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THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1930. PART I. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C. I, February, 1930, Publications Committee, 1929-30 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Chairman), ARTHUR SMITHELLS (President), P. E. BOWLES, H. B. BROWN, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, W. CLAYTON, LEWIS EYNON, C. S. GIBSON, W. H. GIBSON, C. M. W. GRIEB, G. G. HENDERSON, H. H. HODGSON, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Tveasuver), A. G. G. LEONARD, W. MARSHALL, C. A. MITCHELL, H.E.MONK, D. F. TWISS, WILLIAM WARDLAW, J.A. WATSON, A. W. M. WINTLE. Report of the Council (1929-1930). (To be submitted at the Fifty-second Annual General Meeting of the Institute, to be held on Monday, 3rd March, 1930.) I. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. Since the publication of the last Report (31st January, ~gzg),the Council has elected 63 Fellows, of whom 56 were formerly Associates and one was a Registered Student, and 240 new Associates, of whom 71 were Registered Students. One Fellow has been reelected. 188 new Students have been admitted, and two, re-admitted. The Council records with regret the death of 26 Fellows, 10 Associates, and 6 Students. Fellows : Robert Williani At liinsoii. Thomas Porter Blunt. William John Bowis, O.B.E. Charles Beavis.Basil Radcliff e Coysh.James Davidson. Frankland Dent. Frederick William Dootson. George Watson Gray. Henry T;IJils011 Hake Theophilus Vaughan Hughes. Charles James. J arnes West Knights. Harold George Lacell. Francis Edward Matthews. William Walker James Nicol. Charles Alfred Pauls. Ernest, Alfrec1 Pinchin. John Charles Platts. Samuel Rideal. William Duncan Snwers. Thomas Alexander Shegog.Arthur Stead. Herbert Birtwhistle Stocks. Ernest Arthur Wagstaff e. Thomas Barlow Wood, C.B.E., F.R.S. 4 Associate8 : Henry Herbert Bunting. Frederick William E:lucrsoti. @nest Basil I'a1kiit.r. John Alexander Gutthrie. John Alfred Hartley. Harry Kingsley. John Ewart Moss. Thomas Riley. Henry Ralph Tutton.Robert Scott Wishart. Students : Wilfred Stoughtoii Grifiths. Ernest Hartshorne. Charles Smbrose Kelly. Harry Norman Morrell. (Miss) Elsie Ca(ro1ine Mary Soward-Turner. Adolf Wilson. The resignations of 7 Fellows, 31 Associates, and 25 Students have been accepted, and the names of 18 Associates and of 67 Students have been removed from the Register in accordance with the by-laws. The Kegister at this date, 31st January, 1930, contains the names of 5714 members (1886 Fellows, 3828 Associates) and 717 Registered Students. The number of members has increased by 156 and of Students has increased by 20. 2. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES & REPRESENTATIVES. The Council has held 10 meetings; the Committees, Board of Examiners and Sub-committees have held 59 meetings.COMMITTEESAND CHAIRMEN. Appointments Register . . .. J. F. Thorpe, V.-P. Benevolent Fund . . Patrick H. Kirkaldy. .. .. I Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treas.Finance and House. . -* *-Legal and Parliamentary .. .. G. C. Clayton, V.-P. The President. Nominations, Examinations and r Patrick Kirkaldy.Institutions .. .. .. Vice-Chairman. Public Appointments .. .. E. M. Hawkins, V.-P. Publications .. .. .. J. F. Thorpe, V.-P. Joint Advisory Committee with the Board of Education .. The President. The Institute has been represented on various occasions as follows:-The President, on the Federal Council for Chemistry. The President, at a Conference held at Stationers' Hall in April, to consider the formation of an organisation for the collection of data and the prosecution of research into problems decting the printing and allied trades.The President, with the Honorary Treaswor aid the Registrar, on the Sir George Beilby Memorial Committee. Professor J. F. Thorpe, Vice-president, Mr. E. R. Bolton, Mr. Bernard F. Howard, and the Registrar, to meet a Committee of H.M. Customs concerned with the revision of the Regulationsdealing with Methylated Spirits. Professor J.F. Thorpe, Vice-president, on an Advisory Committee to deal with subjects connected with Dyeing in the scheme for tech- nological examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute. Mr. E. R. Bolton, on an Advisory Committee to deal with the curricula and syllabuses of the Examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute on the Technology of Oils and Fats, and at the opening of tho Agricultural Research Station of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., at Maidenhead in June.Dr. L. H. Lampitt, at the Ninth Congress of Industrial Chemistry, held under the auspices of the SociBtB de Chimie Industrielle at Barcelona in October. Mr. W. J. A. Buttefield, at a Conference on Gas Cylinders held under the auspices of the British Engineering Standards Association in July. Dr. H. G. Colman has continued to represent the Institute on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. Mr. H. D. Elkington, on the Joint Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and other Chemical Bodies, to consider the revision of the Patents and Designs Acts, so far as theyaffect the interests of chemists and chemical industry.Mr. G. Nevi11 Huntly has continued to represent the Institute on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society. Professor T. M. Lowry, at the Centenary Celebration held in Paris in honour of Paul Schutzenberger in November. Dr. George McGowan and Mr. S. Ernest Melling, on the Committee of the Ministry of Health, appointed to consider Methods of Chemical Analysis as applied to Sewage and Sewage Effluents. Dr. J. F. Tocher has continued to represent the Institute on the Advisory Committee of the Home Office appointed under the Thera- peutic Substances Act, and has continued to serve on the Consultative Council of the Scottish Board of Health.The Registrar has continued to serve on the Headmasters of Secondary Schools’ Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour. The Assistant Secretary has continued to serve on the Chemical Trades Advisory Committee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes; and has acted as Secretary of the Joint Committee on the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware. The following have continued to serve as representatives of the Institute at meetings connected with the British En-gineering Standards Association :-Mr. Ronald G. Browning, on the Aircraft Dope Ingredients Committee. Mr. Arthur J. Chapman, Vice-president, on the Committee for the Standardisation of Sieves and Screens used in various industries. 6 Professor C.H. Desch, on the Sectional Committee on Cement, and the Sectional Committee on Slag Cement. Mr. F. W. Harbord, on the Sectional Committee on Cement. Dr. J. Watson, on the Sub-Committee on Sand-lime Bricks and tho Sub-Committee on Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement. Professor Desch, Mr. Harbord and Dr. Watson, also attend meetings of the Building Industry Section. Mr. William Thomason has been re-appointed to serve on the Committee concerned with the revision of the Specification for Salt-Glazed Ware Pipes. 3. FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. The financial statements for the year 1929 are attached to this report. The General Account shows a balance at the close of the year of ;GIO~I 2s., although the account for the previous year showed an overdraft of fl185 5s.6d. The accounts, however, do not include any payment for heavy printing-such as the Register or “Official Chemical Appointments,” both of which are due for publication during 1930. The balance at the close of the year must, therefore, be regarded as reserved towards the expense of these publications. It will be noticed, also, that the amount received in sub- scriptions has increased by over L300, and in dividends and interest, by about ~GIOO; and that the purchase of stock and the Redemption Fund premium together, amount to slightly more than the funds reserved for investment. The Statement of Assets and Liabilities shows that with the general fall in prices towards the end of the year, there was a depreciation in the value of the investments of the Institute.The following summary shows the comparative figures at the close of the years 1928 and 1929:-€ s. d. € s. d. Balanceatendof 1928 - - - Balanceatendof 1929 1051 2 0 Value of Investments Value of Investments at endof 1928 .. 18152 19 10 atendof 1929 .. 17686 2 2 Redemption Fund Accounts due .. 971 13 64 6 4 6 RedemptionFundAccountsdue .. 1082 1 53 14 8 7 19188 19 8 19873 0 5 LessLiabilities .. 614 16 0 Less Liabilities .. 531 17 5 18574 3 8 1929 .. .. Appreciation during 766 19 4 ~~ ~ f19341 3 0 €19341 3 0 7 The premises of the Institute have been kept in good repair.The Institute received an invitation to participate in a scheme for the provision of a central building for chemical and other technical societies, but the Council, while expressing its appreciation of the courtesy of the promoters in bringing the matter to its notice, felt that, in view of the extent of the accom- modation required by the Institute and the economic position which it enjoys in its present premises, it could not usefully participate in the proposal. 4. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE. The Benevolent Fund Commit tee has reported periodically on cases which have been assisted, and on the progress of the Fund throughout the year. The financial statements of the Fund are attached to the Report. The annuities to three widows have been increased by grants towards the cost of the education of their children, and the Committee has in other ways taken steps on behalf of the children of deceased members.A considerable sum has been absorbed by weekly allowances to members who, owing to unusual circumstances, have experienced serious difficulty in obtaining employment. Fellows and Associates are reminded that the Annuities Account was formed for the purpose of establishing a Capital Fund, the dividends and interest from which should be allocated to the payment of annuities to aged and infirm members, allow- ances to widows of deceased members, and the education of their children. Eliminating the Annuities Account, the payments and receipts for the year 1929 may be summarised as follows:- Payments.€ s. d. € s. d. Grants . . .. .. 559 9 7 AuditPrinting .. .. .. .. .. .. 43 7 0 550 Loans . . .. .. 190 0 0 798 1 7 Receipts. Subscriptions . . Annual Subscriptions Loans repaid .. .. .. .. 295 9 359 0 44 14 5 3 4 699 4 0 Deficit €98 17 7 8 The Committee is glad to be able to report an increase of 120 annual subscribers, and trusts that many more members will realise the urgency of the appeal now made on behalf of those who have met with misfortune. The Committee gratefully acknowledges the help of all who have subscribed and of those who have assisted in the administra- tion of the Fund. The thanks of the Committee are specially accorded to those who have organised group contributions and the Committee will gladly welcome further contributions of this kind.The Fund benefited materially as the result of a special appeal addressed to Life Fellows and members who pay their annual subscriptions by permanent cheques. 5. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE. Early in the year, the Legal and Parliamentary Committee made representations to the Scottish Office with regard to the Local Government (Scotland) Bill, so far as it affected the interests of public analysts. The Committee had also under consideration the Petition for a Royal Charter by the Australian Chemical Institute, a matter on which the Council has been in correspondence with the Privy Council, but which has not yet been determined. The Committee dealt with the reform of the British Patents System, on which the views of the Council were incorporated in representations made to the Board of Trade Patents Committee by the Joint Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and other Chemical Bodies, after consultation with the Federal Council for Chemistry.Reports on these matters have appeared in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. The Committee has also under consideration the general subject of chemists’ contracts of service, having special regard to the rights of chemists and their discoveries and inventions. The subject of Registration remains in abeyance pending the publication of the Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts.6. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee (i.e. the Council in Committee) has held 11 meetings, and has 9 dealt With 607 applications, in addition to a large number of enquiries. The Committee has received reports from Sub-committees and Local Interviewing Commit tees who have interviewed and examined candidates orally. Many publications and other records of work and of inventions, received in connection with applications, have been examined and assessed by special assessors. The Council has received valuable help also from the Advisory Committee in India in connection with applications received from the Indian Empire.The applications for Studentship and Membership may be summarised as follows:-Applications for Admission to the Studentship: Accepted (including re-admitted) .. .. 190 Declined .. .. .. .. .. 1 -191 Applications for Admission to Examination for the Associateship: Accepted .. .. .. .. .. 39 Declined .. .. .. .. .. 2 -41 Applications for Election to the Associateship: Accepted (including those examined and re-admittsd) 240 Declined .. .. .. .. .. 6 Referred for Examination or further training 30 -276 Applications for Admission to Examination for the Fellowship: Accepted .. .. .. .. .. 27 Declined .. .. .. .. .. 1 -28 Applications from Associates for Election to the Fellowship: Accepted (including those examined) ..56 Declined .. .. .. .. .. 7 -63 Applications from Non-Associates for Election to the Fellowship: Accepted (including those examined) .. 8 Total .. .. .. .. -607 EXAMINATIONS-Examinations were held in April and September, 1929,and in January, 1930. 10 SUMMARYOF RESULTS. Aesocmsteship: EXAMXNED.PASSED. General Chemistry . . .. .. 62 30 Fellowship: Branch E. Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs .. 27 10 Branch F. AgriculturalChemistry .. 1 1 Branch G. IndustrialChemistry .. 6 5 Special Examination in Refining and Testing Petroleum and its Products 1 1 87 47 The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners, and to Fellows who have acted as Examiners in special subjects, and also to Assessors who have examined papers submitted in connection with applications.The Council is indebted to the authorities of the University of Reading and the Royal School of Mines, London, and to special Examiners, for the use of laboratories and examination rooms. INSTITUTIONS.-The following institutions have been added to the list of those recognised for the training of candidates for the Examinations of the Institute : The Municipal Technical College, Hull. The Brighton Technical College. The Durham Laboratories of the University of Durham. The recognition of the Central Technical College, Birmingham, has been confirmed in respect of both day and evening classes. REGULATIONS.-A new edition of the Regulations for the admission of Students, Associates, and Fellows was published in July, 1929,embodying modifications, mainly of an elucidatory character, particular attention being given to the Regulations for the admission of Associates to the Fellowship.THEMELDOLAMEDALfor 1929 has been awarded to Richard Alan Morton, D.Sc. (Liv.), F.I.C., and will be presented at the Annual General Meeting. FRANKLANDTHESIR EDWARD MEDAL AND PRIZEhas been awarded to Bernard William Bradford, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. EXAMINERS.-Professor Robert Robinson has been appointed Examiner for the Associateship in succession to Professor 11 Gilbert T. Morgan, on his completing the term of four years in that office. Similarly, Professor A. J. Allmand has been ap- pointed Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch B, Physical Chemistry, in succession to Professor J.C. Philip; Professor J. C. Drummond, in Branch D, Biological Chemistry, in suc- cession to Professor H. S. Raper; and Mr. John Evans, in Branch E, the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water, in succession to Professor W. H. Roberts. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the retiring Examiners for their services. REGISTEREDSTumNTs.-In pursuance of the suggestions arising on resolutions received from the Belfast Section regarding the desirability of securing the registration of students who intend to pursue chemistry as a profession, the Council decided that it was desirable that the Institute should obtain lists of such students and supply them with copies of the Regulations and of the handbook-The Projession of Chemistry.The Council also suggested that lectures should be arranged at universities and colleges dealing with the professional, as distinct from the scientific aspects of their subject. The Council has been gratified to receive a number of replies from professors and teachers in universities and colleges who have undertaken to arrange such lectures, and looks to the Local Sections to co-operate, so far as possible, in carrying out the suggestion. The Registrar and the Assistant Secretary, in response to invitations received from various institutions, have already given several lectures on the lines indicated. 7. PEDLER RESEARCH SCHOLARSHIP. The Pedler Research Scholarship Commit tee has received reports from time to time from Mr.George Morrison Moir, Pedler Research Scholar, who has continued his work on “Methods for the Determination of Casein, Albumin and Globulin in Milk,” under the general supervision of Captain John Golding, at the National Institute for Research in Dairying at Shinfield. On the recommendation of the Committee, the Council extended the Scholarship to Mr. Moir until June, 1930, and recorded its indebtedness to Captain Golding, and to the authori- ties of the National Institute, for the facilities given to the Scholar. 12 The Pedler Research Scholarship is of the value of l300 per annum. The Scholar is required to work on a problem or problems suggested by the Council, having regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest.The appointment of a successor to Mr. Moir will be under consideration in June. 8. PUBLICATIONS (AND LIBRARY) COMMITTEE. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS been published inhas six parts containing a summary of the proceedings of the Council, reports of meetings of Local Sections and abstracts of papers read before them, Reports on the Examinations of the Institute, notes on matters of professional interest, “Books and their Contents,’’ etc. Part I contained the Report of Council and Accounts for 1928, and the Report on the January Examinations, an abstract of the Report of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and comments on other Government publications; Part I1 contained the Report of the Annual General Meeting and the President’s address; Part I11 included, inter alia, a note on the Report of the Chief Inspector of Alkali Works on an investigation regarding the emission of fumes from arti- ficial silk works; Part IV announced the publication of the new edition of the Regulations, directing attention to niodifica- tions regarding transference from Associateship to Fellow-ship, the comments of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee on the British Patents System, particulars of the observa-tions made by the Council to H.M.Commissioners for Customs on the Regulations dealing with Methylated Spirits, an an-nouncement regarding the foundation of the S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, and particulars of the Sandstone Industry (Silicosis) Scheme.Part IV also included a report of a con-ference of representatives of the Printing and Allied Trades, at which the President gave an address on his experiences, having regard to the proposal to form an organisation for research into problems affecting those trades. Further, this Part also included a reference to the Code of professional conduct and ethics adopted by the American Institute of Chemists, a Report on the Examinations for National Certificates, and the list of lantern slides which are available for the use of members. Part V contained a list of Scholarships likely to be of interest to Associates and Registered Students, and references to recent Government publications, including the Report of the Com- mittee on Methods of Chemical Analysis of Sewage and Sewage 13 Effluents.Part VI contained the further observations made by the Council on the petition of the Australian Chemical Institute for the grant of a Royal Charter. Mr. Robert C. Frederick’s lecture on ‘‘Ventilation Con-ditions : Normal and Abnormal, and their Investigation,” read before the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, was published separately, and also the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture by Mr. Lewis Eynon on “The World’s Sugar Industry.” The first Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, given by Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, is in preparation for publication at an early date. New editions of the Register and “Official Chemical Appoint- ments” are also in course of preparation.The new edition of the History of the Institute is in hand and will be published when funds are available for the purpose. The Council again records its appreciation of the privilege of the continued use of the Library of the Chemical Society by Fellows, Associates and Registered Students. A further con-tribution of i250 from the general funds of the Institute was made towards the maintenance of the Library. The Council also records its thanks to authors, publishers, and others, who presented books and journals to the Library of the Institute during the year. The collection of lantern slides which is available for the use of members who are desirous of giving lectures has been found increasingly useful, and the Institute has been the means whereby members have been able to borrow slides from one another, especially for use in connection with lectures on special subjects. A large selection of the slides was shown by the Registrar on the occasion of his visit to Liverpool, in March, and at the College of Technology, Leicester, in October.9. PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. The Public Appointments Committee has under consideration the Final Report of the Royal Commission on Local Government, particularly having regard to the position of certain public analysts, who are acting for important non-county boroughs, and would be seriously affected if the recommendations of the Royal Commission were to be carried into effect.The Committee feels that legislation on the lines suggested by the Royal Commission should be accompanied by provision 14 for adequate compensation for loss of office due to the centralisa- tion of administration. 10. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. The Council has received Reports of the Assessors on Examina- tions for National Certificates for England and Q7ales, and also for Scotland. 11. LOCAL SECTIONS. Many useful and interesting papers have been read before meetings of the Local Sections held both independently and jointly with the Local Sections of other bodies. An indication of the activities of the Sections may be gathered from the following schedule of papers and events:- Belfast .. Dr. J. K. Marsh: The Discovery of the Ele-ments.Mr. G. 0. Searle: Flax. Mr. J. C. A. Brierley: The Training of a Chemist. Mr. R. Leslie Collett : The Professional Aspects of a (Assistant Secretary) Career in Chemistry. Birmingham .. Prof. J. C. Drummond : Problems of Vitamin Research Mr. T. Macara: Co-operative Research in the Food Industries. Mr. R. Leslie Collett : Transference from the Asso-(Assistant Secretary) ciateship to the Fellowship. Exhibition of films of Chemical interest--By the courtesy of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. By invitation,-Lectures of the Birmingham University Biochemical Society. Bristol .. Mr. Edward Russell : Some Toxicological Cases. Visit to Erinoid, Ltd., Stroud. A discussion on the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1926, opened by Mr.Rowland H. Ellis. Cape .. .. Reception, on the occasion of the visit of the President. Luncheon to Fellows and Associates, visiting South Africa as members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Edinburgh .. Mr. R. Wheatley: Heating Methods in the Rub- ber Industry. Dr. J. D. M. Ross: X-Rays and Crystal Struc-ture. Visit to Wm. Younger & Co., Ltd., Brewers, Edinburgh. Mr. 5. D. Forrester: Potentiometric Bromination of Beta-Naphthol-SulphonicAcids. Mr.J. G. Mackay: The Estimation of Sulphur in Rubber. An Exhibitioii of Apparatus and Chemicals. Mr. J. Arthur Reavell : Heat Transmission. Mr. A. M. Cameron: The Sea as a Source of Raw Materials. Mr. D. Stewart: Modern Developments in the Petroleum Industry.15 Qlasgow . . A meeting with the Ardeer Chemical Club. Mr. W. P. Dreaper: Artificial Silk. Prof. Gilbert T. Morgan: Chemical Studies of Low Temperature Tar. Prof. G. G. Henderson: Recent Researches in the Ter- pene Series. Visit to the Glasgow Corporation Sewage Purification Works. Prof. F. J. Wilson: Lieut.-Col. Sir Arnold Wilson : Huddersfield . . Prof. W. C. McC. Lewis: Prof. I. M. Heilbron Mr. R. Leslie Collett : (Assistant Secretary) Mr. H. J. Hodsman: Dr. F. L. Pyman: Dr. H. H. Hodgson: Irish Free State Mr. P. O’Callaghan: The recent visit to South Africa of the British Asso- ciation for the Advance-ment of Science. A Central Building in London for Scientific and Technical Institutions.Some Physico-Chemical As- pects of Malignancy. Spiropyrans and the Forma- tion of Coloured Ions. The Present Position and Activities of the Institute. The Chemist and the Fuel Industries. Vitamins and Hormones. An Evening with the Electrons Significant and ImportantExperiments in Radio-Activitv. Visit to the Irish Free State Butter-yesting Station. Mr. R. Leslie Collett : The Chemist as a Professional (Assistant Secretary) Man. Demonstration of Glass-blowing by Dr. A. G. G. Leonard. Leeds .. .. Mr. C. H. Manley: Mr. H. Trefor Jones: Liverpool . . Dr. A. Cousen: Mr. F. Wokes: Mr. G. E. Knowles: The Preservatives Regula-tions, 1925-27. The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act. The Technologist in the Glass Industry.Some Principles of Bio-chemical Assay.A Short History of the Coal Tar Colour Industry. Mr. Richard B. Pilcher: Alchemists in Art and (Registrar) Literature. A debate on Registration, opened by Prof. W. H. Roberts. Dr. Eichard Thomas: The Soap Industry,-A His-Mr. Eric Rideout : South- Eastern London and Dr. T. R. Duggan: Counties torical Review. Smoke Damage to Agricul-ture. The Status of Chemists in the United States before and after the War. Visit to the laboratories of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., Ltd. Mr. Robt. C. Frederick: Ventilation Conditions, Nor-mal and Abnormal, and their Investigation, 16 Dr. A. E. Dunstan: The Chemist in the Petroleum Industry.Prof. Leonard Hill : Recent Developments in the Scientific Study of DeepSea Diving.Malaya . . Dr. F. E. Byron: Forensic Chemistry. Visits to the laboratories of the Agricultural Department, the Institute for Medical Research, and the Rubber Research Institute and to the Experimental Planta- tions of the Agricultural Department. Visit to the factory and laboratories of the Wilkinson Process Rubber Company. Discussions on Matters of Professional Interest. Visit to the Municipal Gas Works, Singapore.Dr. Madgwick: A Range of Tests on Porous Building Materials. Mr. A. C. Brooks; Some Aspects of the Chemis- try of Photography.Mr.C. F. Flint: Microchemistry. Major B. J. Eaton: The Chemist and the Rubber Industry.Manchester . . Dr. H. D. K. Drew: Pregl’s Methods of Quantita-tive Micro-analysis.Prof. C. K. Ingold: Mechanism of Atomic Struc- ture-Significance of the Thiele Hypothesis. Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw: Some Notes on the Art of Research. Dr. F. A. Freeth: Industrial Research. Newcastle-upon-Discussions on Matters of Professional Interest, including Tyne tho Importance of Science to Local Industries. New Zealand .. Prof. T. H. Easterfield: The Training of a Chemist. Discussion on the Present and Future Status of Chemists in New Zealand, and on the Question of Registration.Visit to the Auckland City Water Filtration Plant. South Wales . . Prof. T. Campbell James: Pollution of Rivers. Mr. Arthur Grounds: The Preparation of Coal for the Market. Mr. E. A. Tyler : Qualitative Analysis of In-organic Substances and its Place in a Scheme of Instruction in Chemistry.Further Notes on Pure Chemicals. Dr. C. A. Edwards: The Chemistry of Tin Plate Manufacture. Mr. H. J. Hodsman: Smokeless Fuels and How they Burn. It will be seen from the above that the President has visited the Cape Section; the Registrar, the Liverpool and North- Western Section, and the Assistant Secretary the Belfast, Birm- ingham, Glasgow, Huddersfield and Irish Free State Sections. The Council has sanctioned the formation of a new Local Section for Aberdeen and the North of Scotland. 17 An Association for Registered Students is being formed in connection with the Manchester and District Section. 12. THE STUDENTS’ ASSOCIATION (LONDON).The Registered Students in the London Area have been invited to several meetings of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section. 13. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The Council again acknowledges the services rendered to the Institute by the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries. 14. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER. Although the membership of the Institute continues steadily to increase, the percentage of members unemployed remains fairly stationary at a little more than one per cent. of the total membership. At the date of this Report, IZ Fellows and 57 Associates are known to be without employment as compared with 6 Fellows and 62 Associates in January, 1929. It is hoped that Fellows and Associates who are able to bring suitable vacancies to the notice of the Institute will communicate particulars to the Registrar in order that those who are un- employed or who wish to improve their positions may be notified. 15.THE RETlKlNG PRESIDENT. Having completed the full term of three years as President of the Institute, Professor Arthur Smithells retires from the Chair at the Annual General Meeting on 3rd March. The Council records its sincere appreciation of the services rendered to the Institute by Professor Smithells and of his courtesy and ability in the guidance of its affairs throughout his occupancy of the Chair, and recalls especially the admirable manner with which he presided over the Jubilee Celebrations in 1927. During his period of office the influence of the Institute and its usefulness to the Fellows and Associates have been further enhanced, and the roll of membership has increased by over 500 members,-denoting substantial progress in the organisation of the profession of chemistry.30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. 3Ist January, I930. 18 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS. We hereby report that we have examined the books and accounts of the Institute of Chemistry for the year ended 31st December, 1929, and have compared with the vouchers the entries therein, and certify that the following statements are correct as shown by the books. Certificates from the Bank of England and the Westminster Bank, Ltd., for investments held by them respectively for the Institute at the above date have been produced.DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. WALTERP. HARMSWORTH, CHARLESE. BARRS. 11th January, 1930. BENEVOLENT FUND. I hereby report that I have also examined the books and accounts of the Benevolent Fund and certify the statement as correct and in accordance therewith. DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. 11th. January, 1930. STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES, 31st December, 1929. 1928. 1929. 1928. 1949. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. Balance as at 31st Dec., 1929 1,051 2 0 Subscriptions received in €3,000 Victoria 5% Inscribed advance-2,970 0 0 Stock, 1935-45 ..2,700 0 0 48 16 6 Fellows' €51 19 6 €1,042 10s. New 'Zealand 56 5 9 Associates' 86 6 3 44% 1948-58 (converted 300 Students' 300 from €1,000 New Zealand 141 5 9 995 0 0 4% Inscribed Stock, 1929) 959 2 0 143 4 6 Applications in abeyance ..177 19 6 €700 Canada 34% Registered Fees retained (1927-29) less 581 0 0 Stock, 1930-50 .. .. 560 0 0 70 7 0 reductions for fees forfeited 88 4 0 €500 Metropolitan 3% Consoli- 75 0 0 Rent outstanding .. .. 75 0 0 422 10 0 dated Stock .. .. 415 0 0 32 16 7 Accounts rendered and due 49 8 2 €500 Great Western Railway, 185 5 8 Overdraft 1928 . . .. ---260 0 0 24%DebentureStock . . 245 0 0 Surplus Assets over Lia-€500 London, Midland and bilities, 31st December,Scottish Railway 5% Re- 18,369 3 8 1929 .. .. ..19,341 3 0 477 10 0 deemable Preference Stock 460 0 0 €2,000 London, Midland and Soottish Railway 4% Pre-ference Stock (increased 841 11 6 from €1,145 Stock)* .. 1,400 0 0 €4,000 5% War Loan 1929-47 4,100 0 0 Inscribed Stock .. ..4,010 0 0 €630 12s. 7d. Conversion 44% 624 5 10 Stock .. 589 12 8 €1,000 Nationil Wai'Bonds, 1929, Series 4, now repaid ---1,050 0 0 ($1,050) . . 4,636 2 6 55,850 Conversion 3&% Stock 4,343 12 6 990 0 0 $1,000 Conversion 44y0 Stock 935 0 0 ---€1,250 4% Funding Loan? ..1,068 15 0 971 13 4 Redemption Fund Premiums$ 1,082 1 8 64 6 6 Sundry Accounts due .. 49 6 8 Due from S. M. Gluckstein ---Memorial Fund . . .. 4 7 11 €18,983 19 8 €19,873 0 5 €18,983 19 8 €19,873 0 5 f New investment: cost E1,113 11s. 2d.; re-investing proceeds of fJ1,OOO National War Bonds, repaid. * Holding increased: cost 6593 158. 14. 5 To realise 650,000 in March, 2010.The statement above does not include the value of the lease and premises of the Institute, furniture, library, apparatus, etc. The above investments have been valued at market prices at close of business on 31st December, 1929. 2120 THE lNSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Founded IS7 7. Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1885. FOR THE YEARENDED 31s~DECEMBER,STATEMENTOF RECEIPTSAND EXPENDITURE 1929. GENERAL ACCOUNT 1928. RECEIPTS. 1929. 1928. EXPENDITURE. 1929. E s. d. ds s. d, S s. d. $ s. d. E s. ti. $ s. d. Printing. t?tationery, etc- € a. d. € s. d. 29 6 6 Balance as at 31st December, 1927 __ --483 13 5 Journal, Part VI., 1928, Parts I-V., 1929 .. 502 7 2 382 11 5 Other Printing, Stationery, etc.. ... .. 274 1 0Subscriptions-Postage-2,825 0 h Fellows .. . . 2,914 9 6 212 9 16 Journal . . .. .. .. .. ,. 187 10 0 371 2 7 Ordinary .. .. .. .. .. .. 375 0 55,285 15 4 Associates . . .. 5,487 11 6 917 2 1I Rent, Rates, Taxes, Insurance and Telephone .. 904 6 0 319 0 C Students . . .. 339 5 0 208 1 5 Repairs, House and Furniture .. *. .. 147 14 1 8,429 16 3 ~-8,741 6 0 4,662 10 I Salaries, Wages and Gratuities .. .. ..4,737 4 8 174 2 C Advertisements .. .. .. .. .. 165 4 6Dividends and Intereot 352 15 E Gas, Water, Light, Power and Fuel .. .. 336 10 1 833 7 6 Gross.. .. .. 944 19 7 515 11 4 Examiners, Assessors and Assistants (Fees and 125 7 1 Less Tax . . . . 137 7 6 Expenses) . . *. .. .. .. .. 559 12 6 166 3 5 Apparatus and Materials .. .. .. .. 134 10 0 708 0 7 807 12 1 287 9 C Library (including g250 to Chemical Society) .. 284 1 3 30 16 11 Sale of Publications .. .. .. 14 7 3 412 10 1I Local Sections .. .. .. .. .. 427 4 1 38 7 I Donations .. .* .. .. .. .. 51 LO 0456 Sundry Receipts . . .. .. 083 64 5 C Miscellaneous *-.. .. .. .. 66 14 8 633 7 0 Hire of Laboratories and Rooms .. 424 2 6 109 3 2 Officers' Travelling Expenses, Fares, etc. .. 60 1 3 619 10 0 Examination and Assessment Fees . . 711 7 6 31 10 I Auditor's honorarium .. .. .. .. 31 10 0 85 10 S Lectures and Lantern Slides .. .. .. 99 13 9 ~ 225 13 6 Appointments Register .. .. 234 6 0 259 2 I Members of Council Travelling Expenses . 305 2 6 133 4 70 Advertisements in Journal . . .. 155 17 4 215 II C Staff Assurance .... .. .. .. 220 10 0 636 10 $ Register for 1928 and 1929 .. .. .. ---53 3 I Legal Expenses .. .. .. -. .. 61 4 0 10 10 I Frankland Medal Award .. .. .. ._ 10 10 0 20,714 1 1 11,089 8 11 10,650 0 4 9,942 L LL Extraordinary Beceapt8- Extraordinary Expenditure.- Funds for Investment-Purchase of Stock- E1,250 4% Funding Stock667 16 0 Entrance Fees . . .. .. 682 11 0 1960/1990 .... 1,113 1'1 2119 14 0 Life Compositions .. .. .. 70 7 0 g855 London, Midland and 752 18 0 Scottish Railway, 4% Fees on Applications in abeyance-Preference Stock .. 693 16 1 70 7 0 Fellows .. .. .. .. 116 0 6 1,707 63 72 17 6 Associates . . .. .. .. 61 19 0 Less repayment of ;El,OOO National War Bonds .. .. . . 1,050 00 I7 17 0 Fees retained .. .. .. ..657 6 3 Streatfeild Fund- Redemption Fund Premium . . .. .. 110 8 4 800 Interest .. .. .. .. 767 14 7 3 19 6 406 Less expenses ., .. .. 48 6 C Application Fees returned (1927-1928 a/c) *. ---27 6 e 2611 3ffice Equipment . . .. .. .. *. 12 9 0-I-Balance Debtor- 62 12 G Frankland Medal (Final Payment) .. .. _--Overdraft at Bank as at 31st December, 280 10 3 Jubilee Celebration Expenses .. .f ** __ --185 5 8 1928 .. .. .. .. -I43 19 3 Transferred to Sir A. Pedler Account; .. .* -_ I ----rransferred to Meldola Deposit Account . . .. 25 13 11 rransferred to Streatfeild Deposit Account .. 26 4 5 3. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture .. .. 4 7 11 68 iS 3 Repayment of Overdraft, 1928 Account .. .. 185 5 8 Balance as at 31st December, 1929-Current .... .. .. .. . . 301 2 0 I.Deposit .. .. .. .. .. 750 0 0 1,051 2 0 --~ E129042 €11,851 17 9 $11,851 17 9 €12,042 5 5 ~ BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for the year ended 31st December, 1929. 1928. 1929. 1928. 1929. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € 8. d. 30 2 1 Balance, 31st December, 1928 .. .. 10 12 0 117 5 5 Grants . . .. .. .. .. 559 9 7 294 15 0 Subscriptions .. .. .. .. 295 9 5 39 2 9 Printing, etc. .. .. .. .. 43 7 0 292 8 9 Annual Subscriptions .. .. .. 359 0 3 5 5 0 Audit Fee . . .. .. .. .. 550 8 0 0 From Loans Account 453 0 8 Transferred to Annuities Account .. ------Dr. Balance .. .. .. .. 88 5 7 10 12 0 Balance, 31st December 1929. Due from Loans Account .. .. 145 5 8 €625 5 10 €753 7 3 €625 5 10 €753 7 3 Loans Account.€ s. d. 5 s. d. € s. d. 5 s. d. 88 0 0 Loans repaid . . .. .. .. 44 14 4 80 0 0 Loans .. .. .. .. .. 190 0 0 ---From Current Account .. .. .. 145 5 8 800 Balance credited to Current Account .. ---1€88 0 0 €190 0 0 $38 0 01 €190 0 0 ___-Annuities Account. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. 6 5 3 Balance ,. .. .. .. . . 141 10 9 230 5 0 Annuities .. .. .. .. .. 272 10 0 261 13 11 Donations .. .. .. .. .. 386 19 0 453 0 8 Purchase of Stock .. .. 444 8 11 82 2 7 Dividends and Interest .. .. .. 108 0 10 Less repayment of €200 21 14 0 Income Tax reDaid . . *. .. ---National War Bonds.. 210 0 0 453 0 8 Transferred frdm Current Account .. _--234 8 11 141 10 9 Balance, 31st December, 1929 . . .. 129 11 8 €636 10 7 $824 16 5 €636 10 7 Benevolent Fund: Statement of Assets and Liabilities, 31st December, 1929.Current Account. 1928. 1928. € s. d, ASSETS. € s. d. f s. d. LIABILITIES. € s. d. 517 0 6 Loans outstanding .. .. ., 662 5 8 25 0 C Printing (estimated) . . 20 0 0 ---Due from Loans Account . . .. 145 5 8 517 0 0 Loans .. 662 5 8 Balances at Bank- Excess of Lia-10 12 6 Current .. .. .. .. ---bilities over 14 8 0 Assets . . ---502 12 6 Excess of Assets over Liabilities 125 5 8 787 11 4 €527 12 01 €807 11 4 $527 12 6 €807 11 4 € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. 774 0 0 Loans .. .. .. .. .. 964 0 0 257 0 0 Loans repaid .. .. *. .. 301 14 4 f.3 517 0 0 Loans outstanding . . .. .. 662 5 8 W 55964 0 0 €774 0 0 €964 0 0 € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. 539 6 9 €533 19s.10d. India 54% 1932 at 984. . 525 19 8 To Balance of Fund, 31st December, $200 National War Bonds, Series 4, 2,295 17 6 1929 .. .. .. .. ..2,307 3 9 210 0 0 1929, now repaid .. .. .. ---€250 4% Funding Loan, 1960-90, in-225 0 0 creased to €750, at 854 .. .. 641 5 0 343 0 0 €350 S. Australia 5% 1945-75 at 90 .. 315 0 0 396 0 0 €400,44% Conversion Stock at 934 . . 374 0 0 €450 Com. of Australia 5% 1945-75 at 441 0 0 91 ,. 409 10 0 134 7 9 Balance at'Bank,'3lst December, 1929 36 9 11 730 Balance in hand .. .. .. 4 19 2 52,295 17 6 €2,307 3 9 €2,295 17 6 €2,307 3 9 r 24 E s. d. € s. d By Balance received from To Expenses of Lecture 6 2 10 Institute General Balance on Deposit.. 28 17 3 Account . . .. 26 4 5 Dividends and Interest (S200 5 % War Loan, 1929-47) .. .. 8 15 8 €35 0 1 €35 0 1 __-€ s. d. S s. d. By Balance received from To Balance on Deposit .. 26 8 11 Institute General Account .. .. 25 13 11 InterestonDeposit -. 0 15 0 €26 8 11-~__ 26 Proceedings of the Council. Deaember, i929--Januarg, 1930. Nomination of the Council, 1930-1931.-The balloting list for the election of Officers, Council and Censors at the Annual General Meeting, to be held on 3rd March, has been issued to the Fellows and Associates, and should be returned to the Secretary, so that the votes be received at the Institute not later than 4.30 p.m. on Saturday, 1st March. Messrs. Charles A. Adams and J. H. Lane have been appointed Scrutineers for this election.Dr. George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., has been nominated as President in succession to Professor Arthur Smithells who has occupied the Chair during the past three years. Dr. Clayton has been a member of the Institute for nearly forty years. Educated at Harrow and University College, Liverpool, he passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1890, and in the same year proceeded to Heidel-berg, where he graduated as Ph.D. On his return to Liverpool he was engaged in physiological chemical research for two years, before he joined the United Alkali Co. as a research chemist in 1896. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1902. In due course, he became a Director of the United Alkali Co., Ltd., and of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.In 1919 he was appointed C.B.E. He is a Justice of the Peace, and from 1922 to 1929 was Member of Parliament for Widnes. He was a member of the Advisory Council for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research from 1925 to 1929. He was elected a member of the Council of the Institute in 1926 and, since March, 1928, has been Chairman of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee. In 1929, he was elected a Vice-president. He has represented the Institute on several occasions, viz.: on deputations to the Air Ministry and the Ministry of Health ; as a witness before the Inter-Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts; and in negotia- tions with the Scottish Office, regarding the Local Government (Scotland) Rill, and with the Ministry of Agriculture with 26 reference to chemists in the beet sugar industry.He has through- out taken an interest in the Liverpool and North-Western Section, and presided at the Annual Dinner of the Section in 1921. He presided at the Annual Chemical Dinner in London in 1928. Dr. Clayton is at present abroad, but is expected home in April. Industrial Poisons.-Owing to the pressure of his official duties, Dr. John C. Bridge requested that the Council would excuse him from his promise to give a lecture, before the Institute, on Industrial Poisons. Dr. Bridge, suggested, however, that Sir Thomas Legge, late H.M. Senior Medical Inspector of Factories, Home Office, should be invited to give a lecture in his stead.The Council was glad, therefore, to obtain the consent of Sir Thomas Legge to give a lecture on “Industrial Gases and Fumes and their Prevention,” on 21st February. Cards for the lecture were issued at the same time as the balloting list for the election of the new Council. A report of the proceedings will be published in due course. Royal Commission on Local Government.-Early in 1gz8,-jointly with the Council of the Society of Public Analysts, -the Council submitted a Memorandum to the Royal Commission on Local Government regarding the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts and the conditions of appointment of Public Analysts and of Official Agricultural Analysts. (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1928, pages 87-93.) The Royal Commission, however, did not invite the Institute or the Society to give oral evidence, on the ground that the Memorandum referred mainly to the conditions of service of Public Analysts and their remuneration,-questions which did not fall specifically within their terms of reference.The Final Report of the Royal Commission (Cmd. 3436) con- tains, however, on page 10, under “Functions of Local Authorities”: Chapter I, Section 111, a number of paragraphs (34-39 inclusive), dealing with the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, and with the appointment of Public Analysts. Par. 34 rehearses the existing law with regard to the appointmentof Public Analysts, and to taking samples for analysis by the Public Analyst.27 Par. 35 refers to the evidence given on behalf of the Association of Local Authorities. The Association of Municipal Corporations suggested that the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts should be administered by the Council of any borough having a Medical Officer precluded from engaging in private practice. Par. 36-dealing with evidence given on behalf of the Minister of Health-suggests that “responsibility for the despatch of this function should be concentrated in the hands of authorities having jurisdiction over reasonably wide areas and possessing adequate financial resources ”; the Minister states that it is clear that local authorities of areas with small populations and restricted financial resources cannot make satisfactory provision for the work, and suggests “it should be assigned to county councils, but that Urban authorities (whether already empowered to appoint Public Analysts, or not) who employ a Medical Officer of Health, either alone or in combination with other local authorities, on terms which preclude him from engaging in private practice, should be enabled by statute to represent to the Minister that it is desirable that full powers to administer the Act should be entrusted to them.” The evidence on behalf of the Minister of Health referred to the administration of the Act in the ten small boroughs where the Town Councils at present appoint Public Analysts, but made no reference to the larger non-county boroughs, some of which have a population of between 30,000 and 40,000.Par. 37 states that the Secretary of the Ministry explained that while it was suggested that the main powers should be assigned to county councils, it was not proposed to deprive sanitary authorities of their powers to procure samples and take proceedings. Par. 38 gives the conclusion and recommendation of the Royal Commission, viz.-that the full powers and duties (comprising the appoint- ment of an analyst as well as the taking of samples) should be assigned to authorities having jurisdiction over considerable areas, and that the Councils of Counties and County Boroughs are the most suitable authorities for this purpose. It is not the intention of the Commission that Borough Councils who are now exercising these powers should entirely cease to do so, but that they should continue through their medical officers and other officers to take samples for analysis, and, when necessary, cause proceedings to be taken; and that they should be encouraged and assisted in the performance of these functions by a County Council having power to contribute towards the cost.Par. 39 recommends, however, that the appointment of Public Analysts be assigned to County Councils and County Borough Councils ; that Councils of County districts retain the right to procure samples and take proceedings; and a County Council be empowered to contribute towards the cost incurred by a Council of a County District. Certain Public Analysts who are acting for important boroughs which have not been constituted as County Boroughs, but have considerable populations, would be seriously affected if the recommendations of the Royal Commission were carried into effect.Any fresh legislation on the lines suggested should make provision for adequate compensation for loss of office. The statement of the Minister of Health regarding the inadequate administration of the Act in the smaller non-county 28 boroughs relates to a matter which would appear to be within the power of the Ministry to remedy, in view of the authority vested in the Minister to enforce the proper administration of the Act in any case of neglect by a local authority. Local Sections.-The Report of Council indicates that the activities of the Local Sections have been well maintained.The Council appreciates the services rendered by the Committees and Honorary Officers of the Sections, and looks to the Fellows and Associates to support them in promoting the corporate spirit of the members within their respective districts. The approximate number of members attached, at present, to each Section is given below:- Section. No. of Member& Aberdeen and North of Scotland .. .. 50 Belfast and District .. .. .. .- 33 Birmingham and Midlands .. Bristol and South Western Counties Cape .. .. .. .. .. Edinburgh and East of Scotland . . Glasgow and West of Scotland . . Huddersfield .. .. .I .. .. *. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . 495 188 30 218 331 61 Irish Free State .. .. .. .. . . 66 Leeds Area .. .. .. .. .. .. 326 Liverpool and North-Western Counties .. London and South Eastern Counties .. .. .. 315 2124 Malaya .. .. Manchester and District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 408 Newcastle and North East Coast .. .. 141 New Zealand .. .. .. .. . . 41 South Wales .. .. .. .. .. 166 29 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The inaugural meeting of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section was held at Marischal College on 7th February. Twenty-five members were present. Dr. J. F. Tocher, having been voted to the Chair, called upon the Registrar to explain the objects for which Local Sections were formed. The Registrar, in doing so, conveyed greetings from the President and Council and referred briefly to the rules for Local Sections, draft copies of which were distributed among the members present.It was agreed that the rules be considered in detail at the next meeting. The Committee was elected as follows:-Dr. J. F. Tocher (Chairman), Professor Alexander Findlay, Professor James Hendrick, Mr. W. Godden, Dr. A. N. Campbell, Mr. R. Craven, and Miss A. W. Stewart, with Mr. Patrick Mitchell, as Hon, Secretary and Treasurer. On the motion of Professor Findlay, seconded by Professor Hendrick, a vote of thanks was accorded the Registrar for his at tendance. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-On 28th January, Mr. Edward Russell presided at the third meeting of the session, held in Bristol University, and introduced Mr. T.Wallace, of the University of Bristol Agricultural Research Station, Long Ashton, who read a paper on bb Soil Analysis, with special reference to its value for advisory purposes.” The soil is an extremely complex natural body. It consists of rock fragments and of particles of mineral matter of various sizes and stages of weathering; of organic matter resulting from the remains of plant and animal matter; it has an atmosphere of its own and a teeming population of organisms. 30 It thus offers plenty of scope for analysis, but when an analyst examines a soil for the purpose of determining its need for manures, he usually confines his attention to the estimation of hygroscopic moisture, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, acidity and carbonate of lime content.Sound advice on manuring cannot be given on the mere analysis of a single soil sample in the laboratory. It is necessary for the analyst to have a sound knowledge of agricultural practice, of the particular crop requirements and of the type of soil con- cerned. The determinations made at present do not usually include Mg, Mn, S, Fe, etc., but these may be important in certain cases. Interest in soil analysis was greatly stimulated from 1840 by Lawes and Gilbert, and by Liebig. The greatest advance in methods of analysis in the nineteenth century was made by Dyer, in developing methods for the determination of "available " K20 and P20,.More recently, new methods, especially for K,O and P205,have been proposed by Neubauer, Mitscherlich and Lemmermann. Some of the chief factors which influence the utility of soil analysis for advisory purposes are :-(I) Deficiency of nutrient elements other than those usually determined. (2) Inter-relationships of elements essential to the nutrition of crops. (3) Relations of essential elements of nutrition to soil reaction. (4) Relation of essential elements of nutrition to other en- vironmen tal factors. (5) The toxic effects of excess of essential elements. (6) The nature of the particular plant concerned. Soil analysis is a useful aid to advisory work if the results are used by a specialist possessing intimate knowledge and experience of the various factors relating to the soils and crops involved; but if the results of analyses are used in any other way, then they are of little value and, in fact, the advice tendered may lead to wrong treatment and useless expenditure.The best method of providing a sound basis for advisory work on crop production is to carry out detailed soil and agri- cultural surveys, and to follow up these with well chosen field experiments and chemical investigations on both soils and plants. 31 Mr. Wallace having replied to the points raised in the course of discussion by Mr. Wintle, Dr. Maxted and Dr. Slater, a vote of thanks was accorded to him on the proposition of the Chairman.The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held in the Chemical Department of Bristol University on 18th March, at 7.30 p.m., and will be followed by a discussion on professional matters. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The members of the Section were the guests of the Ardeer Chemical Club at the Eglinton Hotel, Ardrossan, on 10th January, when members of both Bodies and of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry joined in a social meeting. The visiting party was received by Mr. F. D. Miles. After tea, a varied musical programme was provided, to which members of all three societies contributed, Mr. Donaldson, of Ardeer, occupying the chair. During an interval, Dr. Jenkins proposed the health of the visitors, to which Dr.J. A. Cranston replied. On the proposal of Dr. P. F. Gordon, the thanks of the visitors were accorded to the Ardeer Chemical Club for providing a very pleasant evening. A joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute, the Institution of the Rubber Industry, and the Society of Chemical Industry was held at the Engineers’ and Shipbuilders’ Institute, on 16th January, when Mr. W. H. Stevens read a paper on- ‘(The Applications and Analysis of Rubber Latex.” Professor T. S. Patterson occupied the chair. Mr. Stevens made a broad survey of the various processes, beginning with the collection of the crude rubber down to the finished manufactured product. Xatural latex was obtained from the bark of certain trees by a process of tapping, and consisted of minute particles of liquid, solid or semi-fluid material (rubber hydrocarbon or caoutchouc) in suspension in a watery liquid or serum.The lecturer pointed out the obvious manufactuling advant- ages to be derived from the use of latex which was really an aqueous solution of rubber (about 33 per cent. strength) provided by nature, as compared with the older method of separating the crude rubber which was shipped and finally re-dissolved in organic solvents before being utilised for manufacturing purposes. Latex is easily fermentable, and to prevent this a certain proportion of ammonia is added. The rubber can subsequently be precipitated by the addition of lactic acid or other suitable reagent. One of the processes for which latex was particularly adapted was the preparation of rubber goods by “Dipping.” In this connection the use of latex by English manufacturers had made great headway against American competition.The following processes were peculiar to latex and had no counterpart for rubber doughs or naphtha solution. (I) Electro-deposition (electrophoresis) ,-in which the par- ticles of latex are conveyed by an electric current passed through the latex solution and are deposited on a suitable mould or form at the anode. (2)The sizing, impregnating or coating of paper, boards, wood, leather and other materials which are more readily pene- trated by an aqueous medium of low viscosity such as latex, than by a highly viscous medium, such as rubber, in an organic solvent, e.g.naphtha. In certain latex processes traces of metals were injurious, particularly copper, manganese and cobalt, and they had found Dr. Callan’s test for copper, using sodium diethyldithiocarbonate, extremely useful. The lecture was illustrated with a number of interesting lantern slides, including a few graphs, which showed the superior mechanical properties of rubber from latex, compared with that obtained in the ordinary way. A discussion followed, in which Messrs. Robertson, Martin, Clark, Ryan, Nuttall, Young, Kirkwood, Dr. Mitchell, and Prof. Patterson took part. ,4 joint meeting of the Section with the other Chemical Societies in Glasgow was held on 31st January, when Professor I. M. Heilbron, of Liverpool, delivered an address on 6b Our Present Knowledge of the Fat-soluble Vitamins A & D.” Professor G.G. Henderson, Vice-president of the Institute, presided over a largc gathering. The lecturer described vitamins as a group of substances of 33 widely differing chemical properties, but having the common property of being essential to health. We could perhaps regard them as external hormones,” but whereas animals could synthesise hormones, they were dependent, for vitamins, on a diet of vegetables. Vitamins were highly labile substances, and it was difficult to be sure when we were dealing with a single specific factor. Vitamin D was, however, almost certainly only one substance. This fat-soluble dietary factor, found mainly in fish-liver-oil, was responsible for bone production in the animal organism.Certain foodstuffs which, in themselves, had no such anti-rachitic properties, acquired these properties on exposure to ultra-violet light. The ‘(pro-vitamin ” in these foodstuffs was found to be present in the unsaponifiable portion of both animal and vegetable oils, and ultimately the sterols, cholesterol and phytosterol, were considered responsible. If cholesterol is chemically altered by exposure to short- wave irradiations it should exhibit, according to the Grotthus- I>raper Law, well-defined absorption bands in the region of 300pp, these wave-lengths being the limit of sunlight at high altitudes. The lecturer and his colleagues found, however, that the absorption spectrum of highly purified cholesterol showed only two very indistinct shallow bands at about 280 and zgopp, and concluded that the physiological activity of irradiated cholesterol was due to the presence in it of a minute trace of another substance.By concentrating the impurity in the least soluble portion of a lengthy fractional crystallisation of cholesterol from ethyl acetate, a substance having definite absorption bands 293,280,269and faintly at 262pp and possessing four times the physiological potency of cholesterol, was isolated. Almost simultaneously Rosenheim and Webster found that cholesterol regenerated from its crystalline dibromide was not activated by ultra-violet light, and simultaneously with Windaus and Hess attribu,ted the “provitamin ” properties to ergosterol, which was originally isolated from ergot, but is now manu-factured from yeast. So little as I/IOO,OOO mg.of irradiated ergosterol is sufficient to show a curative effect in young rats, and it is present only to the extent of 0.05 per cent. in cholesterol. The lecturer found ergosterol also in practically all vegetable oils. Professor Heilbron then dealt with the chemical structure of ergosterol, and described the work that is being carried out in his laboratory to determine the chemical change undergone by it on irradiation, so as to establish the constitution of vitamin D 34 itself. He believed that the three ethenoid linkages in ergosterol occupied the nuclear positions I: 13, 6: 7, and 10: 19.The 6: 7 position was common to all sterols. Dehydration of cholesterol to cholesteriline showed the presence of double linkages at positions 6: 7 and I: 13. Rosenheim had shown that the I: 13 position was characterised by definite colourations with a chloro- form solution of antimony trichloride, and an aqueous solution of trichloroacetic acid respectively, both of which were given by ergosterol, but it was characteristic of ergosterol that the colour produced rapidly changed. The colour tests were not answered after hydrogenation of ergosterol to a-ergosterol. This required only four atoms of hydrogen, and since double bonds attached to quaternary carbon atoms are difficult to hydrogenate, the lecturer postulated the position 10:19 for the third ethenoid linkage.He believed that the Tortelli- Jaffk colour reaction for ergosterol and its derivatives was specific for detection of this inert 10:19 double bond. Professor Heilbron and his collabora- tors had studied the effect of irradiation on ergosterol spectro- graphically, and had obtained, with a product of high antirachitic potency, a new maximum selective absorption at 247pp, but since isoergosterol, which has no antirachitic properties, is characterised by a similar absorption band, their product, showing selective absorption at 247pp, could not be vitamin I>. Among other workers in this field, Webster and Bourdillon considered the maximum absorption bands at about 280-290pp to be a property of the vitamin.Smakula emphasises the necessity for the exclusion of oxygen and finds bands at 293 and 262pp. Bourdillon, Fischmann, Jenkins and Webster separated the vitamin D from ergosterol by removing an insoluble product of the latter with digitonin, and obtained a band at 280pp more than twice as intense as that given by ergosterol. The lecturer believed that as regards irradiation, vitamin D had the ergosterol structure, but its absorption band was definitely displaced towards the visible spectrum. With regard to the chemical aspect of the problem, Prof. Heilbron, after studying the action of heat on cholesterol, inclined to the belief that the fundamental reaction was one of ketone formation, but he had so far been unable to correlate the observed activity with this reaction.Rosenheim and Adam had made a similar suggestion. Windaus and Linsert had shown that the change ergosterol-+ vitamin D is not due to polymerisation, and Windaus and Rygh found that the vitamin is an alcohol probably differing from ergosterol in a simple stereoisomeric manner. In the lecturer’s laboratory, Simpson had prepared methylergosterol in which oxidation to ketone through >CHOH is inhibited, and. found that this derivative behaves very like ergosterol on irradiation and in the formation of derivatives, colour reactions, and absorption spectrum. Thus they had disposed of one problem, viz., ketone formation, and probably also free hydroxyl. Vitamin A. The richest sources of vitamin A were fish and animal liver-oils.It was absent from most vegetable oils, but green vegetables contained it in quantity, and it appeared that the vitamin found its way into fish and animal fats from vegetable sources. Like vitamin D, vitamin A was concentrated in the unsaponifiable fraction of fats, but was far less stable than the associated vitamin D. The blue colour obtained when vitamin A was treated with a chloroform solution of antimony trichloride was stable and was specific for this vitamin, and its intensity, as measured by a tintometer, agreed accurately with the biological method of assay. Certain lipochrome pigments like carotene appeared to give a similar colour reaction, but it had been found, in the lecturer’s laboratory, by quantitative measurement, that the main absorption bands of these blue colours were quite different.The potency of a vitamin A concentrate was des- troyed by treatment with oxygen or air. Vitamin A was also readily destroyed by bright sunlight or exposure to the radiation from a quartz mercury lamp. It was thus photo-labile, and would be expected to exhibit selective absorption, the bands being nearer the visible than those of vitamin D. Prof. Heilbron found that concentrates containing vitamin A showed a well defined absorption band at about 328pp, the intensity and definition of which ran absolutely parallel with the vitamin potency. The specificity of this band had been questioned, and Rosenheim and Webster observed that dehydroergosterol showed selective absorption in the region 320-328pp, but did not respond to the colour reaction nor promote growth.Prof. Heilbron was, however, unable to substantiate the spectrographic data of these workers. Rosenheim and Webster seemed inclined to the view that vitamin A was a member of the sterol group, and, although there was no direct evidence, this view had much to support it. With regard to the chemical nature of this vitamin, Takahashi’s “biosterin ” had been shown to be merely a concen- trate as complex as the original unsaponifiable matter. 36 Drummond and Baker had reported that in the highly potent shark liver-oil concentrates, vitamin A was present only to the extent of I per cent. The lecturer had examined such concen- trates, but had failed to isolate any substance to which vitamin A could be referred.By using a material richer in vitamin than anything he had previously employed, he had now an indication that the band at 328~~would ultimately be found to confine this issue to the sterol series. The view that carotene was either vitamin A itself or that the vitamin was a closely related pigment had gradually been abandoned. The potency of carotene diminished with increased purification, and the vitamin must be a colourless substance. It was, however, conceivable that there was more than one vitamin A or that the physiological functions of the vitamin depended upon the presence of more than one substance. The lecture was illustrated by experiments and lantern slides and was followed by an interesting discussion, Prof.F. J. Wilson, vice-chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, then occupy- ing the chair. Mr. S. H. B. Langlands, vice-chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, thanked Prof. Heilbron, on behalf of the participating societies , for coming back to Glasgow and delivering such an attractive and instructive lecture. Huddersfie1d.-The second meeting of the session was held, jointly with the local section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, in the George Hotel, on 11th December, 1929,-Dr. A. E. Everest presiding. The lecturer, Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Vice-Chairman of the Institute Section, took as his subject 4L An Evening with the Electrons.” In a brief but comprehensive rksumP1, Dr.Hodgson referred to the main theories regarding the electrical structure of matter, and explained how the old ideas of valency had been changed. Proceeding to discuss chemical reactions, he said that a molecule must be activated or polarised before it could react. Sys tems containing conj ugated chains were easily activated , and reactions formerly explained by partial valency received a simple explanation under the modern theory. The presence of different groups materially altered the possi- bilities of a system; in the aromatic series, groups which were electron-repelling were ortho- and para-directing, and we therefore had a modern explanation of the Crum Brown rule.On the other hand, groups such as NO,, CHO and COOH tended to pull electrons out of the ring, and less activity was shown at the ortho- and para-positions. Dr. Hodgson quoted typical examples where the effect of the different groups was easily observed. The Reimer-Tiemann reaction on phenol gave the ortho: para ratio less than I, but with m-chlorophenol the chlorine produced a “strain effect ” and the ortho: para ratio became nearer unity. With the substitution of the methyl group, the ratio was less than in the case of phenol. In dyestuffs, the “general effect” had to be considered. Benzeneazophenol was an equilibrium of the benzenoid and the quinonoid forms. In all cases the chlorine-substituted benzene- azophenols were deeper in colour than the unsubstituted body, but the substitution of the methyl group in certain positions favoured the benzenoid form and gave lighter colours than benzeneazophenol itself.A discussion followed in which many of the members took part, and Dr. Hodgson was cordially thanked for his interesting address. The third meeting of the session was held in Collinson’s Caf6, on zIst January, when Dr. A. E. Everest presided over a large at tendance. An address was given by Mr. T. B. Philip, of the Kestner Evaporator & Engineering Co. Ltd., on “The application of Spray Drying to Industry and its relation to other methods of evaporation and drying.” In the Spray Drier the three processes of evaporation, drying and grinding, associated with the production of a fine powder from a solution or suspension, were performed in one operation.Mr. Philip explained the principle of the Kestner Patent Spray Drier where the liquid to be dealt with was sprayed by means of a rotating disc atomiser into a drying chamber where the finely divided particles were rapidly and uniformly brought into contact with heated air. In general, the plant could deal with any solution or fine suspension which left a solid residue after removal of water, and the drying of strong sodium silicate solution, malt extract and precipitated chalk, were quoted as 38 illustrating the diverse types of materials which could be success- fully handled. Chemically, the plant could operate over a large range; free volatile acids caused little trouble and ferrous sul- phate solution containing 4-5 per cent.free H,SO, could be dried without any evidence of oxidation. The feed pipes and the atomiser disc were the only parts in contact with the acid, and these were protected by a suitable plating. The products from the Spray Drier were generally of lower bulk density, and this formed an important feature of the operation. While the particles remained solid, bulk density did not alter with the speed of the atomiser. At higher speeds, with certain materials, the particles were hollow, and in one particular case the bulk density was found to be inversely proportional to the speed of the atomiser. The thermal efficiency of the actual drying plant depended on the inlet temperature of the air.For food products the inlet temperature did not generally exceed 150" C, and with an exit temperature of 80" C the highest possible efficiency was 50 per cent. With inlet and exit temperatures of 350°C and 100°C respectively the efficiency was increased to 70 per cent., and with the higher temperature the rate of evaporation was so consider-ably accelerated that the capacity of the plant was greatly increased. Still further economies were obtained by circulating the exit air up a scrubbing tower; the air was scrubbed from dust particles and the heat was used to concentrate the dilute liquor going forward to the drier. Where permissible, the entire products of a furnace might be taken into the drier along with the excess air, or alternatively, the flue gases direct or with air.Such arrangements gave the highest efficiency and were successfully used in a patent process for the production of Fe,O,; the ferrous sulphate after drying was calcined to the oxide, and the flue gases from the calcining plant were taken together with a quantity of excess air, to the air distributors of the spray-drying plant. Comparing the operating costs of the spray drier with those of other evaporators, Mr. Philip said the spray drier working under the highest efficiency conditions compared favourably with the ordinary single-effect evaporator. The spray drier was easily controlled by regulating the exit temperature of the air; the inlet temperature might vary, and it was a simple matter to adjust the feed of liquor so that 39 the exit temperature varied only between certain predetermined limits.In the discussion which followed, Mr. Philip explained many points of interest raised by Dr. Hiscock, Dr. Paul, Messrs. Foster, G. B. Jones, Hall, Scouller, Strafford and Wykes in connection with the operation of the plant. On the motion of Mr. Wykes, seconded by Mr. Calam, the meeting showed their appreciation of Mr. Philip’s address by an enthusiastic vote of thanks. Members are reminded that the final meeting of the winter session will be held on Tuesday, 11th March, when Dr. W. H. Hatfield will give an address on “Corrosion and Heat-resisting Steels.” Liverpool and North-Western.