Ninety-six male alcoholics were tested before and after a 4-week residential rehabilitation program. One-half of the subjects were residents of a VR treatment center which stressed development of internal controls and the attribution of responsibility to self. The other half were patients at a VA hospital which fostered considerable dependency and reliance on external controls. Change in self-concept was assessed by the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS). A Locus of Control of Drinking Behavior Scale (LCDB) was also administered. Positive changes occurred across settings on 9 of 17 self-concept variables. However, there were four variables on which a differential change occurred. These setting-by-treatment interactions are discussed in terms of the treatment philosophy of the two programs.