THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1930. PART I. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C. I, February, 1930, Publications Committee, 1929-30 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Chairman), ARTHUR SMITHELLS (President), P. E. BOWLES, H. B. BROWN, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, W. CLAYTON, LEWIS EYNON, C. S. GIBSON, W. H. GIBSON, C. M. W. GRIEB, G. G. HENDERSON, H. H. HODGSON, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Tveasuver), A. G. G. LEONARD, W. MARSHALL, C. A. MITCHELL, H.E.MONK, D. F. TWISS, WILLIAM WARDLAW, J.A. WATSON, A. W. M. WINTLE. Report of the Council (1929-1930). (To be submitted at the Fifty-second Annual General Meeting of the Institute, to be held on Monday, 3rd March, 1930.) I. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. Since the publication of the last Report (31st January, ~gzg),the Council has elected 63 Fellows, of whom 56 were formerly Associates and one was a Registered Student, and 240 new Associates, of whom 71 were Registered Students. One Fellow has been reelected. 188 new Students have been admitted, and two, re-admitted. The Council records with regret the death of 26 Fellows, 10 Associates, and 6 Students. Fellows : Robert Williani At liinsoii. Thomas Porter Blunt. William John Bowis, O.B.E. Charles Beavis.Basil Radcliff e Coysh.James Davidson. Frankland Dent. Frederick William Dootson. George Watson Gray. Henry T;IJils011 Hake Theophilus Vaughan Hughes. Charles James. J arnes West Knights. Harold George Lacell. Francis Edward Matthews. William Walker James Nicol. Charles Alfred Pauls. Ernest, Alfrec1 Pinchin. John Charles Platts. Samuel Rideal. William Duncan Snwers. Thomas Alexander Shegog.Arthur Stead. Herbert Birtwhistle Stocks. Ernest Arthur Wagstaff e. Thomas Barlow Wood, C.B.E., F.R.S. 4 Associate8 : Henry Herbert Bunting. Frederick William E:lucrsoti. @nest Basil I'a1kiit.r. John Alexander Gutthrie. John Alfred Hartley. Harry Kingsley. John Ewart Moss. Thomas Riley. Henry Ralph Tutton.Robert Scott Wishart. Students : Wilfred Stoughtoii Grifiths. Ernest Hartshorne. Charles Smbrose Kelly. Harry Norman Morrell. (Miss) Elsie Ca(ro1ine Mary Soward-Turner. Adolf Wilson. The resignations of 7 Fellows, 31 Associates, and 25 Students have been accepted, and the names of 18 Associates and of 67 Students have been removed from the Register in accordance with the by-laws. The Kegister at this date, 31st January, 1930, contains the names of 5714 members (1886 Fellows, 3828 Associates) and 717 Registered Students. The number of members has increased by 156 and of Students has increased by 20. 2. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES & REPRESENTATIVES. The Council has held 10 meetings; the Committees, Board of Examiners and Sub-committees have held 59 meetings.COMMITTEESAND CHAIRMEN. Appointments Register . . .. J. F. Thorpe, V.-P. Benevolent Fund . . Patrick H. Kirkaldy. .. .. I Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treas.Finance and House. . -* *-Legal and Parliamentary .. .. G. C. Clayton, V.-P. The President. Nominations, Examinations and r Patrick Kirkaldy.Institutions .. .. .. Vice-Chairman. Public Appointments .. .. E. M. Hawkins, V.-P. Publications .. .. .. J. F. Thorpe, V.-P. Joint Advisory Committee with the Board of Education .. The President. The Institute has been represented on various occasions as follows:-The President, on the Federal Council for Chemistry. The President, at a Conference held at Stationers' Hall in April, to consider the formation of an organisation for the collection of data and the prosecution of research into problems decting the printing and allied trades.The President, with the Honorary Treaswor aid the Registrar, on the Sir George Beilby Memorial Committee. Professor J. F. Thorpe, Vice-president, Mr. E. R. Bolton, Mr. Bernard F. Howard, and the Registrar, to meet a Committee of H.M. Customs concerned with the revision of the Regulationsdealing with Methylated Spirits. Professor J.F. Thorpe, Vice-president, on an Advisory Committee to deal with subjects connected with Dyeing in the scheme for tech- nological examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute. Mr. E. R. Bolton, on an Advisory Committee to deal with the curricula and syllabuses of the Examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute on the Technology of Oils and Fats, and at the opening of tho Agricultural Research Station of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., at Maidenhead in June.Dr. L. H. Lampitt, at the Ninth Congress of Industrial Chemistry, held under the auspices of the SociBtB de Chimie Industrielle at Barcelona in October. Mr. W. J. A. Buttefield, at a Conference on Gas Cylinders held under the auspices of the British Engineering Standards Association in July. Dr. H. G. Colman has continued to represent the Institute on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. Mr. H. D. Elkington, on the Joint Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and other Chemical Bodies, to consider the revision of the Patents and Designs Acts, so far as theyaffect the interests of chemists and chemical industry.Mr. G. Nevi11 Huntly has continued to represent the Institute on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society. Professor T. M. Lowry, at the Centenary Celebration held in Paris in honour of Paul Schutzenberger in November. Dr. George McGowan and Mr. S. Ernest Melling, on the Committee of the Ministry of Health, appointed to consider Methods of Chemical Analysis as applied to Sewage and Sewage Effluents. Dr. J. F. Tocher has continued to represent the Institute on the Advisory Committee of the Home Office appointed under the Thera- peutic Substances Act, and has continued to serve on the Consultative Council of the Scottish Board of Health.The Registrar has continued to serve on the Headmasters of Secondary Schools’ Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour. The Assistant Secretary has continued to serve on the Chemical Trades Advisory Committee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes; and has acted as Secretary of the Joint Committee on the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware. The following have continued to serve as representatives of the Institute at meetings connected with the British En-gineering Standards Association :-Mr. Ronald G. Browning, on the Aircraft Dope Ingredients Committee. Mr. Arthur J. Chapman, Vice-president, on the Committee for the Standardisation of Sieves and Screens used in various industries. 6 Professor C.H. Desch, on the Sectional Committee on Cement, and the Sectional Committee on Slag Cement. Mr. F. W. Harbord, on the Sectional Committee on Cement. Dr. J. Watson, on the Sub-Committee on Sand-lime Bricks and tho Sub-Committee on Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement. Professor Desch, Mr. Harbord and Dr. Watson, also attend meetings of the Building Industry Section. Mr. William Thomason has been re-appointed to serve on the Committee concerned with the revision of the Specification for Salt-Glazed Ware Pipes. 3. FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. The financial statements for the year 1929 are attached to this report. The General Account shows a balance at the close of the year of ;GIO~I 2s., although the account for the previous year showed an overdraft of fl185 5s.6d. The accounts, however, do not include any payment for heavy printing-such as the Register or “Official Chemical Appointments,” both of which are due for publication during 1930. The balance at the close of the year must, therefore, be regarded as reserved towards the expense of these publications. It will be noticed, also, that the amount received in sub- scriptions has increased by over L300, and in dividends and interest, by about ~GIOO; and that the purchase of stock and the Redemption Fund premium together, amount to slightly more than the funds reserved for investment. The Statement of Assets and Liabilities shows that with the general fall in prices towards the end of the year, there was a depreciation in the value of the investments of the Institute.The following summary shows the comparative figures at the close of the years 1928 and 1929:-€ s. d. € s. d. Balanceatendof 1928 - - - Balanceatendof 1929 1051 2 0 Value of Investments Value of Investments at endof 1928 .. 18152 19 10 atendof 1929 .. 17686 2 2 Redemption Fund Accounts due .. 971 13 64 6 4 6 RedemptionFundAccountsdue .. 1082 1 53 14 8 7 19188 19 8 19873 0 5 LessLiabilities .. 614 16 0 Less Liabilities .. 531 17 5 18574 3 8 1929 .. .. Appreciation during 766 19 4 ~~ ~ f19341 3 0 €19341 3 0 7 The premises of the Institute have been kept in good repair.The Institute received an invitation to participate in a scheme for the provision of a central building for chemical and other technical societies, but the Council, while expressing its appreciation of the courtesy of the promoters in bringing the matter to its notice, felt that, in view of the extent of the accom- modation required by the Institute and the economic position which it enjoys in its present premises, it could not usefully participate in the proposal. 4. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE. The Benevolent Fund Commit tee has reported periodically on cases which have been assisted, and on the progress of the Fund throughout the year. The financial statements of the Fund are attached to the Report. The annuities to three widows have been increased by grants towards the cost of the education of their children, and the Committee has in other ways taken steps on behalf of the children of deceased members.A considerable sum has been absorbed by weekly allowances to members who, owing to unusual circumstances, have experienced serious difficulty in obtaining employment. Fellows and Associates are reminded that the Annuities Account was formed for the purpose of establishing a Capital Fund, the dividends and interest from which should be allocated to the payment of annuities to aged and infirm members, allow- ances to widows of deceased members, and the education of their children. Eliminating the Annuities Account, the payments and receipts for the year 1929 may be summarised as follows:- Payments.€ s. d. € s. d. Grants . . .. .. 559 9 7 AuditPrinting .. .. .. .. .. .. 43 7 0 550 Loans . . .. .. 190 0 0 798 1 7 Receipts. Subscriptions . . Annual Subscriptions Loans repaid .. .. .. .. 295 9 359 0 44 14 5 3 4 699 4 0 Deficit €98 17 7 8 The Committee is glad to be able to report an increase of 120 annual subscribers, and trusts that many more members will realise the urgency of the appeal now made on behalf of those who have met with misfortune. The Committee gratefully acknowledges the help of all who have subscribed and of those who have assisted in the administra- tion of the Fund. The thanks of the Committee are specially accorded to those who have organised group contributions and the Committee will gladly welcome further contributions of this kind.The Fund benefited materially as the result of a special appeal addressed to Life Fellows and members who pay their annual subscriptions by permanent cheques. 5. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE. Early in the year, the Legal and Parliamentary Committee made representations to the Scottish Office with regard to the Local Government (Scotland) Bill, so far as it affected the interests of public analysts. The Committee had also under consideration the Petition for a Royal Charter by the Australian Chemical Institute, a matter on which the Council has been in correspondence with the Privy Council, but which has not yet been determined. The Committee dealt with the reform of the British Patents System, on which the views of the Council were incorporated in representations made to the Board of Trade Patents Committee by the Joint Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and other Chemical Bodies, after consultation with the Federal Council for Chemistry.Reports on these matters have appeared in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. The Committee has also under consideration the general subject of chemists’ contracts of service, having special regard to the rights of chemists and their discoveries and inventions. The subject of Registration remains in abeyance pending the publication of the Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts.6. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee (i.e. the Council in Committee) has held 11 meetings, and has 9 dealt With 607 applications, in addition to a large number of enquiries. The Committee has received reports from Sub-committees and Local Interviewing Commit tees who have interviewed and examined candidates orally. Many publications and other records of work and of inventions, received in connection with applications, have been examined and assessed by special assessors. The Council has received valuable help also from the Advisory Committee in India in connection with applications received from the Indian Empire.The applications for Studentship and Membership may be summarised as follows:-Applications for Admission to the Studentship: Accepted (including re-admitted) .. .. 190 Declined .. .. .. .. .. 1 -191 Applications for Admission to Examination for the Associateship: Accepted .. .. .. .. .. 39 Declined .. .. .. .. .. 2 -41 Applications for Election to the Associateship: Accepted (including those examined and re-admittsd) 240 Declined .. .. .. .. .. 6 Referred for Examination or further training 30 -276 Applications for Admission to Examination for the Fellowship: Accepted .. .. .. .. .. 27 Declined .. .. .. .. .. 1 -28 Applications from Associates for Election to the Fellowship: Accepted (including those examined) ..56 Declined .. .. .. .. .. 7 -63 Applications from Non-Associates for Election to the Fellowship: Accepted (including those examined) .. 8 Total .. .. .. .. -607 EXAMINATIONS-Examinations were held in April and September, 1929,and in January, 1930. 10 SUMMARYOF RESULTS. Aesocmsteship: EXAMXNED.PASSED. General Chemistry . . .. .. 62 30 Fellowship: Branch E. Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs .. 27 10 Branch F. AgriculturalChemistry .. 1 1 Branch G. IndustrialChemistry .. 6 5 Special Examination in Refining and Testing Petroleum and its Products 1 1 87 47 The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners, and to Fellows who have acted as Examiners in special subjects, and also to Assessors who have examined papers submitted in connection with applications.The Council is indebted to the authorities of the University of Reading and the Royal School of Mines, London, and to special Examiners, for the use of laboratories and examination rooms. INSTITUTIONS.-The following institutions have been added to the list of those recognised for the training of candidates for the Examinations of the Institute : The Municipal Technical College, Hull. The Brighton Technical College. The Durham Laboratories of the University of Durham. The recognition of the Central Technical College, Birmingham, has been confirmed in respect of both day and evening classes. REGULATIONS.-A new edition of the Regulations for the admission of Students, Associates, and Fellows was published in July, 1929,embodying modifications, mainly of an elucidatory character, particular attention being given to the Regulations for the admission of Associates to the Fellowship.THEMELDOLAMEDALfor 1929 has been awarded to Richard Alan Morton, D.Sc. (Liv.), F.I.C., and will be presented at the Annual General Meeting. FRANKLANDTHESIR EDWARD MEDAL AND PRIZEhas been awarded to Bernard William Bradford, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. EXAMINERS.