-On 17th January, the members of the Section were invited by the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry to attend a meeting held at the University of Liverpool, when Professor E.C. C. Baly read a paper on “The Mechanism of the Activated Sludge Process of Sewage Disposal.” The following abstract is reproduced from Chemistry and Industry, January 24th, 1930, p. 77:-Investigation has been made of the electric charge on the colloids present in sewage. Two methods have been used, namely, the flocculation of aqueous suspensions of fine powders which are electro-negatively charged, and the method of cataphoresis. It has been established that the colloids are similar to proteins and, when free from the effect of electrolytes, have an iso-electric point at about pH4.6. They are electro- positive in solutions which are more acid than this, and electro- negative in more alkaline solutions.In the presence of electro- lytes the iso-electric point is apparently shifted towards the side of greater p,. Thus in sewage containing 0.17 per cent. NaCl it lies at about pH6-5 and in sewage containing 3 per cent. NaCl it lies at about p, 8.3. It follows that in ordinary sewage with pH7.4 the colloids are electro-negative. This is in agreement with the observations of Buswell and Long, who found that the colloids in ordinary sewage as well as activated sludge particles are charged electro-negatively with respect to the water. 40 These results are of particular interest in relation to the activated sludge process, the mechanism of which has not hitherto been fully explained.The most obvious explanation, namely, the coagulation of the colloids by the activated sludge in suspension, would seem to be untenable in view of the similarity of the electric charge on each. On the other hand, the electro- negative charge on the bacteria and the variation in the magni- tude of this charge with their activity has not been taken into account. When the sewage contains 3 per cent. NaCl the electro- positive colloids flocculate the bacteria when their concentration becomes sufficiently great. When the bacteria are insufficiently concentrated to be flocculated by the electro-positive colloids, there exist bacteria-colloid complexes which carry a reduced electro-positive charge.The result is that when the saline sewage is aerated, flocculation of the bacteria takes place and the flocks, being electro-negatively charged, purify the sewage from the colloids and bacteria which remain. In short, the process is analogous to the activated sludge process. In ordinary sewage the colloids are electro-negative, but it is well known that the success of the activated sludge process depends on the maximum activity of the sludge. It is suggested that this success is due to the very greatly enhanced electro- negative charge on the sludge established by its intense bacterial activity, i.e.-by virtue of the great difference in charge between the two the sludge acts in the same way as an electro-negative suspension on electro-positive colloids.According to this view, it would appear that the activated sludge process is not operated under the optimum conditions of economic efficiency. Material advantage would probably be gained by maintaining the sewage at a fin of about 5-8 during treatment, since the colloids would then be electro-positive and the velocity of their coagulation would be increased. It may also be suggested that in starting a new plant, sufficient activated sludge for the purification of a full charge of sewage could be prepared in a few hours by mixing a thick cream of fine silt or clay with a volume of sewage in which 3 per cent. NaCl has been dissolved. The optimum size of particle is 0.03 to 0.01pp., and since the silt gives an electro-negative suspension, flocculation will take place and the whole of the colloids and bacteria will be co-precipitated with the silt.After a short 41 period of aeration, an active sludge with a rapid sedimentation rate will be obtained. Messrs. E. Ardern, W. T. Lockett, S. E. Melling and J. T. Nance participated in the discussion. London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 15th Januarv a visit was arranged to the Bakeries and Laboratories of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., Ltd. In the afternoon about sixty members toured the bakeries which were in full working order. The complete processes in the making of various types of cakes were seen, including the cleaning of the fruit, mixing of ingredients, automatic weighing, baking and packing.An additional sixty members inspected the laboratories which were visited after tea. The visitors, in groups of about ten, were conducted by guides through the various sections of the labora- tories, and descriptions of the work of each section were given. The thanks of all the members who took part in this visit are due to those of Messrs. Lyons’ staff who organised and conducted such a large party so admirably. The visit was most interesting and instructive. Malaya.-Meetings of the Section were held in Singapore on the 10th and 19th July, when the members discussed matters of professional interest; on the 4th September, the Section paid a visit to the Municipal Gas Works, Singapore, and on 25th September, Dr.Madgwick gave an address on “A Range of Tests on Porous Building Materials.” On 20th November, Mr. A. C. Brooks read a paper on “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Photography. ” In Kuala Lumpur, a meeting was held on the 17th February, 1929, when Dr. C. F. Flint gave an address on “Microchemistry” ; on 14th April, Major B. J. Eaton read a paper on “The Chemist and the Rubber Industry,’’ and on 23rd April, a meeting was held for the discussion of matters of professional interest. Manchester and District.-At a meeting of the Section, held on 6th February-Mr. W. D. Rogers, Chairman of the Section, presiding-an address was given by Mr. Edward Hinks on “The Role of the Analyst.” Mr. Hinks spoke of the work of the analyst as compared with that of other chemists and the relation of analytical 42 chemistry to other branches of the science.Ostwald referred to analytical chemistry as the handmaiden of the other branches. Mr. Hinks argued that this was a false view; that all the branches of chemistry were complementary; that analytical chemistry contributed very largely to the advancement of pure knowledge and to chemical theory, whilst on the other hand chemical theory found many of its useful applications in analytical chemistry, in which case chemical theory was the handmaiden of analysis. He noticed at times a tendency to speak of analytical chemistry and of analysts in somewhat invidious terms, and gave instances of what appeared to him to be unfortunate expressions used in this connection.He quoted Chemistry and Ind&ry of 13th December, 1929, as saying “not all ‘analysts’ can, we fear, claim to be primarily chemists, even as not all chemists are principally analysts.’’ He maintained that an analyst must be primarily a chemist; there were gradations of merit in all walks of life, some were better chemists than others, but no one could be an analyst without being a chemist. Again, he referred to Dr. Dunstan’s lecture to the London Section (JOURNAL, 1929, Part 111, p. I~I),in which analytical chemists, employed for analysis and routine on the one hand, were contrasted with “research chemists, composed of men with ideas or inventive capacity,” employed to produce new processes on the laboratory scale.He had Dr. Dunstan’s assurance, which he unreservedly accepted, that no slight upon the analysts was intended. He held that ideas were just as necessary in analysis as anywhere else, and even routine work might be quite good chemistry. Finally, he quoted from The Profession of Chemistry by the Registrar. On p. 35 he read, “but the chemist must be more than an analyst.” He thought it was just as true to say that the analyst must be more than a chemist; that he had in varying degrees to be a botanist, a microscopist, a physicist, conversant with the law, a geologist, and so on, depending upon the nature of his work. He had no doubt these references to analysts that he had quoted were not intended as derogatory, and paid a tribute to the Institute for its work on behalf of analysts.At the same time he could not help feeling that, as they stood, phrases such as these were unfortunate. He feared that they would tend to divert young men of ability from analytical chemistry, and this 43 science wanted all the ability it could recruit. No one need fear that in analytical chemistry there was not scope for research, and research of a high order. Further, the analyst was, he thought, on the whole more in touch with the general public than were other chemists, and that from the point of view of educating public opinion upon chemistry it was a mistake to say anything that might imply that analysts were not exactly real chemists.The lecture, which was listened to with great interest, was followed by a discussion, in which the following members took part: Dr. Bullock, Dr. Callan, Mr. Elsdon, Mr. Lester, Mr. Monk and Dr. Kidge. On the motion of Mr. S. E. Melling, seconded by Dr. Callan, a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Hinks, who, in reply, said that it had given him great pleasure to re-visit his friends in the Manchester Section. A general meeting of the Students’ Section was held at the Clarion Caf6 on 24th January, when the draft rules as circulated to members were formally adopted. Messrs. C. F. Fitton and G. W. Wilcock were elected auditors for the current year. At the conclusion of the official business, a very successful smoking concert was held, at which an excellent and varied programme, including Tchekov’s short one act play, “The Bear,” was provided by Miss Rule, Messrs.Huddart, Kelly, Oddy, Oldham, and Mr. Pollard and friends. Honorary members present were Messrs. W. D. Rogers, E. N. Marchant, and Dr. A. Coulthard. Light refreshments were served during the evening, and the proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the Honorary Secre- tary for making this first social function such an outstanding success. The Committee for the current year is as follows :-President, Mr. W. D. Rogers; Chairman, Mr. J. R. Maddocks; Committee, Messrs. F. W. Allen, J. Booton, J. Griffiths, G. Ikin, P. Smith, W. B. Walker, S. Weir; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. Frank Sowerbutts, B.Sc.Tech., 244, Wellington Road South, Stockport.Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to become Honorary Members, and those desirous of doing so should send the annual subscription of five shillings to the Honorary Secretary and Treasurer at the above address. 44 South Wales.-At a joint meeting with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held at Thomas’ Cafk, Swansea, on 13th December, 1929, Mr. E. A. Tyler, Chairman of the Local Section of Institute, delivered an address on Further Notes on Pure Chemicals.” In an earlier paper, the lecturer had given the results of some experiments, in which the Tyndall beam of light was employed to detect incipient precipitation. Certain difficulties, however, were encountered in employing this method, especially those caused by opalescence in the liquid undergoing examination.Polarising apparatus was used in an attempt to overcome the difficulty and finally a method was employed, in which the effect of original opalescence was neutralised in such a way that the production of colour in the field of view could be taken as an indication of the commencement of precipitation. The method is being elaborated and extended. It is hoped that detailed results will be available for publication at a later date. The lecturer gave a short account of a new and simple method of decomposing mercuric cyanide. Briefly this consists of con- verting the cyanogen into the ferrocyanogen radical by boiling mercuric cyanide with caustic soda and an excess of ferrous hydroxide.Although a definite statement cannot yet be made, the conversion appears to proceed quantitatively. This is being further examined. A paper entitled “The Geo-Chemistry of Coal and the Natural Hydrocarbons” was read, before the Section, by Mr. J. F. J. Dippy, on 17th January. In dealing with the geo-chemistry of coal, Mr, Dippy first dealt with the origin of coal, then with its varieties, and lastly with its composition. It is generally admitted that coal origina- ted from the decay of vegetation which grew in marshy places. Decomposition progressed out of contact with the atmosphere and under gradually increasing pressure. The transformation of vegetable matter into coal proceeded during the carboniferous geological periods, and the various types of coal,-namely, peat, lignite, bituminous coal, anthracite and some graphitic minerals,- form a series of substances which grade one into the other in 45 unbroken line, reaching from complex organic compounds in the more recent coals to almost pure carbon in the older coals.It was then pointed out how unavailing it was to try to assign a chemical equation to the process embodying the con- version of vegetation into coal. The attempts made at gaining evidence for a chemical distinction between the various types of coal were mentioned. Lastly, in the discussion on coal, Mr. Dippy dealt with the work that has been done on the elucidation of the chemical constitution of coal. The method of extraction of its constituents by various solvents had met with some measure of success.Studies made on distillation of coal at ordinary and reduced pressures had proved fruitful. Special mention was made of the work of Wheeler in this direction. In dealing with the natural hydrocarbons, Mr. Dippy men- tioned their chemical composition. They primarily fell into a number of regular series ranging from compounds of general formulae C,H,+, to CnH2n--12.Natural oils vary considerably with locality. Attempts had been made, from time to time, to prepare artificial petroleums from both inorganic and organic sources. From the gases evolved by the action of dilute acid upon the carbides present in cast-iron, a mixture of hydrocarbons had been produced resembling petroleum.Also, by distillation of both animal and vegetable matter under various conditions, oils of a petroleum character had been prepared. The controversial question of the origin of the natural hydro- carbons was dealt with briefly. There exist two outstanding theories for an inorganic origin. Firstly, that of Berthelot, who assumed that the interior of the earth contained free alkali metals, which reacted with carbon dioxide to give acetylides,- as he showed experimentally,-which with water generated acetylene, with all its possibilities of condensation to complex hydrocarbons. Secondly, there was the theory of Mendelkef, who suggested the existence of iron carbide within the earth, to which percolating waters gained access to form hydrocarbons.Upon this theory followed subsidiary hypotheses, such as that of Becker, which suggested magnetic irregularities in oil-bearing regions. The theories for an organic origin were legion. That due to Engler was given special attention, since it possessed a sound experimental basis. Numerous investigators had observed the association of natural oils with animal remains. In addition 46 to this support, the fact that artificial oils had been obtained from organic matter was strong evidence for the organic theory of their genesis, which in consequence was regarded with greater favour. New Zealand.-Professor J. K. H. Inglis has been nominated for election as Chairman of the Section, in succession to Professor T.H. Easterfield, who has held office for the past three years. The Special Committee on Registration has prepared a draft of a Chemical Practitioners Bill, which the Section Committee has commended to the support of practitioners in New Zealand. No further official action is contemplated at the present time. 47 January Examinations, 1930. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. An Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship was held at the Institute from 6th to 11th January, 1930, inclusive, Nine candidates were examined; six candidates passed the examination ; one of the successful candidates completed his examination by satisfying the Examiners in the translation of French technical literature.The following candidates passed :-Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Abbott, William James, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Brierley, Frank, College of Technology, Manchester ; and The Poly- technic, Regent Street, London. Brookhouse, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College and The College of Technology, Leicester. Evans, Charles Livesey, The Technical College, Birmingham. Field, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Technical College, Bir- mingham.Kramrisch, Bernard, The Technical College, Bradford. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The answers to the questions on physical chemistry were rather uneven, but a few were good. No candidate showed real knowledge of the kinetics of the reaction specified, nor how it was effected catalytically.The question on the discoveries of new elements during the last decade was not attempted by any candidate. Where a question called for a descriptive answer, this was usually fairly well done, but questions involving general principles seemed to lead to answers lacking directness and containing much irrelevant matter. The practical work was, on the whole, well done, having regard to examination conditions. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-The answers to the paper on theo-retical organic chemistry were very satisfactory in connection with the more advanced parts of the subject, but the candidates showed a weak grasp of fundamental principles. Almost all of them gave the correct stages for the synthesis of coniine, but not one could justify the assumption of the quadrivalence of carbon.One or two, in considering this question, embarked 48 at once on a discussion of Sugden’s parachor. Similarly, the question on aromatic substitutions was answered in a very disquieting fashion, much irrelevant material being introduced. Spelling mistakes were too numerous--e.g. “pyridene ” and “benzole.” The practical work was relatively much better than the theoretical. FRENCHAND GERMANTRAMSLATIoN.-The candidates were uniformly successful in the language tests. The following papers and exercises were given :-MONDAY, 6th JANUARY, 1930: 10 am. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted. No credit is given for irrelevant answers.) 1.Discuss either (a) the dissociation of electrolytes, or (b) orders of reactions. 2. What are the natural sources of boron? Give an account of thc boric acids and borates, paying special attention to the condition of the salts in aqueous solution. 3. Describe the methods for determining the alteration in the vapour pressure of a liquid on dissolving in it another substance, and show how the results may be used in determining molecular weights. What are the limitations of the method? 4. Give an account of the manufacture of chlorine and hypochloritcs by electrochemical methods. What is the advantage or disadvantageof such methods over those which are purely chemical ? 5. What new elements have been found since the discovery of radium? Describe shortly the methods which have been used in each case. 6.How may the alkaline earth metals be prepared from their salts and oxides? By what methods may pure specimens of the metals be obtained ? 2 to 5 p.m. (Fm pestions only to be attempted. No credit is given Jor irrelevartC answers.) 1. Write a short essay on osmotic pressure and its measurement? 2. Discuss the kinetics of the reaction 2CO+O2=2CO2. What with special reference to isotonic solutions. differences from the ordinary law of mass action have been found by Langmuir and by Bodenstein in these cases where the combustion of CO is brought about catalytically ? 3. Describe briefly the contributions to chemistry made by (1)4. Outline a method for the quantitative separation of iron, 5.How is the formation of mixtures having a minimum boiling Berzelius, (2) Stas, (3) Arrhenius. aluminium, titanium and zirconium. point utilised in industry to obtain pure liquids ? How may this property of liquids be used in analytical operations ? 6. Describe the preparation and properties of FOUR of the following substances :-thionyl chloride, chromyl chloride, anhydrous stannic chloride, chloroplatinic acid, ammonium thiocyanate, sodium formaldehyde sulphoxylate. TUESDAY, 7th JANUARY, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestion.9 only to be attempted. No credit is given for irrelevant answers.) 1. Give an account of the more common saturated and unsaturated acids obtained by the saponification of fats.What methods are available for the ascent and descent of the homologous series of normal fatty acids ? 2. Discuss the problem of aromatic substitution from the theoretical point of view. How could the following be synthesised:-1:3 :5-trichlorobenzene, m-nitrophenol, p-dinitrobenzene, /3-nitronaphthalene ? 3. In beginning the study of organic chemistry, it is convenient to assume the truth of the theories of linking of atoms by bonds and of the quadrivalency of carbon. Write an essay with the object of showing that these assumptions are justified by the facts. 4. Show how any FOUR of the following have been synthesised: dipentene, geraniol, glycerol, citric acid, coniine and alizarine. 5. Write a short account of the classification of the heterocyclic compounds and a more detailed account of the chemistry of pyrrole and its derivatives.6. How have the molecular structure and configuration of glucosebeen established ? WEDNESDAY, 8th JANUARY, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the organic compounds in solution (A). (Urea and glucose in water in various concentrations.) 2. Estimate the amount of one of these substances in 1 litre of solution (A). THURSDAY, 9th JANUARY, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Separate and identify the constituents of the mixture (B),and prepare a characteristic derivative from each of the components (submit specimens). (B1: Methyl ethyl ketone and malonic acid; B2: acetone and gallic acid.) FRIDAY, 10th JANUARY, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m.Examine the solid (C) qualitatively. Determine the acidic radicals and calculate the results as percentages of sodium salts in the mixture. Qualitative results to be given in by 12 noon.) (Sodium tungstate and anhydrous sodium sulphate.) SATURDAY, 11th JANUARY, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Determine the proportions of the two iodides in the solution (D).Express the results as grams of anhydrous salt per litre. (NOTE. The iodine must be determined as well as the two metals.) (Zinc iodide and barium iodide.) 50 Notes. Honours.-In the New Year’s Honours List, Professor John Samuel Strafford Brame was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, and Mr. Ernest Arthur Bearder, a Member of the Order.Legal.-On 24th January, in the King’s Bench Division, before Mr. Justice Rowlatt, judgment was given for Mr. Emile Van Wevenbergh, against the British Acetate Silk Corporation, Ltd., in an action for damages for alleged wrongful dismissal. Mr. G. D. Roberts and Mr. S. D’Arcy de Ferrars appeared for the plaintiff, and Mr. Trevor Hunter, K.C., and Mr. Wilfrid Price for the defendants. The plaintiff, who had been formerly engaged in Messrs. Courtauld’s works at Calais, was appointed chemist and viscose works manager at the Stowmarket factory for five years from 1st April, 1928, at a salary of E1,500 a year, to be increased to L2,ooo when the works were in full operation, and was to receive flz,ooo (of which Er,ooo had been paid) compensation for the loss of pension and other matters in respect of his change of appointment.In December, 1928, he was summarily dismissed. The defendants pleaded breach of agreement, in that the plaintiff had disobeyed instructions not to make alterations in the artificial silk process at the works, and that he was not compe- tent to perform the services which he had undertaken, and counter-claimed LI,000 and damages, which they claimed had been incurred through his alleged misconduct and incompetence. The plaintiff contended that it had been agreed that he should have a free hand in getting the works to function satisfactorily, and that the alterations which he had introduced were necessary and formed part of his duty. His Lordship found that the plaintiff was competent for the post, md that the instruction given to him in May, 1928, not to make process alterations had become a dead letter, and that, in 51 December, there had been precise instruction to the same effect, and although he had committed a breach a few days later (his Lordship held) that did not justify his dismissal; a reprimand would have been sufficient.In the circumstances, the plaintiff was entitled to recover, and judgment was entered for l4,500 with costs. A stay of execution was granted pending notice of appeal, the defendants to bring E1,500into Court. Iron and Steel Institute.-The autumn meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute will be held at Prague under the presidency of Professor Henry Louis, from the 15th to 20th December.Particulars can be obtained from the Secretary, Iron and Steel Institute, 28 Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. Institute of Fuel.-The Council of the Institute of Fuel has announced a competition for a Medal, together with a prize of books or instruments to the value of k5 to be awarded annually for a paper submitted by a student member of that Institute dealing with some subject relating to the preparation or utilisation of fuel, or some allied subject. Particulars can be obtained on application to the Secretary, The Institute of Fuel, 53, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research-The Report of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for the year 1928-29 has been issued by H.M.Stationery Office (Cmd. 3471),price 3s. 6d. net. The main Report is preceded by that of the Committee of the Privy Council, in which mention is made of the fact that the Co-ordinating Research Boards for Chemistry, Physics, and Engineering have been dissolved, and that ad hoc Committees will be appointed from time to time to consider practical problems. Among new British Patents applied for may be, mentioned those relating to the manufacture of beryllium oxide, methods of treating tars, and heat resistance alloys. Mention is also made of the retirement of the Secretary, Mr. H. T. Tizard, C.B., F.R.S., to take up the appointment of Rector in the Imperial College of Science and Technology, and of the appointment of Dr.F. E. Smith, C.B., C.B.E., F.R.S., in his stead. In the introduction to the main Report of the Advisory Council, comment is made on the growing interest taken by various sections of industry in the work of the Department, 52 and of the increased number of requests for special investigations and advice on industrial problems. During the year, the Gas Light and Coke Co. has erected a low temperature carbonisation plant at Richmond on designs developed at the Fuel Research Station. Good progress has been made with the extension of the low temperature research station at Cambridge, mainly used in connection with food investigation. An account is given of developments of this work, and on that of the Water Pollution Research Board.The Gas Cylinders Research Committee has presented its final report and has been dissolved. Researches on Electro-Deposition have included work on pitting and porosity in deposits of nickel, iron and other metals, the protection of aluminium against corrosion by the electro- deposition of zinc and cadmium, and an investigation into the fundamental aspects of the nature of adhesion and of internal stresses in electro-deposits. Among the scientific grants are mentioned that to the Royal Institution for the assistance of Sir William Bragg’s work on X-rays, and that to the Imperial College of Science and Techno- logy in aid of Prof. Bone’s work on high pressure reactions. Seven Senior Research Awards have been made to individual students who have shown exceptional capacity for original work.The Advisory Council invites the co-operation of professors in bringing forward candidates who are deserving of special encouragement. Changes are reported in the system by which grants are given to research associations. In the section of the Report devoted to a summary of the work of the various research organisations of the Department, mention may be made of the work in the Metallurgical Depart- ment, on pure metals, the main object of which is the attainment of a higher degree of purity in iron and chromium; in the Fuel Research Department, of the investigation and development of methods of examining coal in the laboratory, and of the Food Investigation Board, on the storage of fruit, meats, eggs, and butter, and on the handling and storage of fish. The Water Pollution Research Board has continued to issue very useful monthly summaries of current literature, containing abstracts of scientific and technical papers on water supplies, sewage, trade waste-waters, etc.(These are available in the Library of the Institute.) 53 At the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, further additions to the high pressure plant are in contemplation, and a plant for the extraction of helium from monazite sand has been completed and operated successfully. Work on low temperature tars includes the isolation and identification of the crystallisable chemical constituents, a study of the physical and chemical properties of the various resinous derivatives of low temperature tars, and of solvent methods of extraction, Work is also in progress on synthetic resins and organo-metallic compounds.A further section of the Report gives a summary of the main featuresof the work performed by each of the industrial Research Associations. Mention may be made here of the following points of general interest to chemists:- The British Cast Iron Reseurch Association has conducted researches not only on the metallurgy of cast iron, but also on the auxiliary materials of the industry, such as sands, refractories, etc. The British Refractories Research Association has worked on furnace materials and fire brick linings, and has studied the types of fire brick material which resist the attack of molten slags and glasses.The British Scienti$c Instruments Research Association has carried out further research on phosphorescent materials and into the properties of luminous compounds other than radium. The British Photographic Research Association is conducting fundamental work with a view to elucidating the nature of the effects produced in silver salts under the influence of light, and of the part played by the gelatin on the plate in the photo- decomposition of silver salts. The Research Association of the British Paint, Colour and Varnish Manufacturers has investigated "bloom " and has found it to consist of two kinds,-one a crystalline deposit of ammonium sulphate from the atmosphere, and the other a deformity of the surface induced by certain conditions.The Association has also concerned itself with drying oils and with the need for the development of Tung tree plantations within the Empire. The British Cotton Industry Research Association has extended its researches into the application of artificial silk in conjunction 54 with cotton. Work has been done on the separation of cotton from trash, on the dust in cardrooms, and on general questions relating to the quality of yarns. A paper has been written on the action of caustic soda on cotton, which links together measure- ments of the swelling of cellulose in alkali, the absorptive capacity of swollen cellulose for moisture, and the heat of the reaction. These questions have an important bearing on the process of mercerisation.The British Association for the Woollen and Worsted Industries has evolved a process whereby flocks may be dissolved in a suitable medium and “spun” in the same manner as artificial silk fibres. The Association’s formula for sheep marking fluid, eliminating the use of tar, and removable on scouring, has been widely adopted. The British Silk Research Association has, among other things, considered fermentation methods of removing the natural gum from silk. The British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association has made a further study of the methods of preserving raw hides and skins by “wet-salting,” and has investigated the important problem of anthrax infection in hides and skins.The Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers has done systematic work on the ageing of rubber, particularly with regard to conditions in the tropics. Progress has been made in the study of the factors affecting the mechanical and electrical properties of ebonite. The Research Association of British Flour Millers is perfecting the details of a physical process for improving the baking quality of flour, and is investigating the effects of conditions of storage on the chemical and physical characters and baking qualities of flours. The British Association of Reseaych for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar Confectionery and Jam Trades has been conducting ex- periments on fumigants suitable for the extermination of insect pests in warehouses where food is stored.Work has been conducted by The British Food Maflufactzwers’ Research Association on the curing of meats in salt and nitre pickles. Appendices to the Report contain full lists of the personnel of the Research Boards and Committees of the Department, statistics of grants made to individual students and research workers in training, a list of the Research Associations and the names of their Directors and Secretaries, and an account of development in the organisation of industrial research in other parts of the Empire. There is also a list of publications by individuals. Lectures.-The Registrar of the Institute gave a lecture on “The Profession of Chemistry” at the Chelsea Polytechnic on the a2nd January, and similar lectures at Armstrong College and Rutherford College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on the 5th February.The Registrar also gave an address on “Science as a Career’’ at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, on the 14th February. The Assistant Secretary gave an address on “Chemistry as a Career” at St. Paul’s School, on 28th January, and on “The Profession of Chemistry ” before the Cambridge University Informal Chemical Society on the 7th February. Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee has pleasure in reporting that the response to the appeal issued at the end of 1929 has resulted in the receipt of total contributions amounting to E684 11s. 6d. up to the 12th February, compared with k547 4s. gd. at the same date in 1929.Fellows and Associates may have observed that the list of contributions received during 1929 included “Profits on the sale of prints.’’ The Registrar is able to obtain Vanity Fair Cartoons of the following chemists and other men of science at 2s. 6d. each, allowing for a small profit for the benefit of the Fund:-% Henry Bessemer, Sir William Crookes, M. and Mme. Curie, Dr. J. H. Gladstone, C. C. Hutchinson, K.C., The Right Hon. T. H. Huxley, Sir John Bennet Lawes, Pasteur, Lord Playfair, Sir William Ramsay, Lord Rayleigh, Sir Boverton Redwood, Sir Thomas Stevenson. Similarly, unmounted collotype prints of pictures of alchemists .by Teniers, Wyck, Heerschop, Scorel, and Jan Steen can be supplied at IS. 6d. each, and photogravure portraits (6 in.by Sg in. on paper 13 in. by 18 in.) of many distinguished chemists of all countries can be obtained at 4s. each,-with benefit to the Fund. Members who are interested in such prints are invited to address their enquiries to the Registrar. Obituary. FRANCISARNALLdied, as the result of an accident, at Cardiff, on 7th February, in his 34th year. Educated at Sir Walter St. John's School, at the South Western Polytechnic Institute and at the Wandsworth Technical Institute, he matriculated in 1913, but in 1914 joined the forces and served as Regimental Q.M.S. in the Special Brigade, R.E. In September, 1916, however, he was transferred to the Ministry of Rluni- tions and was engaged at H.M. Factory, Craigleith, Edinburgh, in charge of acid plants and in the manufacture of T.N.T.until December, 1918, when he was appointed a lecturer in the South Western Polytechnic. In due course he was awarded M.Sc. and Ph.D. (Lond.). In April, 1928, he was appointed head of the department of pure and applied chemistry, at the Technical College, Cardiff. He was engaged on a research in con- nection with a paper to be read before the Conference of the Pharmaceutical Society, to be held at Cardiff in July, when a sealed Carius tube containing compounds involved in the synthesis of di-methoxy-succinic acid detonated in his hand. Although his injuries were not apparently very serious, he died in the Cardiff Royal Infirmary, four hours later, from the effects of shock. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919, and a Fellow, in 1923. WILLIAMATJKINSONROBERT died at Cardiff on 10th December, 1929, in his 80th year.Educated at University College School, London, he was awarded a University Scholarship and proceeded to UniversityCollege, where he continued until 1870. After working for a year at the Royal College of Chemistry, he returned to University College as Assistant to Williamson until 1874, when, having graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1872, he was appointed Professor of Chemistry in the University of Tokio, Japan, which position he held for seven years. He was then engaged for a period in the laboratory of Wurtz in Paris, and also visited Germany, before he established a practice in Cardiff as a consulting and analytical chemist, devoting his attention mainly to the analysis of fuels, metals and ores, in which his brother, the late John Alexander Atkinson, was associated.He was a Member of the Free Libraries Committee of Cardiff, and had been twice President of the Cardiff Naturalists Society. He married in 1886, and left a widow, and two daughters who are engaged on research at the Imperial Iustitute. He was elected a Bellow of the Institute in 1878. JAMES died on the 17th December, 1929, in his 74th year, DAVIDSON at Summerwell, Dumfries, as the result of an accident. He studied under Crum Brown and Letts at the University of Edinburgh and under Bunsen at Heidelberg, where he worked chiefly on gas analysis and the investigation of the rare metals.He established a practice at Dumfries, and held appointment as Public Analyst for the county from 1887 to 1926, and, since 1893, as Official L4gricultural Analyst for Kirkcudbright, 57 Wigtownshire, and the County of Dumfries. He was also Analyst for the Dumfries and Maxwelltown Water Commission. A keen antiquarian and horticulturalist, he was known among numismatists, and also as a grower of orchids. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. ROBERTSCOTT WISHARTdied at Edinburgh on the 13th November, 1929, in his 41st year. Educated at Kirkcaldy High School, he studied at the University of Edinburgh from 1907 to 1913, graduating as M.A. and B.Sc. with distinction in 1912. In 1913 he was awarded the King Edward VII Scholarship for research, and proceeded to Munich University, where he worked under Professor H.Wieland until the outbreak of war. In October 1914, he received a commission and served in the R.F.A. He was on active service until April, 1919, when he was demobilised with the rank of Captain. He was then appointed a research chemist for Messrs. Levinstein & Co. Ltd., and worked for a while in the laboratories of the University of Cambridge, but in the following year moved to Manchester, where he acted as honorary secretary of the Local Section of the Institute. Later he joined the staff of the Agwi Petroleum Corpora- tion at Fawley, Hants, with which company he occupied the position of Assistant Superintendent at the time of his death.In 1925, he received the degree of D.Sc. (Edin.). He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. EXNESTALFREDPINCHINdied at Streatham on the 23rd December, 1929, in his 56th year. Educated at St. George’s College, Eastbourne, he studied chemistry at the Royal College of Science from 1891 to 1893, when he became Assistant in the Laboratory of Dr. P. L. Teed, then at Westminster. He continued to attend classes at the Birkbeck Institution, and in 1898 graduated as B.Sc. (Lond.), with first class honours in chemistry. He remained with Dr. Teed, whose practice was later transferred to MincingLane in the City, until the latter retired. He succeeded to the appointment of Public Analyst to the City of London and the Boroughs of Camberwell and Islington. He was also one of the Gas Examiners to the London County Council.He passed the Final Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in the Analysis of Food and Drugs, including the Examination in Thera- peutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy in January-, 1991. and was elected a Fellow in 1904. In 1916 he was awarded a Nedal of the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain, and in 1918 the Medal of the Affiliation of PhotographicSocieties. He was the author of a paper on thp ‘‘Photography of Diatoms,” published in the Photomicrographic ,Journal, 191i. 58 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDISGS, Part VI, 1929, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers.Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Metallurgical Practice, An Outline of .” C. R. Hayward. Pp. ix + 612. (London: The Library Press, Limited.) 30s. An account of the occurrences and sources, and of the modern products in extracting and refining the commoner metals. A reference book for engineers and for those who are commencing the study of metallurgy.Detailed descriptions of apparatus and processes are eliminated. “Standard Methods for Testing Tar and Its Products.” Pp.xxix + 295. (London: Standardization of Tar Products Tests Committee.) 7s. 6d. Contains a full account of the standard tests recommended by the Standardization of Tar Products Tests Committee, organised under the auspices of the Joint Fuel Committee representing: The Coke Oven Managers’ Association, The Institute of Fuel, The Institution of Chemical Engineers, The Institution of Gas Engineers, The Society of British Gas Industries, and The Society of Chemical Industry.“Sulphuric Acid and Its Manufacture.” H. A. Auden. Pp. vii + 231. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 16s. A condensed account of the manufacture of sulphuric acid for students of applied chemistry. ‘(Bacterial Metabolism.” Monographs on Biochemistry Series. M. Stephenson. Pp. xi + 320. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 18s. Energy relations and fermentation ; respiration; growth and nutrition ; carbohydrate breakdown; synthesis of polysaccharides ; nitrogen fixa- tion; autotrophic bacteria; bibliography.“Statistical Mechanics for Students of Physics and Physical Chemistry, Introduction to.” J. Rice, with an Introduction by F. G. Donnan. Pp. x + 333. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 18s. “Conductivity of Solutions and the Modern Dissociation Theory.” C. W. Davies. Pp. vi + 204. (London: Chapman Sr Hall.) 15s. Theory of ionic dissociation and inter-ionic attraction ;methods ;applica-tions to analysis ;dissociation of ternary electrolytes ;solvolysis;complexions; amphoteric electrolytes; physical constant3 of common solwntc: : bibliography of conductivity measurements. 59 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 24th January, 1930, 8 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 26 new Associates were elected, and zg Students were admitted.The Institute has lost 5 Fellows and z Associates by death. Associates elected to the Fellow ship. Bunce, Edwin Herbert, 37, Northcote Road, London, E.17. Chatterjee, Devendra Nath, B.A., B.Sc. (Allahabad), 41, Drummond Road, Agra, India. Cowan, John Galloway, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 84, Wolverhampton Road, Staff ord. Gollop, Harry, B.Sc. (Wales), Woodleigh, Denvilles, Havant. Johnson, Joseph Robert, 100, Langleys Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham. Knox, Archibald, A.M.I.Chem.E., 65, Bank Street, Irvine, Ayrshire. Peel, John Buttery, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dun.), 3, Pendower Way, Benwell, Newcastle-on-Tyne.Sutton, George Donald, M.Sc. (Liv.), 62, Dorset Street, Haulgh, Bolton. New Associates. Abbott, William James, 114, Tooley Street, London, S.E.l.Blow, Claude Montague, B.Sc. (Lond.), Rooksbury, Ridgmont Road, St. Albans. Brierley, Frank, Croydon Cable Works, Ltd., Mitcham Lane, Croydon. Brookhouse, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), Latimer House, Windsor Avenue, Leicester. Cormack, Stanley Bruce, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.), 12, Barrington Drive, Glasgow, C.4. Dykes, James, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.), Gowanbrae, Wilson Street, Motherwell, Scotland. Dymock, John Blair, B.Sc. (Edin.), Willowdene, Linlithgow. Evans, Charles Livesey, Hill Top, George Road, Solihull, Birmingham. Field, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 140, Franklin Road, King’sNorton, Birmingham. Harris, Edward Cecil, B.Sc. (Wales), Caswell Cottage, Mumbles, Swansea. Holdridge, Douglas Arthur, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., 19, Moreton Parade, May Bank, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffs. Jones, Frank Raymond, M.Sc. (Birm.), 21, Camborne Avenue, London, W.13. Keenan, Henry Wilfrid, 26, Castletown Road, London, W. 14. Kramrisch, Bernard, 7, Fairfield Road, Bradford. 60 LayCOck, .John Cral-en, R..4. (CAntnl).), 5, A41exantlrtiStwet, 3lanchcstw Road, Warrington.Levenberg, Cecil, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), B.Sc. (Leeds), c, o 45, ArkwrightRoad, London, N.W.3. Loudon, Alexander, Jr., R.Sc. (Glas.), Mid-Lodge, Woodilee, Lenzic, Glasgow. MacParlane, Walter, B.Sc. (Glas.), Kilmahog, Callander, Perthshire. Marsh, Jamos Harold Cvril, B.Sc. (Birm.), 236, Oak Road, West Bromwich, Staffs. Percival, Edmund George Vincent, B.Sc. (Birm.), Pulp & Paper Research Institute, McGill TJniversity, 3420, University Street, Montreal, P.Q.Robertson, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), Tyrol, Forrest Street, Airdrie, Scotland. Saenger, Harold, B.Sc. (Birm.), 230, Pershore Road, Edghaston, Bir- mingham.Solomon, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Finsen Road, London, S.E.5. Stein, Charles Pender, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), 63, Stenhills Crescent, Runcorn. Twomey, Tadhg Fionnbarr, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), Maryville, Victoria Road, Cork. Whelan, Patrick, B.Sc. (N.U.I.), Slaney House, Enniscorthy, I.F.S. New Students. Babb, Alfred Thomas Symonds, 103, Edith Road, London, W.14. Bailey, George Cooper, 68, Belgrave Road, Ilford. Campbell, James Laurence, 45, Monksbridge Avenue, Glasgow, W.3. Casson, Charles Bernard, 14, Ashchurch Grove, London, W.12. Choppin, Frederic Henry, 2, Colleston Road, Greenwich, London, S.E. Currie, William Allison, 73, Kenmure Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow, S.1. Currington, Miss Joan Muriel, 173, Ashgate Road, Chesterfield. Davies, Miss Annie Ceridwen, 22, Rosehill Terrace, Swansea. Edwards, Aubrey Harris, S, Lily Avenue, Jesmond, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Goodall, Miss Honor, Green Bower, Marsden, nr. Huddersfield. *Hampson, Cecil, 23, Clarendon Road, Whalley Range, Manchester. Huggett, Leslie Polan, The Firs, Bishopsbourne, nr. Canterbury.Hutchinson, James Bertram, 8, Risca Road, Rogerstone, nr. Newport.Idle, Hubert Alfred, 37, Hastings Road, London, W.13. ,Jones, Ewart Ray, 6, Oak Drive, Acton, Wrexham, N. Wales. Jones, George Owen, A.M.C.T., 16, Milton Mount, Gorton, Manchester.Martin, Stanley Reginald William, 24, Goldie House, Hazelville Road, London, N.19. Noble, Wilfred, 17, Wingrove Terrace, Leadgate, Co. Durham. Owen, John Harold, 15, Ellis Street, Whelley, Wigan. Paterson, Andrew Crichton, 17, Stanmore Road, Mount Florida, Glasgow, 5.2. Pinder, Jack Leake, 22, Central Avenue, Leicester. Porter, Ronald Francis, 153, Ruskin Avenue, Manor Park, London, E.12. Rangaramanujam, Pundi, 18, Gloucester Road, Kew, Surrey. Robinson, George, 643, Leeds Road, Thackley, Bradford. Sinclair, Ian, Lochview, Killearn, Stirlingshire. Smith, Miss Margaret Sarah, 7, Albert Road, Brighton. Treharne, Glynmor John, Waunfawr, Pontylierem, Llanelly. Wardrop, Arthur William Hamilton, 40,Hamilton Road, Salisbury. Williams, Robert Arthur, 3 11, Wargrave Road, Newton-le-Willows, Lanes. Wilson, James, A.M.C.T., 64, Prince Street, Ardwick, Manchester.*Accidentally omitted from Part VI., 1929. 61 DEATHS. Fellows. Francis Arnall, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Robert William At,kinson, B.Sc. (Lond.James Davidsoa. Henry Wilson Hake, Ph.D. (Giessen).Ernest Alfred Pinchin, B.Sc. (Lond.). Associates. Henry Herbert Bunting. Robert Scott Wishart, MA.,D.Sc. (Edin.). 62 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Monday, 3rd March, 1930. Examinations.-The list of entries for the April Examina- tions closed on 10th February. Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in September,-from the 15th to zoth, or from the aand to 27th.The list of entries for the September Examinations will close on Monday, the 14th July. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy. ,4wards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, being evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.--A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous 63 of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the A4ssociateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the A4ppointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months.Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m.and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The Comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute 64 using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. L4rrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms: buckram case, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. 9d. ; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.--A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry.As the slides are constantly in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14days before the date on which the slides are to be used. (A List of Slides appeared in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, 1929.) Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9305400001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1930. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Regzstrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,Lomos, W.C. I, April, 1930. Publications Commit tee, 1930-31 LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), H. B. BROWN, H. V.A. BRISCOE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, A. M. CAMERON, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, C. S.GIBSON, W. H. GIBSON, T. P. HILDITCH, L. E.HINKEL, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H.M. MASON, C. A. MITCHELL, W. D. ROGERS, WILLIAM WARDLAW, F. J.WILSON, A. W. M. WINTLE. Officers and Members of Council, 1930-31. PRESIDENT : GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PH.D. VICE-PRESIDENTS : ARTHUR JENNER CHAPMAN. FREDERICK DANIEL CHATTAWAY, M.A,, D.Sc., F.R.S. LEWIS EYNON, B.Sc. EDWARD HINKS, M.B.E., B.Sc. BERNARD FARMBOROUGH HOWARD. ARTHUR SMITHELLS, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S. HONORARY TREASURER : PATRICK HENRY KIR4KALDY. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL : EDWARD RICHARDS BOLTON: LONDON. ALFRED ARCHIBALD BOON, D.Sc. : EDINBURGH. HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc., A.R.C.S. : NEWCASTLE. HAROLD BUSH BROWN: YORK. WALTER FERGUSON BUIST, B.Sc. : LIVERPOOLAND NORTH-WEST COAST. SIDNEY WATERFIELD BUNKER, D.S.O., B.Sc. : THE OVERSEAS DOMINIONS. WILLIAM JOHN ATKINSON BUTTERFIELD, M.A.:LONDON. ALEC MUNRO CAMERON, B.Sc. : EDINBURGHAND EASTOF SCOTLAND. ALBERT COULTHARD, PH.D. : MANCHESTER. ALBERT EDWARD DUNSTAN, D.Sc. : LONDON. FRANK GEORGE EDMED, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S.: PORTSMOUTH. GEORGE DAVIDSON ELSDON, B.Sc. : MANCHESTER. WILLIAM ROBERT FEARON, M.A., Sc.D. : IRISHFREESTATE. CHARLES STANLEY GIBSON, O.B.E., M.A., M.Sc.: LONDON. WILLIAM HOWIESON GIBSON, O.B.E., D.Sc. : BELFAST. FREDERICK WILLIAM HARRIS: GLASGOW AND WESTOF SCOTLAND. JOHN HAWTHORNE, B.A., PH.D. : NORTHERNIRELAND. THOMAS PERCY HILDITCH, D.Sc. : LIVERPOOL. LEONARD ERIC HINKEL, D.Sc.: WALES AND THE COUNTYOF MONMOUTH. GEORGE NEVILL HUNTLY, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : LONDON. DOUGLAS WILLIAM KENT-JONES, B.Sc., PH.D. : DOVER. JAMES GRIEVE KING, PH.D., A.R.T.C.: LONDON. LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT, D.Sc. : LONDON. HERBERT LEVINSTEIN, M.Sc., PH.D.: MANCHESTER. PERCY LEWIS-DALE, PH.D. : CREWE. DOROTHY JORDAN LLOYD, M.A., D.Sc. : LONDON. HARRY MALKIN MASON, M.Sc. : NORTH-EASTCOASTAND YORKSHIRE. HAMILTON McCOMBIE, D.S.O., M.A., D.Sc. : CAMBRIDGE. CHARLES AINSWORTH MITCHELL, M.A., D.Sc. : LONDON. BERT PUSEY RIDGE, PH.D. : MANCHESTER. WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.Sc. :LIVERPOOL. WILLIAM DAVID ROGERS, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. :MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. GEORGE STUBBS, C.B.E. : LONDON COUNTIES.AND SOUTH-EASTERN PETER WRIGHT TAINSH, O.B.E., A.R.T.C. : BIRKENHEAD. ARNOLD ROWSBY TANKARD : HULL. OLIVER TRIGGER, M.B.E. : LONDON. WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc. : BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS. FORSYTH JAMES WILSON, PH.D., D.Sc.: GLASGOW. ALBERT WATKINS MAGGS WINTLE : BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERN COUNTIES. 68 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1930: APRIL 4TH. 1930: NOVEMBER 2 1ST. MAY 16~~. DECEMBER 19~~. JUNE 20TH. 1931: JANUARY 23~~ & 30~~. JULY 18~~. FEBRUARY 20~~. OCTOBER 1 ~TH. CENSORS : 1930-1931 THE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S., SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S., SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, K.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., ARTHUR SMITHELLS, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1930-31. Chairman* FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH E. R. BOLTON, H. B. BROWN, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, W. H. GIBSON, F. W. HARRIS, E. HINKS, B. F. HOWARD, D. W. KENT-JONES, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY,* L. H. LAMPITT, C.A. MITCHELL, W. F. BUIST, G. STUBBS, AND 0. TRIGGER. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT,* WITH E. R. BOLTON, S. W. BUNKER, A. E. DUNSTAN, F. G. EDMED, T. P. HILDITCH, B. F. HOWARD, G. N. HUNTLY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, H. LEVINSTEIN, P. LEWIS DALE, B. P. RIDGE, G. STUBBS, P. W. TAINSH, A. R. TANKARD, AND W. WARDLAW. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. (VICE-CHAIRMAN: PATRICK H. KIRKALDY.) PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. B. BROWN, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, A. M. CAMERON, ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, L. EYNON,* W. R. FEARON, C. S. GIBSON, W. H. GIBSON, T. P. HILDITCH, L. E. HINKEL, J. G. KING, PATRICK H.KIRKALDY, D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, C. A. MITCHELL, W. D. ROGERS, W. WARDLAW, F. J. WILSON, AND A. W. M. WINTLE. 69 SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (HoN. TREASURER),* THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, WITH H. G. COLMAN, A. COULTHARD (MANCHESTER), W. M. CUMMING (GLASQOW), E. M. HAWKINS, R. D. LITTLEFIELD (BRISTOL), W. McD. MACKEY (LEEDS), G. H. PERRY, C. PROCTOR, G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTH WALES), AND J. F. THORPE. (In the case of Section representatives, the names of their respective towns or districts are inserted.) PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH F. W. F. ARNAUD, T. L. BAILEY, E. R. BOLTON, A. A. BOON, S. W. BUNKER, A. CHASTON CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, H.E. COX, C. H. CRIBB, J. C. DRUMMOND, B. DYER, F. G. EDMED, A. V. ELSDEN, G. D. ELSDON, L. EYNON, A. G. FRANCIS, F. W. HARRIS, ERNEST M. HAWKINS, E. HINKS,* L. H. LAMPITT, H. McCOMBIE, S. E. MELLING, C. A. MITCHELL, A. MORE, WM. PARTRIDGE, G. H. PERRY, P. A. ELLIS RICHARDS, W. H. ROBERTS, C. A. SEYLER, G. STUBBS, A. R. TANKARD, J. F. TOCHER, 0. TRIGGER, AND J. A. VOELCKER. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: THE PRESIDENT,* WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, J. E. COATES, L. EYNON, E. M. HAWKINS, J.HAWTHORNE, G. G. HENDERSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, G. T. MORGAN, R. H. PICKARD, T. SLATER PRICE, AND A. SMITHELLS. SPECIAL COMMITTEE re REGISTRATION : THE PRESIDENT,* THE VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND THE HONORARY TREASURER, WITH C.H. DESCH, J. C. DRUMMOND, A. V. ELSDEN, G. D. ELSDON, I.M. HEILBRON, G. N. HUNTLY, A. W. KNAPP, H. LEVINSTEIN, S. E. MELLING, H. E. MONK, F. L. PYMAN, W. RINTOUL, F. SCHOLEFIELD, AND W. WARDLAW. PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT* (VICE-CHAIRMAN, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY), with E. R. BOLTON, H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. G. COLMAN, G. D. ELSDON, C. S. GIBSON, G. G. HENDERSON, E. HINKS, L. H. LAMPITT, T. MACARA, T. SLATER PRICE, E. K. RIDEAL, J. F. THORPE, AND F. J. WILSON. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH E. R. BOLTON, L. EYNON, B. F. HOWARD,* PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, AND D. JORDAN LLOYD. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT re NATIONAL CERTIFICATES : THE PRESIDENT, WITH A. A. BOON, A.M. CAMERON, G. G. HENDERSON, AND F. J. WILSON. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION FOR NORTHERN IRELAND : THE PRESIDENT, WITH W. H. GIBSON, H. GRAHAM, J. HAW-THORNE, G. T. MORGAN, AND T. SLATER PRICE. 70 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1930-31. Chairman : THE PRESIDENT. Three representatives of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. Examiners for the Associateship : JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., D.Sc. (LoND.). ROBERT ROBINSON, D.Sc. (MANc.), F.R.S. Examiners for the Fellowship : Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., D.Sc. (LoND.). Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: ARTHUR JOHN ALLMAND, D.Sc., F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: FRANK LEE PYMAN, PH.D. (BASLE),D.Sc.(VICT.), F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY : JACK CECIL DRUMMOND, D.Sc. Branch E.-CHEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: JOHN EVANS. THERAPEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY,AND MICROSCOPY: GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. (LoND.),D.P.H. (ENG.). Branch F.-AQRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: HENRY ALLEN DUG-DALE NEVILLE, M.A. (CANTAB.), B.Sc. (LoND.). Branch G.-INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY(General Chemical Technology) : JOHN THOMAS DUNN, D.Sc. (DUN.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appoint,ed as required. HON. AUDITORSf 1930-31 : WALTER PIERPOINT HARMSWORTH AND CHARLES EDWARD BARRS. AUDITOR, 1930-31 : DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. SOLICITORS : MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 5, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2.BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, M7.C.1. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY : RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CANTAB.), F.I.C. Claiitie Harris, Loidon. 1’IIOI:ESSOK ARTHUR ShlITHELLS, C.hl.G., Ij.Sc., F.K.S. &-.mident, 1927-4 930. 71 Fif ty-second Annual General Meeting. MONDAY, 3rd MARCH, 1930. THE52nd Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on 3rd March, at 4.30 p.m., Professor Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S., President, in the chair. The President said that the first part of the proceedings consisted in the presentation of two Medals.THE MELDOLA MEDAL. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) was awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work showed the most promise and was brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject, not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The recipient this year was Dr. Richard Alan Morton, D.Sc. (Liv.), F.I.C. Dr. Morton had made a special study of spectroscopy and had applied his detailed knowledge of photochemistry to the systematic elucidation of problems appertaining to all branches of chemistry. He had published an important series of papers dealing with absorption spectra in relation to keto-enol and lactam- lactim tautomerism, while another important group of his investigations embraced the correlation of absorption spectra and ionisation phenomena in metallic nitrates and cobalt salts.Apart from these typically academic researches Dr. Morton had made valuable contributions relating to ultra-violet actinometers and the efficiency of quartz mercury-vapour lamps. Important as these investigations were in themselves, his name was perhaps most commonly associated with his funda- mental and brilliant research in the field of vitamin chemistry, where he had shown that the methods of spectrographic analysis could be fruitfully applied to the assay of vitamin potency. 72 In collaboration with Prof.Heilbron he had been able to prove by spectrographic means that cholesterol could not possibly be the precursor of vitamin D, but that the anti-rachitic properties developed by this sterol on exposure to ultra-violet light emanated from a minute quantity of an impurity, shortly afterwards identified as ergosterol. He had also studied the photo-chemical decomposition of ergosterol on irradiation, and was now engaged in a detailed survey of sterol derivatives in the hope of determining the character of vitamin D itself. Again, he had also been able to show that the vitamin A of fish and animal liver-oils, which, like vitamin D, was also photo-labile, was characterised by the presence of a definite absorp- tion band at 328p, and in conjunction with Professor Drummond he had correlated ultra-violet absorption with the Carr and Price blue colour assay and the biological test.The President added that it was difficult in a few words to deal adequately with the full significance of these investigations. The application of the spectroscope to bio-chemical problems had undoubtedly placed in our hands an all-important tool, and it might well be that the final elucidation of the structure of the fat-soluble vitamins would come through this channel. In addition to his contributions to research we owed a debt of gratitude to Dr. Morton for his important book, Radiation in Chemistry, in which he expounded the principles of photo-chemistry in a simple and lucid manner and thus brought home to the general reader the importance of the subject.The President having expressed the gratification of the members that Mrs. Meldola was able to be present, congratulated Dr. Morton, and presented the Medal to him. Dr. Morton, replying briefly, said that he felt it was a very great honour to receive the Medal, and he appreciated the kindness of Mrs. Meldola in attending to witness the presentation; he would cherish the Medal and do his best to uphold its traditions. FRANKLANDTHESIR EDWARD MEDAL AND PRIZE,1929. The President reminded the Fellows and Associates that the Medal and Prize had been instituted to keep alive the memory of the first President of the Institute, Sir Edward Frankland. He had much pleasure in making the presentation to Mr. Bernard William Bradford, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., for an essay on “The Cultural Value of Science,” and congratulated him on his success. 