B.Sc. (Birm.), A.C.I.S., 15, Halbon Road, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.Narasinihamurty, Gudipaty, B.A. (Andhra), M.Sc. (Benares), Public Health Labora- tory, Borough Municipality, Surat, India. Rees, Henry George, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Ladram, Royston Park Avenue, Hatch End, Middx. Sebba, Felix, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Cap), D.I.C., Bute, Ottery Road, Wynberg, Cape Town, S. Africa. Steward, Cyril Oswald Main, A.R.C.S., 25, Altar Drive, Heaton, Bradford. Strouts, Charles Richard Noel, B.A., B.Sc (Oxon.) Wilson, George Edward, AH.-W.C., 19, Middleton Avenue, Littleover, Derby. New Associates Acharya, Bindiganavalo Garud, B.Sc. (Mysore), BI.Sc. (Bombay), Chief Chemist, Khatau AIills, Ltd., Byculla, Bombay. Acharya, Bindiganavale Narasimhamurthy, 3f.S~., Ph.D. (Bombay), Nutrition Chemist, Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Afadical College, Parel, Bombay, India.Airey, Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 47, Winckley Road, Preston, Lanes. Baillie, Miss BIargery Bryson, BLSc. (Liv.), 6, Sandringham Road, Birlrdale, Southport. Bain, Thomas, B.Sc. (Edin.), 87, Chesser Crescent, Edinburgh 11. Benzie, Robert John, A.H.-W.C., 7, Ulster Gardens, Edinburgh 8. [ 183 1 Birdsall, Donald, B.Sc. (Wales), 1, Orchard Close, Holmer, Hereford. Costain, Winston, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Birm.), Main Road, Colby, Isle of Man. Daniel, Francis William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 205, Gunnersbury Lane, London, W.3. Daroga, Rustoni Pirojshaw, M.Sc. (Bombay), 92a, Park Street, Slough, Bucks. Davis, Robert Ronald, M.Sc. (Lond.), 10, Ashfield Road, Birkby, Huddersfield.Duggan, Creighton Shane Malet, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 83, South Croxted Road, London, S.E.21. Forbes, Donald Hayworth Stacey, 18, Brisbane Grove, Hartburn, Stockton-on-Tees. Grove- White, Charles William, B.A. (T.C.D.), Chemical Laboratory, Trinity College, Dublin. Hartley, Edward Arthur, 15, Leopold Avenue, Handsworth Wood, Birmingham 20. Haworth, James, B.Sc. (Mane.), Long Ridge, Eccles Road, Chapel-en-le-Frith, Stockport . Heathcote, John Godfrey, B.Sc. (Manc.), Institute of Agriculture, Moulton, Northants. Hincklieff, Henry Russell, A.H.-W.C., 9, Spring Gardens, Sowerby Bridge, Yorks. Holland, Anthony, B.Sc. (N.U.I.), Dunluce House, Commons Road, Cork, Eire. Johnson, William Charles, 17, Manor Way, North Harrow, Middx. Jones, Harry Robert, B.Sc. (Birm.), 58, Oxhill Road, Handsworth, Birmingham 21.Kasbekar, Gajanan Shantaram, M.Sc. (Bombay), P1i.D.. (Mane.), Assistant Works Manager, High Explosives Factory, Kirkee, Pooria No. 3, India. Lamchen, Max, M.Sc. (Pretoria), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, S. Africa. Langford, Frank, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 15, The Valley Green, Welwyn Garden City. Marvell, Miss Doris Marguerite, M.Sc. (Lond.), 70, Abbots Gardens, London, N.2. McIntosh, Stuart Donald, l3.S~. (Glas.), 831, Bilsland Drive, Glasgow, N.W. McNaughtan, Finlay, B.Sc. (Edin.), c/o Government Chemist's Department, P.O. Box 821, Nairobi, Kenya Colony. Munday, Charles Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 119, Swingate Lane, London, S.E.18.Murdock, Eric Thomas, B.A., B.Sc. (T.C.D.), 23, High Street, Lurgan, Co. Armagh, Northern Ireland. Noakes, Francis Donald Lewis, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., Port Tennant, Swansea. Ormston, John, M.Sc. (Dunelm), 9, Burnley Street, Blaydon-on-Tyne, Co. Durham, Ottwav, Denis Silvester, 60, Stanham Road, Dartford, Kent. Pearm'an, Roy William, B.Sc. (Lond.). A.R.C.S., 149, Herbert Road, London, S.E.18. Redman, Stewart Ernest, l3.S~.(Lond.), 9, Cherry Drive, Canterbury, Kent. Rendall, John Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 5, Grange Road, Egham, Surrey. Shearing, Leonard Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Durdans Road, Southall, Middx. Shuttlaworth, Ronald Gordon, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Cape Town), c/o Chemistry Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape, S.Africa. Sreenivasan Rangachar, Honganour Venkata Rangachar, B.Sc. (Mysore). Shift Superintendent, The Mysore Chemicals and Fertilisers, Ltd., Belagula, Mysore, India. Styles, Ronald Arthur, M.A. (Cantab.), 61, Bank Street, Irvine, Ayrshire. Taylor, Harold, 66, Gravel Hill, Bexley Heath, Kent. Thorburn, Samuel, B.Sc. (Glas.), 115, Glaisnock Street, Cumnock, Ayrshire. Unstead-Joss, Leslie Gordon Lovett, 63, Elsham Road, London, W. 14. Waite, Deryck Woodrow Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Hambro Gardens, Leigh-on-Sea, Essex. Wilkinson, Norman Thomas, 47, MOSSRoad South, Winnington, Northwich. Yathiraja, Arcot Ranganatham, B.Sc. (Madras), A.R.T.C., Junior Scientific Officor, Ordnance Laboratories, Cawnporo, India. Re-elected Associate Harris, Jacob, B.Sc.(Lond.), 32, Mitchell Street, Newtown, Wigan. New Students Bentley, Alan Bertram, 24, Beechwood Road, Great Barr, Birmingham 22. Bernstein, Jeffrey, 10, Constance Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham 5. Bradford, Eric Andrew, 157, Knockhall R,oad, Greenhithe, Kent. Bridges, John Edward, 26, Cricklade Road, Bishopston, Bristol 7. Cook, Edwin Ralph, 44,Glenburn Road, Kingswood, Bristol. Drysdale, Mrs. Anne Beryl, 54, Parkview Court, London, S.W.6. Escritt, Ronald, 17, Topham Street, Wortley, Leeds 12. Glascock, Raymond Frederick, 14, St. James Avenue, Sutton, Surrey. c 1841 Haynes, Leonard John, 66, High Street, Chatham, Kent. Hodgkinson, Roy William, 2, St. Luke’s Road, Brighton 7. Jackson, Harold, 3, Wash Lane, Latchford, Warrington, Lancs.Justice, Alexander, 42, Mansfield Avenue, Sauchie, By Alloa, Scotland. Ketley, David Henry George, 41, The Avenue, Hatch End, Middx. Michaeliones, Miss Cenin Pedra, 24, Sandmay Road, Croes Eneurys Estate, Wrexham. Owen, Ronald, 184, Peelhouse Lane, Widnes. Scarffe, Dudley Rhoden, Breezy Heights, Hamm Court, Weybridge, Surrey. Searle, Charles Edmund, Mascal, Ascot, Berks. Smith, Ernest Noel, 1, Church Street, Llangollen, N. Wales. Stringer, John Thomas, 20, St. Osburg’s Road, Stoke, Coventry. Whitley, Elfed, 7, Bennion Road, Wrerham, Denbighshire. Wilde, Alan Richard Delaney, 4, The Mount Square, London, N.W.3. DEATHS Fellows John Kaye, MA., B.Sc. (Glas.). John Lilburne. Charles Smart Roy, P1i.D. (Jena). Thomas John Underhill, O.B.E.Arthur Robert Warnes. Herbert James Williams. Associates Albert Nash. Joseph Donald Pennington, M.Sc. (Manc.). Eric Arthur Reavell, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Coming Events Sept.16 THEINSTITUTE(London and South-Eastern Counties Section). “Concerning Biscuits.” Mr. D. M. Freeland, at the Institute at 4.0 p.m. 17 THE INSTITUTE(Liverpool and hTorth-Western Section), jointly with the Local Sections of the B.A.C. and SOC. Chem. Ind., and Fellows of the Chemical Society. “The Chemistry of the Petroleum Industry.” Dr. A. E. Duristan, at the Adelphi Hotel, Liverpool, at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETY:Optical Group. “Some Applications of the Optical 18 THEPHYSICAL See-saw Diagram” and “The Evolution of a Reflecting Microscope Ob- jective.” Dr.C. R. Burch, in the Physics Department of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, S.W.7. 24 THE INSTITUTE(Liverpool and North- Western Section). Discussion on “The Future Policy of the Institute,” at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool, at 6.30 p.m. 25 THE INSTITUTE(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. “Some Experi- ments in Infra-Red.” Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., President. 29 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Huddersfield Section). “Some Aspects of Nutri- tion in War-time.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach, at Field’s CafB, at 6.30 p.m. Oct. 2 THE INSTITUTE(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry.“Whither Plastics ?” Mr. Cecil Chapman, 21 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern counties Section). “Moulds and their Industrial Application.” Mr. George Smith, at the Institute, at 4.0 p.m. 30 THE INSTITUTE(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section). Annual General Meeting. Nov. I THE INSTITUTE(South Yorkshire Section). “Hazards in the Chemical Industry.” Dr. M. W. Goldblatt. 18 THE INSTITUTE(London and South-Eastern Counties Section). Annual General Meeting. Address by Dr. J.R. Nicholls, at the Institute, at 4.0p.m. [ 185 1 General Notices Examinations.-It is hoped to arrange an Examination for the Associateship to be held in January, and Examinations for the Associate- ship and Fellowship in April, 1943. The dates and places at which they will be held will be notified to intending candidates, who are asked to complete and return forms of application for admission to the Examina- tions as early as possible,-if they wish to present themselves in January, 1943,not later than Monday, 9th November, 1942.Candidates whose applications have been accepted will be notified at the earliest moment and may then forward their entry forms and fees. Associates who desire to present themselves for Examination for the Fellowship in April, 1943, should forward their applications for con-sideration by the Council and not wait for a notification of the exact arrangements for the Examinat ions. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc.The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the ad- ministrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1943. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1942,to work of the character indicated.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3000 words, may be awarded in January, 1943, and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who art: less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essays. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. [I 186 3 Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1942, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Asso- ciates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. For Library Notices of the Institute, The Chemical Society, The Science Library, Boots' and Lewis's, see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, August, 1941, pp. 25o-zg1. (The Library of the Chemical Society is now open from 10 a.m. to I p.m. on Saturdays). Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permam& addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Correspondence should normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square , London, W.C.1; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.12. Telephone number :Hillside 1859. [ 187 1 4 WAR SAVINGS CAMPAIGN4 4 4 1 15/= becomes 2016 1 1 Hm so? 1 A IS/-National Savings Certificate grows in1 value until at the end of 10years it is worth 20/6. 1 Do I pay any Income Tax on this increase? 1 No. It is entirely free of Income Tax. 1 Where do I buy Savings Certijicates?i1 From any Post Office, Bank, or Trustee Savings Bank; through a Savings Group or from shops acting as Honorary Official Agents. How do I buy Savings CertzjCicates? You can buy them outright at 151-each. You can also purchase them by instalments bybuying 6d. or 216 National Savings Stamps. Is there any limit to the number I may hold? No individual may hold more than 500 Certificates. Can I get my money back if I need it ? Yes. You can cash Savings Certificates at anytime by giving a few days’ notice. You will get your money back with the increase which your Certificates have earned up to that date. NATIONAL SAVINGS CERTIFICATES4. 1-m Issued by The National Savings Committee, London