-Professor Robert Robinson has been appointed Examiner for the Associateship in succession to Professor 11 Gilbert T. Morgan, on his completing the term of four years in that office. Similarly, Professor A. J. Allmand has been ap- pointed Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch B, Physical Chemistry, in succession to Professor J.C. Philip; Professor J. C. Drummond, in Branch D, Biological Chemistry, in suc- cession to Professor H. S. Raper; and Mr. John Evans, in Branch E, the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water, in succession to Professor W. H. Roberts. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the retiring Examiners for their services. REGISTEREDSTumNTs.-In pursuance of the suggestions arising on resolutions received from the Belfast Section regarding the desirability of securing the registration of students who intend to pursue chemistry as a profession, the Council decided that it was desirable that the Institute should obtain lists of such students and supply them with copies of the Regulations and of the handbook-The Projession of Chemistry.The Council also suggested that lectures should be arranged at universities and colleges dealing with the professional, as distinct from the scientific aspects of their subject. The Council has been gratified to receive a number of replies from professors and teachers in universities and colleges who have undertaken to arrange such lectures, and looks to the Local Sections to co-operate, so far as possible, in carrying out the suggestion. The Registrar and the Assistant Secretary, in response to invitations received from various institutions, have already given several lectures on the lines indicated. 7. PEDLER RESEARCH SCHOLARSHIP. The Pedler Research Scholarship Commit tee has received reports from time to time from Mr.George Morrison Moir, Pedler Research Scholar, who has continued his work on “Methods for the Determination of Casein, Albumin and Globulin in Milk,” under the general supervision of Captain John Golding, at the National Institute for Research in Dairying at Shinfield. On the recommendation of the Committee, the Council extended the Scholarship to Mr. Moir until June, 1930, and recorded its indebtedness to Captain Golding, and to the authori- ties of the National Institute, for the facilities given to the Scholar. 12 The Pedler Research Scholarship is of the value of l300 per annum. The Scholar is required to work on a problem or problems suggested by the Council, having regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest.The appointment of a successor to Mr. Moir will be under consideration in June. 8. PUBLICATIONS (AND LIBRARY) COMMITTEE. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS been published inhas six parts containing a summary of the proceedings of the Council, reports of meetings of Local Sections and abstracts of papers read before them, Reports on the Examinations of the Institute, notes on matters of professional interest, “Books and their Contents,’’ etc. Part I contained the Report of Council and Accounts for 1928, and the Report on the January Examinations, an abstract of the Report of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and comments on other Government publications; Part I1 contained the Report of the Annual General Meeting and the President’s address; Part I11 included, inter alia, a note on the Report of the Chief Inspector of Alkali Works on an investigation regarding the emission of fumes from arti- ficial silk works; Part IV announced the publication of the new edition of the Regulations, directing attention to niodifica- tions regarding transference from Associateship to Fellow-ship, the comments of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee on the British Patents System, particulars of the observa-tions made by the Council to H.M.Commissioners for Customs on the Regulations dealing with Methylated Spirits, an an-nouncement regarding the foundation of the S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, and particulars of the Sandstone Industry (Silicosis) Scheme.Part IV also included a report of a con-ference of representatives of the Printing and Allied Trades, at which the President gave an address on his experiences, having regard to the proposal to form an organisation for research into problems affecting those trades. Further, this Part also included a reference to the Code of professional conduct and ethics adopted by the American Institute of Chemists, a Report on the Examinations for National Certificates, and the list of lantern slides which are available for the use of members. Part V contained a list of Scholarships likely to be of interest to Associates and Registered Students, and references to recent Government publications, including the Report of the Com- mittee on Methods of Chemical Analysis of Sewage and Sewage 13 Effluents.Part VI contained the further observations made by the Council on the petition of the Australian Chemical Institute for the grant of a Royal Charter. Mr. Robert C. Frederick’s lecture on ‘‘Ventilation Con-ditions : Normal and Abnormal, and their Investigation,” read before the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, was published separately, and also the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture by Mr. Lewis Eynon on “The World’s Sugar Industry.” The first Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, given by Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, is in preparation for publication at an early date. New editions of the Register and “Official Chemical Appoint- ments” are also in course of preparation.The new edition of the History of the Institute is in hand and will be published when funds are available for the purpose. The Council again records its appreciation of the privilege of the continued use of the Library of the Chemical Society by Fellows, Associates and Registered Students. A further con-tribution of i250 from the general funds of the Institute was made towards the maintenance of the Library. The Council also records its thanks to authors, publishers, and others, who presented books and journals to the Library of the Institute during the year. The collection of lantern slides which is available for the use of members who are desirous of giving lectures has been found increasingly useful, and the Institute has been the means whereby members have been able to borrow slides from one another, especially for use in connection with lectures on special subjects. A large selection of the slides was shown by the Registrar on the occasion of his visit to Liverpool, in March, and at the College of Technology, Leicester, in October.9. PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. The Public Appointments Committee has under consideration the Final Report of the Royal Commission on Local Government, particularly having regard to the position of certain public analysts, who are acting for important non-county boroughs, and would be seriously affected if the recommendations of the Royal Commission were to be carried into effect.The Committee feels that legislation on the lines suggested by the Royal Commission should be accompanied by provision 14 for adequate compensation for loss of office due to the centralisa- tion of administration. 10. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. The Council has received Reports of the Assessors on Examina- tions for National Certificates for England and Q7ales, and also for Scotland. 11. LOCAL SECTIONS. Many useful and interesting papers have been read before meetings of the Local Sections held both independently and jointly with the Local Sections of other bodies. An indication of the activities of the Sections may be gathered from the following schedule of papers and events:- Belfast .. Dr. J. K. Marsh: The Discovery of the Ele-ments.Mr. G. 0. Searle: Flax. Mr. J. C. A. Brierley: The Training of a Chemist. Mr. R. Leslie Collett : The Professional Aspects of a (Assistant Secretary) Career in Chemistry. Birmingham .. Prof. J. C. Drummond : Problems of Vitamin Research Mr. T. Macara: Co-operative Research in the Food Industries. Mr. R. Leslie Collett : Transference from the Asso-(Assistant Secretary) ciateship to the Fellowship. Exhibition of films of Chemical interest--By the courtesy of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. By invitation,-Lectures of the Birmingham University Biochemical Society. Bristol .. Mr. Edward Russell : Some Toxicological Cases. Visit to Erinoid, Ltd., Stroud. A discussion on the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1926, opened by Mr.Rowland H. Ellis. Cape .. .. Reception, on the occasion of the visit of the President. Luncheon to Fellows and Associates, visiting South Africa as members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Edinburgh .. Mr. R. Wheatley: Heating Methods in the Rub- ber Industry. Dr. J. D. M. Ross: X-Rays and Crystal Struc-ture. Visit to Wm. Younger & Co., Ltd., Brewers, Edinburgh. Mr. 5. D. Forrester: Potentiometric Bromination of Beta-Naphthol-SulphonicAcids. Mr.J. G. Mackay: The Estimation of Sulphur in Rubber. An Exhibitioii of Apparatus and Chemicals. Mr. J. Arthur Reavell : Heat Transmission. Mr. A. M. Cameron: The Sea as a Source of Raw Materials. Mr. D. Stewart: Modern Developments in the Petroleum Industry.15 Qlasgow . . A meeting with the Ardeer Chemical Club. Mr. W. P. Dreaper: Artificial Silk. Prof. Gilbert T. Morgan: Chemical Studies of Low Temperature Tar. Prof. G. G. Henderson: Recent Researches in the Ter- pene Series. Visit to the Glasgow Corporation Sewage Purification Works. Prof. F. J. Wilson: Lieut.-Col. Sir Arnold Wilson : Huddersfield . . Prof. W. C. McC. Lewis: Prof. I. M. Heilbron Mr. R. Leslie Collett : (Assistant Secretary) Mr. H. J. Hodsman: Dr. F. L. Pyman: Dr. H. H. Hodgson: Irish Free State Mr. P. O’Callaghan: The recent visit to South Africa of the British Asso- ciation for the Advance-ment of Science. A Central Building in London for Scientific and Technical Institutions.Some Physico-Chemical As- pects of Malignancy. Spiropyrans and the Forma- tion of Coloured Ions. The Present Position and Activities of the Institute. The Chemist and the Fuel Industries. Vitamins and Hormones. An Evening with the Electrons Significant and ImportantExperiments in Radio-Activitv. Visit to the Irish Free State Butter-yesting Station. Mr. R. Leslie Collett : The Chemist as a Professional (Assistant Secretary) Man. Demonstration of Glass-blowing by Dr. A. G. G. Leonard. Leeds .. .. Mr. C. H. Manley: Mr. H. Trefor Jones: Liverpool . . Dr. A. Cousen: Mr. F. Wokes: Mr. G. E. Knowles: The Preservatives Regula-tions, 1925-27. The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act. The Technologist in the Glass Industry.Some Principles of Bio-chemical Assay.A Short History of the Coal Tar Colour Industry. Mr. Richard B. Pilcher: Alchemists in Art and (Registrar) Literature. A debate on Registration, opened by Prof. W. H. Roberts. Dr. Eichard Thomas: The Soap Industry,-A His-Mr. Eric Rideout : South- Eastern London and Dr. T. R. Duggan: Counties torical Review. Smoke Damage to Agricul-ture. The Status of Chemists in the United States before and after the War. Visit to the laboratories of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., Ltd. Mr. Robt. C. Frederick: Ventilation Conditions, Nor-mal and Abnormal, and their Investigation, 16 Dr. A. E. Dunstan: The Chemist in the Petroleum Industry.Prof. Leonard Hill : Recent Developments in the Scientific Study of DeepSea Diving.Malaya . . Dr. F. E. Byron: Forensic Chemistry. Visits to the laboratories of the Agricultural Department, the Institute for Medical Research, and the Rubber Research Institute and to the Experimental Planta- tions of the Agricultural Department. Visit to the factory and laboratories of the Wilkinson Process Rubber Company. Discussions on Matters of Professional Interest. Visit to the Municipal Gas Works, Singapore.Dr. Madgwick: A Range of Tests on Porous Building Materials. Mr. A. C. Brooks; Some Aspects of the Chemis- try of Photography.Mr.C. F. Flint: Microchemistry. Major B. J. Eaton: The Chemist and the Rubber Industry.Manchester . . Dr. H. D. K. Drew: Pregl’s Methods of Quantita-tive Micro-analysis.Prof. C. K. Ingold: Mechanism of Atomic Struc- ture-Significance of the Thiele Hypothesis. Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw: Some Notes on the Art of Research. Dr. F. A. Freeth: Industrial Research. Newcastle-upon-Discussions on Matters of Professional Interest, including Tyne tho Importance of Science to Local Industries. New Zealand .. Prof. T. H. Easterfield: The Training of a Chemist. Discussion on the Present and Future Status of Chemists in New Zealand, and on the Question of Registration.Visit to the Auckland City Water Filtration Plant. South Wales . . Prof. T. Campbell James: Pollution of Rivers. Mr. Arthur Grounds: The Preparation of Coal for the Market. Mr. E. A. Tyler : Qualitative Analysis of In-organic Substances and its Place in a Scheme of Instruction in Chemistry.Further Notes on Pure Chemicals. Dr. C. A. Edwards: The Chemistry of Tin Plate Manufacture. Mr. H. J. Hodsman: Smokeless Fuels and How they Burn. It will be seen from the above that the President has visited the Cape Section; the Registrar, the Liverpool and North- Western Section, and the Assistant Secretary the Belfast, Birm- ingham, Glasgow, Huddersfield and Irish Free State Sections. The Council has sanctioned the formation of a new Local Section for Aberdeen and the North of Scotland. 17 An Association for Registered Students is being formed in connection with the Manchester and District Section. 12. THE STUDENTS’ ASSOCIATION (LONDON).The Registered Students in the London Area have been invited to several meetings of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section. 13. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The Council again acknowledges the services rendered to the Institute by the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries. 14. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER. Although the membership of the Institute continues steadily to increase, the percentage of members unemployed remains fairly stationary at a little more than one per cent. of the total membership. At the date of this Report, IZ Fellows and 57 Associates are known to be without employment as compared with 6 Fellows and 62 Associates in January, 1929. It is hoped that Fellows and Associates who are able to bring suitable vacancies to the notice of the Institute will communicate particulars to the Registrar in order that those who are un- employed or who wish to improve their positions may be notified. 15.THE RETlKlNG PRESIDENT. Having completed the full term of three years as President of the Institute, Professor Arthur Smithells retires from the Chair at the Annual General Meeting on 3rd March. The Council records its sincere appreciation of the services rendered to the Institute by Professor Smithells and of his courtesy and ability in the guidance of its affairs throughout his occupancy of the Chair, and recalls especially the admirable manner with which he presided over the Jubilee Celebrations in 1927. During his period of office the influence of the Institute and its usefulness to the Fellows and Associates have been further enhanced, and the roll of membership has increased by over 500 members,-denoting substantial progress in the organisation of the profession of chemistry.30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. 