73 Mr. Bradford received the Medal and Prize at the hands of the President. ANNUALACCOUNTS. The minutes of the 51st Annual General Meeting, held on 1st March, 1929, having been confirmed, the President called upon the Hon. Treasurer to submit the Annual Accounts and the Report of the Auditors. The Hon. Treasurer (Mr. P. N.Kirkaldy) said that if he could speak for a moment as the Vice-chairman of the Nominations, Examinations, and Institutions Committee, out of hearing of the Treasurer, he would like to express his sympathy with the Treasurer. That was the sixth occasion on which he had been asked to submit the resolution for the acceptance and adoption of the Accounts, and he found difficulty in saying anything new.The Report of the Finance Committee was prepared by the Registrar, approved by the Finance Committee, and then by the Council, before it was incorporated in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSby the Publications Committee, and there was little left for the Treasurer to say. Taking the Statement of the General Accounts for 1929, he called the attention of the members to the slight alteration which had been made in the form of the accounts. All the ordinary receipts and all the ordinary expenditure had been set forth so that it was possible to see at a glance the ordinary expenditure and the ordinary receipts, instead of having them mixed up, as they had been in previous years, with some extra- ordinary expenditure.The main sources of income showed a substantial increase. The overdraft of 1928, which amounted to about k185, had been paid off. They had to bear in mind the necessity of providing for the special expenses, to be incurred this year, in the publication of the Register, and the List of Official Chemical Appointments ;for that reason, the expenditure had been carefully watched. The negotiations with London University with regard to the Bloomsbury site had been concluded. Access to Russell Square had been assured, and in the event of the closing of the remainder of Keppel Street, the Institute had also been assured access, for its members and for visitors, from all entrances to the University site; so that, practically, they had a right of way over the roads of the University and, so far as he could see, there was no proposal which affected the tenancy of the Institute.With regard to the Benevolent Fund, he was glad to call 74 attention to the increase of about 120annual subscribers. Owing to the help given to some exceptional cases, the current account showed an excess of expenditure over receipts of about L90. Since the publication of the accounts it had been suggested that had the Committee used all the receipts for current expenses there would have been sufficient funds for the year. Of course that was quite true, but it was not in accord with the plan which had been laid down at the establishment of the Fund."Donations "-as distinct from "Annual Subscriptions," and "Subscriptions for Current purposes "-were placed to an Annuities Account, in order to build up a capital fund, the interest on which was used forthe provision of annuities for aged or disabled members, for annual allowances to widows, and to provide for the education of orphans. That was the original intention of the Benevolent Fund, and that intention had been kept in mind. It was still the hope of the Committee to build up such a fund as he had described. The contributions received for 1930, so far, showed an improvement on the receipts for 1929, but maintenance grants were still being paid to three members out of work, and the Committee was grateful for the help which had been received, and especially grateful for the response to the appeal which had been recently issued.He hoped that what he had said would induce any member who could help a really deserving cause, and had not already done so, to become a subscriber. He desired to thank those members of local committees who had helped in the administration of the Fund, and also those who had organised group subscriptions in various laboratories. He also took the opportunity of thanking the members of both the Finance Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee for much help and sometimes for much forbearance, as well as the Registrar, the Assistant-Secretary, and the members of the staff, for the help which he had received during the past year.He moved:-That the financial statement for 1929 be received and adopted, and that the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the Honorary Auditors, Mr. C. E. Barrs and Mr. W. P. Harmsworth, for their services. Dr. T. Slater Price seconded the motion. The President having invited discussion on the Accounts- Professor J. C. Philip said that he would like to congratulate the Treasurer of the Institute on the remarkably healthy state of the finances, but, personally, on looking at the accounts, 75 he found one or two features which were, to him at any rate, very disquieting. The main thing that stood out on the accounts of the Institute was the extremely large proportion which was spent on administration.The actual sum disbursed on salaries, wages, and staff assurance, was about E5000. That was a very large proportion of the subscriptions of the members of the Institute. While he felt that the high proportion which the Institute spent on administrative purposes was disquieting, what was more disquieting was the fact that the proportion was in- creasing. Eight or nine years ago the item of salaries and wages was 52 per cent. of the members’ subscriptions. It was now about 54 per cent. The membership of the Institute had in- creased very much in the interval, but he knew of no case where the expenses of administration had gone up relatively as the membership increased, because the overhead charges obviously remained the same, and the additional work involved, with the additional membership, should have made but a comparatively small addition to the expenditure.Might he say why he regarded the matter as disquieting? If the Institute were the only body in this country which served the interests of chemistry, there would be no great objection taken; but he held the view that while the Institute had to play its part, and it had obviously a very important part to play in the chemical profession, there were other bodies, notably the Chemical Society, and the Society of Chemical Industry, which had to bear a very large share in promoting such interests. In all that appertained to the publica- tion of new matter, these bodies had to bear the burden, and it was very disquieting that the Institute should take so much in the way of subscriptions from the chemical community, more especially from the younger portion, while that very circum- stance crippled the other societies which were concerned in that matter.He knew exactly how it worked. His students came to him and said: “Should we join the Institute of Chemistry? ” He replied “Yes ”;but he knew that that meant they could not join the other societies which were really doing the propaganda work of chemistry. He was not prepared with a definite scheme, but thought the time was ripe for some relief to be given to the younger members of the Institute, for instance, by omitting the Entrance Fee for Associates. The President requested the Treasurer to reply.The Hon. Treasurer said that the answer to Professor Philip’s remarks was that the main work of the Institute was adminis-trative work,* and that accounted for the expense to which he referred. The Council had considered the matter when Professor Philip himself was a member of the Council. The Hon. Treasurer added that the matter had been considered from time to time, but he held that the funds were applied to the best advantage, axd that the expense of administration was not unduly high. Considering the work that the Institute did, the cost of administration was quite reasonable. The President having invited further comments on the accounts, said that he did not propose to offer any observations on the matter, but he felt confidence in the Treasurer’s watchful- ness.He welcomed criticism, however, and he was sure that any criticism which was offered would receive full and fair consideration. The motion was then put to the meeting and carried un-animously. THEREPORT AND THE PRESIDENT’SOF THE COUNCIL ADDRESS. The Report of the Council having been taken as read, the President delivered his Address and moved: “That the Report of the Council for 1929-30 be received and adopted.” Dr. J. F. Tocher (Aberdeen) in seconding the motion, said that at the same time, he would like, on behalf of the Meeting, to * The Hon. Treasurer desires to remind the Fellows and Associates that the work of the officers and staff includes the following:-The receipt and inspaction of applications for admission to the Studentship, Examinations, Associateship and Fellowship ; interviews with parents and candidates with regard to professional education ; consideration of the curricula of colleges and technical schools ; arrangements for the examinations of the Institute ; the administration of the schemes for the award of National Certificates, in co-operation with the educational authorities in England and CZ’ales, in Scotland, and in Northern Ireland; editing and preparation of the JO~~IINAL AN[) PROCEEDINGS,Regulations, Register, Official Chemical Appoint rnents.lectures published as separate monographs, and other publications ; main-tenance of the Appointments Register, printed and issued twice weelily, and correspondence relating thereto, both with employers and candidates for appointments; Benevolent Fund; printing and issuing of notices for Local Sections ; correspondence with Government Departments and other authorities relative to professional interests ; preparation of statements, reports, etc.for consideration of the Council and Committees; Library ; lantern slides ; standardisation of scientific glassware. Information and advice are sought from the officers of the Institute on a large variety of matters relative to t,he affairs of individual members, and many enquiries are addressed to the Institute by the general public. The officers are also called upon to give lectures and addresses at meetings of Local Sections and to students in schools anti colleges.77 move a very hearty vote of thanks to the President for his very able, critical, and most interesting Address and to ask his permission for its publication in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. He had been greatly interested to hear that only about I per cent. of the profession was in the ranks of the unemployed, but he feared that a large number of the younger members felt that, compared with other professions, the remuneration was far from what it should be. He was also grateful to the President, on behalf of the public analysts, for his remarks on their work; and he would like to acknowledge the work of the Institute on behalf of the public analysts, and the action that the Council had taken on their behalf.The general public, and certainly the public authorities, did not recognise the chemical profession, including the public analysts, in the same way as they recognised medical practitioners; but he was quite sure that the action of the Institute with regard to public authorities was really bearing fruit. He did not claim to be very competent to speak on the training of chemists, but the Fellows and Associates would all read very carefully the President’s remarks with regard to the curricula of study. He (Dr. Tocher) agreed in the suggestion that the modern chemist was asked to learn too much within the period of his curriculum. It would be far better if a more general chemical course were taken, and specialising came after- wards.He had pleasure in seconding the motion and also offered, on behalf of the Meeting, a cordial vote of thanks to the President for his most interesting Address. Mr. A. Chaston Chapman (Past-President), speaking in support of the motion, said that he would like to say how much he had been interested in the President’s Address, and to echo the thanks which had been expressed to him on behalf of the Meeting. There was one thing which impressed him very particularly, and that was the reference to the teaching of analytical chemistry. It was a matter which might very well occupy the attention of those responsible for the curricula of students, because analytical chemistry, if properly taught by somebody who knew it thoroughly, and not as a series of pre- scriptions in some book, was one of the very best introductions to the study of chemistry.He could not imagine anybody to-day, making his entrance to chemistry through the doorway of analytical chemistry, and making it in the way that he had in- dicated, failing to appreciate to the full the beauties of chemistry, 78 and, in the end, becoming what they all desired him to become, a really good chemist. The Fellows and Associates felt that the President had rendered signal service to the Institute, and every- body would agree that so long as the Institute of Chemistry could attract to its chair, and command the services of men such as the retiring President, the Institute might be assured that not only all was well, but very well indeed.The motion was put to the Meeting and carried unanimously, with a vote of thanks to the President for his Address. REPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS. The Registrar read the Report of the Scrutineers (Messrs. Charles A. Adams and J. H. Lane), on the voting for the election of the Officers (President, Vice-presidents, and Honorary Trea- surer), General Members of the Council, and Censors for the year ending 2nd March, 1931. The number of valid votes cast for the Officers was 973. President: G. C. Clayton (970). Vice-presidents: Arthur J. Chapman (950), F. D. Chattaway (949),L. Eynon (950), Edward Hinks (948), Bernard F. Howard (943), Arthur Smithells (963). Honorary Treasurer : Patrick H. Kirkaldy (972). The number of valid votes cast for General Members of Council was 971.The General Members of Council were elected as follows:- H. Levinstein (691), T. P. Hilditch (670), L. H. Lampitt (616),A. E. Dunstan (587),C. A. Mitchell (587), G. D. Elsdon (577),H. B. Brown (572), I?. G. Edmed (571), P. W. Tainsh (563), E. R. Bolton (545), F. J. Wilson (525), A. A. Boon (521). C. S. Gibson (521), A. Coulthard (516),J. G. King (504),H. V. A. Briscoe (493),W. H. Gibson (491),H. McCombie (490),P. Lewis-Dale (481),D. W. Kent-Jones (466). It'. H. Roberts (462). Miss D. Jordan Lloyd (450),A. R. Tankard (416),0.Trigger (413),W. J. A. Butterfield (412), B. P. Ridge (411), G. N. Huntly (411). The number of valid votes cast for the Censors was 87,5. The following were elected Censors :-A.Smithells (673), A. Chaston Chapman (610), Sir Robert Robertson (576), Sir Herbert Jackson (483). The President thereupon declared that the Fellows named had been elected to their respective offices, and moved, and not as a mere matter of form, he said, that a vote of thanks be accorded to the Scrutineers for their services. Their labours had occupied about a day and a half of hard work, and he knew that the members would wish to convey to Mr. Adams and Mr. Lane their most grateful thanks for what they had done. Mr. S. I;. Burford (Leicester) seconded the vote of thanks, which was carried. 79 APPOINTMENTOF AUDITORS. The President announced that the next business was the appointment of Auditors. He had the privilege of nominating one of the two Honorary Auditors, and nominated Mr.C. E. Barrs. The Meeting had to nominate the other, and he would be glad to receive a proposal. Mr. C. T. Abel proposed Mr. Walter P. Harmsworth. Messrs. C, E. Barrs and Walter P. Harmsworth were duly appointed. On the motion of the Hon. Treasurer, Mr. David Henderson, Chartered Accountant, was reappointed auditor, at the re-muneration of thirty guineas. THERETIRINGOFFICERSAND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL, Mr. C. J. H. Stock (Darlington) proposed a vote of thanks to the retiring Officers and Members of the Council. He said that it was a difficult task to express adequately the real gratitude of the members to those gentlemen for their services to the Institute and for the close attention which they had given to its affairs.As a past Member of the Council, and one who had had experience of the work of the Institute, he tendered the President the most hearty thanks of the members for the way in which he had graced the Chair during his term of office, and for all the courtesy and kindness which he had invariably shown to them. The President had already mentioned the names of the four retiring Vice-presidents, and, from his own experience of the work which Mr. Hawkins, Professor Henderson, Dr. Pickard, and Professor Thorpe had put into the affairs of the Institute, he could say it would be very hard indeed to find any who had so well deserved to hold high office in the Institute and had held it with such success.To the Members of the Council who were retiring he also wished to express the thanks of the Institute. Their work was very exacting, not only for those members who resided in and around the Metropolis, but, perhaps more particularly for those who had to travel long distances, and especially so for those who hailed from the country across the Border. It meant, at any rate, that some had to spare two days when they attended Council meetings, and it was not always possible to arrange that other business could be conducted at the same time. He felt that the general body of the members of the Institute should appreciate the self-sacrifice on the part of the Fellows who were Members 80 of the Council in attending the meetings.The success of the Institute was largely due to those who so unselfishly gave their time to its affairs. He had the greatest pleasure in proposing a most hearty vote of thanks to the retiring Officers and Members of Council. Miss Micklethwait seconded the vote of thanks, which was put to the Meeting and carried. The President, in acknowledging the kind remarks of Mr. Stock and the vote of thanks, said that he would not detain the meeting by any further attempt to express all that he felt on quitting the Chair, but he would like to say something with reference to what had fallen from his old friend Mr. Chaston Chapman. He had intended that any remarks which he wished to make on that occasion should be confined to analytical chemistry.He had asked Mr. Chapman kindly to send him reprints of his own addresses on the subject which he had read, and thoroughly appreciated, years before. When the addresses came, he had found that nearly all the things that he had wanted to say had been so much better said by Mr. Chapman that he could not carry out his original intention. That applied also to other addresses on analytical chemistry by Mr. Bolton, and he found really there was little of real importance left for him to say; but he would very much have liked to have added a little more to what he had said on chemical training, and he thought that he might be forgiven if he added a little more in the near days of leisure. During his period of office, he had been unfortunate in that he had been unable to attend two previous Annual Meetings.He was detained from the first by illness, and from the second by recovery. On the present occasion, he had had to face an extraordinary congestion of engagements which had prevented him from giving anything like the attention to the preparation of an address which he would have liked to have done; but he was assured by Mr. Pilcher that it would not violate the statutes of the Institute if he tried to improve his address before it was published. He thanked the members once more for all their kindness, not only on his own behalf, but on behalf of all those who were included with him in the vote of thanks; but before the conclusion of the meeting, suggested that the members would be glad to hear a few words from Professor Thorpe before he relinquished office, as he hoped, only for a short time.81 Professor Thorpe expressed his thanks to Mr. Stock for his kind remarks, also to the President for his kind expression of appreciation of the services which he had been able to render to the Institute. As a Councillor, and as a Vice-president, he had attended for six years past, but time passed so rapidly that one could not easily appreciate the fact that so long a time had elapsed. He would like to say, however, that those six years had been very pleasant to him, and he was very glad to have been able to do anything to further the interests of that great Institute. His feeling of regret at ceasing to be so closely asso- ciated with the Institute was tempered by the consideration that he would now have some little spare time for other business.The exacting nature of the office of Vice-president could only be appreciated by those who had occupied it, but he was very glad to have had the honour of serving the Institute in that capacity, and again expressed his thanks for the vote accorded to him. The President, in closing the meeting, said that the new President, Dr. Clayton, was in Bombay, but it was hoped that he would soon be among them. 82 The Address of the Retiring President PROFESSORARTHUR SMITHELLS, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S. IN moving the adoption of the Report of the Council, I will follow the usual practice and review briefly the work of the year and the events of my period of office, which comes to a close to-day.I shall then ask you to bear with me while I offer a few observations on the subject of chemical training. The Reports of the Council for the past three years give the following figures, respectively, for the roll of the Institute since 1927 :-1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. Fellows .. 1763 1819 1855 1886 Associates . . 3423 3569 3703 3828 __ ----__ 5186 5388 5558 5714 __ __ -__ Registered Students 710 667 697 717 These are net figures, and show an increase for the three years of 528 members and 7 students; this increase falls short of that of the period 1922-1924, when it was 1129 members, and 1924 to 1927, 787 members. Variation in the rate of increase is inevitable, but it is, I think, quite satisfactorily accounted for in the present case.by the inevitable relaxation of the rush to the chemical profession which followed upon the M’ar. Universities and Colleges are no longer overflowing with chemical students, and we may hope that the supply does not now far exceed the demand. During the same period, 88 members have died, and 161 have formally resigned or have, in effect, resigned by the silent and inconvenient way of merely ceasing to pay their subscriptions on taking up other work. It does not appear that many of those who are continuing in chemistry have relinquished their membership. On the whole, having regard to the times in which we live, I think we may congratulate ourselves on the general progress made towards the fuller organisation of the profession, and particularly on the circumstance that the number of our members who are actually without work is very little more than one per cent. It does not become less important that the Institute should secure the adherence of those who become qualified as chemists according to its standards and intend to make chemistry their profession.For this, we must look chiefly to the professors and teachers in the recognised universities and colleges, and to those members with whom the new recruits become associated in professional work. The number of candidates for our examinations during the same period (1927-1930) has been 258, of whom 137 have passed; compared with 308, of whom 137 passed during 1924-1927, and 302, of whom 163 passed during 1921-1924.It will be observed that the proportion of passes during the last three years has shown an improvement, and I may mention that there are signs that the number of entries during 1930 will be greater. The Report of the past year shows a record of activity in all departments, and should, I think, convince the members and the community generally that the Institute is steadily fulfilling the objects for which it was founded. I should, however, in accordance with the practice adopted by my predecessors, first refer to our losses by death. Among teachers occur the names of F. W. Dootson, H. Wilson Hake, Charles James, W. W. J. Nicol, C. A.Pauls, and T. B. Wood. Among private practitioners, R. W. Atkinson, T. P. Blunt, James Davidson, G. Watson Gray, T. Vaughan Hughes, J. West Knights, E. A. Pinchin, J. C. Platts, Samuel Rideal, and E. A. Wagst aff e. Among those engaged in industry, Charles Beavis, W. J. Bowis, H. G. Lacell, F. E. Matthews, W. D. Sawers, T. A. Shegog, and H. U. Stocks. Of those who were engaged in Government employ, Frankland Dent and Arthur Stead. As I survey these names, I find many of them recall scientific eminence and great public service, notably that of Professor T. B. Wood, and I am tempted especially to say something about 84 those who were personally known to me. It is somewhat invidious to make a selection, but if we are to think of those who have identified themselves especially with the Institute, we must have a grateful memory of Dr.Hake, Nr. Watson Gray, Dr. Dent, and of Dr. Samuel Rideal, whose son, just selected for the Fellowship of the Royal Society, has already given valuable service on our Council. Referring to the matters of public interest in which the Institute has been represented in recent times, I am sure that the Council would wish that I should particularly acknowledge the good work of the representatives who met a Committee of H.M. Customs in connection with the revision of the Regulations dealing with Methylated Spirits, and the valuable services of Dr. George McGowan and Mr. S. E. Melling on the Committee of the Ministry of Health appointed to consider methods of chemical analysis as applied to Sewage and Sewage Effluents.The Report shows that we have continued to co-operate in cordial relations with other chemical bodies and professional institutions, and that representatives of the Institute have assisted, in many enquiries, on matters of public interest. On such details I need not further enlarge; but it is a matter for some regret-although there are compensating circumstances-that the Institute should, after full consideration, not have found itself able to participate in the present movement towards concentrating the headquarters and meetings of so many allied chemical bodies in one building. The fact is clear, however, that -even if the accommodation which we require, and are likely to require, were available-we could not join in this scheme without expense and loss to an extent which would be quite un- j ustifiable.The question, whether Bloomsbury or Westminster, or some other centre, would be the most convenient centre, I need not now discuss; but I may at least remind you that we possess a good building, with a lease of over 80 years yet to run, and a Redemption Fund to provide our successors, before the expiry of that time, with the substantial sum of L50,ooo for subsequent contingencies. I do not think that our decision has appeared to the co-operating societies to be either unsympathetic or unwise, and it is almost superfluous for me to give the assurance that our professional organisation, although housed apart, will in no 85 degree fall away from any kind of loyal co-operation that opportunity may afford. Of the Financial Statement and the Benevolent Fund, you have already heard from the Honorary Treasurer, who presides so admirably over the Committees concerned with these matters.Our warmest thanks are due to him and his colleagues for their valuable services, and we are glad to hear that, although the calls upon the Benevolent Fund have been heavier in recent times, the Fellows and Associates have made a generous response to the recent appeal. Under the chairmanship of Dr. G. C. Clayton, the Legal and Parliamentary Committee has done good work, particularly in the matter of Patent Law Reform. This has been well followed up by our representative, Mr.H. Douglas Elkington, who has not only served on the Joint Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and other bodies, but has appeared as one of the witnesses to give evidence on behalf of chemists before the Committee of the Board of Trade. On the subject of Registration, I regret that the position is not yet so clear that we can proceed to the further consideration of that matter. For the present, I can only counsel patience and urge all chemists to support the Institute as the authority empowered by the Crown to register those who are qualified to practise chemistry as a profession. The Publications Committee, under the chairmanship of Professor Thorpe, has, as usual, a good record to show, and a prospect of much to be accomplished this year.Our publications are wisely directed and widely appreciated, and form an important part of the services rendered by the Institute, not only to its Fellows and Associates, but to the public. The reports of the meetings of Local Sections hardly suffi- ciently indicate the importance and interest of their proceedings ; but we have due regard to the undesirability of duplicating the work of publication which is undertaken by other bodies. The Institute, as a whole, owes a debt of gratitude to all who take an active part in the work of the Sections, which can only tend to the good of the profession. The Public Appointments Committee, under the chairmanship of Mr. E. M. Hawkins, has continued to watch matters relating 86 to official chemical appointments, and particularly to those affecting public analysts. The Report of the Royal Commission on Local Government was a matter of some concern to a number of holders of appoint- ments, of which they may be deprived if legislation following the lines of the recommendations of the Royal Commission should be adopted.Changes of this kind are bound to occur from time to time; the main thing is to ensure that any who are deprived of office are properly compensated. It is sometimes suggested that the Institute does more in the interests of public analysts than in that of other members. Apart from the fact that the Institute may more properly intervene in a public matter than one which affects chemists engaged in in- dustry or in private practice, I think it right to mention that young chemists engaged in industry are the chief users of the Appointments Register, and chemists in all branches come to the Institute for advice and assistance in their affairs. For presiding over nearly all of the meetings of the Nomina- tions, Examinations and Institutions Committee, a summary of whose work is recorded in the Report, I have again to make acknowledgments to Mr.Kirkaldy. This is a Committee of the whole Council, and its proceedings concern our chief object- the qualification and registration of competent chemists. It is evident that the chairmanship of such a Committee involves the consideration of much detail and preliminary work in con- nection with the many and varied matters which come before it.Another matter to which reference should be made at this time is the endeavour of the Council to secure that students who intend to pursue chemistry as a career should be better informed with regard to their chosen profession while they are still under- going their training, and I feel that the scheme inaugurated by the Ministry of Labour, Headmasters’ Employment Committee, under which similar lectures are given to boys in public and secondary schools in the London area should also be useful not only for chemistry, but for other vocations. I am sure that this work to which our Registrar and our Assistant Secretary are indefatigably devoting themselves is very highly appreciated.It was my hope that during my occupancy of this chair the Institute might again summon a Conference on the question of the training of chemists. It was contemplated as a feature of our Jubilee Celebrations, but was then, I think rightly, 87 abandoned. The subject, truly, is always with us, and no doubt always will be, and conferences, I know only too well, are apt to be disappointing. But a great upheaval has taken place since the last Institute conference on chemical teaching in 1913-an upheaval in the science itself and in the regions of thought and action to which its influence extends. Here, as elsewhere, the War has created new conditions and new problems. The changes in the last fifteen years have affected the whole fabric of chemistry to a degree unparalleled in my own lifetime, for they are at the foundations.When I vacated the Chair of Chemistry at Leeds, in 1923,I felt that a drastic revision of the courses of instruction was overdue, and to tell the truth I was glad to make way for someone more likely to be equal to that exacting task. As a University teacher, my anxiety arose from several causes, but chiefly from the ever-increasing load put upon the professional chemical students and from the increased emphasis being laid upon mere badges of examination. I shall deal only with the first of these questions. Nothing less than a W. S. Gilbert could, I think, deal adequately with the second-a situation where the universities are offering to the world chemists who may be bachelors of ordinary grade, or with first, second or third class honours, general or special, masters of science, doctors of philosophy, or doctors of science-a situation where “a good second class honours degree’’ actually for a time marked a financial fence in the schoolmasters’ territory.I must avoid the danger that besets me of sinking into reminiscence, but perhaps it is permissible to recall a little-of my own experience, in order to remind you of the degree to which the demands upon the student have increased within less than a lifetime. When I was a student under Roscoe at Manchester, in what was then commonly regarded as our “livest ” school of chemistry, the normal training of a chemist, so far as classes went, was predominant in the inorganic province and in laboratory work almost exclusively so.Although the importance of organic chemistry had been recognised by the establishment in 1874 of the first English chair of that subject, Schorlemmer’s one sessional course of lectures was unaccompanied by any practical course in the laboratory beyond an organic combustion and perhaps the determination of a vapour density. Of physical chemistry, which then went by the name of chemical philosophy, there was nothing but one short course of lectures by Schorlemmer, which 88 embodied with history a good deal of the contents of the then untranslated work of Lothar Meyer,-Die Moderne Theorien der Chemie.* The contrast with the state of things in Germany was very striking, and it was the regular custom of English graduates who were going to make a profession of chemistry to betake them- selves to a German University, in order to get experience in the most lively section of the chemical front.Here is the array of men among whom a choice could be made : Hofmann, Kekulk, Baeyer, Kolbe, Fittig, Wislicenus, Emil Fischer, Liebermann, Ladenburg, Claus (Victor Meyer was then at Zurich), all in one field; Bunsen and Lothar Meyer, active in another. These names tell clearly of organic chemistry in its hey-day, and when I began as an English graduate for the first time to make organic preparations, there were in the laboratory at Munich, besides Baeyer, Koenigs and von Pechmann on the staff, the seniors, Otto Fischer and von Richter, and among the bevy of students, Bamberger, Curtius, Duisberg, Friedlairlder, J.B. Cohen and W. H. Perkin, jnr. There were other future English professors studying at other centres, and by the middle eighties the study of organic chemistry had taken on its intensive development in our home laboratories. Lecture courses in the subject became for all chemistry students more heavily weighted, without any relaxation of those in inorganic chemistry. In the laboratory there was at once some curtail- ment of the exercises in quantitative analysis, and mineralogy began to disappear as a normal ingredient of the chemical course. In less than ten years something of the kind I have described again came about.Van ’t Hoff had published his Studies of Chemical Dynamics, Arrhenius had appeared on the scene, and Ostwald, himself a fruitful investigator in this part of Chemistry, gathering together the work of old and new, released a cascade of literature and entered upon a remarkable propagandist campaign for a new physical chemistry. He marshalled something like a solution army, and the effect was soon evident in our British centres of teaching. A further addition was made to the student’s lecture burden of theory and facts; in the laboratory the old inorganic field was impoverished and further restricted. Lastly, we have the change of the last fifteen years to which I have * Outlines of Theoretical Chemistry.Trans. by Bedson and M7illiams, London, 1892. 89 already alluded as being in character, and affecting chemical theory, the most fundamental of all. Particularly notable in these later changes has been the increasing call for auxiliary study of mathematics. We may certainly rejoice in the great development of our schools of chemistry. They can no longer be charged with falling behind the times, and though I hope we may continue to encourage our graduates to spend some time abroad, it will be rather to gain experience of foreign ways and to enlarge their mental horizon than to get instruction of a kind or quality which they could not get at home. I should be sorry to underestimate the improvements that have taken place in the students’ opportunities.The complaint is not that we have not done enough, but rather that in a way we have done too much. It is, of course, only natural and, indeed, it is desirable that a specialist teacher in newer learning should be imbued with a strong sense of the importance of his speciality. He is likely to stake out a large claim, and the difficulty of adjusting successive claims of the new and established claims of the old becomes very great. It is easy to see how the increased burden has come upon our students. It is still the case that the course for his first degree does not usually extend over more than three University years, and it may be less. Within this time, the student is usually expected to equip himself with a knowledge of inorganic, organic and physical chemistry which, in content of fact and charge upon the memory, is, I think, not far from the double of what was exacted at the same stage from those of my own generation, and I do not think there has been any appreciable mitigation in the accompanying subjects of the curriculum.Now, of course, one may be willing to admit much superiority in the rising generation, but it is impossible to believe that in such a brief period of human evolution there has been a doubling of the powers of apprehension or of memory. Yet, however imperfectly we were taught in older days, there was quantity enough to assimilate in the time. It is clearly to be expected that the result of the circum- stances I have described will be found in the form of undigested knowledge of what are thought to be the higher things of chemical science.That is to be deplored, but it does not matter half so much in my judgment as a superficial knowledge or entire 90 ignorance of simpler-I will not say lower-things, and the sacrifice of laboratory work to book-lore. That this condition of things prevails, and largely prevails, I am obliged to affirm from experience among chemical graduates with whom my duties still bring me into contact, and I have heard the same complaint made again and again by every kind of senior professional chemist. Perhaps I should add that by senior I mean something quite remote from senile. To what can it be attributed? Certainly not to any degenera- tion in the chemical ability of the teachers or in the intellectual capabilities or industry of their students.I find no other ex- planation than the one already given: congestion in the courses that are provided and the enforced attempt to speed up mental processes. I should feel it presumptuous to offer any detailed pre- scription for a remedy and, in any case, anything like a full dis- cussion would be impossible on this occasion, but I will allow myself to make a few general observations. In the first place I think we have allowed unwittingly a good deal to come into our general courses of instruction that should be left for a subsequent period of specialisation. We have not maintained sufficient breadth of view or sense of proportion; the young chemist is now often not kept long enough or exercised sufficiently on the wider territory of the science.Each de- veloping part of chemistry of course brings something new that is of consequence throughout the whole body of the science, and must be embodied in a general training. The most im-portant contributions it makes afe to the philosophy of the subject ; then there are the improvements and innovations in the practical art; lastly, there is the wealth of new facts. If we think, for example, of organic chemistry, we reckon first its great gifts to molecular theory, its doctrine of valency and structure, its extension of chemistry into space of three dimensions. Next we think of the wonderful arts and technique of synthesis peculiar to it.And then, perhaps with mixed feelings, we contemplate the multi-voluminous "Beilstein " of facts that have been garnered in this new expanse of scientific conquest. A great gift indeed was made to the science of chemistry, and a new field opened in which teaching institutions were bound to afford ample means for specialist teaching. Much the same sort of thing has happened from the intensive development of 91 modern physical chemistry, but here the chief embarrassment lies in the abundance of theory. All I wish to insist upon is that there is a limit to what may be rightly imported from new provinces into the common stock of what purports to be general chemical training, and it is here that the difficulty arises with every fresh intensive development of the science.A teacher must, of course, be continually jettisoning old cargo to make room for new, but, in my experience, he does it reluctantly. On the other hand, the last charge he would wish to lie against him is that of not keeping up with the times. The result is that courses become overloaded, the pace too great and the foundation ill-laid. It is not comfortable to come under the suspicion of lingering to praise past times, but it is I think a duty of those with ex- perience to bear witness to what may seem to have been undue sacrifice. I am concerned to plead for a slackening of the pace because we seem to be sacrificing not so much any par- ticular kind of knowledge as the conditions under which sound knowledge can be properly acquired.I think rather of the earlier than the later stages of training, for I deem them more important, and I think chiefly of the change that has taken place from a state of things where the conditions in which the student was placed were so much more those of apprenticeship under a good master than they are to-day. The best realisation of what I mean was, in my own ex- perience, to be found in Bunsen’s laboratory. When I knew it, analysis was the staple of early instruction, but it was then some- thing both for head and hand, and it led incidentally to practical exercises of great variety. Woe to the unsuspecting novice who brought with him the habitual “Koch-buch” (so Bunsen scornfully termed it) of analytical chemistry or the too habitual notion that qualitative was distinguished from quantitative work by inexactitude and uncleanness! There you were shown how to do simple things rightly, that there was a fine craftsman- ship in chemistry from the very beginning.You found that there was even just the right gauge, the right length, the right mounting of a platinum wire and the right way of manipulating a borax bead. You became glad to spend half-a-day learning to do rightly and perhaps in alternative ways what could have been scamped in half-an-hour. You were set upon a path to observe, to find out, and follow out. You were being what is now tautologically called a “research chemist ,” though you 92 really did not know it.You were prospecting over the wide field of all the chemical elements and their progeny, and learning the varieties of chemical art. If you were favoured, the master would perhaps guide you through a separation of the platinum metals in the residues which a grateful student-prince had sent him from the Russian mint, and in which, it was whispered, signs had been found of a new element. You could not of course do everything, but different people were doing different things, and you could go round and see. There was repose but no idleness in the long day’s work; you had time to ask questions, to pick up what are now “unconsidered trifles,” and fill a basket with knowledge of the common things in nature and in the arts of daily life.You measured your progress by a conscious im- provement of your general understanding and manipulative technique, and your mind was undisturbed by syllabuses and examinations. There was little of the formal lecture, but what there was consisted of demonstration and of chemical philosophy with a merciful economy of facts. When in this way the broad foundations had been laid and right ways of thinking and working had been inculcated, you could safely be allowed to take any course of specialisation you desired. I will not attempt to paint a contrast from the past or present of the picture I have tried to give you. The present is here for you to judge, and I need not harp upon bad examples from the past, for they have been sufficiently reprobated.The language I have used about Bunsen’s ways has not been mainly inspired by the substance of what has been done, but by the conditions under which the training of the chemist was carried out, and my retrospect sums up simply to a plea that an effort should be made to recover as much as possible of such conditions. Bunsen’s laboratory r6gime was, broadly speaking, chemical analysis, and I am of course not suggesting that there should be a reversion to that r6gime in its ancient amplitude. Room has to be made for much else. No one that I know suggests that general and rational analytical experience in considerable measure can be rightly eliminated from chemical training. acquiesed, of course, in its inevitable curtailment in the Uni- versity, but always with apprehension, and it has afforded me particular pleasure to visit this Institute on examination days and witness the firm stand made for the retention of a reasonable measure of what was best of this sort in the older rkgime.93 I think I have an acute sense of the responsibility that rests upon those who have to direct our schools of chemistry, and I know that the conditions of the time are from various causes peculiarly difficult. On one important question we have recently had public evidence of strong divergence of opinion within our own ranks. Chemical training cannot to-day escape being caught up in the larger national questions which present so grave a problem to those in political and industrial life.In pursuing our own work we are apt not to look far enough afield and not to realise perhaps the full measure of our responsibilities. So much of the criticism from outside is ill-informed that we grow impatient and may neglect it where it is well-informed. I say this chiefly because I wish to take the opportunity of commending very strongly a little book which-has recently appeared under the title of Education at the Cross-Roads. The author is Lord Eustace Percy, ex-Minister of Education. I hasten to say that the book has no political complexion, and I commend it to this audience because it deals explicitly with matters of first class importance in relation to chemical training, and because I believe it is likely to exercise very great influence.But I also commend it as expounding the present national problems of education with remarkable clarity and insight. It is construc- tive as well as critical. I do not of course wish to express any view of my own on any disputable matters that are dealt with, but I feel no hesitation in saying that I think Lord Eustace Percy’s essay deserves the careful consideration of all who are concerned with the training of chemists. It brings into view many important matters that I have not touched upon, and it states plainly the problems that call most loudly for solution. Its perusal has strengthened my belief that the time is ripe for further conference. There is but one other matter on which I wish to say a few words. I have on another occasion expressed my great satis- faction in having lived to see the disappearance of lines of cleavage among members of the Institute. It is, I suppose, inevitable that in a subject of such magnitude, and of so many parts, as modern chemistry, that we shall all be adjectived.Whilst it may be convenient among ourselves, it is very confusing to the public. How, for example, are they to acquire any conception of a “colloid chemist ”? Perhaps it does not matter, but I think the confusion of terms sometimes bears hardly, and 94 I feel sure that this is the case with the highly qualified pro- fessional analyst. There was a time, no doubt, when the name analytical chemist could be taken on casy terms, and there are no doubt cases yet where it is so assumed; but it is not good that a body of men should be liable to the supposition that they are something less than complete chemists when, in fact, they are chemists and a good deal more, Of the opprobrium which is often associated with the adjective academic, I need say nothing. There can be no issue from these difficulties until some term becomes habitual which will clearly mark the rightful claim of the bearer to be recognised as trained in the science of chemistry, whatever accompaniment there be of classifying words.This is a problem which, as many of you know, the Institute has in no degree abandoned hope of solving. The four Vice-presidents who retire from office to-day- Mr. E. M.Hawkins, Prof. G. G. Henderson, Dr. K. H. Pickard, and Prof. J. F. Thorpe-have all rendered very valuable service to the Institute. Mr. Hawkins, except for a break of one year, has served for thirteen years on the Council, having twice com- pleted three years as a Member of Council, each period followed by three years as a Vice-president. Throughout that time he has shown the truest devotion to the interests of the Institute, and has brought true wisdom to its Council table. Prof. Henderson, who was elected a Vice-president on completing his three years as my predecessor in this chair, has been a never failing help to me. Dr. R. H. Pickard, in spite of his living now at a distance from headquarters, has shown unabated interest in our proceed- ings, and has always been ready to help us with his experience.Prof. Thorpe has a remarkable record throughout six years’ service-three as a Member of Council, and three as a Vice-President; for, notwithstanding the circumstance that he has for two years occupied the very exacting office of President of the Chemical Society, his record of attendance at our meetings is only surpassed by that of the Honorary Treasurer and Mr. Hawkins, while his services as Chairman of the Publications Committee have been invaluable. Of the Members of Council who retire from office to-day, I am sure the Fellows and Associates will be glad to note that Dr. Chattaway, Mr. Eynon, and Mr. Bernard Howard have been nominated for election as Vice-presidents. The remainder, 95 Dr.T. L. Bailey, Dr. Wm. Clayton, Di-. H. H. Hodgson, Prof. Ingold, and Dr. K& have all given good service. Dr. Hodgson has given unremitting attention to the business of the Council, and, having regard to the travelling which it has entailed, I think it deserves special acknowledgment, In vacating this chair, I despair of making any adequate acknowledgment of the assistance I have received in attempting to discharge the duties of my office. I have had an opportunity of saying something to the Council about the support they have given me, and of the pleasure I have had in experiencing the harmony and geniality that prevail in the Council chamber. have already made reference to individual members, but I must go back at least to the one on whom I have leaned most heavily, I mean, of course, our incomparable treasurer, Mr.Kirkaldy. He has eased my path in every possible way, doing much that I ought myself to have done, only doing it better, and I am indeed very grateful to him. I think a retiring President always finds it peculiarily difficult to say what he wants to say about Mr. Pilcher. For one thing, he is bound to plagiarise, since every President has in this respect the same experience to look back upon and must have the same feelings. Perhaps something new and suitable could be found in French by a President, who knew how to find it with words in it akin to sans pew et sans reproche. But anyhow, there is the simple fact that the sense of having Mr.Pilcher by his side gives to a President the greatest comfort he can enjoy, the assurance that the best interests of the Institute are impregnably safe-guarded against anything that might spring from his frailties. Mr. Pilcher knows, I hope, without my saying more, how greatly and truly I have valued what he has done for me. The spirit in which Mr. Pilcher serves the Institute is passed on, and I have to extend my thanks in abundance to Mr. Collett, whose work in connection with our examinations and whose consideration for examinees have particularly excited my admiration. To Miss Cawston, for unfailing cheerful kindness and as the unfailing source of instant information about just what you wanted to know or to find, I stand greatly indebted.The same alacrity to assist has been shown to me throughout the staff, giving to an office something of the warmth of home. It is with very great pleasure that I refer to the nomination of Dr. George Christopher Clayton as my successor in the chair. 96 I am sure it is good that in choosing its Presidents, the Institute should illustrate the wide range of its influence and its rightful claim to be representative of chemists in different fields of work. I am particularly glad to make way for one living in the world of industry and for one who stands there in such high esteem for what he is and what he has done. Something of Dr. Clayton’s record has already been published after the Report of Council in the Part of our Journal and Proceedings recently issued.I am sure his election will be universally applauded, and it only remains for me to offer him my warmest good wishes. 97 Proceedings of the Council. FEBRUARY-MARCH, 1930. The Council and Committees, 1930-1931.-The names of the Officers and General Members of Council and of the Censors who were elected at the Annual General Meeting on 3rd March, and of the District Members of Council, are given on pp. 67-68. L4tthe first meeting of the new Council, held on 14th March, the Standing and Special Committees and their Chairmen for the ensuing year were appointed (see pp. 68-69). Poisons and Pharmacy Acts.-The Report of the Depart- mental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts has recently been published.(H.M. Stationery Office : Cmd. 3512, IS. net.) The Committee was appointed in July, 1926, to consider and report whether any modifications were necessary or desirable in the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts (JOURNAL A4ND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV, 1926, pp. 169-170). In October, 1926, the Council of the Institute forwarded a Memorandum and an Appendix of Historical Notes on the title Chemist to the Departmental Committee, and offered to appoint representatives to appear before the Committee to support the views expressed in the Memorandum. The Departmental Committee expressed the desire that all evidence submitted should be treated as confidential. The publication of the Memorandum has therefore, been postponed. Much of the matter included in the Memorandum and the ac- companying Appendix has, however, appeared in previous publications of the Institute, and particularly in The Profession of Chemistry (pp.5-11). In April, 1927, Dr. G. C. Clayton-now President-and the Registrar of the Institute gave evidence before the Departmental Committee at the Home Office in support of the Memorandum. The views of the Council were sympathetically received, and the general position with regard to the use of the word Chemist was 98 discussed. The difficulties in the way of effecting any con-siderable immediate change in that connection were reviewed. The representatives made it quite clear that the Institute sought to have any doubt removed that qualified men of science engaged in teaching or practising in the profession of chemistry should have the right to use the name and title of Chemist.They expressed the hope that the word Pharmacist would be more and more generally used to denote those who practise pharmacy, and that means might be found to identify more definitely those who practise chemistry. The Report of the Departmental Committee, to which a draft Bill is attached (Appendix 111),contains paragraphs 26 and 27,dealing with “Improper use of professional titles ”as follows:-“26. The Pharmacy Act, 1868 (sections I and 15) prohibits the use of certain definite titles by any unregistered person: and it is provided by clause 5 (I) of the Draft Bill as follows :-“5 (1). It shall not be lawful for any person unless he is registered as a pharmaceutical chemist to take or use the title of pharmaceuticalchemist or pharmaceutist, or for any person unless he is registered as a pharmacist to take or use the name or title of chemist and druggist, or of druggist or of pharmacist, or to take or use in connection with the sale of goods by retail and name or title of chemist.” * * * “27. Chemist.-The use of this title by an unregistered person is prohibited generally by the Pharmacy Act, 1868.The result is that a member of the Institute of Chemistry may not, legally, call himself a chemist. Though in practice this pro- hibition has not been enforced, it is, in our opinion, wrong that it should remain on the statute book. The witnesses who gave evidence on behalf of the Pharmaceutical Society, raised no objection to the use of the title ‘Chemist’ by certain qualified, though unregistered, persons, except in connection with a retail business (clause 5 (I)).This is a concession long overdue; and we propose that it should be law. “The relinquishment of the title ‘Chemist ’ by registered pharmacists was suggested; but this is, in our opinion, im-practicable both from the point of view of the expense involved in the alteration and removal of signs and facias affixed to pharmacists’ shops, and of the popular connotation of the word itself. Further, even in the event of such relinquishment, the maintenance of a high standard of qualification for chemists, which is the avowed object of the Institute of Chemistry, would not, in present circumstances, be secured.” 99 The Report will now be referred to the consideration of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute.Other matters of interest in the Report are referred to under “Notes” in this Part of the JOURNAL (pp. 134-136). Professional Interests.-The Council has made repre-sentations to local authorities concerned with appointments of public analysts which have recently become vacant, with the result that the terms and conditions attaching to the appoint- ments have been, in some measure, improved. The Council has also made representations to the Governors of a hospital regarding the appointment of an assistant bio- chemist, the terms offered for which appeared to be inadequate, in view of the nature and responsibility of the work involved.The attention of the Council has been directed to the report of a case of alleged milk adulteration, in which the head of the chemistry department of an agricultural college appeared in support of a certificate of analysis made for the defence. The Institute has repeatedly protested against the intrusion of State-aided institutions into private chemical practice, and, in this case, the Council has expressed the opinion that such educational institutions should devote themselves to educational purposes, a view accepted by the Departmental Committee on Agricultural Education as long ago as 1907. Regarding the proposals of the Royal Commission on Local Government, to which reference was made in the Report of Council, it appears probable that thirty-four appointments of public analysts will be affected, if the recommendations of the Commission are adopted, and that the work previously attaching to these appointments may be transferred to county analysts.It is understood that there is no immediate prospect of the in- troduction of legislation to give effect to these recommendations, but it is hoped that the Ministry of Health will have regard to the desirability of safeguarding the interests of public analysts concerned, seeing that it is usual in legislation providing for the transfer of functions from one set of local authorities to another to make provision also for the transfer of officers, or for the compensation of those who may suffer by being deprived of their appointments or by diminution or loss of emoluments.Such provisions would appear to be in accord with the legislation provided in the Local Government Act, 1929,and similar pro- visions were contained in the London Government Act, 1899. 100 In this connection it is of interest to note that, in the House of Lords, on the 11th March, on consideration of the Report of the Royal Commission on Local Government, Lord Parmoor agreed that it was not right that officials should be subject to summary dismissal, and that the law ought to be altered on the lines sug-gested by the Earl of Onslow, namely, that such officers should at least be entitled to three or six months’ notice; but it is to be hoped that further provision will be made in order to ensure that officers who are deprived of their means of livelihood will be adequately compensated.Industrial Gases and Fumes.-On 21st February, at the Institute, Sir Thomas Legge, late H.M. Senior Medical Inspector of Factories, Home Office, gave a lecture on bb Lessons learnt from Industrial Gases and Fumes,” which was greatly appreciated by all who were able to be present. At the conclusion, Sir William Willcox, who had been called upon by the President to move a vote of thanks, referred to Sir Thomas Legge’s great public work in industrial medicine, especially in relation to such subjects as lead poisoning. Sir Thomas had done much to help industrial workers and to abolish industrial discomforts. Sir William also referred to his own experiences in connection with poisoning by carbon tetrachloride and tetrachlorethane, and gave a warning regarding the necessity for testing new drugs, especially therapeutic organic compounds containing arsenic, which he feared were being used without sufficient preliminary research being carried out to ascertain their effects on the human system.Dr. R. H. Pickard, Vice-president, seconded the vote of thanks, which was carried by acclamation. The lecture is being prepared for publication, and will be issued in due course to the Fellows and Associates. Honorary Corresponding Secretary.-Mr. Howard Nobbs, M.Sc., has been appointed Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute for the Island of Mauritius. Pedler Research Scho1arship.-Under the regulations for the award of the Pedler Scholarship, the scholar is required to undertake work on a problem or problems to be chosen by the Council, having special regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest.101 The Council invites suggestions as to suitable problems, and will be glad to receive them before the 1st June next. The selected problem will be announced in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111. The Pedler Fund Committee will then invite applications from candidates for the scholarship. The successful candidate will be informed of his or her appointment as soon as possible after the award, with a view to commencing work early in October.The scholarship is of the annual value of j5300, payable monthly, and tenable for one year, but, at the discretion of the Council, may be extended for any further period at the same rate. The work shall be conducted in a laboratory approved by the Council, and under the general direction of any person or persons, duly authorised by the Council for this purpose, who shall report to the Pedler Fund Committee from time to time as required. The Council will defray the expenses of the research out of the Pedler Fund, all such expenses being subject to the approval of the Council or of any officer duly authorised for this purpose. The results of the investigations undertaken by the scholar shall be the property of the Institute, and shall be published as the Council may direct.Any such publication, however, shall be in the name of the scholar solely. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize.-The subject selected for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for 1930 is “Chemical Education from the Student’s Point of View” (see Page 147)-American Institute of Chemists.-Dr. Hans Thacher Clarke, at the request of the Council, has kindly consented to attend, as the representative of the Institute, a meeting of the American Institute of Chemistry convened to discuss the organisation of professional chemists in the United States. 102 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.--.4t a nieeting of the Section held in the University Union, Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 28th February,-Dr.J.F.Tocher presiding,-the recommenda-tions of the Committee regarding the Sectional rules were dis- cussed and approved by the members. Dr. A. N. Campbell, Lecturer in Chemistry at Aberdeen University, gave a paper on ‘‘ The Existence of Liquid Racemates.” Introducing his subject by a brief resumd of the character- istics of optically active and racemic substances, Dr. Campbell pointed out that the question of the existence or non-existence of racemates as chemical compounds in the liquid state had attracted considerable attention at various times during the last thirty years. The problem had been studied in the light of magnetic rotation, dielectric constant, molecular weight by cryoscopic and boiling point methods, solubility, vapour pressure, refractive index, viscosity, absorption spectra, and surface tension.The evidence obtained was very contradictory. Dr. Campbell’s own work had dealt with the viscosity and surface tension and other properties (cf. .J.C.S., 1929,1x11) of the liquid esters of the tartaric acid series. He had been able to show con- clusively that there was a very marked difference in the degree of association of the active and inactive forms of these esters. This, while not a direct proof of the existence of the simple doubled molecule, was proof of a marked difference in the nature of the molecular aggregate. It was very striking that the degree of association of the inactive form was always less than that of the active form.Dr. Campbell attributed this to the decrease in free energy, consequent upon the union of dextro- and laevo- molecules. Professor Findlay proposed a vote of thanks to Dr. Campbell for his interesting lecture, and expressed the hope that on a future occasion he would convey to the Section the further results of his research in this sphere. It was agreed that the next meeting of the Section should take the form of an excursion to be held in the Summer Session. The Secretary will welcome suggestions. 103 Belfast and District.-Before a meeting of the Section held in the Physics Lecture Room of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, on 6th February, Dr. G. Scott Robertson gave a very interesting account of his experiences on the occasion of his visit to South Africa for the British Association meeting last year.He described the pleasures of the voyage, the beauties of Cape Town and Table Mountain, and of the various other centres which he visited. He gave a resumk of the political situation, dealing with the difficulties in the government of a country with a population of 9,000,000, of which only 1,500,000 are white, and referring to the efforts that were being made to foster home industries by import taxes. He gave an account of the dairying and wine industries, and explained that the price obtained for dairy products in South Africa was practically the same as was obtainable in London; he thought that they would have to increase their production very considerably and reduce costs, before they could get a good export market. Another thing against this was that the stock, in his opinion, was comparatively poor, and gave a low yield.Dr. Robertson also explained at some length the working of the diamond mines and the precautions taken against theft, also the running of the gold mines; and referred to the agri- cultural crops-maize, wheat, barley, oats, and tobacco. On the 5th March, in the Physics Lecture Room of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, Dr. C. S. Thomson, the Belfast Superintendent Medical Officer of Health, gave a very interesting paper on 6b Panel Prescriptions.” Dr. G. Scott Robertson was in the chair, and there was a good attendance of members.Dr. Thomson gave particulars of test cases, with which he had been concerned in London, where panel prescriptions had been analysed as received from the pharmacist, and proceedings followed. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer, on the motion of Mr. Totton, seconded by Dr. Honneyman. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Annual Dinner and Dance, arranged jointly by the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Institute of Chemistry, and the British Association of Chemists, took place on 25th January at the Midland Hotel, Birmingham, Dr. D. F. Twiss in the chair. 104 Replying to a toast proposed by Mr. A. W. Knapp, Dr. Levinstein, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, stressed the importance of co-operation among chemists, and recalled other pleasant visits to Birmingham.Mr. George King, who made the arrangements for this meeting, was congratulated on the success of the evening. On 11th February, the Local Sections of the Institute and the British Association of Chemists met on the occasion of a Joint Concert. Mr. Knapp occupied the chair, supported by Mr. J. R. Johnson, who was largely responsible for the arrange- ments. In addition to vocal and instrumental items, a playlet entitled ‘‘Square Pegs,” by Clifford Bax, was performed by members of the Bcurnville Dramatic Society. On 12th March, the Section was visited by Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute. Dr. William Wardlaw occupied the chair, and the meeting was devoted to the considera- tion of matters of professional interests.Mr. Collett said that the primary object of his visit was to answer questions and to stimulate discussion on points of interest in connection with the Institute and its work. The Institute existed for a wide variety of purposes: to encourage the proper training of the chemist, whether at the University or the Technical College, was one of its main objects; valuable results had been effected in part-time chemical training by means of the scheme for the award of National Certificates in Chemistry. The safeguarding of the ethical code of the profession was an im- portant function of the Institute, and in this respect the general body of members themselves had their share in maintaining the high prestige which the profession of chemistry now enjoyed.Much of the work of the Institute in matters of professional interests could obviouslynot be published as it affected the private concerns of individual members, and the policy of the Institute was to do as much as it could by friendly, and where possible personal, negotiations. Mr. J. R. Johnson opened the discussion which followed Mr. Collett’s remarks. He doubted the advisability of placing a number of part-time trained chemists on a market which he considered already to be over full. Mr. Parkes enquired whether it would be possible, by some system of certificates, for example, to distinguish the erstwhile laboratory boy, engaged on routine work, from his juniors.105 Dr. Carter considered that the education of the chemist at the University should, and did, involve a blending of fundamentals with the more philosophical considerations of academic research ; a sure foundation of practical work was essential. He enquired whether a training in chemistry was now regarded as a good basis for appointment to managerial and administrative posts. Mr. Churchman made a lively contribution to the discussion, and asked questions concerning the grant to Local Sections for general purposes, the election of Associates to Council and the manifold problems surrounding transference from the Associate- ship to the Fellowship of the Institute. In reply to Mr. Johnson, Mr. Collett said that the demand for good trained chemists did not at the moment fall far short of the supply, and that it was often difficult to obtain men with special experience; there would always be a demand for the partly trained man for routine work.In reply to Dr. Carter, he said that he was of opinion that the training of the chemist seemed to be increasingly recognised as qualifying him for administrative posts. In reply to Mr. Churchman, he said that the Council did not desire that Local Sections should consider that they must spend up to the maximum of the grant, but he felt sure that Council wished money allotted to them to be spent on all reasonable purposes. The questions regarding the Regulations for the admission of Associates, for the transfer of Associates to the Fellowship, and the possibility of Associates serving on the Council were all linked up with one another.These subjects had all been fully discussed on the occasion of his last meeting, and he did not think he had anything further to add to what he had then said. Proposed by Mr. Johnson, seconded by Mr. Alcock, a vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Collett for opening the discussion. During the past term members have availed themselves of invitations to attend the lectures given under the auspices of the University Biochemical Society. Professor Ling gave a Presi-dential address on 16th January; Professor Stiles a lecture on “The Nature of Protoplasm” on 12th February; and Dr. Bishop, of Rothamsted Experimental Station, “The Proteins of Barley and Malt,” on 13th March.Bristol and South-Western.-The ninth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 18th March, in Bristol Univer- sity,-Mr. Edward Russell presiding. 106 After the reports of the Honorary Secretary and Treasurer had been received and adopted, two vacancies on the Committee, caused by the retirement by rotation of Mr. E. Russell and Mr. F. O’Brien, were filled by the election of Mr. K. D. Littlefield (Bristol) and Mr. K. H. Ellis (Gloucester), who, with Prof. W. E. Garner, Mr. H. F. Barke (Bristol), Prof. W. H. Lewis and Mr. F. Southerden (Exeter), will form the Committee for the ensuing year. Dr. H. F. Dean and Mr. A. E. Jones were reappointed Hon. Auditors and were thanked for their past services.A vote of thanks, proposed by Mr. Southerden, was accorded to Mr. Russell for his able Chairmanship of the Section during the past two years. A vote of thanks was accorded to the authorities of Bristol University and to Professor F. E. Francis-whose illness was regretted-for the use of rooms for the meetings of the Section. Then followed a discussion on “Some outstanding professional matters,” opened by Mr. Edward Russell, in which Messrs. F. Southerden, R. D. Littlefield, H. F. Barke, F. O’Brien, and A. W. M. Wintle participated. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 17th February in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh,-Mr. A. M. Cameron presiding.The following were elected as members of Committee to succeed those retiring:-Messrs. S. H. Hastie, W. G. R. Murray, R. G. Thin, and Dr. A. M. Smith. Since the last notes were published, the Section has held three joint meetings with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. At the first of these, held on 11th December, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, Mr. J. Adam Watson read a paper on ‘‘ The Industrial Minerals of Scotland.” The paper, which was listened to with great interest and evoked considerable discussion, has been published in Chemistry and Industry. The next meeting was held on 16th January, in the Pharma- ceutical Society’s Hall, Edinburgh,-Mr. W. A. MacGillivray in the chair. Three short papers were read: Dr.Wm. F. Ehret spoke on-‘‘ Magnetism and Crystal Structure.” 