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9426600145

出版商:RSC    

年代:1942

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885 Patron -H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART V: 1942 Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1 Octobev, 199. Publications Committee, 1942-43 F. P. Dunn (Chairman), J. J. Fox (President), A. L. Bacharach, H. Baines, F. Challenger, J. W. Cook, D. Jordan-Lloyd, J. R. Nicholls, Sir Robert Pickard and Garfield Thomas. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Correspondence should normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.12. Telephone number :Hillside 1859. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914--18. The contributions received for the Fund up to 31st October, 1942, are less by a sum of E126 6s. Id. than those received to the corresponding date in 1941. Fellows and Associates who have not yet forwarded their subscriptions to the Fund for the present year are invited to send them to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT OFFUND,INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, Co-operation Fellows and Associates who wish to participate in the scheme under which they can acquire, for a reduced subscription, joint membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and substantial privileges as to publications, can obtain particulars from the Conjoint Chemical Office, 6, Burlington Gardens, Piccadilly, London, W.I.Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 20th October, 1942.-The Council heard with deep regret the news of the death of Professor George Gerald Henderson, F.R.S., Past President (1924-1927) and stood in silent tribute to his memory. Arising from the Minutes,-further correspondence with the Ministry of Health was reported as to the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Services.The Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists had considered a letter from the Ministry in which it was sought to justify the action of the Directors of the Emergency Laboratories in soliciting analyses hitherto falling within the practices of public analysts and other chemists. The Joint Committee had pointed out that the Ministry had suggested interpretations of the circular issued in September, 1939,which might have been communicated to the Council of the Institute at that time, instead of promising the Institute that instances of encroachment on the practice of consulting and analytical chemists would receive close consideration. The correspondence is proceeding, and the Ministry is being pressed for an assurance that the original instruction given in September, 1939, will be enforced and that the work to which reference has been made will be restored to those to whom it was previously entrusted.It was reported that representations had been made to the Ministry of Transport, appealing for the continuance of cheap-day tickets for students engaged in work of national importance who endeavour to supplement their experience by evening classes. The Minister, while regretting that in view of the urgent need of reducing passenger travel to a minimum no relaxation could be made for any particular category of passengers, drew attention to the fact that monthly return tickets had been made available for all journeys where cheap-day tickets had hitherto been issued, and that these tickets showed appreciable saving when compared with the full ordinary fares.Representations had also been made to the Air Ministry urging the acceptance of attendance at approved courses in science and engineering in lieu of at least part of the classes and parades of the Air Training Corps, but no reply had so far been received. A letter was received from Mr. A. E. Findley of the City Technical College, Liverpool, suggesting that a reference in the Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections (published in JOURNAL AND YROCEEDINGS, Part Iv) to the qualifications which might be accepted for a possible third grade of membership was apt to be misinterpreted, namely, “Intermediate Science and Higher National Certificates could be accepted, but, in all cases, evidence of a good general education should be required.” Mr.Findley considered the statement f 191 3 to be unfortunate in two respects: (i) Intermediate Science implied Matriculation which was evidence of a good general education; (ii) Intermediate Science and the Higher National Certificate were placed in the same category. In Mr. Findley’s opinion, the Ordinary National Certificate was equivalent to Intermediate Science, and the statement was unfair to those who had obtained the Higher Certificate, especially if employers gave increase of salary on examination results.The Council held that it was clear that the passage was merely part of a report of a discussion and did not represent any official view. A letter was submitted from the Committee of the South Yorkshire Section suggesting that members of professional institutes should partici- pate in welcoming any of their professional brethren who might be with the United States Forces in England, and the Council agreed that the American Embassy be informed that the Institute would be glad to adopt the suggestion. A letter was received from the Physical Society Colour Group stating that attention had been repeatedly drawn to the difficulties experienced by colour-blind chemists and suggesting that a pre-vocational test distinguishing clearly between different degrees of colour-blindness would seem desirable.The Group asked if the Council had any information on the subject of colour-blindness in industry. Dr. Roche Lynch ex- pressed the view that complete colour-blindness was rare, and that it was very difficult to classify the grades of colour-blindness. Some Members of Council mentioned examples which had come within their notice, but the Council was not in a position to answer the enquiry. The Council received with gratitude the information that the late Mr. William Selby Simpson, Fellow, had bequeathed Ezooo to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute. The Registrar reported that a further collection of prints, which had been the property of the late Mr. Cecil H. Cribb, would shortly be received from the executors of his estate. The Finance and House Committee reported that, in view of the occupation of the basement of the Institute’s premises as a public air raid shelter, the Assessment Committee of the Metropolitan Borough o€ Holborn proposed to reduce the rateable value of the premises of the Institute by ,655.The Benevolent Fund Committee reported on assistance given to five cases. The receipts on subscriptions for current purposes showed a decrease of A1302 18s. 7d.comparedwith those for 1941at the corresponding date; but the donations to capital account showed an increase of E169 3s. od. The expenditure was E62 12s. gd. less than in 1941. The Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee included the Report of the Board of Examiners on the September Examinations.The Publications Committee reported that Mr. Vaughan’s lecture on “Further Advances in the Use of the Spekker Photo-Electric Absorp- tiometer in Metallurgical Analysis” had been published, and that Dr. A. E. I192 1 Dunstan’s lecture on “Chemistry in the Petroleum Industry” was in the hands of the printers. The Council decided that the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture be given on Friday, 27th November, when Mr. Russell G. Pelly will give “Some Notes on Water Treatment.” The Appointments Committee submitted a Report on the Remunera- tion Statistics received in answer to the circular enquiry addressed to Fellows and Associates resident in Great Britain. (See p.195.)An Interim Report was received from the Special Committee on the Constitution and Method of Election of the Council. The Committee had had before it the views expressed by the Birmingham and Midlands, the Glasgow and West of Scotland and the Manchester and District Sections, as well as the views expressed at the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Sections. The Committee recommended making provision in the By-laws,-for the immediate Past President to be an extra Vice- President; for the reduction of the number of Members of Council; for the election of Officers and Members of Council for three years’ service- the Treasurer to be eligible for re-election annually; to allow each Fellow and Associate to nominate two Members of Council instead of one as at present ; to enforce more strictly the rule regarding non-attendance at meetings; and to eliminate the use of the asterisk and italics on the balloting list, but to provide a statement as to the occupation and method of nomination of each candidate.The Council requested the Committee to submit draft By-laws for consideration. An Interim Report was received from the Policy Committee dealing especially with the question whether the Institute should register a third grade of members. The Committee reported that having regard to the specific purpose of the Charter of the Institute and the indiscriminate manner in which the word “membership” was liable to be used, it had formed the opinion that the establishment of a third grade of membership as such was not practicable, but felt it desirable that some form of association with the Institute-not implying membership-should be provided, between Studentship and Associateship, for persons possessing certain qualifications.The Committee asked the Council to co-opt additional members for the consideration of the matter, and also of a memorandum and notes received from the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section on a scheme for a Federation of Science and on the future policy of the Institute. Sir Robert Pickard, Mr. Norman Evers, and Mr. D. M. Freeland were added to the Committee. A Report was also received from the Publicity Committee. The Committee had reviewed the Institute’s existing publicity activities, and agreed that the Institute should be concerned essentially with publicity to qualified chemists with a view to increasing the prestige of the Institute itself; that publicity for science and scientists generally might be part of the business of the Joint Committee of the Institutes of Chemistry and Physics with representatives of other Sciences; that the Publicity Committee of the Institute should be ready to assist the Joint Committee in any manner desired; that the Institute should give wider [ 193 1 publicity to what it did for the profession, and that such activities should be more prominently treated in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS;that on appropriate occasions experienced pressmen should be engaged and supplied with approved subject matter; that the Institute should support the Chemical Council in encouraging Fellows and Associates to participate in the Co-operation Scheme, and that the Committee should be at the disposal of the Chemical Council in this connexion, if required; that appropriate steps should be taken to obtain publicity by broadcasting on the position of the profession of chemistry especially in relation to the war.The President reported that the Joint Committee of the Institutes of Chemistry and Physics had co-opted representatives of Botany (Professor W. Brown, F.R.S.), Mathematics (Professor S. Chapman, F.R.S.), Biology (Professor D. Keilin, F.R.S.) and Geology (Professor H. H. Read, F.R.S.) ; that Sir Robert Pickard had been appointed Chairman of the Joint Committee and Dr.H. R. Lang, Won. Secretary. Reports were received on Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales, and Northern Ireland). Presentation to the Registrar.-Before proceeding to the business of the meeting of the Council Meeting on 16th October, the President, on behalf of past and present Officers and Members of Council and the Committees of Local Sections, made a presentation to the Registrar to commemorate his fifty years of service with the Institute. The President said that the matter had been in abeyance since the Annual General Meeting. The Registrar had found it not an easy matter at the present time to decide on the form which he would like the presentation to take, but, in the meantime, a handsome salver of Georgian pattern had been selected to be suitably inscribed and a plan-chest suitable for the preservation of the large prints in the Registrar's collection. The President said he had great pleasure in making the presentation of these gifts, together with a cheque for the unexpended balance.The Registrar, in expressing his thanks and gratitude for the gifts and for the kind thoughts which accompanied them, said that he had felt rather like a boy in a toy shop wondering what to buy. He had been perplexed but he felt that the occasion required something (the salver) that could be inscribed and the plan-chest would also be very useful. He was grateful for the many messages of congratulation and good wishes which he had received and he was especially pleased to note that the past and present Presidents and no fewer than 12 Fellows over 80 years of age, all well-known chemists, were associated with the presentation,- a mark of their continued interest in the Institute and its work. Among these Professor Frankland and Professor Henderson had sent particularly kind messages, and he was grieved to think that Professor Henderson had lately passed away.An eminent chemist had written to Mr. Collett to say :('If you see Pilcher now-a-days, please give him my kind regards and [ 1941 best wishes,” and Mr. Collett was not a little amused at the suggestion that the Registrar was not on duty every day. Ten or twelve years ago an old member had sent a message by his son, and, referring to the Regis- trar, said “If the old gentleman still comes to town please give him my warm regards.” On a previous occasion, Dr.McGowan had recalled that Professor Millar Thomson had ccndemned the Registrar to another 25 years hard labour, a sentence enforced without any remission, in spite of (he hoped) fairly good behaviour, and another member had written that he was “very glad to send his contribution to so worthy an object.” Some recalled happier days when they and the Registrar were boys together, and many kind expressions had been used which he felt he could riot deserve. He was very proud to be Registrar of the Institute and proud of its Register, the importance of which he felt even many Fellows and Associates of the Institute themselves did not realise. He was glad to have the opportunity to acknowledge the help of all whom he had served and those who had worked with him.His chief in 1892-1893, George Henry Robertson, who for a short time was Registrar and Secretary ; Professor John Millar Thomson, who acted as Honorary Registrar and Secretary for a year and then as Honorary Registrar for six years; and as Assistant Secretaries,--Mr. S. E. Carr, General Secretary of the Chemical Society, Mr. W. H. Bird, Secretary of the Institute of Brewing, Mr. G. S. W. Marlow, Secretary of the Faraday Society, and the present Assistant Secretary, Mr. R. Leslie Collett. Several clerks had become Secretaries of important Public Companies and some were associated with other Institutions.He felt, however, that no one would grudge his most earnest acknowledgment to Miss Cawston, who had been with the Institute for over 32 years, and special mention of three others who had given long and devoted service, Miss Wilson, for over 26 years, Miss Haywood and Mrs. Morkill, who would soon each complete 25 years. He also referred to the valuable co-operation of the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, with whom headquarters was on very good terms. He had been happy and fortunate, but, as most of the Council knew, he had been most fortunate and happy in a devoted and loving wife and family. Remuneration Statistics.-In Part 111 of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,issued in June, Fellows and Associates resident in Great Britain were informed that they would receive a letter and a prepaid addressed postcard on which they would be asked to make, anonymously, a return of their remuneration.6,884 cards were issued shortly after the publication of that part of the Journal. Up to 30th September, 5,360 cards had been received. The returns are now being carefully scrutinised and collated and a report will be published in due course. In November, 1938,a similar return was requested, cards being sent to all members, resident both at home and abroad. The membership when the returns were collated (January, 1939), was 7,185, and 5,366 cards were returned. [ 195 1 Gas Identification Service.-Reprints of Dr. G. W. Ferguson’s paper on “Some Aspects of the Work of the Gas Identification Service,” published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, with the concurrence of the author and the Institute of Civil Defence, have been supplied to the Ministry of Home Security for distribution to all Gas Identification Officers and other persons concerned. The Ministry, in commending the paper, makes one minor criticism,-referring to “(I) Mustard Gas Inci-dents” (p.I~I),viz.:-that it is considered that the paragraph does not convey the right impression of the function of the official test for mustard gas. Variations in concentrations of vapour make it impossible for 9recise results to be obtained by any rapid test, but it is claimed that the rdugh assessment obtained by the official method is sufficient to dictate the action to be taken; it is considered that emphasis should be laid on “action ” rather than “measurement.” Local Sections The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read OY in speeches delivered during discussions.Birmingham and Midlands.-On 23rd September, Dr. L. R. Bishop gave before the Section a lecture entitled “Science in Brewing.” (See p. 212.) Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical In- dustry and the Chemical Society on 1st October, in the Chemistry Depart- ment of the University of Bristo1,--Dr. A. C. Monkhouse, Chairman of the Institute Section, presiding. Dr. G. Gee read a paper on “The Rubber Molecule,-Its Size and Significance.” (A Summary will be given in Part VI.) Cardiff and District.-Dr.J. F. J. Dippy, FeZZow, is retiring from the office of Hon. Secretary of the Section on taking up his duties as Head of the Chemistry Department of the Wigan and District Mining Technical College. Dr. D. P. Evans, Associate, has been appointed Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer of the Section. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-During the forthcoming session all meetings, except business meetings of the Institute, will be arranged jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, each Society being responsible for at least two meetings. [ 196 1 On 25th September, in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, the President, Dr.J. J. Fox, addressed Fellows, Associates and Students of the Institute on some of the matters at present engaging the attention of Council and its Committees. These included such questions as-a third grade of membership, sectional and regional representation on Council, co-operation and collaboration with other Societies, and methods of bringing about closer union of the three Chartered Bodies. Time did not permit of discussion of all the points raised by Dr. Fox, but it was proposed that, at the Annual General Meeting of the Section on 30th October, members should be given an opportunity of voicing their opinions. On the same evening the President addressed a large gathering of the members of the three Societies, on “Methods in use for Infra-red In- vestigations.” The address was fully illustrated by lantern slides.(See p. 212.) Both meetings were presided over by Professor W. M. Cumming, Chairman of the Section. On 2nd October a joint meeting, arranged by the Plastics Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, was held in the Royal Technical College, when Mr. W. H. Nuttall (Chairman of the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) presided over a very large audience. Mr. C. Chapman gave an address entitled “Whither Plastics?”, dealing with the production of plastics, their variety, the gradual im- provement in production and quality, the present uses and the future possibilities. He also spoke of the limitations to the use of such materials. ,4 large display of specimens of raw materials and of finished articles added greatly to the value and interest of the lecture.London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 26th August, a party of members visited the Imperial Institute at South Kensington and inspected exhibits of Empire raw materials and products manufactured therefrom. Sir Harry Lindsay, the Director of the Imperial Institute, in welcoming the party, said that the exhibits in the Galleries represented only part of the activities of that Institute. He referred to the laboratories where analyses and small-scale technical trials were carried out on new or little- known raw materials of Empire origin, mentioning that the work of the two intelligence sections and the technical library were at the service of all who are interested in such materials.He stressed the importance of chemists becoming familiar with sources of supply, with by-products and with possible substitutes, remarking on instances where the waste product of one decade became of primary importance in the next. For example, ilmenite from Travancore, was a waste product in the recovery of monazite from beach sands, but owing to the increasing use of titanium white paint, later became the most important mineral yielded by the deposits, and was exported to the extent of 250,000 tons a year. Other important minerals,-rutile, zircon and sillimanite-were also obtained as by-products. An admirable plastic moulding powder could be produced [ 197 1 from bagasse, the fibrous residue of sugar-cane, so that it had even been suggested that the sugar might simply become a by-product of a new plastics industry.The manufacture in Brazil of a new plastic-cafelite- from the coffee bean, was another example showing how the chemist was altering the outlook on some of t.he major crop products of the world. The visitors enjoyed a selection of Empire films depicting scenes of life in India; the mining of manganese at Postmasburg, South Africa, with its preparation of transport to Durban and the production of ferro-alloys at Newcastle, Natal; the ravages of a number of insect pests on fruit and the means adopted to combat them by spraying with petroleum emulsions, and the cultivation and preparation for the market of cocoa, bananas, coconuts and other products in Trinidad.The meeting was very successful, and Dr. Nicholls, the Chairman, iii proposing a vote of thanks to the Director and his staff, suggested that the Section might well ask to be allowed to make it an annual affair, although the Director had indicated that visits from individual members would also be welcomed. Manchester and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 17th October, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of Manchester University, when a presentation was made to Dr. A. Coulthard in appreciation of his very long and valuable services as Honorary Secre- tary of the Section. A joint meeting was subsequently held with the Chemical Society at which Dr. G. Baddeley read a paper on “Aluminium Chloride as an Agent of Isomerisation.” South Wales.--A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Saciety on 10th October, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,- Mr.R. H. Jones presiding. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, a Vice-President of the Institute, delivered an address on “Some Medico-Legal Experiences.” The meeting was well attended and the address was greatly appi-e- ciated by an audience which included local members of the Chemical Society, and of the Society of Chemical Industry and members of the medical and legal professions and of the Borough Constabulary . Tees-side.-The First General Meeting of the Section was held ox 3rd September, at Norton-on-Tees,-Dr.G. 1. Higson presiding. The report of the Acting Hon. Secretary on the formation of the Section was read and adopted. Rules drafted by the provisional committee were read and ratified. The Committee, the Hon. Secretary, the Hon. Treasurer and Hon. Auditors were elected as follows :-Committee, Mr. R. W. Ancrum, Ah-. T. Biddulph-Smith, Dr. G. I. Higson, Mr. E. Kilner, Mr. A. J. Prince, Mr. A. Scholes, Mr. 13. N. Wilson; Hon. Secretary, Dr. F. R. Williams; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. M. Guter; Auditors, Mr. A. T. S. Zeally, Dr. E. R. Davies. c 1981 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Chromatographic Analysis By T. W. BREADEN,M.Sc., A.I.C. [Joint meeting of the Dublin Section and Chemical Society, 25th February, 19421 A “two-dimensional” chromatograph may be made using two glass plates; the top plate having a ;I’ hole bored in the centre.The adsorbent is ordinary blotting paper held firmly clamped between the plates. A solution of nettle leaf pigments in carbon disulphide is allowed to drop through the hole in the top plate until a coloured circle of about it’ diameter is formed on the blotting paper. Carbon disulphide is now allowed to drip slowly from a burette, through the hole. The green pigments travel slowly outwards, leaving in the centre of the paper a circle of orange-yellow pigment. A 4”bore glass tube, 12” loHg, is packed with powdered cane sugar for 2/3 its length. Under this layer is packed a layer of calcium car- bonate; and under this, a layer of alumina.A solution of nettle leaf pigments in carbon-disulphide is allowed to travel down the tube under slight suction until 4”of the sugar column at the top is coloured. A developing agent, consisting of light petroleum, 60-80” b.p., and benzene (9 : I) is sucked very slowly down the column. A narrow, deep green zone of chlorophyll /? is visible at the top of the column. Under this, a broad zone of less intense green (chlorophyll a) is formed on the sugar; and on further development a zone of xanthophyll is formed on the calcium carbonate, while traces of carotene are visible on the alumina layer. A solution of azobenzene in petrol ether, 60-80” b.p., is irradiated for 12 hours under a mercury vapour lamp. The solution is passed down a column of alumina under gravity, and developed with light petroleum, 60-80” b.p., under slight suction.A narrow firmly-adsorbed zone of cis-azobenzene is apparent at the top of the column, and a broad zone of trans-azobene travels down the collurnn. Mixtures of coloured organic pigments may be separated on the chromatograph with a suitable adsorbent. The lichen Xanthovia parietitta var. aureola, contains two pigments of the trihydroxyanthraquinone methyl ether type which are not separable by chemical means. A solution of the pigments in chloroform is chromatographed on a column of precipitated chalk prepared as follows:-A suspension of precipitated chalk in benzene is prepared by shaking. The suspension is then distilled until all moisture is removed from the chalk.The distillation is continued until the suspension has the con- sistency of a thick cream. The cream so formed is poured into a wide tube (I~’’-z” bore), tapped to remove air bubbles, and allowed to stand for 12 hours. At the end of C 199 3 this time the chalk settles as a closely packed even column in the tube. Chloroform is now added carefully to the tube and allowed to wash out the benzene. The pigment solution in chloroform is added slowly to the tube and allowed to percolate under gravity. Development is effected with benzene and two zones are then apparent in the column, (a) a narrow firmly adsorbed pink zone at the top of the column, and (b) a broad lightly adsorbed yellow zone which may be washed out completely on further development.The column of chalk containing the zones is pushed out of the tube and the zones separated by cutting the column with a scalpel. The segments are dried and treated with dilute hydrochloric acid to dissolve the chalk. The acidified solutions are extracted with chloroform and the organic material crystallised from chloroform. The pigments of this lichen thus separated by Nolan and Breaden were found to be (I) parietin, C,,H,,05 m.p. 205-207’ C. (zone b) and a substance of higher m.p. (zone a) which has not yet been identified. Mixtures of colourless substances, for example, sterols, may be separated by chromatographing the azobenzene carboxylic ester. Spot tests may also be used to detect the separation of colourless substances. The pigments of red pepper may be separated by using a column packed on top with chalk and underneath with alumina, according to the method of Zechmeister and Cholnoky.Micro-Analysis and Laboratory Gadgets By V. E. J. DAVIDSON,M.Sc., Ph.D., A.I.C. [Joint meeting of Dublin Section and Chemical Society, 25th February, 1942.1 The routine standard determinations of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogen, acetyl and methoxyl groups are liable to many errors, the elimination of which, in order to obtain a suitable degree of accuracy, requires careful study beforehand, constant practice and meticulous care during the performance of the analysis. A boiling water bath is required for the estimation of methoxyl groups and to avoid the disaster of the bath boiling dry at the crucial moment it is useful to have it fitted with a constant level device.Such a bath may be constructed in either metal or glass on the principle dis- cussed in Ind. and Eng. Chem. ATial. Ed., Aug., 1940, 483, which is illus- trated in Fig. I. The water is fed from the reservoir A. The flow of water from this source is controlled by the quantity of air allowed to pass into the inlet D, which is in turn determined by the passage of air through C. The only inlet for air into the system is through the opening B, and, as can be seen from the diagram, the air can only pass from B to D if the level of the water in the bath is such that it does not close the orifice of the tube C, viz. the level indicated.The advantage of this arrangement over the older “drip” type is that the compensating water from the column E is, [ 200 1 at the most, only a few degrees below boiling point and thus the tempera- ture of the bath remains constant. The micro method of Rast for the determination of molecular weights owes its usefulness to the extremely small quantities (0.0003 g.) of sub- € FIG.2 FIG.1 stance required ; however, these small quantities necessitate extremely careful manipulation for the successful exploitation of the method, and such acts as the handling of the weighing tubes would ruin the experi- ment. A useful pair of forceps, designed for the purpose, may be con- structed from a stout piece of wire. This instrument is shown in Fig.2. The tube, after cleaning with a chamois cloth, is placed, without handling, [ 201 1 between the claws of the forceps. This latter operation is performed by laying the tube on a glass plate or watchglass and then taking the forceps, laying the bar A on the index and second finger and depressing the knob B with the thumb. When the tube has been manoeuvred beneath the claws the thumb pressure is released and the tube is quite firmly held by the pressure of the spring C. To release the tube on to the hooks of the micro-balance, the knob B is depressed, when the tube falls out of the forceps on to the balance hooks. FIG.3 For the above-mentioned determination a melting-point bath with an automatic stirrer may be made as described by Botham, Clzenz.and Ind., 1942,p. 10. The stirrer is operated by a piston (Fig. 3)working in a glass cylinder F, the piston being activated by an ordinary water suction pump. The piston G is ground to fit the cylinder F; it was found better to use a spherical piston head rather than a cylindrical one, as the former when ground offers less friction and is less liable to stick owing to small differences of alignment. A further improvement was to bend the stirrer as shown in the diagram (Fig. 3), so as to raise the centre of gravity as near as [ 2021 possible to the geometric centre of the apparatus. The principle is that the suction raises the piston up as far as the wide portion H, when the suction ceases and the mass of the stirrer is sufficient to drag the piston down into the cylinder F and so the operation is repeated.An automatic catalytic hydrogenator, which is an improvement on the older Gattermann type, consistsof two parts :-(Figq) a large graduated FIG.6 FIG.6 vessel M from which the hydrogen can be forced by a small head of water in the cantainer N, and a shaking arrangement for the bomb T, which is suspended from the point V by a cradle made of pieces of wire and two strips of tinplate. The whole is activated by a 1/8th H.P. motor which drives the Meccano wheel R, connected to the cradle by a push rod, as c 203 1 shown in the diagram. The method of operation is to place the solution of compound and catalyst in the funnel P and then evacuate the bomb through S.The tap on P is then opened and the mixture admitted with the minimum amount of air. The tap W is next opened and the hydrogen admitted. The motor is now started and the progress of the reduction can be judged by the rise of water in the cylinder M. The apparatus is the only one of its kind used in University College, Dublin, where it works with equal efficiency for all types of catalysts. It is made both portable and compact by being built around a heavy retort stand. Useful pieces of apparatus may be made from such waste as broken- necked flasks and tubing. One interesting apparatus (Fig. 5), a three- 1 IFIG.7 necked adaptor which enables one to fit a stirrer, a condenser, and a delivery funnel to an ordinary flask, may, when fitted to a short-necked Bask, be used in conjunction with a stirrer seal in the Reimer reaction.Fig. 6 shows this stirrer seal fitted to an apparatus designed for the Gattermann reaction. The flask in Fig. 6 was made from a broken- necked pyrex flask to which a broken pyrex test tube H had been sealed. This stirrer seal improves upon the older and more cumbersome mercury seal by utilizing the reaction liquid itself as the sealing medium. As can be seen (Figs. 5 and 6) it is merely a wide glass tube fitted over the stirrer rod and dipping below the liquid, which closes the end of that tube and prevents any escape of vapour. r 204 1 In Fig. 7 a steam distillation apparatus for micro chemistry is illus- trated; this combines the usual separate steam generator and inter- mediate flask, and was constructed from a design given in Morton’s Laboratory Technique, p.142. It has been found very satisfactory in research work in .University College, Dublin. The steam is generated by boiling the water in the puter flask A, from which it passes through B into the tube C containing the compound. The tube C is kept at 100’C. by the boiling water surrounding it. Steam-volatile products are delivered through the tube D. It is of paramount importance that students of chemistry be able to design apparatus and construct it from material at hand rather than have to curtail their experimental work to suit the available apparatus. This ahplies more especially, perhaps, to students in Eire where supplies of apparatus are limited and at present take a long time in deliveryfrom England.Chemist versus Forger By JULIUS GRANT,M.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C. (London and S.E. Counties Section, 15th July and 12th August, 1942) A novel method of approach to problems arising from forgeries of books and documents depends on the fact that it is unusual to find two pieces of paper identical in all respects, unless of course they were made at the same time. Paper, in fact, might almmt be likened to human beings in the infinite variety of different characteristics shown even by “related ” specimens. These differences vary considerably, from those of the more obvious kind such as water-marks, to differences in the nature and treatment of the fibres, and the nature of the loading, etc.; their differentiation, therefore, falls within the province of the chemist rather than of the general forgery expert.The method increases greatly the possibility of detecting forgeries and of dating documents, although it has a weak point, when a forger is able to obtain a piece of authentic old paper for his purpose; old books frequently contain quite large areas of blank sheets which can be removed and used in this way. The “method of anachronism’’ has proved very fruitful in work of this kind. Briefly it depends on the identification in the paper of con-stituents or characteristics which were known for certain to be typical of papers subsequent to a particular date, but not prior to it.It is thus often possible to sandwich the possible date of manufacture of the paper between two fairly close known dates. Examples of such “mile- stones” are the fibre content, the nature of the loading or colouring matters, the presence or otherwise of starch and the type of starch used, and, of course, other characteristics of paper based on sizing agents and the method of beating the fibres, etc. The classical example of this nature (Carter and Pollard) is the suspected first edition of Tennyson’s Morte d’Arthur, which, although dated 1842, was found to contain esparto fibres-which were not used until 1861! [ 205 3 Ultra-violet light also has many uses in the detection of forgeries. Faded documents may be rendered visible by simple inspection or after impregnation with a fluorescent material.An application of topical interest is to charred documents which have suffered enemy action. The remains are treated with a solution of a fluorescefit oil in petroleum spirit, and the differential absorption of the oil by the remains of the ink and of the paper enables the writing to be read in ultra-violet light. Ink eradica- tions, invisible inks and imitation watermarks may also be revealed by ultra-violet light; the method evolved for watermarks depends on the fact that in cases of falsification the rate of penetration through the watermark is the same as, or less than, through the surrounding paper, and this may be followed by the use of a fluorescent medium.Infra-red light is used too, but it is not always successful, particularly with charred documents, and, moreover, it has the disadvantage that photographic methods are essential. On the other hand, much can be done with ordinary visible light, particularly by photography through colour filters, to make markings or writing stand out from a background on which they are normally indistinguishable. Writing on soiled paper, or a postmark date on a highly-coloured stamp are examples of this nature. In the identification of forgeries involving hand-writing, the slopes of the lines and the microscopical characteristics of ink marks are often useful indication. Changes due to wear of typewriter lettering can also be measured photomicrographically, and if these are compared with the same letters typed on the same machine on known dates, then the date of the questioned writing may be assessed.The diffusion of writing ink away from the pen-stroke into the paper results in the dispersion of the sulphate ions throughout the paper, and if this is rendered visible by conversion into lead sulphide by chemical treatment, the date of the writing may be estimated from the degree of “fuzz” surrounding the ink lines. (Illustrations of the above and other examples were shown on the screen.) Structure and Pattern in Carbohydrates By PROFESSOR F.R.S., Nobel Laureate. W. N. HAWORTH, [Birmingham and Midlands Section, aznd July, 1942.1 The formulation of monosaccharides in the pyranose and furanose forms and the I :4-mode of linkage of the two glucopyranose units in maltose and cellobiose were briefly discussed.The repeating units in starch, straight chains of a-glucopyranose units, were shown to be aggregated by polymeric linkages engaging a hydroxyl on C-atom 6. This structure was compared with that of cellulose where the repeating unit consists of more than 200 /3-glucopyranose residues ;the contribution of X-ray methods to structural determinations in cellulose investigations was emphasized. Mention was made of the phosphorylase enzyme of C. S. Hanes, by which the system, glucose-I-phosphate+starch, [ 206 1 can be studied in vitro. By analogy it was suggested from the known structure of agar (a polygalactose) that galactose-I-sulphate may act as the substrate for the agar synthesizing enzyme.Knowledge is now available concerning the structure of many bacterial polysaccharides such as the dextrans which are polyglucoses joined by I : 6-linkages as in gentiobiose. Complexity of polysaccharide structure is introduced, not only by different linkages, but by differences in the type of constituent units as in the /&amylase polysaccharide which has galactose, arabinose, and xylose joined in a branched chain structure. An important con-stituent of biological material is the amino-sugar glucosamine, the formu- lation of which as 2-aminoglucose has been confirmed by X-ray methods. One mode of its occurrence, namely, by being joined by glucosidic linkages to mannose, was shown by the example of ovomucoid.Asso-ciated with glucosamine one often finds other units of the glucuronic acid type which play a predominant role in determining the immunological specificity of some bacterial polysaccharides like those from the pneumo- coccus. Illany plant gums give serological reactions with pneumococcus antisera and a description was given of the mode of investigation of the complex gum arabic. Identification of the hydrolysis products of its methylated derivative demonstrates the branched chain structure of the gum. The labile sugar residues, Z-arabinose, I-rhamnose, and 3-galacto- pyranosido-Z-arabinose, which are liberated during autohydrolysis of arabic acid, are joined to the nucleus of degraded arabic acid in the form of Z-arabofuranose, I-rhamnopyranose, and 3-galactopyranosido-Z-arabo-furanose. In addition to I :3-and I : 6-linkages in arabic, acid, I : 4-linkages also exist and the type of structure present in gum arabic was discussed.“Concerning Biscuits ” By D. M. FREELAND,F.I.C. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section, 16th September, 1942.1 Historical.-The investigations of John Belenden Ker into the origin of Nursery Rhymes (1835) showed that “Pat-a-Cake ” was derived from an Old English rhyme, which when translated became a lampoon of the Bekers-man who bore the beaker or cup at the Communion Service, drank the wine himself and doled the wafer to the labourer, who suffered from his impositions. The unleavened bread of the Israelites may be regarded as an historical record of manufactured biscuits, and there is a further Biblical reference, this time to cracknels, in I Kings, chap.14, verse 3, though these bore little resemblance to the cracknel of to-day. The word “biscuit” is a hybrid, from the Latin, bis = twice, and the French, cuit = cooked or baked, and it is thought that the term arose from the baking of bread twice, or even four times, so that it remained in an edible condition during long voyages under sail. Carr, a miller of Carlisle, began the making of biscuits by machinery in 1817, and was soon followed by other makers, many of whom serve the public to this day. [ 207 1 Manufacture.--The remarks concerning manufacture apply to biscuits intended for human consumption, apart from those of a specialised or medicated character.Description of a biscuit plant barely does justice to the ingenuity which has been brought to bcar upon it. Despite the reduction, due to the war, in the types now prodilced, it was officially announced that ~g,zoo,ooo,ooobiscuits were consumed during the year ending last June. The ingredients employed are treated and examined before use. Flour is screened to remove adventitious impurities, sugar may be ground finer than delivered, nuts blanched, fruit cleaned and fats rendered to a uniform state. The ingredients to form a dough are wcighed or measured into mixers which agitate them into intimate contact until a stiff though pliable dough results, the time of mixing varying according to the type of biscuit being produced.The dough is “braked” or rolled into sheets of the desired thickness and is then rendered into a continuous sheet at the feed end of the cutting machine. The sheet travels forward and meets the cutting head which stamps the shapes and docks them with the familiar holes simultaneously. The “stamps” are divided from the residual dough sheet and layered on to pans or wires, and these pass through the oven tunnels on continuous chains or bands. The ovens are fired by high-pressure gas supply, and the time of traverse depends upon the nature of the biscuit, varying between 3 and 30 minutes. At the delivery end of the oven the biscuits are collected from the pans, usually by mechanical means, and pass to be tempered before being packed.Con-tinuous plant incorporating the cutters and oven traverse is now in vogue. Many types of biscuit of pre-war days were hand-made and included Scotch shortbreads, rusks, sponges, macaroons. For these, draw-plate ovens were often employed. Wafers, made from a fluid dough, required a special form of travelling oven, and cracknels were peculiar in that the dough was boiled prior to being baked. Mechanical devices are employed for producing cream sandwich and iced biscuits; biscuits are coated with chocolate in enrober machines, the chocolate being set in cooling tunnels using refrigerated air. In normal times, perhaps the most detailed work in a biscuit factory is found in the packing departments, especially those dealing with assortments.Ingredients and their injzience ztpoia each other.-A biscuit dough offers innumerable problems for the physico-chemist, especially as the in- gredients of a mixing become augmented from flour and water. Ostwald (1919)described flour as a coarse dispersion of several hydrogels, poor in water. With water as dispersion medium, it becomes a dispersoid and the proteins become hydrated and bind some of the water. With the proteins, starch is present to a much greater extent and also, perhaps, a little cellulose and to a smaller degree, sugars, salts and air occluded or adsorbed due to the kneading operations. Swan (Cer. Chem., 1941,18, 625) points out that although there are six to seven times as much starch as protein in a flour, the protein is assumed to hold as much water as the starch.He suggests that after the molecular surface forces of the [ 208 1 proteins have bound sufficient water, the remainder attains the freedom of loose water as it departs from the molecular field of force, although no sharp boundary between free and bound water exists. The evidence for this is that the vapour pressure of the dough is equal to that of water. The degree of fineness, or granularity of the flour, is also important, for the work of Lampitt et nl. has shown that fine grinding of wheat starch effects the swelling of starch to disruption point. Flour is a biological material, and when doughed with water, enzymatic processes begin, so that diastasis and proteolysis occur.The initial moisture content of from 12% to 17% in flour must be assumed to be bound water, for this does not initiate the enzyme action. The researches of Gortner and Hamalainen (Cer. Chem., 1940,17, 378) indicate that the starch is enclosed in an envelope of protein and that before diastasis is possible this outer shell must be penetrated. If this is so, the effect of fine grinding in milling becomes obvious when the flour is doughed. The qualities of tenacity and elasticity in a dough depend in the main upon the ratio of the two proteins, glutenin and gliadin, which together form the gluten of the flour (smaller quantities of other proteins also occur). Many workers, both here and abroad, have developed apparatus to measure and compare such effects in flour doughs, notably Chopin in France and Brabender in Germany. Brabender’s apparatus produces “Farinograms”-graphs which serve to demonstrate that a flour with a high glutenin-gliadin ratio will stand up to mixing and working for a considerable time without loss of strength.Such a flour might be pro- duced from a Canadian wheat, whereas a flour derived from wheat grown in England, containing a much higher proportion of gliadin, is found to produce a graph indicating a sharp falling away in strength as mixing proceeds, even with reduced speed of mixing. These weak flours produce the ordinary kinds of biscuits; for dry types like crackers stronger flours are needed. InjZuence of fats.-Fat serves to “shorten” a dough and aids the introduction of sugary materials.Sugar with little fat would yield heavy and brittle biscuits. In doughing, the fat becomes emulsified and en- meshed with the protein strands and the starch. This is not the sole function, however, for like quantities of different fats do not produce the same effects of shortening. There is sufficient evidence that the shorten- ing capacity of a fat is influenced by the degree of unsaturation it possesses. The suggestion is therefore advanced that a loose form of combination exists between the double bonds in the fat and the amino acids of the proteins, for it has been established that the fat of cereal products is not entirely free for extraction by direct solvent extraction methods.Mild hydrolysis must be performed in order to obtain the full quota of fat. The breaking or crushing measurement of products made from a standard dough containing unit quantities of different fat affords some idea of shortening value. In choosing fats for biscuit production, the manufacturer has to envisage the time elapsing from production to con- sumption. High unsaturation in fats implies a raised potential for r 209 3 combination with oxygen and the onset of autocatalysedrancidity-changes. Hence, such fats can only usefully be employed in biscuits having a ready sale. Inhibitors to rancidity have come to the rescue, and those derived from various cereals, advocated by the Musher Foundation of America, deserve special mention.The physical characters of fats in melting have also to be considered, especially for the export trade. For products containing a high proportion of fat, the use of wetting agents to prevent seepage of fats is likely to prove advantageous. In$uence of sugar.