3Ist January, I930. 18 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS. We hereby report that we have examined the books and accounts of the Institute of Chemistry for the year ended 31st December, 1929, and have compared with the vouchers the entries therein, and certify that the following statements are correct as shown by the books. Certificates from the Bank of England and the Westminster Bank, Ltd., for investments held by them respectively for the Institute at the above date have been produced.DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. WALTERP. HARMSWORTH, CHARLESE. BARRS. 11th January, 1930. BENEVOLENT FUND. I hereby report that I have also examined the books and accounts of the Benevolent Fund and certify the statement as correct and in accordance therewith. DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. 11th. January, 1930. STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES, 31st December, 1929. 1928. 1929. 1928. 1949. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. Balance as at 31st Dec., 1929 1,051 2 0 Subscriptions received in €3,000 Victoria 5% Inscribed advance-2,970 0 0 Stock, 1935-45 ..2,700 0 0 48 16 6 Fellows' €51 19 6 €1,042 10s. New 'Zealand 56 5 9 Associates' 86 6 3 44% 1948-58 (converted 300 Students' 300 from €1,000 New Zealand 141 5 9 995 0 0 4% Inscribed Stock, 1929) 959 2 0 143 4 6 Applications in abeyance ..177 19 6 €700 Canada 34% Registered Fees retained (1927-29) less 581 0 0 Stock, 1930-50 .. .. 560 0 0 70 7 0 reductions for fees forfeited 88 4 0 €500 Metropolitan 3% Consoli- 75 0 0 Rent outstanding .. .. 75 0 0 422 10 0 dated Stock .. .. 415 0 0 32 16 7 Accounts rendered and due 49 8 2 €500 Great Western Railway, 185 5 8 Overdraft 1928 . . .. ---260 0 0 24%DebentureStock . . 245 0 0 Surplus Assets over Lia-€500 London, Midland and bilities, 31st December,Scottish Railway 5% Re- 18,369 3 8 1929 .. .. ..19,341 3 0 477 10 0 deemable Preference Stock 460 0 0 €2,000 London, Midland and Soottish Railway 4% Pre-ference Stock (increased 841 11 6 from €1,145 Stock)* .. 1,400 0 0 €4,000 5% War Loan 1929-47 4,100 0 0 Inscribed Stock .. ..4,010 0 0 €630 12s. 7d. Conversion 44% 624 5 10 Stock .. 589 12 8 €1,000 Nationil Wai'Bonds, 1929, Series 4, now repaid ---1,050 0 0 ($1,050) . . 4,636 2 6 55,850 Conversion 3&% Stock 4,343 12 6 990 0 0 $1,000 Conversion 44y0 Stock 935 0 0 ---€1,250 4% Funding Loan? ..1,068 15 0 971 13 4 Redemption Fund Premiums$ 1,082 1 8 64 6 6 Sundry Accounts due .. 49 6 8 Due from S. M. Gluckstein ---Memorial Fund . . .. 4 7 11 €18,983 19 8 €19,873 0 5 €18,983 19 8 €19,873 0 5 f New investment: cost E1,113 11s. 2d.; re-investing proceeds of fJ1,OOO National War Bonds, repaid. * Holding increased: cost 6593 158. 14. 5 To realise 650,000 in March, 2010.The statement above does not include the value of the lease and premises of the Institute, furniture, library, apparatus, etc. The above investments have been valued at market prices at close of business on 31st December, 1929. 2120 THE lNSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Founded IS7 7. Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1885. FOR THE YEARENDED 31s~DECEMBER,STATEMENTOF RECEIPTSAND EXPENDITURE 1929. GENERAL ACCOUNT 1928. RECEIPTS. 1929. 1928. EXPENDITURE. 1929. E s. d. ds s. d, S s. d. $ s. d. E s. ti. $ s. d. Printing. t?tationery, etc- € a. d. € s. d. 29 6 6 Balance as at 31st December, 1927 __ --483 13 5 Journal, Part VI., 1928, Parts I-V., 1929 .. 502 7 2 382 11 5 Other Printing, Stationery, etc.. ... .. 274 1 0Subscriptions-Postage-2,825 0 h Fellows .. . . 2,914 9 6 212 9 16 Journal . . .. .. .. .. ,. 187 10 0 371 2 7 Ordinary .. .. .. .. .. .. 375 0 55,285 15 4 Associates . . .. 5,487 11 6 917 2 1I Rent, Rates, Taxes, Insurance and Telephone .. 904 6 0 319 0 C Students . . .. 339 5 0 208 1 5 Repairs, House and Furniture .. *. .. 147 14 1 8,429 16 3 ~-8,741 6 0 4,662 10 I Salaries, Wages and Gratuities .. .. ..4,737 4 8 174 2 C Advertisements .. .. .. .. .. 165 4 6Dividends and Intereot 352 15 E Gas, Water, Light, Power and Fuel .. .. 336 10 1 833 7 6 Gross.. .. .. 944 19 7 515 11 4 Examiners, Assessors and Assistants (Fees and 125 7 1 Less Tax . . . . 137 7 6 Expenses) . . *. .. .. .. .. 559 12 6 166 3 5 Apparatus and Materials .. .. .. .. 134 10 0 708 0 7 807 12 1 287 9 C Library (including g250 to Chemical Society) .. 284 1 3 30 16 11 Sale of Publications .. .. .. 14 7 3 412 10 1I Local Sections .. .. .. .. .. 427 4 1 38 7 I Donations .. .* .. .. .. .. 51 LO 0456 Sundry Receipts . . .. .. 083 64 5 C Miscellaneous *-.. .. .. .. 66 14 8 633 7 0 Hire of Laboratories and Rooms .. 424 2 6 109 3 2 Officers' Travelling Expenses, Fares, etc. .. 60 1 3 619 10 0 Examination and Assessment Fees . . 711 7 6 31 10 I Auditor's honorarium .. .. .. .. 31 10 0 85 10 S Lectures and Lantern Slides .. .. .. 99 13 9 ~ 225 13 6 Appointments Register .. .. 234 6 0 259 2 I Members of Council Travelling Expenses . 305 2 6 133 4 70 Advertisements in Journal . . .. 155 17 4 215 II C Staff Assurance .... .. .. .. 220 10 0 636 10 $ Register for 1928 and 1929 .. .. .. ---53 3 I Legal Expenses .. .. .. -. .. 61 4 0 10 10 I Frankland Medal Award .. .. .. ._ 10 10 0 20,714 1 1 11,089 8 11 10,650 0 4 9,942 L LL Extraordinary Beceapt8- Extraordinary Expenditure.- Funds for Investment-Purchase of Stock- E1,250 4% Funding Stock667 16 0 Entrance Fees . . .. .. 682 11 0 1960/1990 .... 1,113 1'1 2119 14 0 Life Compositions .. .. .. 70 7 0 g855 London, Midland and 752 18 0 Scottish Railway, 4% Fees on Applications in abeyance-Preference Stock .. 693 16 1 70 7 0 Fellows .. .. .. .. 116 0 6 1,707 63 72 17 6 Associates . . .. .. .. 61 19 0 Less repayment of ;El,OOO National War Bonds .. .. . . 1,050 00 I7 17 0 Fees retained .. .. .. ..657 6 3 Streatfeild Fund- Redemption Fund Premium . . .. .. 110 8 4 800 Interest .. .. .. .. 767 14 7 3 19 6 406 Less expenses ., .. .. 48 6 C Application Fees returned (1927-1928 a/c) *. ---27 6 e 2611 3ffice Equipment . . .. .. .. *. 12 9 0-I-Balance Debtor- 62 12 G Frankland Medal (Final Payment) .. .. _--Overdraft at Bank as at 31st December, 280 10 3 Jubilee Celebration Expenses .. .f ** __ --185 5 8 1928 .. .. .. .. -I43 19 3 Transferred to Sir A. Pedler Account; .. .* -_ I ----rransferred to Meldola Deposit Account . . .. 25 13 11 rransferred to Streatfeild Deposit Account .. 26 4 5 3. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture .. .. 4 7 11 68 iS 3 Repayment of Overdraft, 1928 Account .. .. 185 5 8 Balance as at 31st December, 1929-Current .... .. .. .. . . 301 2 0 I.Deposit .. .. .. .. .. 750 0 0 1,051 2 0 --~ E129042 €11,851 17 9 $11,851 17 9 €12,042 5 5 ~ BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for the year ended 31st December, 1929. 1928. 1929. 1928. 1929. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € 8. d. 30 2 1 Balance, 31st December, 1928 .. .. 10 12 0 117 5 5 Grants . . .. .. .. .. 559 9 7 294 15 0 Subscriptions .. .. .. .. 295 9 5 39 2 9 Printing, etc. .. .. .. .. 43 7 0 292 8 9 Annual Subscriptions .. .. .. 359 0 3 5 5 0 Audit Fee . . .. .. .. .. 550 8 0 0 From Loans Account 453 0 8 Transferred to Annuities Account .. ------Dr. Balance .. .. .. .. 88 5 7 10 12 0 Balance, 31st December 1929. Due from Loans Account .. .. 145 5 8 €625 5 10 €753 7 3 €625 5 10 €753 7 3 Loans Account.€ s. d. 5 s. d. € s. d. 5 s. d. 88 0 0 Loans repaid . . .. .. .. 44 14 4 80 0 0 Loans .. .. .. .. .. 190 0 0 ---From Current Account .. .. .. 145 5 8 800 Balance credited to Current Account .. ---1€88 0 0 €190 0 0 $38 0 01 €190 0 0 ___-Annuities Account. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. 6 5 3 Balance ,. .. .. .. . . 141 10 9 230 5 0 Annuities .. .. .. .. .. 272 10 0 261 13 11 Donations .. .. .. .. .. 386 19 0 453 0 8 Purchase of Stock .. .. 444 8 11 82 2 7 Dividends and Interest .. .. .. 108 0 10 Less repayment of €200 21 14 0 Income Tax reDaid . . *. .. ---National War Bonds.. 210 0 0 453 0 8 Transferred frdm Current Account .. _--234 8 11 141 10 9 Balance, 31st December, 1929 . . .. 129 11 8 €636 10 7 $824 16 5 €636 10 7 Benevolent Fund: Statement of Assets and Liabilities, 31st December, 1929.Current Account. 1928. 1928. € s. d, ASSETS. € s. d. f s. d. LIABILITIES. € s. d. 517 0 6 Loans outstanding .. .. ., 662 5 8 25 0 C Printing (estimated) . . 20 0 0 ---Due from Loans Account . . .. 145 5 8 517 0 0 Loans .. 662 5 8 Balances at Bank- Excess of Lia-10 12 6 Current .. .. .. .. ---bilities over 14 8 0 Assets . . ---502 12 6 Excess of Assets over Liabilities 125 5 8 787 11 4 €527 12 01 €807 11 4 $527 12 6 €807 11 4 € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. 774 0 0 Loans .. .. .. .. .. 964 0 0 257 0 0 Loans repaid .. .. *. .. 301 14 4 f.3 517 0 0 Loans outstanding . . .. .. 662 5 8 W 55964 0 0 €774 0 0 €964 0 0 € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. 539 6 9 €533 19s.10d. India 54% 1932 at 984. . 525 19 8 To Balance of Fund, 31st December, $200 National War Bonds, Series 4, 2,295 17 6 1929 .. .. .. .. ..2,307 3 9 210 0 0 1929, now repaid .. .. .. ---€250 4% Funding Loan, 1960-90, in-225 0 0 creased to €750, at 854 .. .. 641 5 0 343 0 0 €350 S. Australia 5% 1945-75 at 90 .. 315 0 0 396 0 0 €400,44% Conversion Stock at 934 . . 374 0 0 €450 Com. of Australia 5% 1945-75 at 441 0 0 91 ,. 409 10 0 134 7 9 Balance at'Bank,'3lst December, 1929 36 9 11 730 Balance in hand .. .. .. 4 19 2 52,295 17 6 €2,307 3 9 €2,295 17 6 €2,307 3 9 r 24 E s. d. € s. d By Balance received from To Expenses of Lecture 6 2 10 Institute General Balance on Deposit.. 28 17 3 Account . . .. 26 4 5 Dividends and Interest (S200 5 % War Loan, 1929-47) .. .. 8 15 8 €35 0 1 €35 0 1 __-€ s. d. S s. d. By Balance received from To Balance on Deposit .. 26 8 11 Institute General Account .. .. 25 13 11 InterestonDeposit -. 0 15 0 €26 8 11-~__ 26 Proceedings of the Council. Deaember, i929--Januarg, 1930. Nomination of the Council, 1930-1931.-The balloting list for the election of Officers, Council and Censors at the Annual General Meeting, to be held on 3rd March, has been issued to the Fellows and Associates, and should be returned to the Secretary, so that the votes be received at the Institute not later than 4.30 p.m. on Saturday, 1st March. Messrs. Charles A. Adams and J. H. Lane have been appointed Scrutineers for this election.Dr. George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., has been nominated as President in succession to Professor Arthur Smithells who has occupied the Chair during the past three years. Dr. Clayton has been a member of the Institute for nearly forty years. Educated at Harrow and University College, Liverpool, he passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1890, and in the same year proceeded to Heidel-berg, where he graduated as Ph.D. On his return to Liverpool he was engaged in physiological chemical research for two years, before he joined the United Alkali Co. as a research chemist in 1896. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1902. In due course, he became a Director of the United Alkali Co., Ltd., and of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.In 1919 he was appointed C.B.E. He is a Justice of the Peace, and from 1922 to 1929 was Member of Parliament for Widnes. He was a member of the Advisory Council for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research from 1925 to 1929. He was elected a member of the Council of the Institute in 1926 and, since March, 1928, has been Chairman of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee. In 1929, he was elected a Vice-president. He has represented the Institute on several occasions, viz.: on deputations to the Air Ministry and the Ministry of Health ; as a witness before the Inter-Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts; and in negotia- tions with the Scottish Office, regarding the Local Government (Scotland) Rill, and with the Ministry of Agriculture with 26 reference to chemists in the beet sugar industry.He has through- out taken an interest in the Liverpool and North-Western Section, and presided at the Annual Dinner of the Section in 1921. He presided at the Annual Chemical Dinner in London in 1928. Dr. Clayton is at present abroad, but is expected home in April. Industrial Poisons.-Owing to the pressure of his official duties, Dr. John C. Bridge requested that the Council would excuse him from his promise to give a lecture, before the Institute, on Industrial Poisons. Dr. Bridge, suggested, however, that Sir Thomas Legge, late H.M. Senior Medical Inspector of Factories, Home Office, should be invited to give a lecture in his stead.The Council was glad, therefore, to obtain the consent of Sir Thomas Legge to give a lecture on “Industrial Gases and Fumes and their Prevention,” on 21st February. Cards for the lecture were issued at the same time as the balloting list for the election of the new Council. A report of the proceedings will be published in due course. Royal Commission on Local Government.-Early in 1gz8,-jointly with the Council of the Society of Public Analysts, -the Council submitted a Memorandum to the Royal Commission on Local Government regarding the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts and the conditions of appointment of Public Analysts and of Official Agricultural Analysts. (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1928, pages 87-93.) The Royal Commission, however, did not invite the Institute or the Society to give oral evidence, on the ground that the Memorandum referred mainly to the conditions of service of Public Analysts and their remuneration,-questions which did not fall specifically within their terms of reference.The Final Report of the Royal Commission (Cmd. 3436) con- tains, however, on page 10, under “Functions of Local Authorities”: Chapter I, Section 111, a number of paragraphs (34-39 inclusive), dealing with the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, and with the appointment of Public Analysts. Par. 34 rehearses the existing law with regard to the appointmentof Public Analysts, and to taking samples for analysis by the Public Analyst.27 Par. 35 refers to the evidence given on behalf of the Association of Local Authorities. The Association of Municipal Corporations suggested that the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts should be administered by the Council of any borough having a Medical Officer precluded from engaging in private practice. Par. 36-dealing with evidence given on behalf of the Minister of Health-suggests that “responsibility for the despatch of this function should be concentrated in the hands of authorities having jurisdiction over reasonably wide areas and possessing adequate financial resources ”; the Minister states that it is clear that local authorities of areas with small populations and restricted financial resources cannot make satisfactory provision for the work, and suggests “it should be assigned to county councils, but that Urban authorities (whether already empowered to appoint Public Analysts, or not) who employ a Medical Officer of Health, either alone or in combination with other local authorities, on terms which preclude him from engaging in private practice, should be enabled by statute to represent to the Minister that it is desirable that full powers to administer the Act should be entrusted to them.” The evidence on behalf of the Minister of Health referred to the administration of the Act in the ten small boroughs where the Town Councils at present appoint Public Analysts, but made no reference to the larger non-county boroughs, some of which have a population of between 30,000 and 40,000.Par. 37 states that the Secretary of the Ministry explained that while it was suggested that the main powers should be assigned to county councils, it was not proposed to deprive sanitary authorities of their powers to procure samples and take proceedings. Par. 38 gives the conclusion and recommendation of the Royal Commission, viz.