107 Mr. Norman Kemp on- ‘(The Industrial Application of X-Rays ” and Dr. A. M. Smith described a Capillary Hydrogen Electrode developed and used for local measurements of hydrogen-ion concentrations in the sap of a tuber or plant. The apparatus was demonstrated. Mr. Kemp showed exhibits of “ stereoscopic transparencies” in connection with his talk. There were also exhibits of apparatus and materials provided by the following firms :-Messrs. Griffin and Tatlock; Messrs. British Drug Houses, Ltd. ; Sofnol, Ltd. ; The Worcester Royal Porcelain Co. ; The General and Pharmaceutical Chemical Co. (Willesden); and an exhibit of recent books, by Messrs.Wm. Bryce of Edinburgh. The last of the three meetings was held immediately after the Annual General Meeting on 17th February. Professor A. J. Clark, M.C., M.D., F.R.C.P., of the Pharmaco- logical Laboratory of the University of Edinburgh gave an address upon “Drugs Manufactured by the Body.” The lecturer introduced his subject by pointing out that the body might be regarded as a combination of chemical works, which carried out operations of great complexity and variety. The subject which he wished especially to consider was the means by which the body controlled and correlated the activities of its organs. It was well known that many of the most impor- tant mechanical devices and chemical processes discovered by man were only copies of arrangements existing in the animal body, although in many cases the imitation had been made in ignorance of the original. The study of the system by which the body regulated its chemical processes was therefore one which was worthy of the attention of industrial chemists. Many of these processes it might be quite impossible to imitate outside the living body, but their consideration might yield hints as to possible lines of advance.About a century ago Sir Charles Bell showed that the functions of striped muscle were regulated by a system of sensory and motor nerves. A system of central control operating through telephones or telegraphs was quite familiar in modern life, but was unknown at that period. The control of the heart by the vagus nerve was also discovered in the first half of the nineteenth 108 century, and towards the end of the century it was discovered that the functions of all the glands and plain muscles of the body were regulated by the autonomic system of nerves.These discoveries led to the general idea that all the functions of the body were under a fairly complete and rigorous central control, a control exercised through the peripheral nervous system. During the last fifty years, however, a second system of control had been revealed, a control exercised by the release, either locally or into the general blood stream, of chemical substances which were termed hormones. These substances, which regulated the activity of the body, were numerous and had very varied functions.Their functions could be illustrated by the consideration of a few types. The lecturer dealt with these as follows:-There are at least three classes. (I) Substances such as thyroxin, which exercise a general control over the growth and metabolism of the body cells. The study of the action of substances of this type is the special concern of the rapidly growing science of endocrinology. (2)Substances such as adrenaline, which produce a general change of short duration in the functions of the body. (3) Substances such as secretin, acetyl choline and histamine, which produce a specific localised action. Thyroxi.vL.-This drug is chosen because our knowledge regarding its chemical properties and physiological action is more complete than is our knowledge of any other hormone that has a general action in regulating thegrowth andmetabolism of the body cells. Congenital deficiency of thyroxin causes abnormal development of almost every organ of the body, as is seen in the cretin, whilst deficiency and excess production of thyroxin cccurring in adult life cause typical diseases. A consideration of the formula of thyroxin I I reveals the following interesting facts.It is not a very complex structure, for although the molecular weight is about 760, yet 67 per cent. of this weight is due to the iodine. It is optically active, and physiological experiments have shown that the Z-isomer is about three times more active than the d-isomer. This is a good example of the general rule that although many 109 of the hormones are simple organic compounds, vet their action is intensely specific, and the slightest alteration in their constitu- tion suffices to modify their physiological activity.The amount of the hormone required by the body is very small, for the therapeutic dose of thyroxin is only a milligram, and the average quantity of thyroxin in the thyroid gland of man is less than 20 mgm., whilst the amount of thyroxin in circulation in the body is about 10mgm. The normal growth and metabolism of all the cells of the body depend, however, on the presence of this minute amount of drug. Thyroxin is the only important compound in the body that contains iodine, and the question naturally arises how it happens that the normal existence of the mammal depends on the regular supply of a minute quantity of this element, which is scarce in all lands, and which is extremely scarce over certain large land areas.This dependence has, of course, caused widespread endemic disease in many regions of the globe. This is probably due to an accident of evolution. The thyroid was developed before vertebrates left the sea. Sea water is comparatively rich in iodine, and the possibility of iodine shortage only arose when the vertebrates invaded the land. The dependence of the body on thyroxin appears in the mammal to be a somewhat unnecessary complication in life, and indeed to be the gratuitous introduction of an extra factor that may go wrong. Its necessity is, however, muchmore obvious in the case of the lower vertebrates, which show great seasonal changes in bodily functions, and it seems possible that the original use of the thyroid was to regulate such changes. Certainly the necessity for such a regulator is much more obvious in the case of the lower vertebrates, which undergo metamorphosis, than it is in the case of the higher mammals.Adrenaline.-This, again, is a remarkably simple substance HO I. HO--( )-CH.OH.CH,NHCH, with a molecular weight of only 183. It also is optically active and the E-isomer has a much more powerful physiological action than has the d-isomer. The adrenal glands of man contain about 10mgm. of adrenaline, and it can produce a physiological action in amazingly low dilutions.A visible effect can be produced on the isolated gut of the rabbit by a concentration of 110 IO-~ molar. The secretion of adrenaline appears to be an emer-gency measure which puts the body into a condition suitable for violent muscular activity. Digestive processes are stopped, the blood supply to the digestive organs is reduced, and thus a greater supply is available for the muscles; moreover, the output of the heart is increased. These and various other changes put the animal in a condition in which it can exert its utmost power either in flight or fight. Secretin.-Digestion is a highly complex chemical process that is carried through in a series of stages. The successful operation of the process depends on the perfect correlation of the activity of a number of glands.These glands are partly under nervous control, but digestion appears to be regulated chiefly by the release of chemical substances, of which secretin is the best known. The mechanism is as follows :-The entrance of food into the duodenum causes the excretion of bile, the entrance of bile salts causes the duodenal mucosa to release secretin, this travels by the blood stream to the pancreas, which it stimulates to secrete. One of the most striking points about this arrangement is its great complexity; indeed it almost appears as if the body preferred a complex to a simple system of control. AcetyZ ChoZziute.-The heart is in many ways the most remark-able organ in the body.During a long life-time the heart of a man performs some 3,000 million beats and the output per minute of the right and left sides together is about 3 gallons of blood, a figure that may rise to 10gallons during violent muscular activity. Moreover, it continues to function throughout life without one second’s pause for rest or repair. This is a performance quite eclipsing that of any pump made by man. Fifty years ago it was assumed that the heart’s activity was fairly completely under nervous control. In particular it was believed that the timing of the various chambers of the heart was arranged by impulses conducted through the nerves. Gaskell showed that conduction of the wave of excitation occurred through the muscle.It is now generally recognised that the contraction of the heart is due to a wave of excitation, initiated and conducted through the muscle, although the vagus and sympathetic nerves modify both the frequency and force of response of the heart. Anew light has recently been thrown on the method by which these nerves exercise their function, for Loewi has proved that 111 excitation of the vagus modifies the heart’s activity by causing the release around the heart cells of the substance acetyl choline. He has also shown that the sympathetic nerves probably act by causing the release of adrenaline. These autonomic nerves therefore act by liberating drugs, a mode of action that is very different from that of the voluntary nerves, for in these the stimu- lation is believed to be due to an electrical stimulus being trans- ferred from the nerve to the muscle.The amount of acetyl choline liberated by the vagus must be very small, but a study of the physiological action of this drug shows that an amazingly small quantity is sufficient to produce a physiological effect. Ace t yl choline has the formula (CH,),N (OH) CH,. CH,. CO .CH,. This compound has a physiological action 1,000 times greater than that of choline. It produces an action in almost incredible dilutions. Reid Hunt showed that a measurable fall of blood- pressure in the cat was produced by a dose of acetyl choline, which could only produce a concentration of about z x 10-l~ molar in the blood. This is equivalent to one milligram in 500,000 gallons.The lecturer found that IO-~ molar acetyl choline produced a demonstrable depression of the isolated heart of the frog. Experiments made to determine the quantity of acetyl choline reacting with heart cells showed that a demon-strable action was produced by not more than about 20,ooo molecules of the drug reacting with a cell, and subsequent investigations suggested that this figure was too high. (Clark, J. I-hysiol., 61, 530, 1926.) This is a very remarkable result if one considers the relative dimensions of the cell and the molecules. A cell of the frog’s heart is spindle-shaped and measures about 130 x IO~.Its volume is 3,400~~or 3.4 x IO-~C.C. The average diameter of a molecule of acetyl choline is probably about 10 A.U., and is unlikely to be as much as 20 A.U.The latter figure gives a volume of the order of IO-~O C.C. The volume of the cell is, therefore, 3-4 x 10ll times greater than that of the molecule. This relation in size is similar to that between a large whale (100tons) and a midge (one-third of a milligram). The remarkable fact is that a few thousand of these molecules when attached to the cell are sufficient to depress its activity. Acetyl choline is not unique in regard to its power to produce a pharmacological action in high dilutions, for similar effects are recorded with histamine. Dale and Richards found that this drug produced a measurable effect on the blood-pressure 112 when present in the blood in a concentration of about 10-12.This drug also occurs in the body, and either it, or a closely allied substance, is liberated when tissues are injured and causes local dilatation of the capillaries. Modern investigations show, therefore, that there is a complex system of control of the body by means of the release of drugs. The best known examples of such control are the secretions of certain endocrine glands which control growth and metabolism. In addition, however, there is an extensive system of local control. In some cases an organ liberates a drug which acts on a second organ. Moreover, the autonomic nervous system appears to control the vital organs by causing the release of drugs. The most potent of these hormones are remarkably simple com-pounds.They act in extraordinarily high dilutions and the actual quantity of drug necessary to produce an action on a cell appears to be extremely small. The action of certain poisons on catalysts may furnish examples in inorganic chemistry where comparable quantities are involved, but the mode of action of the drugs to which I have referred appears to present problems that deserve the attention of chemists. A lengthy discussion followed, and Professor Clark was called upon to answer many questions. Dr. Ehret asked for details of the methods of estimating the number of molecules required to produce a demonstrable effect on a cell. The lecturer replied, and the discussion turned then to the adsorption theory. Dr. Kermack suggested that a region of weakness might be developed on a cell wall, and this local action could perhaps account for the effects.The same speaker, dealing with the question of thyroxin in relation to evolution, pointed out how in other ways the animal picks something from its natural environment and uses it, instancing chlorophyll for haemoglobin and the bile pigments. Rather different cases were the uses of natural drugs, such as quinine, which occurs where malaria also occurs. He suggested, however, that the latent resources of synthetic drugs in organic chemistry must hold a wealth of hidden power quite as potent as that of the natural drugs, if only the specific actions could be lighted upon. The lecturer, replying, pointed out that nothing was known synthetically to equal cocaine, which could do what only a whole series of substitutes could do.While a given synthetic substitute would replace cocaine for some purposes, it would fail in other 113 directions and in spite of there being perhaps three or four hun- dred such substitutes. In reply to another question, he said that there was now a new anzsthetic with a departure from the cocaine group structure, so that the idea that this structure alone could yield the special type of activity must now be abandoned. Dr. J. E. G. Harris asked for information as to how the drugs to which Professor Clark had referred in his address were formed in the human system, whether by synthesis or degradation; also, whether the special feeding of patients could be undertaken to induce the body to make good deficiencies of essential drugs.The lecturer replied that the body would have no difficulty in synthesising, say, acetyl choline. The body did not, however, synthesise benzene rings and these must presumably come from without. Mr. Wightman, discussing the “midges on the whale,’’ sug- gested that, since the muscle cell would contain a heterogeneous assortment of molecules, the specific action of those of the drug with one kind of cell molecule might account for the effect. He asked also for information about analogues of thyroxin containing chlorine or bromine. This question was answered by Dr. McCartney, who said that twelve less active permutation compounds of thyroxin had been examined.Dr. McCartney also referred to the high dilu- tions at which it was possible to smell certain compounds, such as mercaptans, and compared this phenomenon with those the lecturer had treated. Catalysts similarly gave comparable figures in some cases. Mr. G. E. Dodds inquired why it was that dyes had been studied as specifics for sleeping sickness, and Professor Clark pointed out that these discoveries were really accidental, the dyes having been used first of all with other objects in view. Some drugs were very complex but others were correspondingly simple, and the recognition of the importance of specificity of action was a fundamental in these studies. The discussion was concluded by an appreciation of the address by the Chairman, Mr.A. M. Cameron, who then called upon Mr. A. Tait to propose a vote of thanks to Professor Clark, which was very heartily given. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Institute of Engineers and Shipbuilders, Elmbank 114 Crescent, on 26th February, when Professor F. J. Wilson occupied the chair and welcomed Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, who had been invited to take part in a discussion on bb Professional Matters.” The following subjects were submitted: (I) The present general prospects of Chemists in Industry; (2) The lack of Professional Representation on the Economic Advisory Council recently appointed by the Government ; (3) The Advisability of a Propaganda Committee being ap- pointed by the Council; and (4) The Remuneration of Chemists.Dr. Picton opened the discussion with a general survey of the prospects in industry. He pointed out the great changes which had taken place since the War, changes which now enabled the chemist to reach the highest positions in industry in com- petition with purely commercial men. In this connection he advised all young chemists to read the two papers which had been published by the Institute, “Chemists and Dividends,” by the late Mr. Gluckstein, and “The Chemist and Commerce,’’ by Dr. Lampitt. In reply to a question by Mr. Jamieson on the subject of chemistry students gaining works experience during their long vacation, Mr.Collett stated that it was highly desirable but difficult to arrange, since employers were only beginning to find the man useful at the end of his two months’ experience. Dealing with the lack of professional representation on the Economic Advisory Council, the consensus of opinion was that the question was more economic than chemical in nature, and as such was not within the scope of the professional activities of the chemist. The question of the appointment of a Propaganda or Pro- fessional Publicity Committee was submitted by Dr. P. F. Gordon. He suggested that if the number of members of the various Local Sections were taken as an index or measure of the industrial efficiency of a district, then Glasgow compared un-favourably with some of the districts in England. Actually the Glasgow Section, with a membership of 331,was fourth on the list, and, considering that the Section included Glasgow (with a population of a million and a quarter), Paisley.and many other 115 towns, it was a very small number of chemists for a large in- dustrial area. In this connection, Mr. Bland suggested that it would be interesting and extremely useful, from the point of view of pub-licity, if statistics could be obtained to co-relate the number of chemists employed in specific industries. He felt quite con-fident that the prosperity of the industries concerned would be in direct proportion to the number of capable chemists em-ployed by them. An interesting point was raised by Mr.MacFarlane regarding the relationship of chemists to the medical profession. He pointed out that in many of the medical schools there were professors and lecturers of medicine who lectured on purely chemical subjects. These were subjects which could be dealt with better by a chemist, but he was prevented from doing so because he had not a medical degree. Mr. Macleod commented on the attitude of certain medical men in overlooking the ability or competence of the chemist in charge of works. He instanced the case of a Medical Officer of Health, who suggested certain alterations to plant which did not meet with the approval of the chemist; and it was really a case where the alkali inspector was a much more suitable man to express an opinion than the medical man.Dr. S. T. Mitchell introduced the question of the remunera- tion of chemists. In the course of this part of the discussion, Mr. Findlay stated that the average commencing salary of the young chemist in the textile industry was about L200 per annum; but after two years he received a substantial increase, and at the end of five years he would probably earn about .&5o-L400 per annum. Other speakers raised the question of inadequate remunera- tion in temporary positions such as the beet sugar industry. Mr. Collett, in reply, pointed out the difficulty of obtaining statistics regarding salaries, but he agreed that the figures quoted by Mr. Findlay were a fair average approximation. This concluded the discussion, and, on the motion of the Chairman, a vote of thanks and appreciation to Mr.Collett was passed, for the way in which he had dealt with the points raised. There were thirty-two members present, and the majority took an active part in the discussion. Irish Free State.-A meeting of the Section was held on the 27th February, in University College, Dublin. Mr. J. W. Parkes 116 occupied the chair, in the absence, through illness, of Professor W. E. Adeney. Mr. T. Smith read an interesting paper on “Emulsions,” illustrated by lantern slides and numerous samples of the various types of emulsions. Between the bulk phases of an emulsion there was an inter- facial film of different properties from those of the bulk phases.Lowering of surface tension favoured drop formation and, hence, emulsification. If the interfacial tension was high, the liquids were of low miscibility; while, if low, the liquids were readily miscible. Thus, phenol and water had a critical solution tempera- ture of 68.8” C., and the interfacial tension was 0.03 dyne at 60°C. The general appearance and feel to the touch of an emulsion were, in general, those of the external phase ;a water-in-oil emulsion was yellowish in colour and oily to the touch, while an oil-in water emulsion was white and watery to the touch. If the refractive indices of the bulk phases were made equal, a close approximation to transparency could be attained. The emulsifying agents commonly met with were-gum acacia, tragacanth, mucilage of Irish moss, casein, soaps, egg yolk, and saponin. Soaps of sodium, potassium, and ammonium produced emulsions of the oil-in-water type ; while soaps of silver and the polyvalent elements gave the water-in-oil type.This phenomenon was connected with the atomic volume of the metallic radical present in the soap, radicals with low atomic volumes giving the oil-in-water type. The stability of an emulsion was promoted by fine particle size of the internal phase and high viscosity of the external phase. Dr. Leonard, having proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Smith, Mr. Arup, in seconding, mentioned that, in the production of margarine emulsions, a marked change in conductivity some- times occurred, which appeared to be associated with inversion of the emulsion type.Messrs. Andrews, Stringer and the Chairman, joined in thank- ing Mr. Smith, and expressed their high appreciation of the interesting manner in which he had presented his subject. Leeds Area.-At a meeting of the Section, held at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds, on 24th February, Mr. David McCandlish in the chair, Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary, addressed the meeting on “The Institute and the Profession of Chemistry.” 117 Mr. Collett outlined the various activities of the Institute and communicated the experience of headquarters on many questions of interest to the members. He suggested that the pessimistic views sometimes expressed as to the economic position of chemists were unwarranted, and deprecated the publicity occasionally given to cases where unsatisfactory salaries were offered.He believed that, on the whole, chemists were as well paid as members of other professions. The Institute was unfortunately not in possession of complete evidence on this point, as less than 20 per cent. of the members had answered the last questionnaire on the subject of salaries. -4 lively discussion ensued, which ranged over many topics. The Institute’s examination for the Associateship met with some criticism. The view was expressed that all external examinations placed candidates at an initial disadvantage, compared with those taking the internal examinations of universities, and that, there- fore, the Institute’s examiners should avoid setting questions demanding a great knowledge of matters of specialised detail. Mr.Collett said that he felt sure that the examiners would be willing to listen to useful criticism. The policy of the Institute had been to reduce the number of examinations, but these were necessary in the absence of any alternative method of obtaining evidence as to the knowledge and capabilities of candidates. Considerable discussion centred on the desirability of coining a new word to replace the name “chemist,” e.g., chemiologist, chemician, alchemist, being suggested. The Institute, Mr. Collett said, had spent half-a-century in advancing the claims of the chemist to his rightful name, and he held that this claim should not now be abandoned.At the close of the meeting, Mr. Gawler referred to the resignation of the Chairman of the Section, Mr. McCandlish. The meeting expressed its appreciation of his long service, and offered him its best wishes on his retirement. Liverpool and North-Western.-At the 94th ordinary meeting of the Section held on 13th February, Professor James Rice addressed the members on ‘* The Revolution in the Theory of Matter.” He said that the atom had been the subject of intense in- vestigation by the physicist for over thirty years. For the chemists of the nineteenth century it had been an invaluable conceptual unit enabling them to “picture ” the quantitative 118 aspect of the processes with which they were directly concerned.’The picture was, however, too simple to meet the needs of the physicist, pursuing his researches with gas conduction, X-rays, radioactivity and spectroscopic phenomena. He had to have a “structure.” What more natural, when he discovered the electron, than to fashion his model atom on the same plan as that great structure in the Universe-the solar system ! The conception was a magnificent one, and in many directions pro-vided investigators with that kind of simple “ physical ” appre-hension of theory which had so often proved invaluable to skilful experimentalists with little or no mathematics. Rut from the very first the model proved somewhat intractable to the mathe- matical physicist. Its lack of stability proved to be a serious matter in view of the obviously permanent configuration pre- served under all sorts of shocks and trials by the units of elements, whatever they might be.If the planetary electrons in the atoms and the free electrons in our discharge tubes responded to electrical influences in the same way as large pieces of electrified matter did in our experiments, i.e. if they “obeyed” the New- tonian laws of motion and the Maxwell laws of the electro- magnetic field, it was next to impossible to bring fact and theory into agreement. So, bit by bit, “classical laws” gave place to new and somewhat hostile conceptions, so far as electrons and such small scale bits of matter were concerned. Mass, instead of being a fundamental, unchangeable property, was found to be dependent on speed; in its place, electric charge became the unalterable property of the electric corpuscle, electron or atomic nucleus.Classical laws of motion were too lax; something more rigorous had to be introduced to provide for precise orbits in which the electron could move in the atom and to exclude as entirely irrelevant a whole infinity of orbits, which on classical grounds were just possible, but which were entirely incompatible with the permanent properties of the atom as revealed by the spectroscope. Even when restricted to these “quantised ” orbits the electrons were not behaving classically, for then in their rapid oscillations they would ha\-e been radiating energy, i.e. light, and again the spectroscope said, “No! that won’t do.That they radiate energy is quite true; not in these periods of ‘ lawful behaviour ; but in certain altogether mysterious intervals -quantum jumps-when they disappear from one orbit and turn up in another.” Now this was decidedly peculiar. When the electron was behaving itself in a rational fashion, the atom 119 which is its home was literally doing nothing; it was emitting no energy; for us it did not exist. Only in these breaches of good behaviour did it bring itself to our notice. So this blend of classical law and quantum hypothesis which for several years provided experimentalists with innumerable interesting prob- lems, had had its day, and was in course of passing away. At the moment the mathematician was formulating new laws for the behaviour of the microcosm, but they were phrased in his own special tongue, not understandable by many.In this codification on the model atom, the picture which appeared to the mind’s eye, played no part. Its ruins lay behind us like those of many other models in physical theory. Those who upheld this attitude simply stated that the atom was not open to direct observation, and that our laws should only concern themselves with directly observable phenomena. Many people, however, refused to dispense with the model; and for many purposes it was a great help to the bulk of people with little or no mathe- matics. But when it came to statements as to “ultimate” truth, and to “philosophic” consideration of the nature of matter, it was only too arguable at present that the “picture” had entirely disappeared or become a vague “mush ” of “waves, ” with considerable doubt as to what was waving.London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 19th February, Mr. W. M. Colles gave a lecture on ‘‘Medico-Legal Chemical Work in Egypt.” Professor J. C. Drummond presided. Mr. Colles outlined the work, which was done for the Egyptian Government and consisted largely of investigations in criminal cases. The principal offence was poisoning, either of human beings or of animals, and the cases were so numerous that it would have been impossible to cope with them, but for the fact that such large quantities of poison were used. It was fre-quently possible actually to see arsenic sulphide in viscera by mere inspection, and phosphorus was evidenced by the fumes on opening the samples.On account of the climate, it was neces- sary to examine samples as soon as possible after receipt, and even then there was a risk of the bursting of sample bottles. Viscera were usually received in well-padlocked cases, and it was not unknown for such seemingly valuable articles to be stolen in transit to the laboratory. Unfortunately, the faces of the purloiners, when they opened the cases, had never been seen ! The most common poison used was arsenic sulphide in the form of a bright red powder-the native realgar. This was extensively used by Mohammedans as a depilatory, and in consequence was easily obtainable. Much ingenuity was used in devising ways of administering it.For the determination of arsenic, a large-scale Marsh apparatus had been developed, using as standard the stain given by 0.25 mg. arsenic, instead of the normal 0.01 mg. Another common poison was hashish, which was often given in sweetmeats. Large numbers of tests for blood were carried out, and the Department with which Mr. Colles was connected was one of the first to adopt the precipitin test for determining the nature of blood. Many interesting reminiscences of cases were recounted and a vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Colles for his lecture. Manchester and District.-The twelfth Annual General Meeting took place on 20th March, at “The Manchester” Ltd., and was presided over by Mr.W. D. Rogers. Dr. T. Callan, and Messrs. S. E. Melling, G. Holden and S. A. Brazier were elected to the Committee. The Hon. Secretary, Dr. A. Coulthard, and the Hon. Auditors, Messrs. F. Page Evans and L. Thompson, were re-elected. An address entitled ‘‘ Science and Philosophy ” was given by Mr. A. D. Ritchie, M.A. The lecturer stated that the separation between science and philosophy during the last century was in part a historical accident due to the success of the philosophical thinking of the pioneers of modern science, particularly Galileo, Descartes and Newton. It seemed as though no further thinking on the subject of the foundations of science was needed till the recent revolution in physics upset some of these beliefs. But there was also a temperamental reason for this separation, because it was difficult for the same man to be interested at the same time in general problems and in special problems. Scientific investigation proceeded by the study of special problems by special technique.There was, however, only one system of science, because the techniques were only variations of one single method, that of measurement. Using the term in 121 a wide sense, to mean any observation or manipulation of objects that depended upon their geometrical properties and relations, measurement was the basis of all the successful branches of science. The method of science was analytical, or where analysis failed it might be statistical, but in any case, whatever was individual or unique escapes the scientific net.For this reason most of what was interesting and important in life escaped too. The scientific man was bound to have some outlook on the things outside his science and some notion of the relations of his science to them; he had to have a philosophy. If that philosophy had not been thought over and made articulate it was not likely to be: of the best quality. It was to be remembered of course that there were many different possible philosophies differing as the outlook and temperament of people differ. The immense practical importance of scientific discovery was another reason for urging scientific men to consider pliilosophical, that was to say general, questions seriously. Almost from the beginning, science had had important practical applications.The voyages of discovery of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, which led to the modern expansion of Western Europe were made possible by the mathematics and astronomy derived from the Greeks. Since then the political and economic effects of scientific discovery were becoming greater every year. The results were generally quite incalculable. Nobody could have prophesied that Faraday’s experiments on electro-magnetic induction would result in the modern electrical industry, or that a technical improvement in steel making by providing basic slag would avert a crisis in the agriculture of Europe. ,4ny day might see a new discovery or some new application of an old discovery which would upset the economic structure of the world.The investigator in the course of his work had to go wherever the investigation led him and ignore the consequences. That was all the more reason why in the intervals he should reflect on the possible consequences of all that he and his fellows were doing. A discussion followed, in which the following participated :-Dr. Ridge, Mr. Silvester, Dr. Callan, Dr. Lewis Dale, Mr. Farrar, Mr. Humphries, Mr. Turner and Mr. R. B. Harley. A vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer on the motion of Mr. Black, seconded by Mr. Sherratt. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-At a meeting of the Section, held on 19th February, in the Newcastle 122 Chemical Industry Club, Dr. A. A. Hall (Chairman of the Local Section) delivered an address on “Some Aspects of Agricultural Chemistry.” Dr.Hall said that those who were engaged in teaching were always concerned with the problem of finding suitable positions for past students. He thought that by pointing out the kind of positions open to agricultural chemists and the different work that they may be called upon to do, he might be able to give some information of value that could be passed on to students of chemistry. It was a curious fact, that while the majority of higher positions in agricultural chemistry were held by men who started life as chemists and became agriculturists later, yet the junior posts were filled by students who had made agriculture their main subject, and chemistry their subsidiary subject.This was all wrong : the mere fact that the higher posts were filled by chemists should be a sufficient reason for filling the junior positions from the same source. Why was this not done? Because we haven’t got the men! He was being continually asked to suggest men for posts for which he could not supply men with the necessary chemical experience. There had been a vacancy for an agricultural chemist at a comparatively high salary for a matter of years in one of our Colonies, but no suitable man had applied. What were the positions open to agricultural chemists? In the teaching profession, the good posts were few and far between, and even then the rewards were not great. Apart from teaching, there was quite a number, and the number was steadily increasing, of posts for chemists in which a knowledge of agriculture was necessary: some with commercial firms, such as manure merchants, oil and cake manufacturers, and manufac- turers of insecticides, sheep dips, etc.Then each county and most of the important county boroughs had an Official Agri- cultural Analyst. The country was also divided up into districts, in each of which there was an adviser in agricultural chemistry, whose duties were to advise farmers and to carry out investiga- tions required in connection with this advice. It was, however, abroad, that they must look for the good posts. Every year new posts were filled by the Colonial Office, and more private firms or an amalgamation of firms were finding that if they wanted successfully to meet the competition of to-day, they must employ agricultural chemists.123 Dr. Hall said that the training of the agricultural chemist was long. The best training involved his preparing for and obtaining, in the first place, an honours degree in chemistry, or the A.I.C. During this course he should take every opportunity of studying the relationship between chemistry and agriculture. If he took an honours degree, one of his subsidiary subjects should be agricultural chemistry. After having taken his degree in chemistry, he should spend at least two years doing work on some phase of agricultural chemistry, attending lectures in agriculture, and spending all his spare time on a farm so as to obtain an insight into the practical problems of the farmer.It should be remembered that the rise of agricultural chemistry was necessarily contemporaneous with the rise of scientific agriculture. As there was really no science of agriculture until the latter part of the eighteenth century, it followed that agri- cultural chemistry itself had a comparatively short history. Until 1603, agriculture was an art, an important one it was true, but the traditional methods employed were often erroneous and always wasteful. It might be said that scientific agriculture commenced when Tusser wrote his book on The Hundred Points of Husbandry, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, but this work received very little attention from the practical farmers of his day.It was only at a much later date, towards the middle of the eighteenth century, that increasing population and wealth caused farmers to look to science to give them better and more certain crops. A similar change had taken place in more recent years, and had been brought about by the world tragedy of the late war. In 1790,a Chair of Agriculture and Rural Economy was estab- lished in the University of Edinburgh, and twelve years later the Board of Agriculture invited Sir Humphry Davy to deliver a course of lectures on agricultural chemistry. Sir Humphry might be looked upon as the first, and perhaps the most famous, agricultural chemist. He lectured between 1802-1812,and the lectures were later brought up to date and published. Dr.Hall quoted from one of Davy’s lectures, “All varieties of substances found in plants are produced from the sap, and the sap of plants is derived from water, or from the fluids of the soil altered by, or combined with, principles derived from the atmosphere.” Davy went on to say, “The great use of the soil is to afford support to the plant, to enable it to fix its roots, and to derive nourishment by its tubes slowly and gra.dually from the 124 soluble and dissolved substances mixed with the earths.’’ Pre-viously it had been thought that the plant derived all its nutri- ment from the minute earthy particles, and that the only use of manures was to ameliorate the texture of the soil. Davy said, “It has generally been supposed that gypsum, alkalies and saline substances act as condiments or stimulants in the animal economy, and that they render the common food nutritious.It seemed much more probable that they supplied a part of the true food of plants and animals.” It was only in recent years that the full significance of this truth, regarding the important part played by small quantities of mineral matter, suspected by Davy, had been demonstrated by the work of Dr. Orr and his colleagues at the Rowatt Research Institute. Still further work had been done on this same subject by another celebrated chemist, Baron von Liebig. He pointed out the necessity for a small supply of mineral matter as part of the essential food of plants, and how these materials were expended by continual cropping.Coming to more modern times, it was found that as the subject grew, it had to be divided into sections until now we had two main sections-the soil chemists or pedologists, and the chemists whose chief aim was the study of animal nutrition. The gap between these two was ever widening, and, probably at some future date, one or the other would be as much a subject apart as, say, organic chemistry. The chemistry of the soil had shown tremendous growth during the last twenty years. Until comparatively recent times, soil was passed over as a substance made up of small particles of the parent rock, together with a certain amount of organic matter surrounded by a film of moisture. We now knew that the subject was a much more complicated one.To consider one property: the permeability of a system made up of small particles was dependent upon the viscosity of the fluid and the size of the particles; it was in fact inversely proportional to the viscosity. Experiments had been made with small glass particles, and this had been found to be true, but in the case of soil the value for the permeability of water was always very low. For some reason, water permeated soil at much less than the calculated rate. This could be demonstrated by taking two cylinders, one of sand and one of clay soil, and dipping the open ends of each tube in water; theoretically the water should rise more quickly in the clay tube than the sand, but the reverse was the case.125 Other anomalies were the remarkable flocculating effect of lime upon a clay soil, the shrinkage, and the power that soils had of holding up phosphates, etc. It was found, for example, that if a soil were heated gently, considerably more phosphate was extracted by dilute acid than from unheated soil. These, and many other observations, led to the modern theory that soil consisted of particles surrounded by a colloidal layer. In point of fact, the soil chemist visualised the soil particle as a salt of which the colloidal matter constituted the anion with the active cations of Ca, Mg, H, etc. surrounding it. This supposition of a colloidal layer around the soil particles helped to explain the various problems mentioned.A considerable amount of work had been done of late years upon the living bodies in the soil. We now knew that the most important processes of nitrification, etc., were brought about by living organisms, so that part of the soil chemist’s duty was to see that the soil was made favourable to the beneficial and un-favourable to the other types. This was, perhaps, mainly a question of acidity, by which he (Dr. Hall) meant not so much the total amount of acid present as the hydrogen-ion concentration. The question of acidity had opened up in recent years many fields for research. This led to the consideration of the many branches of soil physics, the preparation of the soil for seeding, the con- servation of water, and the changes that could be brought about in the soil by chemical means to make ploughing and cultivation easier.In close connection with the soil problems was the question of manures. The science of manures and manuring had been making steady progress ever since Lawes and Gilbert introduced superphosphate in 1842. Perhaps, the greatest advance since that time was the production of nitrogenous compounds from atmospheric nitrogen. This work had revolutionised the manure industry, and had given the farmer an unlimited supply of one of his most valuable plant foods. It had also done good to the science of agriculture in other ways. As the supply of nitrogenous compounds increased, it was found necessary to find new outlets for the compounds formed, which led to new work being done and more chemists being employed.It also caused experiments to be made with tropical plants, which again opened up a new vista of research and investigation for the agricultural chemists of the world. While we heard more of sulphate of ammonia than of any other synthetic nitrogenous manure, we must also remember that in recent years a considerable number of other compounds had been prepared and experimented with, such as urea, etc. Mention should be made of the other methods employed in the utilisation of the nitrogen of the air: of these, two are of importance, the oxidation of nitrogen to oxides of nitrogen in the electric arc, and the manufacture from these of nitrate of lime. The other method was the conversion of the nitrogen of the air into calcium cyanamide by means of calcium carbide in the electric furnace.The very serious competition. of these synthetic nitrogenous manures had brought about many changes and improvements in the manufacture of the older manure, nitrate of soda. Even the oldest manure of all, farmyard manure, had received its share of attention, and the best conditions for its preparation and conservation had been worked out so as to obviate waste of valuable plant food. In this connection, the bacteriologist had done most important work on the living organisms in the manure heap and their habits. When we came to consider the plant, the problems of scientific importance which had practical significance were innumerable. On the purely scientific side of the question, Baly and others had carried out most important researches on the mechanism by means of which the plant takes up its carbon, and possibly nitrogen, from the air; and others had carried out equally important work upon the way in which the plant takes up the other materials for its growth from the soil.At the same time, the practical agriculturist, aided by the chemist, had been busily investigating methods by which these researches could be brought to have a practical bearing upon the growth of crops. Meanwhile, the nutritional chemist had not been idle. Start-ing with Kellner in Germany, Armsby in America, and the late Professor T. B. Wood of Cambridge, the scientific feeding of animals had been brought to a very sound position indeed.This work originated with Kellner, who was one of the first to appre- ciate the fact that by a chemical analysis of the feeding material and of the excreta, we could get a considerable insight into the amounts of the various materials in the food that were digested and their functions after digestion. This most laborious piece of research work, full of difficulties and apparent contradictions, 127 was carried to a brilliant finish, and opened the door for modern work. This recent work had mostly been the adaptation of Kellner’s original idea to the consideration of the question of the disposition of energy as measured by heat. This entailed the devising and erection of an animal calorimeter large enough to take an ox, so that the heat effect of different foodstuffs could be actually observed.These researches had led to greater economy and effect in the rationing of cattle. Until quite recent years little was known about the feeding value of pastures. Certain pastures were known to be good for fattening cattle, and others were known to be poor; it was also observed that at certain periods of the year the pastures seemed to have more nutritive value than at others. The first real attempt to measure feeding value of pastures was made by Professor Somerville, at Cockle Park, where he attempted to compare the value of different pastures, or rather the same pasture manured in different ways by measuring the live weight increase of sheep fed on them.This experiment was very suc- cessful, and proved the benefit of the addition of basic slag to poor pastures, and at the same time showed that the reason for the improvement was mainly due to the encouragement of the clover. This led to a boom in basic slag which held for many years; it was, however, soon discovered that not only did the different basic slags differ in the amounts of phosphates (the valuable manurial ingredient), but that even when the phosphates were equal some still gave different results in the field. It was found later, that if these slags were extracted with a weak acid, from the bad slags little phosphate was obtained, and from the good ones, a considerable amount; and this led to a solubility test being applied to the slags.Some fifteen years ago, iron makers began to change their methods, and to make much more use of the open hearth furnace in place of the Bessemer. This change required that the slag should be more fluid, and to bring this about Auor spar was added; this gave a slag containing fluorine. This in itself would not be disadvantageous, but unfortunately the presence of the fluorine caused the phosphates to be rendered more insoluble, and so less useful as a manure. During later years basic slag had been replaced to a considerable extent by finely ground rock phosphates. “But, to return to our pastures! ” It would be impossible to give any account of the activities of agricultural chemists without mentioning the recent work on the composition of grazing pastures.By imitating the grazing of animals, by regular mowing at short intervals, it had been found that grass had a much higher feeding value than had been previously imagined. This simply meant that the leaves had a greater feeding value than the stalks. It was found that the feeding value of pasture grass could be compared with that of linseed cake. The latest development was the investigation of a means of conserving grass and fodder crop in transportable form, e.g. grass meal or cake. In conclusion, Dr. Hall expressed the hope that his brief sum- mary might prove to be of some assistance to the rising generation in seeking posts in this branch of science. A long and interesting discussion followed, and on the motion of Mr.Wikner, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Hall. New Zealand.-Arrangements were made for holding the Third Annual Conference of the Section at Christchurch on 31st January and 1st February. The Conference was opened with the general meeting in the Students’ Union Buildings, Canterbury College. The annual report showed that the membership of the Section had increased from 30 to 40 members. Professor T. H. Easterfield gave an address entitled “ Chemical Knowledge in Modern Business.” This was the third occasion on which he had had the honour of addressing them as chairman of the New Zealand Section. On the first occasion he had indulged in some reminiscences, and on the last he had dealt with the education of chemists, em- phasising the range of the ramifications of chemistry, extending as it did to every branch of human activity, which consequently made it extremely important that the chemist of the future should be trained upon broad lines.In the old days the training of a chemist was confined, in many instances, to a particular part, or section, of chemistry, but if they confined the training nowadays to these lines the chemist would very soon find himself up against a dead end. A very broad training was decidedly necessary, not only on the physical side, but also on the biological side. In addition, he thought, considerable attention was necessary, on the part of a chemist 129 who aimed to fulfil the whole scope of his profession, to such subjects as mathematics and statistics and, if they wished to rise to important positions in industry, then the question of finance and the scientific basis of economics was also a very important one for their consideration.When they considered that so many industries of the present day were entirely founded upon an accurate knowledge of chemistry, it should not surprise them that the chemist should be regarded as the most important person in industry. If this state of affairs ever came to be the case with New Zealand industry they would find that the study of chemistry would come to be looked upon as something really serious. Referring to the late Professor Ira Remsen, of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, the speaker said that when he had asked his old instructor in chemistry about the position of chemists in America he replied that when he began at Johns Hopkins he found it very diffcult to find positions for the men he had trained.At the present time, however, the difficulty was to supplywell-trained men as fast as the demand for them came in. The speaker believed that if our secondary industries in New Zealand were to be developed they would have to get thoroughly well-trained men, who could take a wide view and see the position, not only from the chemical standpoint, but from the business and financial standpoints as well. But they had to get the so-called business men of New Zealand to under- stand that if they neglected to make allowance for the paramount importance of chemistry in industries of all kinds, they were probably going to lose thousands of pounds sterling annually.He had had very considerable experience in acting as adviser to companies of one kind and another in various matters con- nected with enterprises in which they were interested, and one of the most amusing things he had come across was the extra- ordinary ignorance displayed by so many so-called business men of any scientific principles whatever. One of the results of this state of affairs was that they found apparently sensible men investing good money in schemes which, if not actually bogus, were certainly not based upon any scientific facts or knowledge, and these credulous persons included men who would not ordinarily be supposed to be capable of such actions.Only recently he had been asked for advice by certain men who had paid a considerable amount of money for quite a good-looking patent, besides making other heavy expenditure in connection with it. He had investigated the process, which was not producing what it was claimed to do. On his first visit to the plant the excuse was made that it was an “off day,” so he waited for about three months and then paid another visit. On this occasion he found that a further fT400 had been expended on “improving” the apparatus, but the net result seemed to be rather worse than before! He asked to be supplied with a bucket and a steam jet and, after a little experimenting, he managed to produce a better result with this simple apparatus than was produced by the apparatus for which about &I,OOO had been expended. After his investigation he had an interview with the mem-bers of the Board interested, and he was astonished at the childish- ness and simplicity of the questions put to him by these business men.But the real bombshell of the investigation was provided by his discovery that the alleged patent did not give its purchasers any sole right to manufacture the article in question at all. The process was certainly hinted at in the preamble, but was not covered by the specifications, and the purchasers had paid their good money for nothing, or, at any rate, they had only purchased the right to appeal to the Court for an injunction forbidding the manufacture of the article by others.This case was but one of very many that could be quoted, and the time must come, he thought, when business men would awake to the fact that it would pay them to consult the chemist with actual knowledge of the facts, not after they had embarked on an enterprise, but before they so embarked. No doubt many of his hearers could give instances similar to that he had re-count ed. In case after case the so-called business man got into trouble first and consulted the scientific man afterwards. But he should consult first and obtain the scientist’s advice, and so save himself much annoyance and probably the loss of a greater or less sum of money. He had even known bankers advise their clients to invest in certain oil propositions, with no knowledge of the subject at all and no evidence.In some cases these pro- positions had proved worthless and, in one case in particular, an expensive oil refinery had been erected, only to find at length that the oil was more or less useless, and certainly not suitable for refining. All this useless expenditure and loss could have been saved had the opinion of a competent scientist been obtained 131 at the start. The public should also be made to realise that it will have to rely upon the scientific man for the development of New Zealand’s secondary industries. Besides the necessity of the chemist of the future being trained upon the broadest possible lines, it seemed just as neces- sary for the public in general to be trained in the necessity of con- sulting the chemist.Referring to a little booklet on vocational guidance recently issued by the Education Department, the speaker remarked that this seemed as though it might possibly be of some help to parents concerned with the problem of what to do with their children. It was recognised by some parents that a course in chemistry would probably be of value and that a year or so at a technical school was thought to fill the bill. Unfortunately, at most of the technical schools in this country there was no chemistry course of any practical kind available. He maintained that the time had come when it was as essential for the average business man to have a working know- ledge of chemistry as it was for him to know arithmetic.In Germany and Switzerland the business men could all talk intelligently upon the subject of chemistry, but he feared that in New Zealand this was very far from being the case and, if they investigated the knowledge of a crowd upon a race-course in this country, they would find that most of them knew as much about chemistry as they did about the internal mechanism of the totalisator, or perhaps, less. They had got to educate the public to get them to see that a knowledge of chemistry was essential and, by chemistry, he would take the old definition, the knowledge of the properties of substances. It was their duty, as chemists, to act as mission- aries, and to see that the children were provided with proper chemistry courses at the technical schools, on which, when the time came, they could base their practice in manufacture and agriculture.In the little booklet he had referred to, the chemist was not very well recognised. Analysts and assayers were mentioned, but there was a great deal more in chemistry than analysis and assaying. It was of little use to give a farmer the analysis of his soils and manures unless, at the same time, in- formation was proffered on the proper method of application and the correct quantities to use. An analysis by itself might very well be a perfectly useless set of figures. The agricultural chemist must be prepared to give wise advice based upon accurate scientific knowledge.132 Professor Easterfield concluded his address by thanking all the members for the kindness that he had received from them during the three years he had presided over their interests and for their indulgence for any mistakes he may have made during that time. If, in the future, he could give them any help he would be only too pleased to do so. During the past year six new members had been admitted. It was his duty as chairman in congratulating the new members to draw their attention to the high ethical demands made upon the man who became an official chemist. He must maintain the high reputation which had attached to the profession for more than a hundred years past. It was a great honour to belong to their profession, and they must take care to carry out the duties involved in their position so that chemistry would be recognised as a more and more important thing from the point of view of the country and the Empire, and that the high traditions of which they were so proud would be maintained.The Officers and Committee for the ensuing session were elected as follows :-Chairman, Professor J. K. H. Inglis ; Honorary Secretary, aud Treasurer, W. R. Mummery ; Honorary Auditor, W. Donovan ; Committee, Professor T. H. Easterfield, Messrs. W. Donovan, T. Glendinning, A. M. Wright, and K. M. Griffin. (Mr. I?. S. T. Grigg was subsequently elected a member of the Committee in the place of Mr. Wright), The Section has under consideration a Bill for the registration of chemical practitioners. A Special Committee was appointed to collect evidence and select a member of the Committee to act as delegate-to the New Zealand Manufacturers Federation and to the Select Parlia-mentary Committee for the purpose of submitting evidence on secondary industries.A discussion was held on “The Profession of Chemistry as a Career in New Zealand,” with a view to preparing a statement on the educational re-quirements and natural aptitudes that are necessary for such a career, to be forwarded to the Minister and Director of Education, 133 in order that it might replace the present paragraph in the Vocational Guidance Pamphlet issued by the Department of Education. A vote of thanks was accorded Professor Easterfield for his services as Chairman, and for the valuable work which he had done on the formation of the Section, and in furthering itsobjects during the first three years of its existence.Thanks were accorded to the authorities of Canterbury College, Lincoln College, the Wheat Research Institute, and also to the management of the Christchurch Gas Company, Ltd. The members also expressed their appreciation of the services of the retiring members of the Committee and of the Conference Committee. A visit was paid, with other chemists resident in Chirstchurch, to the Canterbury Agricultural College, where the various depart- ments, including the new laboratories, were inspected, and the party was entertained to tea by the Director (Mr.R. E. Alex-ander) and Mrs. Alexander. The members assembled at the Royal Hotel, Christchurch, for an informal dinner, but this had to be abandoned in very unfortunate circumstances, for Mr. A. M. Wright, the chairman, collapsed and shortly after died from cerebral hzmorrhage. The members of the Conference were to have heard an address by Professor H. G. Denham, of Canterbury College, but this was cancelled. Professor Denham kindly promised to have copies of his paper entitled “The Historical Outline of the Formation of the Australian Chemical Institute” typed and distributed to members of the Conference. On the following morning, the members visited the Wheat Research Laboratory, where they were received by Dr.Hilgendorf, the Chief Chemist, and his Assistant, Mr. H. E. West. In the Bakery Section they were shown tests carried out with Canadian and New Zealand flour, and the blending of New Zealand flours to attain the same results as were achieved with Canadian flour. Next they visited the Christchurch Gas Works, where Messrs. W. 0. Gilling, Chief Chemist, and F. W. Belton, Chief Engineer, received them, and they inspected the processes for the recovery and refinement of by-products. In the afternoon, members attended the funeral of Mr. A. M. Wright. 134 Notes. Legal.-Fellows and Associates will have noted with satis- faction that the President of the Institute,-then Professor Smithells-was called upon to act as assessor in an important case heard before Mr.Justice Maugham, in the High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, wherein Imperial Chemical Indus- tries, Ltd., petitioned for the revocation of three letters patent, which had been granted to the I. G. Farbenindustrie Aktienge- sellschaft. At the conclusion of a long judgment, embodying an important discussion of scientific and legal questions affecting chemical patents, Mr. Justice Maugham acknowledged the great assistance he had received from Professor Smithells in dealing with the chemical difficulties of the case. Lectures.-Dr. Percy E. Spielmann, as representative of the Institute, kindly gave a lecture before the Old Boys’ Club, Mile End Road, London, on the 17th March, on “The Chemist’s Work for the World,” illustrated by lantern slides.The Registrar gave an address on “Science as a Career’’ at the Regent Street Polytechnic School on the 28th February, and a similar address at University College School, London, on the 20th March. The Assistant Secretary opened a discussion on “The Profes- sion of Chemistry ” before the Leicester Literary and Philosophi- cal Society at Leicester on the 11th March. The Report of the Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts, to which reference is made under “ Proceedings of the Council,” recommends :-That a new Pharmacy and Poisons Act, for which a draft Bill is attached as Appendix 111, be passed into law; that the profession of pharmacy and the control of poisons, respectively, be kept distinct and be dealt with in separate parts of the Act; 135 that the Privy Council continue to be the Central Authority for pharmacy ; and that the Central Authority for poisons be the Home Secretary, assisted by an Advisory Committee, to be called “the Poisons Board,” which shall be composed of representatives of Government Departments, as well as of the professions of phar- macy, chemistry and medicine, including-five members appointed by the Pharmaceutical Society, the Government Chemist or a member of his staff appointed by him, one member appointed by the Royal College of Physicians of London, one appointed by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, and one appointed by the General Medical Council, the Home Secretary being empowered to add not more than four to their number and to appoint their Chairman from among the members.The duties of the Poisons Board shall be to prepare and, when necessary, revise the Poisons List, and to assist the Secretary of State in making rules with respect to the sale of poisons. It is proposed that the Poisons List be divided into two parts: one to include poisons which may not be sold except by “authorised sellers,” and the other to include poisons which may also be sold by persons licensed by local authorities. The object of the recommendations is to render such sub- stances as disinfectants and poisonous preparations, used in agriculture and horticulture, more readily available under proper safeguards.An important provision is that the Secretary of State may, after consultation with, or on the recommendation of, the Poisons Board, make rules with respect to the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations containing poisons, and especially for requiring persons in control of the manufacture of such preparations to be registered pharmacists or persons possessing the prescribed qualification in chemistry. One member of the Committee has not signed the main report, but submits a minority report in which he deprecates the avoidance by the Committee of the question of more exactly defining the business of the pharmacist, and also the recom- mendation that unqualified persons may be entrusted with the sale of substances such as lysol and hydrochloric acid.Another member of the committee signs the report with a reservation mainly devoted to the latter point. It is recommended that every person registered as a pharma- ceutical chemist or chemist and druggist should become a member 136 of the Pharmaceutical Society by virtue of being so registered, and that any person ceasing to be registered shall cease to be a member; also that a Statutory Committee be appointed, with power to remove from the Register, the name of any person who has been convicted of an offence against the Pharmacy Act, or of any criminal offence or has been guilty of any conduct which, in the opinion of the Statutory Committee, rendershim unfit to be on the Register. The Bill provides that it shall be the duty of the Pharmaceuti- cal Society to enforce the provisions of the new Act, and to appoint Inspectors, who shall be pharmacists and shall possess powers, subject to the approval of the Privy Council.British Engineering Standards Association.-On the 7th March the British Engineering Standards Association held a dinner to celebrate its incorporation under Royal Charter, which was attended by H.R.H. the Duke of York. Mr. Maurice F. G. Wilson, Chairman of the Association, presided, and the company included many representatives of technical institutions and organisations associated with engineer- ing and allied industries. His Royal Highness said that, while possessing no legislative authority, nor yet being subject to any government control, the Association had gained to a notable degree the confidence of in- dustry, so that manufacturers found themselves constrained to make use of the British Standard Specifications, and the pur- chasers, although free to order what they like, in the great majority of cases accepted the recommendations of the Associa- tion.British standards were known and valued all over the world, and had as their real object the establishment of a basis for the comparison of tenders rather than the standardisation of patterns. He was glad to think that, with the enlarged financial support granted by the Treasury, the Association would be in a position to translate its specifications into foreign languages, and so enable British manufacturers to offer their goods to prospective purchasers in their own language.Through co-operation with similar bodies in the Overseas Dominions, the Association was achieving a measure of imperial agreement in the preparation of specifications. In the further development of its work it would have the unstinted support of the public, as such agreements were bound to benefit both manufacturers and purchasers. He congratulated the Association on obtaining the Royal Charter, and expressed the hope that it would continue to prosper in carrying on a great national work. The Chairman, in the course of his reply, said that the more immediate result of the work of the Association was to bring about economy in manufacture, saving in preventable waste, and reduction to a reasonable proportion of the multiplicity of types still prevalent in some directions.The government grant was for L3,ooo a year for five years; it was to be increased to a maximum of L5000 a year, provided that the Association obtained certain increased support from industry. The Association had 500 committees at work, served by be- tween 2,000 and 3,000 professional men. It had its origin in a suggestion made by Mr. A. J. Skelton, an engineer and steel merchant, as long ago as 1895, supported by Sir John Wolfe Barry, who raised the question at the Institution of Civil Engineers. A tribute to the valuable work of the Association was paid by Lord Thompson, Secretary of State for Air, who spoke of the services rendered to various Departments of State.Benevolent Fund : Prints.