-Sugary materials produce the browning of the surface of baked products through dextrinisation or caramelisation, but there is little evidence that sugars are degraded to reducing sugars in the process. Generally the sugar used must be pure, e.g., cane sugar should contain very little invert sugar, because of the hygroscopic nature of this “impurity,” if crisp biscuits are desired. Ginger nuts become quickly soft on exposure to the air because of the invert sugar in them.A desiccator and calcium chloride is strongly advocated to keep biscuits crisp and in good condition! Biscuits are bad conductors of heat, and in cooling from the oven heat suffer strains which produce hair-cracks or “checking,” usually in the centre of the biscuit. This fault is most evident in hard sweet types of biscuit and, to prevent it, the correct balancing of sugary matter with the rest of the ingredients and the careful tempering of biscuits till cool become important considerations in manufacture. Efect of aerating agents.-These are used to lighten the texture of the dough in opposition to the sag which occurs when the moisture departs during baking. Some are decomposed at oven heats, like ammonium carbonate or bicarbonate, calcium acid phosphate and sodium bicarbonate ; others are slowly reactive at ordinary temperatures and rapidly reactive when heated, such as cream of tartar or sodium acid pyrophosphate with sodium bicarbonate, whilst tartaric acid and bicarbonate react in situ.The general tendency is to employ the first group. The use of adipic acid, acid lactates, gluconates and hydrogen peroxide has been advocated in recent years. Aerating agents must be nicely pro- portioned and the pH of the resultant goods should be 5 to 7. An alkaline pH results in discolouration of the interior, mottling of the surface and destruction of vitamins. Dietetic value.-Biscuits have long been valued as a form of concen-trated food with keeping properties. They have provided rations for navies, armies and expeditions of discovery.During extensive air raids the public demand for concentrated dry foods like biscuits and chocolate soon depleted existing stocks. Typical compositions of ‘biscuits may be found in the tables of McCance and Widdowson’s Chemical Composition of Foods. Comparison of the calorific values derived from these tables shows that, weight for weight, ordinary types of biscuits yield rather more than double the calories of wholemeal bread, and even more as the fat content of the biscuits is increased. A slice of dry bread 4;-” square and iffthick, weighing 18ounces, would have the calorie equivalent of an L-210 1 ounce of ordinary biscuits. Consideration of the desired ratio of fat, carbohydrate and protein in diet, however, shows that usually biscuits are deficient in proteins. Therefore, cheese or milk when consumed with biscuits aids the restoration of a suitable dietary balance.Of the mineral matter contained in biscuits, calcium and phosphorus are the principal dietary elements present, but the ratio of the former to the latter is deficient nutritionally. Hence, milk and cheese with biscuits help to restore the situation. The preference for a distinct flavour associated with a particular make of biscuit will always remain peculiar to the individual consumer. Difficulties of supply of essential ingredients hav2 caused many famous kinds to disappear for the duration of the war, but there is no marked deterioration in those now produced. The vitamins contained in the raw materials of the industry do not suffer drastically if due care is taken in production.Thus, the fat soluble vitamins of butter, usually an ingredient of first class biscuits, should not be seriously depleted by the manufacturing operations, whilst the aneurine content of the cereals is safeguarded if the $H of the dough is nicely regulated. Biscuits should be regarded as an energising food and there should be no necessity to transform them to a nutritional medicine by the in- corporation of vitamins over and above those pertaining to the in- gredients. The titles given to biscuits have in most instances become firmly fixed through long association. They do not always denote the exact nature of the biscuit.There may be no butter in Petit Beurre, no arrowroot in Thin Arrowroot, no tea in Rich Tea and no dairy cream in Cream Crackers. The role of the Chemist in the Indzsstry.-The baked biscuit should be sound and wholesome if the raw materials comply with accepted standards of purity. Hence, analytical control of cereals, sugars, fats, fruits, baking chemicals, dairy products, spices, flavours and colours occupy much of the chemist’s time. Other attributes of the works chemist should be some knowledge of steam plant, lubricating oils and water conditioning. Softened water may be put to varied uses, e.g., as feed water for boilers, laundry work and tin cleansing, each requiring different degrees of alkalinity. Mention of a laundry implies that he may be called upon to advise on soaps, wetting agents, bleaching materials and the removal of stains.Then there are questions of labels, printing and adhesives. The hygiene of a food factory is an important consideration and the detergents and disinfectants used rnust not possess too much odour, for biscuits quickly absorb odours. Incidentally, this explains why a careful manufacturer does not include a ginger nut in an assortment of biscuits. Finally, natural history comes within the ambit of the biscuit chemist, for raw materials from diverse sources and climes sometimes bring their [ 211 ] own particular pests. A collection should be formed of specimens and the functions and use of insecticides should be mastered.The chemist in this industry can claim to be a general practitioner rather than a specialist, who is often prone to “take the Biscuit.” “Methods in use for Infra-Red Investigations ’’ By J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., D.Sc., President [Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 25th September, 1942.1 Although the ultra-violet part of the spectrum has been known and used for a long time, the knowledge and application of the infra-red portion is of more recent date. The interpretation of infra-red spectra is com- paratively simple since there is freedom from electronic frequency inter- ference, the bands and lines coming from rotational and vibrational frequencies. Prisms of quartz, rock-salt and potassium bromide have special value because of their transparency at particular regions of the infra-red.Gratings are used to obtain better dispersion. Carbon dioxide and aqueous vapour must be excluded during investigations on account of their strong absorptions. The infra-red spectra of compounds containing carbonyl, methylene or hydroxy groups exhibit prominent bands with characteristic fine structure, and these can be used for identifying the presence of such groups. Bycomparison of spectra deductions can be made as to the effect of concen- tration on the association of alcohols and the spectrum of o-methoxy- benzoic acid shows that it exists in two stereo-isomeric forms. Salicyl-aldehyde often contains minute amounts of the isomeric para-compound and infra-red analysis shows that purification of the aldehyde through its copper salt removes all traces of the impurity.Science in Brewing By L. R. BISHOP,M.A., Ph.D., F.I.C. [Birmingham and Midlands Section, 23rd September, 1942.1 The art of Brewing has descended by tradition from the times in ancient Sumeria and Egypt when it was associated with baking in the first developments of civilisation. In the present-day manufacture of beer, barley is threshed and then malted; that is, it is steeped in water and germinated while spread on large floors. It is then dried by heat and the rootlets rubbed off, leaving malt. In the subsequent process of brewing, the malt is first crushed and then “mashed” with hot water at a definite temperature (near 65” C.). In this process starch is converted by amylase to sugars and dextrins which are drained and washed out.The resulting “extract” or “wort” is boiled with hops, which give tannin to precipitate deleterious proteins, and resins antiseptic against dcleterious yeast organisms. The c 212 1 boiled wort is cooled to 15°C. and fermented for a week with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) which rises and is skimmed off: the beer is then separated and stored. In the Continental lager brewing system the mash temperature is not constant, but is raised in stages by boiling part of the mash and returning it. In the subsequent fermentation lower temperatures and a yeast which settles to the bottom, instead of rising to the top, are used. This industry of brewing which has developed so enormously in the last century is still essentially based on the art formerly practised in the monastery and manor house kitchen, but scientific control is gradually being established with the growth of understanding of the immense complexity underlying the apparent simplicity of the process.The first beginnings of control came with the application of the thermometer to control temperatures in nearly all the different stages of the process and with the application of the hydrometer to measure the amount of “extract” as well as the extent to which the sugars in this are converted to alcohol in fermentation. The main scientific advance started with the brilliant investigations on diseases in beer by Pasteur. The studies of the enzyme amylase by Kjeldahl at the Carlsberg Laboratories, the researches of O’Sullivan on starch and dextrins, on amylase and invertase, the researches on germination by Brown and the investigation of $H and other subjects by Sorenson, are instances of scientific progress originating in connexion with brewing.Recent important work by Winge on the life cycle of yeast has led to the possibility of breeding new hybrids by controlled crossing. Much work has been done on the selection of suitable barley and high prices have been paid for “quality” which is closely associated with low nitrogen content. Over the country as much as EI,OOO,OOOa year has been paid as a bonus for quality. This tendency is becoming less marked. It has been shown that the amounts of the individual proteins are regularly related to the total nitrogen content of the barley.In con- sequence more reliance can be placed on this latter figure, and from this and from the average weight of the barley grain it has proved possible to predict the amount of extract and of yeast feeding nitrogen which will be found in the wort from the resulting malt. So that part at any rate of the value of a barley to the brewer can be accurately assessed. The action of the enzymes amylase, phosphatase and protease in mashing have been studied and the fate of the hop resins in boiling. It is at the fermentation stage that financial aspects again become striking, for the “wort” is assessed for duty according to its strength or “extract. ” Some one hundred and fifty million pounds are contributed to the Exchequer in a year.The fermentation process has been subject to many and puzzling variations making control difficult. Sometimes the yeast rises to the top too soon, leaving the beer only partly fer- mented, or, may be, the yeast stays in too long, causing over-fermentation and yeast turbidity. One possible cause of such variations is the c 213 1 greater development of some races of yeast than of others and this may be controlled by selection of different portions of the yeast crop. Another factor is the action of crystalline particles in the wort sediment from which the carbon dioxide formed in fermentation is liberated as gaseous bubbles on the bottom of the fermentation vessel.The rapid evolution of gas leads to earlier removal of yeast, by its adherence to the bubbles. Another aspect is the danger of infection of the yeast. “Beer is the safest drink,” but less desirable organisms may develop with detriment to flavour. Following Pasteur, Hansen’s remedy was the use of pure cul- tures of yeast, but, as with cider, these may not give the best results. An alternative lies in the study of the fermentation process itself. Brilliant researches in the last two decades have shown that the original equation of Gay-Lussac :-C,H,,O, --+ KO, + C,H,OH consists of the following stages (Mcyerhof 1938) .1 7 Glucose-phosphoric acid + Frilctose-phosphoric acid --J 2 Glyceraldehyde phosphoric acid Oxidatiol.2 -----------I 2 Phospho-glyceric acid I Nicotinic z Phospho-pyruvic acid 4(acid) 11 2 Pyruvic acid + z Phosphoric acid-I I2 Ethyl Alcohol The main process of fermentation proceeds smoothly if the associated enzyme catalysts, e.g., nicotinic acid, vitamin B, and adenylic acid are supplied, by either synthesis in the yeast or absorption from the wort.The latter are the yeast vitamins or “bios” which have proved important factors in maintaining healthy yeast and so avoiding infection. To the same end an adequate supply of assimilable nitrogen has been shown to be even more important. [ 214 1 September Examinations, 1942 Report of the Board of Examiners Examinations were held as under : No. No. Entered.Passed. For the Associateship in General Chemistry- At the Institute, in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, and at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, theoretical papers being also taken at a number of local centres. &Ionday to Saturday, 14th-19th September, inclusive. 49 23 For the Fellowship : Except where otherwise stated the examinations were held at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, in the week commencing 21st September. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry .. .. .. .. With special reference to the Chemical Analysis of Non-ferrous Metals, Alloys and Steels : at UniversityCollege, Swansea .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry .. .. .... .. 2 2 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Dyestuffs and Intermediates . . .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to Chocolate, Cocoa and Con- fectionery :at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the British Association of Research for the Cocoa, etc. Trades . . .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch H. General Analytical Chemistry . . .. .. 2 1 60 32 EXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIPFOR INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.AND PHYSICAL Theory.-Only a few candidates reached a really high standard in this part of the examination, although, as a general rule, the required number of questions was attempted. On the whole the answers returned to the compulsory calculations on Paper I were disappointing. Only simple mathematics were required for the solution yet too many candidates failed to get correct answers.Carelessness in working and, in some cases, failure to convert weights to gram molecules were too common. At rare intervals the examiners were cheered by perfectly correct answers. For the other questions no highly specialised knowledge was called for, yet it was exceptional to get answers which indicated a thorough grasp of the subject under discussion. Many candidates in dealing with Question 7 overlooked the important fact that the preparation of sodium from fused hydroxide is not an industrial preparation of a metal from a fused snlt. In Paper 2 the first question dealing with gas analysis was quite well [ 215 J done, although a few candidates failed to use their reagents, for absorption of the gases, in the correct order.The questions which gave greatest difficulty in this paper'were 4 and 7; the Questions z and 3 were popular and reasonably well done. In answer to Question 6, dealing with prep- arations of chemical substances, many candidates forgot that by the action of chlorine on silicon other chlorides are formed in addition to SiCl, and can be separated by fractionation. In practice, aluminium sulphide and water give reasonably pure hydrogen sulphide and are better than the usual text-book method of antimony sulphide and con- centrated hydrochloric acid. Practical.-Candidates gained excellent marks in this part of the examination and the results of the exercises were very gratifying to the Examiners.ORGANICCHEMISTRY. Theory .-All the questions received an approximately equal number of answers and all of them received a satisfactory proportion of good answers. The essay and discussion questions were least satisfactorily done, the answers being frequently too discursive , hazy and lacking in substance. There is little doubt that many weaker candidates attempted these more specialised questions in order to avoid those of a more general and fundamental type. Detailed points of criticism are as follows: (a)Acquaintance with developments made during the past 20 years on the subject of the Walden Inversion was completely lacking in a number of cases.(6) Consideration of the behaviour of compounds containing the keto- methylene group was frequently restricted to the particular case of aceto- acetic ester, and in the majority of cases the reaction with nitrous acid was not dealt with (Question 5). (c) Many candidates assumed that malonic acid is isolated during the preparation of malonic ester. (d) Some five candidates confused acetonitrile with acetyl cyanide. Practical.-In general the practical exercises were fairly well done and call for 1ittle.comment. One or two candidates failed to detect nitrogen (or chlorine) in the chloronitroanilines provided. Some candidates wrote up their results in a very untidy and hapazard manner. TRANSLATIoNS.-These were done moderately well.The Examiners wish to remind candidates both for the Fellowship and for the Associateship that they should present the results of their practical work in an orderly manner. They should not leave the Examiners to collect figures or other data, but should summarise it at the end and set out clearly their conclusions and the reasons therefor. Ability to give a coherent account of professional work is not unimportant. [ 216 1 PASS LIST Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Bentley, Ronald, Derby Technical College. Bishop, Joseph Robert, Leeds College of Technology.Bradwell, Donald, University College, Nottingham. Britton, Leslie George, South-East Essex Technical College, Dagenham. Brooks, Archibald, Royal Technical College, Glasgow.Campbell, William Alec, Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Clarke, James Allan, Derby Technical College. Cooper, Alan Howard, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Davies, John Douglas, Cardiff Technical College. Drysdale, Angus, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Duerden, Alan Beardwood, Blackburn Municipal Technical College. Forsdike, Jack Leslie, B.Pharm. (Lond.), University College, London. Freeman, Philip Reginald, Northern Polytechnic, London ; and DenbighshireTechnical Institute, Wrexham. Gardiner, William, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Hensman, Jack, B.Sc. (Lond.), Leicester College of Technology. Hookway, Harry Thurston, Battersea Polytechnic, London. &ye, Maurice Arthur George, Municipal Technical College, Coventry.Marvin, Denys Ni co1, University College, Nottingham. McGill, Eric Frederick George, Acton Technical College, London. Morgan, Edward Norman, B .Pharm. (Wales), Cardiff Technical College. Roberts, Eric, Manchester College of Technology and Salford Royal Technical College. Sarfas, Donald Thomas, Derby Technical College. Warburton, Harold, Manchester College of Technology; and Bolton MunicipalTechnical College. Examination for the Fellowship. In Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry. Bloomfield, Cyril Josiah, B.Sc. (Lond.). Ratcliffe, John, B.Sc. (Lond.). with special reference to the Chemical Analysis of Non-ferrous Metals, Alloys and Steels : Furness, Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch C : Organic Chemistry.Platt, Percy John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Topham, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E : The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. Stretton, Geoffrey William Peter, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch B : Industrial Chemistry, with speeial reference toDyestuas and Intermediatea. Holburn, William. with special reference to Chocolate, Cocoa, etc. Mallows, John Henry. In Branch H : General Analytical Chemistry. Halliwell, Ronald Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.). The following papers and exercises were given :-Examination €or the Associateship in General Chemistry MONDAY, 14th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer question No. 1 and FOUR other questions. Answer concisely and to the point. Giveformulae and equations where possible.) 1.A mixture of 7.8 grams of ethyl alcohol and 10 grams of acetic acid was kept at a constant temperature until equilibrium was established, when 2-7 grams of acetic acid remained in the mixture. Calculate the equilibrium constant of the reaction correct to one place of decimals. Determine also the equilibrium mixture formed by allowing 12 grams of ethyl alcohol, 8.1 grams of acetic acid, 4 grams of ethyl acetate and 10.8 grams of water to react under the given conditions. 2. Give an account of THREE important catalytic processes which are used for the technical production of inorganic substances. Discuss, in each case, the theoreti- cal principles involved. [: 217 ] 3. Explain the principles involved in the preparation of a buffer solution of known pH.Indicate how the value could be verified. 4. Describe the preparation, properties and uses of THREE of the following:- (a)vanadium pentoxide; (b) forrosilicon; (c) potassium mercuric iodide; (d) phos-phorus pentachloride ; (e) sodium hydrosulphito (Na2S204). 5. Write short explanatory notes on EACH of the following:-(a) Henry’s Law; (b)Raoult’s Law; (c) the Arrhoiiius equation for energy of activation. 6. Discuss ONE of the following :-(a) the quantitative determination of fluorine in minerals; (b) the use of ceric sulphate in laboratory practice. 7. Describe the industrial preparation of THREE metals by tho electrolysis of fused salts. Briefly indicate the uses of the metals you describe. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE qzlestions only.Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. A sample of gas consists of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. Describe, with essential details and sketches of the appara- tus, how you mould estimate the constituents quantitatively. . 2. Discuss the relationships which exist between the elements in the fourth group of tho periodic classification. 3. What are the properties of lead, glass, silica ware and the various “in-corrodible” metallic alloys which fit them for us0 in chemical works operations and what disadvantages are associated with each matcrial ? 4. How will a base divide itself between two acids when the amount of the former is insufficient for neutralisation? Show how this problem may be investi- gated (a)experimentally, (b) theoretically.5. Write an essay on the transmutation of the elements. 6. Describe in detail how reasonably pure specimens of THREE of ths following substances may be prepared :-(a) phosphine ;(b) silicon tetrachloride; (c) hydrogen sulphide ; (d) sulphuryl chloride ; (e) lead tetrachloride. 7. Give some account of photochemical reactionp involving the halogens. TUESDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 1 pm. (Answer FOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations whero possible.) 1. Describe, with the necessary experimental’details, how you would prepare acetophenone.Give equations-(a) to illustrate two other methods by which this substance can be prepared; (b) to indicate the action of tho following reagents on acetophenone; (i) bromine and caustic soda; (ii) nitrous acid (non-aqueous); (iii) hydroxylamine; (iv) reducing agents; (v) a Grignard reagent; (vi) selenium dioxide.2. Give one appyopriute example, in each case, illustrating the use of the follow- ing oxidising agents in organic chemistry :-(i) dilute permanganate; (ii) chromic acid; (iii) ferric chloride; (iv) ozone; (v)hydrogen peroxide; (vi) air and a suitable catalyst; (vii) lead tetra-acetate; (viii) lead dioxide ; (ix) dilute nitric acid. 3. Discuss the isomerism of (a) maleic and fumaric acids and (b) the hesa- 4. Write a short essay on ONE of the following topics:-(a) Eeckmann’s hydrocreeols.Give structural furmulae to illustrate your answer. transformation of oximes ; (b) Methods of preparing carboxylic esters, including acid esters ; (c) Hofmann’s method of exhaustive methylation. 5. Give an account of the characteristic behaviour of compounds containiiig the keto-methylene group. 6. By means of equations and short notes, indicate how the following com- pounds may be prepared from acetic acid and tho appropriate reagents :-(a) malonic ester; (b) acetoacotic ester; (c) acetone; (d)acetonitrile; (e)ethylamine; (f)ketene. 7. Discuss ONE of the following topics :-(u) The Walden Inversion; (b)Substitu-tion in the Aromatic Nucleus; (c) Thc structure of benzene. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translations from French and German tochnical literature.I: 218 1 WEDNESDAY, 16th XEPTEJIBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Characterise as completely cs possible the compounds (A) and (B). (A) = Aspirin OR Salol; (B) = o-benzoylbenzoic acid OR o-hydrosydiphenyl (Xa salt). THURSDAY, 17th SEPTEMBER, 1942:10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Purify compounds (C) and (D), assign each to its class and prepare two charac- teristic crystalline derivatives of each. Speciniens are not to be handed in, but the crystalline appearance and melting point of each of the six compounds should be clearly recorded. (C) = 2-chloro-o-phenyl phenol OR 4-chloro-o-phenyl phenol; (9)= 2-chloro-4-nitro-aniline;OR 4-chloro-2-nitro-aniline. FRIDAY, 18th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (E) contains copper sulphate and potassium chloride.You are provided with a solut,ion of sodium thiosulphate, pure crystallised copper sulphate and potassium iodide. Standardiss the approximately ciecinormal thiosulphate solution and use it to determine the copper in (E) volumetrically. Determine the chloride in (E) gravimetrically.Use 25 C.C. for each determination and express your results as grams of copper and grams of chlorine per litre of A. 2. Arralyse the mixture (5’)which cont,ains six radicals. (17) = Cd, Ni, NH,, PO,, SO,, borate. SATURDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Identify the substances (G) and (H). (G) = lithopone; (H) = potassiumtitanium oxyoxalate. 2. The solid (I)is a mixture of molybdenum trioxide and ammonium molyb- date.Determine the weight of MOO, in 100 grams of (I). Examination for the Fellowship Eranch A: Inorganic Chemistry MONDAY, 21st XEPTJCMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1 pm. /(FOUR questions to be answered.) 1. Discuss the relationships which exist between the elements in the sixth group of the periodic classification. 2. Trace historically the development of ideas which led to our present-day conception of the Periodic Lam-. 3. Write an essay on OXE of the following subjects:-(a) the spatial configura- tion of co-ordination compounds; (b) the factors which determine the stability of a complex molecule. 4. Give an account of the hydrides of boron and silicon with special reference to the experimental methods wed for the study of these compounds. 5.Comment on matters of note in the chemistry of the metallic carbonyls 6. Write an essay on “Some aspects of modern valency theory.” and nitrosyls. 2 to 5 p.nz. (FOUR questions to be answered.) 1. Write a concise account of the crystal structures of the elements. 2. Review the methods available for the separation of the rare earths and 3. Elucidate points of interest in connoxion with ITOUR of the following:- explain how the separations can be established. PCl,, N4S4,B,N,H,, NeN,, K [CsO,Nj, K, [Mo(CN),]. 4. Give an account of some of the more recent advances in the practice of quantitative inorganic analysis. 5. Write an essay on “Reactions in non-aqueous solutions.” 6. Select ONE of the following subjects for discussion :-(a) isotope exchange in inorganic chemistry; (b) fiuclear fission.r 219 I I'UESDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. ldentify the substances (A) and (B). (A) = Cadmium lithopone; (B) = ilmenite. (This exercise must be completed to-day.) 2. Determine the weight of tin and weight of lead in 100 grams of the solder (C) provided. (This exercise may be completed to-mwroio.) WEDNESDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday's exercise 2. 2. Report on the nature of (D). (0)= Molybdenite and graphite. (This exercise must be completed to-day.) 3. Prepare a pure specimen of BaS20,.2H,0. Leave the labelled specimen for examination. (This exercise must be completed to-day.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 24th and 25th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Estimate the weight of sulphur in 100 grams of the iron pyrites (h). Use a dry process and a wet process and comment on your results. 2. Make a critical study of the determination of the porcentage purity of the sample of ammonium persulphate (F), using volumetric processes involving (a) reduction by ferrous iron, (b)reduction by oxalic acid and (c) an ioclometric method. The necessary unstandardised solutions will be supplied. Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to the Chemical Analysis of Non-ferrous Metals, Alloys and Steels MOXDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1p.m. See page 219. 2 to 5 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted; answer briejy and to the point.) 1.Outline a scheme suitable for the complete analysis of electrolytic zinc. 2. Write a short essay on the application of ONE of the following to metallurgical analysis :-(a) the Spekker photo-electric absorptiometer ;(b)potentiometric methods. 3. Discuss, critically, the methods available for the determination of sulphur in steels. 4. Describe, briefly, how you would determine the non-metallic impurities in any ONE of the following:-(a) aluminium; (b) steel; (c)electrolytic copper. 5. How would you sample and assay the dross from ONE of the following:- (a)an aluminium holding-furnace; (b)a tin-refining kettle ;(c) a lead-softening furnace. 6. Write a short essay on the application of spectrographic methods to the analysis of alloy steels.7. Discuss, CI itically, the application of the polarog1 aph to metallurgicalanalysis. TUEh'DAY to FRIDAY, 2212d to 25th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. Identify and, as far as time permits, make complete analyses of the given samples (A), (B) and (C). (A) = Alloy steel; (B) = Aluminium-magnesium alloy; (C) = White bearing metal. Branch C: Organic Chemistry MONDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Indicate the uses of malonic, cyanoacetic and acetoacetic esters in the synthesis of cyclic compounds. 2. Give an account of the general methods of preparing aldehydes and ketones, 3. By means of typical examples illustrate the uses of the following reagents including phenolic aldehydes and ketones.Describe the usual methods of characterising aldehydes and ketones. [ 220 1 in organic chemistry-( a) thionyl chlorj de, (b) selenium; (c) selenium dioxide ; (d) aluminium iso-propoxide ; (e) potassium cyanide ; (f)phenylisocyanate (phenyl- carbimide). 4. Give an account of the evidence, analytical as well as synthetical, on which the structure of TWO of the following compounds is based:-(a,) dipentene; (b)indole; (c)piperine. 5. Describe some applications of catalysts in modern industrial organic chemistry. 6. Discuss the evidence for the present-day formulation of glucose and fructose. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Give an account of any one important group of dyestuffs.2. Outline the methods of preparation of the following compounds (equations and short notes, where necessary, will sufXce) :-(a) benzidine; (b)anthranilic acid; (c) 6-naphthylamine, (d) hydroquinone (quinol) ; (e) quinhydrone, (f)resorckol, (9)4-amino-diphenylamine, and the modern methods of manufacturing :-(i j acetalde-hyde; (ii) acetic acid; (iii) ethyl acetate; (iv) acetic anhydride; (v) n-butyl alcohol; (vi) phthalic anhydride ; (vii) anthraquinone. 3. “The study of the chemical behaviour of optically active compounds has sometimes thrown more light on the course and mechanism of chemical reactions than would have been possible if optically inactive corn-pounds had been used.” Comment on this statement.4. Discuss some applications of the electronic theory of valency in organic chemistry. 5. Give an account of EITHER (a)tautomeric change, OR (b) molecular re- arrangements. 6. Indicate and discuss ONE line of physico-chemical investigation which has thrown light on the reactions or structure of organic compounds. TUESDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify compounds (A) and (B). (A) = Maleic acid OR maleic anhydride; (B) = sulphanilamide. WEDNESDAY to FRIDAY, 23rd to 25th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. From the aniline and benzaldehyde provided, prepare crystalline specimens of :-a) p-bromoaniline; (b) p-nitroacetanilide; (c) diazoamino benzene; (d) aminoazo-benzene; (e) p-toluenesulphanilide; (f).benzyl alcohol; (9) phenylglycine ; (h)l-amino-2-naphthol;(i)nitrosobenzene; (3)benzil.Branch E: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs,and of Water MONDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 to 11.30 a.m. 1. Give an account of the uses of ultra-violet light in analysis. 2. How and under what conditions can proceedings under the Food and Drugs Act be taken against the manufacturer or wholesaler of an unsatisfactory article sold by a retailer? 3. How would you differentiate between faecal and non-faecal B. CoZi in a drinking water ? How would you detect B. Welchii and Streptococci? 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. (THREE questions to be answered.) 1. Discuss the factors involved in comparing the bactericidal values of anti- septics.Describe briefly the Rideal-Walker and Chick-Martin tests and discuss their relative merits. 2. Write a short essay on EITHER (a) recent advances in chemotherapy OR (b)the use of antitoxins and sera in therapeutics. [ 221 J 3. Give an account of the pharmacology and therapeutics of (a) kaolin; (b) digoxin; (c) santonin; (d) sodium sulphate. 4. Write brief notes on chronic poisoning with lead and on acute poisoning with (a)oxalic acid; (b) barbitone; (c) phenol. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Write an essay on EITHER “Food Substitutes and their control” OR “The colouring of Food.” 2. Describe a method for the determination of-all the commonly occurring metallic impurities in a samplo of food such as canned fish. 3. Name the principal enzymes found in milk and indicate the reactions by which they may be recognised. 4.Discuss changes which have recently been ordered in flour. State your views on any additions made to flour and indicate the methods of analytical control. 5. How would you determine :-(a) p-hydroxybenzoic ester in a coffee extract ; (b) phosphorus present as phytic acid in soya meal; (c) fluoride in drinking water. 6. Describo inethods appropriate for the determination of arsenic in foodstuffs including contamination by war gases. TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 22nd and 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine and report upon the gelatin6 supplied for edible purposes. (Powdered industrial glue.) 2. Determine the nature and amount of (a) preservative and (b) sweetener in the fruit product.(Formic acid and dulcin.) THLJRSDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.~.to 5 p.’tn. 1. Report upon the sample of Sherry. (Sherry fermented and containing methyl alcohol.) 2. Analyse the sample of condensed milk. (These exercises may be completed lo-mowow, but notebooks should state what further work is contemplated.) FRIDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. Identify the preservative. (Butyl hydroxybenzoic ester.) SATURDAY, 26th S-EPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (All reports on microscopical examinations must be accompanied by annotated sketches.) 1. Cut, stain and mount sections of the specimoil (A) and give a descriptionof the distinctive features.(A) = cummin fruit. 2. Identify the vegetable powders (B),(C), (D),(E),(F)and (G). (B) = areca nut; (C) = cinchona bark; (D) = senna leaf; (E)= liquorice root; (3’)colocSmth pulp ; (G) arrowroot. 3. Make the following toxicological examinations :-A qualitative examination for a metallic gastro-intestinal irritant in the lemonade ice (H). Irritant = Cadmium. A qualitative examination of the purgative pills, which are alleged to have been used for procuring abortion (I). (I)= Aloes and myrrh. Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference tQ Dyestuffsand Intermediates TUESDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify compounds (A) and (B). (A = naphthalene-l-sodiuln sulphonate; (R) = naphthalene picrate. 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Characterise as completely as possible the intermediates (C), (D), (E) and (F).(C) = 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid; (D) = anthranilic acid; (E) = Rlichler’s ketone; (F)= benzidine. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) [ 222 3 THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 24th aizd 26th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Report: on the chemical nature of the dyestuffs (G) and (H). (G) = di-nitrosoresorcinol; (H) = Orange 11. Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Cocoa, Chocolate, etc. MONDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to’l pm. (FOUR questions only to be attempted.) 1. Discuss briefly the principles which underlie commercial methods for drying heat-senstive materials.Describe in some detail the main characteristics of ONE form of plant used for this purpose. 2. For what purposes do you consider the following substances to be suitable as materials for t8he construction of equipment to be used in the food industry:- (a)copper; (b)aluminium; (c)monel metal? Indicate clearly the limitations to the use of each. 3. Give a brief aecount of the various methods of refining employed in the production of edible fats. 4. Describe the characteristic features of industrial equipment (one form in each case) for carrying out any THREE of the following operations :-(a) emulsification of two immiscible liquids; (b)mixing two dry powders in exact proportions; (c)mixing viscous masses such as dough; (cl) removing very small amounts of solid from a liquid; (e) removing a finely divided solid from air.5. State the factors which have to be taken into account in selecting an installa- tion for air-conditioning a factory in which food products are being manufactured. Neglecting quantities and constructional detail, draw up a form of specification which you consider suitable for inviting tenders from suppliers of such plants. 6. Write a concise essay on “Preservatives-their nature and uses in the food industry. ” 2 to 5 p.m. (Questions 1 and 2 must be attempted. Not more than THREE other questions should be attempted.) 1. Discuss vapour pressure in its relation to the keeping properties of sugar- containing materials. Describe any suitable method of determining the vapour pressure of such samples.2. Discuss the importance of temperature-treatment in regard to (a) the flow-properties of molten chocolate and (b)the physical behaviour of fats in finished chocolate. 3. Describe chemical methods of assay of vitamins A, B, and C. 4. What methods may be employed to determine the amount of cacao shell in 5. Discuss the possibilities of harmful metallic contamination being introduced cocoa and chocolate? Discuss the relat,ive merits of these methods. int.0 foodstuffs, with especial reference to confectionery. Suggest limits for lead and arsenic in colouring matters, wrapping materials and finished goods. 6. Discuss procedure in connexion with the examination of stocks of sugar and cocoa butter scspected of contamination by vesicant war gases.What steps would you propose in dealing with contaminated stocks ? 7. Give a brief account of recent work on the constitution and physical 8. Discuss the effects, on the decomposition of sucrose by heat, of the impurities properties of starch. normally present in water supplies and in confectionery sugar. Give examples of the use of buffering substances in the control of siicrose decomposition. [ 223 ] T UESDAY to FRIDA Y,22nd to 25th SEPTEMBER, 1942 : 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Analyse tho sample of piping jelly. Report on the suitability of the recipe used in making this sample and make any suggestions as to how improvements might be effected.(Glucose, sucrose, agar, pectin, acid, high invert, low S.S.) 2. Examine the sample of colouring matter for metallic contamination and report on it,s suitability for use in foodstuffs. (As, Cu, Pb.) 3. Analyse and report on the fat in the sample of cream filling. (Soya and slightly rancid fat.) 4. Report on the sample of drinking chocolate. (Shell high, starch added, FeO.) Branch H: Analytical Chemistry .&IONDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1 y.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Write an essay on EITHER (a)the polarograph, OR (b)the spectrograph and its use in analysis. 2. Describe the course of neutralisation by a solution of a strong alkali of (a)a weak acid, (b) a strong acid. Indicate the cases in which it is possible to determine by titration a strong acid in presence of a weak acid. 3.Discuss the properties of colloids as they affect chemical analysis. 4. Define the terms Specij’ic Gravity and Density. Describe how you would determine to an accuracy of 0.0001 the true density of (a)a mobile liquid such as methanol; (b) a viscid liquid such as glycerol. Indicate the method of calculation and any necessary corrections to be applied. 5. Discuss critically modern methods for the determination of Sulphur in organic compounds (a)as an essential constituent; (b)as a trace impurity (< 0.2 per cent.). 6. Defhe the term azeotrope and describe some applications of azeotropic distillation in anlytical chemistry. 7. What are chelate compounds? Describe some of the uses of these com- pounds in gravimetric and colorimetric analysis.2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Discuss the behaviour in solution of salts of the metals Co, Zn, Ni, Mn, towards H,S and the behaviour of their sulphides towards acids. How can these metals be quantitatively se;mated from one another ? 2. Describe the determination of the calorific value of a solid fuel, indicating any likely sources of inaccuracy. What other important factors have to be taken into account in assessing the value of a coal to be used in a boiler house ? 3. Briefly discuss the (qualitative and quantitative) analytical chemistry of 4. Discuss the accurate determination of phosphate which is finally weighed 5. What are the analytical uses of the following reagents:-tannin; 2 :4-TWO of the following elements : beryllium, tellurium, niobium, bismuth, boron.as Mg,P,O,, paying attention to the various equilibria involved. xylenol ; hydriodic acid ; thioglycolli3 acid ;titanous sulphate ;iodine monochloride ; hydroxylamine hydrochloride. 6. Write an essay on the analytical applications of the Diels-Alder Reaction 7. Describe recent work on the accurate determination of fluorine. How and Grignard’s Reaction. would you determine this element in (a)basic slag, (b) commercial fluorspar, (c) in a borehole water ? [ 224 1 TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 22nd to 25th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Make a complete analysis of the white pigment. (BaSO, ; BaCO,; TiO,.) 2.Exarnino the fluid marked “Welding flux’’ sold as a “gas welding fluid,” and report on its composition. (Solution of trimethylborate in a solvent containing mixed alcohols and acetone. 3. As far as time permits, analyse the copper alloy. (Si 3 per cent., Mn 1 percent., Fe 0.5 per cent. approximately.) Notes The late Professor G. G. Henderson.-The Council records with deep and sincere regret the death, on 28th September, of Professor George Gerald Henderson, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., President of the Institute from 1924to 1927,who shared with Sir Frederick Abel and Professor Meldola the honour of having also occupied the Presidential Chairs of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. Professor Henderson’s success as a teacher was established early in his career, and many of his students, both from the Royal Technical College and the University of Glasgow, who have qualified as Associates and Fellows of the Institute and now hold positions of importance in the profession of chemistry * will remember with affection their old Professor.He served the Institute as a considerate but just examiner and as a wise counsellor. As President, he guided its affairs with natural modesty and good humour, while he maintained the confidence and loyal support of all his colleagues. His attractive personality will remain a happy and enduring memory to all who enjoyed his friendship. Science in Parliament.-On 8th September, in the House of Commons, Sir John Anderson, replying on behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, to a question asked by Sir G. Jeffreys, said that the Agri- cultural Research Council worked in close collaboration with the Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research in relation to chemical problems of mutual interest, and with the responsible Departments in regard to fertilisers.In connexion with specific investigations, the Council made contacts with the research organisations of firms concerned with chemicals and fertilisers whenever such a course was desirable. Captain Plugge asked what organisation existed for circulating the results of agricultural research, and Mr. Hudson replied that the results were disseminated in this country mainly through the Research, Advisory and Educational organisation set up by the Ministry.The Agricultural Improvement Council for England and Wales would include this matter in its consideration of the future arrangements for agricultural advisory work. On 30th July, Sir Patrick Hannon put a question on the progress made through the British Council for the exchange of scientific information c 225 1 between British and Soviet scientists. In reply, Mr. Law, Parlia- mentary Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, said that some 50 enquiries from British men of science and institutions had been forwarded through the British Council to the Soviet scientific institutions. Exchange of information had been encouraged by the formation of a Joint Advisory Committee under the Chairmanship of Sir John Russell, As reported in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV (page 179),a motion was placed on the Order Papers of the House of Commons in August, urging the early establishment of a whole-time Central Scientific and Technical Board to co-ordinate research and development in relation to the war effort.Over 120 members were prepared to support the motion. On 4th September, however, the Government announced that, in order to ensure the fullest use being made of scientific and technical resources in the field of production, the Minister of Production had appointed Mr. W. A. Stanier, Dr. T. R. Merton and Professor Ian M. Heilbron to his staff in the capacity of full-time scientific advisers. These advisers would keep in close touch with the scientific advisers of the Service and Supply Departments and would be available to assist the Departmental Organisations of scientific research and technical develop- ment.They would not supersede Departmental Organisations which would continue to be responsible for the examination of new inventions and technical suggestions in their own fields. They would be responsible to the Minister of Production but woulc work under the immediate supervision of the Lord Privy Seal acting on his behalf. These appoint- ments had been made with a view to completing the existing organisation which had been carefully built up and had operated with outstanding efficiency. The Government had reviewed the whole position in the light of recent representations and had decided that the creation of the post of Minister of Production afforded the opportunity for this further measure of co-ordination.On 8th September, the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, while welcoming the appointment of the three full-time scientific advisers, regretted that their field of activity was apparently to be limited to the sphere of production and did not include the scientific and technical activities of the Service Departments or the other Ministries outside the strict field of production. The Committee felt that the scientific advisers should have direct access to the War Cabinet and that the Lord Privy Seal should exercise his supervisory functions over the new body directly on behalf of the War Cabinet.On 9th September, Rear-Admiral Beainish asked the Lord President what was the attitude of the Government towards the establishment of a central scientific and technical board, to which Sir John Anderson replied that in the view of the Government the best method of utilising the scientific resources of the country for the purposes of the war was to ensure that each Ministry or Department had available to it skilled service of the requisite quality and to provide for the necessary co-ordination by arrangements appropriate to the particular circumstances. [ 226 1 On 11th September, in answer to a question by Mr. R. Morgan as to what were the relations between the new Scientific Advisory Board and the Scientific Advisory Committee of the War Cabinet and the Engineering Advisory Committee, the Lord Privy Seal (Sir Stafford Cripps), replying for the Minister of Production, said it would not be correct to describe the recent additions to the staff as a Board.Their field was co-extensive with the responsibility of the Minister of Production and the appointments did not in any way affect the functions of the Scientific Advisory Com- mittee or the Engineering Advisory Committee of the War Cabinet, who would continue to advise the Government on matters coming within their terms of reference. In appropriate cases these Committees would no doubt consult with the scientific advisers of the Minister of Production. Chemical Society Research Fund.