-that the full powers and duties (comprising the appoint- ment of an analyst as well as the taking of samples) should be assigned to authorities having jurisdiction over considerable areas, and that the Councils of Counties and County Boroughs are the most suitable authorities for this purpose. It is not the intention of the Commission that Borough Councils who are now exercising these powers should entirely cease to do so, but that they should continue through their medical officers and other officers to take samples for analysis, and, when necessary, cause proceedings to be taken; and that they should be encouraged and assisted in the performance of these functions by a County Council having power to contribute towards the cost.Par. 39 recommends, however, that the appointment of Public Analysts be assigned to County Councils and County Borough Councils ; that Councils of County districts retain the right to procure samples and take proceedings; and a County Council be empowered to contribute towards the cost incurred by a Council of a County District. Certain Public Analysts who are acting for important boroughs which have not been constituted as County Boroughs, but have considerable populations, would be seriously affected if the recommendations of the Royal Commission were carried into effect.Any fresh legislation on the lines suggested should make provision for adequate compensation for loss of office. The statement of the Minister of Health regarding the inadequate administration of the Act in the smaller non-county 28 boroughs relates to a matter which would appear to be within the power of the Ministry to remedy, in view of the authority vested in the Minister to enforce the proper administration of the Act in any case of neglect by a local authority. Local Sections.-The Report of Council indicates that the activities of the Local Sections have been well maintained.The Council appreciates the services rendered by the Committees and Honorary Officers of the Sections, and looks to the Fellows and Associates to support them in promoting the corporate spirit of the members within their respective districts. The approximate number of members attached, at present, to each Section is given below:- Section. No. of Member& Aberdeen and North of Scotland .. .. 50 Belfast and District .. .. .. .- 33 Birmingham and Midlands .. Bristol and South Western Counties Cape .. .. .. .. .. Edinburgh and East of Scotland . . Glasgow and West of Scotland . . Huddersfield .. .. .I .. .. *. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . 495 188 30 218 331 61 Irish Free State .. .. .. .. . . 66 Leeds Area .. .. .. .. .. .. 326 Liverpool and North-Western Counties .. London and South Eastern Counties .. .. .. 315 2124 Malaya .. .. Manchester and District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 408 Newcastle and North East Coast .. .. 141 New Zealand .. .. .. .. . . 41 South Wales .. .. .. .. .. 166 29 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The inaugural meeting of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section was held at Marischal College on 7th February. Twenty-five members were present. Dr. J. F. Tocher, having been voted to the Chair, called upon the Registrar to explain the objects for which Local Sections were formed. The Registrar, in doing so, conveyed greetings from the President and Council and referred briefly to the rules for Local Sections, draft copies of which were distributed among the members present.It was agreed that the rules be considered in detail at the next meeting. The Committee was elected as follows:-Dr. J. F. Tocher (Chairman), Professor Alexander Findlay, Professor James Hendrick, Mr. W. Godden, Dr. A. N. Campbell, Mr. R. Craven, and Miss A. W. Stewart, with Mr. Patrick Mitchell, as Hon, Secretary and Treasurer. On the motion of Professor Findlay, seconded by Professor Hendrick, a vote of thanks was accorded the Registrar for his at tendance. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-On 28th January, Mr. Edward Russell presided at the third meeting of the session, held in Bristol University, and introduced Mr. T.Wallace, of the University of Bristol Agricultural Research Station, Long Ashton, who read a paper on bb Soil Analysis, with special reference to its value for advisory purposes.” The soil is an extremely complex natural body. It consists of rock fragments and of particles of mineral matter of various sizes and stages of weathering; of organic matter resulting from the remains of plant and animal matter; it has an atmosphere of its own and a teeming population of organisms. 30 It thus offers plenty of scope for analysis, but when an analyst examines a soil for the purpose of determining its need for manures, he usually confines his attention to the estimation of hygroscopic moisture, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, acidity and carbonate of lime content.Sound advice on manuring cannot be given on the mere analysis of a single soil sample in the laboratory. It is necessary for the analyst to have a sound knowledge of agricultural practice, of the particular crop requirements and of the type of soil con- cerned. The determinations made at present do not usually include Mg, Mn, S, Fe, etc., but these may be important in certain cases. Interest in soil analysis was greatly stimulated from 1840 by Lawes and Gilbert, and by Liebig. The greatest advance in methods of analysis in the nineteenth century was made by Dyer, in developing methods for the determination of "available " K20 and P20,.More recently, new methods, especially for K,O and P205,have been proposed by Neubauer, Mitscherlich and Lemmermann. Some of the chief factors which influence the utility of soil analysis for advisory purposes are :-(I) Deficiency of nutrient elements other than those usually determined. (2) Inter-relationships of elements essential to the nutrition of crops. (3) Relations of essential elements of nutrition to soil reaction. (4) Relation of essential elements of nutrition to other en- vironmen tal factors. (5) The toxic effects of excess of essential elements. (6) The nature of the particular plant concerned. Soil analysis is a useful aid to advisory work if the results are used by a specialist possessing intimate knowledge and experience of the various factors relating to the soils and crops involved; but if the results of analyses are used in any other way, then they are of little value and, in fact, the advice tendered may lead to wrong treatment and useless expenditure.The best method of providing a sound basis for advisory work on crop production is to carry out detailed soil and agri- cultural surveys, and to follow up these with well chosen field experiments and chemical investigations on both soils and plants. 31 Mr. Wallace having replied to the points raised in the course of discussion by Mr. Wintle, Dr. Maxted and Dr. Slater, a vote of thanks was accorded to him on the proposition of the Chairman.The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held in the Chemical Department of Bristol University on 18th March, at 7.30 p.m., and will be followed by a discussion on professional matters. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The members of the Section were the guests of the Ardeer Chemical Club at the Eglinton Hotel, Ardrossan, on 10th January, when members of both Bodies and of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry joined in a social meeting. The visiting party was received by Mr. F. D. Miles. After tea, a varied musical programme was provided, to which members of all three societies contributed, Mr. Donaldson, of Ardeer, occupying the chair. During an interval, Dr. Jenkins proposed the health of the visitors, to which Dr.J. A. Cranston replied. On the proposal of Dr. P. F. Gordon, the thanks of the visitors were accorded to the Ardeer Chemical Club for providing a very pleasant evening. A joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute, the Institution of the Rubber Industry, and the Society of Chemical Industry was held at the Engineers’ and Shipbuilders’ Institute, on 16th January, when Mr. W. H. Stevens read a paper on- ‘(The Applications and Analysis of Rubber Latex.” Professor T. S. Patterson occupied the chair. Mr. Stevens made a broad survey of the various processes, beginning with the collection of the crude rubber down to the finished manufactured product. Xatural latex was obtained from the bark of certain trees by a process of tapping, and consisted of minute particles of liquid, solid or semi-fluid material (rubber hydrocarbon or caoutchouc) in suspension in a watery liquid or serum.The lecturer pointed out the obvious manufactuling advant- ages to be derived from the use of latex which was really an aqueous solution of rubber (about 33 per cent. strength) provided by nature, as compared with the older method of separating the crude rubber which was shipped and finally re-dissolved in organic solvents before being utilised for manufacturing purposes. Latex is easily fermentable, and to prevent this a certain proportion of ammonia is added. The rubber can subsequently be precipitated by the addition of lactic acid or other suitable reagent. One of the processes for which latex was particularly adapted was the preparation of rubber goods by “Dipping.” In this connection the use of latex by English manufacturers had made great headway against American competition.The following processes were peculiar to latex and had no counterpart for rubber doughs or naphtha solution. (I) Electro-deposition (electrophoresis) ,-in which the par- ticles of latex are conveyed by an electric current passed through the latex solution and are deposited on a suitable mould or form at the anode. (2)The sizing, impregnating or coating of paper, boards, wood, leather and other materials which are more readily pene- trated by an aqueous medium of low viscosity such as latex, than by a highly viscous medium, such as rubber, in an organic solvent, e.g.naphtha. In certain latex processes traces of metals were injurious, particularly copper, manganese and cobalt, and they had found Dr. Callan’s test for copper, using sodium diethyldithiocarbonate, extremely useful. The lecture was illustrated with a number of interesting lantern slides, including a few graphs, which showed the superior mechanical properties of rubber from latex, compared with that obtained in the ordinary way. A discussion followed, in which Messrs. Robertson, Martin, Clark, Ryan, Nuttall, Young, Kirkwood, Dr. Mitchell, and Prof. Patterson took part. ,4 joint meeting of the Section with the other Chemical Societies in Glasgow was held on 31st January, when Professor I. M. Heilbron, of Liverpool, delivered an address on 6b Our Present Knowledge of the Fat-soluble Vitamins A & D.” Professor G.G. Henderson, Vice-president of the Institute, presided over a largc gathering. The lecturer described vitamins as a group of substances of 33 widely differing chemical properties, but having the common property of being essential to health. We could perhaps regard them as external hormones,” but whereas animals could synthesise hormones, they were dependent, for vitamins, on a diet of vegetables. Vitamins were highly labile substances, and it was difficult to be sure when we were dealing with a single specific factor. Vitamin D was, however, almost certainly only one substance. This fat-soluble dietary factor, found mainly in fish-liver-oil, was responsible for bone production in the animal organism.Certain foodstuffs which, in themselves, had no such anti-rachitic properties, acquired these properties on exposure to ultra-violet light. The ‘(pro-vitamin ” in these foodstuffs was found to be present in the unsaponifiable portion of both animal and vegetable oils, and ultimately the sterols, cholesterol and phytosterol, were considered responsible. If cholesterol is chemically altered by exposure to short- wave irradiations it should exhibit, according to the Grotthus- I>raper Law, well-defined absorption bands in the region of 300pp, these wave-lengths being the limit of sunlight at high altitudes. The lecturer and his colleagues found, however, that the absorption spectrum of highly purified cholesterol showed only two very indistinct shallow bands at about 280 and zgopp, and concluded that the physiological activity of irradiated cholesterol was due to the presence in it of a minute trace of another substance.By concentrating the impurity in the least soluble portion of a lengthy fractional crystallisation of cholesterol from ethyl acetate, a substance having definite absorption bands 293,280,269and faintly at 262pp and possessing four times the physiological potency of cholesterol, was isolated. Almost simultaneously Rosenheim and Webster found that cholesterol regenerated from its crystalline dibromide was not activated by ultra-violet light, and simultaneously with Windaus and Hess attribu,ted the “provitamin ” properties to ergosterol, which was originally isolated from ergot, but is now manu-factured from yeast. So little as I/IOO,OOO mg.of irradiated ergosterol is sufficient to show a curative effect in young rats, and it is present only to the extent of 0.05 per cent. in cholesterol. The lecturer found ergosterol also in practically all vegetable oils. Professor Heilbron then dealt with the chemical structure of ergosterol, and described the work that is being carried out in his laboratory to determine the chemical change undergone by it on irradiation, so as to establish the constitution of vitamin D 34 itself. He believed that the three ethenoid linkages in ergosterol occupied the nuclear positions I: 13, 6: 7, and 10: 19.The 6: 7 position was common to all sterols. Dehydration of cholesterol to cholesteriline showed the presence of double linkages at positions 6: 7 and I: 13. Rosenheim had shown that the I: 13 position was characterised by definite colourations with a chloro- form solution of antimony trichloride, and an aqueous solution of trichloroacetic acid respectively, both of which were given by ergosterol, but it was characteristic of ergosterol that the colour produced rapidly changed. The colour tests were not answered after hydrogenation of ergosterol to a-ergosterol. This required only four atoms of hydrogen, and since double bonds attached to quaternary carbon atoms are difficult to hydrogenate, the lecturer postulated the position 10:19 for the third ethenoid linkage.He believed that the Tortelli- Jaffk colour reaction for ergosterol and its derivatives was specific for detection of this inert 10:19 double bond. Professor Heilbron and his collabora- tors had studied the effect of irradiation on ergosterol spectro- graphically, and had obtained, with a product of high antirachitic potency, a new maximum selective absorption at 247pp, but since isoergosterol, which has no antirachitic properties, is characterised by a similar absorption band, their product, showing selective absorption at 247pp, could not be vitamin I>. Among other