-Photogravure portraits (6 in. by 84 in. on paper 13 in. by 18 in.) of the following chemists can be obtained on application to the Registrar at 4s. each,-allowing a small profit for the Benevolent Fund:- Arrhenius, S. Hofmann, A. W. von. Bacon, Francis. KekulB, A. Baeyer, A. von. Kelvin, Lord. Becquerel, A. H. Koch, R. Berthelot, M. Lavoisier, A. Berthollst, C. L. Liebig, J. von. Berzelius, J. J. Maxwell, J. C. Bessemer, Sir H. Mendeleef, D. Black, J. Mitscherlich, E. Brahe, T. Newton, Sir I. Buchner, E. Ostwald, W. Bunsen, R. Paracelsus. Crookes, Sir W. Pasteur, L. Curie,M. et Mme. Priestley, J. Davy, Sir H. Ramsay, Sir W. Faraday, M. Reichenbach, K. Fischer, E. Rose, H.Fresenius, K. Schonbein, C. F. Gay-Lussac, L. J. Watt, J. Helmholtz, H. L. F. von. Wohler, Fr. van 't Hoff, J. F. 138 The Aliens Order, 1920-Article 1 (3)(b).-From time to time, the Ministry of Labour receives applications from manu- facturers for permission to obtain the services of foreign chemists. In such cases, the Ministry makes enquiries regarding the possi- bility of securing British subjects for the vacant posts and the adequacy of the terms offered. Manufacturers, however, have usually in view a foreign chemist possessing exceptional experience, or having an intimate knowledge of particular processes and plant; so that the possibility of finding a British subject able to meet the requirements may be remote.The object of this note, therefore, is to suggest that the Appointments Register of the Institute is occasionally useful to Fellows and Associates with specialised experience who are seek- ing to improve their opportunities. At the same time, it must be borne in mind that in the cases indicated, members must be fully qualified for such vacancies and thus avoid the misfortune of finding themselves, after a while, without an appointment, through being unable to meet somewhat exacting requirements. Recent enquiries have had reference to the manufacture of fine chemicals, cement, lager beer, and fur dyeing. From the report on an investigation recently conducted by the Advistory Committee on Professional Workers of the Inter- national Labour Office, Geneva, it appears that the conditions of unemployment among professional chemists abroad is decidedly more unsatisfactory than in Great Britain.Portrait.-This Part includes a copy of a photograph of Professor Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S., President, 1927-1930,which will shortly be added to the collection of Past Presidents in the Council Room. 139 Obituary. WILLIAMEDWARD died at Wilpshire, Blackburn, on 27th BICKERDXXE February, at the age of 87 years. Educated at Lancaster Grammar School, he was apprenticed to a local pharmacist, and studied chemistry privately, forming a laboratory in his home; so that, in the course of time, he gave lectures at the Old Mechanics’ Institute, which is now replaced by the Storey Institute, Lancaster.Early in life, he became engaged in the Crace-Calvert Laboratory, at Manchester, where he was associated with other pioneers in the manufacture of carbolic acid-Messra. Bowdler, Lowe and Graesser,-and, subsequently, he worked for a while with Messrs. Hirst and Brooke, at Leeds. Returning to Lancaster, he became a partner in Storey’s Chemical Works, where he was joined by Mr. Bowdler, with whom, in 1869, he founded a carbolic acid and chemical works which was successfully conducted for many years at. Oswaldtwistle. Mr. Arthur Clegg Bowdler, who had been Assistant to (Sir) Edward Frankland, and became an original Fellow of the Institute, died in 1918. In the early seventies, Mr. Bickerdike, during a visit to Germany, became impressed with the increasing application of science to industry in that country, and, as a result, took a prominent part in promoting the foundation of the Blackburn Technical College, which was originally started by voluntary subscriptions, but is now undor the Corporation.He was an early member of the Blackburn Education Committee formed in 1903, and for many years Vice- Chairman of the Higher Education Sub-Committee. He was also a former Chairman of the Blackburn Chamber of Commerce and a Justice of the Peace for the County of Lancaster. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. KENNEDY PREVITEJOSEPH ORTONdied at Bangor, on 16th March, in his 59th year. The son of the Rev. W. P. Orton, he was educated at Wyggeston School, Leicester? proceeded to St.John’s College, Cambridge, and graduated with honours in chemistry in Part I1of the Natural Science Tripos. In 1895, he was awarded a Hutchison Research Studentship and worked at Heidelberg, where he obtained a degree of Ph.D. summa cum laude. He continued research at University College, London, in 1896 and 1897, and was then appointed demonstrator in chemistry at St. Bartholo- mew’s Hospital, where he became Assistant Lecturer in 1903. In the same year, however, he was appointed Professor of Chemistry in University College of North Wales, Bangor, in succession to Professor-later Sir-James Dobbie, and continued as a Professor in the University of Wales until his death. He was author of a number of papers published in the Transactions of the Chemical Society and the Berichte.He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1921. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1903, and served as a Member of Council from 1908 until 1911. 140 ALLISTERMACLEANWRIGHTdied suddenly on the 31st January, while presiding at a dinner of the New Zealand Section of the Institute at the Royal Hotel, Christchurch, New Zealand. The son of the Rev. A. M. Wright, he was born in Palmerston North, educated at the Secondary School, Lincoln, New Zealand, and the Boys’ High School, Christchurch. He matriculated in 1898 and, in the following year, passed the Preliminary Medical Examination, before he proceeded to the Canterbury Agricultural College and the Canterbury College of New Zealand University, where he studied from 1900 to 1906.Part of this time (from 1903) he was Analyst to the Christchurch Meat Company, later known as the New Zealand Refrigerating Co., to which he was Chief Chemist from 1912 to 1916, when he received a commission as Bacteriologist attached to the Medical Corps of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, in which he subsequently obtained the rank of captain. From 1914, he also held office as Scientific Director of the Papuan Products Co., Ltd. He was the author of articles, con- tributed to the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Trans-actions of the New Zealand Institute, mainly relating to meat and meat products. He was a member of a Special Committee of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research to enquire into the Frozen Meat Industry of New Zealand, a member of the Board of Governors of the New Zealand Institute and a Past President of the Philosophic Institute of Canterbury.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919, and a Fellow in 1924. 141 Books and their Contents. SINCEthe publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I, 1930,the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Benzole and Allied Products, Standard Specifications for.” rgzg. National Benzole Association. Pp. xiii + 145. (London : National Benzole Association.) Methods of testing prepared by the Standardisation of Tar Produets Tests Committee.“Colloidal State, The Chemistry of the.” A Text-book for an Introductory Course. J. C. Ware. Pp. xiv+313. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 18s. 6d. Units of a colloidal solution ; sedimentation ; interfacial phenomena ; turbidity, colloidal suspensions and colour ;motion in colloidal suapen- sions; preparation and precipitation in the colloidal state; emulsions ; gels ; catalysis of contact agents. “Colloid Symposium Annual ”-(former& Colloid Symposium Monograph). Edited by H. B. Weiser. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 22s. 6d. A eollection of 23 papers on chemical and physical subjects relating to colloids, presented at the Seventh Symposium on Colloid Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, June, 1929.“Microscopy, Handbook of Chemical.” E. M. Chamot and C. W. Mason. Vol. I. Principles and Use of Microscopes and Accessories. Physical Methods for the Study of Chemical Problems. Pp. xiii+474. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 22s. 6d. The optical ayatem of the microscope; microscopes for use in chemical laboratories; metallographic microscopes; illumination of transparentand opaque objects ;laboratory equipment; methods for the preparation of materials and for interpretation of appearances ; ultramicroacopy; photomicrography and microprojection; study of doubly refracting materials by polarising microscopes ; chemical crystallography ; deter-mination of refractive indices ; measurements ; particle-size determine- tions ;quantitative analyses of heterogeneous mixtures ;reference books- 142 “Organic Chemistry to Biology and Medicine, Some Applications of.” G.Barger. Pp. 186. (London: McGraw-Hill Pub-lishing Co., Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Chemistry of the hormones and of the vitamins; chemical constitution and physiological action ; chemotherapy ; blue adsorption compounds of iodine. “Organic Syntheses.” An annual publication of satisfactory methods for the preparation of organic chemicals. Edited by H. T. Clarke. Vol. X. Pp. vii+xxg. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 8s. 6d. “Solvents.” T. H. Durrans. Vol. IV of a series of Monographs on A4pplied Chemistry. Pp. xv+ 144. (London: Chapmantk Hall, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. Part I : Solvent action, power and balance ; plasticising solvents ; viscosity ; vapour pressure ; inflammability ; toxicity.Part I1 deals with particular groups of organic compounds. The Library. SINCEthe issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1929, the Council has had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts:-MESSRS.G. BELL& SONS,LTD.: At Home Among the Atoms. A First Book of Congenial Chemistry. James Kendall. London, 1929. BRIGGS,D. B., M.A., F.I.C.: Chemical Analysis. Qualitative and Quantitative. D. B. Briggs. London, 1928. Qualitative Analysis. D. B. Briggs. London, 1928. MESSRS. CHAPMAN& HALL,LTD.: Applied Inorganic Analysis. With special reference to the Analysis of Metals, Minerals and Rocks. Dr. W. F. Hillebrand and Dr. G. E. F. Lundell.London, 1929. The Chemistry of the Colloidal State. J. C. Ware. London, 1930. Colloid Symposium Annual. Edited by H. B. Weiser. London, 1930. The Conductivity of Solutions, and the Modern Dissociation Theory. C. W. Davies. London, 1930. Handbook of Chemical Microscopy. E. M. Chamot and C. W. Mason. Vol. I. London, 1930. Hydrogen Ions. H. T. S. Britton. London, 1929. 143 Organic Syntheses. Vol. IX. J. B. Conant, Editor-in-Chief. London, 1929. Organic Syntheses. Vol. X. H. T. Clarke, Editor. London, 1930. Select Methods of Metallurgical Analyses. W. A. Naish and J. E. Clennell. London, 1929. Solvents. T. H. Durrans. London, 1930. Volumetric Analysis. Vol. 11. Practical Volumetric Analysis.I. M. Kolthoff and N. H. Furman.London, 1929. MESSRS. J. & A, CHURCHILL: Elementary Analytical Chemistry. Qualitative and Quantitative. F. Clowes and J. B. Coleman. Revised by F. Arnall and F. N. Appleyard. London, 1930. CONSTABLE,F. H., M.A., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C.: A Concise Summary of Elementary Organic Chemistry. F. H. Constable. London, 1929. MESSRS. CONSTABLE& Co., LTD.: Chemistry in the Home. J. B. Firth. London, 1929. Introduction to Statistical Mechanics for Students of Physics and Physical Chemistry. James Rice. London, 1930. MESSRS. n'ILLIAM HEINEMANN(MEDICAL BOOKS), LTD. : Blonde or Brunette ? The Art of Hair-Dyeing. H. S. Redgrove and G. A. Foan. London, 1929. THE LIBRARY PRESS,LTD.: An Outline of Metallurgical Practice. C. R. Hayward. London, 1930.MESSRS. LONGMANS,GREEN& Co.: Bacterial Metabolism. Marjory Stephenson. London, 1929. The Effects of Moisture on Chemical and Physical Changes. J. W. Smith. London, 1929. Experimental Chemistry. A. C. Williams. London, 1929. Gaseous Combustion at High Pressures. W. A. Bone, D. M. Newitt and D. T. A. Townend. London, 1929. An Introduction to the Chemistry of Plant Products. Vol. 11. Metabolic Processes. Paul Haas and T. G. Hill. 2nd Edition. London, 1929. An Introduction to Modern Organic Chemistry. L. A. Coles. London, 1929. Photo-Processes in Gaseous and Liquid Systems. R. 0. Griffith and A. McKeown. London, 1929. Sulphuric Acid and its Manufacture. H. A. Auden. London, 1930. THE MCGRAW-HILL Co., LTD. :PUBLISHING Some Applications of Organic Chemistry to Biology and Medicine.George Barger. London, 1930. JOINTMERSEY AND IRWELL COMMITTEE: Mersey and Irwell Joint Committee Proceedings. 1928-1 929. Preston, 1929. MESSRS. METHUEN & Co., LTD.: A Concise Summary of Elementary Organic Chemistry. F. H. Constable. London, 1929. 144 NATIONALBENZOLEASSOCIATION: Sixth Report of the Joint Benzole Research Committee of the National Benzole Association and the University of Leeds. London, 1929. Standard Specifications for Benzole and Allied Products, 1929. London. NEVILLE,PROFESSORH. A. D., M.A., F.I.C.: A Survey of the Soils of Buckinghamshire. M. S. Temple. Reading,1929. Sm ISAAC & SONS,LTD.:PITMAN Artificial Silk or Rayon.Its Manufacture and Uses. Thomas Woodhouse. 2nd Edition. London, 1929. Glue and Gelatine. P. I. Smith. London, 1929. MESSRS. GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, LTD.: The Parachor and Valency. S. Sugden. London, 1930. CONGRESSOF PHOTOGRAPHYSEVENTHINTERNATIONAL : Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Photography. Cambridge, 1929. MESSRS.E. & F. N. SPON, LTD.: A Pocket Book for Chemists. Thomas Bayley. Edited by Robert Ensoll. 9th Edition. London, 1929. STANDARDISATION TESTS COMMITTEE OF TARPRODUCTS : Standard Methods for Testing Tar and its Products. London, 1929. UNIVERSITYTUTORIALPRESS,LTD.: Physical Chemistry. J. B. Firth. London, 1929. BUREAUOF SCIENTIFIC :WELLCOME RESEARCH The Medical Museum. S. H. Daukes.London. Books Purchased. The British Pharmacopoeia. 1914. London, 1914. The Mineral Industry. Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1928. Edited by G. A. Roush. Vol. XXXVII. London, 1928. Noxious Gases and the Principles of Respiration influencing their Action. Y. Henderson and H. W. Haggard. New York, 1927. A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Edited by J. Newton Friend. Vol. VI. Part 111. Vanadium, Niobium and Tantalum. S. Marks. London, 1929. 145 The Register. AT the meeting of Council held on zxst February, 1930,I new Fellow was elected, 5 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 31 new Associates were elected, and 24 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 4 Fellows by death. New Fellow. Archer, Henry Edwards, M.R.C.S.(Eng.), L.R.C.P. (Lond.), 34, Lee Terrace, London, S.E.3. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Bell, Frank, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 140, Albert Palace Mansions, Battereea Park, London, S.W.ll. Boeree, Alfred Reginald, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Trinity Royd, 2, Blackwall, Halifax. Cooke, Frank, Wombwell Coke & By-product Co., Ltd., Wombwell, nr. Barnsley. McIntyre, Robert, A.R.C.Sc.I., Royal Naval Ordnance Dept., Holton Heath, Wareham, Dorset. Norman, Arthur Geoffrey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), Rothnmsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. New Associates. Booth, Norman, BSc. (Liv.), 4, Cassville Road, Mossley Hill, Liverpool. Bott, Harold Graham, M.Sc. (Birm.), 167, Stratford Road, Sparkbrook,Birmingham. Dunning, Eric William Bee, B.Sc.(Lond.), 286, High Road, Kilburn, London, N.W.6. Gourlay, John Scott, B.Sc. (Lond.), 172, New Street, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Gray, James John, AH-W.C., 21, Park Place, Kinghorn, Fife. Hawkins, Frank Swain, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), The University, Sheffield. Hedger, Reginald Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, St. Anne’s Road, Exeter. Hetherington, John Arthur, B.Sc. (Dun.), 57, Durham Road, Blackhill, Co. Durham. Jeffery, Alfred Ivor, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5,Hyde Park Terrace, Plymouth. Lester, Henry Thomas, B.Sc. (Birm.), Evesham Street, Alcester, Warwick- shire. Lewis, Arnold Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 59, Cookham Road, Maidenhead. Loach, John Vaughan, B.Sc. (Birm.), 17, Courtfield Gardens, London, S.W.5. MacDonald, Charles Alexander, B.Sc.(Lond.), 108, Hebdon Road, Tooting, London, S.W.17. Mahler, Edgar Arthur John, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 70, BromleyStreet, London, E.l. Marshall. Frederick Cecil Barron. B.Sc. (Lond.), 91, Calabria Road, London, N.5. Mills, Ernest Victor, B.Sc. (Birm.), 92, Pype Hayes Road, Erdington, Birmingham.Patrick, William Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Royal Collegeof Science, London, S.W.7. Price, Harold Idris, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 189, Grove Street, Liverpool. Primrose, James, A.R.T.C., 20, Bo’ness Road, Grangemouth. 146 Shepherd, Matthew Moncrieff, B.Sc. (Edin.), 73, Dewar Street, Dunfermline, Fife. Spencer, Douglas Arthur, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Royal College of Science, London, S.W.7. Statham, Francis Sydney, M.Sc.(Sheffield), 12, Fulney Road, Nether Green, Sheffield. Stewart, John Young, A.H-W.C., 142, Bruntsfield Place, Edinburgh. Thompson, Albert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 94, Ferguson Road, West Derby, Liverpool.Thomson, Maurice Eivingstone, B.Sc. (Glas.), MacBrayne Hall, 11, Park Circus Place, Glasgow. Turner, Walter Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 104, Holgate Terrace, York. Usherwood, George William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Sheffield), 29, Ferguson Avenue, Renfrew. Webb, John Ivor, M.Sc. (Birm.), 12, Third Avenue, Selly Park, Birming- ham. Wilson, Douglas Frederick Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 105, Florence Road, London, N.4. Wilson, John Shevlin, M.Sc. (Liv.), 132, Southgate Road, London, N.l. Wood, Miss Margaret, A.H-W.C., 8, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.Mew Students. Airs, Raymond Spencer, St. Mary’s Road, Oatlands Park, Woybridge. Bowyer, Thomas Linley, 14, Pendennis Road, Wallasey. Broscomb, Roy James Spear, 59, Linden Road, Bourneville, Birmingham. Butcher, Herbert Charles, 45, North View Road, London, N.8. Cheetham, Robert Clifford, 112, Railway Street, Summerseat, Bury. Clubb, Miss Freda Gerbrude, 2, Menlove Gardens North, Mossley Hill. Liverpool. Coulson, Harold Lancelot, 30, Marlborough Avenue, Hull. Doyle, Alfred Walter, Yorkshire House, High Lea, New Mills, nr. Stockport.Gale, George Edwin, 264, Whitehorse Lane, London, S.E.25. Hopkins, Geraint, Rhos-y-Coed, Glanamman, Carm. Houghton, Albert Aubrey, Lyme Regis, The Cliff, Roedean, Brighton. Howard, Thomas Harrison, 25, Talgarth Road, London, W.14.Howie, Robert Charles, 17, Falcon Avenue, Edinburgh. Jordan, Ronald Charles, 32, Doria Road, London, S.W.6. Kerr, Miss Alexandra Jean Robson, 3, Inverurie Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeenshire. Kerr, Findlay Donald, 74, Restalrig Road, Leith. Low, John Alexander, 33, Craigerne Road, London, S.E.3. Marr, Alexander, 18, Lime Grove, Walkden, nr. Manchester. Muir, Geoffrey Dale, La Santarita, Lenzie, Glasgow. Peacop, James Thomas, A.M.C.T., 98, Kirkmanshulme Lane, Longsight, Manchester. Waller, Miss Edith Kate, 43, Wroughton Road, London, S.W.ll. Walters, Thomas Henry, 48, Carmarthen Road, Waun Wen, Swansea. Weigham, William Reginald, 658, Foleshill Road, Coventry. Young, George Oliver, 58, York Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.DEATHS. Fellows. Arthur Angell. William Edward Bickerdike. Kennedy Joseph Previt6 Orton, M.A. (Cantab.), Ph.D. (Heid.), F.R.S. Allister Maclean Wright. 147 General Notices. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in September,-from the 15th to 20th, or from the 22nd to 27th. The list of entries for the September Examinations will close on Monday, the 14th July. Entries for the examination for the Fellowship in Branch G: Industrial Chemistry must be received before Monday, 7th July. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.---A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3000 words, on Chemical Education, from the Student’s Point of View ” will be awarded in January, 1931, and presented at the next -Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than zz years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides, on or before the 31st December, 1930,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the com- petitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be worthy of the award.The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person, In awarding the Medal for 1930 the adjudicators will, unless exceptional circumstances arise, give special consideration to work in inorganic or physical chemistry. The next award will be made in January, 1931. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1930, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, being evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Fellows and Associates who wish to direct attention to work of the character indicated are requested to communicate with the Registrar of the Institute.The Pedler Scholarship.-See p. 100. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous 149 of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from xo a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books, Members and Students of the Institute 150 using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. 2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL.Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms: buckram case, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. 9d.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturere.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. As the slides are constantly in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14days before the date on which the slides are to be used. (A List of Slides appeared in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, 1929.) Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration,

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9305400065

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER,1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1930. -PART 111. __ -__ TssuetI iinder the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD €3. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LV.C. I.LONDOX;, June, 1930. Publications Committee, 1930-31 LEWIS EYNON (Chairnznn), G. C. CLAYTON (I’r~sident), H. B. BROWN, H. V.A. BRISCOE, W. J. A.BUTTERFIELD, A. M. CAMERON, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, C. S.GIBSON, W. H. GIBSON, T. P. HILDITCH, L. E. HINKEL, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Tveasurer) D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, C. A. MITCHELL, W. D. ROGERS, WILLIAM WARDLAW, F.J. WILSON, A. W.M. WINTLE. 153 Proceedings of the Council. APRILMAY, 1930. Poisons and Pharmacy Acts .-Following on the report and Part I1notes contained in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, (pages 97-99; 134-136),with reference to the Report of the Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts, the Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute, which has the Report under consideration, will be glad to receive suggestions from Fellows and Associates on any matters of im-portance to professional chemists which should be reviewed in the light of the proposed new legislation. Contracts of Service and the Rights of Inventors.- The Legal and Parliamentary Committee also invites the views of Fellows and Associates on questions concerning contracts of service, including the contracts of research chemists and of others who may be concerned in the invention of processes, which may assist the Committee in the consideration of these matters.British Patent Law Reform.-On the consideration of representations received from various members regarding the proposed method of dealing with medical patents in the Report of the Joint Chemical Committee on Patent Law Reform, the Council of the Institute has addressed a communication to the Board of Trade Patents Committee stating that, although the Report of the Joint Chemical Committee received the general approval of the Council in November, 1929,the Council had not before it, at that time, the views of research chemists engaged in work connected with medical patents.Having given careful consideration to the proposed scheme of dedicated patents, the Council has formed the opinion that medical patents should not be treated differently from other patents. The Council has expressed the view that the individual research worker should not be deprived of any reward for the results of his inventions, and that manufacturers could not afford to retain the services of research chemists if they were to be deprived of any advantage to be gained from their work. Civil Service.-The Institute of Physics recently called attention to the omission of any representative of science on the Royal Commission on the Civil Service, and invited the Federal 154 Council for Chemistry to appoint delegates to attend a con-ference to discuss the advisability of making representation to the Government on this matter. The Council of the Institute agreed to co-operate, and ap- pointed Professor Arthur Smithells, Past President, to represent the Institute at a meeting held on 29th May.It is understood that the proceedings will be reported in due course. Colonial Appointments .-The Council has received repre- sentations from members in the Colonies regarding the tendency of government authorities to entrust analytical work to members of other professions during the temporary absence of official chemists. The Council feels that this tendency should be watched, that occurrences of the kind should be reported, since it is not to be supposed that efficient administration can be secured by entrusting chemical work to those who are not chemists.The practice should only be resorted to when properly qualified professional chemists are not available in the district. It has also been suggested that chemists holding positions as officers of the Colonial Service should be notified of vacancies in the Service, and be allowed sufficient time to become candidates for them, if they wish to make a change of appointment. The difficulty with regard to this matter arises from the circumstance that the appointing authorities are frequently required to deal with such matters urgently. On the other hand, considerable difficulty is occasionally experienced in inducing other chemists to apply for appointments, even such as offer very reasonable prospects, in Overseas Dominions, and it is hoped that members using the Appointments Register will more frequently signify their willingness to consider suitable appointments abroad.Australian Chemical Institute.-Professor A. C. D. Rivett, Chief Executive Officer of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (Australia), has been authorised by the Australian Chemical Institute to confer with the officers of the Institute regarding the petition for the grant of a Royal Charter to the Australian Body. It is hoped that the negotiations will result in mutual understanding and agreement upon the questions raised in the observations on the petition forwarded by the Council of the British Institute to H.M.Privy Council (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI, 1929). Pedler Research Scholarship.-Mr. G. M. Moir, the present holder of the Pedler Scholarship, is about to complete 155 his work on “Methods for the determination of casein, albumen, and globulin in milk, and the consideration of any points arising therefrom.” It is hoped that arrangements will shortly be made for the publication of his results. Chemical Standardisation.-In response to an invitation, addressed by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, to the Institute and other societies and institutions likely to be interested in the organisation of chemical standardisation, the Council, at its meeting on 4th April, appointed Mr.W. J. A. Butterfield as the representative of the Institute to attend a conference on this subject. The matter is proceeding. Chemical Society Library .-Mr. G. Nevi11 Huntly, Member of Council, has been appointed to represent the Institute on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society for the present year. The Dixieme Congres de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-The Council of the Institute has been invited to nominate a delegate to the 10th Congress of Industrial Chemistry, organised by the French Society of Chemical Industry, to be held at Li&e from 7th to 13th September next, and also to appoint a repre-sentative to attend the 10th International Conference of Chemistry to be held at Li6ge from 14th to 20th September.Delegates will be appointed at an early meeting, and, in the meantime, the Council will be glad to hear from any Fellow who intends to be present at the Congress, in order that the organisers may be notified. Beilby Awards .-The Administrators of the Beilby Memorial Fund have reported that they propose to announce two awards early in July. Publication.-Sir Thomas Legge’s lecture on “Lessons Learnt from Industrial Gases and Fumes,” given before the Institute on zIst February, was issued to Fellows and Associates with JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11. Examinations .-This Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS contains an abstract of the Report of the Board of Ex-aminers on the April Examinations of the Institute (pages 171- 181).The Council is glad to note an increase in the number of candidates, and an improvement in the percentage of successes. 156 Local Sections. Aberdeen, Edinburgh and G1asgow.-A joint meeting of the Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Glasgow Sections was held in Edinburgh, in co-operation with the Edinburgh and Glasgow Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, on zyd-zqth May. The proceedings opened on 23rd May with a Reception in the Common Room at the Heriot-Watt College. After tea, the meeting adjourned to the Lecture Hall of the College, where Mr. A. M. Cameron (chairman) having welcomed the visitors from other cities, called upon Prof. J. P. Kendall to give an address on ‘‘Chemistry in Naval Warfare.” Prof. Kendall said that, during the Great War, many new and pressing problems of a chemical nature came up for solution, and the experts attached to the navies of the various allied governments were kept busily engaged in solving them. He had acted as a liaison officer between the United States and the European naval experimental stations, interchanging information and correlating the latest advances made in each.Two only of the many topics studied would be taken up in detail,-the production of smoke screens and the use of gas in naval warfare. The pre-war method of producing a smoke screen was to belch forth black clouds from the funnels by incomplete com- bustion of the fuel supply. These clouds rapidly dissipated and were quite useless against submarine attack.Several types of white smoke were evolved which proved much more durable and efficient. It was under the cover of a chemical smoke screen of this nature that the raid on Zeebrugge was successfully carried out. Toxic gas was not actually employed in any of the naval engagements in the Great War, but a considerable amount of research work was done in the direction of developing materials which would satisfy the many conflicting requirements. The conditions for the use of gas at sea were totally different from 157 those encountered in trench warfare and, both on the offensive and on the defensive side, a number of difficult points needed to be taken into careful consideration before results of any value were finally obtained. The address was illustrated with a series of very interesting lantern slides.A vote of thanks was accorded to Prof. Kendall, on the motion of Prof. F. J. Wilson, seconded by Prof. Hendrick. Dr. Tocher proposed a vote of thanks to Principal J. C. Smail and the Governors of the Heriot-Watt College for kindly giving the facilities for holding the meeting in the College. This was seconded by Dr. Cranston. Principal Smail having replied, the proceedings concluded with a vote of thanks to the Chairman, proposed by Prof. A. Lauder, seconded by Dr. P. F. Gordon. The meeting was attended by over 80 members and their friends. Following the meeting, Mr. Cameron presided at an informal dinner held in the North British Station Hotel. In proposing the toast of “The Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry,” Principal Smail expressed the hope that the development of the electrical power schemes now in progress in Scotland would be accompanied by an extension of the activities of chemists, by the setting up of new chemical factories. Dr.Tocher replied on behalf of the Societies. Prof. Lauder proposed the toast of “The Guests, ” to which Prof. A. G. Clark replied. The very enjoyable evening was brought to a close with “Auld Lang Syne,” following the toast of “The Chairman,” proposed by Dr. R. H. Hopkins. The morning of 24th May was devoted to visits to Colinton Mains Farm and to the new University Buildings at West Mains Road. At the farm, which belongs to the Corporation of Edinburgh and supplies milk to the City Hospitals, an interesting tour was made under the guidance of Mr.A. Gofton, F.R.C.V.S., the Chief Veterinary Inspector for the City. Mr. Gofton was warmly thanked for arranging the visit and for his personal interest in it. The party then proceeded to the University buildings, where the newly opened Zoology Department and the Animal Breeding Research Department, as well as the Chemistry section, were inspected. The thanks of members were expressed to Dr. O’Donoghueof the Zoology Department, Dr. D. Bain, Mr. W. G. 158 R. Murray of the Chemistry Department, and Dr. Crew, Director of the Animal Breeding Research Laboratories, for so kindly entertaining the party. Belfast and District.-On the 20th March, Dr.J. Hawthorne presided at a meeting of the Section held in the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, when Dr. Hugh Graham gave a lecture on bb Helping Nature.” Under this title come many matters of interest, but Dr. Graham confined his remarks to fruit culture. The fruit-grower has to fight against pests, blights and diseases on his plants. Chemicals of various kinds have been in use for a long time, and spraying, dusting or fumigating are now part of the ordinary practice of every up-to-date fruit-grower. In spite of the large number and the complicated chemical nature of the substances used as fungicides and insecticides, there is no real knowledge of their chemical action. Here is another practically untrodden field for the physiologist and the chemist.The various methods employed in helping plants to bear better fruit may be summarised under the two heads-preventive and curative. Preventive measures include-the use of resistant varieties of plants; the application of chemicals to protect the plant from attack and to kill insects’ eggs; and the encouragement of the enemies of the parasites. Curative methods are concerned with the destruction of the parasites during their attack on the plant, by means of toxic chemicals. Insecticides are classified according to the habits of the insect against which they are used. Chewing insects are attacked by the so-called “stomach poisons.” The poison is eaten along with the plant tissue, and kills by absorption through the alimentary canal.With the sucking insects a poison of this type would not be very efficient as the insect obtains its food by piercing the outer surface of the plant tissue and sucking the liquid contents. The attack, therefore, on these insects is made with a “contact poison.” The lethal action is by contact and probable absorption through the body of the insect. Spraying (liquids)-as distinct from dusting (powders) and fumigating (gases)-is the method of attack on parasites which has the widest application. The spray may be a solution, a suspension, or an emulsion; it must be effective against the parasite, harmless 159 to the plant, capable of spreading and sticking and, finally, it must be cheap.Dealing with emulsions and colloidal suspensions, Dr. Graham mentioned some of the interesting problems connected with the preparation and application of these. In the discussion which followed, many interesting facts and experiences were related by Dr. J. Hawthorne, Dr. W. Honneyman, Mr. R. F. Blake, and others. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Mr. Frank Southerden, of Exeter, has been elected Chairman of the Section. Arrangements have been made for members of the Section and their friends to visit the works of the Exeter Gas Light and Coke Co. on 25th June. Future meetings will include a paper on “Some Thallium Compounds,” by Dr. R. C. Menzies, to be given in November; a discussion on professional matters in January, I93X,and the -4nnual General Meeting in March, 1931.Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A joint meeting of the Section, with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Engineering Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, was held in The Engineers’ and Shipbuilders’ Institute, Glasgow, on 7th March, when a paper was read on ‘*The Insulation of Heated and Cooled Surfaces,” by J. S. F. Gard and R. F. Robinson. The full text of the paper was published in Chemistry and Industry on 17th March. Mr. Thomas Ramsay presided, and welcomed Mr. Talbot, the Chairman, and other members of the Chemical Engineering Group, who had travelled from London to attend the meeting. The paper was full of interest and was followed by an excellent discussion, in which Mr.Talbot, Prof. V. L. Mellanby, Messrs. D. A. MacCallum, Eustace Elliott, C. S. Garland, G. E. McLellan, W. McNab, James McGregor, Thomson, H. Sanders, Robert Hamilton, James McLeod, P. F. Gordon, J. Roberts, W. R. Gaythwaite, and I. V. Hopper participated. In the course of his remarks, Mr. Talbot said that he had always been a strong advocate for the holding of joint meetings of the various sections of the Society of Chemical Industry with sections of other scientific institutions. In his opinion there were far too many association meetings of purely local interest, and if they could join with other organisations in discussing 160 subjects of national or local interest they might be able tocut down the number of these meetings and at the same time do a greater national work.Incidentally, he thought the prestige of the Society of Chemical Industry would thereby be increased. Dr. P. F. Gordon, Hon. Local Secretary of the Institute, in replying, said that , in Glasgow, the arrangements indicated by Mr. Talbot had been followed. The ten societies interested in chemistry in the area co-operated, through their association of secretaries,‘ in the arrangement of joint meetings, and a calendar of all local chemical meetings was issued to the members of each society. On 14th March the local chemical societies participated in a joint smoking concert held at “The Grosvenor,” Glasgow. Mr. Thomas Ramsay presided, supported by Prof. F. J. Wilson. The student societies provided an orchestra and many of the vocal soloists. As in previous years, about 200 members were present, and the meeting proved to be one of the most enjoyable social events of the session.Mr. A. R. Jamieson, Hon. Assistant Secretary of the Section, has been elected Convener of the Association of Secretaries of local Chemical Societies, in succession to Prof. D. N. McArthur (past Hon. Assistant Secretary of the Section) ,who has resigned. Mr. Jamieson has also been re-elected Convener of the Pamsay Dinner Committee. Huddersfie1d.-The fourth meeting of the session was held in Ravensknowle Museum on 18th February, when Mr. W. D. Scouller presided, in the absence of the Chairman. An address was given by Dr. D. A. Wray, of the Geological Survey Office, York, on “The Geology of the Huddersfield District, with special reference to Water Supply.’’ The lecturer said that the public water supplies of the large towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire were largely drawn from impounded reservoirs on the high Pennine moorlands. The moorlands had a comparatively high rainfall, and were sparsely 161 populated, and the whole constituted catchment areas for large town supplies.Practically the whole of the moorlands had been taken up or leased for water supplies, and the time was not far distant when other sources would be required. When an addition was required to the gravitational supply, the question of boring for water on a large scale would arise.In this respect Huddersfield was very fortunately situated, as it was known to be underlain by massive gritstones. Its actual underground water resources were probably very large; and although this could be tested only by trial boring, the general consideration of the geological struc- ture of the district would become of prime importance in governing such investigations. Dr. Wray explained the geological structure of the area. It was comparatively simple : the Millstone Grit, which predomin- ated in this district, had been derived from the breakdown of rocks of granitic type. The relics of this formation which still existed showed that the rock, at one time, extended over an area of probably 25,000 square miles-four times the size of Yorkshire-and that, at an average, its thickness was probably half a mile.The question of water supply in the grits was governed by quite different factors from those which obtained in such beds as chalk or soft red sandstone. In the case of the latter all that was necessary was to bore down to the stationary water level and pump the supply. With the Millstone Grit the position was quite different ;a shallow well might lead to a copious supply and another be quite dry. Some wells sunk in Hudders- field to a depth of over 1,500 ft. below the surface had yielded practically no water, while others less than zoo ft. had given quite satisfactory supplies. “It is quite impossible,” added Dr. Wray, “to predict whether conditions for water supply will be good or otherwise. All we can do is to indicate at what depths the grits can be found, and their relative thicknesses.Very little reliance can be placed on water-diviners according to the results we have obtained where we have investigated the claims they have made. ” The presence of cracks and fissures in the grit indicated a good supply. Conditions for obtaining water in the coal measures were not nearly so good or reliable as in the Millstone Grits. In the case of the grits it might be obtained copiously from the joints or fault-lines. The underground water of the coal 162 measures was of a very variable characier, whilst that from the Millstone Grits was remarkably soft and free from impurity. The lecture, which was illustrated by lantern slides, maps and geological sections, was followed by an interesting discussion. In reply to one question, Dr.Wray said that he anticipated good supplies from artesian wells. The lecturer was cordially thanked on the motion of Major J. F. Sykes (vice-chairman of the Waterworks Committee of the Huddersfield Corporation), seconded by Dr. Morley . Thanks were also expressed to Dr. T. W. Woodhead for his kindness in arranging for the meeting to be held at the Museum. Following Dr. Wray’s lecture on 18th February,-when the interest centred largely round a discussion of the water-boring operations which were being carried out with a view to increasing the gravitational supply,-arrangements were made, through the kindness of Major J.F. Sykes, Vice-chairman of the Waterworks Committee of the Huddersfield Corporation, for the members of the Section to visit the bore-holes at the Isle of Skye and Blackmoorfoot on 1st May. The party first inspected the Isle of Skye bore-hole, where the cores were laid out, and the method of operating was ex- plained by Mr. W. Armitage, Water Engineer to the Corporation. After being entertained to tea by Major Sykes, the members proceeded to Blackmoorfoot, where a shaft of about 10 ft. diameter had been sunk. A visit was also made to the purification plant, where the water is filtered after treatment with aluminium sulphate and lime. On the motion of Mr. Varley, seconded by Mr. Kandolph, the members expressed their thanks to Major Sykes and Mr.Armitage. The fifth meeting of the session was held in Collinson’s Caf6 on 11th March, when Dr. A. E. Everest presided over a good at tendance. Dr. W. H. Hatfield, of the Brown-Firth Research Labora- tories, Sheffield, gave an address on Corrosion and Heat-resisting Steels.” In his opening remarks, Dr. Hatfield traced the development of the acid- and heat-resisting steels, and showed that the resistance to corrosion of iron was materially increased when 163 alloyed with nickel, chromium, tungsten, etc., either singly or in combination. The modern acid-resisting steels could be looked upon as consisting essentially of 16 to 20 per cent. chromium, 8 to 12 per cent. nickel, with a low carbon content; tungsten, molybdenum and copper were also sometimes included for special purposes.These steels were austenitic, whereas the original type of stainless steel, containing 12 to 14per cent. chromium, was martensitic. Turning to the mechanical properties of these steels, Dr. Hatfield showed that yield points between 17 and 38 tons per square inch were available, together with ultimate stress figures of about 37 to 63 tons per square inch. A characteristic of the austenitic steels was their great ductility; over 50 per cent. elongation and reduction of area were obtainable. In any steel for chemical plant work, the following features were required :-(I) Necessary resistance to the particular conditions of service. (2) Availability in any form.(3) Ready capacity for deformation, hot or cold. (4) Machinability. (5) Weldability. (6) Simplicity of heat-treatment. (7) Sufficiently low initial cost. The lecturer felt that these requirements were met by the present-day steels. Speaking of the manipulation of these austenitic steels, the lecturer showed that the correct temperature for hot-working was 11~0-10~0°C. It was desirable to avoid heating the steel to the intermediate range of goo-500" C. When hot-working these steels, allowance had to be made for the high coefficient of expansion of 0-oooozo, i.e. about 50 per cent. greater than for mild steel. With regard to cold working, it was shown that, when fully softened, these steels could be (I) readily decreased 25-30 per cent.in thickness (sheet); (2) readily reduced in diameter 25-30 per cent. (wire); (3) pressed to a depth of 40 per cent. of the diameter. 164 After such working, softening could be resorted to; this was done by quickly cooling from a temperature of about 1100--1150~ C. It was pointed out that these steels could be readily welded, and factors to be noted in that connection were:- (I) The exercise of skill and resource on the part of the welder, with a view to avoiding warping, etc. (2) The undesirability of welding thick and thin sections together . (3) The stresses left in a structure after welding might be of consideiable magnitude. The lecturer intimated, with regard to oxy-acetylene welding, that it was very necessary to maintain a strictly neutral flame.If too much oxygen were present the resulting weld would be unsound; whilst if too much acetylene were used, the carbon content of the weld metal would be increased, thus producing a hard weld, and one, moreover, the characteristics of which would be modified as regards its resistance to corroding media. The steels in question could be successfully welded by the electric arc, the electric resistance and flash processes, in addition to the oxy-acetylene process. Mention was also made of the fact that, in general, after welding and hot manipulation of these steels, it was necessary to heat-treat the finished parts in order to remove stresses and also to put the material in its best condition to resist corroding media.Dr. Hatfield also referred to the phenomenon of passivity, and showed that it might be attained or prevented by:-(I) Composition of the steel. (2) Condition of the steel. (3) Composition of the corroding media. (4) Temperature of the corroding media. The condition of the surface was affected by all these factors. Following the lecture, a film was shown depicting the fabrica- tion of acid-resisting steel plant in all its stages from the making of the steel to the finished built-up plant. The Chairman, Dr. Morley, Messrs. Foster, Pink and Randolph, took part in the discussion, and a very hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Hatfield for his interesting lecture.165 Irish Free State.-The City Laboratory, Dublin, was visited on 5th May, when the members were received by Dr. W. C. Dwyer, City Commissioner; Mr. B. G. Fagan, City Analyst; Dr. M. J. Russell; and Mr. P. J. Hanlon, of the Public Health Department. Dr. Dwyer, in welcoming the visitors, spoke in an appreciative manner of the work of the late Sir Charles Cameron and of Mr. B. G. Fagan, the original and present holders, respectively, of the office of City Analyst. He assured his listeners that he regarded the work carried out in the laboratory as of prime importance to the public. Professor L4deney thanked the Commissioner and the other officers for their kindness in receiving the visitors, and said that he was much impressed by the friendly remarks of Dr.Dwyer concerning the work of the City Analyst. The members were then conducted over the laboratory by Mr. Fagan and Mr. Thornton, who explained the various types of apparatus and analytical methods used. Liverpool and North-Western.-On 13th March, the Section participated in a joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Mr. William Doran delivered a lecture on ‘‘Odour and Chemical Constitution,” which was reported in Chemistry and Industry, 21st March, P-235. The eleventh Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the St. George’s Restaurant, Liverpool, on 10th April. The reports of the Honorary Treasurer and Honorary Secretary were received.The Honorary Secretary, in his report, mentioned that the membership of the Section had increased by 7, to 341. Seven meetings had been held, particulars of which had been reported in the JOURNAL. The Section recorded with satisfaction that one of its members, Dr. R. A. Morton, had been awarded the Meldola Medal. Messrs. Knowles and Hardwick were reappointed as Honorary Auditors. Mr. E. Gabriel Jones was elected Chairman, on the retirement of Dr. R. Thomas, who was elected Vice-chairman for the ensuing session. Prof. W. H. Roberts was elected Hon. Treasurer, and Mr. W. Ferguson Buist, Hon. Secretary. 166 The following were elected members of the Section Committee: Prof. C. 0. Bannister, Dr. I;. J. Brislee, Messrs. Crosbie Oates, A.0. Jones, K. B. Croad, and L. V. Cocks. Preliminary consideration was given to the programme to be arranged for the next session. London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 9th April, at a well-attended meeting held at the Institute, Dr. R. M. Bronte gave a lecture on 66 The Medical Witness.” Prof. J. C. Drummond presided. Dr. Bronte said that there were two general classes of medical witnesses, viz. (I) those dealing with the living, and (2) those dealing with the dead. In the first class there was a possibility of complete divergence of views. Witnesses had sometimes to express opinions on the most meagre of facts; perhaps they would be asked how long a certain incapacity might last. This would probably depend largely on the mental outlook of the patient, and the mere settlement of a compensation claim might almost work a miracle in the recovery,-a result which might not be foreseen.Many factors had to be taken into account, and opinions generally depended upon probabilities rather than possibilities. The degree of importance put upon each factor would vary with the witnesses, who could not be blamed for their conflicting opinions, In the case of the second class of medical witnesses, there should be no such wide divergences. The witness would have certain data upon which to base his conclusions, but these should be governed by possibility rather than by probability. The cases would usually be exceptional, and all opinions expressed should, therefore, be such as would include the exceptions. A witness should not be afraid to say he did not know, if the eventualities were so many as to preclude a more definite answer.As an example, Dr. Bronte instanced the frequent question “How long has a person been dead? ” The witness would have certain general and well-known facts to guide him, such as the temperature and physical condition of the body, the position and amount of covering, etc. These would generally enable him to give an approximate answer to the question, if all the circumstances were normal. But usually the circumstances were abnormal, and the answer must allow for all possibilities, as it might be of vital importance to some suspected person. In 167 illustration, Dr. Bronte outlined a fictitious incident in “Edgar Wallace” style, and showed how easily all the possibilities might not be taken into account, with dire consequences to an innocent person.In one case with which he had been connected a number of medical men had expressed opinions that a person had been dead for a period which varied from 5 days to 3 weeks. In actual fact, the period was less than 18 hours. In endeavouring to determine the cause of death, Dr. Bronte expressed the hope that any chemist who was required to examine viscera, and had the opportunity of conferring with the medical man who conducted the post-mortem, should insist on all organs being placed in glass-stoppered bottles, without rubber washers or rings, and should request that the intestinal canal should be ligatured in several places to enable a separate analysis of each portion to be made.Another question frequently asked was: “Were these wounds self-inflicted? ” In this connection, Dr. Bronte mentioned instances in which wounds of the most extraordinary nature were known to have been self-inflicted. In these cases it would have been regarded as virtually impossible for the person to have so wounded himself. Witnesses must not confuse improb- ability with impossibility; and the definite statement that it was impossible for a man so to wound himself might, in certain circumstances, be damning, but unwarrantable, evidence against another person. At the conclusion of the lecture, Dr. BrontC, in reply to a question, stated how almost impossible it was to say what time had elapsed since the last meal was taken by a person.When one considered the differences in the digestibility of food, in the extent of cooking, in the activity of the gastric juices, etc., it was extremely difficult to hazard even an approximate opinion. The witness must allow the very widest limits which he can conceive possible. On 3rd May, the Section visited Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden. In the morning, about fifty members inspected the laboratories and were given detailed accounts of the work of the various departments. In the afternoon, together with a further sixty members, they visited the fields and plots where the large-scale experimental work is carried out.A very enjoyable and instructive day was agreeably concluded by the party being entertained to tea by Sir John Russell. 168 Malaya.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the College of Medicine, Singapore, on the zznd February, Mr. J. C. Cowap in the chair. The Annual Report and Financial Statement were received and adopted, and a vote of thanks was passed to the Auditors. The Chairman, Mr. Cowap, in his address, said that he was glad to be able to say that the Section was in a flourishing condi- tion. The number of members was increasing, while the financial position was sound. A number of very interesting papers had been read before the Section during the year 1929. There were three matters on which, in his opinion, the Section was to be congratulated, namely, that the Director of Agriculture, S.S.and F.M.S., Dr. H. A. Tempany, and the acting Director of the Rubber Research Institute, Major B. J. Eaton, were both chemists and Fellows of the Institute; and that the Government Analyst’s Department, Singapore, had recently been made an independent department, with the creation of a new appointment of Chief Chemist. Mr. Cowap then referred to the death of Dr. Frankland Dent, the news of which reached Malaya after the previous annual meeting. It was due to the enthusiasm of Dr. Dent, together with Major Eaton and Mr. R. W. Blair, that the Malaya Section was formed in 1923,with Dr. Dent as the first Chairman. The meeting recorded its deep regret at the loss of one who had had the welfare of the Local Section and of the Institute as a whole so much at heart.The following members were elected to serve on the Committee for the ensuing year :-Kuala Lumpur.-Dr. H. A. Tempany, Major B. J. Eaton, Mr. J. Shelton, Dr. I. A. Simpson (Hon. Secretary). Singapore.-Mr. F. L. Okell, Mr. R. E. Willgress, and Mr. F. H. Geake (Assist. Hon. Secretary). Messrs. Blair and Byron were nominated auditors for 1930. Dr. H. A. Tempany was unanimously elected Chairman, and Dr. I. A. Simpson, Honorary Secretary. A discussion then ensued on matters of local interest, includ- ing the publication of papers read before the Section, the arrange- ments for the Annual Dinner and future meetings. A vote of thanks was accorded to the Principal of the College of Medicine for the use of the meeting room.In the evening the members of the Section welcomed a number 169 of guests to a very enjoyable dinner and dance at the Europe Hotel. On the following day, by kind permission of the Master Attendant, Singapore, Capt. G. H. Freyberg, O.B.E., R.N., a most interesting and enjoyable visit was paid to the Raffles Lighthouse, twelve miles from Singapore, where it was found that sea bathing in the wonderfully clear water surrounding the lighthouse provided a very pleasant relaxation. Manchester and District .-A summer excursion has been arranged to take place on 12th July. Chester has been chosenas thevenue, with a boat trip up the River Dee to Eccleston Ferry and a visit to Eaton Park, returning by Ironbridge.Manchester and District (Students’ Section) .-The first of a series of talks on professional subjects was given on 21st March, at the St. George’s Cafd, Manchester, by the President of the Students’ Section, Mr. W. D. Rogers, who spoke on 6b The Profession of Chemistry.” Mr. Rogers dealt with the following questions:- (I) What constitutes a Profession? (2) Is there a Profession of Chemistry? (3) Is the Profession of Chemistry recognised? (4) What remains to be done to make our Profession ideal? (5) What is our duty in this respect? and developed his theme by quotations from- (a) The Growth of the Profession of Chemistry during the past Half-Century (1877-1927), by Mr.A. Chaston Chapman. (b) Prof. Arthur Smithells’ Introduction to The Profession of Chemistry. (c) The Charter of the Institute. (d) The Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics of the American Institute of Chemistry, and (e) The Chemist and Commerce, by Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt. In concluding his address, he quoted “ten commandments ” for the chemist’s guidance. An interesting discussion took place, in which Messrs. Booton, Maddocks, Sowerbutts and Weir participated, and numerous questions were put to the lecturer, on points arising out of the necessarily brief survey which he bad given, 170 A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Rogers, on the motion of Mr. Maddocks, seconded by Mr. Weir.Following representations to the Council, an examination for the Associateship was held in Manchester in April; and, provided sufficient candidates desire to present themselves for the examinations locally, it is hoped that this concession will be continued. The next meeting of Students will take the form of an ex- cursion. Details of this will be circulated later. Newly enrolled Students are invited to become members of the Students’ Section, and should forward the subscription of 2s. 6d. to Mr. Frank Sowerbutts, B.Sc.Tech., Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, 244 Wellington Road South, Stockport. 171 April Examinations, 1930, Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned below; the number of candidates examined and of those who passed were :-No.NO. examined. passed.For the Associateship- At the Institute; and at the University, Manchester: 31st March-5th April .. *34 20 For the Pellowship- At the Institute : 7th -1 lth April : Branch C : Organic Chemistry- With special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes (excluding Mineral and Essential Oils) .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to Soapmaking and Edible Oils and Fats . . .. 1 1 With special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes for Soapmaking and Edible Purposes, excluding Mineral and Essential Oils . . .. .. 1 I At the Institute : Branch E : The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: 7th-12th April . . **14 10 At the Institute: Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils and Fats, including Edible Oils and Soap manufacture, excluding Mineral and Essential Oils :7th-I Ith April .... 1 1 In the Laboratory of Mr. William Bacon: Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to the Technology of Paper Making :8th-1 Ith April . . .. 1 1 At the College of Technology, Manchester : Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Bleaching, Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibres, except Artificial Silk : 3 lut March-4th April .. .. .. 1 0 At the Institute; and in the Laboratories of Messrs. J. Lyons: The Chemistry of Foods, with special reference to Jams and Jellies: 7tLllth April . . ..1 0 55 35 * One candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners only in the translation of German technical literature. ** One candidate completed his examination by satisfying the Examiners in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy. 172 EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP CHEMISTRY.IN GENERAL INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-Generally, the answers to the papers were fairly well done, but the questions dealing with complex fluorides and polyhalides were attempted only by a few candidates, and the answers were somewhat vague and irrelevant. Apart from the question on photochemical reactions, the purely theoretical questions were dealt with adequately. The question on the determination of manganese, when attempted, was not at all well answered, and it appeared doubtful whether the candidates had really considered the possibility of more than one method being available for the determination of this metal.The practical tests appeared to suit the majority of the candi- dates, except for the detection of zinc in the specimen of zinc ferrocyanide. The quantitative work was well done, except, perhaps, the determination of P,O,. This may be attributed to some extent to the conditions necessarily present at an examina- tion in a laboratory strange to the candidates. The results of the volumetric test were good. ORGANICCHEMIsTRY.-The organic chemistry paper evoked answers of every degree, and it was impossible to make any generalisations ; there was some evidence of similarity of treat- ment of some sections of the subject, which was either due to the paucity of suitable text-books, or to the excellence of one of them.These stereotyped replies, though naturally satisfactory individually, are tedious in mass because they seem to indicate that the matter is memorised rather than studied. A number of candidates gave anthracene as an example of a natural product -it may be conceded that a gas works is part of Nature, but candidates would do well to adopt the conventions in such cases. TRANsLATIoN .-The French translations, as usual, were satisfactory, but the German were not nearly so good as they should be. EXAMINATIONTHE FELLOWSHIPBRANCHE.FOR IN The work of the successful candidates was very satisfactory throughout and showed a pleasing improvement, compared with the last examination.In the practical work, problems were tackled in a businesslike manner. The microscopical work was 173 on the whole well done, and there was a distinct improvement in the framing of certificates and in the interpretation of results. Many of the candidates were well acquainted with current literature. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chmistry for the Associateship. Adam, Harold, A.M.C.T. , College of Technology, Manchester. Allen, Frederick William, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Beese, Dennis Clifford, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Rush, Frederick William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Battersea Polytechnic, London, Churchouse, Archibald Henry, B.Sc.(Lond.). Crawford, Robert Craig, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Dembrey, Ivor, B.Sc. (Bris.), The University, Bristol. Fenner, Joseph, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Hale, Ernest Edward, West Ham Municipal College, London. Joseph, James Dillwyn, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Menchester. Maddocks, John Robert, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Nicholson, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Ham Municipal College, London. Owen, Arthur Ernest, BSc. (Lond.), Central Technical School, Liverpool. Paas, Alfred, Technical College, Birmingham, and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Peek, William Caird, Royal Technical College, Glwgow. Rawlings, Ernest Emerson, B.Sc. (Lond.), Municipal Technical College, Hull. Steer, Edwin Hemus, B.Sc.(Lond.), Technical College, Birmingham. Thomas, Richard Spenser, The University, Manchester, and Technical College, Birmingham. Westhead, James, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Wilks, Alfred Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.). Examination for the 1T’eUowship. In Branch C: Organic Chemistry: Earding, George. Reid, Eric. Smith, Dudley Herbert, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. In Branch E : The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water : Balmforth, Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.). Coysh, Reginald Henry, M.Sc. (Bris.). Hallas, Charles Arthur, BSc. (Lond.). Herd, Magnus, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Jamieson, Archibald Robert, B.Sc. (Glas.).Messenger, Walter George, B.Sc. (Birm.). Roche, James William, B.Sc.(Bris.). Rooke, Horace Samuel, M.Sc. (Birm.). Stevenson, Samuel Gordon, B.Sc., B.Pharm. (Lond.). Stothart, Sydney Norman Herbert, Ph.D. (Liv.). In Branch G : Industrial Chemistry : Bell, James Horst Brunneman, M.A., B.Sc. (Edin.).Revis, Fmnk Leonard Bingham, A.C.G.F.C. 174 The following papers and exercises were set:-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 31st MARCH, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted. No credit will be given for irrelevant answers.) 1. Give an account of the complex fluorides, with special reference to their structure. 2. Describe fully the bismuthate, persulphate and Volhard methods of determining manganese, giving reasons for your preference for any one of them.3. State what you know of the work of any TWO of the following: Graham, Ramsay and Berthelot. 4. Write a short essay on (a) Thermochemistry, or (b) Osmotic pressure. 5. What ores of copper are known? Describe the processes of extraction of the metal from its ores and the methods of purifying it. 6. Describe two cases of photochemical reactions; discuss some of the theories proposed to account for the phenomena observed. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted. No credit will be given for irrelevant answers.) 1.’ Which polyhalides of the alkali metals have been prepared? State how their existence has been proved by (a)chemical and (b) physicalmethods, and give some view of their constitution. 2. How has “active” nitrogen been prepared? Give an account of its properties, and its effect on various elements. 3.Write an account of the properties of the elements of Sub-Group I (copper, silver and gold), comparing them with those of the alkali metals of Group I. 4. Describe the production of hydroxylamine (1) from nitric acid and (2) from nitrites through the formation of disulphonates; and give the reactions involved. Describe the method whereby ketones, such as acetone may be estimated by means of hydroxylamine. 5. Theoretical considerations suggest that isotopes may be separated. Describe briefly some attempts at the separation, with special reference to the evidence whereby it has been demonstrated that the isotopes were in fact separated.6. Enunciate the second law of thermodynamics. Deduce (1) the expression RT loge ‘2 for the work done by a gas on expansion, and (2)the V1 relation between the work done by a heat engine and the heat consumed. TUESDAY, 1st APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted. No credit will be given for irrelevurbt unswers.) 1. Give an account of the mode of employment of the more common oxidising agent,s used in organic chemistry. 2. Discuss the chemistry of acetylene and its derivatives. 3. Write an essay on the manufacture of aliphatic chemicals, with special reference to the position ofthe industry in this country. 175 4. How may the chief aldopentoses and aldohexoses be genetically related by means of interconversions ? 5.Briefly indicate the more important synthetic methods applicable to the preparation of derivatives of pyridinc and quinoline. Give some account of the properties of pyridine. 6. Show how the constitutional formula of any natural product, the molecule of which contains ten or more carbon atoms, has been deduced. WEDNESDAY, 2nd APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Identify the substance A and the constituents of the binary mixture B. (A = salol, or benzyl benzoate, or ethyl cinnamate; B = sulphanilic acid + aniline sulphate, or naphthalene + 8-naphthol, or /3-naphthylamine + 1-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid.) THURSDAY, 3rd APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. From the p-toluidine supplied prepare aceto-p-toluidide and 2-nitro- p -toluidine.PRIDAY, 4th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substance C. The report must be given in by 12 NOON. (C = zinc ferrocyanide or copper ferrocyanide.) 2. The sample of calcium phosphate D supplied to you contains sulphate as an impurity. Determine this; and also the proportion of P,O,. Express the results as percentages of SO, and P,O,. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) SATURDAY, 5th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Report on the specimen of impure potassium dichromate E. Deter-mine the proportion of Cr,O, iodometrically, using a specimen of pure reagent quality &Cr,O, for determining the strength of the thiosulphate solution supplied. Express the result as a percentage of potassiumdichromate.