-Hitherto, the Research Fund Committee has met in December of each year to consider applications for grants from the Research Fund.In view of present conditions, however, the Council has decided that, for the present, applications for grants shall be considered as and when received. Forms of application for grants are obtainable from the General Secretary, Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.I. All who have received grants, accounts of which have not been closed, are reminded that reports should be sent to the General Secretary as soon as possible and, in any case, not later than Monday, 16th November. The Minister of Supply has made the Control of Paint, etc. (No.3) Order, 1942, which provides that after 19th October, 1942,no person shall acquire raw materials for the manufacture of paint, varnish lacquer or distemper and sell the resultant product, unless he holds a licence issued by the Ministry of Supply.Copies of the Order, which comes into operation on the 19th day of October, 1942,may be obtained from H.hI. Stationery Office, York House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, or through any bookseller (price ~d.). The Control of Paint Lacquer and Varnish Nos. I & 2 Orders are revoked. Plant Pests and Diseases.-The Ministry of Agriculture has reported the provision of a scheme for the approval of Proprietary Products for the Control of Plant Pests and Diseases. The Minister of Agriculture and the Secretary of State for Scotland, in consultation with the Agricultural Research Council have appointed, among others, Mr.C. T. Gimingham, O.B.E., Mr. A. J. Holden and Dr. Hubert Martin, FeZZows, to a Committee to advise on applications from manufacturers for the approval of their products. Dr. J. T. Martin, Associate, is the Secretary of the Committee. Professor Samuel Sugden, F.R.S., Fellow, has been appointed Director of Explosives Research in succession to Dr. Godfrey Rotter, C.B., FeZZow, who has retired. [ 227 1 National Certificates in Chemistry ENGLANDAND WALES Assessors.-Dr. J. Kenyon, F.R.S., F.I.C., Professor W. Wardlaw, D.Sc.; F.I.C., Professor J. E. Coates, O.B.E., DSc., F.I.C. The Council has received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Institute a,nd the Board of Education on the examinations for National Certificates in England and Wales.Copies of the full Report of the Assessors have been sent to all the Colleges concerned and the results have been communicated to the candidates. The following is a brief abstract of the Report. During the present session one school has submitted candidates for the first time in the Advanced Grade. The number of entries in the Senior Grade was 257, of whom 170 passed, compared with 217 in 1941, of whom 131passed. In the Advanced Grade there were 84 candidates, of whom 66 passed. In 1941, there were 77 candidates, of whom 53 passed. Of the 84 candi-dates, 61had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate, and of the 66 successful candidates, 47 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate.It is generally agreed that, while it is desirable that a student should appreciate the theoretical background of chemistry, it is equally important that he should accumulate an accurate and adequate knowledge of chemical facts. It is only possible to realise this aim when careful atten- tion is given, in the teaching, to descriptions and experimental illustrations of preparations, properties and reactions of the more important com-pounds of the elements. It was gratifying to find that in the examination papers submitted by the Colleges the questions were framed to test the acquaintance of the students with chemical facts as well as their appreciation of chemical theory. In very few cases was it necessary for the Assessors to suggest modifications in the questions proposed and, speaking generally, the standard of the candidates’ work this session was fully up to that of recent years.SCOTLAND Assessor. Dr. F. D. Miles, F.I.C. For the Ordinary National Certificates, 54 candidates entered and 42 passed, and for the Higher National Certificate 14candidates entered and 12passed. This represents a considerable increase on the corresponding number of last year. NOXTHERNIRELAND The Council has received and approved a Report from the Ministry of Education, Northern Ireland. Four candidates presented themselves and 3 were awarded the Ordinary Certificate. Three candidates presented themselves for the Higher Certificate but were not successful. [ 228 3 Obituary KEITH BENHAM died at Burton House, Stafford, on 12th October, inBEKHAM his 64th year.Educated at Clifton College, he continued his studies at Mason College, Birmingham, from 1897-1899, and at University College, London, from 1899-1901, graduating B.Sc. He then became engaged in the pottery industry and devoted himself to research in coniiexioii with the manufacture of enamel colours for ceramic purposes. In 1912 he applied his specialist knowledge to the grinding wheel industry and joined the Universal Grinding Wheel Co., Ltd., of which he became Managing Director, the position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1903 and a Fellow in 1906. CHARLESROBERT died at Rose Hill, Pant, Shropshire, on 12th October, DARLING at the age of 72 years.The son of Thomas Darling, he was educated privately at Crewe and trained at the Royal College of Science, Dublin. He gained the Associate- ship of the College, and in 1899 was appointed lecturer in chemistry at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, where he was subsequently assistant professor of science. He was also lecturer in Applied Physics at the Finsbury Technical College, and practised as a consulting chemist in metallurgy, fuels, combustion and high temperature processes. He was a Past Vice-president and Member of Council of the Physical Society and a Past Member of Council of the Faraday Society, a Fellow of the Institute of Physics, and a Member of the Royal Engineers Board. During the war of 1914-1918 he was Chairman of an Electric Welding Research Committee under the Admiralty.He was the author of “Liquid Drops and Globules, their Formation and Move- ments” (1914) and of a “Treatise on Pyrometry” (1920), and contributed numerous articles on heat for engineers, thermo-electricity, electro-chemistry, fuels and heat insulation, to scientific and technical journals, including the Transactions of the Paraday Society and Engineering.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1899 and a Fellow in 1908. GARRATTWALTER REGINALD died at Brighouse, Yorks., on 6th September, in his 49th year. Educated at the Central Secondary School, Sheffield, he studied at the University and graduated B.Sc. in 1913, continued as a research student, and was admitted to the degree of M.Sc.with honours in chemistry and physics in 1914. In May, 1915, he mas engaged as an analyst in the Government Laboratory, London, and towards the end of 1916 was appointed a research chemist and metallurgist to the Ministry of Munitions in Sheffield, where he also held the appointment as a demonstrator in the evening classes at the University. In 1920-1921 hb was an evening lecturer at Bradford Technical College. In 1925 he moved to Huddorsfield and became chief metallurgist to J. B. Blakeborough, Ltd., which position he held until his death, which was apparently hastened by the report that his eldest son, a Flight Sergeant (Pilot) in the R .A.F., was missing and believed killed in action,-a report subsequently confirmed.He was elected an Associate of t’he Institute in 1918. JAMES GRANGERDARNELL died at Winchester on 29th August, in his 71st year. From 1888-1803 he studied under Clowes at University College, Nottingham, and gained the Associateship of the College. In 1893 he was awarded a Scholarship by the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners, and proceeded to Berlin, where he worked under Emile Fischer, and obtained the degree of Ph.D. magna cum Zaude. From 1597-1911 he was research chemist with the Chiswick Soap Company and its succeeding com- panies; in 1911 he became Manager of the Chiswick Polish Co. of Australia, Ltd., Sydney, from which position he retired in 1920. He then returned as a research chemist to the Chiswick Polish Co., Ltd., London, with whom and with Chiswick Products, Ltd., he continued until his retirement in 1937.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1897. GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON died at Horsaciett, Tarbert, Isle of Harris, on 28th September, in his 81st year. He was the eldest son of George Henderson, of Glasgow,andwas educated privately before entering the University, whare he gained the George A. Clark Fellowship [ 229 ] in Natural Science, and graduated M.A., later proceeding t>oD.Sc. After working for some months under Wislicenius and Wiedeinann at, Leipzig, he returned to Glasgow in 1884, as lecturer and demonstrator, under Ferguson, in the University, which position he held until 1892, when he was appointed Freeland Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Technical College.From 1889-1892 he was also lecturer in chemistryat Queen Margaret College, and in 1919 he succeeded Fergusori as Regius Professor in the University, from which position he retired in 1937, with the title of Emeritns Professor. He was a Vice-president of the Chemical Society for three periods, 1916-1919, 1927-1930, and 1933-1936, and was President of the Society from 1931-1933. From 1901-1904 he was Secretary of the Chemistry Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and was President of the Section in 1916. He was for eight years Secretary, and later Chairman, of the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, of which Society he became President in 1914-1915. Professor Henderson received the honorary degree of LL.D.from the Universities of St. Andrews and Glasgow, the honorary degree of D.Sc. from Queen’s University, Belfast, and WP.S elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1916. He was also an Honorary Member of the Society of Public Analysts. He was the author of ‘numerous papers on inorganic and organic chemistry, published in The Transactions of the Chemical Society, The Proceedings of the Royal Society, The Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, l’he Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and The Analyst; also the author of “Catalysts in Industrial Chemistry,” “Chemical Industries of the West of Scotland” and joint author with the late Professor Matthew Parker, of “An Introduction to Analytical Chemistry.” He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, and was actively connected with its work for nearly 40 years; as a Member of Council, for three periods, 1897-1900, 1908-1911 and 1916-1919; as a Vice-president for three Periods from 1923-1924, 1927-1930 and 1931-1934; as President from 1924-1927; as a Censor from 1924-1935, and as an Examiner from 1904-1908. REECEHENRYVALLANCEdied at Birmingham on 27th Soptomber, in his 56th year.Born at Tamworth where he was educated at the Grammar School, he matriculated at London University and continued his studies at BirminghamMunicipal Technical School and at tho University of Birmingham, graduating B.Sc. in 1910, proceeding to Bl.Sc. in 1922. On the outbreak of war in 1914, he oillisted in the 17th Royal Wa,rwickshire Regiment, and in the following year was transferred to the Special Brigade (R.E.).He was in engagements at Loos, Hullach, Cuinchy, and on tho Somme, and in June, 1916, was wounded at Beaumont Hamol. He was discharged from tho Army in the autumn of 1917 and became chemistry inaster at Kings Norton Secondary School, and in 1919 was appointed lecturer in chornistry at tho Municipal Technical Schoo1,-now the Central Technical College-Birmingham. He was popular with his colleagues and students, and will long be renicmbered for his welfare activities, especially as Chairman of the Hampton-in-&-den Scout Group Committee. He was also a Gas Identification Officer, and frequentiy lectured on Home Defence.He was author of “Arsenic,” joint author with D. F. Twiss and A. R. Russell of “Sulphur, Selenium and Tellurium,” and with A. A. Eldridge of “Chromium and its Congeners,” Vols. VI (Part 4)and VII (Parts 2 and 3), respectively, of “A Text- book of Inorganic Chemistry,” edited by J. Newton Friend. He also contributed a number of papers to the Transactions of the Chemical Society, including important ones on complex tlungstates and on the solubility of potassium ferrocyanide. He was elected an Associate of the Instituto in 1918 and a Fellow in 1927, F. W. CLIFFoItD.-Fellows and Associates who have had the privilege of using the Library of the Chemical Society will have heard with regret of the death, on 21st September, of the Librarian to the Society, Mr.F. W. Clifford, who had held that office since 1903. In his time, the collection had increased threefold-from 15,000 to 45,000 volumes,-and yet he had managed to find accommodation for the increase in the rooms of the Society, a task now becoming more and more difficult. Rlr. Clifford was well known in his profession, had provided evidence for the Report on the Public Libraries in England and U‘ales prosented to the Board of Education in 1927, had been a Member of the Library Association and had served on the Council of the Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux from 1925-1 930. He was a keen member of the St. John Ambulance Brigade, in which, at tho time of his death, he held the rank of Commander. [ 230 1 Books and their Contents The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers :-Food and Drugs, Aids to Analysis of.John Ralph Nicholls. 6th edition. (The first being by T. H. Pearman and C. G. Moor, 1895.) Pp. viii 4-424. (London: Bailli&-e, Tindall & Cox.) 10s. net. Though not intended to be used as a “cram-book” for examinational purposes, the work covers much of the syllabus of the examination of the Institute in the chemistry of food and drugs, and is primarily writtoil for the use of practising chemists. The Appericlis includes legal information, Regulations and Orders, Atomic Weights and other useful data. Hydrogen Ions : Their Determination and Importance inPure and Industrial Chemistry.Hubert T. S. Britton. 3rd ed. (revised and enlarged). 2 Volumes. Vol. I, pp. xx + 420. Vol. 11,pp. xx+444. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 1942. 36s. net each vol. Volume P. Theory of olectrometric methods for the determination of hydrogen-ion con- centration ;standard half dements ;the hydrogen electrode and pH ;quinhydrono electrode ; oxygen and air electrodes; metal-metallic oxide electrodes; glss electrode ; measurernent of electromotive force ; modified potentiometric and other mothods ; principles of volumetric analysis ; standardisation of volumetrjc solutions; abnormal acids; theory of the ionisation of dil,asic and polybasic acids; activity theory of solutions; Lowry-Brmstsd theory of acids and bases; solutions of knoivn hydrogen-ion conc>entration ; colorimetric methods for the determination of hydrogen-ion concentrations ; errors in indicator methods ; the us0 of indicators in titrations; indicator papers and their use for the ap- proxiniate determination of pH ; notes on the preparation of some indicators; name and subject indexes.Volumo 11. The influence of hydrogen-ion concentration on oxidation-reduction processes, rH; potentiometric titrations of acids and bases in non-aqueous solvents ; fundamental importance of hydrogen-ion concentrations in inorganic chemistry, precipitation of hydroxides ; precipitation of basic chromates, borates, car-bonates, and silicates ;precipitation of sulphides ;precipitation of normal and basic phosphates ; reaction between weak organic acids and inorganic bases ;hydrogen-ion concentration of solutions containing complex ions ; analytical processes involving pH;importance of pH control in the detection of metals with organic reagents ; importance of hydrogen-ion concentration in electro-deposition of metals ; in the preliminary stages of leather manufacture; in chrome tanning and other mineral tanning processes ; of chrome tanning liquors ; in the vegetable tanning of leather; sugar manufacture; pulp and paper manufacture ; brewing; significance of the hydrogen-ion concentration of milk; hens’ eggs ; in baking; water purification, corrosion aid sewage disposal ; boaring of hydrogen-ion concentration on the fertility of soils; hydrogon-ion concentration and ceramics ; hydrogen-ion concentration and the textile and dj-e industries; ore flotation; miscellanoous; name and subject indexes.Vitamins, Hormones and Go-enzymes, Application of Absorption Spectra to the Study of. R. A. Morton. and edition. Pp. 226. (London: Adam Hilger, Ltd.) 28s. net. Introductory, notation ; absorption spxtra and steroids ; provitamins and vitamin A; vitamin E and anti-oxidants; vitamin K; vitamin C and vitamin P; tho vitamin B complex; purine and pyrimidine derivatives ; proteins; enzymes and co-enzymes; name and subject index. [ 231 1 D. 0. Raghallaigh, B.Sc., A.I.C., has forwarded a monograph on Sir Robert Kane (1809-18go),first President of Queen’s College, Cork, a Pioneer in Science, Industry and Commerce in Ireland, with a foreword by Professor Joseph Reilly.Pp. 44. (Cork University Press.) 2s. net. The British Standards Institution has recently issued the following standards,-2s. each, post free 2s. 3d. 1053-1942. Water Paints and Distempers for Interior Use. 1056-1942. Painting of Buildings in War-time. 1057-1942. Substitute Paints for Exterior Finishing. Amendment Slip for PD. 4 $or B.S. 1045-1942. Manganese Steel Gas Cylinders for Atmospheric Gases. ‘‘ Endeavour.”-Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., has published No. 4 of Volume I of Edeavo$br, containing a tribute to Newton, to mark the tercentenary of the year of his birth, and an article by Dr. Douglas McKie, who suggests that Newton attempted to discover the laws of chemical attraction and to parallel in the microcosm of chemistry his fundamental work in the macrocosm of mechanics.The Number also contains an article on the “Evolution of the Chemical Laboratory,” by Professor J. R. Partington. (5s. net.). The Institute of Petroleum has presented a copy of Standard Methods for Testing Petroleum and its Products, 4th edition, revised and re-written, 1942 ; comprising 75 classified methods ; specifica-. tions for I.P. Petroleum Spirit and Standard Thermometers; methods of calculating Diesel Index and Viscosity Index; tables for the conversion of kinematic viscosity to Redwood No. I viscosity; methods standardised by the American Society for Testing Materials. 400 pp. (London: Institute of Petroleum.) 15s. “C. H. Gribb” Collection of Prints.-The collection of prints bequeathed to the Institute by the late Mr.Cecil H. Cribb, who died in 1932, has lately received additions, through the courtesy of his execu- tors, including “A Philosopher showing an Experiment on the Air-Pump ” by Valentine Green, after Joseph Wright of Derby,-a strong impression, possibly a “proof,” with the names of the painter and engraver, but without the title; an oval, coloured print of Lavoisier; a mezzotint of the friend and neighbour of Stephen Hales, Alexander Pope, the poet, who in his Essay of Man refers to “the starving chemist in his golden views”; “Le Chemiste en, Operation ” by Basan, after Th. Wyck ; “Astronomy ”-an eighteenth-century, coloured print by Boydell; and a painting in oils --“The Chemist ”-after D.Teniers, jun. The Institute has also received from the Executors of the late Mr. Cribb the following books:- Essays on the Microscope, by George Adams (London: sold by the author at his shop, Tycho Brahe’s head, No. 60, Fleet Street, 1787); [ 2321 plates for the Essays on the Microscope, by George Adams; Lexicon Technicum, or an Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Science (2nd edition) by John Harris, D.D., F.R.S. (London, 1708); Commercium Philosophico-Technicum; or, The Philosophical Commerce of Arts, by W. Lewis, F.R.S. (London, 1765) ; The Construction and Principal Uses of Mathematical Instruments, translated from the French of M. Bion, Chief Instrument Maker to the French King, to which are added “The Con- struction and Uses of such Instruments as are omitted by M.Bion, particularly those invented or improved by the English Edmund Stone; Second Edition to which is added a supplement containing a further account of some most useful mathematical instruments as now improved (London, 1758). The Register At the meeting of Council held on 16th October, 1942, 25 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 81 new Associates were elected, 40 new Students were admitted, and I Student was re-registered. The Council regrets to report the death of 5 Fellows and one Associate. Associates elected to the Fellowship Alexander, William Alastair, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Arden Street, Edinburgh. Bennett, William Herbert, M.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Friary Close, Torrington Park, London, N.12. Bloomfield, Cyril Josiah, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, St. Albans Road, Brynmill, Swansea. Cohen, Aaron, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 7, The Quadrangle, Welwyn Garden City. Dodds, Gilbert Elliot, A.H-W.C., 43, Libertor Brae, Edinburgh, 9. Dyson, Watson Harold, M.A. (Cantab.), Norman House, Isipingo Beach, Natal, S. Africa. Eden, Alfred, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), The Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Weybridge.Farmer, Robert Harvey, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), D.Sc.Tech. (Zurich), 16, Lansdown Road, Sidcup, Kent. Frew, John, Beech Villa, Kirkby, Liverpool. Furness, Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, North View, Knowles Hill Road, Dewsbury.Halliwell, Ronald Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Kasernil, Mount Road, Cranleigh, Surrey. Holburn, William, 23, Ryburn Buildings, Sowerby Bridge, Yorks.Holman, John Christian George Mervyn, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Iran. Jay, Henry Cecil, 35, Highbury, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 2. Kennedy, Thomas, RLSc., Ph.D. (Mane.), c/o Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Abadan, Khuzistan, Iran. Long, Henry Lawrence, R.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.I.Chem.E., 9, East Avenue, Leicester. Mallows, John Henry, 7, Craigentinny Grove, Edinburgh, 7. Middlebrook, William Robert, 14, Estcourt Avenue, Headingley, Leeds, 6. Muers, Morris Marcus, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), The Gables, Hemyock, Devon. Platt, Percy John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 277, Norwich Road, Ipswich. Ratcliffe, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Technical College, Derby. Roffey, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Bris.), Hillcrest, Abbotswood, Guildford.Shuttleworth, Professor Stanley Gordon, M.Sc., Ph.D. (S.A.), Rhodes University College, Grrthamstown, S. Africa. [ 233 1 Stretton, Geoffrey William Peter, B.Sc. (Lond.), Trenython, Elfin Grove, BognorRegis, Sussex. Sutcliffo, Ronald, M.A. (Oxon.), Government Laboratory, Clement’s Inn Passage, Strand, London, W.C.2. New Associates Appleyard, Eric Bentley, 23, Rex Avenue, Ashford, Middx. Barton, Derek Harold Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Theydon, Hillside Drive, Old Road East, Gravesend. Berrie, Miss Eileen Boyd, B.Sc. (Liv.), 12, Knowsley Road, Wallasey. Bishop, Edmund, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 93, Gauldry Avenue, Cardonald, Glasgow, S.w.2. Bishop, Joseph Robert, Station House, Calder Grove, nr. Wakefield.Boutelje, Eduard, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), 113, Eckstein Street East, Observatory Extension, Johannesburg, Trensvaal, S. Africa. Eowden, Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, High Street, Manchester, 13. Bradwell, Donald, c/o Meece House, Cold Meece, nr. Stone, Staffs. Britton, Leslie George, 13, Uphall Road, Ilford, Essex. lprooks, Archibald, 84, Merton Drive, Hillington, Glasgow, S.VV.2. Bunn, Dennis, B.Sc. (Leeds), 43, Easterly Avenue, Harehills, Leeds, 8. Campbell, John James Mackenzie, B.Sc. (Edin.), 37, Cluny Gardens, Edinburgh. Campbell, William Alec, 270, Buddle Itoad, Benwell, Newcastlo-upon-Tyne, 4. Carruthers, Thomas Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Leeds), 68, Hookstone Road, Harrogate. Clarke, James Allan, 25, Field Lane, Burton-on-Trent. Cocker, Wesley, M.Sc., Ph.D.(Mane.), 2, West\?-ood Gardens, Kenton, Newcastle- upon-Tyne, 3. Cottrell, Miss Helen Joyce, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Lyndhurst Drive, Romford, Essex. Cotfrell, Jack Andrews, B.Sc. (Lond.), 128, Highfield Lane, Portswood, Southampton. Daniels, Reuben Edwin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 103, Station Road, Glastonbury, Somerset. Davidson, James Norman, B.Sc., M.D. (Edin.), F.R.S.E., Marischal College, The University, Aberdeen. Davies, John Douglas, 3, Prendergast Hill, Haverfordwest, Pem. Drysdale, Angus, 66a, Stewart Avenue, Bo’ness, Scotland. Dunning, John Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 75, Cleckheaton Road, Odsal, Bradford. Forsdikc, Jack Leslie, B.Pharm. (Lond.), 81, Radcliffe Road, West Bridgford, Nott ingham . Freeman, Philip Reginald, 47, Borras Road, Rhosnessney, Wrexham.Fry, Douglas James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 159, South Park Drive, Ilford. Gardinor, William, 24, Stobhill Road Gomkshill, Newton Grange, Midlothian. Gaunt, William Eric, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 203, Hood House, Dolphin Square, London, S.W. 1. Gibbons, George Cuthbert, 26, Mentone Road, Beaton Moor, Stockport.Gilchrist, James Duncan, R.Sc. (Glas.), 6, Linn Drive, Glasgow, S.4. Gill, ,John Parker, B.Sc. (Leeds), 2, Kenslow Avenue, Crumpsall, Manchester, 8. Glascock, Raymond Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, St. James’ Avenue, Sutton, Surrey. Hamer, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 164, King Street, Dukinfiel d, Cheshire. Hards, William Charles Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Princes Road, Brighton, 7. Nensman, Jack, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Eastlake Avenue, Parkstone, Dorset.Bitchin, Eric Wilfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Walnuts, Wiltra Grove, Duffield, Derby. Hookway, Harry Thurston, 26, Court Drive, Waddon, Croydon. Johnson, Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Falcon House, Seascab, Cumberland. Kilham, John Kilvington, B.Sc. (hods), 11, Burton Avenue, Burton Stone Lane, York. Langston, Eobert Pombruge, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/oAnglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Iran. Lewis, John Eryn, B.Sc. (Wales), Lilybank, Barrhill, Dalbeattie, Kirkcudbrightshire. Litherland, L41an, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), 253, Citmdon Road, London, N.7. Lovett, Thomas Whittaker, 222, Heywood Road, Prestwich, Manchcster. Macdonald, William Archie Byroll, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o 9, Thornly Park Aveilue, Paisley, Renfrewshire.;LIai+tin, Sidney Launcelot Hiam, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 66, Streatham Court, London, S.W.16. McCanlis, Arthur William Hepburn, M.A. (Cantab.).45, Eaton Road, Sutton, Surrey. [ 234 I McGill, Eric Frederick George, 27, Marble Hill Gardens, Twickenham, Middlesex. Michaels, Isaac, B.Sc. (Lond.), College of the Pharmaceutical Society, at University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff. Mills, Alfred Joseph, A.C.G.F.C., 28, Coombe Gardens, West Wimbledon, London, s.w.20. Mitchell, John Edmund, B.Sc. (Lond.), 536, Bolton Road, Blackburn. Morgan, Edward Norman, B.Pharm. (Wales), Myrtle Villa, Brynithel Crescent, Llanhilleth, Mon. Murty, Gundu Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha, M.Sc. (Allahabad), D.Sc. (Andhra), Lecturer in Chemistry, Andhra University, Waltair, India.Neilson, James Hugh Saunders, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 16, Ruthven Street, Glasgow, W.2. Niven, William Love, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Rutt, 82, Ashridge Way, Sunbury-on- Thames, Middx. Patrick, Eric Anthony Knights, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Ingleby Way, Wallington, Stirrey. Phillips, John Leslie, B.Sc. (Liv.), 56, Wavertree Nook Road, Broadgreen, Liver- pool, 15. Roberts, Ellis Gwynne, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Bodwyn Park, Gresford, nr. Wrexham. Roberts, Eric, 20, Dunstcr Avenue, Rochdale, Lancs. Robinson, Henry Williamson Harcourt, B.Sc. (Liv.), Forge House, Cleator, Cumberland. Samuel, Dillwyn Morgan, B.Sc. (Wales), 29, Bold Square, Chester. Sspsford, James, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), Rochdale Corporation, Gas Department, Dane Street Works, Rochdale, Lancs.Sarfas, Donald Thomas, 50, Manor Road, Borrowash, Derby. Sathaye, Sharatkumar Vinayak, B.Sc. (Bombay), Dr. Kambli Blocks, Vile Parie (Bombay Suburban District), India. Schwartz, Miss Helen Marie, M.Sc. (Cape Town), Department of Chemistry, Uni-versity of Cape Town, Cape Town, S. Africa. Shah, HariIal Amratlal, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Bombay), No. 7, Pritaninagar, Ahmedabad, Ahniedabad No. 6, India. Shaikh-Mahamud, Husani Salebhai, B.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), 8, The Gray- lands, Rhiwibina, Cardiff. Siegert, Robert Wallace Clifford, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., c/o Angostura Bitters, Ltd., Port of Spain, Trinidad, B.W.1. Simpson, Charles Ludgate, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), 49, Mill Street, Cannock, Staffs. Smith, Wenslcy Noah, B.Sc.(Lond.), 41, Elmore Road, Shcffield, 10. Smyth, Jaines Desrnond, B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Dublin), University College, University Road, Leicester. Souter, Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Lynclhurst Grove, Chaddesden, Derby. Taylor, Charles Murray, B.Sc. (Glaa.), Rexworthy, Groveley Road, Felthsm, lliddx. Thewlis, Basil Hugh, B.A., U.Sc. (Oxon.), 31, Campden Grove, London, W.S. Thomson, William Renderso;on Scott, B.Sc. (Glas.), 50, Fullarton Driv-e, Troon, Ayrshire.Wallis, Ronald George, B.Sc. (Lond,), 22, Xudbrooke Road, London, S.W.12. IYarburton, Harold, 129, Manchester Road, Walniersley, Bury. White, John, B.Sc. (Birin.), 5, Caithness Drive, Great Crosby, Liverpool, 23. JVhite, Thoinas Walter, B.8c. (Lond.), 45, Maltoii Road, New Baaford, Nottingham.Wilkinsoii, Geoffrey, A.R.C.S. (Loiid.), 4, Wellington Road. Todmorden, Lancs. Wilkinson, John Bertrand, B.Sc. (Leeds), 58, Beech Way, Twickenham, Middx. \Yilson, Walter,. B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Church Road, Wisbech St. Mary, nr. Wisbech, Cambs. New Students Apling, Edward Chatterton, 45, Hatley Avenue, Iiford, Essex. Barker, Peter Frederick, c/o 41, Merchant Avenue, Spondon, nr. Derby. Bellringer, Miss Kathleen, 5 la, Lumber Lane, JVorsley, Lancs. Bradshaw, Stanley Erwin, 61, Rugby Road, Belfast, N. Ireland. Bruce, John Wilkinson, 113, Leith Walk, Leith. Craston, John Leslie, 37, Eeatty Road, Southport. Cronibie, Leslie, 77, Wesley Grove, Copnor, Portsmouth. Cunliffe, Philip Nowell, The Vicarage, 142, Blackburn Road, Accrington.Dooley, Ronald Clarkson, 60, Abbotsford Road, Smithills, Bolton, Lancs. Douglas, Bryce, 47, Lochleven Road, Langside, Glasgow. [ 235 3 Driver, Raymond Irving Tillson, 10, Stanley Road, Lindley, Huddersfield. Fulton, Derek Fraaer, 67, Gloucester Court, Kew Road, Kew. Gallaher, Patrick Edmund, 274, Shirley Road, Acock’s Green, Birmingham, 27. Goode, Alan Herbert, 8, Church Road, Ilford, Essex. Gow, Robert John, Brook Cottage, Chapel Lane, Rainhill, Lancs. Hanford, Joseph, 10, Baines Avenue, Edlington, Doncaster. Horgan, Vincent John Joseph, 11, Albion Street, Paisley, Scotland. Howe, Kenneth, 141, Chorley Road, Swinton, Lancs. Keeble, Richard Hedley Moulson, 28, Hampden Grove, Beeston, Notts. Kent, Paul Welberry, 2, Oversley Road, Wheatley, Doncaster.Lawton, Jack, 18, Huntley Road, Cheadle Heath, Stockport. Lea, James, 100, Alder Avenue, Widnes. Lowe, John Saunders, Warrington Road, The Holt, Rainhill, nr. Liverpool. Marsden, Philip Sydney Stewart Forbes, 7, Stanway Gardens, London, W.3. Millen, Douglas James, Gascoigne, High Halden, Ashford, Kent. Moreman, Kenneth George, 146, St. Andrew’s Road, Montpelier, Bristol, 6. Moseley, Philip John, 171, Kingfield Road, Foleshill, Coventry. Newman, Maurice Frederick, Bryn Dovey, Ditchfield Road, Hough Green, Widnes. Paul, Harry, Triumph Village, East Coast, Demerara, British Guiana. Penny, David Sheldon, 11, Park View Road, Heaton, Bradford. Pugh, Clifford, 151, Bell Lane, Hendon, London, N.W.4. Sheppard, Stanley James, 1, Tankard’s Close, St.Michael’s, Bristol, 2. Slicer, Ian Harold, 23, Oliver Avenue, London, S.E.25. Smith, John Francis, 9, Royds Avenue, Heysham, Lancs. Stary, Frederick, 21, St. Andrew’s Street, Ayr, Scotland. Stewart, Charles Edward, 1,Baird Avenue, East Howdon-on-Tyne, Northumberland. Whitehead, Thomas Patterson, 102, Victoria Road, Salford, 6. Wilson, Royce Robert, 33, Saxby Street, Leicester. Yardley, Basil Edmondson, 7, Ashfield Terrace West, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 4. Young, William Leonard, Aberlour, Jacks Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Re-registered Student Rich, Albert Charles, 18, Drayton Park Avenue, West Drayton, Middx. DEATHS Fellows Keith Benham, B.Sc. (Lond.). Charles Robert Darling, A.R.C.Sc.I., F.1nst.P. James Darnel1 Granger, Ph.D.(Berlin). George Gerald Henderson, M.A., D.Sc. (Glas.), H0n.LL.D. (St. Andrews),F.R.S.,Past President. Reece, Henry Vallance, M.Sc. (Birm.). Associate Walter Reginald Garratt, M.Sc. (Sheffield). CHANGE OF NAME (Miss) Peggy Lunam, M.Sc. (Dunelm), Associate, to Mrs. Edge,-on her marriage to Herbert Allan Edge, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Associate. Nov. 2-28 8-22 12 14 17 18 19 20 Coming Events Exhibition. Photography in Science and Industry. Organised by the Association of Scientific Workers, at the Royal Photographic Society, 16, Princes Gate, London, S.W.7. Week-days, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Admission free. National Exhibition. Soviet Life in War and Peace,-at Hertford House, Manchester Square, London, W.1.Week-days, 11 a.m. to 5 p.m.;Sundays, 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. Admission Is. INSTITUTEOF FUEL. “Provision of Smokeless Fuel for Post-war Recon- struction.” Dr. G. E. Foxwell, in the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, at 2.30 p.m. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY, THE INSTITUTE AND THE SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTILY(Bristol and South-Western Counties). “The Long ehton Contribution to the Utilisation of Surplus Fruit and Vegetables. Mr. V. L. S. Charley, in the University Chemical Department (Woodland Road), Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. THE PHARMACEUTICAL : “Nutrition” by Prof. J. C. Drummond,SOCIETY in the Small Hall, of Friends House, Euston Road, London, N.W.1, at 2.30 p.m. ASSOCIATIONOF SCIENTIFIC WORKERS. “Technical Cinematography in Colour” (illustrated by a selection of films). Dr.H. Mandiwall, at the Royal Photographic Society, 16, Prince’s Gate, London, S.W.7, at 6.30 p.m. THE CHEMICALSOCIETY(Cardiff). Professor H. W. Melville, F.R.S. INSTITUTEOF FUEL. “Discussion on the Battle of Fuel in Industry: How is it going?” Dr. E. W. Smith, C.B.E., in the Grand Hotel, Birmingham, at 2.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group). “Co-operation as a Post-war Problem.” Mr. H. V. Potter, in the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 2.30 p.m. ASSOCIATION SCIENTIFICOF WORKERS.“Photography as an Aid to Patho- logical Research.” Dr. E. Bone, at the Royal Photographic Society, 16, Prince’s Gate, London, S.W.7, at 6.30 p.m.(Birmingham and Midlands Section). “Forensic Science.” THE IKSTITUTE Dr. J. &I. Wsbster, at the Cnamber of Commerce, New Street, Birmingham, at 5.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE(London and South-Eastern Counties Section). Annual General Meeting. Address on “Adulteration Past and Present” by Dr. J. R. Nicholls, at the Institute, at 4.0 p.m. THE CHEMICALSOCIETY. Sir William Bragg Memorial Lecture. Professor J. D. Bernal, F.R.S., in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institution at 2.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE(Tees-side Section). “The Changing Scene.” Professor D. T. A. Townend, at Spark’s Cafe, High Street, Stockton-on-Tees. THE CHEMICALSOCIETY (South Yorkshire). “Some Kinetic Problems in Heterogeneous Systems.” Dr. E. A. Moelwyn Hughes, at The University, Western Bank, Sheffield, at 5.30 p.m.INSTJTUTIONMECHANICAL ENGINEERS. “Caustic Embrittlement,”OF E. W. Colbeck, S. H. Smith and L. Powell; and “Corrosion of Boiler Tubes,” T. Henry Turner, at the Institution, Storey’s Gate, St. James’s Park, London, S.W.l, at 5.30 p.m. [ 237 3 Nov. 20 ASSOCIATION WORKERS. Exhibition of Scientific Films from OF SCIENTIFIC various sources. Scientific Films Committee, A.Sc.W., at the Royal Photographic Society, 16, Prince’s Gate, London, S.W.7. at 6.30 p.m. 21 SYMPOSIUM RADIOGRAPHY.ON INDUSTRIAL Arranged by the Scientific Group of the Royal Photographic Society, at 16, Prince’s Gate, London, S.W.7, at 2.30 p.m. 25 THE INSTITUTE(Dublin Section). Annual General Meeting, in the Chemical Department, University College, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin, at 4.30 p.m.26 INSTITUTEOF FUEL. “The Standardisation of the Critical Air Blast Test.” Dr. D. H. Bangman and Dr. G. C. Phillpotts, in the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, at 2.30 p.m. 28 ROYALPHOTOGRAPHICSOCIETY: HURTERAND DRIFFIELD MEMORIAL LECTURE: “Sensitometry since Hurter and Drfield.” Dr. S. 8. Rawling, at 16, Prince’s Gate, London, S.W.7, at 3.0 p.m. Dec. 1 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY (Edinburgh). Joint Meeting with the Edinburgh University Chemical Society and the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry. “Molecules and Crystals.’’ Professor J. Monteath Robertson, in the Medical Chemistry Lecture Theatre, The University, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, at 7 p.m.SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Food Group) and SOCIETY OF PUBLIC AND OTHER ANALYTICAL ANALYSTS CHEMISTS: Joint meeting. 4 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY (Glasgow and West of Scotland Sections). Joint Meeting with the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry. “X-rayStudies of Coalification and Carbonization.” Prof. H. L. Riley. 5 THE INSTITUTE(South Yorlmhire Section). Jointly with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association. “Plastics Mouldings.’’ Mr. J. W. Buckley, at 198, West Street, Sheffield, at 2.30 p.m. (Yorkshire Section). “Some Rheological SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Problems in Industry.” Dr. G. W. Scott Blair. 10 INSTITUTEOF FUEL. “Fuel Economy at Collieries.” Mr. H. E. Partridge, in the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, at 2.30 p.m.16 THE INSTITUTE(Dublin Section). “Surface Tension mid Wett’ing Agents.” Mr. C. W.Grove-White, or “Plastics,” by Dr. A. E. Werner. 17 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY. Tilden Lecture. Mr. R. P. Bell, on “Recent Developments in the Theory of Reaction Kine tics in Solution,” at Rurling- ton House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 2.30 p.m. 1943 Jan. 8 THE INSTITUTE(Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section). “Some Recent Advances in Biochemistry Applied to Brewing.” Prof. R. H. Hopkins, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. (Leeds Area). “The Functions of a Government Inspection 11 THE INSTITUTE Department in War-time.” Mr. H. Hollis. r 2381 General Notices Streatfeild Memorial Lecture €or 1942.-Mr.Russell G. Pelly, FeZZow, has agreed to give a lecture entitled “Some Notes on Water Treatment,” before the Institute, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Friday, 27th November, at 2.30 pm., notice of which is being issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Examinations.-It is hoped to arrange Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship in April, 1943. Candidates whose applications have been accepted will be notified at the earliest moment and may then forward their entry forms and fees. Associates who desire to present themselves for Examination for the Fellowship in April, 1943, should forward their applications for con-sideration by the Council and not wait for a notification of the exact arrangements for the Examinat ions.Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, givingsuch particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Meldola Medal.-On the advice of the Board of Examiners and with the concurrence of the Society of Maccabaeans, the Council has decided that the ward of the Meldola Medal should be suspended until further notice. The Council has decided, however, that when the resumption of the award is authorised, the possibility of awarding more than one Medal in any year should be envisaged, and that if any such additional Medal be awarded, it should be to a candidate who has been precluded from the consideration of his claims during the period of hostilities and in consequence, may be over the age of 30 years. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.--A medal and prize (LIO10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3000 words, may be awarded in January, 1943, and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essays.The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions [ 239 1 of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on the subject of professional rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1942, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitior. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of the Council, to take office from 1st March, 1943, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 14th December, 1942.I. In accordance with By-law 30 (I), the Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March, 1921, amended on 1st March, 1923, on 1st March, 1935,and on 1st March, 1937:- Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Rutland and Northampton. Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. East Midlands and South E’orkshire, including the Counties of Derby,Nottingham and Leicester, and the Lindsey Division of Lincoln; and that portion of Southern Yorkshire, including the towns of Doncaster, Rother- ham, Sheffield, and district immediately contiguous thereto which have been allotted to the South Yorkshire Section; together with the Parts of Holland and the Kesteren Division of Lincoln.Liverpool and Korth-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmor- land and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigaii and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Huntingdon, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands.Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lsncaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast, including the Counties of Northumberland and Durham. [ 240 3 (viii) Yorksliire, except those portions of Southern Yorkshire referred to in (iii) above. (ix) Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington,Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh. (x) Aberdeen and North of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Inverness, Kincardine, and Angus (Forfar).(xi) Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. (xii) Wales, excluding the County of Flint, see (iv), and the County of Monmouth. (xiii) Northern Ireland, as defined by the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. (xiv) Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. (xv) The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad. The Rides for the election of District Members of Council are as follows:--The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council : 11.(1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as R District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-law 94 2(n)may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section id a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under’ these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election and shall be in the following form:- “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) ,a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District (xv) should be received not later than 31st August. 111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as Distriet Members of Couricil for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xv) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting- -(a) Shall record his vote for a District Meiiiber of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall rote for more than one such candidate.(b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting list shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates [ 241 ] nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meet- ing convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list bf any member who oil the Thursday next after the third Monday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Couiicil at a meeting, on the Friday next afier the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose. (4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respec- tively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot.(5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has withdrawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V. (6) The election of District Members of Council shall be iiotified to inembers whon they are-served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting, V. After the first election any vacancy ainong the District Members of thc c7ouncil occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section in the respective District of one eligible Fellow ;or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Kotice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meetiiig. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District.If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for IIistrict (xv), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. Those whose names are given in italics will have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council, and will retire in accordance with By-law 23. J3iriningh~m and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc. Hristol aid South-Western C’ounties : Allarb CuthbertsorhMortkhousa, B.Sc., Ph.D. East Midlands and South 1-orkshire : h’dwin Gregory, M.Sc., Ph.L).Liverpool and North-West Coast : Leslie Victor Cocks. London and South-Eastern Counties : David Michael Freeland. Manchester and District : Harold Stevenson. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast :Sigurcl \Yalfrid Albert Wikner. Yorlrshire: George James Denbigh, M.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Louis Fletcher. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: John Arnold Lovern, Ph.D., D.Sc. Glasgow and West of Scotland: James Wilfred Cook, Ph.D., D.Sc., F.H.8. Wales and the County of Monmouth : Ernest Edward Ayling, M.So., R.K.(:. Northern Ireland: Donald Alford Derrett-Smith, B.Sc., A.C.G.F.C., F.T.1, Irish Free State: John Andrews, B.Sc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad :Norman Lindsay Sheldoyz,C.I.E., Ph.D. [ 242 1 Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10 a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. It is open from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. from Monday to Friday, and from 10a.m. to I p.m. on Saturdays. Mem-bers and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules regarding the use of the books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute.Boots’ Booklovers Library .-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library will expire on 1st March. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boots’ Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis’s Lending Library .-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Asso-ciates to qualify for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to hotify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification, Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances, Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. “31 1.A-1 WAR SAVINGS CAMPAIGN1 1 1 1 1511 becomes 2016 I I How so ? I A IS/-National Savings Certificate grows in I value until at the end of 10years it is worth 20/6. 1 Do I pay any Income Tax on this increase?1 No. It is entirely free of Income Tax. 1 1 Where do I buy Savings Certijcates? From any Post Office, Bank, or Trustee1 Savings Bank; through a Savings Group or 1 from shops acting as Honorary Official Agents. 1 How do I buy Savings CerttjCicates?1 You can buy them outright at IS/-each. You1 can also purchase them by instalments by buying 6d. or 2/6 National Savings Stamps. I Is there any limit to the number I may hold?4 No individual may hold more than 5004 Certificates. i4 Can I get my money back if I need if ? Yes. You can cash Savings Certificates at anytime by giving a few days’ notice. You will get your money back with the increase which your Certificates have earned up to that date. NATIONAL1 SAVINGS CERTIFICATES4.1 ~ wvv--vw Issued by The National Savings Committee, London