workers in this field, Webster and Bourdillon considered the maximum absorption bands at about 280-290pp to be a property of the vitamin.Smakula emphasises the necessity for the exclusion of oxygen and finds bands at 293 and 262pp. Bourdillon, Fischmann, Jenkins and Webster separated the vitamin D from ergosterol by removing an insoluble product of the latter with digitonin, and obtained a band at 280pp more than twice as intense as that given by ergosterol. The lecturer believed that as regards irradiation, vitamin D had the ergosterol structure, but its absorption band was definitely displaced towards the visible spectrum. With regard to the chemical aspect of the problem, Prof. Heilbron, after studying the action of heat on cholesterol, inclined to the belief that the fundamental reaction was one of ketone formation, but he had so far been unable to correlate the observed activity with this reaction.Rosenheim and Adam had made a similar suggestion. Windaus and Linsert had shown that the change ergosterol-+ vitamin D is not due to polymerisation, and Windaus and Rygh found that the vitamin is an alcohol probably differing from ergosterol in a simple stereoisomeric manner. In the lecturer’s laboratory, Simpson had prepared methylergosterol in which oxidation to ketone through >CHOH is inhibited, and. found that this derivative behaves very like ergosterol on irradiation and in the formation of derivatives, colour reactions, and absorption spectrum. Thus they had disposed of one problem, viz., ketone formation, and probably also free hydroxyl. Vitamin A. The richest sources of vitamin A were fish and animal liver-oils.It was absent from most vegetable oils, but green vegetables contained it in quantity, and it appeared that the vitamin found its way into fish and animal fats from vegetable sources. Like vitamin D, vitamin A was concentrated in the unsaponifiable fraction of fats, but was far less stable than the associated vitamin D. The blue colour obtained when vitamin A was treated with a chloroform solution of antimony trichloride was stable and was specific for this vitamin, and its intensity, as measured by a tintometer, agreed accurately with the biological method of assay. Certain lipochrome pigments like carotene appeared to give a similar colour reaction, but it had been found, in the lecturer’s laboratory, by quantitative measurement, that the main absorption bands of these blue colours were quite different.The potency of a vitamin A concentrate was des- troyed by treatment with oxygen or air. Vitamin A was also readily destroyed by bright sunlight or exposure to the radiation from a quartz mercury lamp. It was thus photo-labile, and would be expected to exhibit selective absorption, the bands being nearer the visible than those of vitamin D. Prof. Heilbron found that concentrates containing vitamin A showed a well defined absorption band at about 328pp, the intensity and definition of which ran absolutely parallel with the vitamin potency. The specificity of this band had been questioned, and Rosenheim and Webster observed that dehydroergosterol showed selective absorption in the region 320-328pp, but did not respond to the colour reaction nor promote growth.Prof. Heilbron was, however, unable to substantiate the spectrographic data of these workers. Rosenheim and Webster seemed inclined to the view that vitamin A was a member of the sterol group, and, although there was no direct evidence, this view had much to support it. With regard to the chemical nature of this vitamin, Takahashi’s “biosterin ” had been shown to be merely a concen- trate as complex as the original unsaponifiable matter. 36 Drummond and Baker had reported that in the highly potent shark liver-oil concentrates, vitamin A was present only to the extent of I per cent. The lecturer had examined such concen- trates, but had failed to isolate any substance to which vitamin A could be referred.By using a material richer in vitamin than anything he had previously employed, he had now an indication that the band at 328~~would ultimately be found to confine this issue to the sterol series. The view that carotene was either vitamin A itself or that the vitamin was a closely related pigment had gradually been abandoned. The potency of carotene diminished with increased purification, and the vitamin must be a colourless substance. It was, however, conceivable that there was more than one vitamin A or that the physiological functions of the vitamin depended upon the presence of more than one substance. The lecture was illustrated by experiments and lantern slides and was followed by an interesting discussion, Prof.F. J. Wilson, vice-chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, then occupy- ing the chair. Mr. S. H. B. Langlands, vice-chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, thanked Prof. Heilbron, on behalf of the participating societies , for coming back to Glasgow and delivering such an attractive and instructive lecture. Huddersfie1d.-The second meeting of the session was held, jointly with the local section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, in the George Hotel, on 11th December, 1929,-Dr. A. E. Everest presiding. The lecturer, Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Vice-Chairman of the Institute Section, took as his subject 4L An Evening with the Electrons.” In a brief but comprehensive rksumP1, Dr.Hodgson referred to the main theories regarding the electrical structure of matter, and explained how the old ideas of valency had been changed. Proceeding to discuss chemical reactions, he said that a molecule must be activated or polarised before it could react. Sys tems containing conj ugated chains were easily activated , and reactions formerly explained by partial valency received a simple explanation under the modern theory. The presence of different groups materially altered the possi- bilities of a system; in the aromatic series, groups which were electron-repelling were ortho- and para-directing, and we therefore had a modern explanation of the Crum Brown rule.On the other hand, groups such as NO,, CHO and COOH tended to pull electrons out of the ring, and less activity was shown at the ortho- and para-positions. Dr. Hodgson quoted typical examples where the effect of the different groups was easily observed. The Reimer-Tiemann reaction on phenol gave the ortho: para ratio less than I, but with m-chlorophenol the chlorine produced a “strain effect ” and the ortho: para ratio became nearer unity. With the substitution of the methyl group, the ratio was less than in the case of phenol. In dyestuffs, the “general effect” had to be considered. Benzeneazophenol was an equilibrium of the benzenoid and the quinonoid forms. In all cases the chlorine-substituted benzene- azophenols were deeper in colour than the unsubstituted body, but the substitution of the methyl group in certain positions favoured the benzenoid form and gave lighter colours than benzeneazophenol itself.A discussion followed in which many of the members took part, and Dr. Hodgson was cordially thanked for his interesting address. The third meeting of the session was held in Collinson’s Caf6, on zIst January, when Dr. A. E. Everest presided over a large at tendance. An address was given by Mr. T. B. Philip, of the Kestner Evaporator & Engineering Co. Ltd., on “The application of Spray Drying to Industry and its relation to other methods of evaporation and drying.” In the Spray Drier the three processes of evaporation, drying and grinding, associated with the production of a fine powder from a solution or suspension, were performed in one operation.Mr. Philip explained the principle of the Kestner Patent Spray Drier where the liquid to be dealt with was sprayed by means of a rotating disc atomiser into a drying chamber where the finely divided particles were rapidly and uniformly brought into contact with heated air. In general, the plant could deal with any solution or fine suspension which left a solid residue after removal of water, and the drying of strong sodium silicate solution, malt extract and precipitated chalk, were quoted as 38 illustrating the diverse types of materials which could be success- fully handled. Chemically, the plant could operate over a large range; free volatile acids caused little trouble and ferrous sul- phate solution containing 4-5 per cent.free H,SO, could be dried without any evidence of oxidation. The feed pipes and the atomiser disc were the only parts in contact with the acid, and these were protected by a suitable plating. The products from the Spray Drier were generally of lower bulk density, and this formed an important feature of the operation. While the particles remained solid, bulk density did not alter with the speed of the atomiser. At higher speeds, with certain materials, the particles were hollow, and in one particular case the bulk density was found to be inversely proportional to the speed of the atomiser. The thermal efficiency of the actual drying plant depended on the inlet temperature of the air.For food products the inlet temperature did not generally exceed 150" C, and with an exit temperature of 80" C the highest possible efficiency was 50 per cent. With inlet and exit temperatures of 350°C and 100°C respectively the efficiency was increased to 70 per cent., and with the higher temperature the rate of evaporation was so consider-ably accelerated that the capacity of the plant was greatly increased. Still further economies were obtained by circulating the exit air up a scrubbing tower; the air was scrubbed from dust particles and the heat was used to concentrate the dilute liquor going forward to the drier. Where permissible, the entire products of a furnace might be taken into the drier along with the excess air, or alternatively, the flue gases direct or with air.Such arrangements gave the highest efficiency and were successfully used in a patent process for the production of Fe,O,; the ferrous sulphate after drying was calcined to the oxide, and the flue gases from the calcining plant were taken together with a quantity of excess air, to the air distributors of the spray-drying plant. Comparing the operating costs of the spray drier with those of other evaporators, Mr. Philip said the spray drier working under the highest efficiency conditions compared favourably with the ordinary single-effect evaporator. The spray drier was easily controlled by regulating the exit temperature of the air; the inlet temperature might vary, and it was a simple matter to adjust the feed of liquor so that 39 the exit temperature varied only between certain predetermined limits.In the discussion which followed, Mr. Philip explained many points of interest raised by Dr. Hiscock, Dr. Paul, Messrs. Foster, G. B. Jones, Hall, Scouller, Strafford and Wykes in connection with the operation of the plant. On the motion of Mr. Wykes, seconded by Mr. Calam, the meeting showed their appreciation of Mr. Philip’s address by an enthusiastic vote of thanks. Members are reminded that the final meeting of the winter session will be held on Tuesday, 11th March, when Dr. W. H. Hatfield will give an address on “Corrosion and Heat-resisting Steels.” Liverpool and North-Western.-On 17th January, the members of the Section were invited by the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry to attend a meeting held at the University of Liverpool, when Professor E.C. C. Baly read a paper on “The Mechanism of the Activated Sludge Process of Sewage Disposal.” The following abstract is reproduced from Chemistry and Industry, January 24th, 1930, p. 77:-Investigation has been made of the electric charge on the colloids present in sewage. Two methods have been used, namely, the flocculation of aqueous suspensions of fine powders which are electro-negatively charged, and the method of cataphoresis. It has been established that the colloids are similar to proteins and, when free from the effect of electrolytes, have an iso-electric point at about pH4.6. They are electro- positive in solutions which are more acid than this, and electro- negative in more alkaline solutions.In the presence of electro- lytes the iso-electric point is apparently shifted towards the side of greater p,. Thus in sewage containing 0.17 per cent. NaCl it lies at about pH6-5 and in sewage containing 3 per cent. NaCl it lies at about p, 8.3. It follows that in ordinary sewage with pH7.4 the colloids are electro-negative. This is in agreement with the observations of Buswell and Long, who found that the colloids in ordinary sewage as well as activated sludge particles are charged electro-negatively with respect to the water. 40 These results are of particular interest in relation to the activated sludge process, the mechanism of which has not hitherto been fully explained.The most obvious explanation, namely, the coagulation of the colloids by the activated sludge in suspension, would seem to be untenable in view of the similarity of the electric charge on each. On the other hand, the electro- negative charge on the bacteria and the variation in the magni- tude of this charge with their activity has not been taken into account. When the sewage contains 3 per cent. NaCl the electro- positive colloids flocculate the bacteria when their concentration becomes sufficiently great. When the bacteria are insufficiently concentrated to be flocculated by the electro-positive colloids, there exist bacteria-colloid complexes which carry a reduced electro-positive charge.The result is that when the saline sewage is aerated, flocculation of the bacteria takes place and the flocks, being electro-negatively charged, purify the sewage from the colloids and bacteria which remain. In short, the process is analogous to the activated sludge process. In ordinary sewage the colloids are electro-negative, but it is well known that the success of the activated sludge process depends on the maximum activity of the sludge. It is suggested that this success is due to the very greatly enhanced electro- negative charge on the sludge established by its intense bacterial activity, i.e.-by virtue of the great difference in charge between the two the sludge acts in the same way as an electro-negative suspension on electro-positive colloids.According to this view, it would appear that the activated sludge process is not operated under the optimum conditions of economic efficiency. Material advantage would probably be gained by maintaining the sewage at a fin of about 5-8 during treatment, since the colloids would then be electro-positive and the velocity of their coagulation would be increased. It may also be suggested that in starting a new plant, sufficient activated sludge for the purification of a full charge of sewage could be prepared in a few hours by mixing a thick cream of fine silt or clay with a volume of sewage in which 3 per cent. NaCl has been dissolved. The optimum size of particle is 0.03 to 0.01pp., and since the silt gives an electro-negative suspension, flocculation will take place and the whole of the colloids and bacteria will be co-precipitated with the silt.After a short 41 period of aeration, an active sludge with a rapid sedimentation rate will be obtained. Messrs. E. Ardern, W. T. Lockett, S. E. Melling and J. T. Nance participated in the discussion. London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 15th Januarv a visit was arranged to the Bakeries and Laboratories of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., Ltd. In the afternoon about sixty members toured the bakeries which were in full working order. The complete processes in the making of various types of cakes were seen, including the cleaning of the fruit, mixing of ingredients, automatic weighing, baking and packing.An additional sixty members inspected the laboratories which were visited after tea. The visitors, in groups of about ten, were conducted by guides through the various sections of the labora- tories, and descriptions of the work of each section were given. The thanks of all the members who took part in this visit are due to those of Messrs. Lyons’ staff who organised and conducted such a large party so admirably. The visit was most interesting and instructive. Malaya.