(E: impurity = potassium sulphate.) Using the results so obtained prepare a solution of dichromate, approximately N/10 from the impure specimen; and with this solution determine the percentage of ferrous iron in F. Express this result in percentage of Fef+, stating also the amount of impure dichromate per litre used by you in making your standard solution. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, Waxes, Soaps, etc. MONDAY, 7th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted, which must include No. 1.) 1. Describe fully the methods which you would employ to determine the mode of combination of the oxygen and nitrogen atoms in a substance having the molecular formula C,H,O,N.2. What methods have been employed for the synthesis of a-and 8-mono-esters of glycerol ? Criticise the suitability of these syntheses for the determination of the structure of the resulting products. 3. What methods are available for the resolution of externally compensated substances into their optically active forms ? What conclu- sions may be drawn from the successful resolution of sulphinic esters regarding the nature of the double bond between oxygen and sulphur in these compounds ? 176 4. Write an essay of about 500 words on tautomerism. 5. Give short accounts of the manufacture of THREE of the following compounds: (1) Antipyrine, (2) Salvarsan, (3) Alizarin, (4) Congo Red, (5) Vanillin, (6) Terpineol.6. Trace the development of our knowledge of the nature of vitamin D since its recognition as a constituent of irradiated crude cholesterol. 7. Classify the commoner alkaloids according to the heterocyclic systems which they contain, and describe the synthesis of any ONE alkaloid. 2 to 5 p.m, (SIX questions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of recent work on the constitution of oiL and fats, describing the methods employed, and the conclusions reached. 2. Describe fully how a crude vegetable oil may be refined for (a)soap making, (b) edible purposes. 3. Compare and contrast the continuous and batch processes of oil hydrogenation. What is meant by selective hydrogenation? How do you regard hydrogenated oils as material for the manufacture of (a)soaps,(b) margarine ? 4.Given a sample of unknown oil-containing seeds or kernels,-how would you proceed in order to determine for what purposes the oil and residues might be suitable? 5. What is the nature of the unsaponifiable matter in an oil or fat? How is the unsaponifiable matter made use of, in some cases, as a guide to the purity of an oil, and as an approximate indication of amount of adulteration ? 6. How are the various commercial products known as “stearine” and “oleine” obtained ? Describe their composition and properties, and for what purposes they are used. 7. What do you know of the constitution of oleic acid and its isomers? In what circumstances are the latter formed? 8. Describe the process of “fitting” soap, and discuss the relative merits of caustic soda or salt for the purpose.What changes take place in the contents of the soap-pan during “fitting,” and what is the composition of the products obtained ? 9. How would you determine the composition of a mixture reputed to contain coconut oil, premier jus, cottonseed oil, and butter fat? 10. What do you know of the occurrence of trimethylene glycol in crude glycerin ? What precautions should be taken to avoid it ? How may it be determined? TUESDAY, 8th, to FRIDAY, 11th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Determine the titre of the sample of tallow, and report on ite suitability for soap-making. 2. Determine the genuineness of a sample of hog grease. 3. Determine the amount of iso-oleic acid in the sample of hydro- genated fat.4. Determine the amount of glycerin in the sample of soap A, and the composition of the fatty stock from which the soap B is made. 177 Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 7th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Write a brief account of Pectic substances. Discuss their import- ance in fruit products. How would you determine the pectin content of a foodstuff? 2. If the solids-not-fat of a sample of milk are found to be below 8-5per cent. the milk is presumed to contain added water. What methods have been suggested for obtaining confirmatory evidence of the presence of this added water ? 3. What is meant by “Crude fibre”? How is it determined, and what is its significance in food analysis? (Answer in a separate notebook.) 4.Describe precisely what you understand by the following:-Expectorant, Emmenagogue, Astringent, Colagogue, Cathartic. Give TWO examples of each and dosage, and briefly indicate how the examples you choose produce their effect. 5. What is a glucoside? Give examples of glucosides used in medicine. Discuss the methods of obtaining them in a pure state, and the methods of isolation of them from the human cadaver in cases of suspected poisoning. 6. Assume that you have sent to you the viscera from a person who has died from exhaustion following an acute attack of vomiting and diarrhea. Discuss the possible causes and describe how you would examine the organs.(A detailed description of analytical procedure is not required. ) MONDAY, 7th APRIL, 1930: 2 to 5 p.m. 1. What impurities are liable to be present in the following:- (a)Essence of almonds, (b) Sublimed sulphur, (c) Beer? How would you detect their presence, and what amounts would you regard as safe in each case? 2. Outline a scheme for the analysis of a commercial liquid carbolic disinfectant. 3. Report on the suitability for drinking and general domestic purposes of the two waters which gave the following figures on analysis.What conclusions do you draw as to their origin ? A.” “B.” Parts per 100,000. Total solid matter .. .. 119.2 7-60 Combined chlorine .. .. 10.43 1-57 Nitrites .. .. .. ..trace nil Nitrates in terms of N . . .. 3.8 none Total hardness . . .. .* 59.4 2.0 Temporary hardness .. . . 16.6 -Permanent hardness .. .. 42.8 -Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 80” F. . . .. .. . . 0.208 0.153 Ammoniacal nitrogen . . .. 0.004 0.0014 Albuminoid nitrogen .. .. 0-0260 0.0076 4. What is meant by the term “Lintner value”? How is it 5. The air in the neighbourhood of a factory is suspected of beingdetermined? 178 polluted with furnace gases. State how you would examine this air to ascertain the presence and proportion of sulphur dioxide. TUESDAY, 8th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The sample of lard is submitted under the Food and Drugs (Adultera- tion) Act, 1928. Make an analysis and report on the form of certificate provided.(Hydrogenated fat and arachis oil.) WEDNESDAY, 9th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Report on the tin of condensed milk submitted to you. (Low in fat.) ‘Z’HIJRSDAY, 10th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The sample of margarine submitted was purchased informally by an inspector. Examine and report upon it. (Mixture of margarine and tjutter, with excess of water, and containing boric acid.) FRIDAY, 11th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Report on the sample of coffee A. (Adulterated with chicory.) 2. Examine microscopically the crude vegetable fibre B (soya bean fibre) obtained from a single source without admixture. Sketch the diagnostic structures and state what conclusions you draw from them as to the origin of the fibre.3. Examine microscopically the vegetable powder C. (Stramonium.)Sketch and explain any structures which afford information as to its origin. 4. Identify the starches D, E, F, G, H, K. 5. Identify the water deposit L. Make rough sketches of the structures observed, and name as many as possible. SATURDAY, 12th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Specimen A is a sample of home-made elderberry wine. A number of people partaking of this wine were, shortly after, seized with attacks of vomiting with abdominal pain. Make an analysis of the wine to ascertain if any noxious substance is present, and estimate the amount present. Discuss in your report the possible sources of any noxious thing that you may find. (Containing zinc.) 2.Examine the sample of urine B for any abnormalities of a patho- logical nature. 3. Identify as far as possible the alkaloid in the liquid C. (Atropine.) Branch G. Industrial Chemistry. The following paper was given to all candidates taking Branch Q, Industrial Chemistry. (FOURquestions only to be attempted, which must include No. 1.) 1. What considerations would guide you in selecting a site for a chemical works, and in arranging your plant upon the site? In your answer, have regard to some specific manufacture with which you have acquaintance. 2. What are the various forms of fuel now available for power, for steam raising, or for chemical operations at high temperatures? What considerations would determine your choice of one or other of these forms? 179 3.Describe the general characteristics of plant for carrying out chemical operations at high pressures, and the precautions that should be taken in its installation and use. 4. For what purposes may it be necessary to carry out the washing of materials in chemical processes? What general principles must be attended to in designing economical plant and processes for this purpose ? Illustrate your answer by references to any actual plant. 5. What methods are available for measuring the pressure and the flow of liquids or gases in tubes, and on what principles do they depend‘! 6. What methods are there of transporting solids or liquids (a)from place to place horizontally, (6) from a lower to a higher level? What circumstances make one or other of the methods in (b) necessary or advantageous ? Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Bleaching, Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibres, except Artificial Silk.MONDAY, 32st MARCH, 1930: 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. What substances other than cellulose are normally present in a grey cotton cloth ? By what industrial operations may they be removed ‘! 2. Define the term “kier,” and discuss the different types of kier commonly used in the cotton industry. How would you test the efficiency of a kier-boil ? 3. It has been proposed to set up standards of fastness of dyedfabrics to light ; discuss the possibilities of the establishment of standards satisfactory to the dyer and colourist.4. Write a short essay on the present state of our knowledge of the structure of cellulose. Show how some of the properties of cellulose fibres may be explained on the basis of this knowledge. 6. Define the term “sulphur-stoving” in relation to wool or worsted fabrics. Discuss, in the light of recent research, the effects of small quantities of sulphurous acid on dyed woollen materials. 6. Describe the effects of caustic soda solutions on cotton yarns under widely different conditions of temperature and concentration. How have these effects been utilised commercially ? 7. Give some account of the so-called “wetting agents” used in the textile industry. How are they applied ? How may their relative values be determined ? 8.It has been said that the oxidation potential of a solution of sodium hypochlorite is a function of the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution. What is the industrial significance of this statement? 9. Describe the general methods employed, and the precautions to be observed, in dyeing (a) cotton casement cloths, (6) real silk yarns, with vat dyestuffs. TUESDAY, lst, to FRIDAY, 4th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Identify the colouring matters present in the fabrics 1 to 10. 2. The sample of Cotton Yellow CH (sample A) is offered against Chrysophenine G (sample B). If the price of the latter is 2s. per Ib., at what price should A be offered to be competitive? 180 3. Report upon the faults in the yarns and fabrics marked L, M, N, 0.4. Examine the dyestuff D, and demonstrate a suitable method of applying it to cotton yarn. 5. Analyse and report upon the sample of Turkey Red Oil (sample TR). 6. Examine the product K, which is recommended for wetting and scouring purposes. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils and Fats, etc. MONDAY, 7th, to FBIDAY, 11th APRIL, 1930. Kxarnination consisting of the paper in Industrial Chemistry, 1). 178, atid the second paper and practical work set for candidates in Branch C, p. 176. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to the Technologyof Paper Making. Practical Examination only. TUESDAY, Sth, to FRIDAY, 11th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Determine quantitatively the constituent parts of the two coated papers marked “A” and “B” respectively, and indicate the points of difference, if any, between the two samples. Express the results in a form illustrating the components used in the manufacture. 2.Determine the pentosan figure in the given sample of fibre. 3. Evaluate the given pulp for strength and state the particular class of paper for which, in your opinion, this type of fibre would be most suitable. Determine also the characteristics of the pulp, i.e. the amounts of alplia cellulose, beta and gamma celluloses, and any other constituents you consider should be estimated. 4. Analyse the given size. Express the value of the sizing solution against a standard resin size by a practical beating trial. Special Examination for the Fellowship in the Chemistry of Foods, with special reference to Jams and Jellies.MONDAY, 31st MARCH, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE of the following questions. Nos. 1 and 2 are obligatory.) 1. What do you understand by stereoisomerism? Give, in illustra-tion, the methods which may be used for determining the structure of any one sugar. 2. Give the structural formulz of the following compounds:- Leucine, Succinic acid, Xylose, Caffeine. What do you understand by the following :-(Four only) Phospholipin, Sterol, Fructosan, Protamine, Tannin, Lignin, Galactin? 3. Give an account of present-day knowledge regarding the pectic 4. What are the commonly occurring enzymes in plants? Give, in 5.Describe the properties and constitution of three acids occurring substances of plants. detail, a description of the action of diastase, of emulsinand of protease. naturally in the plant world. How would you propose to prepare a pure sample of one of these acids from the natural source ? 181 6. Give an account of the changes which take place in fruit during ripening with special reference to the alterations in the chemical con- stituents. 7. Describe any two optical instruments and their application to the analysis of fruit products. 8. Give a general description of the properties of emulsoids and suspensoids. MONDAY, 31st MARCH, 1930: 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe in detail the commercial manufacture of pectin.2. Give a short description of the commercial manufacture of jam. What factors influence the final consistence of the product? 3. How would you propose to test the Suitability of a water obtained from an artesian well for (u)jam manufacture, (b)steam raising? Suggestmethods for the commercial softening of water with special reference to base exchange softeners and to lime-soda plants. Explain, by means of equations, the theories underlying such softening actions. 4. (a) What do you know of the corrosion by fruit juices, etc., of equipment used in jam manufacture? What do you know of the constitu- tion and properties of the protective layer used in “Glass-lined equip- ment” ? (b) What tests would you carry out to determine the suitability of a container for jam, with special reference to such types as tin plate, waxed containers and lacquered tin plate ? 6.Give an account of the “spoilage” of fruit and fruit products by micro-organisms. Describe physical and chemical methods in commercial use to prevent such spoilage. 6. Describe a series of laboratory routine tests which you consider should be carried out to standardise the preparation on a commercial scale of any one food product. 7. What is commercial glucose, and how is it manufactured ? What 8. The laboratory effluent from jam factories often causes trouble are its uses in food products? owing to the high sugar-content. What do you know of the various types of treatment of such effluents ? TUESDAY, lst, to .FRIDAY, 4th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Analyse the sample jelly tablet A and deduce a recipe for its 2. Give an opinion based on analytical results of the sample of 3. The samples of fruit pulp C, D and E are preserved. Are they in commercial manufacture. edible gelatine B. agreement with the regulations regarding preservatives in food ? 4. Report on the composition of the sample of raspberry jam F. 5. Analyse quantitatively the sample of boiler incrustation G. 6. Describe from macro-and micro-examination the organisms(excluding bacteria) found in the sample H. Prepare in temporary mounts 5 specimens illustrating your comments. 182 Notes.Honours.-In the recent list of Honours conferred by H.M. the King, on the occasion of his birthday, the Council notes with pleasure the mention of the following Fellows of the Institute :-Dr. Thomas Eustace Hill, O.B.E., has been created a Knight Bachelor; and Dr. Ernest Woodhouse Smith has been appointed a Commander, and Mr. John Haworth, a Member, of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. “Chemist.”-In a note, by Walter Roth, on “The Protection of the Title Chemist,, in Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 20th April, 1930, p. 11, it is stated that endeavours have been made in Germany to establish a governmental examination for chemists and a legally protected title for those who pass it; that the Chemiker-Zeitung was in favour of this proposal as early as 1879, and other periodicals and organisations of chemists have supported it, but so far, without success.The only protected professional title for chemists, for which an examination is required, is that of “examined food chemist” (corresponding to that of public analyst). Another protected professional title for chemists in Germany, not requiring a special examination, is the appellation “sworn trade chemist,” which, however, is applicable to analytical chemists only. The Economic Committee of the Provisional Council of Government Administration recently took up the matter of the legal protection of certain professional titles, but decided not to recommend such protection for chemists practising independently.The Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Chemie for 23rd November, 1929 , p. 1097, reported that a proposal to protect various professional callings by official registration was defeated by 5 votes to 4. The governmental councillor, Dr. Merres, however, has recently discussed the problem again in detail in the Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Chemie, 1930, No. 5, p. 114. He points out that the need for chemists by the government is increasing, and that the requirements of the authorities are varied. The value placed on the Doctor or Diploma titles and examinations is varied according to the different departments or branches of administration con- cerned, and in other scientific professions official examinations, 183 and not the results of examinations of a more academic character, have always supplied the test for employment or promotion.Dr. Merres recommends the establishment of two classes of government examinations, the first of which would be the same for all candidates for government positions, the second being adapted to the different tasks of the individual administrative fields of activity, to be taken after serving a preliminary period of practical preparation. He suggests that such a regulation would not entail any disadvantages in the training of chemists and would work only for their professional welfare, since at the present time anyone who desires to do so may call himself a chemist, without any hindrance. Legal.-At Leeds Assizes on 25th March, Mr. Justice Charles heard an action brought by a works chemist claiming damages equivalent to three months’ salary, in lieu of notice, against Messrs.Hailwood and Ackroyd, who contended that the chemist had agreed to accept a week’s notice, or, alternatively, was incompetent. It was proved that the plaintiff had written to the managing director at the time of his appointment stating that he could not accept one week’s notice, and that he had repeatedly drawn the attention of defendants to the unsatis- factory condition of the furnaces. The General Secretary of the British Association of Chemists was in Court prepared to give evidence of the plaintiff’s competency, but was not called upon. Mr. Justice Charles, in awarding the damages claimed with costs, stated that he regretted that allegations of incompetency had been made, as there was no foundation for them in fact, but that, on the contrary, the chemist had been competent, efficient and careful in his work.Scholarships.-In the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, 1929,pages 259-262, particulars of scholarships of interest to students in science, were published, the information having been obtained chiefly from The Year Book of the Universities of the Em$ire (Universities Bureau, 50 Russell Square, London, W.C.1). The Board of Education will offer for competition in 1931,20 Royal Scholarships and 11 Free Studentships tenable at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. These awards are open to British subjects of either sex.There is at present no age limit. A Royal Scholarship or a Free Studentship entitles the holder 184 to payment by the Board of the fee for admission to the lectures and laboratory and other work appropriate to the course followed by the holder and approved by the Board. A Royal Scholarship will also include such maintenance allowance, at a rate not exceeding k80 a year, as the Board think fit, having regard to the other financial resources of the scholar. Further particulars of the conditions for entry and a detailed syllabus of the subjects of the examination are published in the "Syllabus of the Science Scholarships Examination '' for 1931, which may be obtained, price 3d. (by post 3id.) through any bookseller or direct from H.M.Stationery Office, at the following addresses :-Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2 ; York Street, Manchester; I St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff; 120 George Street, Edinburgh ; 15 Donegall Square West, Belfast. Candidates may compete in a Group which includes Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics. All candidates must satisfy the Board of their proficiency in Drawing and in English, either by examination at the Science Scholarships examination or by previous successes as explained in the Syllabus. Application for entry to the examination must be made on the prescribed form (obtainable from the Board) not later than the 15th January, 1931. The following awards have been notified in the public press, and should be added to the list already published by the Institute, although the dates for forwarding applications for the present year are passed :-KITCHENER for the sons of officers and men, SCHOLARSHIPS or sons of ex-officers and men of H.M.Forces, to enable selected candidates fo follow an advanced course of study or training at a university or other institution approved for the purpose. Candi-dates must be over 17 and under 20 on the 1st January preceding their applications, and must be prepared to enter on the course not later than the month of October following. Applicants over the age of 20, who have already begun an approved course may also be considered. Particulars are obtainable from the Secretary, Lord Kitchener National Memorial Fund, 34-35 Norfolk Street, Strand, London, W.C.z .BLAIRFELLOWSHIPSIN APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. each of the value of L4SO tenable for one year, are awarded from time to time by the London County Council. The Fellowships are 185 for advance study or research and are tenable in the Dominions, in the United States, or in other foreign countries. Candidates must be British subjects, at least 21 years of age. Particulars may be obtained on application, with stamped addressed envelope, to the Education Officer (T.3),The County Hall, London, S.E.I. Photographic Research Awards.-The Royal Photo-graphic Society of Great Britain has announced that the Com- mittee of the Scientific and Technical Group of the Society, in collaboration with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, will meet early in November next to consider applica- tions for the Williamson Photography Research Award.The Award was established in 1922 for the purpose of en-couraging research among workers in photography under 35 years of age. In addition to a fund provided by Messrs. R. and R. H. Williamson, a sum is now available for providing apparatus and material for photographic research. The following awards have already been made:- 1923.-$17 5s. Od. to Dr. K. C. D. Hickman, for his studies in the washing of photographic products, and an electrical device for measuring minute amounts of hypo. ; 1924.-€18 0s. Od. to Dr. D. A. Spencer, for further researches in the washing of photographic products ; 1927.-%18 0s.Od. to Mr. C. Lighton, for his contributions to the theory and practice of the carbo process; 1929.-$20 0s. Od. to Dr. F. M. Hamer, for her researches on photographic sensitisers and desensitisers; and $10 0s. Od. to Mr. R. B. Archey, for his studies of photographic emulsion spots of biological origin. Enquiries for full particulars should be sent to H. Baines, Esq., Hon. Secretary, Scientific and Technical Group of the Royal Photographic Society, 35, Russell Square, W.C.I. British Association for the Advancement of Science.-The Annual Meeting of the British Association will’be held at Bristol from 3rd to 10th September. Prof. Gilbert J. Morgan will be the Sectional President for Chemistry. Particulars may be obtained from the Secretary, British Association, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.I.American Institute of Chemists.-On 4th April, the New York Chapter of the American Institute of Chemists held a meeting to discuss the organisation of professional chemists in the United States, to which were invited Mr. Frederick J. Hambly, President of the Canadian Institute, and Dr. H. T. 186 Clarke, as the representative of the Institute. of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, on the nomination of the Council. Dr. M. L. Crossley, Chairman of the Chapter, presided. Dr. Clarke gave a brief resumd of the objects and history of the “British ” Institute, explaining its relationship to the Chemical Society. He outlined the regulations for membership, spoke from his own experience of the practical nature of its examinations and traced its development to the present time, giving an indication of its activities in public affairs.Mr. Hambly, who is also a Fellow of the Institute, dealt with the difficulties with which the Canadian Institute has had to contend. He recognised the need for organisations of professional chemists, in addition to chemical societies which aim at the advancement of the science. He suggested that the American Institute should retain on the first page of its Bulletin-The Chemist-the schedule of its chief objects- “To give chemists professional solidarity. To put the profession back of LC definite code of ethics. To insist on adequate training and experience qualifications.To educate the public to an understanding of what a chemist is. To protect the public and the profession by fighting quackery. To raise the economic status of chemists.” Mr. Hambly said that the Canadian Institute had grown out of a desire to provide chemists in Canada with means of professional and personal contact with one another. The first Council was elected in 1919,and a Dominion Charter was obtained two years later. Its code of ethics adopted in I924 was similar to that of the American Institute. They maintained an Appointments Register and were active in public affairs of interest to chemists. They had established sections at five important centres. All these Iustitutes aimed at educating the public to an understanding of what a chemist is; the great thing was to see that the chemists themselves were properly educated.Canadian chemists had attempted to obtain a legal status in the Province of Quebec, but the results had not been altogether satisfactory. *4small majority of the Quebec members had formed the Association of Professional Chemists of Quebec, and obtained an Act in 1926 in which professional chemistry was legally defined as:-“The practice for hire, gain, or hope of reward of any branch of chemistry, including organic, inorganic, metallurgical, biological, and analytfcal cliernistry.” 187 but when all exceptions were provided for,-including pro-fessional engineers, holders of diplomas from the Polytechnic School and from the Faculty of Applied Science of McGill University, and members of the professions of pharmacy and medicine,-the Act was of little value; except that it gave them the right to the title chemist, to hold examinations and to restrict the title of professional chemist to members of the organisation.In 1929,the definition referred to was amended to the effect that “a professional chemist means any person registered under the Act.” When they endeavoured to obtained re-striction of practice they met with strong opposition, and the net result was a temporary setback. Aslib : Translators.-The Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux have announced that they have appointed a Committee to prepare a scheme for establishing a Panel of translators having both linguistic and technical qualifications, and that names of approved qualified persons are now being registered under the scheme, particulars of which can be obtained from the Secretary, Association of Special Libraries and information Bureaux, 26, Bedford Square, London, W.C.I.The Panel is intended to consist primarily of approved individual translators, but commercial translators will be eligible for registration if they satisfy the Association of their ability to offer the requisite service. Erratum.-The footnote on p. 88 of JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS, Part 11, should refer to Meyer’s Modern Theories of Chernis-try, translated by Bedson and Williams, published in 1888, and not to the Outlines of Theoretical Chemistry, a smaller work, by the same author and translators, published four years later.188 Obituary. ARTHUR ANGELL died at Southampton on 3rd February in his 87th year. Born at Basingstoke, he received his education at a private school at Holloway, London, and at Queen’s Grammar School, Basingstoke. He was a pupil, and later assistant, to Dr. Arthur Hassall, in whose laboratory he became associated with the late Mr. Otto Hehner, with whom he was joint author of .Butter : Its Analysis and Adulteration, published in 1874 (2nd edition, 1897). In 1874 he started practice as a consulting and analytical chemist in Southampton, and subsequently held appointments as Public Analyst for the County of Southampton, the Boroughs of Guild- ford and Newport (I.of W.), the Isle of Wight, and the City of Winchester.He still retained some of these appointments at the time of his death. He contributed papers on the analysis of well water and on the analysis of milk to The Analyst, and published a book on The Microscopical Structure of Certain Fruits and Roots to be met with in the Jams and Preserves of Commerce, and later a paper on “The Microscopical Examination of Water Deposits.” In 1882 he read a paper before the British Association on the cause of the discolouration of the Southampton water supply, and, from time to time, lectured locally on various scientific subjects. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. RICHARD BARRON died at Waterford, on 21st February, in his 31st year.Educated at the Christian Schools, Waterford, he studied subse- quently at the Royal College of Science, Dublin, where he obtained the Associateship in 1920. He held, for a few months, an appointment as a junior inspector under the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, and was then appointed assistant master at the Central Technical Institute, at Waterford. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. Information has recently been received that WILLIAM THOMAS COOK was killed in an accident in 1927 at the age of 23 years. Born at Bristol, he was educated at King Henry VIII’s Grammar School, Abergavenny, and studied chemistry at University College of South Wales, Monmouth- shire, Cardiff, graduating with honours in chemistry in 1924.In the same year he was appointed research metallurgist and chemist to the Excelsior Wire Rope Co., Ltd., at Cardiff (British Ropes, Ltd.) He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1925. WILLIAM BROWN DAVIDSON died suddenly at Warkworth House, Tynemouth, on 23rd April, in his 61st year. Born at Inverness, where he was educated at Raining’s School, he entered Aberdeen University in 1885 and graduated M.A. and B.Sc. with distinction and medal in organic: chemistry in 1893. He then acted as private assistant to Japp for a year before proceeding as an 1851 Exhibition Scholar to Wiirtzburg, where he worked for two years under Hantzsch, Medicus and Rontgen. His Scholarship having been extended for a further year, he studied physico- chemical methods under Ostwald at Leipzig, and then returned to Wiirtz- 189 burg to complete his thesis “On Diazophenols, Diazonium Hydroxide and Isonitroso Compounds,” on which he was awarded the degree of Ph.D., summ cum lade, in 2898.His work with Ja,pp was contributed to the Transactions of the Chemical Society and with Hantzsch to the Rerichte der Deutschen Chemischen Ge.rellschaft, and in 2899 he was awarded the degree of D.Sc. (Aberdeen). In 1898 he became private assistant to Campbell Brown at University College, Liverpool, where he also acted as a lecturer and continued research for two years, when he returned to Aberdeen as a lecturer in physical chemistry. In 1902 he went to Woolwich as a research chemist in the experimental department of the Royal Arsenal, and in 1906 became Chief Chemist to the Gas Department of the Corporation of Birmingham,where he carried out a series of investigations on the carbonisation of coal, the details of which were contributed to the Gas Journal.This work was incorporated in a paper read before the Institution of Gas Engineers, and gained for the author the Murdoch Gold Medal. During the war he was engaged with the British Dyestuffs Corporation at Huddersfield, and in 1919 joined Dr. A. C. Michie in partnership at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where he was still in practice at, the time of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900. At the memorial service held at his home on the 25th April, the Institute was represented by Mr.F. H. Walker, Honorary Secretary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section. ALARICVINCENTCOLPOYSFENBYdied at Clapham Common, London, on 20th February, in his 61st year. He was born at Handsworth, Stafford- shire, and educated at Bishop Vesey’s Grammar School, Sutton Coldfield ; he studied science at Mason College, Birmingham, from 1888 to 1892, and graduated with first class honours in chemistry in the University of London in 1891, gaining a University Scholarship in the final examination. He held appointments as a Science Master at Preston, Batley, Market Bosworth, Reading, Leicester, and Yeovil, and since 1914 at St. Dunstan’s College, Catford, the City of Westminster School, Whitgift School, Croydori , and Rutlish School, Merton.He was elected an Amociate of the Institute in 192 1. AYEFLST HOOKERHENHAM died at Outwood, near Redhill, on 6th May, in his 77th year. Born at Faversham, Kent, he was educated at the Royal Grammar School, Marlborough, and at the University of Xtuttgart. In 1870, he went to Canada, where he taught natural science at Bishop’s College, Lennoxville, Quebec, and at Trinity College School, Port Hope,Ontario ;but three years later, returned to England and became assistant to C. W. Heaton, and demonstrator in chemistry, at Charing Cross Hospital Medical School. He also taught chemistry for one year at the Royal Naval School, New Cross. In 1877 he went to Egypt and was appointed chemist to the Customs Administration at Cairo, and, shortly after, an inspector (chemist) of the Customs Service.In 1881 he became a corres- pondent of ThR New York Herald and The Morning Post, and in the follow- ing year reported the bombardment of the Agamy Forts at Alexandria. He then joined the Intelligence Department under Colonel-latsr Sir-Alexander Tulloch, in which service he gained a War Medal, and the Egyptian Star (1882). In 1883, during a cholera epidemic, he acted as secretary to the commission of inquiry into its causes, and for these services the Khedive bestowed upon him the 4th Class of the Medjedie, arid he also 190 received the Qucen‘s Gold Medal for gallantry and humanity. Later, he discharged the duties of chief sanitary inspector and director of the KhediL ial laboratory ; he orpniserl the town services of C’niro ant1 Alex-andria, arid a spwial c.ol-1)~to rleill with cpidemics. On the request of Sir 14:tlgar \’incent, Financial Adviser, he was called in to report on the work of thc Octroi ser\-ices in Cairo and Alexandria, for which he received the 3rd Class of the Osniania in 1899, and shortly after he was transferred to the Ministry of Public Works as the director of town services.In 1890, he was called upon to organise and direct measures against a locust plague, and in the following year was appointed director general of the Government salt monopoly. He established the natural soda industry in the Wadi Natron, for which he was promoted a Grand Oficer of the Imperial Order of the Medjedie.In later years, the salt department was made over to the Egyptian Salt and Soda Company, of which Mr. Hooker was the first general manager, holding this appointrneiit until 1902. He received the special thanks of Lord Cromer on leaving the Government Service, and, at the same time, was promoted a Grand Officer of the Order of the Osmania. Froin 1905 to 1923 he also acted as Consul General for Norway, and in recognition of his services in this capacity received the first-class of the Order of St. Olaf. In view of his numerous activities he became known in Egypt as “Emergency Hooker.” On his retirement, in 1926, he was entertained to dinner by a large number of friends in Cairo, from whom he received a presentation, Mr.Nevile Henderson, British Minister Plenipotentiary, acting as Chairman. He returned to England in 1926, and, in 1929, presented the Chemical Society with a silver mace on the completion of 50 years’ membership of that Society. He was one of the earliest Associates of the Institute, having hcen elected in 1878, and proceeded to the Fellowship in 1883. JOHN died at the Lourdes Hospital, Liverpool. HENRY MCGUINNESS on 11th January, at the age of 38 years. He joined the 19th Battalion King’s Liverpool Regiment in December, 1914, and served in France from November, 1915, until January, 1919. He was awarded the Military Medal for conspicuous gallantry under exceptionally heavy gunfire at Pleura, Somme, in October, 1916, and later transferred to the Royal Engineers, Signal Section.He studied at Liverpool University and graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1922. In the same year, he rejoined the staff of the Liverpool Daily Post arid Echo, with which he had been associated before the war, and continued until his death. He was President of the Liverpool Press Club. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. WILLIAM ALBERT RILEY died at Robin Hood, near Wakefield, at the age of 47 years. Educated at Manchester Central High School and Leigh Grammar School, he studied chemistry in the University of Manchester from 1903 to 1906, and became a chemist in the Brackley laboratory of the Earl of Ellesmere’s Collieries Estates and Coke Works. He passed the Intermediate Examination of the Institute in 1908 and the Finel for the Associateship in 1910, and shortly after became assistant manager of the works.At the time of his death he was manager of the Robin Hood Coke Works of Messrs. J. J. Charlesworth, Ltd. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1913. 191 ERIOYORKEScARLETT was born on the 3rd March, 1897, at Heaton Mersey, near Stockport, Cheshire. He was educated at a Higher Grade School in Manchester, and at the Manchester Grammar School, took the Northern Universities Matriculation, and was awarded a scholarship in the Manchester College of Technology. He served in the Special Brigade, R.E., for three years, and at tho close of the war took a course in general chemistry and technology, and graduated as B.Sc. (Tech.) in the Honours Division in 1922.He became a travelling Secretary of the Student Christian Movement in the Technical Colleges of Great Britain. A member of the Longsight Wesleyan Church, Manchester, he was accepted as a missionary of the London Missionary Society in 1924, and appointed to Peiping, where he was on the staff of the Boys’ School. In 1926 he became a member of the staff of the Anglo-Chinese College, Tientsin, under the leadership of Dr. Lavington Hart, who has recently retired. On 3rd April a cablegram brought the information that he had been shot and instantaneously killed when he and Mr. A. P. Cullen were attacked by bandits at Peitaiko, on the coast of the Province of Chihli. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922.ANDREWTHOMSONdied at Comiston Drive, Edinburgh, on the 14th February, 1930. Born at Monquhitter, Aberdeenshire, he was a pupil and later a pupil teacher in the village school, and in 1870 entered Moray House Training College, Edinburgh, before proceeding to EdinburghUniversity, where he graduated M.A., B.Sc. in 1877. After teaching for 10 years in schools in Edinburgh and Dundet., he was appoint8ed lecturer in chemistry in University College, Dundee, and while there graduated I).&. at Edinburgh University. In 1889 he was appointed Head Sciencc and Mathematical Master at Perth Academy, where he was eventuallyRector from 1899 to 191.5. After his retirement in that year, he did war service for three years as Head Chemistry Master at George Watson’s Boys’ College, Edinburgh, and subsequently served for three years as joint administrator in Scotland of University Grants awarded by the Government to ex-service men.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. JAMESWOODWARDdied at Ilford on the 16th March. Born at, Macclesfield in 1856, he entered the Civil Service in 1878-at first in the Excise Department. In 1880, he joined the staff of the Somerset House Laboratory, and, at the time of his retirement, at the end of 1918, was a superintending analyst in the Government Laboratory. His principal work in later years was in the examination of tobacco for revenue purposes, arid he contributed to the “Tobacco Year Rook” comprehensive articles on the British tobacco laws since 1825, and on the tobacco tariff.He graduated B.A. and B.Sc. in the University of London, and lectured for some years on inorganic chemistry at the Birkbeck Institution. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1877, and served as tt Member of Council from 1913 to 1916. RICHARDHENRYWRIGHT died at 2, Harcourt Buildings, Temple, London, on 3rd March, in his 73rd year. Educated at University College School, London, he matriculated in 1874 and proceeded to University College, where he studied under Williamson until 1876. He worked for some time as Williamson’s assistant at his Experimental Works at Willesden, and was afterwards engaged with Messrs. Burt, Roulton and Haywood. He passed the Examination of the Institute and was duly elected to the Associateship in 1883, but, in the course of time, turned his attention to art, and was a successful exhibitor.During the war, being desirous of rendering any useful service that he could at that time, he joined Professor Hodgkinson at the Ordnance College, Woolwich, where he became engaged as a demonstrator, and continlied teaching until 1923, during the last two years as senior lecturer in clieniistry.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1921. 192 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part I, 1930, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Henzole Research Committee, Report of the, 1930.7th Report of the Joint Benzole Research Committee of The National Benzole Association and the University of Leeds. Pp. 149. (London : National Benzole Association.) “Crystals, The Study of.” D. B. Briggs. Pp. 137. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.) 4s. A book on the subject for the use of schools. “Surface Chemistry, An Introduction to.” E. K. Kideal. and edition. Pp. 459. (Cambridge University Press.) 21s. Surface tension of liquids and of solutions; surface films of insoluble materials; liquid-liquid interfaces ;gas-solid interfaces ;liquid-solid inter- faces ; differences of potential at interfaces ; conditions of stability in suspensions and emulsions ; gels and hydrated colloids. Anaesthetics .-The Conservator of the Wellcome His-torical Medical Museum has forwarded a brochure which has been published as a souvenir of the Henry Hill Hickman Cen- tenary Exhibition, and a report of the commemoration meeting of the Royal Society of Medicine, Section of Anaesthetics, held at the Wellcome Museum, Wigmore Street, London, under the auspices of the Society, on the and April.The brochure and the address of Lord Dawson of Penn, delivered at the meeting, deal with the early experimental work of Hickman in connection with the use of carbon dioxide in painless operations on animals. The exhibition included a collection of authentic records and personal relics of Hickman. Lord Dawson acknowledged the early discoveries of Lavoisier, Cavendish, Priestley, Davy and Faraday, and remarked that, in spite of Hickman’s work and the discoveries and experiments of other scientific men, it was not until 1842 that ether was used for a definite surgical purpose by a young doctor, Crawford Long.In 1843, Wells employed nitrous oxide for anaesthesia, and in 1846, Morton administered ether in Massachusetts General Hospital. Flourens, a year later, described the effects of chloroforni 01 t the lower animals ; Sir William Lawrence employed chloroform at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, and Sir James Simp- son, in Edinburgh, soon after published the details of 50 cases in which chloroform had been administered with success. 193 It is understood that the Exhibition will probably remain open until October.Heating and Ventilation.-The Industrial Health Re-search Board of the Medical Research Council has published ‘I A Study of Heating and Ventilation in Schools’’ (Report No. 58), by H. M. Vernon and T. Bedford, assisted by C. G. Warner. (London: H.M. Stationery Office, 2s. 6d. net.) Imperial Institute.-The Direct or of the Imperial Institute has published the Annual Report to the Board of Governors, for the year 1929, a copy of which can be seen in the Library of the Institute of Chemistry. The Report bears evidence to the growth and importance of the work of the Imperial Institute during the past year, and, in addition to matters of official administration, deals with a great variety of questions bearing on Empire products, including : silk, hemp, tung oil, sheepskins, rabbit, opossum and other fur skins, animal fibres, timber, ginger, rice, shark products (oil and skins), minerals, metals, Mora wood charcoal, etc.Steel Pit Props.-The Safety in Mines Research Board has published a Report on Steel Pit Props, by T. Ashley, S. M. Dixon, and M. A. Hogan (S.M.R.B. Paper 58). (London: H.M. Stationery Office, IS. net.) Much attention is being devoted at the present time to the question of substituting steel for timber in the underground workings of coal mines. The value of steel arches for roadway support had been proved, but it is not so widely appreciated that steel props have been successful at the face under a variety of conditions when the prop tried has been of a suitable type.In an introductory note the Chairman of the Committee points out that a particular steel prop may be condemned at one pit while meeting with a full measure of success at another, and it is most important that the type of prop should be carefully chosen to suit the conditions obtaining where it is to be used. Water Pollution Research.-The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has decided to publish monthly sum-maries of current scientific and technical literature dealing with water supplies, sewage, trade waste waters, river pollution and relevant subjects. These summaries were at first circulated in neostyle form, but, beginning with Vol. 111, No. I, for January, 1930,are now obtainable in pamphlet form.(H.M. Stationery Office, IS. 3d. net per No.; Annual Subscription, 15s. net, post free.) 194 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 4th April and 16th May, 1930, 2 new Fellows were elected, 22 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 65 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 26 Students were admitted. New Fellows. Aps, John Edmund, The Lodge, Newbolt Avenue, Cheam, Surrey. Evers, Herbert Henry, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 8, Grosvenor Avenue, Gt. Crosby, Lancs. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Balmforth, Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Broadhurst Gardens, London N.W. 11. Beam, Joseph Gauld, M.Sc. (Manc.), Home Glen, Waterer Rise, Off SandyLane S., Wallington, Surrey. Bell, James Horst Brunneman, M.A., B.Sc.(Edin.), South Manse, Auchter- muchty, Fife. Boyes, George Richardson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Brambledown, Crouch Hill, London, N.4. Callow, Ernest Harold, B.Sc. (Birm.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), Orchard Side, Trumpington, Cambridge. Coysh, Reginald Henry, M.Sc. (Bris.), 7, Cannon’s Close, Raynes Park, London, S.W.20. Hallas, Charles Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Tetherdown, MusweII HilI, London, N.lO. Herd, Magnus, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., City Analyst’s Department, 20, Trongate, Glasgow. Jamieson, Archibald Robert, B.Sc. (Glas.), 16, Glebe Crescent, Renfrew. Lipscomb, Alfred George James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Finborough Road, Stowmarket. Martin, Hubert, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent.Masterman, Cyril Aubyn, M.A. (Oxon.), The Pines, Oxshott, Surrey. Messenger, Walter George, B.Sc. (Birm.), 33, Roxborough Park, Harrow- on-the-Hill, Middlesex. Newington, Frederick Henry, Admiralty Chemist’s Dept., H.M. Dockyard, Portsmouth. Quastel, Juda Hirsch, D.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), A.R.C.S., Bio-chemical Laboratory, Cardiff City Mental Hospital, Whitchurch, Glam. Reid, Eric, 41, Town Lane, Woodhey, Rock Ferry.Revis, Frank Leonard Bingham, A.C.G.F.C., 25, Birch Road, Lower Bebington, Cheshire. Roche, James William, B.Sc. (Bris.), 15, Coral Road, Cheadle Hulme, Stockport.Rooke, Horace Samuel, M.Sc. (Birm.), 146, Prince’s Avenue, London, W.3. Smith, Dudley Herbert, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 55, Quarry Road, Lower Bebington, Cheshire.195 Stevenson, Samuel Gordon, BSc. (Lond.), 76, Ryecroft Road, London, S.W. 16. Stothart, Sydney Norman Herbert, B,Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 15, Gannock Street, Edge Lane, Liverpool. New Associates. Adams, Harold, A.M.C.T., 20, Edilom Road, Higher Crumpsall, Man- Chester. Adamson, Arthur Benjamin, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Victoria Road, Barnetby, Lincs. Allen, Frederick William, A.M.C.T., 20, Crosby Road, Bolton, Lancs. Amner, John William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 40, Arnulf Street, London, S.E.6. Arneil, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), 35, Snaefell Crescent, Burnside, Glasgow, S.E. Bamford, Thomas Gordon, MAC. (Liv.), County Technical College, Wed- nesbury.Beese, Dennis Clifford, Kenden, Vicarage Road, Egham, Surrey.Black, Miss Mary Sanderson, B.A., M.Sc. (T.C.D.), c/o The Abbey, Malvern Wells, Worcs. Bush, Frederick William, BSc. (Lond.), 51, Battersea Bridge Road, London, S.W.ll. Churchouse, Archibald Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Holtori Heath, Poole, Dorset. Cohen, Jacob Davis, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., 65, Fairfax Road, Tedding- ton, Middlesex. Craven, Ernest Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Holmstall Avenue, Edgware, Middlesex. Crawford, Robert Craig, Roburite & Ammonal, Ltd., Gathurst, nr. Wigan, Crooks, James, B.Sc. (Edin.), 5, Rosbery Crescent, Bathgate, Linlithgow. Dembrey, Ivor, B.Sc. (Bris.), 142, East Street, Bedminster, Bristol. Dolby, Richard Malcolm, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 28, Fellows Road, London, N.W.3. Edwards, William, M.Sc. (Manc.), 16, Pathfield Road, London, S.W.16.Ellison, Thomas Eric, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 7, Milton Road, Stowmarket. Emmett, Miss Alice Mabel, B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.), 11, Collier Road, Cam- bridge. Epworth, Frederick William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Park Grove, Nab Wood, Shipley.Etchells, Kenneth, B.Sc. (Liv.), 2, Brent Road, London, S.E.18. Fenner, Joseph, 143, Chatsworth Avenue, Aintree, Liverpool. Gerty, Arthur Edward, B.Sc. (Glas.), 7, Westbank Quadrant, Hillhead, Glasgow, W.2. Hale, Ernest Edward, 14, Chobham Road, London, E.15. Hall, Robert Oswald, B.Sc. (Leeds), The Eaves, Bradford Road, Wakefield. Harris, Thomas Lane, B.Sc. (Birm.), 5, Hawthorne Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham.Heathcoat, Frederick, M.Sc. (Sheff.), 7, Moorgate Terrace, Rotherham. Holland, Harold Cecil, M.Sc.(N.Z.),23, Highsted Road, Christchurch, N.Z. Holman, Henry John, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 34, WolfingtonRoad, London, S.E.27. Irving, Harry Munroe Napier Hetherington, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 36, Southfield Road, Oxford. Jack, John Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), 185, Neilston Road, Paisley, Scotland. Joseph, James Dillwyn, A.M.C.T., 5, Coach Terrace, Longsight, Man- Chester. Kaura, Bal Dev, B.Sc.Chem. Eng., M.Sc. (Utah), 84, Baird Square, New Delhi, India. I96 Kellett, Edison Geoffrey, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 59, Rothwell Road, Gosforth, Newcastle-on-Tyne.Krishnaswami, Kolar Ramakrishnaiyer, B.A. (Madras), 8, Gordon Street, London, W.C.1. Lawton, Henry Kenneth, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), Glengap, Sinclair Drive, Mossley Hill, Liverpool.Leishman, Andrew, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.), 8, Douglas Drive, Ashgill, Lanark- shire. Lempert, Hyme, M.Sc. (Manc.), 13, Taylor Street, Broughton, Salford. Maddocks, John Robert, A.M.C.T., 6, Peduzzi Street, Queen’s Park, Manchester. Marloth, Bernhard Wilfrid, B.A. (Cape), Ph.D. (Miinich), 7, Park Road, Cape Town, S. Africa. Miller, Thomas Scott, A.H.-W.C., 11, Polwarth Grove, Edinburgh. Mitchell, Vivian Ernest Saunders, M.Sc. (Lond.), High Street, Southwold, Suffolk. McCrea, George Walker, B.Sc. (Edin.), 2, Rosebery Terrace, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Owen, Arthur Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Briardale Road, Woodhey, Rock Ferry.Pass, Alfred, c/o H. Edwin Coley, Ltd., Victoria Works, Dartford, Kent. Peek, William Caird, 86, Seymour Street, Shawlands, Glasgow, S.1.Perkins, Thomas Robert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 11, Sheen Park, Richmond, Surrey. Rawlings, Ernest Emerson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Klondyke Avenue, Stone- ferry, Hull, Yorks. Richardson, Norman Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Graham Road, Wealdstone, Harrow, Middlesex. Samuel, Leslie William, B.Sc. (W. Australia), 152, Newcastle Street, Perth, W. Australia. Sarin, Jiwan Lal, M.Sc. (Punjab), Ph.D. (Lond.), c/o Director of Industries, Lahore, Punjab, India. Sen Gupta, Nagendra Nath, M.Sc. (Dun.), Government Test House, 30, Judge’s Court Road, Alipore, Calcutta, India. Sexton, George Edward Wolfe, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), 57, Park View, New Malden, Surrey. Smith, Gilbert Ernest, B.Sc. (Birm.), 42, Higher Bebington Road, Lower Bebington, Cheshire.Steer, Edwin Hemus, B.Sc. (Lond.), 288, Franklin Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham.Stephenson, William Frank, B.Sc. (Liv.), The Medway Technical College, Gillingham, Kent. Stewart, Martin Louis Haerpfner, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Laboratory, Shell Co., (N.Z.), Ltd., Hutt Road, Wellington, N.Z. Thomas, Richard Spenser, 167, Tettenhall Road, Wolverhampton. Tipler, Albert Fred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 149, Monks Road, Exeter. Walker, Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Woodville Road, London, E.18. Westhead, James, A.M.C.T., 74, Tyldesley Road, Atherton, Manchester. Wilks, Alfred Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 79, Glenthorn Road, Jesmond, Newcastle-on-Tyne.Wilson, Henry Jefferis, B.Sc. (Edin.), Rosehall Lodge, Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh.Wright, Clifford Rex, A.R.C.S., 62, Biscot Road, Luton.Wright, Robert Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Home Farm, Nacton, nr. Ipswich. Re-elected Associate. Kirby, Christopher Stanhope, B.Sc. (Lond.), Government Harness & Saddlery Factory, Cawnpore, U.P., India. 197 New Students. Baldwin, Gordon Tate, 19, Kirkley Road, London, S.W.19. Bell, Jack, 59, Earl’s Road, Bransty, Whitehaven, Cumberland. Blake, John Barry, 11, Dryden Street, Nottingham. Bleasdale, Edwin, 10, St. Brendan’s Road N., Withington, Manchester. Bradley, Arthur Daniel, Hswarden, Olton Road, Shirley, Birmingham. Campbell, John Herbert, 12, Ashburn Mews, Gloucester Road, London, s.w.7. Carter, Gordon, Hillgrove, Station Road, Shirehampton, Bristol. Curphey, George Edward, 22, hgleby Road, New Ferry, Cheshire.Darby, George Douglas, 19, Falcon Avenue, Edinburgh. Dent, Lionel James, 82, Prince’s Avenue, London, W.3. Evans, Arthur, 33, Shaftesbury Road, London, W.6. Garlick, Reginald Stanley, 8, Livingstone Road, London, N.13. Goodall, William, 10, Lothian Road, Middlesbrough. Grant, Donald Gregory, 57, Atbara Road, Teddington, Middlesex. Grant, John Scurrah, 63, Bellwood Street, Langside, Glasgow. Hoar Edward Peace Wymark, Royal Army Medical College, Millbrsnk, London, S.W.l. Jackson, Cyril Norman, 29, King Street, Newton Abbot, Devon. Jones, Cyril Hall, 7, Corporation Road, Ilkeston, Derby. Leigh, Gordon Thomas, 244, Wellington Road, Handsworth, Birmingham. Lockton, Ernest Bernard, 34, Selby Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham.Maxwell, Norman Vincent, 26, High Craigends, Kilsyth, Glasgow. Smart, Norman, 11, Howard Terrace, Brighton. Smith, Archibald Walter, 36, Stafford Road, Gt. Yarmouth. Smith, Miss Violet Mary, 3, Marine Terrace, Aberdeen. Watkin, Raymond Phillip, Kingsfield, Thornhill Road, Streetly, Staffs. White, Edwin John Joshua, 18, Townsend Road, Southall, Middlesex. DEATHS. Fellows. William Brown Davidson, M.A., D.Sc. (Aberd.), Ph.D. (Wiirzburg) Herbert Edward Davies, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.). Samuel Shirra Dougall. Ayerst Henham Hooker. William Albert Riley. Andrew Thomson, M.A., D.Sc. (Edin.).James Woodward, B.A., B.Sc. (Lond.).Richard Henry Wright. Associates. William Thomas Cook, B.Sc. (Wales). Alaric Vincent Colpoys Fenby, B.Sc.(Lond.). John Henry McGuinness, B.Sc. (Liv.).Eric Yorke Scarlett, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). CHANGES OF NAMES. (Miss) Annie Harman, Associate, to Mrs. Fuller-on her marriage. Abram Moses, Associate, has given notice that he has assumed the name of Arthur Moses. 198 General Notices. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in September,-from the 15th to 20th, or from the 22nd to 27th. The list of entries for the September Examinations willclose on Monday, the 14th July. Entries for the examination for the Fellowship in Branch G: Industrial Chemistry must be received on or before Monday, 7th July. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3000 words, on 4b Chemical Education, from the Student’s Point of View” will be awarded in January, 1931,and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides, on or before the 3rd December, 1930,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the com- petitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. 199 The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 3xst December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. In awarding the Medal for 1930 the adjudicators will, unless exceptional circumstances arise, give special consideration to work in inorganic or physical chemistry. The next award will be made in January, 1931. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1930,to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Ins titu t ions. Fellows and Associates who wish to direct attention to work of the character indicated are requested to communicate with the Registrar of the Institute.Pedler Research Scholarship.-Under the regulations for the award of the Pedler Scholarship, the scholar is required to undertake work on a problem or problems to be chosen by the Council, having special regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest. 200 The selected problem will be announced in due course, and the Pedler Fund Committee will invite applications from candi- dates for the scholarship. The successful candidate will be informed of his or her appointment as soon as possible after the award, with a view to commencing work early in October. The scholarship is of the annual value of jts300, payable monthly, and tenable for one year, but, at the discretion of the Council, may be extended for any further period at the same rate.The work shall be conducted in a laboratory approved by the Council, and under the general direction of any person or persons, duly authorised by the Council for this purpose, who shall report to the Pedler Fund Committee from time to time as required. The Council will defray the expenses of the research out of the Pedler Fund, all such expenses being subject to the approval of the Council or of an officer duly authorised for this purpose. The results of the investigations undertaken by the scholar shall be the property of the Institute, and shall be published as the Council may direct.Any such publication, however, shall be in the name of the scholar solely. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their 201 positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months, if necessary.The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the institute provides a collection of books primarily intended for the use of candidate5 during the Institute’s practical examinations, but is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10 a.m. and I p.ni.), except when examinations are being held. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL.Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Rain & Co., Ltd., r7-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms: buckram case, IS. zd.;binding, 2s. 9d.; postage and packing, 9d.;in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.--A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. As the slides are constantly in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.A List of Slides appeared in ,JOURNAL AND PROCEEUIKGS,Part IV, 1929,but it is constantly being augnicntcld by thc addition of 11ew slides to meet thc wishes of lecturers. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9305400151