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9426600189

出版商:RSC    

年代:1942

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1886 Patron -H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART VI: 1942 Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1 Decembsr, 1942. Publications Committee, 1942-43 F. P. Dunn (Chairwzan), J. J. Fox (Pvesident), A. L. Bacharach, H. Baines, F. Challenger, J. W. Cook, D. Jordan-Lloyd, J. R. Nicholls, Sir Robert Pickard and Garfield Thomas. Correspondence should nornzdly be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I ; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.u.Telephone number: Hillside 1859. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Co-operation Fellows and Associates who wish to participate in the scheme under which they can acquire, for a reduced subscription, joint membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and substantial privileges as to publications, can obtain particulars from the Conjoint Chemical Office, 6, Burlington Gardens, Piccadilly, London, W.I.Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 20th November, 1942.-In answer to the enquiry whether approved courses in science and engineering might be accepted in lieu of at least part of the classes and parades of the Air Training Corps, the Council received a reply to the effect that young men on becoming eligible for service could only be considered for pound duty in the Royal Air Force if they had received training in the A.T.C., and that it would not be practicable to accept certificates of attendance at approved courses in science and engineering in lieu of service in the A.T.C., as the latter service was regarded as furnishing recruits with a Service background as well as training in appropriate Air Force trades.Where a man wished to enter for flying duties there was no restriction and he was not required to be a member of the A.T.C. (In a subsequent letter, however, the Director of Manning, Air Mirlistry, stated that, in certain places, technical colleges and other educational institutions had been asked to provide classes in particular subjects in the A.T.C. syllabus for cadets, and where this had been done, attendance at such classes was allowed to count in lieu of A.T.C. parades for grants and for other purposes; also where boys were covering some of the A.T.C. syllabus in the course of their ordinary education, it had been agreed that it was unnecessary for them to duplicate the work as part of their A.T.C. instruction, but, in this, attendance did not count for the grafit; the number of hours required to earn A.T.C. grant must be cal- culated apart from such classes.Incidentally, youths of 17 who have voluntarily enrolled in the Home Guard and wish to join the A.T.C., must secure release through the Home Guard Commanding Officers.) The Council decided to intimate to the appropriate authorities that chemists with the Allied Forces now in this country would be welcomed at meetings .of the Institute, both in London and at Local Sections. The Council felt sure that the Local Sections would concur in the proposal and directed that they be informed accordingly. It was reported that Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Mr. A. A. Eldridge and Sir Robert Pickard had consented to attend, as representatives of the Institute, a meeting to be held at the Board of Education on 24th November, to receive information regarding the findings of the Com- mittee of the Board on Curriculum and Examinatiom for Secondary Schools.It was referred to the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee to revise the schedule of languages specified in the Regulations relating to Approved Preliminary Examinations for the registration of Students of the Institute. Mr. A. L. Bacharach and Mr. F. P. Dunn were appointed as represen-tatives of the Council on a Special Committee of the Chemical Council appointed to consider and report upon the question of .promoting in- creased membership in the co-ordinated bodies,- the Chemical Society, the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry.The Chemical Council, having reported that Dr. H. A. Tempany had c 247 1 completed three years’ service as representative of the Institute, the Council appointed Mr. A. L. Bacharach to the vacancy, and expressed thanks to Dr. Tempany for his services. A letter was received from the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section informing the Council that a Sub-committee of the Section had conferred with Professor James Kendall, F.R.S., of the University of Edinburgh, with a view to organising “Revisal Courses” for chemists in the district, to be held at the University as soon as possible after the war. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Vice-president, was reappointed to represent the Institute on the Poisons Board, in accordance with the Second Schedule of the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933, and the thanks of the Council were accorded to Dr.Roche Lynch for his past services. A letter was, received from the Royal Society stating that the term of office of Sir Robert Pickard as representative of the Institute on the National Committee for Chemistry would be completed on 31st December, 1942. The Council was asked to appoint a representative to serve for a period of six years beginning 1st January, 1943. Professor J. W. Cook was appointed to succeed Sir Robert Pickard, to whom the thanks of the Council were accorded for his services. A letter was received from the Science Masters’ Association stating that a Standing Committee had been set up for co-ordination and guidance in the teaching of physics, and it was decided to set up a similar Com- mittee to discuss problems of chemistry teaching.The Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry were being asked whether they would be willing to form a Joint Committee which would later get into touch with the Examining Bodies and the Universities. The Council decided that it would be willing to co-operate in the proposal if the Association would suggest an appropriate number of representatives for appointment to the Committee. A letter was received from the Medical Officer of Health of the Cor- poration of Glasgow on the subject of the Freezing Point (Hortvet Test) in the examination of milk samples. The Council felt that, although the Institute was interested in the matter, it was one more essentially for the Society of Public Analysts.It was decided, therefore, to ask the Society to inform the Institute of any report proposed to be made by the Society before it was transmitted to the Medical Officer of Health, Glasgow. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. On the recommendation of the Finance and House Committee, the Council decided to make a donation of EIOOto the Bureau of Chemical Abstracts. On the Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, the Council decided that candidates applying for registration as Students of the Institute, who are serving with the Forces and for that reason are unable to continue a recognised course of study, should receive favourable consideration, provided that their applications are supported by the heads of the Chemistry Departments of the recognised Colleges at which they were previously studying.The Council gave preliminary consideration to suggested revised By- laws submitted by the Special Committee on the Constitution of and Method of Election to the Council. c 248 1 Local Sections The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read OY in speeches delivered during discussions. Belfast and District.-A meeting of the Belfast and District Section of the Institute of Chemistry was held in the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast, on 16th October, 1942. Arising from the minutes of the last meeting it was reported that no further action had been taken by the Ministry of Commerce towards education of consumers in efficiency in the use of fuel since the meeting arranged at the request of the Mines Department in February for that purpose; nor had the resolution, passed at the meeting of the Section in March, recommending appointment of a staff of fuel technologists for the instruction of consumers, had any result.It was decided to write to the Ministry of Commerce again pointing out the necessity of taking steps to implement the suggestions for fuel economy. The Chairman, Dr. M. H. Hall, then opened a discussion on “The Future Policy of the Institute.” He said that the Institute, when founded, fulfilled adequately the needs of the chemical profession- mainly confined to academic and public analytical spheres, at that time- as a registering and examining body.Since then the scope of chemistry had enormously enlarged, and now probably not more than one-third of those earning their living by chemistry were members of the Institute, and one-third were not members of any of the chemical bodies. Further-more, the functions of the Institute as an examining body had been largely superseded by the Universities. Accordingly it would appear that if the Institute were to continue to be a dominant factor in the chemical world, certain alterations in policy and outlook were required. The present system of a multiplicity of chemical bodies did not permit the profession to present a unified front to the public, with the result that national and public appreciation of the chemist and his work was inclinded to be undirected and incomplete.Furthermore, the abilities of the chemist were not utilised to the best advantage, and in many cases the remuneration was not adequate. It was considered that a Central Body which would deal with all professional matters, such as registration, organisation, legal affairs- with special reference to conditions of employment-benevolent fund, and publicity, and had subsidiary associated groups representing the various sub-divisions of chemistry for publication, meetings, etc., would fulfil more adequately the requirements of the profession to-day. A start in this direction had been made by the co-ordination of the three principal bodies for purposes of publication, but this step required much greater amplifica- tion.Union of the main chemical bodies in this manner would enable the profession to speak with one voice and would enable full representation to be obtained in matters of national.importance. The Central Body should [ 249 3 be able to coordinate research, which at present was inclined to be random in direction and, by representing the profession in government circles, should enable more generous funds for research to be provided. As regards the stages of union, it would appear that the functions of the Institute and the British Association of Chemists were .largely comple- mentary and that an excellent start could be made by the union of these two bodies.The main publishing bodies, such as the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, etc. ,whilst having full representation on the Council of the Central Body, could assume the functions of the associated groups and be responsible for all publications in close con- junction with the Central Body. Many members, including Dr. W. Honneyman, Mr. D. A. Derrett-Smith, Dr. E. M. Reid and Mr. R. V. Manning, took part in the discussion which followed. It was decided that members should embody their ideas in resolutions which could be brought before a further meeting for discussion and then submitted to the Council. Birmingham and Midlands.-On 18th November, Dr. A. G. R. Whitehouse, Staff Chemist of the West Midland Forensic Science Labora- tory, Birmingham, gave a lecture on “Forensic Science and the Chemist” (P-265).Bristol and South-Western.-At a meeting of the Section , held at the University of Bristol, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society, on 12th November, Mr. A. Sanders, Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, presided, and a paper on “The Long Ashton Contribution to the Utilisation of Surplus Fruit and Vegetables,,’ was read by Mr. V. L. S. Charley. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides, and a variety 3f the products, resulting -from the activities of the Long Ashton Research Station, was exhibited. A meeting of the Section was held on 3rd December, in the Chemical Department of the University of Bristol, jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical.Industry, the Chemical Society and the Institution of Chemical Engineers. Mr. A. Sanders, Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Soeiety of Chemical Industry, presided. A paper on “The Production of Concentrated Nitric Acid ” was given by Mr. A. H. Manning, and a paper on “Computations on the Denitration of Aqueous Mixtures of Sulphuric and Nitric Acids with Steam” was given by Dr. G. E. Stephenson. Cardiff and District.-A meeting of the Section together with the Chemical Society and the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 14th November, 1942, at the University College, Cardiff.The chair was taken by Mr. S. Dixon. Professor 1-1. W. Melville, F.R.S., gave a lecture on “The Mechanism of Polymerisation.” (p. 263.) [ 250 1 Dublin.-Mr. J. W. Parkes presided at ‘a meeting held in Trinity College, Dciblin, on 28th October, when Dr. J. Havelock Nelson gave an account of experimental work carried out in collaboration with Professor Bigger on the growth of coliform bacilli in distilled water. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Section has held three meetings jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and local Fellows of the Chemical Society. On 24th September, the President, Dr. J. J. Fox, gave a short lecture on “Methods in Use for Infra-red Investigations,” followed by some remarks on the future policy of the Institute.Qn 10th October, Dr. G. Gee, of the British Rubber Growers Research Association, lectured on “Fundamental Factors Governing Oil Absorption in Rubber,” and on 1st December, Professor J. Monteath Robertson, G ardiner Professor of Chemistry in the University of Glasgow, spoke on “Molecules and Crystals.” Members of the Section are reminded that the Annual General Meeting will be held in the North Eritish Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on Friday, 8th January, 1943,at 7 p.m. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section took place in Glasgow on 30th October, Professor W. M. Cumming presiding. The Reports of the Honorary Treasurer and Honorary Secretary were received and adopted.An appeal was made for more generous and widespread support of the Benevolent Fund. The Chairman made reference to the loss the Section and the pro- fession had sustained by the death of Professor G. G. Henderson, and asked the members to stand in silence as a token of respect. The decision, taken at a previous General Meeting, that during the war the Office-bearers and Committee should not be changed was unani- mously reaffirmed. Following on the above business, members were asked to discuss the points regarding the policy of the Tnstitute mentioned by the President, Dr. J. J. Fox, in his address to the Section in September. The discussion was opened by Professor J. W. Cook, District Member of Council, who gave a clear and concise account of the present position as to (a) Council representation, (b) closer union among the three char- tered societies and others, (c) third grade of membership.He reported that progress made on the first question had been considerable and that it was probable that all members might soon be given an opportunity to discuss and criticise the proposals of the Sub-Committee on this matter. As to closer union among the societies, there had also been progress but much remained to be done, and constructive suggestions would always be welcomed by Council. On the question of a third grade of membership, Professor Cook said there were various opinions and the matter seemed to be a.very controversial one. At the conclusion of Professor Cook’s remarks the Chairman declared the discussion open and suggested that the last question should be taken first, il2Fi11 Many members voiced their opinions, and from the views expressed it was obvious that considerable thought had been given to the question.The remark made by Professor Cook about the difficulty of answering it was fully justified. A vote was ultimately taken on the advisability of opening a third grade of membership and, although it was actually against such a move, the number voting was so small that it was un- animously agreed that it could-not be recorded as a vote of the Section. As it seemed likely that fuller information on the questions of “Council” and of “Union” would shortly be made available to members, only a brief discussion on these took place.Several members, however, asked for information as to the reactions of other Sections and of Council to the question of making Associates eligible for election to Council, this being a matter about which the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section had unanimously passed a resdution early in the present year. Since no precise information was available the Secretary was in-structed to seek it from the Registrar. The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to Professor Cook for his summary of the present position. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held on 29th Sep- tember in Field’s Caf6, Huddersfield, Dr. J. W. Whitaker presiding. Mr. A. L. Bacharach gave a talk entitled “Some Aspects of Nutrition in War- time.” On 30th October a meeting, to which local members of the British Association of Chemists were invited, was held at the Technical College, Huddersfield, under the chairmanship of Dr.J. W. Whitaker. A sound film of the oil industry was shown and was followed by a lecture by Dr. A. E. Dunston, entitled “The Chemist in the Oil Industry.” Leeds Area.-At the Annual General Meeting, held at the University of Leeds on the 9th November, the Section welcomed the President, Dr. J. J. Fox. Professor F. Challenger, Chairman of the Section, presided. The Financial Statement was received and adopted. Messrs. J. H. Bendle, H. Hollis, E. G. Raynes and Dr. F. R. Goss were elected to the Com- mittee, and Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A.Woodmansey were re-elected as Hon. Auditors. The President spoke on the various important questions of policy which are now engaging the attention of Council. These were of two kinds-those concerned with the domestic affairs of the Institute and those affecting its relations with the public and with outside bodies. Under the first heading came the question of the constitution of the Council. Many people thought that the Council was too large, but if proper local representation were to be accorded he did not think that this would prove to be the case. He personally favoured the creation of a larger number of Sections with sectional or regional representation. He wished to learn the views of the younger men on the question of the eligibility of Associates for election to the Council.[ 252 1 As regards external relations, it was to be emphasised that the Institute’s qualification represented a high standard of professional attainment from which it would not depart, and it was important to make this clear publicly. The minimum standard laid down by Statutory Order for registration with the Chemical Section of the Central Register was too low for acceptance by the Institute. It was not possible for the Institute to include those who do not conform to its standard, but there was no desire to interfere with any organisation that did so. The desirability of establishing a third grade of membership was an open question on which he was trying to find the opinions of members. He was greatly concerned about the future of the very large numbers of partially trained young people who were now doing excellent routine work in chemical laboratories, and they might well present a serious problem after the war.We could not contemplate these young people being thrown overboard in happier times: although the Institute could not assume responsibility for their future, it would doubtless be very glad to lend a hand in dealing with the problem. He was glad to be able to inform the Section that the Institute had co-operated with the Institute of Physics and representatives of other sciences in the formation of a Joint Council charged with the duty of maintaining the status and promulgating the views of professionally qualified scientists.This step constituted a most important advance. The Chairman emphasised that the Institute was fundamentally democratic in its working and kept in close touch with the trend of opinions and events. Mr. Mackey thought it important that the chemist should get some training which would help him to deal with members of the public. He sometimes suffered by being confined too closely to the laboratory and so shut off from contact with men and affairs. The Institute’s Register should be in every public library along with the Law List and the Medical Register. He feared that after the war the Institute might be swamped by those who were essentially employees and considered that it should watch the interests of the man who does not wish to be an employee.Dr. Baker asked whether it were not practicable to obtain a statutory definition of the term “chemist .” Mr. Hopkinson considered that the position of the chemist should be legally defined and that there should be a guaranteed minimum salary. Mr. Manley supported a wider cirtulation of the Register and thought that the letters F.I.C. conveyed very little to the public. He supported the suggestion of a grade of “Associate Members.” Mr. McLellan pointed out that the analogy frequently drawn between the professions of chemistry, medicine and law was false. The medical man and the lawyer carried a direct responsibility for the bodily and material welfare of human beings; the chemist in general carried no similar responsibility to human beings; the closest analogy was with the engineer.He emphasised that the welfare of society depends upon the people who put more into it than they get out. L253 1 Ah-. Butterworth questioned whether the Institute was in effect democratic and considered that it must shoulder the responsibility of the par tly-trained people. Replying, Dr. Fox agreed that chemists should be more known outside chemistry and should show in their sociai contacts that they were in every respect the equal of mer, of business and of other professions. The Institute contained employers as well as employees and was therefore concerned with both. It was a very difficult matter to define what constituted a chemist or employment as a chemist. He thought that it should be possible to sub-divide those on the Central Register into chemists (meaning those whose qualifications were accepted by the Institute) and technicians.It was most important that the chemist should realise that it was his duty to join his professional organisation for the sake of what he could put into it and not solely for what he could get out of it. When considering salaries, it was important to assess fairly the value of the work done and to recognise that in this respect pure routine work could riot rank highly, but should of course be fairly paid for. The Institute’s methods of promoting the financial welfare of its members were not publicly obtrusive, but a very great deal was done for individuals in ways that were quiet but effective.The Institute and its contacts were at all times at the service of any member who wished to make use of them. If, as has been suggested, the Institute was not effectively democratic, then it was the duty of the members to see that it was so. The difficulties of securing executive action on reports were not confined to chemistry; the scientist in general was not in his view given enough executive power, but there were definite signs that this was changing. The President was warmly thanked for his stimulating address and for the wider view of the Institute’s activities which the members had gleaned from his visit. Liverpool and North-Western.-A special meeting of the Section was held on roth September, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool, M‘r.H. Humphreys Jones in the chair, for a discussion on “The Future Policy of the Institute. ” Mr. L. V. Cocks (District Member of Council) said that the com-paratively small size of the meeting and the few communications received from those unable to attend suggested that many members either accepted the present position as satisfactory or were willing to allow others to speak for them. He felt that Council was hampered in making decisions by not having before them the views of the average chemist which so easily could be contributed through the Local Sections to enable the Council to weigh the pros and cons. Some action appeared to be necessary. Communications received between April and August in reply to his request, referred to :-I.Compulsory registration was favoured by many, but the Institute was not the body to undertake it. 11. The formation of a new as3ociation was advocated by some. 111. There was no real demand for a third grade of Institute membership. E 264 3 Mr. P. N. Williams (Fellow) ,in a written communication, considered three points:-I. Many younger chemists wanted an organisation capable of exerting economic pressure like trade unions. 11. The fact that so many chemists on the Central Register were in neither the Institute nor the British Association ol Chemists. 111. The desirability of centralising the administration of the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Chemistry under one Secretary.He held that it was impracticable for a qualifying body to be a trade union and the economic gain was problematical; apathy on the part of chemists was responsible for I1 and attempts to remedy it directly would probably prove disappointing. He was very strongly in favour of 111, holding that it would greatly strengthen the prdfession and the Institute itself. Mr. H. R. Jensen (Fellow) made some strong criticism of certain aspects of the Institute. Our organisation, he said, is neither scientific nor logical. There is little enthusiasm for the Institute, and it is not sustained, younger chemists receiving little help in improving their status. He quite failed to understand the reasons for excluding Associates from membership of Council, the present constitution of which he con- sidered cumbrous and expensive, the ratio of Council members to total membership comparing very unfavourably with that existing in Local Government organisations.The present system of nomination was bad and contributed to inertia; he preferred open nomination in con- junction with a ballot. The value of a referendum was recognised by the Institute of Public Opinion. A scientific voting system was required, and so, too, was a delegated inner Council. The inadequacy of the Benevolent Fund was regrettable, yet the Institute could devote some three per cent. of its gross revenue to staff superannuation. On the educational side he pleaded for a development of refresher courses for all chemists, an expansion of industrial research fellowships subsidised by firms, and more flexibility in undergraduate courses.The true value of scientific work could only be shown with the aid of popular exposition. Mr. G. H. Turner (Fellow) advocated compulsory registration of all chemists because it would benefit the community, the profession and the individual. He considered that the Institute was not the body to effect the registration (advocating the formation of an outside chemical council for this purpose) arid opposed the formation of a third category of members. Mr. E. Gabriel Jones (Fellow) also supported the idea of registering all chemists, because an authoritative body in control would be needed after the war, when it appeared that trade unions and employers’ federa- tions would have greatly increased powers.Registration would also ensure that those requiring competent chemists would get them. In his view the Institute should be the registering body or should at least make the first move. It was a responsible body, for the Government consulted it for information on chemical matters. He considered the idea of fusion of existing societies useless; some of them include non-chemists in their membership. Would it be possible for the Universities to make it a I266 1 condition that members of their staffs must be members of the Institute, He preferred to retain Council membership exclusively for Fellows. Dr. R. A. Morton (Fellow) said that there were two competing concepts of the Institute, one static and the other (potentially) very dynamic.There was value in the static attitude which led the Institute to give advice but not to proffer it. The present method of selecting Council favoured the static policy and members should ask themselves if they were prepared to take the risks of reversing policy; it was for the Sections to decide. Some discussion on registration followed, it being urged that the Central Register constituted registration of all chemists and that further action was unnecessary and would bring no additional benefits. Mr. B. D. W. Luff pointed out that compulsory registration with the object of barring unregistered chemists from practising would need an Act of Parliament and the necessity for such a course of action would have to be made quite clear.A number of other members also spoke. Finally the following resolutions were put to the meeting: I. I That this meeting is in favour of registration of’the profession by tile profes- sion and for the profession. (Carried with one dissentient.) 11. That this meeting considers that Associates should be eligible for election to Council. (Carried with three dissentients.) 111. That this meeting considers that the institution of an Intermediate Examination is desirable. (Rejected with only two supporters.) IV. That this meeting proposes that a third category of Members of the Institute be not formed. (Carried by fourteen votes to seven.) V. That modernisation of the Council is essential, and that a radical reform of the selection of candidates and the system of voting should be undertaken.(Carriedby fifteen votes to two.) The first Joint Meeting of the Session, opening the programme ar-ranged by the Chemical Societies of Merseyside, was held (under the auspices of the Liverpool Section of the British Association of Chemists) at the Adelphi Hotel, Liverpool, on ~7th September. In the unavoidable absence of Dr. A. E. Dunstan, who was to have spoken on “The Chemistry of Petroleum,” members of the Association constituted themselves a “Brains Trust” and answered questions, mainly on professional matters, put by the audience. The second Joint Meeting was held (with the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry as hosts) at the Adelphi Hotel, Liverpool, on a3rd October, when Mr.A. E. Findley (Head of the Chemistry Depart- ment, City of Liverpool Technical College) was installed as Chairman for the Session, and gave an address entitled “Some Reflections on the Training of Chemists in Industry.” Mr. Findley discussed a number of papers by Dr. A. E. Rudge and found much to approve in them but disagreed with the statement that “the present system of training industrial chemists is unsatisfactory.” He compared conditions relating to the supply and training of young chemists in Liverpool with those in other areas, and paid a tribute to the efficiency of the methods employed by local chemical industries in the [ 266 1 selection of candidates for training.Commenting on the probability of young chemists attaining qualified status, he pointed out that the majority of failures occurred in the pre-Intermediate Science or Ordinary National Certificate stage ; beyond this the percentage achieving success was good. A classification of chemists was made in relation to the type of work carried out and the desirability of facilitating passage to the higher grade was emphasised. Young chemists showed great determina- tion and perseverance in the endeavour to make this type of progress. The substitution of day classes for evening classes, a change necessitated by war conditions and one which the whole-hearted co-operation of chemical firms in the district had made possible, was surveyed, and a plea put forward for a continuance of the system after the war.The third Joint Meeting of the Chemical Societies of Liverpool was held on zIst November, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool, under the auspices of the Institute, with Mr. H. Humphreys Jones in the Chair pro tern. Dr. R. A. Morton, who was installed as Chairman for the Session for the ensuing session, gave an address entitled “Chemical Education in the Post-War Period. ” London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on 18th November. The honorary officers and members of the Committee for the coming year were elected as follows :-Chairman, Dr. J. Grant ; Vice-Chairmen, Dr. G. L. Riddell, Mr. S. J. Johnstone; Treasurer, Dr.H. Baines; Secretary, Mr. E. Q. Laws. Committee :Mr. A.L. Bacharach, Dr. M. P. Balfe, Mr. C. W. Davies,,Mr. R. B. Drew, Dr. J. Fife, Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths, Dr. D. W. Kent- Jones, Mr. T. McLachlan, Mr. D. D. Moir, Mr. S. G. E. Stevens, Mr. S. G. Stevenson, Mr. T. B. Wilton (Fellows), Dr. A. Barly, Mr. J. Stewart Cook, Dr. A. J. Jinkings, Mr. W. C. Peck, Mr. H. E. C. Powers and Mr. L. W. Ragg (Associates). The Hon. Auditors, Messrs. C. L. Claremont and P. Bilham were re-elected and Dr. Griffiths was re-appointed to look after the Benevolent Fund. After the business of the meeting Dr. J. R. Nicholls gave an address on “Adulteration through the Ages.” (p. 266.) Manchester and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 17th October, at the University, Manchester.The following new members of. committee were elected :-Messrs. S. R. Rest, J. T. Marsh, G. D. Elsdon, F. Scholefield, and G. Spencer. Dr. Maiden and Mr. R. M. Gray were elected Hon. Auditors. A vote of thanks was passed to the retiring Auditors, Messrs. H. H. Stocks and L. Thompson. The Chairman, Dr. Hunter, then made a presentation of a cheque subscribed by members of the Section to Dr. Albert Coulthard, in ap- preciation of his long service to the Section. He paid a warm tribute to the splendid service Dr. Coulthard had given the section over nearly seventeen years. [ 267 ] In his reply, Dr. Coulthard, after expressing his thanks and apprecia- tion to the Chairman, Honorary Secretary, and Members present, for the honour they had done to him in making the presentation, referred to the early days of the Manchester Section. He believed it was the first Section to be formed, and its formation was largely due to the activities of a band of stalwarts, including Mr.W. D. Rogers, Dr. G. D. Elsdon, Mr. S. E. Melling, Mr. J. H. Lester, and others who had since passed away. They felt it fulfilled the need for a closer touch between the Institute’s Head- quarters in London and its members in the provinces. The Institute for a long period had been largely the preserve of the Public Analyst, but after the Council had decided, during the later years of the last Great War, to admit as Associates and Fellows, without the usual examinations, graduates with high honours in chemistry and others, less academic but well trained in chemistry, who held responsible posts in industry, some changes were inevitable.Many of the old members of the Institute in the Manchester District who had attained the Associate- ship by examination did not take kindly to the new ruling and did their utmost to cause it to be rescinded, but without success. Their activities, however, led to the formation of Local Sections and on 4th October, 1918, the inaugural meeting of the Manchester Section was held in the rooms of the “Chemical Club,” Victoria Hotel, and was attended by the Registrar who addressed the meeting. Dr. Coulthard read the minutes of this meeting and the names of the first committee:-Messrs. F.W. Atack, W. Marshall, S. E. Melling, E. L. Rhead, S. G. Rawson, F. Robinson, A. K. Miller, J. H. Lester, and L. E. Vlies, with Mr. J. Grant as the first Chairman and Mr. D. Cardwell as the first Honorary Secretary. It was interesting to note that no less than four of these committee members subsequently held the post of Chairman, including Mr. S. E. Melling, 1923-1925, Mr. W. D. Rogers, 1929-1931, and Mr. J. H. Lester, 1931-1933-Subjects discussed in the earlier days of the Section included:- Ways and means of raising the Profession of Chemistry: Agreements for Chemists; Training of youths for Chemical Works; Regulations for the election of Council; Proposal to form a Branch of the Institute to deal with the Economic Interests of Chemists; Proposal (in conjunction with the Liverpool Section), to close the Chemical Profession and set up a Register; Establishment of a Benevolent Fund (1920); Per Capitiz grant to Local Sections; and Patent Law.Several of the suggestions put forth at this period had been taken up and adopted by the Institute. Discussion on the formation of a Register was active during the period 1920--1925, and in 1925 the views of the Manchester and Liverpool Sections were admirably summarised in a statement drawn up by Mr. F. Scholefield. This was printed and copies were sent to all Sections asking for their support. Arising out of this was the appointment by the Council of a sub-committee on Registration, which, Dr. Coulthard believed, was r 268 1 still in existence-but Registration of Chemists still remained a pious hope. From 1925 onwards a definite programme of meetings was drawn up; the Section had the privilege of hearing such distinguished speakers as Prof.H. E. Armstrong, Prof. J. B. Cohen (“Air Pollution”), Prof. E. C. C. Baly (“Light and Life”), Prof. A. G. Green (“Principles of Chemo-therapy ”) , Sir John Russell (“ Chemistry and Modern Farming”), Prof. Arthur Harden (“Alcoholic Fermentation ”), and many others. Gradually a little more attention was given to the social needs of chemists and of their ladies. The Honorary Secretary had often been informed that “Chemists don’t dance,” but when, in December, 1927, a Dance with Cabaret was arranged at the Grand Hotel, during the Chair- manship of Dr.Levinstein, it was difficult to get a room large enough to entertain the number of applicants. Every year, from 1928 to 1939, a very successful Annual Dance and Cabaret was held at “The Manchester Ltd.,” and attended by many distinguished guests. The holding of a Summer Meeting (Picnic) was suggested as far back as 1921; but it was not until June, 1929, that the first of these meetings was held at “The Rising Sun,” Hope. Many others followed, the success of which was largely due to the fact that members attending offered seats in their cars to other members, so that no public conveyances were ever necessary. Lawton Hall, Ilam Hall, Manbury Hall, and Hawkstone Park were visited in successive years.In 1929 during the Chairmanship of Mr. W. D. Rogers, a “Students’ Section” was inaugurated and continued until 1935; but owing to the many other calls on the time of the students it gradually languished and ended with the resignation of its Honorary Secretary, Mr. F. Sowerbutts. It was arranged, however, that students should be invited to the meetings of the Section, and should also from time to time be entertained by the committee. Co-operation of the Manchester Scientific Societies had always been regarded favourably by the Institute’s Local Section, and in 1922 arrange-ments were made for an annual lecture to be held under the auspices of the local branches of four societies,-The Institute, The Society of Chemical Industry, The Society of Dyers and Colourists and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.They were joined later by the Chemical Society. Many prominent speakers had addressed the Annual Meeting of this group and a good attendance can always be counted upon. Co-operation was taken a stage further in 1932 by the formation of a “Joint Advisory Committee” composed of the Honorary Secretaries of the above societies together with those of the Institution of the Rubber Industry and the Oil and Colour Chemists. This was largely due to the energy of Mr. H. Clayton, Hon. Secretary of the Oil and Colour Chemists at that time. A joint calendar of meetings was published at the beginning of each session and members of the participating societies were invited to attend the meetings of the others.The Committee is still in existence. An offshoot of it, the “Manchester Chemical Club,” was started in 1935, r 259 1 but, largely owing to the want of a suitable meeting place, lasted only for two years. In the event of the rebuilding of the premises of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society he hoped that it would be possible to provide a home for other Manchester scientific societies, and that the Cllub would be revived, as it was closed with the regret of many of its members. In concluding this short resum6 of events in the Section during his long period of office (16i years), Dr. Coulthard referred to the excellent relations which had always existed between himself and his Chairman as well as with “Russell Square.” He laid down his office with real regret tempered perhaps by a touch of relief; but he felt happy in handing over to Dr.Harper, whose appearance as the right man at the right time seemed to him almost providential. He could assure Dr. Harper that the old tag: “A Secretary gets more kicks than ha’pence,” did not always hold, and that the thanks and appreciation he continuously received more than repaid him for the work. After the Annual General Meeting a joint meeting with the Chemical Society was held in which Dr. G. Baddeley gave a paper on “Aluminium Chloride as an agent of Isomerisation.” On 7th November a joint meeting with the British Association of Chemists was held, at which Dr. J. B. Firth gave a paper entitled “Some Recent Experiences in Science.” Tees-side.