-Meetings of the Section were held in Singapore on the 10th and 19th July, when the members discussed matters of professional interest; on the 4th September, the Section paid a visit to the Municipal Gas Works, Singapore, and on 25th September, Dr.Madgwick gave an address on “A Range of Tests on Porous Building Materials.” On 20th November, Mr. A. C. Brooks read a paper on “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Photography. ” In Kuala Lumpur, a meeting was held on the 17th February, 1929, when Dr. C. F. Flint gave an address on “Microchemistry” ; on 14th April, Major B. J. Eaton read a paper on “The Chemist and the Rubber Industry,’’ and on 23rd April, a meeting was held for the discussion of matters of professional interest. Manchester and District.-At a meeting of the Section, held on 6th February-Mr. W. D. Rogers, Chairman of the Section, presiding-an address was given by Mr. Edward Hinks on “The Role of the Analyst.” Mr. Hinks spoke of the work of the analyst as compared with that of other chemists and the relation of analytical 42 chemistry to other branches of the science.Ostwald referred to analytical chemistry as the handmaiden of the other branches. Mr. Hinks argued that this was a false view; that all the branches of chemistry were complementary; that analytical chemistry contributed very largely to the advancement of pure knowledge and to chemical theory, whilst on the other hand chemical theory found many of its useful applications in analytical chemistry, in which case chemical theory was the handmaiden of analysis. He noticed at times a tendency to speak of analytical chemistry and of analysts in somewhat invidious terms, and gave instances of what appeared to him to be unfortunate expressions used in this connection.He quoted Chemistry and Ind&ry of 13th December, 1929, as saying “not all ‘analysts’ can, we fear, claim to be primarily chemists, even as not all chemists are principally analysts.’’ He maintained that an analyst must be primarily a chemist; there were gradations of merit in all walks of life, some were better chemists than others, but no one could be an analyst without being a chemist. Again, he referred to Dr. Dunstan’s lecture to the London Section (JOURNAL, 1929, Part 111, p. I~I),in which analytical chemists, employed for analysis and routine on the one hand, were contrasted with “research chemists, composed of men with ideas or inventive capacity,” employed to produce new processes on the laboratory scale.He had Dr. Dunstan’s assurance, which he unreservedly accepted, that no slight upon the analysts was intended. He held that ideas were just as necessary in analysis as anywhere else, and even routine work might be quite good chemistry. Finally, he quoted from The Profession of Chemistry by the Registrar. On p. 35 he read, “but the chemist must be more than an analyst.” He thought it was just as true to say that the analyst must be more than a chemist; that he had in varying degrees to be a botanist, a microscopist, a physicist, conversant with the law, a geologist, and so on, depending upon the nature of his work. He had no doubt these references to analysts that he had quoted were not intended as derogatory, and paid a tribute to the Institute for its work on behalf of analysts.At the same time he could not help feeling that, as they stood, phrases such as these were unfortunate. He feared that they would tend to divert young men of ability from analytical chemistry, and this 43 science wanted all the ability it could recruit. No one need fear that in analytical chemistry there was not scope for research, and research of a high order. Further, the analyst was, he thought, on the whole more in touch with the general public than were other chemists, and that from the point of view of educating public opinion upon chemistry it was a mistake to say anything that might imply that analysts were not exactly real chemists.The lecture, which was listened to with great interest, was followed by a discussion, in which the following members took part: Dr. Bullock, Dr. Callan, Mr. Elsdon, Mr. Lester, Mr. Monk and Dr. Kidge. On the motion of Mr. S. E. Melling, seconded by Dr. Callan, a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Hinks, who, in reply, said that it had given him great pleasure to re-visit his friends in the Manchester Section. A general meeting of the Students’ Section was held at the Clarion Caf6 on 24th January, when the draft rules as circulated to members were formally adopted. Messrs. C. F. Fitton and G. W. Wilcock were elected auditors for the current year. At the conclusion of the official business, a very successful smoking concert was held, at which an excellent and varied programme, including Tchekov’s short one act play, “The Bear,” was provided by Miss Rule, Messrs.Huddart, Kelly, Oddy, Oldham, and Mr. Pollard and friends. Honorary members present were Messrs. W. D. Rogers, E. N. Marchant, and Dr. A. Coulthard. Light refreshments were served during the evening, and the proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the Honorary Secre- tary for making this first social function such an outstanding success. The Committee for the current year is as follows :-President, Mr. W. D. Rogers; Chairman, Mr. J. R. Maddocks; Committee, Messrs. F. W. Allen, J. Booton, J. Griffiths, G. Ikin, P. Smith, W. B. Walker, S. Weir; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. Frank Sowerbutts, B.Sc.Tech., 244, Wellington Road South, Stockport.Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to become Honorary Members, and those desirous of doing so should send the annual subscription of five shillings to the Honorary Secretary and Treasurer at the above address. 44 South Wales.-At a joint meeting with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held at Thomas’ Cafk, Swansea, on 13th December, 1929, Mr. E. A. Tyler, Chairman of the Local Section of Institute, delivered an address on Further Notes on Pure Chemicals.” In an earlier paper, the lecturer had given the results of some experiments, in which the Tyndall beam of light was employed to detect incipient precipitation. Certain difficulties, however, were encountered in employing this method, especially those caused by opalescence in the liquid undergoing examination.Polarising apparatus was used in an attempt to overcome the difficulty and finally a method was employed, in which the effect of original opalescence was neutralised in such a way that the production of colour in the field of view could be taken as an indication of the commencement of precipitation. The method is being elaborated and extended. It is hoped that detailed results will be available for publication at a later date. The lecturer gave a short account of a new and simple method of decomposing mercuric cyanide. Briefly this consists of con- verting the cyanogen into the ferrocyanogen radical by boiling mercuric cyanide with caustic soda and an excess of ferrous hydroxide.Although a definite statement cannot yet be made, the conversion appears to proceed quantitatively. This is being further examined. A paper entitled “The Geo-Chemistry of Coal and the Natural Hydrocarbons” was read, before the Section, by Mr. J. F. J. Dippy, on 17th January. In dealing with the geo-chemistry of coal, Mr, Dippy first dealt with the origin of coal, then with its varieties, and lastly with its composition. It is generally admitted that coal origina- ted from the decay of vegetation which grew in marshy places. Decomposition progressed out of contact with the atmosphere and under gradually increasing pressure. The transformation of vegetable matter into coal proceeded during the carboniferous geological periods, and the various types of coal,-namely, peat, lignite, bituminous coal, anthracite and some graphitic minerals,- form a series of substances which grade one into the other in 45 unbroken line, reaching from complex organic compounds in the more recent coals to almost pure carbon in the older coals.It was then pointed out how unavailing it was to try to assign a chemical equation to the process embodying the con- version of vegetation into coal. The attempts made at gaining evidence for a chemical distinction between the various types of coal were mentioned. Lastly, in the discussion on coal, Mr. Dippy dealt with the work that has been done on the elucidation of the chemical constitution of coal. The method of extraction of its constituents by various solvents had met with some measure of success.Studies made on distillation of coal at ordinary and reduced pressures had proved fruitful. Special mention was made of the work of Wheeler in this direction. In dealing with the natural hydrocarbons, Mr. Dippy men- tioned their chemical composition. They primarily fell into a number of regular series ranging from compounds of general formulae C,H,+, to CnH2n--12.Natural oils vary considerably with locality. Attempts had been made, from time to time, to prepare artificial petroleums from both inorganic and organic sources. From the gases evolved by the action of dilute acid upon the carbides present in cast-iron, a mixture of hydrocarbons had been produced resembling petroleum.Also, by distillation of both animal and vegetable matter under various conditions, oils of a petroleum character had been prepared. The controversial question of the origin of the natural hydro- carbons was dealt with briefly. There exist two outstanding theories for an inorganic origin. Firstly, that of Berthelot, who assumed that the interior of the earth contained free alkali metals, which reacted with carbon dioxide to give acetylides,- as he showed experimentally,-which with water generated acetylene, with all its possibilities of condensation to complex hydrocarbons. Secondly, there was the theory of Mendelkef, who suggested the existence of iron carbide within the earth, to which percolating waters gained access to form hydrocarbons.Upon this theory followed subsidiary hypotheses, such as that of Becker, which suggested magnetic irregularities in oil-bearing regions. The theories for an organic origin were legion. That due to Engler was given special attention, since it possessed a sound experimental basis. Numerous investigators had observed the association of natural oils with animal remains. In addition 46 to this support, the fact that artificial oils had been obtained from organic matter was strong evidence for the organic theory of their genesis, which in consequence was regarded with greater favour. New Zealand.-Professor J. K. H. Inglis has been nominated for election as Chairman of the Section, in succession to Professor T.H. Easterfield, who has held office for the past three years. The Special Committee on Registration has prepared a draft of a Chemical Practitioners Bill, which the Section Committee has commended to the support of practitioners in New Zealand. No further official action is contemplated at the present time. 47 January Examinations, 1930. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. An Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship was held at the Institute from 6th to 11th January, 1930, inclusive, Nine candidates were examined; six candidates passed the examination ; one of the successful candidates completed his examination by satisfying the Examiners in the translation of French technical literature.The following candidates passed :-Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Abbott, William James, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Brierley, Frank, College of Technology, Manchester ; and The Poly- technic, Regent Street, London. Brookhouse, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College and The College of Technology, Leicester. Evans, Charles Livesey, The Technical College, Birmingham. Field, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Technical College, Bir- mingham.Kramrisch, Bernard, The Technical College, Bradford. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The answers to the questions on physical chemistry were rather uneven, but a few were good. No candidate showed real knowledge of the kinetics of the reaction specified, nor how it was effected catalytically.The question on the discoveries of new elements during the last decade was not attempted by any candidate. Where a question called for a descriptive answer, this was usually fairly well done, but questions involving general principles seemed to lead to answers lacking directness and containing much irrelevant matter. The practical work was, on the whole, well done, having regard to examination conditions. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-The answers to the paper on theo-retical organic chemistry were very satisfactory in connection with the more advanced parts of the subject, but the candidates showed a weak grasp of fundamental principles. Almost all of them gave the correct stages for the synthesis of coniine, but not one could justify the assumption of the quadrivalence of carbon.One or two, in considering this question, embarked 48 at once on a discussion of Sugden’s parachor. Similarly, the question on aromatic substitutions was answered in a very disquieting fashion, much irrelevant material being introduced. Spelling mistakes were too numerous--e.g. “pyridene ” and “benzole.” The practical work was relatively much better than the theoretical. FRENCHAND GERMANTRAMSLATIoN.-The candidates were uniformly successful in the language tests. The following papers and exercises were given :-MONDAY, 6th JANUARY, 1930: 10 am. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted. No credit is given for irrelevant answers.) 1.Discuss either (a) the dissociation of electrolytes, or (b) orders of reactions. 2. What are the natural sources of boron? Give an account of thc boric acids and borates, paying special attention to the condition of the salts in aqueous solution. 3. Describe the methods for determining the alteration in the vapour pressure of a liquid on dissolving in it another substance, and show how the results may be used in determining molecular weights. What are the limitations of the method? 4. Give an account of the manufacture of chlorine and hypochloritcs by electrochemical methods. What is the advantage or disadvantageof such methods over those which are purely chemical ? 5. What new elements have been found since the discovery of radium? Describe shortly the methods which have been used in each case. 6.How may the alkaline earth metals be prepared from their salts and oxides? By what methods may pure specimens of the metals be obtained ? 2 to 5 p.m. (Fm pestions only to be attempted. No credit is given Jor irrelevartC answers.) 1. Write a short essay on osmotic pressure and its measurement? 2. Discuss the kinetics of the reaction 2CO+O2=2CO2. What with special reference to isotonic solutions. differences from the ordinary law of mass action have been found by Langmuir and by Bodenstein in these cases where the combustion of CO is brought about catalytically ? 