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. ~~ FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1930. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELL LONDON,SQUARE, W.C. I. August, 1930. Publications Committee, 193013 1 LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), H. B. BROWN, H. V. A. BRISCOE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, A. M. CAMERON, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D.CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, C.S.GIBSON, W. H.GIBSON, T. P. HILDITCH, L. E. HINKEL, J. G. KING, PATRICK €I.KIRKALDY (Hon. Tveasirvev), D.JORDAN LLOYD, H.M. MASON, C. A. MITCHELL, W. D.ROGERS, WILLIAM WARDLAW, F. J. WILSON, A. W. M. WINTLE. 205 Proceedings of the Council. JUNE-AUGUST, 1930. Patent Law Reform.-On the action taken by the Council in representing to the Board of Trade Patents Committee that medical patents should not be treated differently from other patents, it has been suggested that this view may be modified when the evidence taken before the Board of Trade Patents Committee is published, particularly in view of the relationship which exists between the chemist and the medical man in the discovery and development of new remedies. It must be obvious that success depends upon co-operation, and that the Joint Chemical Committee hoped that the suggested scheme for dedicated medical patents would secure this co-operation, while giving reasonable safeguards to the inventor and manufacturer.It should be made clear, also, that the view expressed by the Council, that the individual research worker should not be deprived of due reward for the results of his inventions, applies equally as much to medical men as to chemists. It is hoped that an agreement will be arrived at before any change in the law is effected; in the meantime, the publication of the evidence given before the Board of Trade Committee will be awaited with interest. Government Inquiries-Arising out of the apparent neglect of the Government to secure representation of scientific opinion on governmental advisory bodies, as exemplified in the appoint- ment of the Royal Commission on the Civil Service, the Council of the Institute appointed Professor Arthur Smithells, Past President, to represent the Institute (as a body associated with the Federal Council for Chemistry) at a conference of delegates nominated by professional engineering and scientific institutions, held at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers on the 29th May.In the course of the conference, it was noted that the British Science Guild was preparing a memorandum of evidence to be submitted to the Royal Commission, but it was agreed that steps should be taken to prevent a repetition of the appointment of similar advisory bodies without scientific representation. It 206 was felt that an endeavour should be made to express the collective views of the principal engineering and professional scientific institutions to the Government, and it is proposed to prepare a memorandum, which, with the approval of the institutions concerned, should form the basis of representation to the Government on this subject; also that a watching com- mittee be appointed to keep institutions informed of matters in public life which may affect their common interests.Go-operation.-At a meeting of Council held in June, the Council gave consideration to a motion, submitted by Dr. Herbert Levinstein, that the scope and activities of the Institute and its Local Sections should be reviewed, having regard to the interests of other Chemical Bodies. At the same time, a sug- gestion was received from the Council of the Chemical Society that a Joint Committee, consisting of representatives of the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute, should be appointed to explore a number of suggestions regarding the sectional meetings of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, and other matters directed to the provision of still closer co-operation between the three bodies.Professor Smithells, Past President, Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treasurer, and Dr. H. McCombie were appointed as representatives of the Institute, and it was also decided to invite the views of Local Sections on the matter. Chemical Standardisation.-A Conference was held, on 4th June, at the offices of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, of representatives of societies and institutions likely to be interested in the organisation of chemical stan- dardisation.The Institute was represented by Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Member of Council. The Conference was unanimous in the opinion that a chemical standardising Body was needed and that, in the interests of efficiency and economy, there should be a single organisation embracing all forms of standardisation. It was decided that a Committee be appointed to explore the situat.ion in collaboration with the British Engineering Standards Association and to report to the Conference. The constitution of the Committee, which was left in the hands of the Chairman, Dr. E. F. Armstrong, includes eight members of the Institute.207 At the annual general meeting of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, on 10th July, Dr. E. F. Armstrong, in referring to this matter, gave an assurance that, in drawing up a scheme of organisation in conjunction with the British Engineering Standards Association, full autonomy would be secured for chemical interests, and that nothing in the way of hasty standardisation would be attempted. Pedler Scholarship.-Mr. G. M. Moir has submitted records of his work to the Pedler Fund Committee, and, with the approval of the Council, arrangements are being made for the publication in due course of his experimental results. The subject for investigation by the next Pedler Research Scholar has not yet been determined, but will be announced in due course.Dixihme Congres de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-Prof. Charles Stanley Gibson, Member of Council, has been appointed as the representative of the Institute at the 10th Congress of Industrial Chemistry, organised by the Soci6t6 de Chimie Industrielle, to be held at Li6ge from 7th to 13th September next, and at the 10th International Conference of Chemistry, to be held at Likge from the 14th-20th September. These and many other meetings of scientific and industrial interest have been arranged to take place during the International Exhibition at Liege, which was opened in May last and will continue until October, in celebration of the Centenary of the Belgian Independence. The Registrar will be glad to hear from any Fellow or Associate who intends to be present at the Congress, in order that the organisers may be notified.Faraday Celebrations, 1931.-The Federal Council for Chemistry has notified the Council of the Institute regarding the arrangements for the Faraday Centenary Celebrations, to be held in September, 1931, under the auspices of the Royal Institution, in conjunction with other Bodies,-especially the Institution of Electrical Engineers and the Federal Council. It is proposed to hold an exhibition, to be open for about ten days, at the Albert Hall, London, which has been secured for this occasion. For the purpose of this exhibition, it is estimated that a sum of Ero,ooo will be required, and of this sum the Institution 208 of Electrical Engineers has already guaranteed to provide j68,ooo.It is hoped that the representatives of chemical interests, pure and applied, will be able to provide the remaining j52,ooo. The Finance and House Committee of the Institute will have the appeal under consideration at an early meeting. The Council is requested, however, to bring the matter before the Fellows and Associates of the Institute with the object of obtaining their interest and support. The extent to which Faraday’s work has been of importance to chemistry is illustrated by the programme of subjects to be covered by the exhibits. Faraday’s work will be the starting point of each section, and a series of carefully chosen exhibits will show the main lines of progress which have been pursued by British workers up to the present day.Simple descriptive pamphlets will be provided. The British Association will also celebrate its centenary during the week in which the Faraday Celebrations are held, and it is anticipated that many foreign visitors will participate in the meetings. A unique opportunity will, therefore, be afforded of bringing before the world at large the nature and outcome of the work of experimental discovery, and the im- portance to the community of the scientific enquiries initiated by a single worker. From a display of relics of Faraday will radiate exhibits in illustration of the outcome and development of his discoveries, briefly summarised as follows :-1.EARLYWORK. “Analysis of 1ime”his f3st publication. Transpirationof gases. Chlorides of carbon-modern use as solvents. Sub-division of gold-relation of colour to size of particle-ultramicroscope. ‘‘Chemical Manipulation ”-his book-its novelties. 2. CONDENSATIONOF GASES(HIS APPARATUS). Andrew’s work on critical temperature. Cailletet pump. Liquid air, oxygen, hydrogen, solid carbon dioxide. Dewar vessels and charcoal. Rare gases-their use for advertising. Helium airship. Metallic conductivity at low temperature. Liquid air and charcoal explosive. Acetylene-cutting steel-conversion into alcohol and acetic acid. 209 3. EXPERIMENTSON ALLOYSTEELS. Modern alloys-tool steel-rustless steels, magnetic and non-magnetic alloys.Uses of rustless steel-hard nmnganese and silicon steels. 4. ELECTRO-CHEMICALSTUDIES. Identacation of Electricities. Electrolysis--laws of (voltameter, etc.). Secondary cells. Electro-deposition of metale. Manufacture of hydrogen, chlorine, sodium and aluminium byelectrolysis. Production of graphite, calcium carbide and carborundum byelectric heating. Electric welding and electric smelting, melting and refining. 5. CATALYSIS. Catalytic effect of clean platinum. Gas battery. Hydrogenation of fats-synthetic ammonia and methanol. 6. DISCOVERYOF BENZENE. Oil gas plant-separation from coal by charcoal and from coal tar by distillation. Coke oven plant-use of tar in road making. Conversion of benzene into derivatives used in making dyestuff B and other products.Display of selected fabrics illustrating applications of dyestas. 7. OPTICALGLASS (HEAVY). Perkin’s work on magnetic rotatory power. 8. SPECIEIC CAPACITY.INDUCTIVE Magne crystallic action. Chemical Society Library.-The Council has made a donation of Ez50 to the Library of the Chemical Society for the present year. The privileges, regarding the use of the Library, by Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students of the Institute will be continued. The Register.-The production of the new edition of the Register lately published was somewhat delayed owing to the change in form. The Registrar regrets that it is necessary to direct attention to a few errors; the following alterations may be noted:-Page 37.Hill, Robert Ashton-uddress should read The University, Hong Kong, China. ,, 103. Barrett, Arthur W.-for 50 Hendale Road, read 59 Hendale Avenue; also 8ee index, for 203 read 103. ,, 125. Holgate, Eric-8hould read Titanine-Emaillite, Ltd., Sheaves- hill Avenue, Colindale, N.W.9. Work8 Manager and Chemist. 210 Page 154. Rowland, Stanley-appointment should read Assistant Chemist, North Metropolitan Electric Power Supply Co. ,, 163. Kellett, E. G.--for Edison Geoffrey read Edwin Geoffrey. ,, 163. Muddiman, Ernest Walter--add B.Sc. (Lond.). ,, 174. Stubbs, Leslie William--or B.Sc. read M.Sc. ,, 178. Floris, Robert Brooke-appointment should read DeputyDirector of Water Examination and Chief Chemist, Metropoli- tan Water Board.,, 182. Wheatley, William-should not be under Sutton, but under Richmond on p. 180. ,, 186. Groves, Miss Ida Mary-deZete “Assistant Chemist, The General Hospital, Birmingham.” ,, 207. Briers, Frank-udd D.Phi1. (0xon.)-address should read 40 Linden Grove. Appointment should read Research Chemist, Synthetic Ammonia & Nitrates, Ltd. ,, 209. Burdekin, John Thomas-B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.) should read B.Sc. Tech (Sheffield). ,, 210. Huxley, James Henry--for T.N. Central 2844, read T.N. Central 50144. ,, 253. Hill, Ronald Alfred-address should read 29 Prospect Hill, Redditch, Worcs. The attention of Fellows and Associates is directed to the list of names of members whose addresses are required, given on page 292. Postal packages addressed to the following have also been returned, marked “ Gone, no address.” Howells, Oliver Richard, M.Sc.(Lond.), A.I.C. Jones, Arthur Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.I.C. Mitchell, Thomas Corlett, BSc., Ph.D. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., A.I.C. Morgan, Idwal, B.Sc. (Wales), A.I.C. O’Brien, Arthur Matthew, F.I.C. Phillips, David John Pritchard, B.Sc. (Wales), A.I.C. Walker, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.I.C. Hindle, James, B.Sc. (Lond.) Student. 21 1 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-On 4th July, the Section held a meeting, in the form of a hill climb. The objective was Morven (2862 feet), on Deeside, and a small party motored from Aberdeen to the foot of the hill, via Tarland, a distance of 40 miles. Arriving there about noon, the party was led by the Chairman of the Section, Dr.Tocher, who is an enthusiastic hill-climber, and it was hoped to reach the top to partake of lunch. The sultry weather, however, forced a slow pace, and some depression settled over those who had not encountered Morven before; for Morven-with its numerous ridges that look like the top, but are not-plays deceptive tricks on newcomers. Eventually the summit was reached, but not without a stop for lunch, almost within sight of it; though Dr. Tocher, with greater persistence, reached the objective before lunching, and greeted the younger members as they arrived. After a discussion, among the experienced climbers, as to the location of various hills and landmarks, the descent was begun, and was completed in less than half the time taken for the ascent.The party then motored to the cave at the Burn 0’Vat, and thence to Profeit’s Hotel, where Dr. Tocher kindly entertained the company to supper. The excursion was made under ideal conditions, and was voted a distinct success. Bristol and South-Western Counties,-The first meeting of the 10th Session took the form of a visit to the Exeter Gas Light and Coke Company’s works at Southernhay, Exeter, on 25th June, when members from Bristol and Gloucester were met at Exeter by local members and others from Budleigh Salterton and Tiverton, and by Mr. W. N, Westlake, Manager of the Gas Works. The party was conveyed in private cars from the station to the works, where, under the guidance of Mr.212 Westlake, Mr. Rudd and Mr. Copp, the plant for the production of coal gas was inspected-practically all of modern construction -and also a gas holder, in course of erection, of two million cubic feet capacity. The members were then conveyed to the Rougemont Hotel for tea. Mr. Frank Southerden, Chairman of the Section, voiced the thanks of the members to Mr. Westlake and, through him, to the Directors of the Company, for the excellent facilities provided and for the hospitality enjoyed during the visit. Afterwards, under the guidance of Mr. Southerden and Dr. H. T. S. Britton, the members visited the Northernhay Gardens and the new Science Buildings of the University College which are now in course of erection.The next meeting will be held in Bristol University on 18th November, when a paper on “Some Thallium Compounds” will be given by Dr. R. C. Menzies. Cape.-The Annual General Meeting of the Cape Section was held at the University of Cape Town, on 25th April,- Professor E. Newbery in the Chair. The Fifth Annual Report, submitted by the Honorary Secretary, Dr. C. F. Juritz, and the Annual Accounts, submitted by the Hon. Treasurer, Mr. E. H. Croghan, were received and adopted. The meeting expressed its regret at the death of Mr. A. Stead, and requested the Hon. Secretary to convey a message of con-dolence to his family. The report showed that 22 meetings of the Section had been held during the five years of its existence, and that the proceedings of the past year (1929) had been of special interest and importance.The Section had been visited by the President (Professor Smithells) and later by other members of the Institute who attended the meeting of the British Asso- cia tion. The Section recorded its appreciation of a visit paid by the members to the Cape Explosives Works, at Somerset West, where, together with a party of members of the Cape Chemical Society and other visitors, they were entertained to dinner and after- wards heard a paper read, by Mr. T. T. Wood, on “Control of Acid Production by means of the Acid-Water Balance, with reference to the Manufacture of Explosives.” Dr. Juritz and Mr. Croghan retired from their respective offices and received the thanks of the Section for their services.213 The officers and committee of the Section for the ensuing year were elected as follows:- Chairman : Dr. C. F. Juritz; Hon. Secretary : Dr. W. Pugh; HOP^. Treasurer: Mr. G. F. Britten; committee : Professor E. Newbery and Mr. G. C. Scully ;Auditors :Dr. L. Denis-Nathan and Dr. J. C. Vogel. The meeting gave preliminary consideration to a scheme for allowing the members the use of the University Library. A discussion ensued on a communication from Mr. W. P. Dreaper, regarding the formation of a Science Committee of Members of the House of Commons and suggesting the establish- ment of a similar committee of members of the Union House of Assembly, which was welcomed and referred to the Committee.Malaya.-The honorary secretary of the Malaya Section has forwarded copies of papers read before the Section by Major B. J. Eaton on “The Chemist and the Rubber Industry,” and by Mr. A. C. Brooke on “Lantern Slides, What they are, Why they are, and Here they are.” The Committee of the Section has recommended that Major Eaton’s paper be printed as a monograph and circulated to all members of the Institute, and the Publications Committee is in communication with him on that suggestion. Further reference to the paper is therefore postponed. Mr. Brooke, in his paper, dealt with lantern plates in three classes : bromide, chloride, and chloro-bromide,-each class having its counterpart in bromide, gaslight, and mezzotint printing papers respectively.The differences between them were, in the main, in respect of contrast and colour of image produced. Bromide plates yielded a black and white image of normal contrast from a normal negative. Unless steps were taken to prevent it from being so, the image on a chloride plate was of higher contrast than one on either of the other varieties, while the chloro-bromide plate lent itself to the production of coloured images when special developers were employed. For a black and white slide from a normal or vigorous negative, a bromide plate was used, but if the negative were flat, i.e. lacking in contrast, a chloride plate should be chosen; for a 214 coloured image by direct development a chloro-bromide plate was selected. In the exposure and development of black and white slides there was only the degree of contrast to be considered.The exposure was found by trial and the contrast controlled by development. In using a metol-hydroquinone developer, the greater the proportion of hydroquinone to metol, the greater the contrast of the resulting image. Contrast was also dependent on the duration of the time of development and to a large extent on the degree of concentration of the developer: the longer the period and the greater the dilution, the greater the contrast. Mr. Brooke dealt with the methods of producing coloured images on lantern slides. The colour of the final slide depended on the amount of solvent action which took place during develop- ment, and this could be controlled by varying the time of development and the amount of solvent; the longer the develop- ment, the greater the contrast; the greater the solvent action, the redder the colour.Two substances had been found really satisfactory as solvents : ammonium carbonate and thiocarba- mide. For the ammonium carbonate method two solutions are required,-one an ordinary Metol-hydroquinone developer and the other a solution containing 10 per cent. each of ammonium carbonate and ammonium bromide. The bromide functioned solely as a restrainer, to prevent fog. The two solutions should be kept separate and mixed just before use. The necessary proportions, which, combined with an appropriate time of development, would produce a slide of good contrast and of the required colour, could only be determined by trial, though, when experience had been gained, a fairly accurate guess could be made and a record kept, in order that any particular result might be repeated, provided that the working temperature was the same.The results obtained by the thiocarbamide method easily surpassed those by other processes, but it was difficult to repeat a given result with certainty, no matter how accurately the con- ditions had been standardised. The ammonium carbonate method produced sepia, brown and red shades; the thiocarbamide gave blue-blacks, grey-blues, blues and violets, leaving greens as the only colours unobtainable by direct development. For the thiocarbamide method three solutions were required,-the metol-hydroquinine developer, the solution of ammonium car- bonate and ammonium bromide, as before, and a very dilute 215 solution containing ammonium bromide and thiocarbamide.The colours obtainable depended on the relative proportions of the three solutions, the time of development and exposure. Roughly speaking, an increase in exposure, in the time of develop- ment, and in the amount of thiocarbamide solutionin the developer all tended towards an increase of blue in the result. Mr. Brooke gave his views on the reasons for these results and suggested that there was an excellent field for research. He then dealt with other methods of producing coloured slides, by toning and staining.Silver sulphide, iron ferrocyanide, uranium ferrocyanide and gold, yielded respectively slides in sepia, bright blue, chocolate, and blue-black colours. The sulphide toning required bleaching and re-development, but the others could be completed with a single solution. The iron and uranium slides could not be regarded as permanent. The ordinary bleacher was a solution containing potassium ferricyanide and potassium bromide, which, however, bleached unevenly : the thinner silver deposits were bleached first, and therefore bleaching had to be allowed to go to completion if an even tone was required. He had found that if, after a slide had been allowed to soak in a solution of common salt it was bleached with a dilute solution of hypochlorite, the action was so remark-ably even that the bleaching might be stopped at any stage, and the whole range of tones between black and sepia made available.In the production of coloured slides by staining with dyes, the problem was to find a mordant which would fix the dye to the image while leaving clear the gelatine in which that image was embedded. Silver ferrocyanide was satisfactory, so that the problem was how best to deposit it on the image. The slide was treated with uranium ferricyanide in acid solution. This was reduced by the metallic silver of the image to ferrocyanide, so that a mixture of silver and uranium ferrocyanides was deposited on the image; but the presence of uranium ferrocyanide was un- necessary and objectionable, since it is a highly coloured sub- stance, and he had endeavoured to eliminate it.When mor- danted the slide could be stained with a variety of basic dyes, such as chrysoidine, malachite green and methylene blue. Bymixing these in varying proportions, a large number of shades was obtainable. He used 092 per cent. of the dye in a 05 per cent. solution of acetic acid. The lecture was illustrated by about 70 lantern slides, includ- ing examples produced by nearly all the processes mentioned, 216 New Zealand.-The Honorary Secretary of the New Zealand Section has reported that chemists in that Dominion are discussing the desirability of forming a New Zealand Chemical Institute, and that the subject will be considered at the next Annual Conference of the Section.The promoters of the new Institute are favourably disposed towards the New Zealand Section, and fully cognisant of the work which has been done by the Section in the interests of the profession in New Zealand; but they are desirous of forming an association representative of the whole profession in the Dominion and naturally look to the members of the New Zealand Section of the Institute for their support. On the other hand, it is felt by some of the senior members that it is inadvisable that a Dominion Institute should be established if it requires only a moderate standard of qualifica-tion for membership, and that for the present it would be better to secure the adherence of those who are duly qualified to the home Institute and its Local Section.Excluding the teachers of science in technical schools and high schools, who do not possess qualifications such as are required by the Institute, the number of chemists in New Zealand is about roo, of whom nearly 40 are members of the home Institute. 217 Notes. Beilby Memorial Awards.-As a memorial to Sir George Beilby, a fund was collected in 1926,from the interest on which, at the discretion of the administrators, awards are to be made from time to time to British investigators in science, to mark appreciation of distinguished original work carried out over a number of years, preference being given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metal- lurgy.In July, the administrators of the fund-the Presidents, Treasurers and Secretaries of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals-announced the award of E250 each to Dr.Guy Dunstan Bengough, of the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, and Mr. Ulick Richardson Evans, of Cambridge. Dr. Bengough’s first research work was done at Liverpool University, where he was appointed in charge of the Metallurgical Department in 1907,and consisted of metallographic investiga- tions on the annealing of metals and on the tensile properties of alloys at high temperatures. In some of this work he was associated with 0. F. Hudson and D.Hanson. In 1911 he published the first of a series of reports to the Corrosion Research Committee of the Institute of Metals. This series was largely concerned with the corrosion of condenser tubes, and was con- tinued till 1924,when the 7th Report was published in collabora- tion with R. May. In 1926 he published, in conjunction with J. M. Stuart, an account of the anodic process for the protection of aluminium and certain light alloys against corrosion. Patents for this process had already been granted to the two authors, and the rights assigned to H.M. Treasury. The process has come into use all over the world, wherever aircraft are made, and has been found useful for such diverse purposes as the protection of artificial limbs, surveying instruments and metal rollers.In 215 I927 Dr. Bengough was appointed principal assistant at the Department’s Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, where he is now in charge of the corrosion research section of the laboratory, in which many problems of this nature are being investigated. In 1928he was invited to give a special lecture on corrosion before the 8th Congress of Industrial Chemistry at Strasbourg, and to write the article on corrosion for the EncycZo-padia Britannica. In conjunction with J. M. Stuart and A. R. Lee, he has recently published a series of papers in the Proceedings of the RoyaZ Society and elsewhere, on the theory of corrosion, in the light of quantitative measurements. Mr. Evans is the author of a four-volume book on Metals and Metallic Compounds.Since its publication in 1923 he has been occupied mainly with research work on the corrosion and passivity of metals, and on the properties of the thin oxide films frequently present on the surface of metals. These films, which may pro- foundly influence the behaviour of the metals, are usually invisible, although, as Mr. Evans has shown, they become visible when removed from the brightly reflecting basis. On these subjects he has published many papers which have appeared in the Journals of the Institute of Metals, the Faraday Society, the Chemical Society, and the Society of Chemical Industry. His communications have also been published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, Nature, and several other journals, and he is the author of several papers on other scientific and technical subjects, including recrystallisation in metals, colloid-chemistry, fuel cells, and electro-tanning.Much of this work has been conducted alone, but there have been joint papers with E. K. Rideal, L. L. Bircumshaw, M. Cook, R. T. M. Haines, L. C. Bannister, J. Stockdale, S.C. Britton, and others. In 1924 appeared the first edition of Mr. Evans’s book on the Corrosion of Metals; the second edition, greatly altered owing to the advances made in the intervening two years, was published in 1926;this book has been translated into German (1926)and French (1928). He has contributed papers to three symposia on corrosion, held in America in the years 1924, 1925 and 1927;and, in February, 1929, by invitation of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, he visited New York to deliver the annual lecture on metals.This was followed by a lecture tour in the States. Mr. Evans is a member of the Corrosion Committee of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and of the Corrosion Committee of the Iron and Steel Institute. 219 Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee acknowledges the gift of jcI~received anonymously on the 29th August. The total receipts to the end of August, 1930, including loans repaid (fT77) and dividends (i77 3s. 4d.) amount to fT1086 10s. gd., and the expenditure, to the same date, is k721 9s. 3d. The receipts at the corresponding date in 1929 amounted to fT1oo8 16s.3d., and the payments to L609 4s. 7d. It will be seen, therefore, that while the income has increased by fT77 14s 6d., the expenditure has increased by EIIZ 4s. 8d. Registration (Accountants) .-The Departmental Com-mittee appointed by the Board of Trade, in February, to consider whether it is desirable to restrict the practice of the profession of accountancy to registered persons and to report on the method by which such a register should be maintained, has reported unanimously that it is not desirable to restrict the practice of that profession in the manner suggested, and that a close examination of the effects of the proposal for a partial scheme of compulsory registration has prevented the Committee from recommending its adoption. The suggestion, so far as the profession of accountancy is concerned, was brought into prominence by a recommendation made in May, 1929,by the House of Commons Committee on Local Legislation that the profession of accountancy and auditing should be placed on a unified basis, by the incorporation of a representative body, having control over the whole profession and keeping a register of all fully qualified members of the profession.The Departmental Committee, assuming that the question was to be examined from the point of view of public interest, found that there was no general demand for the establishment of a register of accountants, accompanied by a prohibition of practice by unregistered accountants.The evidence showed that while a few incompetent and even undesirable persons offered their services to the public, the public was able to, and did, discriminate between the various classes of persons who practise as accountants; and that there was little to indicate that those who had need of accountants suffered as the result of the present conditions. Opinion was not unanimous in the accountancy profession itself as to the value of compulsory registration, and the usual 220 objection was advanced that it would be necessary, in the initial stage, to include all persons who had been practising the profession for some time, whether competent or not. The public was inclined to assume that if a man’s name was on a register he possessed the minimum qualification for practice, but during the initial stage unworthy persons might secure registration. One practical difficulty was to define accountancy, since the functions of an accountant might extend from what is little more than book-keeping, to advising on the flotation of under- takings, and on financial reconstruction schemes.Solicitors and bankers undertook the preparation of trust accounts and income tax returns, and officials of companies, as well as accountants, acted as liquidators, and as trustees in bankruptcy. The Committee asked the question-whether the clerk who assisted the trader with his accounts, or the estate agent who accepts responsibility for estate accounts, or the income tax expert, were to be regarded as practising accountants.Suggestions were advanced for partial restriction of practice to such as offered their services independently to the public, and not to those who are engaged as employees, or to those who practised as auditors, in order that only registered auditors might be permitted to audit accounts as required by statute. The Committee pointed out that the Company Law Amendment Committee had considered the qualifications of the auditors of accounts of public companies four years ago, but did not recom- mend any provision in the Companies Act on that subject. The Departmental Committee found that the evidence on the point afforded no ground for alteration of the law and was, in fact opposed to alteration; because the requirement that the accounts of private companies should be audited by registered auditors would impose an expense on over go,ooo private companies, for which there was no justification.If a compulsory register were set up it would be essential that the standard should be a high one, but if the practice of accountancy were restricted to those who complied with the high standard required, considerable hardship would ensue, as, for example, to those, on the one hand, who practised in minor branches of accountancy work and, on the other, to those who did not need to employ highly qualified members of the profession for work which can well be accomplished by those with elementary knowledge. At the same time, the fear was expressed, by the National Chamber of.Trade, that the setting 221 up of a monopoly might result in an increase of fees payable for accountancy services. John Millar Thomson Medal.-The London University Court has accepted the offer of Professor Samuel Smiles and Professor A. J. Allmand to found a Medal to commemorate the services, rendered to King’s College, London, and to chemical education, by Professor John Millar Thomson. Professor Thomson, a past President (I~oo-I~o~)and past Honorary Registrar of the Institute (1894-t goo), who is now in his eighty- second year, was a member of the staff of the Department of Chemistry at King’s College from 1871-1914, including twenty-seven years as Daniel1 Professor of Chemistry and Head of the Department of Chemistry.British Association.-Professor G. T. Morgan’s Address, as President of Section B. Chemistry, at the Bristol Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, was entitled “A State Experiment in Chemical Research,” and is published in the issue of Chemistry and Industry dated 5th September. Professor Morgan gives an account of the origin of the Chemical Research Laboratory at Teddington, with particulars of its administration and control, and of the programme of research on which the scientific and technical staffs are engaged. Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux.-The Seventh Annual Conference of the Associa- tion of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux will be held at New College, Oxford, from 19th to zznd September.The Conference will be open generally to all interested. Full particulars can be obtained from the General Secretary, Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux, 26, Bedford Square, London, W.C.I. Dr. G. C. CLAYTON,President of the Institute, has been appointed to represent Chemistry on the Advisory Council of the Board of Trade. Professor C. K. INGOLDhas been appointed Professor of Organic Chemistry at University College, London, in succession to Professor Robert Robinson, now Waynflete Professor of Chemistry in the University of Oxford. 222 Dr. J. L. SIMONSENhas been appointed to the Chair of Chemistry in the University College of North Wales, Bangor, rendered vacant by the death of Professor K.J. P. Orton. Dr. F. CHALLENGERhas been appointed Professor of Organic Chemistry in the University of Leeds in succession to Professor Ingold. An Exposition of Chemical Industries has been announced to take place in New York, from 4th to 9th May, 1931. The Organising Secretary has invited the American Express Company, 6, Haymarket, London, S.W.1, to afford information and assistance to possible European visitors. 223 National Certificates in Chemistry, 1930. THE Council has received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute of Chemistry on National Certificates in Chemistry for 1930. A ssessors.-Professor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Dr.T. Slater Price, O.B.E., F.R.S., and Professor J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc. I. Introductory .-During the present session two additional schools have submitted candidates in the senior grade. The number of entries in the senior grade was 216, of whom 109 passed, against 183 in 1929,of whom 94 passed. In the advanced grade there were 54 candidates, of whom 35 passed, compared with 63 in 1929,of whom 43 passed; of these 54 candidates, 33 had previously obtained the ordinary certificate, and 23 of the latter were successful in obtaining the higher certificate this year. 11. General Remarks.-The Assessors wish again to stress the point that practical examinations are primarily a test of experi-mental accuracy and skill; the manner and neatness of recording results are of secondary importance.111. Inorganic Chemistry-Theory .-The compulsory ques-tion was answered fairly well in most cases, but there still remains room for improvement in the candidates’ understanding of the laws and theories underlying chemistry. Answers to questions on manufacturing processes still tend to be somewhat superficial. It is again emphasised that such questions should not be set, if a detailed answer is required, except in districts where such pro- cesses are in actual operation and of local importance. At this stage it is much better that students should obtain a general knowledge of chemistry, rather than a detailed one of a particular section. There is evidence that students, when once they have taken up the study of organic chemistry, tend to forget the in-organic work they have done in the earlier part of the course.Generally speaking, however, the answers showed an improvement on the previous year. 224 IV. Inorganic Chemistry-Practical.-There was an im-provement in the work shown by candidates, both in qualita- tive and volumetric analysis. More attention was paid to confirmatory tests, and duplicate analyses were often carried out. It is still necessary, however, to point out that preliminary tests have their importance in qualitative analysis ; many candi- dates do not realise this. In the advanced grade, the work generally was of a very satisfactory character. V. Physical Chemistry .-The impression gained by the Assessors is the same as last year, namely, that the most satis- factory answers were given by candidates from institutions where there are ample facilities for experimental work in physical chemistry.There seems to be a tendency for formulz to be memorised without a proper understanding, either of their derivation, or of their physical significance. It was noticeable that in dealing with the strength of acids it was not realised that hydrogen ion concentrations must be compared at equivalent concentrations of acid. There was also a weakness in the knowledge of osmotic pressure. In the advanced grade, the work was generally of a very satisfactory character. VI. Organic Chemistry-Theory. -Isomerism was not always clearly defined, and the examples given of polymerisation were often condensations accompanied by loss of water.In one school, the paper in the senior grade contained a question set by the teacher on the preparation of fluorobenzene. The answers indicated that the process was analogous to that employed for iodobenzene. If candidates are to receive instruc- tion on this somewhat recondite topic they should be taught the most practical method-pyrolysis of benzenediazonium borofluo- ride. But this matter might well be left over for the advanced grade. The production of phthalic anhydride from naphthalene appeared in many answers in both senior and advanced grades, but only in one instance was the modern manufacturing process mentioned :-Aerial oxidation of naphthalene vapour over a vanadium oxide catalyst.All the other answers described the older method from naphthalene and sulphuric acid with mercury catalyst. The compulsory question on the orienting influence of sub-stituents in the benzene ring evoked thoughtful and correct 226 answers, but the nitration of aniline presented some difficulty. In the senior grade the following variants of this reaction might be usefully discussed :-Nitration of acyl derivatives of aniline, nitration of aniline in cold concentrated sulphuric acid. With advanced grade classes a more extensive survey might be made of the nitration of aromatic amines, nitration of their acyl deriva- tives and quaternary salts and dehydration of the nitrates of these amines.It might be suggested that in the partial reduction of meta- dinitrobenzene to meta-nitroaniline a useful alternative to alcoholic ammonium sulphide is Flurscheim’s works process with aqueous sodium disulphide:-C,H4(NO2)%+ N+S2+ H,O =NOz.C,H,. N H, + Na,&O,. VII. Organic Chemistry, Practical.-In this section par-ticularly, many candidates rely too much on notes, presentation, descriptions of methods and other book work, and seem to imagine that they can satisfy the Examiners, although returning hope- lessly inaccurate results. In the ultimate analysis of organic substances with sodium it was stated by several candidates that this test did not reveal the presence of nitrogen in azobenzene, but on the other hand many of their colleagues obtained a positive result.There was, however, no indication that potassium was ever tried in doubtful cases. When this test indicated the presence of halogens there was frequently no further attempt to specify the particular halogen. This criticism applies to both grades, for at the higher stage ethyl iodide was returned and estimated as ethyl bromide by a candidate who was given a good pass mark. Determinations of the molecular weight of an aromatic amine (aniline or toluidine) by diazotisation of its hydrochloride with standard sodium nitrite were not very successful. Out of seven candidates from the same school only one obtained an accurate result. It is, however, noteworthy that satisfactory analyses were returned for the Kjeldahl estimations, which were introduced as practical exercises into both grades.VIII. Technological Subjects.-Answers to questions in tech- nical chemistry suggest that industrial students do not always connect in their own minds the chemical processes which they encounter in their daily work with the fundamental scientific principles taught in their evening classes. 226 In reply to a question set by the teacher in one school, on the importance of coal as a raw material for the production of organic compounds, even the best candidate was given only half marks. Candidates who were asked to describe any process of chemical manufacture with which they were personally familiar sometimes selected examples of which they had no first-hand knowledge, such as the destructive distillation of wood or the manufacture of sodium cyanide.Some attention is now being paid to the results of high- pressure syntheses from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in presence of catalysts. Answers to questions dealing with the chemistry of industrially important materials were , in general, satisfactory, although calculations based on technical processes were not infrequently incorrect. Among students of dyeing there is an increased appreciation of the chemical nature of vat dyes and of modern colours of the azoic series. But sometimes this new knowledge is gained at the expense of the old, as, for instance, where candidates indicate correctly the chemical constitution of indigosol but misplace alizarin in the dyers’ classification of colouring matters. A question on the chemical theory of dyeing led to many thought- ful and critical answers.The identification of dyes both in bulk and on the fibres was as a rule correctly carried out, but in some instances confirmatory tests were lacking. IX. Physics and Mathematics.-There is perhaps less ten- dency to improve in this section than in any. Several papers in elementary physics contained questions on higher physics- such as X-rays and electron theory-and the candidates, who nearly always choose these questions, showed in general a very superficial knowledge while betraying weakness in first principles. Thus a candidate who attempted a question on X-rays was ignorant of the simple gas laws.The inclusion of such higher work in a course of this nature is undesirable. In some cases there is room for much improvement in the general neatness of the written papers, and slovenly diagrams are still all too common. In practical physics, also, little weight is given to accuracy, and a candidate who obtains a very inaccurate result often hopes to pass on method and presentation of work. It is necessary to point out that the full calculation of results from observations 227 should be shown, and that all observations should be entered in the examination book at the time they are made and not on scraps of paper. NATIONAL IN SCOTLANDCERTIFICATES CHEMISTRY, , 1930. The Council has received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Scottish Education Department and the Institute re National Certificates in Chemistry for 1930.Assessor-Dr. Norman Picton. Eight candidates have been awarded Higher Certificates, one with distinction in organic chemistry and one with distinction in inorganic chemistry. Two candidates who took their courses under the arrange- ments made by the Joint Committee on the Organisation of Classes in Science and Technology have been awarded Ordinary Certificates. Arrangements are being made by which students will be kept more fully informed as to the requirements for National Certifi- cates during their courses. 228 Obituary. SHIRRADOUGALLSADXUEL died at Perth, Western Australia, on 19th March, in his 83rd year.Born at Glasgow, he was educated at the Glasgow Academy and subsequently studied medicine at the University. After assisting his brother, Dr. K. J. Dougall, in London, and his cousin Dr. Andrew Watson, in Glasgow, for several years, he decided to pursuechemistry and proceeded to Heidelberg, where he worked under Bunsen. On his return, he was assistant in a chemical works at Flint, and later practised as a Consulting Chemist, at Denver, Colorado, U.S.A. In or about 1885, after further experience in England, he went to Australia, and established a practice in Sydney, N.S.W., in which he continued until 1890, when he was appointed Chemist to the New South Wales Shale & Oil Co., at Hartley Vale.In 1893, he went to Perth and, in the following year, was appointed chemist to the Agricultural Department. From 1899 he resumed private practice until his retirement in 1926, acting as Analystto the cities of Perth and Fremantle, and to a number of country Munici- palities and Road Boards. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. JAMES a Registered Student, was killed in an M. W. L. HEMINGWAY, accident on 28th June, at the age of nearly 21 years. Born at East Hackney, he was educated at the College of the Sacred Heart, Wimbledon. He became an Assistant in the Laboratory of the Paint and Varnish Research Association, Teddington, and at the time of his death was preparing by evening classes, at the Birkbeck College, for the Final B.Sc.Examination of the University of London. JOHNTHOMAINSLIE WALKER died on 27th July at Paddington,London, in his 63rd year. He was educated at Watson’s COllSge and at the University, Edinburgh, and in 1889 joined the staff of the Scottish Marine Station for Scientific Research. In the following year he was appointed Second Chemist at the Broxburn Oil Company, Linlithgow, and in 1895 became Chief Chemist to Messrs. A. M. Peebles Company, Paper Mills, Lancashire. In 1900 he was appointed Chief Chemist to McMurray’s Royal Paper Mills in London, and from 1902 to 1905 conducted a privateconsulting practice in Westminster. From 1905 to 191 1 he was Managing Director, Chief Chemist and Bacteriologist to Jeyes Sanitary Compounds Co., Ltd., and subsequently occupied similar positions with the Barrett Manufacturing Co., New York, from 1911 to 1914, and with the Walker- Leeming Laboratories in the same city, from 1914 to 1917.From the latter year until the end of the war he was engaged with the forces, and was appointed specialist in bacteriology while 0.C. No. 9 Mobile Laboratory, with the rank of Captain, R.A.M.C. (T.F.). He was the author of numerous papers published in journals devoted to hygiene and medicine. The Rideal-Walker and the Sommerville-Walker methods for the evaluation of disinfectants, in which he collaborated, are well known, and his work on the solubility of thymol has proved of considerable service in facilitating the use of this substance in medicine. In 1920 he resumed practice at Ludgate Hill, in the City of London.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in the same year. 229 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111,the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copiesrnay be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Essences, Naturelles et Parfums.” Raymond Delange. Pp. vi+zzo. (Paris: Librarie Armand Colin.) 10 frs. 50 (paper covers). Historique; de l’odeur et de ses relations avec les propn6Ms et avec h structure mol6culaire des corps; analyse; les huiles essentielles et lee plantes ; huiles essentielles, baumes et produits animaux ; compos6s odorants d6hes ; appendice;bibliographis. “Chemistry, The Spirit of.” An Introduction to Chemistry for Students of the Liberal Arts.Alexander Findlay. With Portraits and illustrations. Pp. xvi +480. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 10s. 6d. net. The aim and method of science; the twilight age of chemistry; the dawn of chemistry; the fundamental laws of chemistry; atomic weights and the periodic law; radioactivity and atomic constitution; %he three states of matter; the determination of atomic weights; the gases of the atmos- phere and the phenomenon of combustion; the production of f3e; matter and energy; fuels and illuminants; hydrogen, water and hydrogen peroxide; solutions; acids, alkalis and salts; theory of ionisation; electricity and chemistry; metals and their properties; metals and alloys; velocity of reactions and catalysis; sulphur and sulphuric acid; salts of potassium and sodium; nitrogen, the production of fertilisers and explosives; silica, clay, lime and glass; the colloidal state; the rise of organic chemistry ; the aliphatic compounds ; stereochemistry;the aromatic compounds.Appendix I: Books for further reading; Appendix 11: Scales of tem-perature; Appendix I11 : The metric system. Index. “Hydrogen Ion Concentration, The Measurement of.” Julius Grant. With Illustrations and Diagrams. Pp. viii +159. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 9s. net. Electrometric method ; colorimetric method; methods and techniqueapplicable to particular cases ; tabulated data. “Inorganic Materials, The Quantitative Analysis of.” Norman Hackney. With Illustrations.Pp. xv +378. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 30s. net. Apparatus, reagents and manipulation ; theoretical considerations; 8s-timation of the metals ; the acid radicles; volumetric analysis; sepma-tions ; sepnrabions of the anions ; alloys and other industrial products; tables ; Index, 230 “Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry.’’ A Comprehensive Treatise on. J. W. Mellor. Volume X. With 217 Dia-grams. Pp. x3-958. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) E3 3s. net. Sulphur: History ; occurrence; extraction; allotropic, amorphous and colloidal forms of sulphur; physical and chemical properties; valency and atomic weight ; hydrogen sulphide ; polysulphides of hydrogen; sulphoxylic acid ; hyposulphurous acid ; hyposulphites; sulphur ses-quioxide; sulphur dioxide and sulphurous acid ; alkali and ammonium sulphites;sulphites of copper family ;alkaline earth sulphites; sulphites of the beryllium-mercury family; sulphites of the aluminium-rare earth family; sulphites of the zirconium-lead family ; sulphites of the antimony-vanadium family; sulphites of selenium-uranium family; sulphites of manganese and iron families; the sulphites of the platinum metals; pyrosulphurous acid and pyrosulphites; sulphur trioxide; hydrates of sulphur trioxide and sulphuric acid ;sulphuric acid-history, occurrence and preparation ; physical properties of sulphuric acid ; chemical properties of sulphuric acid ; pyrosulphuric acid and the pyrosulphates;polysulphates;sulphur heptoxide and persulphuric acids ; persulphates or perdisulphates; pennonosulphuric acid and permono -sulphates; thiosulphuric acid ; thiosulphates; polythionic acids ; di-thionic acids ;dithionates;trithionic acid and trithionates ;tetrathionic acid and tetrathionates ; pentathionic acid and pentathionates ; hexa-thionic acid and hexathionates ; sulphur fluorides; sulphur chlorides ; sulphur bromides ; sulphur iodides ;thionyl halides ; sulphuryl halides ; sulphur oxyhalides ; halogenosulphonic acids and their salts.Selenium : History and occurrence; extraction and purificakion ; allo-tropic forms; physical properties; chemical properties; hydrogenselenide; selenides; selenium dioxide and lower oxides; hydrate of selenium dioxide-selenious acid ;selenites;selenium trioxide and selenic acid; selenates;selenium halides ;oxyhalogen compounds of selenium ; selenium sulphides ; sulphoselenides; oxysulphoselenium compounds; selenatosulphates and sulphatoselenates; selenophosphites and seleno- phosphates.Index. “Rubber Information.” A Compendium of the Rubber In-dustry in all its branches, including Plantation and Factory Practice, Rubber Chemistry and Engineering, Trade Sta- tistics, Machinery and Equipment, Rubber Chemicals and Materials, Planters and Manufacturers, Rubber Goods and Trade Marks. Edited by H. B. Cronshaw; assisted by F. H. Cotton, H. A. Daynes, T. J. Drakeley, F. Grove-Palmer, J. R. Scott, H. P. Stevens, and W. H. Stevens. Pp. 237. (London: Leonard Hill, Ltd.) 10s.Rubber dictionary;compounding ingredients and other rubber chemicals; bibliography ; rubber trade statistics ; plantation companies ; alpha-betical list of firms;classified list of products and equipment ;trade and registered names. 231 “Beilstein’s Handbuch der Organischen Chemie, A Brief Intro- duction to the use of.” E. H. Huntress. Pp. viii+35. (London: Chapman & Hall.) 5s. The mode of formation of the four main divisions; the sub-classification of divisions; the arrangement of derivatives of the individual index compounds; the location of compounds of tautomeric structure; the method of locating a particular compound from its structural formula. Alkali, etc., Works Regulation Act.-In the sixty-sixth Annual Report on Alkali, etc., Works by the Chief In- spectors, on proceedings during the year 1929 (H.M. Stationery Office, 6d.net), Mr. W. A. Damon, who succeeded Dr. T. Lewis Bailey as Chief Inspector in November last, reports to the Minister of Health, and Mr. J. W. Young, to the Department of Health for Scotland. The Report contains much important matter of direct interest to chemists engaged in a large variety of industries. In addition to alkali, the Inspectors have been concerned with cement, smelting, the manufacture of sulphuric, nitric and hydrochloric acids, gas liquors, ammonium sulphate and chloride, chlorine, sulphides, Venetian red, lead, arsenic, nitrate and chloride of iron, bisulphide of carbon, paraffin oil, tar, zinc, benzene, pyridine, bromine, picric acid, and hydrofluoric acid.Factories and Workshops.-The annual report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for the year I929 (H. M. Stationery Office, Cmd. 3633, 2s. 6d. net) contains the Report of the Senior Medical Inspector, Dr. John C. Bridge, dealing with workers who come into daily contact with lead, phosphorus, mercury, arsenic, etc. or are exposed to poisonous fumes, gases and dust, and with a still larger group of workers who are not so exposed, in regard to whom the effects of industry on health are much less readily ascertained. Reference is made to the operations of the Sandstone (Silicosis) Scheme and the Various Industries (Silicosis) Scheme and to poisoning by carbon bisulphide, and by aniline and benzene, and to the occurrence of epitheliomatous ulceration in industries dealing with pitch and tar, paraffin and mineral oil, of dermatitis and anthrax, and of other industrial diseases.232 The Safety in Mines Research Board has published a summarising report on Flameproof Electrical Apparatus for Use in Coal Mines. Casings for electrical switchgear and other electrical apparatus for use in coal mines are necessary to safeguard the mine-workers in the event of an explosion of firedamp being caused within the casing by the operation of the apparatus. For this purpose the casing must either be strong enough to withstand the pressure produced by the explosion, which involves heavy construction, or must permit the immediate release of pressure; but the means of release must not be such as to permit the propagation of the flame of the explosion to an inflammable firedamp or coal dust mixture outside. Researches into this problem have been conducted by the Safety in Mines Research Board, and papers have been issued dealing with various forms of pressure release, viz.: Paper 5 (Flange Protection) ; Paper 21 (Perforated Plate Protection) , and Paper 35 (Ring relief protection).Other phases of the re- search on firedamp explosions within closed vessels have been reported on in Paper 10 (The effects of turbulence) and Paper 49 (Pressure piling). The summarising report, by I. C. F. Statham and R. V. Wheeler, collects the information contained in these papers and compares the experimental results with the results obtained in the testing at Sheffield University of apparatus submitted by manufacturers for certification.In the light of the knowledge so obtained, the report deals with the general design of flameproof electrical apparatus with pressure release devices. Copies of the Report-Safety in Mines Research Board, Paper 60-are obtainable either directly or through any book- seller, from H.M. Stationery Office, Kingsway, London, Price 6d. net. Dyestuffs.-The Dyestuffs Industry Development Com-mittee has reported to the Board of Trade on the progress of the industry since the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act, 1920, came into operation. (Stationery Office : Cmd.3658. Price IS. 6d. net.) The Committee, which was appointed to advise the Board of Trade on the efficient and economical development of the industry, states that the protection afforded by the Act has given British manufacturers the confidence to develop their works, has provided them with opportunities for acquiring the 233 necessary skill and technique for the production of dyestuffs of first quality, and has enabled them to reduce the costs of produc- tion to the lowest economic levels. The Report deals with dyestuffs and intermediate products; output, range of production, quality, novelties and plant ;prices of dyestuffs and intermediate products; staff; organisation of research, the effects of the Dyestuffs Act, etc., and concludes with the following paragraphs:- “The question now arises whether it would be possible for the industry to carry on that development and maintain its present position without the protection afforded by the Act.There are two possible opinions on this. The colour users say the Act was for 10years and no longer. The colour makers say that their increased efficiency during the last few years warrants an extension of the Act, which would enable them to complete their work. Further, the importance of the dye industry from the point of view of national security must not be overlooked, but from the point of view of obtaining this object the burden should not be laid on the colour users. “Consequently, it is to the interest of all parties concerned, -that is the Government, the users and the dyestuff manu- facturers,-to continue to consider the problem in the same spirit of co-operation that has marked the period of the operation of the Dyestuffs Act, and together to agree, if possible, first whether any further assistance to the industry is necessary, and, if so, as to the form which such assistance should take.’’ Mr.R. T. Rolfe has forwarded a copy of a paper on “Bearing Alloys,” read by him before the Manchester Association of Engineers, in October, 1929,published, with discussion thereon, by the Association. (Manchester: Herald and Walker, Ltd.) Mr. Arthur R. Warnes has forwarded a copy of a booklet of “Notes Relative to Reparation Work,” i.e. the problem of restoring to soundness-as applied to buildings, industrial, domestic, ecclesiastical and historical-dealing with causes of decay in various materials, cleaning, plastic repairs, reinforcing, scaffolding, and shoring, etc.Rothamsted Memoirs.-Volume XIV of the Rothamsted Memoirs, including 64 papers, covering the period from 1928 to 234 1930,is now ready €or distribution. Copies can be obtained from the Secretary, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpen- den, Herts. 36s. net. World Power Conference.-The Transactions of the Second World Conference held at Berlin from 16th to 20th June, are about to be published. Special pre-publication prices have been arranged to purchasers requiring the whole set of nineteen volumes and index volume, or any separate volume, whose orders are received on or before 15th September.The complete set will be published at L17 10s.; pre-publication price Ex5* Enquiries should be addressed at once to Messrs. Percy Lund, Humphries & Co., Ltd., 3, Amen Corner, London, E.C.4. U.S. Bureau of Mines, Department of Commerce.-The United States Bureau of Mines has issued information circulars relating to Radium (I.C. 6312) and Cobalt (I.C. 6331),-both by Paul M. Tyler, assisted by Miss E. P. Youngman-copies of which can be consulted in the Library of the Institute. 235 The Register. AT the meeting of Council held on 18th July, 1930,-1o Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 34 new Associates were elected, and 4 Students were admitted.Associates elected to the Fellowship. Byme, George Thomas, M.Sc. (Vict.), 4, University Path, Hong Kong. China, Frederick John Edwin, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Messrs. Burt, Boulton & Haywood, Ltd., Prince Regent’s Wharf, Silvertown, London, E.16. Johnson, Edgar Bertie, B.Sc. (Birm.), 32, Alcester Road, Moseley, Birm- ingham. Jones, Arthur Butler, M.Sc. (Liv.), Northcote, Kinlochleven, Argyllshire. Murphy, Edward Arthur, M.Sc. (Lond.), 91, Green Lanes, Chester Road, Birmingham. Sen, Nalinbihari, B.Sc. (Cal.), B.Met. (Sheffield), Tata’s Laboratory,Jamshedpur, Via Tatanagar, India. Speakman, John Bamber, M.Sc. (Vict.), Chemical Laboratories, The University, Leeds. Stott, George Herbert, M.Sc. (Liv.), Argus, Kinlochleven, Argyllshire.Subrahmanyan, Vaidyanatha, B.A. (Madras), D.Sc. (Lond.), Lecturer in Bio-Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. Wood, Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Linden Avenue, Coulsdon, Surrey. New Associates. Adam, Thomas Coats Campbell, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Beulah, Everton Drive, Cregagh, Belfast. Aldington, John Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), 46, Long Lane, Ashton-on-Ribble, Preston. Barent, Mark, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Victoria Park Square, London, E.2. Barker, William Edward, M.Sc. (S.A.), Chemistry Department, Cape Town Technical College, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town, S. Africa. Bennett, Thomas Mitchell, B.Sc. (Glas.), 12, Mulberry Road, Newlands, Glasgow. Blackie, Joseph John, c/oMessrs. Duncan Flockhart & Co., 104, HolyroodRoad, Edinburgh.Brown, John Ferguson, B.Sc. (Glas.), 55, Clarkston Road, Cathcart, Glasgow. Burrows, Ronald Bertram, B.Sc. (Lond.), 123, Mere Road, Leicester. Chapman, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), Ballencrieff, Troon, Ayrshire. Cloudsley, Robert Keith, B.Sc. (Glas.), 17, Herries Road, Maxwell Park, Glasgow, S.l. Crombie, John James, A. H-W. C., Mayfield, Pumpherston, Mid-Calder. Eaglesfield, Philip, M.Sc. (Sheff.), c/oResearch Department, Distillers Co., Ltd., Great Burgh, Epsom, Surrey. Elliott, Frederick Jacob, B.Sc. (Dunelm), Needless Hall Farm, Bishop Auckland, Co. Durham. 236 Fletcher, Sidney John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Moor Lane, Loughborough. Garrow, Frederick Campbell, B.Sc. (Aberd.), 56, Albury Road, Aberdeen. Gilbert, Frank Lathe, B.Sc.(Lond.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), 7, Castle Hill, Maidenhead. Grant, John Scurrah, 63, Bellwood Street, Langside, Glasgow. Hall, Mervyn Hector, B.Sc. (Bris.), 42, Alma Vale Road, Clifton, Bristol. Heaysman, Leonard Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Cockshott Road, Reigate, Surrey.Henderson, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), 40, Pollok Buildings, Corkerhill, Glasgow, S.W.2. Lawrie, James Haston, A. H-W. C., 15, Barclay Place, Edinburgh. Liebenberg, Doyle Pienaar, M.Sc. (Cape), c/o African Explosives & In-dustries, Ltd., P.O. North Rand, Transvaal. Kerr, Miss Alexandra Jean Robson, B.Sc. (Aberd.), 3, Inverurie Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeenshire. Lithgow, James Craib, 44, Loughborough Road, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Martin, David Johnston, B.Sc. (Liv.), 35,Orrell Lane, Aintree, Liverpool.Ramsay, John, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.), 9, Elgin Street, Granby, P.Q., Canada. Samuel, Johnny Oswald, B.Sc. (Wales), Glan-y-Gors, Rhiwfawr, Swansea. Sarkar, Nripendra Nath, B.Sc (Calcutta), c/o Messre. Thomas Cook & Son, Berkeley Street, London, W.l. Vashist, Shankar Dat, M.Sc. (Allahabad), Ward Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester. Wakeford, Bernard Dudley, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Lake Magadi, Kenya, B.E.A. Walters, John Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), Research Laboratories, General Electric Co., East Lane, N. Wembley, Middx. Walton, Arthur, M.Sc. (Manc.), 171, Kedleston Road, Derby. Whittam, Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 189, Walmersley Road, Bury. Winfield, Francis Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, Dovedale Road, West Bridgford, Notts. New Students.Blench, Ronald Oliver, Eldon House, South Parade, Whitley Bay. Brook, Francis Henry Colson, Charnwood, Parkcroft Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham.Damkevala, Jalezar Eduljee, B.Sc. (Nagpur), Arlington Villa, St. Paul’s Road, Camden Square, London, N.W.l. Jones, John Henry, 18, Bloxcidge Street, Langley, Nr. Birmingham. DEATHS. Fellows. James Robson. John Thom Ainslie Walker. Associate. Richard James Barron, A.R.C.Sc.1. Student. James Maria Winpenny Lenwood Herningway. 237 General Notices. Annual Chemical Dinner, 6th November, 1930.-It is hoped that Fellows and Associates of the Institute will attend the annual chemical dinner, to be held in London at the Con- naught Rooms, on Thursday, the 6th November, at 7 for 7.30 p.m.The dinner will be followed by music and dancing. Tickets, 12s. 6d. each, for both ladies and gentlemen (in- cluding gratuities but not wines) will be obtainable in October from Mr. F. A. Greene, Hon. Sec. Annual Chemical Dinner. Chemical Industry Club, z Whitehall Court, London, S.W.1. Further particulars will be announced in due course. Examinations in 1931.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1931 will be as follows :-Dates of Examinations. Entries close. 5th to 9th January. or 12th to 16th January. Monday, 10th November, 1930. 13th to 17th April. or 20th to 24th April. Monday, 16th February, 1931. 14th to 18th September. Monday, 20th July, 1931. zIst to 25th September. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (41010s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3000 words, on bb Chemical Education, from the Student’s Point of View ” will be awarded in January, 1931, and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. 238 Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides, on or before the 3rst December, 1930, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the com- petitor.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzeanaj is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. In awarding the Medal for 1930 the adjudicators will, unless exceptional circumstances arise, give special consideration to work in inorganic or physical chemistry. The next award will be made in January, 1931. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1930, to work of the character indicated.Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, 239 including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Fellows and Associates who wish to direct attention to work of the character indicated are requested to communicate with the Registrar of the Institute. Pedler Research Scholarship.-Under the regulations for the award of the Pedler Scholarship, the scholar is required to undertake work on a problem or problems to be chosen by the Council, having special regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest. The selected problem will be announced in due course, and the Pedler Fund Committee will invite applications from candi- dates for the scholarship. The successful candidate will be informed of his or her appointment as soon as possible after the award.The scholarship is of the annual value of E300, payable monthly, and tenable for one year, but, at the discretion of the Council, may be extended for any further period at the same rate. The work shall be conducted in a laboratory approved by the Council, and under the general direction of any person or persons, duly authorised by the Council for this purpose, who shall report to the Pedler Fund Committee from time to time as required. The Council will defray the expenses of the research out of the Pedler Fund, all such expenses being subject to the approval of the Council or of an officer duly authorised for this purpose. The results of the investigations undertaken by the scholar shall be the property of the Institute, and shall be published as the Council may direct.Any such publication, however, shall be in the name of the scholar solely. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. 240 Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register, Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months, if necessary.The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute provides a collection of books primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations, but is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m.and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail-able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, wishing to consult or 241 borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W, Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms : buckram case, IS. zd. ;binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry.A List of Slides appeared in JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS,Part IV, 1929, but it is constantly being augmented by the addition of new slides to meet the wishes of lecturers. As the slides are constantly in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9305400203