-The first meeting of the Tees-side Local Section since its inauguration was held on 2znd October, 1942,at the William Newton Schools, Norton-on-Tees.Dr. G. I. Higson, the Chairman, welcomed the President, Dr. J. J. Fox, who spoke on “The Policy of the Institute and the Future of the Professional Chemist.” The general rules governing the formation of a new Local Section provided that it must be for the further organisation of the Institute and the promotion of its objects, as well as for the maintenance of the interest of the Fellows and Associates in the general welfare of their profession and of the Institute and for the promotion of social intercourse among them. This rule summarised the functions of the Local Sections of the Institute and it was for them to devote their activities to the good of the Institute in their respective districts and to assist the governing body, i.e., the Council of the Institute.They had also their duties towards the general public. Arising out of the compulsory registration of chemists by the Central Register, it seemed that only about 12,000 were attached to one‘or more of the Chartered Chemical bodies: the Institute was not without some responsibility towards the non-members, who number several thousand. The formation of the Chemical Council and its Co-operation Scheme were important steps in the field of collaboration. Co-operation with other bodies whose aims include the organisation of chemists was of course not excluded; the Institute ha.d no quarrel with any other organisation, but it was important to see the Institute in its true light- that of the body [ 260 1 representing professionally qualified chemists.The Institute must not be allowed to lose its individuality among organisations of chemists; the reasons that held good in 1877 for forming the Institute still held good in I94 2. It was the duty of the younger members of the Institute to show that they were members of a live organisation. Changes in the representation on the Council might be necessary. If so, it was for the members of the Institute to express their views to the central body. Possible post-war problems must be considered which might well affect in a large measure the professional chemist, who should regard himself as having responsibilities towards the less qualified, but very necessary, grade of workers who earn their living by the practice of chemistry.Furthermore, in anticipation of these post war problems, the Institute had made an important step in association with the Institute of Physics and representatives of other sciences,-botanists, zoologists, geologists, and mathematicians-in forming a Joint Council to voice the collective opinion of their members on matters of public interest. The members who participated in the discussion included: Dr. J. S. Dunn, Mr. A. Scholes, Dr. A. E. J. Vickers, Mr. K. R. Garrett, Mr. T. Biddulph-Smith, Mr. A. J. Prince, Mr. C.C. Skou, Mr. C. Wilson, Dr. F. Booley, Dr. W. E. Allenby, Dr. G. I. Higson, and Dr. A. R. Martin. South Wales.-Members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, which was held on 28th November in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea, Professor J. E. Coates presiding. Dr. A. C. Monkhouse delivered a lecture entitled “The Alkali Works Regulation Act and its Development.” SUMMARIES OF LECTURES “The Rubber Molecule: its Size and Significance” By DR. G. GEE, MSc. [Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, 18th October, 19421 The purpose of this paper is twofold: (I) to describe how the molecular weights of rubbers have been determined, and (2) to indicate the effects of molecular weight on the properties of raw rubbers and the vulcanisates made from them.(I) Molecular Weight Methods.-The method adopted for the deter- mination of absolute molecular weights depends on measurements of the osmotic pressures of ca I per cent. solutions in a mixed solvent containing benzene (85 per cent. by volume) and methyl alcohol. Although rubber solutions do not obey van’t Hoff’s law, statistical calculations show that [ 261 1 the molecular weight can be calculated by extrapolating T/C to infinite dilution, and applying van’t Hoff’s law to the extrapolated value (n= osmotic pressure, c = concentration). The extrapolation is difficult for most solvents, since n/c varies rapidly with c, but in the solvent selected T/C is almost independent of c up to a concentration of ca z per cent.The values thus obtained are of the order of zoo,ooo to 300,000 for natural rubber, and are believed to be true molecular weights. Argu-ments to the contrary have been advanced by other workers, who claim that benzene does not produce a molecular dispersion of rubber. Camphor has been claimed to be superior in this respect, giving mobile solutions, from whose freezing point a “true” molecular weight of ca 1400 was found for rubber (the Rast method). The lecturer has shown (I) that if oxygen is excluded, solutions of rubber in camphor are highly viscous, and (2) that the freezing points of such solutions cannot be used to calculate the molecular weight of the rubber, since such a procedure involves the assumption of van’t Hoff’s law, which he has shown is not obeyed.The viscosity of a dilute solution of rubber may be used to calculate the molecular weight of the rubber only if the rubber is known to have a linear structure and to be substantially homogeneous. Staudinger’s law, M = KqsD,/c (where M = molec. wt., qsp= specific viscosity, c = con-centration, and K is a constant which is determined by measuring the “osmotic molecular weight ”) rests solely on experiment, since no satis- factory theory of the viscosity of rubber3olutions exists. The lecturer has shown it to hold over a wide range of M, when the above conditions are satisfied. The most valuable use of viscosity measurements is in con- junction with osmotic molecular weights as an indication of the homo- geneity or linearity of a rubber sample. (2) The Efects of Molecular Weight on Properties.-Rubber shows its characteristic elastic behaviour because it possesses a very high molecular weight. The rubber chain is capable of more or less free rotation about the single C-C bonds, and in consequence of thermal motion therefore takes up an ever changing configuration.A “snapshot” of an isolated rubber molecule at any instant is unlikely to reveal the molecule in an extended configuration, and it has been shown that the most probable overall length of the molecule is proportional to the square root of its chain length. If the individual molecule could be forcibly straightened, it would tend, by its normal thermal motion, to retract to a more probable shape.This mechanism of retraction underlies the whole elastic behaviour of rubber, and is essentially a property of its high molecular weight. A piece of rubber can only be elastic if the molecules are held together at certain points, and in raw rubber these points of attachment are believed to consist simply of “entanglements” of the chains. It is evident that the probability of producing entanglements will increase with the molecular weight, and we can therefore understand why only the highest molecular weight rubbers show high tensile strength in the raw state. If the molecular weight is low, the molecules slip bodily past one [ 262 3 another and the rubber shows plastic flow.This phenomenon is the basis of the technical process of “milling,” which consists essentially in a reduction of the molecular weight of the rubber to ca 50,ooo to IOO,OOO. When a high molecular rubber is stretched, the molecules align them- selves, and form a crystal lattice, which contributes notably to the tensile strength of the material. At not too high temperatures (below ca 25” C.) these crystallites are stable and sufficiently strong to prevent the rubber from retracting when the tension is released. On warming a piece of crystalline rubber, a well defined melting point is found, which is inde- pendent of the molecular weight of the rubber. Other properties which are independent of molecular weight are (I) the temperature (about -67” C.) at which rubber ceases to be elastic and changes over to a glassy state, and (2) the vapour pressures of concentrated rubber solutions or gels.This second factor accounts for the failure of the Rast molecular weight method. The properties of vdcanised rubbers depend more on the molecular weights of the raw materials from which they are made than might be expected from the picture of vulcanised rubber as a single giant molecule. A series of vulcanisates made from rubber which had been milled to progressively greater extents show an interesting gradation of properties. The tensile strength and especially the resistance to tearing decrease progressively along the series. The paper seeks to point out the determining role of molecular weight in rubber technology, and suggests a future control of materials and processes by molecular weight determinations. “The Mechanism of Polymerisation” By PROFESSORH.W. MELVILLE, D.Sc.,F.I.C., F.R.S. [Joint meeting of the Chemical Society, the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Cardiff and District Section of the Institute, 14th November, 1942.1 The elucidation of the mechanism of the formation of substances of high molecular weight has gradually been developed as a branch of chemical kinetics and some fairly definite progress has been made. In general high polymers are formed by polycondensation reactions, for example, the interaction of dihydric alcohols and dicarboxylic acids, or by the union of ethylene derivatives into chain-like molecules.The polycondensation type, though of great importance practically ,is rather difficult to study kinetically and not a great deal is known about the precise meachanism of such reactions, except that it is probable that successive addition of molecules of monomer is essentially a series of similar reactions. With ethylene derivatives much more progress has been made because the reaction can be conveniently followed in the liquid and in the gaseous phase and it has turned out that these reactions are formally similar to the so-called chain reactions of ordinary kinetics. Thus a ready-made machinery exists for elucidating their mechanism. r 263 1 Of the ethylene derivatives the vinyl compounds of the general type CH, : CXY are most susceptible to polymerisation.The substituent groups exert a profound influence on the course of the reaction and in a general way it may be said that the more highly polar X or Y. is, the more readily does the polymer form. That the reactions are of the chain type is proved readily by the facts that small amounts of catalyst or of radia-tion suffices to produce large amounts of the polymer whilst all these reactions are readily inhibited by substances which have powerful anti- oxidant characteristics. In these chain reactions the chain carrier is the growing polymer which is in a particularly reactive state such that when it collides with a monomeric molecule addition occurs fairly readily, that is with a small energy of activation.As in ordinary kinetics it is difficult to identify the nature of the active polymer. In reactions induced by the addition of free radicals there is no doubt that the growing polymer is simply a large free radical with a terminal free valency. It may be supposed in polymerisations otherwise catalysed and possessing similar kinetic characteristics that the reactions proceed by way of free radicals. Since reactions such as the photopolymerisation of xhloroprene CH, : C(C1)CH : CH, and of methyl methacrylate exhibit characteristics which are difficult to explain on the free radical mechanism, there must exist at least one other type of mechanism. The most striking of these characteristics is the continued growth of the polymer in the dark.Such long-lived molecules are unique in kinetics. Further, these active mole- cules make possible the building of sandwich-like polymers since, for example, it is possible to grow chloroprene on active centre of poly- methylmethacrylate. The precise nature of the activity is not yet known, but it is probably chemical in nature because it is subject to quite specific chemical destruction. The structure of vinyl polymers has been established in a number of ways. By analogy with the reactions and physical properties of relatively small molecules it appears that the predominating structure is of the head to tail type, for example, polyvinyl alcohol is similar to 1:3 diols X-ray evidence, where available, supports this view; the way in which atoms or groups are removed, e.g.chlorine from polyvinyl chloride, also points in this direction. But there is still need for more sensitive methods of structure determination. Three-dimensional molecules are also of great interest and are in general produced by the addition of divinyl compounds to monovinyl material, the divinyl compound forming the cross link. The trouble is that such 3-dimensional polymers are very difficult to deal with since they cannot be dissolved or orientated mechanically for examination by X-rays. Qualitatively, hQwever, e.g. by observations of swelling in solvents, it is possible to get some idea of the extent of cross linking, but that is about all that can be accomplished at present.“Forensic Science and the Chemist” By A. G. R. WHITEHOUSE,M.Sc., Ph.D. , F.I.C. StaffChemist at the West Midlafzd Foremic Sciepzce Laboratory, Birmingham [Birmingham and Midlands Section , 18th November, 1942.1 Police laboratories have been in existence for some considerable time in certain foreign countries, but in this country it is only comparatively recently that regional forensic science laboratories have been instituted by the Home Office. The objects of these laboratories may be sum- marised as follows: (I) The practical application of scientific aids to police work in the investigation of current crimes; (2)The instruction and training of police officers in this branch of police work; (3) The develop- ment of fresh applications of science to police work by laboratory research.The laboratories are staffed and equipped for pathological, biological, chemical, physical and photographic work. The chemical work carried out covers a wide field, and may be referred to most conveniently, perhaps, under different classes of> crime. Two of the mdst prevalent classes of crime, larceny and “breaking and entering,” bring a more or less regular stream of work to the forensic chemist. Stolen material may be examined to ascertain if it is identical with or different from material from a particular source. Examination of the clothing of the suspected persQn will frequently yield useful evidence, e.g. presence of particles of metal, glass or paint which are found to be identical with material from the scene of the crime.In con- nexion with “breaking and entering,” instruments used for forcing windows, doors, etc., will often be found to bear traces of paint, and the woodwork may show marks corresponding to the shape of the instrument. Where there is any doubt as to the identity of a motor car in a road accident, examination of the clothing of the injured person may reveal particles of glass or paint which will afford useful corroborative evidence. Collision between two road vehicles usually results in paint being trans- ferred from one to the other, and as a result the chemist may be called in to help in the identification of the vehicle concerned. In the examina- tion of small flakes of paint as above-mentioned, the spectrograph is invaluable, and in fact spectrographic analysis is frequently the only method of investigating the very small amount of inaterial available.Poisoning cases constitute a considerable proportion of the work of the forensic chemist, particularly with regard to time, since the extraction of poisons from human viscera cannot be hurried. In general, it is advisable that standard and well-tried methods of analysis should be employed. Cases in which food is suspected of being poisoned are of frequent occurrence, and, although the majority yield negative results, a considerable amount of time has to be spent in carrying out systematic analyses. Criminal abortion involves the chemist in examination of syringes and other instruments, and also in analysis of medicine, pills, etc.In [ 265 3 the latter the presence of reputed abortifacients is of paramount impor- tance. Unfortunately sometimes the medicine in question consists of a mixture of herbal extracts, which it is quite impossible to identify. Counterfeit coining is still practised, although the cases dealt with are not very numerous. The complete outfit of the coiner is often cap- tured by the police, and the chemist is required to give evidence as to the use of all the various tools and equipment. Here again the spectrograph is of great service, both in the rapid analysis of a number of counterfeit coins and of small particles of metal frequently found on the clothing of the coiner.The investigation of cases of suspected arson is another branch of the work of the forensic chemist. Although these cases ,are often of con-siderable importance, they are as a rule the least satisfactory to the chemist. In most instances the material submitted for examination reveals nothing unusual. In a large blaze it is extremely likely that incendiary material will be consumed without leaving any trace, par- ticularly with substances such as petrol or paraffin. In addition to the above, there are a number of cases which do not fall into any of the classes already mentioned. Examples of these are the throwing of corrosive fluid and shooting. The latter usually involves examination of the barrel fouling, and analysis of the bullet or portions of bullet recovered from the body of the injured person.During the war special cases have arisen such as suspected sabotage, material suspected to have been dropped from enemy aircraft, suspected explosive or incendiary substances, and the larceny or illegal use of Government petrol and aviation spirit. Although this is by no means a complete catalogue of the problems that fall to the lot of the forensic chemist, it may suffice perhaps to give some idea of the scope and field for research offered by this branch of chemistry. “Adulteration through the Ages” By DR. J. R. NICHOLLS,Member of Council [London and South-Eastern Counties Section, 18th November, 19421 Adulteration is the wilful addition to an article of any substance or substances, the presence of which is not acknowledged in the description under which the article is sold.Articles are adulterated to increase their weight or bulk, and to improve or change their appearance or flavour in imitation of an article of higher grade or different kind. In ihe limiting case adulteration can be regarded as covering the complete substitution of one article for another. Wilful addition implies addition which could have been avoided and hence covers contamination brought about by lack of care. The term is mainly usedin connexion with foods and drugs but the practice extends to almost all manufactured products and is an inseparable accompaniment of trade competition. I2661 The mere mixing of one thing with another does not, in itself, warrant the term adulteration.The mixing must be coupled with an intention to deceive by passing off the mixed article as if it were unmixed. The intention may not be apparent until some circumstance warrants the inference, such as the sale or exposure for sale of the article. Accidental contamination or impurities unavoidably present, if not due to neglect or lack of reasonable care, are not normally regarded as adulteration unless the impurity is dangerous to health. In this country the only Act which deals directly with adulteration is the Food and Drugs Act. The present Act, that of 1938, prohibits adulteration in words which differ but slightly from those of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, and are based upon definitions of adulterated articles drawn up and approved by the Society of Public Analysts early in 1875, almost the first activity of that Society.The primary object of adulteration is gain by deception. In other words it is simply fraud or obtaining money by false pretences. The Food and Drugs Act will exonerate a retailer who sells an adulterated article if he has obtained a warranty from his supplier that the article conforms with the Act. No such provision exists for goods other than food or drugs; but the Sale of Goods Act requires articles to be suitable for the purpose for which they are sold. Adulteration is more easily detected by trade experts, and is generally sufficiently dealt with by the ordinary laws against fraud.Once adulteration is detected appropriate action can be taken. In some instances careful inspection discloses the fraud, but in others a more detailed form of examination or analysis is required involving scientific knowledge. Until comparatively recent times it was difficult to prove adulteration unless the act was witnessed. At the present day most forms of adulteration can be detected, although it is possible for the skilful sophisticator to be one stage ahead of the analyst. There are still some forms of adulteration which cannot be proved even if suspected; but the number decreases yearly. The first forms of adulteration were almost certainly the production of an increase in weight or size by the inclusion of heavier material. This still obtains to-day where raw material is prepared in a rough state by primitive people and sold by weight or measure.Pieces of metal, stones and bullets have consistently been used for adulterating such things as opium and musk. Water has always been a favourite adulterant and in ancient Babylonia about 3,000 B.C. the sellers of adulterated beer, whether the brewer or his barmaids, could be ducked in water. It was well known as early as 1,000B.C. that cinnabar and minium from certain localities were adulterated. Pliny records that various balsams, particularly Balm of Gilead, were rarely pure. The alloying of gold and silver with baser metals has prevailed since these metals were used for ornaments and coinage. Archimedes about two and a half centuries before Christ employed a physical method, still in use to-day, for detection of the base metal in King Hiero’s crown.L: 267 1 Dioscorides refers to the adulteration of opium with gums and the juices of other plants. In the Middle Ages adulteration reached its highest pitch : bakers, brewers, vintners and spicers were regular offenders. The first legal enactment in this country for the protection of pur- chasers was the “Assize of Bread” in the reign of King John. Various modifications were made until they were finally abolished in 18x5, In the case of meat, “Wardens of the City ” were appointed to act as over- seers. Offenders were punished by the pillory, and sometimes a rope and a loaf of bread were hung round the offender’s neck, or offending carcases were burnt beneath him.‘IIn the sixteenth century ale tasters’’ wearing leather breeches tested beer by pouring it on a wooden seat and sitting upon it till the liquid had evaporated. If there was difficulty in rising it was concluded that sugar or gum had been added; pure malt left no stickiness. In France severe restrictions were placed upon wine and the mere possession of possible adulterants was an offence. In Germany in 1444, several people were burnt alive for selling false saffron. During the eighteenth century several Acts of Parliament dealt with excisable articles such as tea, coffee and beer. Officers of Excise were concerned with adulteration since it affected the Revenue. The advances which were made in chemical, physical, botanical and medical sciences, including the discovery of the microscope, were utilised in the detection of adulteration.In 1757a pamphlet was published, entitled Poison Detected: or Fright-fikl Truths; and alarming to the British Metropolis, which exposed the bad condition of the people’s food. This was followed by others, such as The Natwe of Bread, Honestly and Dishonestly Made, and also by an amusing parody called Lying Detected; or some of the Most Frightful Untruths that ever Alarmed the British Metropolis. In An Essay on Bread; wherein the Bakers and Millers are vindicated from the Aspersiovts con- tained in T-&o Pamphlets, written by H. Jackson, Chemist, in 1758,there appear tests for adulteration on scientific lines.The year 1820 was a landmark in the story of adulteration, for in that year was published A Treatise on the Adulteration of Food and Culinary Poisons, etc., etc. by Dr. F. Accum. In it the author says “it would be difficult to mention a single article of food which is not to be met with in an adulterated state; and there are some substances which are scarcely ever to be procured genuine.” The greatest value of this book was the attention drawn to the dangers from poisoning by metallic compounds either added as colouring matters or introduced accidentally by the use of unsuitable metal utensils. Others who wrote books of a similar nature were Mitchell, Normandy, Chevalier, Garnier and Harel. An anonymous brochure with a long title but generally referred to as Death in the Pot was written in popular style and had a great influence on the public.[ 268 1 Tobacco was an article which was frequently adulterated and on account of loss of Revenue the Excise authorities were much concerned. One of their officers, George Phillips, had in his spare time become pro- ficient in chemistry and in using the microscope, and offered his services for the examination of tobacco. A hundred years ago this year Phillips was given a room for this purpose, and his immediate success demanded an increase in his staff. Later his activities were extended to all excisable materials. This one man and one room eventually became the Inland Revenue Laboratory, Somerset House, which was subsequently con-stituted into a separate Department known as the Department of Government Chemist.Its activities now extend to work for all Govern- ment departments, but the original objects for which it was founded’one hundred years ago still form an important part of its work. In 1850, the Lancet established “The Lancet Sanitary Commission ” to institute an extensive series of investigations into the condition of various articles of diet supplied to the people. A leading spirit of the Commission was Dr. Hassall who did much experimental work in this connexion, his reports being published in the Lancet. In 1855, Hassall published Food and its Adulteration Comfrisingthe reports of the Analytical Sanitary Commission of the “Lancet” for the years 1851-1854.Later he published other volumes dealing with the detection of adulteration in a wide variety of articles. In many common articles of food he found over 50 per cent. of samples taken were adulterated; in some instances, all. In 1855, a Select Parliamentary Committee was appointed to consider the whole question of the adulteration of food, and evidence was given before it by the most important food experts in the country. As a result of the Committee’s Report the Adulteration of Articles of Food or Drink Act was passed in 1860. This was amended in 1872 but on account of difficulties another Select Committee was appointed in 1874,resulting in the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, which has been the basis of all food legislation in this country and many of its principles remain in the current Food and Drugs Act, 1938.During the early nineteenth century the science of chemistry -had advanced far and by the middle of the century there were many chemists in consulting practice and in the commercial world. Many of these were concerned with food and when Public Analysts were legally recognised in the Acts there were chemists available for such posts. In 1874 the Society of Public Analysts was founded and this gave an enormous stimulus to analytical chemistry in this country. Although at first mainly concerned with foods and drugs the influence of the Society has extended to all branches of analytical chemistry and it has well lived up to its present title of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists.The reports of Public Analysts for the years immediately following the 1875 Act showed that about 20 per cent. of the samples received were adulterated. In 1900the proportion had dropped to just under 10per cent. and in recent years the average is under 5 per cent. When it is r 269 1 remembered that the finding of an adulter,ited sample usually results in an intensive campaign against such articles in several districts, and that inspectors have become familiar with the types of articles liable to be adulterated, it can be seen that the proportion of samples reported against at the present time is an exaggerated measure of adulteration. Looking at the position to-day it is clear that such adulteration as exists is of a relatively minor character.Maniifacturers and retailers endeavour to obtain and retain a high reputation for the quality of their products. Gross adulteration is easy of detection; the profits from small frauds are meagre (except possibly in war time) and are more than counterbalanced by loss of reputation through publicity if legal action is taken. As regards food it may be said that it is of a higher standard of purity to-day than at any stage of our history, due to the efforts of medical officers of health and sanitary inspectors who condemn unsound goods, of public analysts who check adulteration, and of reputable manufacturers who serve the public. Notes Joint Council of Professional Scientists.-For the period of the national emergency a Joint Council of the Institutes of Chemistry and Physics, together with other scientists has been established to voice the collective opinion of their members on matters of public interest, to provide a liaison between professional organisations of scientists ior co- ordinated action in matters of common interest, and, in particular, to concern itself with : the utilisation of scientists to the best advantage in the service of the community; the education , training, supply and employment of scientists; the better understanding of the place of scientists in the community; the maintenance of adequate qualifications and ethical standards among professional scientists ; the supply of information and advice to public and other bodies on matters affecting scientists, Representing the Institute of Chemistry: Dr.J. J. Fox (President), Prof. Alexander Findlay, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., Dr. H. A. Tempany, Mr. R. B. Pilcher (Registrar and Secretary). Repre-senting the Institute of Physics: Prof. Sir Lawrence Bragg, F.R.S. (President), Prof. J.A. Crowther, Mr. E. R. Davies, Dr. B. A. Keen, F.R.S., Dr. H. Lowery, Dr. €3. R. Lang (Secretary). Representing Botanists: Prof. W. Brown, F.R.S. ;representing Zoologists: Prof. D. Keilin, F.R.S. ; representing Mathematicians : Prof. S. Chapman, F.R.S. ; representing Geologists, Prof. H. H. Read, F.R.S. r 270 1 The Committee therefore now represents well over 10,000professional scientists practising in various branches, and in addition some 1500 students in training. Sir Robert Pickard has been appointed Chairman and Dr.H. R. Lang, Honorary Secretary of the Joint Council. Among the matters receiving the Council’s attention are a proposed Central Scientific and Technical Board, the Ministry of Labour’s announce- ment regarding the minimum number of hours per week to be worked, and the continuance of the Central Register in some form after the war. The Joint Council has been established for the period of the National Emergency, but it may form the nucleus of some more permanent or- ganisation to facilitate the close collaboration between professional men and wsmen practising in all branches of science.Communications to the Council should be addressed to Dr. H. R. Lang, Honorary Secretary, The Joint Council of Professional Scientists , c/o The Institute of Physics at the University, Reading, Berks. Royal Society.-With the approval of H.M. the King, the Council of the Royal Society has awarded a Royal Medal to Professor Walter Norman Haworth, F.R.S., Nobel Laureate, for his fundamental contribu- tions to organic chemistry, particularly to the constitution of the sugars and the structure of complex polysaccharides. The Copley Medal has been awarded to Sir Robert Robinson, F.R.S., Fellow, for research of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry. The Davy Medal has been awarded to Professor Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, F.R.S., for his distinguished work on the mechanism of chemical reactions.Professor Frederic Horace Garner, Fellow, has been appointed to the Chair of Oil Engineering and Refining in the University of Birmingham. Professor J. L. Simonson, F.R.S., Fellow, has been appointed Director of Colonial Products Research under the Colonial Office. Dr. David Spence, Fellow, has been appointed Chief Technical Adviser to the Committee on Rubber in the War Production Bureau, Washington, U.S.A. Cheap Day Tickets for Students.-On 17th November, in the House of Commons, Sir Ernest Graham Little asked the President of the Board of Education whether, in view of the withdrawal of cheap day return tickets and the consequent hardship to students attending part- time courses, he would arrange for some remission of fees to compensate for the extra charge of travel.Mr. Butler, in reply, said that he was aware of the hardship caused to- certain part-time students by the withdrawal of cheap day return tickets, r 271 I and he was asking the local educational authorities to consider giving assistance, where necessary, either by remission of fees in whole or in part, or by some payment towards travelling expenses. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-At a meeting held at the Institute on Friday, 27th November, the President reminded the Fellows and Associates that the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture was given to preserve the memory of Frederick William Streatfeild, who was engaged in the training of chemists at Finsbury Technical College for nearly 35 years.Streatfeild so much endeared himself to his students that, on his death in 1918,they instituted this lecture in his honour. Many well-known chemists had contributed to the series, which since 1926 had been delivered under the auspices of the Institute. The President then called upon Mr. Russell G. Pelly, Fellow, an Old Finsbury student, previously on the staff of the Imperial Institute, but for the past fifteen years Chemist to the Southend Waterworks Co., to give a lecture entitled “Some Notes on Water Treatment.” (The lecture is being prepared for publication as a separate monograph.) At the conclusion, Mr. Pelly recalled that a party from the London and South-Eastern Counties Section had visited the Southend Waterworks in 1936, and expressed the hope that the visit would be repeated. The President said that he had to express regret on behalf of the Governors of the City and Guilds of London Institute that, owing to the Government restriction, they were unable to present the Streatfeild Medal to the lecturer. He believed that it would be struck and presented to Mr.Pelly in due course. For the present, he had pleasure in handing Mr. Pelly a photograph of Streatfeild as a very slight souvenir of the occasion. In moving a vote of thanks to the lecturer, Mr. J. H. Coste said that the institution of the Streatfeild Lecture was mainly due to the late Sir Gilbert Morgan. Mr.Pelly’s lecture was a worthy and valuable contribution to the series. Mr. E. M. Hawkins, in seconding the motion, endorsed Mr. Coste’s remarks. He said that he had visited the Southend Waterworks and strongly advised members to take advantage of Mr. Pelly’s invitation. Laboratory Precautions.-Few particulars have been received in recent times of accidents occurring in laboratories, suitable for publication in the series of leaflets under the above title, published by the Institute before the war. Most chemists are well aware of the dangers of peroxides, but the following report of an accident may be of interest:- A violent reaction occurred during the preparation of a sodium hydroxide-sodium peroxide fusion mixture, resulting in projection of the fused mixture several feet.The operator fortunately escaped injury. The mixture is made up as follows:- 5-10 g. pure NaOH, dried on filter paper, is fused in a nickel crucible and then allowed to solidify, and cool further. About z g. Na,O, is then [ 272 1 added and the mixture again fused; it was at this stage that the accident took place. The operator is sure that no other material had entered the crucible, and that no deviation from standard practice (by which many such fusions have been performed without incident) had occurred. It has been suggested that the unexpectedly violent reaction of the fusion mixture might have been the result of a spontaneous decomposition of the sodium peroxide, or due to some contamination of the peroxide by a material which was easily oxidisable.Remuneration Statistics In Part I11 of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,issued in June, Fellows and Associates resident in Great Britain were informed that they would receive a letter and a pre-paid addressed postcard on which they would be asked to mark a X in the appropriate space, indicating their approxi- mate age and total remuneration. 6,884 cards were issued, and up to 30th September, 5,364 cards had been returned. In November, 1938, a similar return was requested, cards being sent to all members resident both at home and abroad. In response to that request, 5,366 cards were returned, the members then (January, 1939) numbering 7,185, of whom about 900 were abroad. The replies received to the present enquiry may be summarised as follows:-Fellows.Associates. Total. Returning a definite figure . . * * 1,261 3,687 4,948 Retired .. .. .. .. .. 211 28 239 Serving in the Forces .. .. .. I7 92 109 Unemployed .. .. .. .. I1 22 33" Employer or in private practice (with no figure mentioned) Unclassifiable .. .. .. *. .. .. .. 20 6 7 2 27 8 34 cards arrived too late to be included in the analysis. Table I shows Fellows and Associates together, the figures in each square representing the total numbers of crosses placed in that square. Tables 2 and 3 show Fellows and Associates separately. Squares were provided on the card to indicate members who were employers, or in private practice, were serving in the Forces, were retired or were unemployed.Tables I, 2, and 3 include the figures given by such members; but it will be seen that some did not indicate their age or remuneration. *At no time since June, 1942 have there been niore than 17 members on the disengaged list of the Appointments Register. At 1st December the number was 12. r 273 1 Members were also asked to make crosses in appropriate squares, under the main table, indicating whether they held permanent or tem- porary Government appointments, or temporary war appointments other than those under Government, Tables 4, 6 and 7 show the results of this part of the enquiry, Fellows and Associates being combined. Table 5, headed “Permanent Appointments Not Government,” shows figures arrived at by subtracting those included in Tables 4, 6, and 7 from those in Table I. This includes members who indicated that they were employed by Municipal or Local Education Authorities, which have not been included under Government Appointments.Table 4 shows that 513 members of the Institute (144 Fellows and 369 Associates) held permanent Government appointments. It should be mentioned that this number includes 39 (3Fellows and 36 Associates) who indicated that they were in Government employment, but did not state whether their appointments were permanent or temporary. Table 6 shows that 432 members (53 Fellows and 379 Associates) held temporary appointments under Government. Table 7 shows that 226 members (35 Fellows and 191 Associates) held temporary war appointments not under Government.The above tables indicate that 648 members of the Institute out of 5,360 held temporary war time appointments, while 33 were unemployed. In September, 1939, about 90 members of the Institute were unemployed. The tables also indicate that the great majority of members holding temporary war-time appointments are in the younger age groups. It is possible that, before the war, the majority were employed on work which has been since regarded as of sufficient importance to justify their reten- tion in such work, and that the majority of the temporary war appoint- ments have been filled by chemists who either are not members of the Institute, or have been recently admitted.To the list of those holding temporary appointments must be added 109 members who have indicated that they are serving in the forces, and it should be remembered that cards have probably only reached those who are serving in Great Britain. On the right-hand side of each table will be found the total number of appointments and the average. remuneration in each age group. Under E250 per annum has been calculated as ;6225, and over ;61,600 has been calculated as E1,600. It is clear, therefore, that these are not true averages. Tables 8 and 9 show the percentages of the total number of members in each salary group,-Fellows and Associates being calculated separately. TABLE 1 TOTALA.I.C. AND F.I.C. -250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 Average under to to to to to to to to to to to to to to over remun-Age €250 299 349 399 449 499 549 599 699 799 899 999 1200 1400 1600 1600 Total eration ----__ ----~21-25 29 88 83 39 15 4 2 3 ----1 ---264 323--___~__I_-___ -~----941 39725-30 14 100 223 212 171 101 60 25 _______ ___~~____ 30-35 5 24 78 131 128 107 88 56 5 3 1 792 506 _____ ----n I I I 1 I I I 1 I35-40 2 9 23 64 114 87 108 78 124 60 52 22 43 12 5 7 810 615 -_I____-__-014.1 40-45 3 4 18 28 69 81 83 58 131 96 61 58 65 24 15 42 836 741 Y --___~_________---~~45-50 13 8 8 28 27 52 37 61 63 41 34 56 19 10 40 478 820 _I___--___ ___ -~ ----------50-60 2 2 5 11 16 35 41 38 74 65 50 40 75 46 24 94 618 936 -___ ----___-___-__---~-~Over 60 1 3 2 4 5 6 11 8 21 20 23 7 22 20 13 43 209 1014 ~----___ _______---.-----A B C D EFG H IJKLMNOP Total 57 233 440 497 546 448 445 303 520 352 242 171 271 126 70 227 4948 Serving in Forces, 109. Retired, 239.Employer, or in Private Practice, 27 (with no sum indicated). Unemployed, 33. Unclassifiable, 8._---- TABLE 2 TOTALF.I.C. 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 Average1 1to to to to to to to to to to to to to to over remun-Age 299 349 399 449 499 549 599 699 799 899 999 1200 1400 1600 1600 Total eration ---------____~ ----1-21-25 1 -----1-1--I-I--I I ---19 44225-30 1 2444 1 -1-1--______-~----___~ 30-35 1 5 11 7 11 14 9 17 7 2 4 5 2 1 1 97 616 --------~____r-l.. E3 35-40 25 23 30 20 19 7 16 2 1 3 179 6934 --___~0 U 40-45 20 13 38 28 18 26 28 9 6 18 233 844 -___--______-I I45-50 15 7 24 20 21 16 29 13 5 20 186 915 -----~~ 50-60 22 9 36 42 22 26 57 32 22 67 364 1021 ______----Over 60 9 6 17 16 20 6 20 18 13 38 182 1028----------___________ B CDEF G HI J KLM N O P Total 8 17 33 63 54 107 68 162 134 102 85 155 76 48 147 1261 Serving in Forces, 17.Retired, 211. Employer, or in Private Practice, 20 (with no sum indicated). Unemployed, 11. Unclassifiable, 6. TABLE 3 TOTALA.I.C. 250 300 350 400 450 600 550 600 700 800 900 1000 Average rnder to to to to to to to to to to to to remun-Age €250 299 349 399 449 499 549 599 699 799 899 999 1200 eration -----~--___ ____~ ----32321-25 *29 87 83 39 15 4 2 3 ---~-----__ ___ 26-30 14 99 221 208 167 97 58 24 22 11 -1 396 30-35 5 23 73 120 121 96 74 47 70 39 13 5 491 ---______--~ __~-36-40 2 9 21 58 95 81 83 55 94 40 33 15 593 ---___----___ ___ 34 40-45 3 4 16 26 55 70 63 45 93 68 43 32 701 U ---___ 46-50 11 6 7 20 24 37 30 37 33 20 18 759 ~ ---___----_-60-60 11 3 6 10 21 19 29 38 23 28 14 818 -~---------Over 60 -1 ---122 4 4 31 920 ---___-------AB I J KL Total 55 225 358 218 140 86 Serving in Forces, 92.Retired, 28. Employer, or in private practice, 7 (with no sum indicated). Unemployed, 22. Unclassifiable, 2. * Includes 3 Scholarships. TABLE 4 PERMANENT A.I.C. AND F.I.C.