3. Describe briefly the contributions to chemistry made by (1)4. Outline a method for the quantitative separation of iron, 5.How is the formation of mixtures having a minimum boiling Berzelius, (2) Stas, (3) Arrhenius. aluminium, titanium and zirconium. point utilised in industry to obtain pure liquids ? How may this property of liquids be used in analytical operations ? 6. Describe the preparation and properties of FOUR of the following substances :-thionyl chloride, chromyl chloride, anhydrous stannic chloride, chloroplatinic acid, ammonium thiocyanate, sodium formaldehyde sulphoxylate. TUESDAY, 7th JANUARY, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestion.9 only to be attempted. No credit is given for irrelevant answers.) 1. Give an account of the more common saturated and unsaturated acids obtained by the saponification of fats.What methods are available for the ascent and descent of the homologous series of normal fatty acids ? 2. Discuss the problem of aromatic substitution from the theoretical point of view. How could the following be synthesised:-1:3 :5-trichlorobenzene, m-nitrophenol, p-dinitrobenzene, /3-nitronaphthalene ? 3. In beginning the study of organic chemistry, it is convenient to assume the truth of the theories of linking of atoms by bonds and of the quadrivalency of carbon. Write an essay with the object of showing that these assumptions are justified by the facts. 4. Show how any FOUR of the following have been synthesised: dipentene, geraniol, glycerol, citric acid, coniine and alizarine. 5. Write a short account of the classification of the heterocyclic compounds and a more detailed account of the chemistry of pyrrole and its derivatives.6. How have the molecular structure and configuration of glucosebeen established ? WEDNESDAY, 8th JANUARY, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the organic compounds in solution (A). (Urea and glucose in water in various concentrations.) 2. Estimate the amount of one of these substances in 1 litre of solution (A). THURSDAY, 9th JANUARY, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Separate and identify the constituents of the mixture (B),and prepare a characteristic derivative from each of the components (submit specimens). (B1: Methyl ethyl ketone and malonic acid; B2: acetone and gallic acid.) FRIDAY, 10th JANUARY, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m.Examine the solid (C) qualitatively. Determine the acidic radicals and calculate the results as percentages of sodium salts in the mixture. Qualitative results to be given in by 12 noon.) (Sodium tungstate and anhydrous sodium sulphate.) SATURDAY, 11th JANUARY, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Determine the proportions of the two iodides in the solution (D).Express the results as grams of anhydrous salt per litre. (NOTE. The iodine must be determined as well as the two metals.) (Zinc iodide and barium iodide.) 50 Notes. Honours.-In the New Year’s Honours List, Professor John Samuel Strafford Brame was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, and Mr. Ernest Arthur Bearder, a Member of the Order.Legal.-On 24th January, in the King’s Bench Division, before Mr. Justice Rowlatt, judgment was given for Mr. Emile Van Wevenbergh, against the British Acetate Silk Corporation, Ltd., in an action for damages for alleged wrongful dismissal. Mr. G. D. Roberts and Mr. S. D’Arcy de Ferrars appeared for the plaintiff, and Mr. Trevor Hunter, K.C., and Mr. Wilfrid Price for the defendants. The plaintiff, who had been formerly engaged in Messrs. Courtauld’s works at Calais, was appointed chemist and viscose works manager at the Stowmarket factory for five years from 1st April, 1928, at a salary of E1,500 a year, to be increased to L2,ooo when the works were in full operation, and was to receive flz,ooo (of which Er,ooo had been paid) compensation for the loss of pension and other matters in respect of his change of appointment.In December, 1928, he was summarily dismissed. The defendants pleaded breach of agreement, in that the plaintiff had disobeyed instructions not to make alterations in the artificial silk process at the works, and that he was not compe- tent to perform the services which he had undertaken, and counter-claimed LI,000 and damages, which they claimed had been incurred through his alleged misconduct and incompetence. The plaintiff contended that it had been agreed that he should have a free hand in getting the works to function satisfactorily, and that the alterations which he had introduced were necessary and formed part of his duty. His Lordship found that the plaintiff was competent for the post, md that the instruction given to him in May, 1928, not to make process alterations had become a dead letter, and that, in 51 December, there had been precise instruction to the same effect, and although he had committed a breach a few days later (his Lordship held) that did not justify his dismissal; a reprimand would have been sufficient.In the circumstances, the plaintiff was entitled to recover, and judgment was entered for l4,500 with costs. A stay of execution was granted pending notice of appeal, the defendants to bring E1,500into Court. Iron and Steel Institute.-The autumn meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute will be held at Prague under the presidency of Professor Henry Louis, from the 15th to 20th December.Particulars can be obtained from the Secretary, Iron and Steel Institute, 28 Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. Institute of Fuel.-The Council of the Institute of Fuel has announced a competition for a Medal, together with a prize of books or instruments to the value of k5 to be awarded annually for a paper submitted by a student member of that Institute dealing with some subject relating to the preparation or utilisation of fuel, or some allied subject. Particulars can be obtained on application to the Secretary, The Institute of Fuel, 53, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research-The Report of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for the year 1928-29 has been issued by H.M.Stationery Office (Cmd. 3471),price 3s. 6d. net. The main Report is preceded by that of the Committee of the Privy Council, in which mention is made of the fact that the Co-ordinating Research Boards for Chemistry, Physics, and Engineering have been dissolved, and that ad hoc Committees will be appointed from time to time to consider practical problems. Among new British Patents applied for may be, mentioned those relating to the manufacture of beryllium oxide, methods of treating tars, and heat resistance alloys. Mention is also made of the retirement of the Secretary, Mr. H. T. Tizard, C.B., F.R.S., to take up the appointment of Rector in the Imperial College of Science and Technology, and of the appointment of Dr.F. E. Smith, C.B., C.B.E., F.R.S., in his stead. In the introduction to the main Report of the Advisory Council, comment is made on the growing interest taken by various sections of industry in the work of the Department, 52 and of the increased number of requests for special investigations and advice on industrial problems. During the year, the Gas Light and Coke Co. has erected a low temperature carbonisation plant at Richmond on designs developed at the Fuel Research Station. Good progress has been made with the extension of the low temperature research station at Cambridge, mainly used in connection with food investigation. An account is given of developments of this work, and on that of the Water Pollution Research Board.The Gas Cylinders Research Committee has presented its final report and has been dissolved. Researches on Electro-Deposition have included work on pitting and porosity in deposits of nickel, iron and other metals, the protection of aluminium against corrosion by the electro- deposition of zinc and cadmium, and an investigation into the fundamental aspects of the nature of adhesion and of internal stresses in electro-deposits. Among the scientific grants are mentioned that to the Royal Institution for the assistance of Sir William Bragg’s work on X-rays, and that to the Imperial College of Science and Techno- logy in aid of Prof. Bone’s work on high pressure reactions. Seven Senior Research Awards have been made to individual students who have shown exceptional capacity for original work.The Advisory Council invites the co-operation of professors in bringing forward candidates who are deserving of special encouragement. Changes are reported in the system by which grants are given to research associations. In the section of the Report devoted to a summary of the work of the various research organisations of the Department, mention may be made of the work in the Metallurgical Depart- ment, on pure metals, the main object of which is the attainment of a higher degree of purity in iron and chromium; in the Fuel Research Department, of the investigation and development of methods of examining coal in the laboratory, and of the Food Investigation Board, on the storage of fruit, meats, eggs, and butter, and on the handling and storage of fish. The Water Pollution Research Board has continued to issue very useful monthly summaries of current literature, containing abstracts of scientific and technical papers on water supplies, sewage, trade waste-waters, etc.(These are available in the Library of the Institute.) 53 At the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, further additions to the high pressure plant are in contemplation, and a plant for the extraction of helium from monazite sand has been completed and operated successfully. Work on low temperature tars includes the isolation and identification of the crystallisable chemical constituents, a study of the physical and chemical properties of the various resinous derivatives of low temperature tars, and of solvent methods of extraction, Work is also in progress on synthetic resins and organo-metallic compounds.A further section of the Report gives a summary of the main featuresof the work performed by each of the industrial Research Associations. Mention may be made here of the following points of general interest to chemists:- The British Cast Iron Reseurch Association has conducted researches not only on the metallurgy of cast iron, but also on the auxiliary materials of the industry, such as sands, refractories, etc. The British Refractories Research Association has worked on furnace materials and fire brick linings, and has studied the types of fire brick material which resist the attack of molten slags and glasses.The British Scienti$c Instruments Research Association has carried out further research on phosphorescent materials and into the properties of luminous compounds other than radium. The British Photographic Research Association is conducting fundamental work with a view to elucidating the nature of the effects produced in silver salts under the influence of light, and of the part played by the gelatin on the plate in the photo- decomposition of silver salts. The Research Association of the British Paint, Colour and Varnish Manufacturers has investigated "bloom " and has found it to consist of two kinds,-one a crystalline deposit of ammonium sulphate from the atmosphere, and the other a deformity of the surface induced by certain conditions.The Association has also concerned itself with drying oils and with the need for the development of Tung tree plantations within the Empire. The British Cotton Industry Research Association has extended its researches into the application of artificial silk in conjunction 54 with cotton. Work has been done on the separation of cotton from trash, on the dust in cardrooms, and on general questions relating to the quality of yarns. A paper has been written on the action of caustic soda on cotton, which links together measure- ments of the swelling of cellulose in alkali, the absorptive capacity of swollen cellulose for moisture, and the heat of the reaction. These questions have an important bearing on the process of mercerisation.The British Association for the Woollen and Worsted Industries has evolved a process whereby flocks may be dissolved in a suitable medium and “spun” in the same manner as artificial silk fibres. The Association’s formula for sheep marking fluid, eliminating the use of tar, and removable on scouring, has been widely adopted. The British Silk Research Association has, among other things, considered fermentation methods of removing the natural gum from silk. The British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association has made a further study of the methods of preserving raw hides and skins by “wet-salting,” and has investigated the important problem of anthrax infection in hides and skins.The Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers has done systematic work on the ageing of rubber, particularly with regard to conditions in the tropics. Progress has been made in the study of the factors affecting the mechanical and electrical properties of ebonite. The Research Association of British Flour Millers is perfecting the details of a physical process for improving the baking quality of flour, and is investigating the effects of conditions of storage on the chemical and physical characters and baking qualities of flours. The British Association of Reseaych for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar Confectionery and Jam Trades has been conducting ex- periments on fumigants suitable for the extermination of insect pests in warehouses where food is stored.Work has been conducted by The British Food Maflufactzwers’ Research Association on the curing of meats in salt and nitre pickles. Appendices to the Report contain full lists of the personnel of the Research Boards and Committees of the Department, statistics of grants made to individual students and research workers in training, a list of the Research Associations and the names of their Directors and Secretaries, and an account of development in the organisation of industrial research in other parts of the Empire. There is also a list of publications by individuals. Lectures.-The Registrar of the Institute gave a lecture on “The Profession of Chemistry” at the Chelsea Polytechnic on the a2nd January, and similar lectures at Armstrong College and Rutherford College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on the 5th February.The Registrar also gave an address on “Science as a Career’’ at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, on the 14th February. The Assistant Secretary gave an address on “Chemistry as a Career” at St. Paul’s School, on 28th January, and on “The Profession of Chemistry ” before the Cambridge University Informal Chemical Society on the 7th February. Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee has pleasure in reporting that the response to the appeal issued at the end of 1929 has resulted in the receipt of total contributions amounting to E684 11s. 6d. up to the 12th February, compared with k547 4s. gd. at the same date in 1929.Fellows and Associates may have observed that the list of contributions received during 1929 included “Profits on the sale of prints.’’ The Registrar is able to obtain Vanity Fair Cartoons of the following chemists and other men of science at 2s. 6d. each, allowing for a small profit for the benefit of the Fund:-% Henry Bessemer, Sir William Crookes, M. and Mme. Curie, Dr. J. H. Gladstone, C. C. Hutchinson, K.C., The Right Hon. T. H. Huxley, Sir John Bennet Lawes, Pasteur, Lord Playfair, Sir William Ramsay, Lord Rayleigh, Sir Boverton Redwood, Sir Thomas Stevenson. Similarly, unmounted collotype prints of pictures of alchemists .by Teniers, Wyck, Heerschop, Scorel, and Jan Steen can be supplied at IS. 6d. each, and photogravure portraits (6 in.by Sg in. on paper 13 in. by 18 in.) of many distinguished chemists of all countries can be obtained at 4s. each,-with benefit to the Fund. Members who are interested in such prints are invited to address their enquiries to the Registrar. Obituary. FRANCISARNALLdied, as the result of an accident, at Cardiff, on 7th February, in his 34th year. Educated at Sir Walter St. John's School, at the South Western Polytechnic Institute and at the Wandsworth Technical Institute, he matriculated in 1913, but in 1914 joined the forces and served as Regimental Q.M.S. in the Special Brigade, R.E. In September, 1916, however, he was transferred to the Ministry of Rluni- tions and was engaged at H.M. Factory, Craigleith, Edinburgh, in charge of acid plants and in the manufacture of T.N.T.until December, 1918, when he was appointed a lecturer in the South Western Polytechnic. In due course he was awarded M.Sc. and Ph.D. (Lond.). In April, 1928, he was appointed head of the department of pure and applied chemistry, at the Technical College, Cardiff. He was engaged on a research in con- nection with a paper to be read before the Conference of the Pharmaceutical Society, to be held at Cardiff in July, when a sealed Carius tube containing compounds involved in the synthesis of di-methoxy-succinic acid detonated in his hand. Although his injuries were not apparently very serious, he died in the Cardiff Royal Infirmary, four hours later, from the effects of shock. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919, and a Fellow, in 1923. WILLIAMATJKINSONROBERT died at Cardiff on 10th December, 1929, in his 80th year.Educated at University College School, London, he was awarded a University Scholarship and proceeded to UniversityCollege, where he continued until 1870. After working for a year at the Royal College of Chemistry, he returned to University College as Assistant to Williamson until 1874, when, having graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1872, he was appointed Professor of Chemistry in the University of Tokio, Japan, which position he held for seven years. He was then engaged for a period in the laboratory of Wurtz in Paris, and also visited Germany, before he established a practice in Cardiff as a consulting and analytical chemist, devoting his attention mainly to the analysis of fuels, metals and ores, in which his brother, the late John Alexander Atkinson, was associated.He was a Member of the Free Libraries Committee of Cardiff, and had been twice President of the Cardiff Naturalists Society. He married in 1886, and left a widow, and two daughters who are engaged on research at the Imperial Iustitute. He was elected a Bellow of the Institute in 1878. JAMES died on the 17th December, 1929, in his 74th year, DAVIDSON at Summerwell, Dumfries, as the result of an accident. He studied under Crum Brown and Letts at the University of Edinburgh and under Bunsen at Heidelberg, where he worked chiefly on gas analysis and the investigation of the rare metals.He established a practice at Dumfries, and held appointment as Public Analyst for the county from 1887 to 1926, and, since 1893, as Official L4gricultural Analyst for Kirkcudbright, 57 Wigtownshire, and the County of Dumfries. He was also Analyst for the Dumfries and Maxwelltown Water Commission. A keen antiquarian and horticulturalist, he was known among numismatists, and also as a grower of orchids. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. ROBERTSCOTT WISHARTdied at Edinburgh on the 13th November, 1929, in his 41st year. Educated at Kirkcaldy High School, he studied at the University of Edinburgh from 1907 to 1913, graduating as M.A. and B.Sc. with distinction in 1912. In 1913 he was awarded the King Edward VII Scholarship for research, and proceeded to Munich University, where he worked under Professor H.Wieland until the outbreak of war. In October 1914, he received a commission and served in the R.F.A. He was on active service until April, 1919, when he was demobilised with the rank of Captain. He was then appointed a research chemist for Messrs. Levinstein & Co. Ltd., and worked for a while in the laboratories of the University of Cambridge, but in the following year moved to Manchester, where he acted as honorary secretary of the Local Section of the Institute. Later he joined the staff of the Agwi Petroleum Corpora- tion at Fawley, Hants, with which company he occupied the position of Assistant Superintendent at the time of his death.In 1925, he received the degree of D.Sc. (Edin.). He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. EXNESTALFREDPINCHINdied at Streatham on the 23rd December, 1929, in his 56th year. Educated at St. George’s College, Eastbourne, he studied chemistry at the Royal College of Science from 1891 to 1893, when he became Assistant in the Laboratory of Dr. P. L. Teed, then at Westminster. He continued to attend classes at the Birkbeck Institution, and in 1898 graduated as B.Sc. (Lond.), with first class honours in chemistry. He remained with Dr. Teed, whose practice was later transferred to MincingLane in the City, until the latter retired. He succeeded to the appointment of Public Analyst to the City of London and the Boroughs of Camberwell and Islington. He was also one of the Gas Examiners to the London County Council.He passed the Final Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in the Analysis of Food and Drugs, including the Examination in Thera- peutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy in January-, 1991. and was elected a Fellow in 1904. In 1916 he was awarded a Nedal of the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain, and in 1918 the Medal of the Affiliation of PhotographicSocieties. He was the author of a paper on thp ‘‘Photography of Diatoms,” published in the Photomicrographic ,Journal, 191i. 58 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDISGS, Part VI, 1929, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers.Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Metallurgical Practice, An Outline of .” C. R. Hayward. Pp. ix + 612. (London: The Library Press, Limited.) 30s. An account of the occurrences and sources, and of the modern products in extracting and refining the commoner metals. A reference book for engineers and for those who are commencing the study of metallurgy.Detailed descriptions of apparatus and processes are eliminated. “Standard Methods for Testing Tar and Its Products.” Pp.xxix + 295. (London: Standardization of Tar Products Tests Committee.) 7s. 6d. Contains a full account of the standard tests recommended by the Standardization of Tar Products Tests Committee, organised under the auspices of the Joint Fuel Committee representing: The Coke Oven Managers’ Association, The Institute of Fuel, The Institution of Chemical Engineers, The Institution of Gas Engineers, The Society of British Gas Industries, and The Society of Chemical Industry.“Sulphuric Acid and Its Manufacture.” H. A. Auden. Pp. vii + 231. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 16s. A condensed account of the manufacture of sulphuric acid for students of applied chemistry. ‘(Bacterial Metabolism.” Monographs on Biochemistry Series. M. Stephenson. Pp. xi + 320. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 18s. Energy relations and fermentation ; respiration; growth and nutrition ; carbohydrate breakdown; synthesis of polysaccharides ; nitrogen fixa- tion; autotrophic bacteria; bibliography.“Statistical Mechanics for Students of Physics and Physical Chemistry, Introduction to.” J. Rice, with an Introduction by F. G. Donnan. Pp. x + 333. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 18s. “Conductivity of Solutions and the Modern Dissociation Theory.” C. W. Davies. Pp. vi + 204. (London: Chapman Sr Hall.) 15s. Theory of ionic dissociation and inter-ionic attraction ;methods ;applica-tions to analysis ;dissociation of ternary electrolytes ;solvolysis;complexions; amphoteric electrolytes; physical constant3 of common solwntc: : bibliography of conductivity measurements. 59 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 24th January, 1930, 8 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 26 new Associates were elected, and zg Students were admitted.The Institute has lost 5 Fellows and z Associates by death. Associates elected to the Fellow ship. Bunce, Edwin Herbert, 37, Northcote Road, London, E.17. Chatterjee, Devendra Nath, B.A., B.Sc. (Allahabad), 41, Drummond Road, Agra, India. Cowan, John Galloway, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 84, Wolverhampton Road, Staff ord. Gollop, Harry, B.Sc. (Wales), Woodleigh, Denvilles, Havant. Johnson, Joseph Robert, 100, Langleys Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham. Knox, Archibald, A.M.I.Chem.E., 65, Bank Street, Irvine, Ayrshire. Peel, John Buttery, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dun.), 3, Pendower Way, Benwell, Newcastle-on-Tyne.Sutton, George Donald, M.Sc. (Liv.), 62, Dorset Street, Haulgh, Bolton. New Associates. Abbott, William James, 114, Tooley Street, London, S.E.l.Blow, Claude Montague, B.Sc. (Lond.), Rooksbury, Ridgmont Road, St. Albans. Brierley, Frank, Croydon Cable Works, Ltd., Mitcham Lane, Croydon. Brookhouse, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), Latimer House, Windsor Avenue, Leicester. Cormack, Stanley Bruce, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.), 12, Barrington Drive, Glasgow, C.4. Dykes, James, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.), Gowanbrae, Wilson Street, Motherwell, Scotland. Dymock, John Blair, B.Sc. (Edin.), Willowdene, Linlithgow. Evans, Charles Livesey, Hill Top, George Road, Solihull, Birmingham. Field, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 140, Franklin Road, King’sNorton, Birmingham. Harris, Edward Cecil, B.Sc. (Wales), Caswell Cottage, Mumbles, Swansea. Holdridge, Douglas Arthur, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., 19, Moreton Parade, May Bank, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffs. Jones, Frank Raymond, M.Sc. (Birm.), 21, Camborne Avenue, London, W.13. Keenan, Henry Wilfrid, 26, Castletown Road, London, W. 14. Kramrisch, Bernard, 7, Fairfield Road, Bradford. 60 LayCOck, .John Cral-en, R..4. (CAntnl).), 5, A41exantlrtiStwet, 3lanchcstw Road, Warrington.Levenberg, Cecil, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), B.Sc. (Leeds), c, o 45, ArkwrightRoad, London, N.W.3. Loudon, Alexander, Jr., R.Sc. (Glas.), Mid-Lodge, Woodilee, Lenzic, Glasgow. MacParlane, Walter, B.Sc. (Glas.), Kilmahog, Callander, Perthshire. Marsh, Jamos Harold Cvril, B.Sc. (Birm.), 236, Oak Road, West Bromwich, Staffs. Percival, Edmund George Vincent, B.Sc. (Birm.), Pulp & Paper Research Institute, McGill TJniversity, 3420, University Street, Montreal, P.Q.Robertson, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), Tyrol, Forrest Street, Airdrie, Scotland. Saenger, Harold, B.Sc. (Birm.), 230, Pershore Road, Edghaston, Bir- mingham.Solomon, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Finsen Road, London, S.E.5. Stein, Charles Pender, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), 63, Stenhills Crescent, Runcorn. Twomey, Tadhg Fionnbarr, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), Maryville, Victoria Road, Cork. Whelan, Patrick, B.Sc. (N.U.I.), Slaney House, Enniscorthy, I.F.S. New Students. Babb, Alfred Thomas Symonds, 103, Edith Road, London, W.14. Bailey, George Cooper, 68, Belgrave Road, Ilford. Campbell, James Laurence, 45, Monksbridge Avenue, Glasgow, W.3. Casson, Charles Bernard, 14, Ashchurch Grove, London, W.12. Choppin, Frederic Henry, 2, Colleston Road, Greenwich, London, S.E. Currie, William Allison, 73, Kenmure Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow, S.1. Currington, Miss Joan Muriel, 173, Ashgate Road, Chesterfield. Davies, Miss Annie Ceridwen, 22, Rosehill Terrace, Swansea. Edwards, Aubrey Harris, S, Lily Avenue, Jesmond, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Goodall, Miss Honor, Green Bower, Marsden, nr. Huddersfield. *Hampson, Cecil, 23, Clarendon Road, Whalley Range, Manchester. Huggett, Leslie Polan, The Firs, Bishopsbourne, nr. Canterbury.Hutchinson, James Bertram, 8, Risca Road, Rogerstone, nr. Newport.Idle, Hubert Alfred, 37, Hastings Road, London, W.13. ,Jones, Ewart Ray, 6, Oak Drive, Acton, Wrexham, N. Wales. Jones, George Owen, A.M.C.T., 16, Milton Mount, Gorton, Manchester.Martin, Stanley Reginald William, 24, Goldie House, Hazelville Road, London, N.19. Noble, Wilfred, 17, Wingrove Terrace, Leadgate, Co. Durham. Owen, John Harold, 15, Ellis Street, Whelley, Wigan. Paterson, Andrew Crichton, 17, Stanmore Road, Mount Florida, Glasgow, 5.2. Pinder, Jack Leake, 22, Central Avenue, Leicester. Porter, Ronald Francis, 153, Ruskin Avenue, Manor Park, London, E.12. Rangaramanujam, Pundi, 18, Gloucester Road, Kew, Surrey. Robinson, George, 643, Leeds Road, Thackley, Bradford. Sinclair, Ian, Lochview, Killearn, Stirlingshire. Smith, Miss Margaret Sarah, 7, Albert Road, Brighton. Treharne, Glynmor John, Waunfawr, Pontylierem, Llanelly. Wardrop, Arthur William Hamilton, 40,Hamilton Road, Salisbury. Williams, Robert Arthur, 3 11, Wargrave Road, Newton-le-Willows, Lanes. Wilson, James, A.M.C.T., 64, Prince Street, Ardwick, Manchester.*Accidentally omitted from Part VI., 1929. 61 DEATHS. Fellows. Francis Arnall, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Robert William At,kinson, B.Sc. (Lond.James Davidsoa. Henry Wilson Hake, Ph.D. (Giessen).Ernest Alfred Pinchin, B.Sc. (Lond.). Associates. Henry Herbert Bunting. Robert Scott Wishart, MA.,D.Sc. (Edin.). 62 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Monday, 3rd March, 1930. Examinations.-The list of entries for the April Examina- tions closed on 10th February. Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in September,-from the 15th to zoth, or from the aand to 27th.The list of entries for the September Examinations will close on Monday, the 14th July. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy. ,4wards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, being evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.--A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous 63 of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the A4ssociateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the A4ppointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months.Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m.and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The Comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute 64 using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. L4rrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms: buckram case, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. 9d. ; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.--A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry.As the slides are constantly in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14days before the date on which the slides are to be used. (A List of Slides appeared in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, 1929.) Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.