~VERNMENTAPPOINTMENTS: ~ ~~______________~ ~~ 260 300 350 400 I 450 500 I 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1 1200 AverageI 1 I I I Irnder to to to to to to to to to to to to to Age €250 299 349 399 21-25 -42 25-30 13 30-35 10 -1 -I 78 I 479 35-40 U 40-45 45-50 50-60 Over 60 4 2 19 1144 --___-OP Total 6 3 513 TABLE 5 PERMANENT “NOTGOVERNMENT”:A.I.C.AND F.I.C.APPOINTMENTS 250 300 350 400 900 1000 1200 1400 Average under to to to to to to to to over remun-Age €250 299 349 399 449 999 1200 1400 1600 1600 Total eration --___~ 21-25 20 43 45 20 7 -1---141 321 ------__--_______ 25-30 6 74 123 123 101 81 I 46 I 16 I 14 I 10 I --595 403 --__. ~~-n 3&35 4 17 65 99 91 1 616 614 ---------I-I-l-to (04 35-40 2 7 19 54 84 64 89 61 108 52 42 20 38 12 4 7 663 627 ~~W -~-___-----___ -___ _____--40-45 3 2 11 19 53 69 65 51 102 80 49 50 60 23 14 42 693 765 ----___-___----~~-_I-__ 45-50 11 6 6 24 23 45 27 45 37 28 28 52 18 9 37 387 841 ----___ --------50-60 2-5 5 12 31 36 30 50 48 40 30 61 34 23 91 498 967 ~--___ ----___--__--____-Over 60 1 3 2 4 4 6 9 8 17 19 19 7 19 17 9 40 184 1009 -----------___-A B CDE FGH LMN 0 P Total 39 147 276 330 376 357 357 241 143 238 109 62 218 3777 TABLE 6 GOVERNMENTTEMPORARY APPOINTMENTS: A.I.C.AND F.I.C. I I I 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 Average to to to to to to to to to to to to to to over remun-Age 299 349 399 449 499 549 599 699 799 899 999 1200 1400 1600 1600 Total eration -------~____--_______--_I_I21-25 28 23 9 2 1 1---------72 311 25-3030-3535-4040-45 -----pp-pp--45-50 14-3 11 1--1 18 668 5&60 2 4 7 6-3 -l--33 621 -------------LLOver 60 2-11-----1 5 810 -----___----__I-GHIJKLMNOP Total 33 27 22 19 7 5 5 1 0 2 432 TABLE 7 TEMPORKRY (NOTGOVERNMENT)WAR APPOINTMENTS : A.I.C.AND F.I.C. 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 900 1000 1200 under to to to to to to to to to to to Age E250 299 349 399 449 499 549 599 699 999 1200 1400 ___--------______-21-25 I 13 13 10 6 2-----I-I---__----25-30 2 3 21 29 22 7 3 ----21 n 30-35 1-44ts00 --__-c -1U 35-40 3 4 -_I_ 40-45 -1 --34 -I--I -245-50 50-60 --I-Over 60 -___-I-1Total "8 I7 Average remun-Total eration ___^____ 45 340 ~.91 393 _I______ 27 491 ___._____ 20 594 18 600I 1 ___-226 TABLE 8 FELLOWS A 2 % 0.16 Below €250 .. .. %0.16 I3 8 C 17 D 33 2.62 f250-t500 .. .. . . 13.86 E 63 F 54 G H 107 68 8-48) 1 J 162 134 12.84 10.63 ~500-€1000 .. .. .. 52.16 K 102 8.08 L 85 6.74 M 155 12.27 N 0 76 48 3.806*0,> €1000-€1600 .. .. ., 22.12 P 147 11.66 Over €1600 . . .. .. 11.66 1261 99.95 99-95 TABLE 9 ASSOCIATES A 55 1.50 Below €250 .. .. ... 1-50 B 225 C 423 11-47 D 464 12.58 €250-€500 . . .. .. 53.93 E 483 13.10 F 394 10.68 G 338 H 235 I J 358 218 €500-$1000 .. .. . . 37-28 K 140 3.80 L 86 2-33 M 116 N 50 2.1000-€1600 .... . . 5.10 0 22 0.60 P 80 2.17 Over El600 .. .. .. 2.17 - 3687 99.98 99.98 Obituary JOHN COLLIE died at Sligachan on 1st November in his 84th year. NORMAN He was trained under Prof. Letts, at University Collegelater the University- Bristol, and at the University of Wurzburg, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. From 1896 to 1902 he was professor of.chemistry at the School of Pharmacy of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, and professor of organic chemistry at University College, London, from 1902-1928, when he retired with the titleof Emeritus Professor. From 1912 he was Director of the Chemical Laboratory until 1928, He served as a Member of the Council of the Chemical Society from 1889-1894, and from 1900-1901; he was Vice-President of the Society from 1909-1912.He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the Universities of Glasgow and St.% Andrews, and the honorary degree of D.Sc. from the Universities of Liverpool and Belfast. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1896, and sarved on the Council of that Society from 1905-1907. In addition to his numerous contributions to scientific and technical journals, including tho Transactions of the Chemical Society, he was the author of a book on “Climbing in the Himalaya,” 1902, and, jointly with H. E. M. Sheffield, of “Climbs and Exploration in the Canadian Rockies,” 1903. He was a Past President of the Alpine Club and a Past Vice-president of the Royal Geographical Society.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1897, acted as an Examiner from 1912-1913, and served on the Council from 1905-1908. GWYN ISLWYNDAVIES, whose death, at the age of 30 years, after an operation has recently been reported, was born at Cornelly. He was educated at Bridgend County School, and studied for six years at the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, during the latter part of his training acting as student- demonstrator; he graduated B.&. with honours in chemistry and proceeded to M.Sc. in 1936. Later, he obtained an appointment under the Ministry of Supply, and he was on leave at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1937.JOHNHARQREAVESdied, as the result of an accident, at Hough Green, Widnes, on 22nd November, in his 91st year. He was born at Sabden, Lancs., and was originally engaged with his father in pharmacy, but in 1871 became associated with his brother, James, in experiments directed to the development of chemical and chemico-metallurgical processes-some in conjunction with Dr. Ludwig Mond. Many of the processes evolved by the brothers, and subsequently by the firm of Hargreaves and Robinson, were adopted in the heavy chemical industry. He travelled in Spain, America, Norway, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Hungary, Algiers and Ireland in connexion with his professional work. He was first Secretary and one of the founders of the organisation which eventually became the Society of Chemical Industry. In 1879, he summoned a meeting of chemists and managers at the rooms of the Y.M.C.A.at Widnes, and subsequent meetings at the Officers’ Room of the Drill Hall, when J. L. Muspratt took the Chair; next, at the Royal Institute, Liverpool, with Dr. Ludwig Mond in the Chair, and, finally, at the Victoria University, Manchester, with Professor-later Sir Henry-Roscoe, in the Chair, when he suggested the appointment of Mr. George E. Davis as Secratary of the Society. He continued in practice as a consulting chemist and chemical engineer in Widnes until his retirement a few years ago. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. JULIUS died at Southport on 8th November, in his 76th year.HUEBNER Educated at Friedland, Bohemia, he studied for four years at the Imperial Higher Technical College in Reichenberg, Bohemia, before he became chemist and colourist in 1885 to K. Oehler at Offenbach a/M.; then, for over a year, he was manager of the G&rda Dyeworks, Gothenburg, Sweden, and after a few months’ experience at Spindler’s Dyeworks in Berlin, became chief colourist to Levinstein, Ltd., Manchester, with whom he remained until the end of 1900. He was then appointed Director of the Bleaching, Dyeing, Printing, Finishing and Papermaking r 283 1 Department of the Municipal School of Technology, Manchester, and later Chief Chemist to the Nuera Art Silk Co., Ltd. He was Honorary Secretary of the Manchester Section of the Society of Chemical Industry from 1903-1911, Vice- Chairman from 1911-1913, and Chairman from 1913-1915.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1904. BRYNMOR who at the time of his death held an appointment with the JONES, Geological Survey, Nigeria, West Africa, died at sea, when returning to England on leave, on 21st October, in his 40th year. Educated at Swansea Grammar School, he continued his training at University College, Cardiff, and graduated I3 .Sc. (Wales) with honours in chemistry. For some years before he obtained his appointment in Nigeria, he was a research soil chemist in the Agricultural Chemistry Department of the University College of North Wales, Bangor. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924.WILLIAM RICHARD SIMPSON LADELL died suddenly at Jamaica, British West Indies, on 6th November, in his 56th year. Educated at Merchant Taylors’ School, he continued his studies at Finsbury Technical Colloge, London, from 1903-1 906, and, after some experience with Cross and Bevan and B. E. R. Newlands, was for a short time chemist to a company known as “Chemicals, Ltd.” in Co. Antrim. From 1907-1908 he was assistant in the Research Laboratories of the Imperial Institute. In 1908, he was engaged with the Candy Filter Co., and early in 1909 was appointed chemist to the Agricultural Department at Cedara, Natal. In November, 1910, he was transferred to the Grootfontein Agricultural College, Middelburg, Cape Colony, as lecturer in chemistry. In 1912 he obtained an appointment with the Soci6t6 Financiere des Caoutchoucs in the Federated Malay States, where his duties related mainly to plant procedure; but at the outbreak of the War of 1914-1918, he joined the Malay States Volunteer Rifles. He then served for a time with the Colombo Town Guard during a native rebellion in 1915, before he returned home, and was commis- sioned Lieutenant, R.A.O.C., and towards the end of 1916 was appointed Inspecting Ordnance Officer, Northern Command.He was promoted Captain in 1916 and Major in 1919, was twice mentioned in despatches, and eventually appointed Major, Regular Army Reserve of Officers, in January, 1921. As an Inspecting Ordnance Officer he was successful in dealing with unexploded bombs, and on one occasion worked single-handed on a bomb which had fallen.with its mechanism caught in a lath and plaster partition,-the surrounding houses being cleared of the occupiers. In 1920, he became assistant in the Government Laboratory at Bangkok, Siam, under Mr. A. Marcan, Fellow, and, in 1923, was transferred to the Ministry of Agri-cultfire and entrusted with the formation of the Bureau of Agricultural Science, where he was concerned mainly with paddy and the cultivation of citrus fruits, cotton, tobacco and ground-nuts. He also devoted attention to experiments showing the effect of irrigation on soil condition. While in Siam he re-organised the Chemical Department of the Pre-medical School, Chulalongkorn University, where he acted as part-time lecturer for two years. He was much interested in entomology and gave to the Natural History Museum many specimens new to science.He published a number of papers in the Journal of the Siam Society. At Rothamsted, where he worked from time to time when on leave, he contrived an apparatus for counting wire worms in soil. In 1938 he joined the Scientific Staff of the West Indies Sugar Company, Ltd., in Jamaica, with whom he became Chief of the Research Staff, a position he held at the time of his death. In 1941 a research board of the Jamaica sugar planters was set up; Mr. Ladell was the Chief Research Cfficer of this board, and as such had dealings with all the companies in Jamaica. He was engaged in experiments, initiated by the Govern- ment of Jamaica, on growing rice on the Island; and, for his company, was growing experimentally citron and pineapple.He had recently inaugurated a journal for West Indian sugar planters and had been promoted Lieutenant-Colonel in the Regular Army Reserve of Officers, but his services had not been required. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1907 and a Fellow in 1910. IVANDOUGLASLAMBdied at Bexley on 26th November, in his 43rd year. Born at Leicester, he was educated at Claremont School and the Secondary School, Blackburn, passed the Matriculation of the Northern Universities and pursued the degree course. at the Manchester Municipal College of Technology, graduating [ 284 1 B.Sc.Tech. with honours in 1922 and proceeding to M.Sc.Tech.in the following year. Towards the close of 1923, he obtained an appointment with Messrs. Burrough, Wellcome & Co., Dartford, with whom he remained until his death. He pubfished research in conjunction with Professor F. I,. Pyman, F.R.S., in The Journal of the Chemicul Society. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924. Information has been received that HARRYDENNIS LORD has been presumed lost at sea, due to enemy action, since February, 1941. Born in 1907, he was educated at Ashby Grammar School from 1923-28 and continued his studies at Loughborough College,.graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) with first-class honours in chemistry in 1927 and proceedmg to Ph.D. in 1931. From 1929-33 he wm lecturer in chemistry, physicsand metallurgy at Loughborough College, and during part of that time was Warden to the senior students hostel.He was also, with the late Dr. Bramley, engaged on research, the results of which were published in Nature, in the Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute and the Journal of the Chemical Society. Since 1933 he had held an appointment as a research chemist with the Burmah Oil Co. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1933 and a Fellow in 1939. WALTER ODLING, who died at Hove, Sussex, on 17th November, was born on the 14th April, 1852. The son of a surgeon, he was educated at the City of London School, where he gained the Edkm Memorial medal for mathematics and the medal for chemistry. He also obtained the Mortimer Exhibition for chemistry and a Whitworth Scholarship for science. Through the advice and influence of his cousin, Dr.-later Professor-William Odling, F.R.S., he went to the Royal College of Chemistry and School of Mines, where he studied from 1871 to 1873 and became privats assistant to Professor-later Sir Edward-Frankland, F.R.S.In 1874 he was appointed, by the late Mr. John Gretton, chemist and brewer to Messrs. Bass & Co., Burton-on-Trent, where ho continued for nearly 50 years, including 28 years as head brewer at the Old Brewery, and retired at the age of 70 in 1922. He was one of the founders of the Burton Archaeological Society, and was for 12 years Chairman of the Governors of the School of Science. He was elected a Fellow of the Chemical Society in 1873 and a Fellow of the Institute in 1878.He was thus one of the Fellows to receive the Frankland medal at the Charter Jubilee in 1935. Walter Odling came of a long-lived family. His grandfather, Charles Odlhg, of Tetney, Lincolnshire, was born in 1750, in the reign of George 11; his father, in 1793, in the reign of George 111. Professor William Odling died in 1921 in his 92nd year. REGINALD died on 22nd November, in his 39th year. EducatedWILLIAMPAYNE at Loughborough Grammar School, he matriculated at London University, and studied at Loughborough College from 1921-1924, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry in 1923. In 1924 he joined the staff of the British Celanese, Ltd., Spondon, Derby, where he remained until 1937, when he became managing director of Messrs.Payne & Thornhill (Dyers), Ltd., at Derby. Shortly after the outbreak of war, however, he secured an appointment at Abbey Meadow Mills, Leicester; in March, 1941, he became assistant manager to Messrs. J. G. Marlow & Son, Ltd., elastic web manufacturers, of Derby, and in May, 1941, was appointed an inspecting officer at a factory in Scotland, the position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1926 and a Fellow in 1932. HARRY WILLIAMS,who died at Aldham, Essex, on 23rd October, in his 66th year, was born in Devon and educated at Sir Joseph Williamson’s Mathematical School, Rochester, Kent. Having passed the Inter. Science Examination at London University, he was from 1898 to 1902 chemical and physical lecture assistant to Dr.-later Sir-Thomas Stevenson, Mr.Charles E. Groves, F.R.S., Dr. John Wade and Professor Reinold, at Guy’s Hospital Medical School. From 1902 he worked for a time at the Stadtische Laboratorium at Mannheim, and thereafter continued his studies in Germany, while engaged as a teacher of English at the Berlitz School of Languages, Heidelberg. In 1909 he resumed his appointment at Guy’s Hospital, where he remained until 1912, when he became research assistant to the late Mr. M. AtkinsQn Adam, Fellow. In 1915 he joined the staff of Messrs. A. Boake Roberts & Co., Ltd., as a plant control chemist, and in 1920, proceeded to Sydney, r 286 3 New South Wales, where he was chemist and works manager to the RoseberyLanolines Co., Ltd., later becoming chief chemist at Arlington Mills, Botany, New South Wales, when the Company was registered as the Lanoleen Co.While in Sydney he represented the Society of Chemical Industry on the Advisory Committee of the Sydney Technical College. He retired and returned to England in 1939. He ww elected an Associate of the Imtitute in 1918. STANLEYWILSON WORRELL died at Chelmsford on 10th November, at the age of 42 years. Educated at the Tottenham County School, he studied from 1919-1921 at University College, London, and graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry. From 1922-1924, he was assistant chemistry master, and, from 1924-1926 senior chemistry master, at Westcliff (Co-edueational) High School; from 1926-1928 he was senior physics master at Westcliff High School for Boys, and was thereafter, until 1933, head of the Science Department at St.George’s School, Harpenden. In the following year he obtained an appointment at the Mid-Essex Technical College, Chelmsford, where he was lecturer in chemistry at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1932. NICHOLAS died, as a result of an accident, on 16th November, at the SARAVANOS age of 22 years. He was educated at Hessle Council School and Hymers College,Hull, and became registered as a Student at the local Municipal Technical College in 1937, where he continued until 1939, when he joined the R.A.F.V.R., in which he had reached the rank of Flight-Sergeant at the time of his death.HENRYJEFFRIESPOOLEY,M.1.Chem.E. By the death of Mr. H. J. Pooley, which occurred on 2nd December, many Fellows and Associates of the Institute have to deplore the loss of a genial kindly friend. Mr. Pooley, who was trained as a chemical engineer at University College-later the University-Liverpool, from 18941898, was for many years until 1924 associated with Messrs. George Scott & Son, manufa,cturers of chemical plant. From 1924 he practised independently as a consultant until 1929, when he was appointed General Secretary of the Society of Chemical Industry, in which position he continued until his retirement, early in the present year, owing to ill-health. The Register At the meeting of Council held on 20th November, 1942, 3 new Fellows were elected, 12Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 33 new Associates were elected, and 40 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 7 Fellows, 5 Associates and I Student.New Fellows Barton-Wright, Eustace Cecil, M.Sc. (Lond.), Owls Nest, Ox Lane, Harpenden, Herts. Harvey, Arthur, 3, Stafford Court, Stafford Road, Waddon, Croydon. Thomas, Wilfred Henry, A.R.S.M., F.Inat.P., Dorquain, Church Path, Merton Park, London, S.W.19. Associates elected to the Fellowship Barron, Harry, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.I.R.I., Spinney Corner, Bassett Avenue, Southampton.Best, John Kenneth, 7, Hemyock Road, Weoley Hill, Birmingham, 29. Bowen, James Emrys, l3.S~.(Wales), Ph.C., Robert Gordon’s Technical College, Aberdeen, [ 286 I Busliill, John Herbert, D.Sc. (Birm.), Kingsthorpe, Ouseley Road, Wraysbury, Bucks. Dixon, Theodore Frederic, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 132, Longland Drive, London, N. 20. Dobson, Charles Stuart, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ben-I-Mora, Baddeley Edge, Milton, Stoke-on- Trent. Field, Tl’illiam Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Ingleby Way, Wallinpton, Surrey. Hammond, Roy, B.Sc. (Lond.), Fairholme, Manchester Road, Hapton, nr.Burnley,Lanes. Harvey, Cecil Owen, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Geological Survey and Museum, Exhibition Road, London, S.W.7. Islip, Harold Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.),25, Bailie Drive, Bearsclen, Glaspow. Speirs, Richard Killoch, R.Sc. (Glas.), Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Iran.Westlake, Herbert George, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., Ph.C., 35, Derham Gardens, Upminster, Essex. New Associates Aldred, John, The Rookery, Hough Lane, Anderhon, Northwich, Cheshire. Anderson, William Nelson, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 31, Wellington Park, Malone Road, Belfast. Bailey, Eric, R.Sc. (Mane.), 1, Quantock Road, Bridgwater, Somerset. Beard, Sydney George, 19, Regarth Avenue, Romford, Essex. Brown, William, 4, Kirkhill Terrace, Edinburgh, 9. Bruce, Miss Helen Somerville Dunbar Mackenzie, B.Sc. (Glas.), 38, Kennedy Drive, Airdrie, Lanarkshire. Carr, Albert Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Rossend Castle, Burntisland, Fife. Carter, John Whitaker, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Cross Flatts Terrace, Reeston, Leeds, 11. Chadwick, Lawrence Cyril, B.A.(Cantab.), 4,Matlock Way, New Malden. Chamberlin, Miss Lilian Marjorie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 10, Speer Road, Tliames Ditton, Surrey.Clark, TVilliam Richard Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Selwyn Crescent, Welling, Kent. Crouch, Eric Arthur Crouch, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Brookhill Road, London, S.E.18. Dickinson, Harold Owen, B.Sc. (Lond.), 55, Kings Avenue, Woodford Green. Fleming, Francis, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/oLawson, 64, Ardrossan Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire.Fortime, Herbert James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Grove Road, London, N.12. Hathhay, David Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Massey Road, Cloucester. Hayes, William Peatman, n.Sc. (Lond.), 149. Tlkeston Road, Nottinghain. Hood, Harold Malcolm, R.Sc. (Dun.), 55, Highfield Road, Dartford. Jones, Kenneth Macdonald, B.Sc.(Wales), Dantwyn, Swansea Road, Waunarlwydd, Swansea. Koch, Heindrich Julius, M.Sc. (S.A.), P.O. Dynamite Factory, Somerset West, S. Africa. Lane, Edward Sydney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Wilton Avenue, Southampton. Lindop, Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Westbury Road, Ipswich. Long, Charles William, B.Sc., P1i.D. (Birm.), 137, Bowerham Road, Lancaster. Macnab, John William, B.Sc. (Glas.), 3. Lilyoak Terrace, Rothesay, Bute, Scotland. Murray, Peter, B.Sc, (Sheff.), 24, Marlowe Drive, Herringthorpe, Rotherham, Yorks. Pryor, James Harvey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 109, Spring Grove Road, Hounslow, Middx. Rose, GeraldGershon, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 25, Prothero Gardens, London, N.W.4. Sabel, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 117, Willesden Lane, London, N.W.6. Townend, John, B.Sc.(Lond.), Ryban, Brampton Road, Oakdale, Poole. Wilde, Alan Richard Delaney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 53, Salisbury Road, Dover. Wilson, Joseph Hood, B.Sc. (Glas.), 117, Craigton Road, Glaspow, S.W.l. Wood, Harry Sandiford, 9, Bolton Grove, Seaton Carew, West Hartlepool, Durham. Wynne, Thomas Merfyn, B.A. (Oxon.), 5, Egerton Road, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent. New Students Ashley, Michael George, 6,Park Hill Road, Harborne, Birmingham, 17. Baker, Peter, 24, Alderson Drive, Doncaster. Cowling, William, 33, George Eliot Road, Coventry. Fawcett, Roland, 34, Sefton Terrace, Leeds, 11. Fletcher, John Charles, 53, Dyson Road, Pellon, Halifax, Yorks. Grfiths, Harry William, 22, Maple Avenue, Thornbury, Bradford. Harlock, Peter Samuel, 21, Carrsvale Avenue, Urmston, Lanes.[ 287 3 Holt, Frank Bradshaw, 40, Britain Street, Bury, Lancs. Hornby, John Arthur, 16, Dundalk Lane, Ditton, Widnes. Hoyle, Miss Joan, 34, Primrose Lane, Gilstead, Bingley, Yorks. Hughes, John Theodore, 393, Brornley Road, London, S.E.6. Hulme, Ralph, 3, Danefield Place, Liverpool, 19. Jackson, Joseph Fox, 13, Dumers Lane, Bury, Lancs. Jeffreys, Godfrey Vaughan, 52, Harrison Street, Bloxwich, Walsall. Johnson, William, Police Dormitory No. 1, Meece House, Cold Meece, nr. Stone, Staffs. Long, Charles Alexander, 27, Byron Mansions, Upminster, Essex. Magson, Maurice Sugden, 42, Park Road, Sowerby Bridge, Yorks. Marson, Harold Wilson, 55, Arundel Street, Astley Bridge, Bolton, Lancs. McEvoy, Kevin Joseph, 114, Gidlow Lane, Wigan, Lancs.Mitchell, Elwyn Meiriadog, 25, Argoed, Pen-y-Graig, Brymbo, nr. Wrexham. Oakley, Donald Percy, Speldhurst, Ellerslie Road, Ashton-on-Ribble, Preston, Lancs. Oliver, Brian Michael, 24, Chest& Road, London, N.17. Owen, William John, Yenda, Prenton Road West, Birkenhead. Palmer, Harold John, 138, Whitehead Road, Aston, Birmingham, 6. Payne, Donald, 54, Saint Margaret’s Avenue, Luton, Beds. Platts, Maurice, 10, Holdsworth Terrace, Shaw Hill, Halifax, Yorks. Robinson, Norman, Craignure, Ivybank, Port-Glasgow, Renfrewshire. Ross, Douglas Macintosh, 12, Glamis Avenue, Newton Mearns, Renfrewshire. Rout, Herbert Kenneth Beatty, 36, Temple Road, Prenton, Birkenhsad. Shaw, Peter Burnett, 16, Parkland Drive, Meanwood, Leeds, 6.Shine, Henry Joseph, 10, Lyndhurst Avenue, Sunbury-on-Thames, Middx. Smith, Harry Edward, 24, Hayle Road, Maidstone, Kent. Smith, Robert James, Braemar, Bedford Avenue, Whitby, Ellcsmere Port. Taylor, Robert Kenneth, 19, Lower Lane, Fazakerley, Liverpool, 9. Thomas, Frank Edmund, 49, Fernbank Avenue, Sudbury Hill, Wembley, Middx. Vaughan, Leonard Hubert, 606, Hagley Road West, Quinton, Birmingham, 32. Wiggins, Thomas, 185, Millhouse Road, South Yardley, Birmingham. Willison, Geoffrey, 6, Third Avenue, Bradford Moor, Bradford. Winstanley, Miss Sheila, 32, Barkers Lane, Sale, Manchester. Wright, James Victor, 55, Links Road, Ashtead, Surrey. DEATHS Fellows Professor John Norman Collie, Hon. LL.D. (Glas. and St. Andrews), Ph.D.(Wiirzburg), Hon. D.Sc. (Liv. and Q.U.B.), F.R.S. John Hargreaves. Julius Huebner, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). William Richard Simpson Ladell. Harry Dennis Lord, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.) . Walter (Idling. Reginald William Payne, B.Sc. (Lond.). Associates Gwyn Islwyn Davies, M.Sc., Dipl.Ed. (Wales). Brynmor Jones, M.Sc. (Wales). Ivan Douglas Lamb, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Harry Williams. Stanley Wilson Worrell, B.Sc. (Lond.). Registered Student Nicholas Saravanos, Flight Sergeant, R.A.F.V.R. CHANGE OF NAME Derek John Campbell-Gamble, M.A. (Cantab.), Associate, to Derek John Campbell,by Deed Poll. [ 288 1 ADDRESSES REQUIRED Fellows Anderson, Frederic Alfred, B .Sc . (Lond.). Bardsley, Joshua. Bowles, Horace Edgar. Eastburn, Major Gerald Jerome, M.C., A.R,.T.C.Eastes, Ernest John. Gray, Archibald. Hogben, Walter. Legg, David Alliston. Nind, Edmund Robert, A.C.G.I. Paterson, John Hamilton, D.Sc. (Dunelm). Reid, John Fountain. Robertson, Joseph Gold, Ph.D. (Jena). Robinson, Conmar, A.R.C.Sc.I., Ph.D. (Utrecht). Slack, Harry, D.C.M., B.Sc. (Vict.). Stevens, Montagu White, A.R.C.S. Wild, Francis Eric, B.Sc. (Birm.). Associates Ballinger, Maurice, B.A. (Cantab.). Bhavnagri, Shapur Khushro, B.A., B.Sc. (Bombay), B.Sc. (Manc.).Brine, John Alfred, M.Sc. (Lond.). Brooks, Bernard Simon, B.Sc. (Birm.). Browne, Thomas Ethelred Wilby, M.A., B.Sc. (Lond.), M.Sc. (Wales). Carson, Samuel Corbett, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.).Claudet, Richard Arthur Ormerod, B.Sc, (Lond.).Cooper, Arthur Thomas, Ph.D. (Lond.). Cooper, James Marchbanks, A.H.-W.C. Craimer, Harris, B.Sc. (Lond.). Docherty, Kenneth 'Nilliam Thomas Cromb, B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Dodd, Eric Norman, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Doyne, Humphry Cathair, M.A. (Oxon.). Earle, Kenneth John Beaumont, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.). Forbes, John Stuart, B.Sc. (Birm.). French, Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.). Gibson, Peter Robert Scaife, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hallack, Maurice Hamilton, B.A. (Cape). Harris, Frederick Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hodson, William Brooke, A.C.G.F.C. Holman, Henry John, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. King, Douglas William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.). Mahal, Harbhajan Singh, M.Sc. (Punjab). Marklzam, Peter John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Massie, Duncan McRobert. Matthews, Thomas Henry, B.Sc.(Dunelm). Morrison, Ian Hugh, M.A. (Cantab.). Mowat, Ian Blair, B.Sc. (Glas.). Murti, Kambhampaty Satyanarayana, B.A. (Madras), M.Sc. (Allahabad). Oakley, Henry Brazenor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Pearson, Ernest Leigh, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Ransome, Gerard Lionel, l3.S~. (Lond.). Reynolds, Mrs. Emily Beatrice, B.Sc. (Lond.). Rollinson, Edgar Tyack, B.Sc. (Lond.). Rutter, Evan Guy, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Samways, Ernest Kenneth, B.Sc., B.Pharm. (Lond.). Sanford, Lieutenant-Colonel Chris., B.A. (Oxon.). Shearer, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.).Sheldrick, George, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dunelm). c 289 1 Shorrock, James Norman, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.).Smith, Sydney Kerr, R.Sc., B.Sc.Eng. (Glas.). Stoyle, John Alexander Robertson, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.).Thomas, Gordon Denis.Thomas, James Clifford, M.Sc. (Wales). Thorp, Edwin William, B.Sc. (Lond.). Underwood, Alfred Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Woodthorpe, Thoinas John. Wright, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Yeats, Howard, R.Sc. (Lond.). Young, William, M.A., B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Coming Events Jan. €4 THE INSTITUTE(Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section), jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry. “Some Recent Advances in Biochemistry applied to Brewing.” Professor R. H. Hopkins. In the North British Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 11 THE INSTITUTE(Leeds Area Section). “The Functions of a Government Inspection Department in War-time.” Mr. H. Hollis. 29 THE INSTITUTE(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section), jointly with the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.“Dermatitis.” Dr. A. N. Currie. 30 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY,jointly with the South Yorkshire Section of the Institute. “The Corrosion of Metals in Air.” Dr. W. H. J. Vernon. At the University, Western Bank, Sheffield, at 2.30 p.m. Feb. 6 SOCIETYOF ’CHEMICAL (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section), INDUSTRY jointly with the Local Section of the Institute and the Chemical Society. “The Factors governing the Absorption of Oil by Rubber.” Dr. G. Gee. 8 THE INSTITUTE(Leeds Area Section), jointly with the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the Society of Chemical Industry. “The X-Ray Study of Metals.” Dr. A. H. Jay. 17 THE INSTITUTE(Birmingham and Midlands Section).“Blood” by Mr. Garfield Thomas, At the Chamber of Commerce, New Street, Birmingham, at 5.30 p.m. 18 THE INSTITUTE(Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section), jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry. “The Chemistry of Hashish.” Professor A. R. Todd, F.R.S. At the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 19 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY, jointly with the Glasgow and West of Scotland Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry. “The Chemistry of Hashish.” Professor A. R. Todd, F.R.S. 24 THE INSTITUTE(Dublin Section). “Historical Glimpses of Dairy Practice.” Dr. P. S. Arup. In the Chemistry Department, University College, Dublin, at 7.30 p.m. 25 THEINSTITUTE(East Midlands Section), jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry.“Vitamins in War.” Dr. L. J. Harris. At The Welbeck Hotel, Nottingham, at 7 p.m. [ 290 1 26 THE CHE~XICAL SOCIETY,jointly with the South Yorkshire Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry. (‘Aspects of Nucleotide Chemistry.” Professor J. M. Gulland. In the University, Western Bank, Sheffield, at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midlands Section), and Food Group, jointly with the Chemical Society and the Institute. “War-time Food Packaging.” Mr. C. 1%. Oswin. At the Chamber of Commerce, New Street, Birmingham, at 5.30 p.m. 27 THE IXSTITUTE(South Yorkshire Section). “How Vitamins Act.” Dr, H. A. Krebs. At the premises of the Sheffield Metallurgical Association, 198, West Street, Sheffield.General Notices The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Monday, 1st March, 1943. Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of General Members of Council:-By-law 26.-(1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate hini as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24.-(2) No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that yeaa of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice- I’resident or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council ond the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy.The Officers and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, on 1st March, 1943,in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election (unless the Lord President of the Privy Council allows the suspension of the By-laws) are as follows:-President. John Jacob Fox, C.B., O.B.E., D.Sc. Vice -Presidents. Henry Vincent Aird Rriscoe, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Gerald Roche Lynch, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. Sir Robert Howson Pickard, D.Sc., F.R.S. Harold Augustine Tempany, C.M.G., C.B.E., D.Sc. [ 291 1 General Members of Council.Edward Bertram Anderson, M.Sc. Albert Coulthard, Ph.D. Jack Cecil Drummond, D.Sc. Frederick Percy Dunn, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. Albert Ernest Dunstan, D.Sc. Ian Morris Heilbron, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S. Gordon Wickham Monier- Williams, O.B.E., M.C., M.A., Ph.D. John Ralph Nicholl.s, D.Sc. Thomas Fred Eric Rhead, M.Sc., M.1.Chem.E. William Henry Roberts, M.Sc. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 2.30 p.m. on 18th January, 1943. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:- Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Osman Jones. East Midlands and South Yorkshire: George Frederick Hall, M.B.E., B.Sc. Liverpool and North-West Coast : Leslie Victor Cocks.London and South-Eastern Counties : David Michael Freeland. Manchester and District : Harold Stevenson. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast : Robert William Ancrum. Yorkshire: George James Denbigh, M.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland : Gilbert Elliot Dodds, A.H.-W.C. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: John Arnold Lovern, D.Sc. Glasgow and West of Scotland: James Wilfred Cook, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.),F.R.S. Wales and the Couniy of Monrnouth : Nicholas Michael Cullinane, D.Sc. Northern Ireland : Donald Alford Derrett-Smith, B.Sc., A.C.G.F.C. Irish Free State: John Andrews, B.Sc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : Messrs. E. E. Ayling, Louis Fletcher and S. W. A. Wikner, District Members of Council, have retired in favour of other nominees, for Wales and 'the County of Monmouth, Edinburgh and East of Scotland, and Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Districts respectively. Examinations.-It is hoped to arrange Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship in April, 1943.Associates who desire to present themselves for Examination for the Fellowship in April, 1943, should forward their applications for con-sideration by the Council and not wait for a notification of the exact arrangements for the Examinations. Candidates whose applications have been accepted will be notified at the earliest moment and may then forward their entry forms and fees. In order to facilitate identification, Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute.In the prevailing circumstances, Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. [ 292 1 Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Asso- ciates to qualify for the Fellowship. Regulations and forms of applica- tion can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. It is open from 10a.m.to 5 p.m. from Monday to Friday, and from 10a.m. to I p.m. on Saturdays. Mem-bers and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules regarding the use of the books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. Boots’ Booklovers Library .-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library will expire on 1st March. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boots’ Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.1.Lewis’s Lending Library .-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.[ 293 1 Index: 1942 Aberdeen and North of Scotland Sect,ion, 9, 106 Accidents, Laboratory, 104, 105 Accounts, 18, 71 Addresses required, 289 Adulteration, 2 66 Air Training Corps, 247 Allied Forces, 192, 247 American Chem. Soc., 103 Anglo-Soviet Collaboration, 179 Annual General Meeting, 70, 291 Appointments Committee, 14, 64 Appointmants Register, 14, 80 Auditors, 30, 66, 72, 78 Bankers, 66 Belfast and District Section, 9, 80, 106, 294 Benevolent Fund, 7, 25, 68 Benzole, Industrial, 84 Bequests, 192 Birmingham and Midland Section, 9, 106, 150, 196, 250 Biscuits, 207 Blood, Coagulation of, 36 Board of Education, 247 Books and their Contents, 52, 93, 136, 182, 231 Brewing, Science in, 212 Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, 9, 34, 81, 107, 150, 196, 250 British Standards Institution, 6, 63, 94, 138, 183, 232 By-Laws, Suspension, 31 Calling Up, 42 Cape Section, 9, 34, 150 e Carbohydrates, Structure and Pattern, 206 Cardiff Section, 9, 81, 108, 196, 250 Censors, 64 Central Register, 44 Chemical Council, 5, 8, 103, 130, 247 Chemical Trades Advisory Committee, 6 Chemist versus Forger, 205 Chemotherapy, 37 Chromatographic Analysis, 199 Cider, 36 City and Guilds of London Institute, 5 Clothing, Protective, 32, 103, 132, 149, 161 Colour Blindness, 192 Coming Events, 57,95,143, 185,237,290 Committees, 64 Co-operation, 108, 165, 190 Coulthard, A., Presentation to, 257 Council, 31, 63, 291 Council, Committees and Representa-tives, 5, 64 Council, Constitution and Nomination of, 16, 33, 69, 165, 193 Council, Proceedings, 31, 67, 103, 147, 191, 247 Council, Report of, 3, 72 Deaths, 4, 48, 56, 91, 97, 142, 185, 236, 288 Disinfection, 157 District Members of Council, 32, 240 Dublin Secliion, 10, 108, 251 Dyers and Colourists, 47 East Anglian Section, 10 East Midlands Section, 10, 151 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 10, 35, 81, 251 Education, Board of, 247 Emergency Committee, 16 Emergency Public Health Laboratories, 31, 32, 69, 148, 191 Examinations, 13, 38, 118, 215 Examiners, Board of, 13, 66, 133 Finance and House Committee, 6 Forensic Science, 249, 265 Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 14, 71, 186, 239 Fuel Economy, 31, 45, 249 Gas Identification Officers, 67, 90, 104, 133, 149, 163, 166, 196 General Notices, 58,98, 143, 186, 239,291 Gifts, 232 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 10, 81, 108, 196, 251 Headmasters’ Employment committee, 6 Henderson, G. G., 225 Honorary Corresponding Secretaries, 12 Honorary Secretaries, Conference of, 158 Honours, 42 Huddersfield Section, 10, 110, 252 Income Tax, 47, 89 Infra-red Investigations, 2 12 Institutions, 14, 31; 104 Insurance, 104, 105 Joint Council of Professional Scientists, 148, 149, 194, 270 Joint Recruiting Boards, 68, 161 [ 294 1 I,itbor&xwy Yreciautioris, 2 72 Lalitern Slides, 16 Lecture Sunimaries, 36, 84.112, 155, 109, 26 1 1,eecls Area Section, 10, 35, 110, 252 Legal and Parliamentary Committee, 8 Library, 15, 94 Library, Boots' Sooklovers', 23 3 Library, Chemical Society, 5, 243 Library, Lewis's Lending, 243 Library, The Science, 243 Liverpool and R'orth-Western Section, 10, 35, 110, 254 Local Sections, 9, 34, SO, 106, 150, 154, 196, 249 London and South Easterh Counties Section, 11, 35, 151, 197, 257 Marichester and District Section, 11, 110, 152, 198, 257 Meldola Medal, 14, 29, 70, 239 Micro-Analysis and Laboratory Gadgets, 200 Mini.;try of Labour, ti, 68 National ('rrtificatw in C'hemistry, 17, 228 Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section, 11, 82 K'cw Zealand, 11, 152 Nomination and Election of Members of Council, 16, 33, 69, 108, 147, 165, 193 N ominatioiis, I2 xai niiiu Lions and Inst i -t titions Committee, 12 Notes, 42, 88, 132, 178, 225, 270 Obituary, 48, 91, 133, 180, 229, 283 Oil from Coal, 117 Parljarnentary and Scientific Committee, 5, 85 Yedler Research Scholarship, 17, 28 Petroleum, 193 pliotopraphic TheoFy, 85 Plants, 155 Poicions Board, 65 Policy, 17, 69, 82, 108, 147, 1.52, 1.53, 163, 193, 249, 251, 25217 Polymerisation, The Mechanism of, 263 President, 63, 78 Publications and Library Committee, 15 Public Health Laboratories, Emergency, 191 Publicity, 16, 149, 159, 193 Radioactivity, Artificial, 87 Regiqter, 53, 96, 139, 183, 233, 286 Registrar, 79, 90, 194 Remuneration Statistics, 102, 106, 196, 273 Roll of the Institute, 3 Royal Society, 271 Rubber Molecule, The, 261 Science in Parliament, 42, 178, 223 Science Masters Association, 248 Scrutineers, Report of, 78 Solicitors, 66 South Wales (Swansoa) Section, 11, 35, 84,152, 198.261 South Yorkshire Section, 11, 84, 111 Spckker Photo-Electric Absorptiometer, si, 106, 192 Standards, British, 6, 53, 94, l38, 183, 232 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 29, 106,272 Students, Cheap Day Tickets for, 271 Students with the Forces, 248 Supplemental Charter Committee, 65 Technival Education arid Inctu~try,5, 17 Tees-side Section, 147, 198, 260 Therapeutic Substances Act, 5 Vitamins in JVnr Time, 112 llrar and Science. 88 Water Treatment, IOA What Industry Owes to ('hernical Science, 15 What the Plant does with its Materials, 155 World Power Conference, 5 PRINTED BY w.k4EFFER L SONS LTD..CAMBRIDGE. ENGLAND fAAAAA WAR SAVINGS CAMPAIGN 151-becomes 2016 How so ? A IS/-National Savings Certificate grows in value until at the end of 10years it is worth 20/6. Do I pay any Income Tax on this increase? No. It is entirely free of Income Tax. Where do I buy Savings Certificates? From any Post Office, Bank, or Trustee Savings Bank; through a Savings Group or from shops acting as Honorary Official Agents. How do I buy Savings CerttBcates? You can buy them outright at IS/-each. You can also purchase them by instalments by buying 6d. or 2/6National Savings Stamps. Is there any limit to the number I may hold? No individual may hold more than 500 Certificates. Can I get my money back if I need it ? Yes. You can cash Savings Certificates at any time by giving a few days’ notice. You will get your money back with the increase which your Certificates have earned up to that date. NATIONAL SAVINGS CERTIFICATES-~ vv-v--Issued by The National Savings Committee, London

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9426600245

出版商:RSC    

年代:1942

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Index: 1942 Aberdeen and North of Scotland Sect,ion, 9, 106 Accidents, Laboratory, 104, 105 Accounts, 18, 71 Addresses required, 289 Adulteration, 2 66 Air Training Corps, 247 Allied Forces, 192, 247 American Chem. Soc., 103 Anglo-Soviet Collaboration, 179 Annual General Meeting, 70, 291 Appointments Committee, 14, 64 Appointmants Register, 14, 80 Auditors, 30, 66, 72, 78 Bankers, 66 Belfast and District Section, 9, 80, 106, 294 Benevolent Fund, 7, 25, 68 Benzole, Industrial, 84 Bequests, 192 Birmingham and Midland Section, 9, 106, 150, 196, 250 Biscuits, 207 Blood, Coagulation of, 36 Board of Education, 247 Books and their Contents, 52, 93, 136, 182, 231 Brewing, Science in, 212 Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, 9, 34, 81, 107, 150, 196, 250 British Standards Institution, 6, 63, 94, 138, 183, 232 By-Laws, Suspension, 31 Calling Up, 42 Cape Section, 9, 34, 150 e Carbohydrates, Structure and Pattern, 206 Cardiff Section, 9, 81, 108, 196, 250 Censors, 64 Central Register, 44 Chemical Council, 5, 8, 103, 130, 247 Chemical Trades Advisory Committee, 6 Chemist versus Forger, 205 Chemotherapy, 37 Chromatographic Analysis, 199 Cider, 36 City and Guilds of London Institute, 5 Clothing, Protective, 32, 103, 132, 149, 161 Colour Blindness, 192 Coming Events, 57,95,143, 185,237,290 Committees, 64 Co-operation, 108, 165, 190 Coulthard, A., Presentation to, 257 Council, 31, 63, 291 Council, Committees and Representa-tives, 5, 64 Council, Constitution and Nomination of, 16, 33, 69, 165, 193 Council, Proceedings, 31, 67, 103, 147, 191, 247 Council, Report of, 3, 72 Deaths, 4, 48, 56, 91, 97, 142, 185, 236, 288 Disinfection, 157 District Members of Council, 32, 240 Dublin Secliion, 10, 108, 251 Dyers and Colourists, 47 East Anglian Section, 10 East Midlands Section, 10, 151 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 10, 35, 81, 251 Education, Board of, 247 Emergency Committee, 16 Emergency Public Health Laboratories, 31, 32, 69, 148, 191 Examinations, 13, 38, 118, 215 Examiners, Board of, 13, 66, 133 Finance and House Committee, 6 Forensic Science, 249, 265 Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 14, 71, 186, 239 Fuel Economy, 31, 45, 249 Gas Identification Officers, 67, 90, 104, 133, 149, 163, 166, 196 General Notices, 58,98, 143, 186, 239,291 Gifts, 232 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 10, 81, 108, 196, 251 Headmasters’ Employment committee, 6 Henderson, G.G., 225 Honorary Corresponding Secretaries, 12 Honorary Secretaries, Conference of, 158 Honours, 42 Huddersfield Section, 10, 110, 252 Income Tax, 47, 89 Infra-red Investigations, 2 12 Institutions, 14, 31; 104 Insurance, 104, 105 Joint Council of Professional Scientists, 148, 149, 194, 270 Joint Recruiting Boards, 68, 161 [ 294 1 I,itbor&xwy Yreciautioris, 2 72 Lalitern Slides, 16 Lecture Sunimaries, 36, 84.112, 155, 109, 26 1 1,eecls Area Section, 10, 35, 110, 252 Legal and Parliamentary Committee, 8 Library, 15, 94 Library, Boots' Sooklovers', 23 3 Library, Chemical Society, 5, 243 Library, Lewis's Lending, 243 Library, The Science, 243 Liverpool and R'orth-Western Section, 10, 35, 110, 254 Local Sections, 9, 34, SO, 106, 150, 154, 196, 249 London and South Easterh Counties Section, 11, 35, 151, 197, 257 Marichester and District Section, 11, 110, 152, 198, 257 Meldola Medal, 14, 29, 70, 239 Micro-Analysis and Laboratory Gadgets, 200 Mini.;try of Labour, ti, 68 National ('rrtificatw in C'hemistry, 17, 228 Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section, 11, 82 K'cw Zealand, 11, 152 Nomination and Election of Members of Council, 16, 33, 69, 108, 147, 165, 193 N ominatioiis, I2 xai niiiu Lions and Inst i -t titions Committee, 12 Notes, 42, 88, 132, 178, 225, 270 Obituary, 48, 91, 133, 180, 229, 283 Oil from Coal, 117 Parljarnentary and Scientific Committee, 5, 85 Yedler Research Scholarship, 17, 28 Petroleum, 193 pliotopraphic TheoFy, 85 Plants, 155 Poicions Board, 65 Policy, 17, 69, 82, 108, 147, 1.52, 1.53, 163, 193, 249, 251, 25217 Polymerisation, The Mechanism of, 263 President, 63, 78 Publications and Library Committee, 15 Public Health Laboratories, Emergency, 191 Publicity, 16, 149, 159, 193 Radioactivity, Artificial, 87 Regiqter, 53, 96, 139, 183, 233, 286 Registrar, 79, 90, 194 Remuneration Statistics, 102, 106, 196, 273 Roll of the Institute, 3 Royal Society, 271 Rubber Molecule, The, 261 Science in Parliament, 42, 178, 223 Science Masters Association, 248 Scrutineers, Report of, 78 Solicitors, 66 South Wales (Swansoa) Section, 11, 35, 84,152, 198.261 South Yorkshire Section, 11, 84, 111 Spckker Photo-Electric Absorptiometer, si, 106, 192 Standards, British, 6, 53, 94, l38, 183, 232 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 29, 106,272 Students, Cheap Day Tickets for, 271 Students with the Forces, 248 Supplemental Charter Committee, 65 Technival Education arid Inctu~try,5, 17 Tees-side Section, 147, 198, 260 Therapeutic Substances Act, 5 Vitamins in JVnr Time, 112 llrar and Science.88 Water Treatment, IOA What Industry Owes to ('hernical Science, 15 What the Plant does with its Materials, 155 World Power Conference, 5 PRINTED BY w. k4EFFER L SONS LTD..CAMBRIDGE. ENGLAND fAAAAA WAR SAVINGS CAMPAIGN 151-becomes 2016 How so ? A IS/-National Savings Certificate grows in value until at the end of 10years it is worth 20/6. Do I pay any Income Tax on this increase? No. It is entirely free of Income Tax. Where do I buy Savings Certificates? From any Post Office, Bank, or Trustee Savings Bank; through a Savings Group or from shops acting as Honorary Official Agents. How do I buy Savings CerttBcates? You can buy them outright at IS/-each. You can also purchase them by instalments by buying 6d. or 2/6National Savings Stamps. Is there any limit to the number I may hold? No individual may hold more than 500 Certificates. Can I get my money back if I need it ? Yes. You can cash Savings Certificates at any time by giving a few days’ notice. You will get your money back with the increase which your Certificates have earned up to that date. NATIONAL SAVINGS CERTIFICATES-~ vv-v--Issued by The National Savings Committee, London

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9426600294

出版商:RSC    

年代:1942

数据来源: RSC