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. ~~ FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1930. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary . 30, RUSSELL LONDON,SQUARE, W.C. I. October, 1930. Publications Committee, 1930-31 LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), H. B. BROWN, H. V. A. BRISCOE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, A. M. CAMERON, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, C. S. GIBSON, W. H.GIBSON, T. P. HILDITCH, L. E. HINKEL, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, C. A. MITCHELL, W. D. ROGERS, WILLIAM WARDLAW, F.J. WILSON, A. W. M. WINTLE. 245 Proceedings of the Council. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1930. Proposed Supplementary Charter.-The Council has under consideration a proposal to present a Petition, through the Lords of the Privy Council, to His Majesty the King for the grant of a Supplementary Charter for the Institute, with the object of securing a title to distinguish chemists, as represented by the Institute, from pharmacists,-the intention being to acquire a title such as has been granted to members of other professional bodies. Further information on this matter will be communi- cated to the Fellows and Associates in due course. Poisons and Pharmacy Acts.-Havingregard to the Report of the Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts and the Draft Bill attached thereto-to which reference was made in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I1 (pp.97-99 ; 134-136) -the Council has made representations to the Home Secretary on the desirability of the Institute being represented on the Central Authority or Board for the preparation of the Poisons List and to assist the Secretary of State in making rules with respect to the sale, wholesale or retail, and the supply of poisons. The Council desires such representation, believing that it would be advantageous to all concerned and that the Institute should be so represented, having regard to clause 15, which provides for exemptions with respect to sales wholesaIe and sales to persons engaged in scientific education and research, and to persons who require to use poisons in their profession.The Council, moreover, believes it desirable and necessary that the Institute should be so represented in connection with the rules proposed to be made under clause 17 for requiring persons in control of the manufacture of pharmaceutical pre- parations containing poisons to be registered pharmacists or persons possessing the prescribed qualification in chemistry. 246 Clause 17directly affects many members of the Institute who are actually engaged as analysts, research chemists, works control chemists, and managers in the drug industry, and the Council feels that the Institute should be so represented, especially in connection with matters concerning the qualifications in chemistry required for the control of such manufacture.The Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act.-The Council has directed that a statement on the subject of the impending lapse of the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act should be pub- lished, having regard to its influence on the education of British chemists and on the progress of research in industry generally. The statement, which is reproduced in this Part of the Journal (p. 277) has been issued to the members of both Houses of Parlia- ment and to the public press. Australian Chemical Institute.-Following the Further Observations communicated to the Privy Council, with regard to the Petition for a Royal Charter by the Australian Chemical Institute, a request was received that an opportunity should be afforded Dr.A. C. D. Rivett, representing the Australian Chemical Institute, to meet the Officers of the home Institute in order to discuss the whole matter. This was done, and as a result, Dr. Rivett was able to inform the Australian Chemical Institute more fully on the views of the home Institute, particularly on the importance of maintaining a high standard of qualification for membership of a chartered professional body. Later, a com- munication was received from Dr. Thomas Cooksey, Honorary General Secretary of the Australian Chemical Institute, assuring the Council of the home Institute that all the amendments suggested had been approved for incorporation in the draft Petition and draft Royal Charter.The home Institute was assured that it would have the whole-hearted co-operation and support of the Australian Chemical Institute in the desire to attain a standard of qualification equivalent to that of the home Institute. In these circumstances, the Council, on the advice of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, has informed the Lords of the Privy Council, through the solicitors of the Institute, that it appears that the suggestions made in the observations on the draft Petition and draft Royal Charter have been substantially met. 247 Appointments Register.-The Council has received a report from the Special Committee on the working of the Ap- pointments Register during the period September, 1929, to September, 1930. Unemployment.-The following table shows the number of members who had informed the Institute that they were un- employed at the stated times:- F.I.C.A.I.C. Total. September, 1929 11 51 62 January, I930 I3 54 67 April,June, f, I2 I2 59 68 71 80 September, 1) I5 76 91 October 27th, ,, I4 80 94 Of the 94 at present unemployed, three are women. It will be seen that there has been a steady increase in un- employment throughout the period. Precise information is not available as to the period during which these members have re- mained without appointments, but it is estimated that of the 94 mentioned above, about 50 have been unemployed for three months or less. The total membership of the Institute is approximately 5,750; the unemployed are thus a little over 1.6 per cent.The committee does not regard the present position as unduly alarming, but in view of the prevailing industrial depression, considers that it is possible that the number of unemployed may rise further in the near future. The total number of members using the Appointments Register is now 309. Although the actual personnel has changed, this figure has remained nearly constant during the year. Registered Students in their last term of training for admission to the Associateship are also allowed the use of the Appointments Register if recommended for the privilege by their Professors ; this privilege is now being used by eighteen students. Lists are issued at least once and usually twice weekly.The total number of vacancies notified during the period was 746. 248 The following table gives a rough analysis of these vacancies : Academic appointments. Universities, colleges, schools, education authorities, etc. .. .. .. * * 159 Industrial appointments .. .. .. .. * * 378 Appointments under Government, or with other public bodies, Public Analysts, Research Associations, etc. 66 Junior appointments, scholarships and research grants . . 65 Unclassified .. .. .. .. .. .. *. 28 Appointments specifically for women .. .. .. 50 746 Of the above appointments, 78 were abroad. A noticeably large number of vacancies was notified for chemists required in the paint and varnish industry. Salaries.-Nearly all the academic vacancies referred to appointments where the Burnham scales are in operation.In many of the other vacancies prospective employers asked candidates to state the salary they required. Where the salaries offered were definitely mentioned, the terms may be summarised as follows:- Under g250per annum ** 49 Between ,&z50-500 per annum .. 1x7 ,, l5oo-~oooperannum .. 49 Over ~IOOOper annum .. 5 In some cases prospective employers enquired as to the salary they should offer. The committee considers that fuller informa- tion as to the salaries now being paid would be of great value, and in this connection the Council has decided to ask members to make another return of their remuneration (see p. 250). Difficulty has been experienced in several cases in obtaining suitable candidates for appointments-notably for public appointments in the East, and for chemists with experience in the edible-oil industry for Africa.On several occasions the Institute has been approached by the Ministry of Labour with a view to ascertaining whether men with particular experience were available, in cases where em- ployers were desirous of obtaining licences to engage alien chemists. In nearly all such cases the requirements are so 249 framed that they are only applicable to the selected alien, and therefore very difficult to meet. The usefulness of the Appointments Register, both to mem- bers and to prospective employers would obviously be increased if a larger number of members made use of it.Some members seem content to remain for too long a period in appointments where the remuneration and prospects are not commensurate with their abilities and experience. It seems probable that some are reluctant to make use of the Appointments Register lest the information that they were considering a change of appointment might reach their present employers. When members express the desire to use the Appointments Register, they are asked to complete a form giving full particulars of their training and experience, but unless they notify the Registrar that they are definitely without employment, neither their names nor particulars are disclosed without their consent. Where a vacancy is notified under a box number, they can make certain that an application will not be sent on to any specified firm by attaching a covering letter to the Registrar to that effect.During the year complaints were received from members of the Institute as to the quality of some of the applications sub- mitted. It was thought desirable to issue a notice reminding members that carelessness in applications seriously diminishes their prospects of obtaining appointments, and moreover does not add to the esteem in which the Institute and the profession are held. Prospective employers, in their anxiety to avoid disclosing the names of their firms, or to commit themselves as to the salary they are prepared to offer to a suitable candidate, are sometimes very sparing in the information they are prepared to give.A chemist who already holds an appointment is naturally reluctant to apply for a post which may turn out to carry with it terms and prospects inferior to those attaching to his present position. Register of Laboratory Assistants.-This is available for those who have matriculated, but who cannot proceed towards system- atic training for the Associateship until they have obtained paid positions. The number using this Register is now about 50, and the number of vacancies in this category issued during the period under review was 79. 250 Salary Statistics.-In 1919and 1920 the Council invited Fellows and Associates to send in returns with regard to the terms and conditions of their appointments. The information so obtained was found to be of great value and a similar request was made in 1927. To the request sent out in that year, how- ever, only 24 per cent.of the members replied, and it was, therefore, considered that the publication of a statement based on such incomplete returns would be liable to be misleading. The Council has now decided to make another attempt to obtain full and up-to-date information. It is thought that many members may have refrained from giving information because the questionnaire was too elaborate, and some may have feared that although they were not asked to sign their names, indications might be given, which they did not desire to disclose. The form for the contemplated return will be of the simplest possible kind; members will merely be asked to state their age and the total remuneration they receive in the exercise of their profession.All Fellows and Associates are strongly urged to make the return, not excepting those who are in good positions, as it is desired to obtain as true and complete information as possible as to the remuneration of chemists. 251 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-At the opening meeting of the Session, held in Marischal College on 24th October, Dr. J. F. Tocher, Chairman of the Section, gave an address, entitled 4b What is Probable Error ? ” Dr. Tocher said that he was to confine his discussion of “Probable Error ” to the probable error of a mean when a large number of observations were carried out on a particular physical or chemical quantity.It was an obviously easy thing to give an exact answer to certain questions, such as the number of persons present at a meeting and the like. Their perceptive faculties enabled them to answer such questions. An observation was a percept. It was different when they considered, say, the mean number of persons present at a series of meetings or the mean value of a series of chemical determinations. The reason for this difference lay in the fact that the average or mean value of any quantity was a concept-a conceptual figure which, when multiplied by the number of cases considered, gave the sum of all the observations. Even in a carefully and properly conducted series of experiments, this conceptual figure was subject to error, depending upon the number of observations made on the particular quantity under consideration.Dr. Tocher proceeded to picture cases where several averages had been obtained, the same number of observations having been made for each average calculated by the observer. It was only in such cases that it was possible to speak of probable error, or to gauge the accuracy of an average. He proceeded to show that the observed values of means, obtained by drawing samples from a homogeneous population distributed with regard to the magnitude of the quantity according to De Moivre’s probability curve, were also distributed normally. It was also easy to show from theory that the means from samples of the same size should be so distributed.With regard to the variability of means and using statistical language, the variance of the means was N times less than the variance of the distribution containing N observations. Where the true value of a mean was a friori unknown-and 262 that was generally the case in chemical and physical problems -it could be shown that the best thing the observer could do was to take his observed result, and, knowing the number of observations carried out, make an attempt to state the odds in favour of the true value lying within certain specified limits. These odds were easily found, since the areas of the normal probability curve had been tabled for deviations from the mean value, so that the odds in favour of the true mean lying within the same specified value below and above the observed mean, meant finding the area within these bounds and com- paring this area with the areas of the “tails” of the curve- i.e.the areas beyond the negative and positive specified value. Dr. Tocher took as an example of the determination of “probable error,” the oxygen-hydrogen ratios as found by Dumas, Rayleigh, Dittmar and Henderson, Morley and others. He showed that the distribution of Dumas’ ratios did not conform to the normal probability law and that therefore it was unlikely that his mean ratio was the best possible value one could obtain from experiment-the distribution of values was in fact a heterogeneous distribution. He next showed that Lord Ray- leigh’s series of nineteen observations did conform to the normal probability law when Pearson’s “Goodness of Fit” test was applied-a probability test which did not exist in Rayleigh’s time but was now in general use.The probable error of Rayleigh’s series was in the neighbourhood of f007, which meant that there was an equal chance of the true value lying within the limits & 007 from the observed mean and outside these limits. Owing to the fact that the areas of the probability curve were now expressed in terms of the “standard deviation” (square root of mean square) the term “probable error” was falling into disuse. Variations in successive means were now more generally expressed in terms of the “standard error” -the measure of the standard deviation of sampling of means.Generally speaking, the accuracy of a mean depended upon the smallness of the standard error, and thus it was clear that Morley was more accurate than Rayleigh, and Rayleigh more accurate than Dumas, in finding the oxygen-hydrogen ratio. Proceeding to express the oxygen-hydrogen ratio in terms of Dalton’s atomic theory and Avogadro’s hypothesis, the lecturer showed how impossible it was to consider the final statements of the physicist and chemist as perceptions made by an observer. To illustrate that the conclusions were concepts and not percepts 253 he put this question: What was the size of the particle whose relative weight the scientist was supposed to determine? If the particle was the size of a golf ball, the average man would have a stature of over 330,000 miles,-a super-jupiter reaching from the earth to nearly IOO,OOO miles beyond the moon.Looking down on the plane of the ecliptic, that human giant could not hope to see the golf ball even if it were at rest. But the golf balls were moving about at great velocities. With that fact further to complicate his efforts, he had nevertheless been able to estimate the weight of the golf ball (oxygen) compared with a ball of another kind and of a similar size belonging to another group (hydrogen) moving also with great rapidity. Such a picture gave a rough idea of the magnitude of an atom and of the combination of the perceptual and conceptual in reaching a result accurately descriptive of the phenomena observed.The lecture was illustrated by numerous tables and diagrams. Prof. Findlay voiced the members’ hearty appreciation of Dr. Tocher’s interesting address. Birmingham and Midlands.-It is now some time since the change in the rules of the Section, whereby the Annual General Meeting takes place in March instead of October, was effected. This is the first full Session under the new rule. One beneficial result is already apparent : the programme is now prepared some months ahead of the commencement of the Session instead of, as formerly, after the General Meeting, which took place rather late in October. The Committee has made a special effort this year in order to encourage the maximum number of members to attend the various meetings, and a programme has been drawn up which embodies most of the recommendations made by members at the last Annual General Meeting.The Opening Social meeting, Concert and Dance took place in the Grosvenor Rooms, Grand Hotel, Birmingham, on ~2nd October, and proved to be a very popular event. Mr. A. F. Lerrigo arranged an excellent concert, at the conclusion of which a vote of thanks was accorded to the artistes and organisers, proposed by Mr. A. W. Knapp and seconded by Mr. E. C. Rossiter. Members of the Section have already received the programme for the Session. Further events have been provisionally fixed 254 as follows:-19th November-Prof. E. C. C. Baly, F.R.S., “On the Chemistry of Life”; 3rd December-Meeting at Derby.Prof. F. L. Pyman, F.R.S., “On Medicinal Chemicals”; 26th January- Annual Concert ; 7th February-Midland Chemists’ Annual Dinner; February-Address by Mr. H. H. Bagnall, City Analyst; March-Annual General Meeting. The Biochemical Society of the University of Birmingham has invited members of the Section to the lectures to be held during the Session at 5.30 p.m. in the New Biology Building, particulars of which will be notified in due course. The lectures will be preceded by tea in the Refectory at 4.45 p.m. Bristol and South Western Counties.-Future arrange-ments for the Section include a paper on “Some Thallium Compounds,” by Dr. R. C. Menzies, at Bristol university, on 17th November, at 7.30 p.m.; a joint meeting with Bristol University Chemical Society, at the University, on 20th January, at 5-15 Pam.; the Annual General Meeting and a smoking concert on 11th March, 1931.Cape.-A meeting of the Section was held on 1st August, in the Board Room of the General Estate and Orphan Chamber, Adderley Street, Cape Town, when Prof. Newbery read a paper on “Single Potentials.” After referring to Nernst’s conception of solution pressure, Professor Newbery went on to say that in order to determine the true normal potential of a metal, we require a chemically clean surface of the metal in contact with a known concentration of the ions of the metal. This ideal condition, he said, is rarely possible. In most cases, either the electrode surface is attacked by the electrolyte and rendered impure, or no solution containing known ionic concentrations can be obtained.Of the metals, only five, namely silver, zinc, cadmium, mercury and platinum, presented a chemically clean surface in contact with their solutions, while only hydrogen, and of the non-metals, the halogens, could be obtained in known ionic concentration. Professor Newbery instanced the uncertainty of the true electrode potentials of the metals of the iron group and expressed the opinion that the variable results obtained by different workers were due to the fouling of the clean metal surface by the electrolyte. He described the instantaneous method of determining electrode 255 potentials which he had devised himself.He had traced the variable results obtained in the case of copper to the formation of films of basic salts on the surface of the electrode: when pre- cautions were taken to remove this film, concordant values were obtained for the single potential. In the instantaneous method, this was done by clamping the electrode in a rotating holder which could be quickly lowered into the electrolyte and raised again for cleaning. The copper electrode and the subsidiary electrode were connected to the potentiometer, the circuit being closed by lowering the copper electrode into the electrolyte. After thorough cleaning, the copper electrode was lowered into the solution and the direction of deflection noted. The electrode was then raised, washed, dried and cleaned, while still rotating, and the process repeated after resetting the potentio- meter.By trial in this way, the point of no deflection might be obtained and this might be reproduced over and over again, provided that the electrode was washed, dried and cleaned im- mediately before immersion. Cleaning was done with fine emery cloth or with rough paper. The value obtained in this way was identical with that obtained with two phase copper amalgam. Similar work in the case of nickel had shown that the nature of the cleaning medium was important, because two limiting values were obtained with rough and fine polishing. To explain this, Professor Newbery assumed that solid nickel consisted of two allotropic modifications. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The opening meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the Pharmaceutical Society’s Hall, 36, York Place, on 20th October.The Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, Mr. G. F. Merson, delivered an address on Some Bye-ways of Chemistry and Industry.” In the course of his remarks he dealt with the minor and less known industries, both at home and in the various British Dominions overseas, and with the close interdependence of most of them in relation to chemical science and the chemist. He had had the opportunity, in the course of a business tour round the chief Dominions, of seeing at first-hand the progress which had been made, during recent years, in the way of scientific 256 application of the work of the trained chemist to the problems of everyday commercial manufactures.The highways of industry-our major manufactures-, he submitted, could absorb only a small percentage of the trained chemists who were sent out from the universities and technical colleges year by year. He suggested that many openings, well worth the attention of chemists, existed in the minor industrial world. Closer co-opera- tion of manufacturers with scientific workers should be aimed at in the minor industries as well as in the major. It would pay in the case of the former just as it has paid in the latter. He remarked that Edinburgh within its area had probably a wider range of minor industries than any other city in the Empire.Though many of them were not large, they were, in their way, of first-rate importance. After appreciative comments had been made by Prof. J. Kendall, Major R. Bruce, Messrs. W. A. Williams, A. M. Cameron, G. Elliot Dodds, and J. Rutherford Hill, a vote of thanks, moved by Mr. J. Adam Watson, and seconded by Mr. W. M. Ames, was accorded to Mr. Merson for his address. Dr. J. G. Mackay has been appointed Hon. Secretary of the Section in succession to Mr. J.W. Ingham, who has given excellent service in that office for the past four years. Huddersfie1d.-The tenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Field's CafC on 14th October,-Dr. A. E. Everest presiding. In a brief resume of the past session's activities, the Chairman expressed his great pleasure that the meetings had received such excellent support.He considered that the informal type of meeting had been greatly appreciated and that the session had been one of the most successful in the history of the Section. Reports by the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer were submitted and approved. Dr. W. G. Hiscock and Mr. F. J. Corby were elected to the Committee in succession to Dr. F. I. Morley and Mr. C. E. Randolph, who retired by rule. Mr. H. W. Moss was re-elected Hon. Auditor. The arrangements for the winter session were discussed, and the Hon. Secretary intimated that five lectures would be held. Two of the lectures would be of a popular nature and the Com- mittee proposed to make these "Open" meetings.257 The subject of closer co-operation between the Society of Chemical Industry, the Chemical Society and the Institute of Chemistry was discussed. The meeting expressed its sympathy with the scheme, particularly with reference to joint sectional meetings. Huddersfield, however, required special consideration inasmuch as there was no local section of the Society of Chemical Industry with which direct co-operation could be established. Irish Free State.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held on the 26th November in the Chemical Lecture Theatre of Trinity College, Dublin, at 4.30 p.m. Leeds Area.-Members of the Local Section of the Institute were invited to attend a joint meeting of the Yorkshire Section and the Fuel Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held at the Hotel Metropole, Leeds, on the 27th October, when papers were communicated by Dr.W. H. Blackburn and Professor J. W. Cobb on “The Influence of Furnace Atmosphere upon the Scaling of Steel,” and by Dr. Arthur Key and Professor Cobb, on “The Determination of the Reactivity of a Coke to Steam and GO,.” The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held on 21st November and will be followed by a Smoking Concert. Joint meetings have been arranged with the Society of Chemical Industry for 8th December, 19th January, 13th February, 23rd March, and 6th April, particulars of which will be announced in due course. Liverpool and North-Western.-The opening meeting of the session was held at St.George’s Restaurant, Redcross Street, Liverpool, on 9th October, when the Chairman, Mr. E. Gabriel Jones, read a paper on ‘*Food Fakes, Ancient and Modern,” in which he traced the history of the adulteration of food from early times. 258 Dr. Richard Thomas, Vice-chairman of the Section, con-gratulated the author on the excellence of the paper, which was much appreciated by the members present. With the con-currence of Mr. Gabriel Jones, the publication of the paper in full, or in a slightly abridged form, is under consideration. London and South-Eastern Counties.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Institute on the 15th October-Prof. J. C. Drummond in the chair-consideration was given to the subject of “Refrigeration.” Mr.J. W. Smith opened the discussion from the engineering aspect, and Mr. P. Bilham from the chemical aspect. Mr. Smith dealt with the applications of refrigeration which had developed so much in the last few years, and touched on such points as-the small domestic machine: the growth of the ice-cream trade in England ; the application of refrigeration in air conditioning; the use of solid carbon dioxide snow, and the development of ice skating rinks. In each case the compressor horse-power used had been multiplied in recent years as much as five times. The use of the small domestic machine in England had grown from practically none in 1924to many thousands at the present day.Conditioning of air was largely employed in restaurants, picture houses, and the newer theatres, and in such industries as the artificial silk, baking, and chocolate trades. The use of solid carbon dioxide was mainly an American development, but there was un-doubtedly a use for such a material in England, especially for the smallest type of non-returnable package : thousands of tons had been used in America during the past year. Mr. Smith sum- marised his paper by emphasising the growing use of refrigeration in its known applications, and the widening of the circle of industries using it. Mr. Bilham spoke of the lack of collaboration between the chemist and the refrigerating engineer, and placed the blame for this on the chemist.He illustrated his remarks by reference to his personal experiences with lubricating oils for small domestic refrigerators, to the application of the principle of cryohydrates, to the conservation of low temperatures in small cabinets, and to the analysis of samples of liquid sulphur dioxide. All these were chemical problems and had been left, in the past, to the 259 ingenuity of the engineer or to mere trial and error. He referred to the materials used as refrigerants, which are essentially chemicals, such as sulphur dioxide, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and pointed out that the refrigerating engineer must look to the chemist for supplies of these and of any new refrigerants. The new refrigerators based upon absorption were essentially physico-chemical in their principles and problems.These instances were used to show how chemical were the essentials of refrigeration. Quick-freezing and the improvements of the methods of freezing and cold storage of many organic and biological materials were also mentioned. Mr. Bilham indicated the vast field of research open to workers in biochemistry and in the chemistry of food materials in this connection. He summarised the object of the two papers, which was to arouse the interest of those present in the science of refrigeration. The subject had been neglected by chemists in the past and, although much good work was being carried out by the low temperature Research Station and the National Physical Laboratory, there was still scope for many more workers in this extremely interesting field.Malaya.-At a meeting held in Kuala Lumpur on the 15th June, Dr. H. A. Tempany read a paper entitled ‘‘ Chemistry and the Cane Sugar Industry.” After a brief historical survey of the growth of cane sugar cultivation, Dr. Tempany passed to the consideration of the botanical structure of the cane, and then described the different agricultural methods pursued in various countries to suit local conditions. In this connection, he discussed in some detail the selective breeding carried out in Java and in the West Indies, and the relative economic merits of cane and beet sugar. He described the methods employed in harvesting the cane and in conveying it to the factory, and the types of machinery used to crush the cane and extract the sugar.The high degree of efficiency in the recovery of sucrose by modern mills was emphasised. In certain modern mills in Hawaii, for instance, 98 per cent. of the sucrose is recovered. Dr. Tempany concluded his lecture with a description of the 260 research organisations in the cane sugar industry, and pointed out that the present high state of efficiency which characterised the Industry, both from an agricultural and manufacturing point of view, could not have been achieved without the assistance of chemistry, aided by generous financial grants and the formation of research and experimental stations. The paper was followed by a discussion, in which most members present took part.The meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to the lecturer. At a meeting held in Kuala Lumpur on 7th September, Mr. V. R. Greenstreet read a paper on ‘‘ Tapioca.” The lecturer, who had been engaged in the study of this material for the last two years, at the Department of Agriculture, said that the investigation concerned two main aspects,-first, the agricultural question, dealing mainly with soil impoverish- ment, and; second, the manufacturing problem, the efficiency of starch recovery, and the utilisation of tapioca starch as a food material. Mr. Greenstreet said that the only people cultivating tapioca to any extent in Malaya were the Chinese, who planted it as a catchcrop in young rubber. One of the reasons why tapioca cultivation had not been more actively encouraged (in fact its cultivation is prohibited in the Federated Malay States) was the widespread belief that it very seriously impoverished the soil.This belief, Mr. Greenstreet said, was to a large extent untrue: tapioca was far more economical in its demands on the soil than wheat, rice or potatoes. The lecturer then described the characteristics of the so-called “sweet ” and “bitter” varieties of tapioca,-the latter possessing an appreciably higher content of hydrocyanic acid or cyanogenetic glucosides. While these were present in the “bitter” variety, both in the flesh and in the cortex, the “sweet” varieties con- tained the poisonous material only in the cortex. There would appear to be no vegetative characteristics to distinguish between these varieties, and in fact the nature of the tuber appeared to depend on the locality in which it was grown.The lecturer then passed on to a description of the commercial products of the tapioca plant and gave an interesting description of the methods used in the Chinese-owned factories, in Johore 261 and Kedah, which produced these products. The lecturer concluded by expressing the hope that tapioca would become more actively cultivated in Malaya, as, in his opinion, it was a very valuable source of carbohydrate food material. The lecture, which was illustrated with samples of tapioca products and with specimens of growing plants of both the “bitter” and the “sweet ” varieties, was followed by a discussion.The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to Mr. Greenstreet. Manchester and District.-The first meeting of the session was held on 3rd October, in conjunction with the local sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, the British Association of Chemists, the Association of Scientific Workers, and the Institu- tion of the Rubber Industry, and was arranged by the last- mentioned body. Capt. F. J. S. Gray presided. A paper on “ Some aspects of Standardization ” was read by Mr. B. D. Porritt (Director of the Research Associa- tion of British Rubber Manufacturers). Before proceding with his paper, the lecturer paid a tribute to the late Prof. H. B. Dixon. (An abstract of the paper was published in Chemistry and Industry, 10th October, p.849.) Mr. J. D. Pratt, Mr. S.A. Brazier, Dr. R. H. Pickard, Dr. T. Callan, Capt. Gray, and several others took part in the ensuing discussion. A vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer, on the proposal of Dr. Pickard, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, seconded by Mr. W. D. Rogers, Chairman of the Institute of Chemistry Section. The arrangements for forthcoming meetings include-7th November: “Problems of the Boundary State,” by Sir William Hardy, M.A., F.R.S., and 4th December: Annual Dinner and Dance. Studelzts’ Sectiion.-On 24th October, Mr. G. D. Elsdon, Member of Council, gave a lecture at St. George’s CafC, Manchester, before the Students’ Section, on “The Training, Status, and Duties of the Public Analyst.” 262 Mr.Elsdon introduced his subiect with an historical review of the practice of adulteration, showing by quotations from Mr. E. G. Clayton’s “Food Microscopy” how the appointment of public analysts became necessary. He dealt with the method of appointment of public analysts and mentioned the authorities who were concerned with the administration of the law against adulteration. At first the work was largely undertaken by medical officers owing to the difficulty of finding qualified chemists. In outlining the duties of the public analyst, Mr. Elsdon said that the appointment was frequently held jointly with that of official agricultural analyst, and mentioned that evidence of having passed the examination of the institute in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs was accepted as proof of “competent know- ledge, skill and experience.” In describing the necessary training, he showed that no one could be called an analyst who merely performed routine analytical operations: in his view, a good chemist might be a poor analyst, but a good analyst could not be a poor chemist.He referred to the relations between public analysts and medical officers of health, showing how the status of the former had been raised since 1860, and, in conclusion, said that its future lay in the hands of the present and coming generation of students. Following an interval for refreshments, numerous questions were put to the lecturer: Messrs.Bleasdale, Doyle, Legg, Sowerbutts and Stevenson contributed to the discussion. A vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Elsdon, on the motion of Mr. Allen, seconded by Mr. O’Brien. Future arrangements include-a social evening on 13th December; the annual general meeting on 6th January, 1931; a visit to the Manchester Guardian and Evening News Printing Offices on 27th February; an address by the Registrar of the Institute on 27th March; a visit to the Longdendale Waterworks of the Manchester Corporation on April 18th; and a summer excursion on 20th June; (Hon. Secretary, Frank Sowerbutts, B.Sc.Tech., 244, Wellington Road South, Stockport). Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Section has held a discussion on ‘‘ The Amalgamation of Chemical Societies.” 263 This discussion, which was opened by Dr.P. L. Robinson on 6th December, 1929,was continued on 22nd January and 19th February, 1930. Dr. A. A. Hall, Chairman of the Local Section, presided at all meetings. Dr. Robinson said that the idea of amalgamation had been raised before, from time to time, and was no new one; while nothing had yet come of it, there was an increasing volume of opinion that the present state of affairs, with its multiplicity of meetings, publications, and particularly subscriptions, did not represent the best attainable. The Institute of Chemistry, the Chemical Society, and the Society of Chemical Industry, among the more important, together with a host of smaller societies, were all concerned with the advancement of chemistry, either profession- ally, scientifically, or technically, as their primary object, and to meet the needs of those concerned with specific iadustries.All present could testify as to the excellent work done by these various bodies. No one desired to approach this subject of amalgamation in any spirit of carping criticism of these existing institutions. He thought that the time had arrived when the question might be asked as to whether their various, and apparently diverse aims, could not be forwarded with greater economy of effort by union under one administration. After reviewing and examining in detail the particular functions of the Institute, the Chemical Society, and the Society of Chemical Industry, he referred to clubs which had been started in various parts of the country for the purpose of providing opportunities for social intercourse amongst those connected with chemistry. Such institutions, as witness the Newcastle Chemical In- dustry Club, whose hospitality they were then enjoying, had not been unmindful of one of the primary needs of all chemists, namely, free access to the chemical literature of the day, and had dipped deeply into their funds for the provision of libraries.He was not prepared to say that all these services, the professional institute, the publishing body, and the social club, could be incorporated with one great society, but he was convinced that the time was ripe for a thorough exploration of the problem, and he wished to focus their attention upon it.As a basis for discussion, he suggested that amalgamation might be possible on the following lines:-A Society might be 264 founded which would absorb the Institute and all the other societies. Its membership might be divided into three classes, namely, Fellows, Associates and Ordinary members, of which the Fellows and Associates would be admitted on the lines now adopted by the Institute of Chemistry, and would comply with the present professional restrictions. No more would be asked of the Ordinary members than is now required by the Chemical Society, or the Society of Chemical Industry. The proposed new Society, would have its centre in London, with its committee rooms, library and club accommodation, and in addition, local sections would serve to bring as many of these amenities into the provinces as possible.A central committee would control publication, and a certain degree of sectionalisation would permit of the control of the various activities by those best fitted for the purpose. Arrangements might be made so that those who wanted copies of complete papers in any particular branch should have them; others might find abstracts only of papers were sufficient. There seemed little doubt that expenses would be reduced under some such scheme. Members of the existing societies did not know one another well enough, and would be more encouraged to obtain the higher qualifications of membership under the new scheme.He would like to see the Institute taking a leading part in bringing about this unification into one great society, which would include all chemists, and would be in a very strong position to speak for all chemists, and to impress the importance of chemistry upon the public. He suggested further, that the matter should be re-considered by the Local Section committee, after the discussion by the members had taken place, to review all the points raised, and to make more precise recommendations, as to what action should be taken. The subject was one of the first importance and required long and careful study. Mr. Norman Dawson said he had taken an active part in all the societies mentioned, and considered there was a great waste of energy under the existing arrangements.We were supposed to be scientists, but our present use of available energy in the conduct of chemists affairs was most inefficient and unscientifics and he strongly advocated some process of simplification, as outlined by Dr. Robinson. There were far too many meeting, and lectures to attend, and the calls on one's time were becoming 265 intolerable. All the different bodies were competing with each other to draw members to various meetings and functions, and generally poor attendance under the circumstances was only to be expected. The small part which the provincial sections played in the present societies was another serious defect of the system. They did not get the best value for the large sums of money they paid in subscriptions to the various headquarters in London.Mr. T. Wallace said he did riot agree with Dr. Robinson, so far as the Institute was concerned, because its objects were so different from those of the other bodies. The social side ought also to be kept entirely apart. Some amalgamation of the other bodies might be possible and would reduce expenses, somewhat on the lines of the American Chemical Society. It was always difficult to prevent specialist bodies breaking away as the Chemical Engineers had done recently. It was a good thing for “pure ” chemists to attend the meetings of industrial chemists and vice-versa. He emphasised the fact that the Institute was a professional organisation, and had an entirely different basis from the other societies.Dr. A. A. Hall (Chairman) said he was in general agreement with the draft scheme put forward by Dr. Robinson. Whilst every chemist would be in the one Society, there would be a differentiation in grades; and he thought the difficulties of combining the Institute with the other societies could be over- come. There would be a greatly increased status if all were in one body as in the medical profession. He emphasised the importance of libraries, and said he would like to see secondary libraries spread about in the provincial towns. There would be many advantages in having a library common to all the societies. Mr. R. J. Munro, in a written communication, said that the following advantages should accrue from the amalgamation or “rationalisation ” of the various chemical societies.I. A centralisation of the office staffs with resultant economy. 2. The possibility of having a composite fee instead of the numerous separate subscriptions which most chemists are faced with at present. 3. The strengthening of the profession generally by present- ing a united front, and having a central organisation which could be recognised by the public. 266 The present status of the chemist in the eyes of the public was unsatisfactory in his opinion. He was not even blessed with a name which was not connected in the minds of the public with the sale of drugs, and toilet supplies. The relative ignorance and apathy of the public towards chemists and chemistry in general appeared to him to be largely due to the confusion of chemistry with pharmacy, and to the lack of a central organisation em- bracing all the branches of chemistry, pure and applied.Dr. C. €3. Marson, supporting the proposed scheme, thought that printing costs might be cut down considerably, and that the Journal of the Institute might well be incorporated with one of the other publications. South Wales.-At a joint meeting of the Local Section with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held at Thomas’ CafC, Swansea, on 17th October, Mr. E. E. Ayling read a paper on “Some applications of the Electronic Theory in Organic Chemistry.” After a brief description of the types of valency usually associated with organic compounds, the activation of unsaturated compounds was discussed, together with the effect of substituents on the activation.In simple ethylenic derivatives, the influence of a substituent through its “inductive” effect is shown by the manner in which the sense of the polarisation is defined, as evidenced, for example, by the addition of hydrogen bromide, and also by the acceleration or retardation of the reaction between ethylene compounds and an addendum such as bromine. The “tautomeric” effect in unsaturated compounds was illus- trated by a description of the activation of typical conjugated systems. It was pointed out that the inductive effect differs from the tautomeric effect, in that the former gives a permanent polarisa- tion of the molecule, whereas the latter affects the polarisability of the molecule only according to the demands of a reaction.In benzene hydrogen substitution, the permanent polarisation may act either as an activating or deactivating influence, but the only tautomeric effect which is operative, is that which increases the electron availability of the nucleus. Orienting 267 substituents are classified into four main types, according to the appropriate combinations of the above effects, and the transmission of these effects was described in relation to the classification. The effect of nuclear substituents on aromatic side chain reactions depends on the type of reaction involved.These reactions are divided into two main classes, in which the reaction is facilitated either (a) by influx of electrons from the nucleus to the side chain, or (b) by recession of electrons from the side chain to the nucleus. The principles involved in these reactions were illustrated in the cases of the acidic hydrolysis of substituted benzyl chlorides, the alkaline hydrolysis of phthalides and the behaviour of aromatic aldehydes in the Hantzsch pyridine condensation. A discussion followed in which questions in relation to tautomerism were asked by the Chairman and Dr. Hartshorne. A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Ayling, on the motion of Prof. Coates, seconded by Mr. Grieb. 268 September Examinations, 1930, Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners.Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned ow; the numbers of candidates examined and of those who passed were :-NO. No. examined. passed.For the Associateship- At the Institute: 15th-20th Sept.: In General Chemistry. . .. .. .. .. 118 9 For the Fellowship At the Institute: 22nd-26th Sept. : Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry .. .. tl 0 At the Institute: 22nd-26th Sept. : Branch C: Organic Chemistry, with special refer- ence to Edible Oils and Fats .. .. tl 0 At the Institute, and in the Biochemical Dept., University College, London: 22nd-26th Sept.: Branch D : Bio. chemistry .. .. *. .. 1 0 At the Institute: 22nd-27th Sept. :Branch E : The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water ..3 11 At the Institute: 22nd-26th Sept. :Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with spacial refer-ence to Oils and Fats, Oil Extraction, Crude and Edible Oils (excludingMineral and Essential Oils) .. .. * Two candidates satisfied the Examiners in the practical work, but not in the written papers; one candidate satisfied the Examiners in inor- ganic chemistry, theoretical and practical, but not in organic chemistry nor in the translation of German technical literature. t These candidates satisfied the Examiners in the written papers, but not in the practical work. FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIPEXAMINATION IN GEKERALCHEMISTRY. INORGANIC AND PHYSICALCHEMISTRY.-The answers to the questions of a descriptive character were generally good, but the question dealing with the determination of mercury produced 269 inadequate replies.Candidates did not give a satisfactory account of the methods for determining traces of mercury. There were several questions dealing with the principles under- lying analytical procedure, and the conclusion to be drawn from the answers is that these principles are not appreciated. For example, in their essays on electrometric methods, candidates did not show knowledge of the fundamental principles under- lying the methods, despite the fact that they had obviously used the necessary apparatus. It seems to be difficult to convince examinees that good, short answers are more satisfying than discursive essays on irrelevant matter.Thus, in answer to the question on the Periodic Table, several candidates gave long accounts of the ridicule with which Newlands’ Theory of Octaves was received, but in only one case did the answer show an appreciation of the modem Table and its development. One candidate wrote an excellent essay on the determination of Avogadro’s constant, but the remainder did not appear to understand that the question dealt with the method of determination of the constant, and not with such matters as combining proportions, etc. It is satisfactory to note that the question on the “solubility product ” was well answered by nearly every candidate who attempted it. The practical work was fairly well done. The quantitative exercise was simple, and accuracy in working was, therefore, expected.The majority of the candidates obtained such ac- curacy for the determination of copper, but the results for zinc were not generally good, because steps were not taken to avoid loss of zinc in separating the copper. The qualitative exercise seemed to cause difficulty. About a third of the candidates reported potassium titani-fluoride contaminated with salt: several missed the fluoride, and even sodium was not detected by two candidates. On the other hand, only two candidates failed to detect titanium, despite the possible interference of the fluoride. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-On the whole, the standard reached was not very satisfactory, and many candidates disclosed serious weakness in their knowledge of fundamental theory.Instances of a carelessness and misplaced ingenuity were far too frequent, and reactions were suggested which were quite impossible. In devising, or in attempting to reproduce syntheses, side 270 reactions were very often ignored. This error is prevalent among students of organic chemistry, but it should be realised that successful synthetical work depends on avoiding such pitfalls, and greater attention should be devoted to the relative reactivities of the groups present in the molecule. The candidates gave no evidence of having any knowledge of the mechanism of organic reactions, this being doubtless due to lack of interest in this aspect of the subject. The practical work in Organic Chemistry was fairly well carried out, but the results were not at all parallel with the theoretical: some of the students who were weakest in their written answers showed that they were good laboratory workers.The identification of a simple compound was frequently not tackled in a systematic manner. For example, hydrolysis was not undertaken by many candidates as a matter of routine, but merely by way of confirmation. Many candidates having taken melting points and consulted tables, became obsessed with some erroneous idea, and, as so frequently happens, showed a lack of critical faculty in dealing with supposed confirmatory data. TRANSLATION.-The French was satisfactory, but the German proved a stumbling block. It was interesting to note that those candidates who failed in German were precisely those who were weakest in their theoretical papers. EXAMINATIONTHE FELLOWSHIP.FOR BRANCHE.-The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water.The work of the successful candidates was on the whole very good. It showed that they had had considerable experience and were conversant with current work. The official certificates were well drawn up to comply with legal requirements. More general use should, however, be made of the microscope, and more careful qualitative examination of the samples should be made before quantitative work is commenced. The work in Therapeutics and Pharmacology also reached a very satisfactory standard, although there was some lack of accuracy in the practical work.Several candidates chose unsuitable methods, and, therefore, did not leave themselves sufficient time to complete their work. 27 1 The candidates taking Branches A, C, and D answered their written papers well, and showed a good knowledge of their respective subjects. They lacked experience, however, in dealing with problems in their practical work. PASS LIST. Ezamination in Genera2 Chemistry for the Associateship. BuggB, Erasmus Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Birkbeck College, London. Doyle, Alfred Walter, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Fuller, Albert Henry, Technical College, Leeds. Gilson, George Richard, Municipal Technical College, Hull. Hayes, Thomas, Technical College, Leeds. Hudson, David Arnold, Technical College, Leeds. Huggett, Walter Edward, Municipal College, West Ham.Jeffery, George Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Southampton. Spence, John Walker, Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Branch E : The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs,and of Water. Bassett, Cecil Abell, B.Sc. (Birm.). Button, Donald Frank Harrington, A.R.C.S. Clark, James Frederick, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Hawkins, Ernest Stephen, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Houlbrooke, Albert, M.Sc. (Liv.). McNicol, Reginald Arthur, MSc. (Lond.). Money, Charles Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.). Needs, Francis Edwin. Ritchie, John Edwin, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.). Savage, Ronald Henry Maxwell. Waygood, William Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Branch G : Industrial Chemistry : Smith, Lionel Hewgill.The following papers and exercises were set :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be answered.) 1. Describe the properties of the element tellurium, paying special attention to its position in the Periodic Table and its relation to the elements of its sub-group in the Table. 2. Write an account of the methods for the determination of mercury when present (a) in traces, and (b)in substantial proportion in a soluble salt. Give your reasons for preferring any one method in each case. 3. Trace the historical development of the Periodic Table of the 4. Construct a diagram illustrating the connection between the elements.phases of any pure substance, illustrating your answer by reference to a particular case, and explaining the significance of the different parts of your diagram. 272 5. Describe the preparation and properties of THREE of the following substances :-Ferrosilicon, silico-tungstic acid, potassium mercuric iodide, thionyl chloride, nitrosylsulphuric acid. 6. Describe THREE cases of the application of nephelometric methods to quantitative analysis. What are the advantages and limitations of this method of analysis 1 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be answered.) 1. What ores of zinc are available commercially ? How are the metal and its oxide prepared from the ore? 2. Write an essay on either (a) the molecular heat of gases OR (b) the determination of Avogadro’s constant.3. Give some account of the halogen derivatives of sulphurousand sulphuric acids. 4. Write a short essay on potentiometric and conductometric titrations, dealing especially with the advantage or disadvantage of each method in a particular case selected by you. 5. How is the electrolysis of fused salts conducted in practice? Illustrate your answer by TWO examples of the industrial preparation of metals by the process. 6. Derive the expression for the “solubility product” and apply it to the precipitation of cadmium sulphide from acidified aqueous solutions of cadmium salts. TUESDAY, 16th SEPTEMBER, 1930 : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be answered.) 1. Describe the preparation and properties of acetylene and indicate the industrial applications of the substance as an intermediate.2. An aromatic hydrocarbon of the formula C,H,, could be con-verted into three isomeric nitro-derivatives, C,H1,.NO,. Devise a syn-thesis of the hydrocarbon such that the various stages should lead to the formation of homogeneous products of unambiguous constitution. 3. Give an account of the descriptive chemistry of the naturally occurring hexoses, excluding the topics of ring-structure and stereochemical configuration from your answer. 4. What are the essential practical details that must be observed in the performance of the following operations:- (a) Preparation of a solution of benzenediazonium chloride ; (b) Preparation of benzyl chloride from toluene; (c) Preparation of a solution of ethyl magnesium bromide? 6.How may the following transformations be effected:- (a) acetone to trimethylacetic acid; (b) acetic acid to isobutyricacid; (c) glycerol to ally1 alcohol; (d) benzene to mdichlorobenzene; (e) naphthalene to anthranilic acid? 6. Classify the chief groups of derivatives of anthraquinone with examples and indications of methods of formation of individual members in each group. 273 WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, 17th and 18th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day. 1. Identify the substance (A). (This exercise must be completed on the jrst day.) 2. The solution (B) contains oxalic acid, acetic acid and formio acid.Estimate each of these constituents. 3. Submit specimens of characteristic derivatives of the alcohol (C), the ketone (D), the phenol (E) and the acid (F). These substances need not be identified. (A=aceto-p-toluidide OT formanilide; C=n-butyl alcohol; D= methyl ethyl ketone; E=p-cresol; F=cinnamic acid.) FRIDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine the proportions of copper and zinc in the acidified solutions of their sulphates (G). Express the results as grams of anhy- drous sulphate per litre at 60' F. The copper must be determined both gravimetrically and volumetrically, but the zinc may be determined by any one method. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow, but one result for copper must be given in to-day.) SATURDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday's exercise. 2. Compound (H) has been contaminated accidentally in store. Identify the compound and state the nature of the impurity. (H=potassium titani-fluoride+ sodium chloride). Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A. General Inorganic Chemistry. MONDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the methods of recovery of salts of potassium from natural sources, with special reference to Stassfurt deposits. Describe fully the physico-chemical principles upon which the separation of the various salts depends. 2. Write an essay on the hydrides of the elements of group V (b) of the Periodic Table (N, etc.), dealing especially with their mode of formation and stability. 3.Describe generally the methods whereby the oxides of the metals Au, Pd, Ru, Pt and 0s have been prepared. Describe their properties, giving special attention to the tetroxides of Ru and 0s. 4. What are the common minerals of cobalt? How is the metal prepared from the ore ? Describe fully the methods of separation of cobalt from nickel (a) analytically, qualitative and quantitative and (b)industrially. 5. Write an essay on either (a) intermetallic compounds or (b) the application of electrochemical methods in the preparation of metals industrially and in the laboratory, 274 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be answered.) 1. What forms of isomerism of co-ordination compounds are known? Illustrate your answer by reference to cobalt compounds in purticular, giving the reasons for the presumed existence of isomers in the cases selected by you.2. Write an essay on one of the following subjects:- (a) Methods for determining atomic weights of elements employed by Richards and Guye. (b) The effect of intensive drying on the properties of compounds. (c) Methods for detecting isotopes. 3. Give an account of the sulphites, bisulphites and “pyrosulphites,” dealing especially with their structure. Two formulae have been proposed for sulphurous acid; discuss these and give the evidence in favour of either formula. 4. Describe the preparation of salts of the hypo-acids of the halogens, and of chlorates, bromates and iodates.How do you account for their stability? 5. In what manner has X-ray investigation been applied to the discovery of new elements. Illustrate your answer by reference to hafnium and rhenium. Describe briefly the properties of these elements. TUESDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify the two salts of one base in the mixture (A). (The quali- tative test must be completed by 11.30 a.m.). Proceed to determine the main constituent as well as the base. (A=80% ammonium persulphate+ 20% ammonium sdphate.) WEDNESDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the solid (B). 2. Substance (C) is impure sodium hydrosulphite. What is the impurity ? Determine the proportion of sodium hydrosulphite in (C).The qditative work on (B) and (C) must be given in by 2 p.m.(B=hydrazine hydrochloride; C= 90% sodium hydrosulphite and 10% silica.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 25th and 26th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 pm. each day. Samples (D) and (E) consist of technical and “pure” manganese borate. Make as complete a quantitative analysis of both samples as time permits, giving special attention to the proportions of NnO and BSO,. Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with Special Reference to Edible Oils and Fats. MONDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be answered.) 1. What methods can be employed for the qualitative and quan- titative determination of the mode of combination of oxygen in organiccompounds ? 275 2.Outline the complete synthesis (i.e. from carbon) of glycerol by two methods. 3. Write a short account of the we of Grignard’s reagents for synthetic purposes. 4. Formulate those a-amino acids, resulting from the cleavageof proteins, which contain a homo- or hetero-cyclic nucleus and describe a synthesis of one of them. 5. Give an account of the preparation of phenyl hydrazine and discuss its importance in connexion with the sugars. 6. Describe the manufacture and technical uses of THREE of the following: salicylic acid, anthraquinone, pyridine, naphthionic acid. 7. Give a short account of the isolation and chemical properties of the anthocyanins and an outline of the methods employed for the synthesis of a typical anthocyanidin. 2 to 5 p.m.(FIVEquestions only to be answered.) 1. Give a short account of the occurrence of mixed glycerides in oils and fats, and describe some of the more recent work on this subject, explaining its bearing on the suitability of a fat for a particular purpose. 2. Explain how (a) iodine, (b) bromine, (c) thiocyanogen, and (d) ozone, may be used in determining the constitution of an oil or fat, giving an example in each case. 3. Describe in detail the extraction of an oil from vegetable seeds, comparing the various solvents available for the purpose. What by products are obtained? 4. What are the chief colouring matters found in oils and fats, and what do you know of their constitution and properties? Describe generally the principal methods for their removal.5. Discuss the influence of feeding stuffs on the composition end properties of butter and lard. 6. Describe fully the emulsification process in the manufacture of 7. What are the adulterants likely to be met with in cacao butter? 8. What do you know of the presence of vitamins in oils and fats? margarine, and discuss the theory of emulsification in connection therewith. How would you proceed in order to detect them? What chemical methods are available for their estimation ? TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 23rd to 26th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Report on the genuineness of the sample of Olive oil. (Contains 2. Determine the composition of the sample of lard compound.3. Report upon the sample of Bakery fat, giving your opinion of 4. Determine the amount of moisture and impurities in the sample 5. What is the nature of the cacao butter substitute ? (Hydrogenated10% arachis oil.) (Cotton stearine, lard, oleostearine, and paraffin wax.) its composition. of acid oil. palm-kernel oil.) 276 Branch I). Biochemistry. MONDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the development of modern views on biological oxidations. 2. What do you understand by the biological value of a protein? What evidence is there to show that the animal organism can synthesise certain of the naturally occurring amino-acids and not others? 3.What factors play an important part in the process of carbon assimilation by green plants ? Give a general account of modern views on this process. 4. Describe the more important chemical changes that are believed to occur in (a) the breakdown of sugars to carbon dioxide and alcohol by the action of yeast, and (b)the fermentation of carbohydrates to acetone and butyl alcohol. 5. Write a concise account of enzyme action. 6. What mechanisms are believed to play an important part in regulating the reaction of living tissues ? 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the structure of the nucleic acids. By what stages are they believed to be degraded in the animal body 7 2.What are the four important pigments of the green leaf? Give a brief account of their composition and properties and state how you would identify any two of them. 3. What evidence is there to show that the composition of the fat of the body and milk may be influenced by the nature of the fat in the food ? How are fats metabolised in the animal body ? 4. \\‘hat is a hormone ? Give the chemical structure of two substances of this class. Describe the physiological r61e of one hormone. 5. Write a general account of the circulation of nitrogen in Nature. 6. What information is available to indicate the nature of the boundary between the living cell and its environment ? TUESDAY TO PRIDAY, 23rd to 26th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Ascertain the nature of the enzyme present in solution A and 2. Prepare a purified specimen of caseinogen from the sample of determine the optimum conditions for its action. (A= takadiastase.) milk B. 3. Report as fully as you can on the sample of milk C. 4. The emulsion D is stated to be a cod liver oil emulsion adulterated with palm oil. Give your opinion on this matter. Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. MONDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give an account of the arsenic limit test of the British Pharma- copoeia. What special procedure is necessary in applying the test to (a) copper sulphate, (6) sublimed sulphur, (c) bismuth salicylate 9 277 2.How would you prepare a microscope slide in order to detect the following substances: (a)lignin, (b)cellulose, (c) cork tissue, (d)aleurone grains, (e) mucilage, (f)oil globules, (9)animal fibre? 3. What is meant by the term “energy value of a food” ? HOWis it determined? To what extent do you consider it a true index of the dietetic value of food? (Answer in a separate notebook.) 4. Mention six drugs (giving the approximate dose) which stimulate the heart’s action. Give a preparation of each of the drugs with com- position, strength and approximate dose. 5. Describe in detail how you would make a bacteriological examina- tion of a sample of water in order to ascertain whether it is fit for drinking purposes.What bacteriological standards of purity would you lay down for potability ? What directions would you give for the taking of the sample and the despatch to the laboratory? 6. Describe briefly the symptoms of chronic lead poisoning. What are the chief sources of the lead in such cases? What importance would you attach to the finding of minute traces of lead in the urine of a person, who was suspected of suffering from chronic lead poisoning ? 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Give a brief outline of the principle and working of a cryoscope.Explain how this instrument can be used to determine added water in milk. 2. How would you detect the presence of nitrates in a sample of milk ? What would you infer from their presence ? 3. What are the acetyl value, iodine value, and acid value of an oil ? How is each determined? 4.Describe briefly how you would chemically examine a sampleof water to determine its suitability for drinking purposes, indicating the significance of each constituent you determine. 5. Give a general summary of the process of cheese making. What is the approximate composition of a full cream cheese? What is the present legal definition of cheese? What alterations, if any, would you suggest ? TUESDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The sample provided was sold as a perfect substitute for human milk. Investigate its claim to this description. (Dried milk, wheaten flour, sucrose.) WEDNESDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Make as complete an analysis as you can of the sample of potted at, Write an official certificate on the form provided.(Potted meat, soya bean meal, with either sulphite OT boric acid.) THURSDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine and, if possible, identify the sample of vegetable oil (Arachis oil.) 2. Examine microscopically the water deposit. 3. Examine microscopically the sample of powdered almonds. (Contained apricot kernels.) 278 FRIDAY, 26th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse and report on the sample of mercury ointment. 2. Examine microscopically the sample of milk and report on it in respect of the presence of dirt. 3. Identify the single substance (C). (Caffeine citrate, or phenazone.) SATURDAY, 27th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. From the sample of normal blood (A) provided make a stained preparation to illustrate the essential structure of its cellular elements. Supplement your description by drawings. Prepare also a specimen of Haemochromogen. Leave both specimens on your bench labelled with your name. 2. Examine the sample of paper (B) in order to ascertain whether it is suitable for wrapping foodstuffs. 3. Examine the sample of porridge for a volatile hypnotic substance, and estimate the amount of any such substance that you may find. (Contained Chloral hydrate.) Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with Special Reference to Oils and Fats, Oil Extraction, Crude and Edible Oils (excluding Mineral and Essential Oils). MONDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. 1. Describe in outline the plant needed for the separation of a suspended solid from a liquid by filtration and by centrifugal action. In what, circumstances, and why, is one or other method to be preferred? 2. For what purposes may steam be needed in a chemical works? What kind of steam-raising plant would you instal according as the steam was needed for one or another or for all of these purposes? 3. What arrangements would you make for the extraction of a product from a raw material by a solvent, and for its subsequent isolation and purification ? 4. Why is it sometimes necessary to “soften” water for industrial purposes, and what means are adopted to do so ? Would the future use of the water-for raising steam or for chemical work-influence you in any way in choosing between the “permutit” and the “lime-soda’’ methods of softening ? 5.Give a, general description, accompanied by a diagram, and an explanation of the working, of a refrigerating plant. What liquids are commonly used in such plant, and what relative advantages and dis- advantages does each possess ? 2 to 5 p.m. The same as for Branch C, Organic Chemistry (p. 273). TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 23rd to 25th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. For Practical Work, see Branch C, Organic Chemistry (p. 273). 279 THE DYESTUFFS (IMPORT REGULATION) ACT : Its Influence on the Education of British Chemists and on the Progress of Research in Industry. THEInstitute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, which now includes over 5,750 members, has for its main object the maintenance of a high standard of scientific education and professional training among British chemists. With this aim in view the Council of the Institute regards with grave apprehension the impending lapse of the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act, which has now for ten years encouraged and safeguarded the growth of a virile national industry for the production in this country of synthetic dyes and the requisite intermediates.In developing this highly technical industry to an extent unprecedented in Great Britain, our industrialists have enlisted the services of many British chemical students, thereby offering a new career to the scientifically trained alumni of our uni-versities and technical colleges.PRE-WARCONDITIONS.-In 1886, Professor Raphael Meldola, a past-president of the Institute, reviewed the foundation and scientific development of the coal-tar colour industry, and pointed out the national danger arising from the decline of the industry in this country. As the Institute is doing to-day, so Professor Meldola then pleaded for a proper recognition of the importance attaching to the teaching of applied science, and especially of organic chemistry. His warning, however, fell on deaf ears, and his suggestions were disregarded. The British dyestuffs industry remained severely restricted until 191j,when, amid the throes of a world war, British Dyes, Limited, was established 280 with Governmental assistance in order to make a belated attempt, not only to restore the coal-tar colour industry to this country, but to retain it permanently after the war.THE SAFEGUARDING ACT.-When hostilities ceased, it began to be revealed that the latter object could only be realised by safeguarding the renascent British industry from foreign com- petitors and, after some delay, the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act became law on January 15th, 1921. This statute proved to be the turning point in British dyemaking, inasmuch as the very meritorious advances made by our manufacturers under its protection, have gone a long way towards placing our organic chemical industries on an independent footing. But the time has been too brief to make good the shortcomings of 70 years, and there are still many problems to be solved before this industry can be regarded as safely established.THE INSTITUTE’S ACTIONIN 1gz4.-There was a moment of pessimism even in 1924, when it was feared that an agreement might be made between the Interessen Gemeinschaft-the syndicate of German colour manufacturers-and the British Dyestuffs Corporation. On that occasion, the Council of the Institute intervened to urge the Government of that day not to concur in this proposed arrangement. The Council now feels that the educational aspect of the Dyestuffs Industry is as important to-day as it was six years ago. EDUCATIONALASPECT OF THE ORGANICCHEMICAL IN-DusTRIEs.-It should be realised that the great German colour works of the Interessen Gemeinschaft are not merely commercial undertakings concerned solely with the manufacture of dyes and intermediates, they are industrial universities in the most liberal sense of the term.They employ a large number of qualified chemists, who work under conditions as congenial to research as exist in the laboratories of their leading academic institutions. These chemists not only carry out researches on new intermediate coal- tar products and synthetic dyes, but they also investigate the scientific problems arising under the following headings :-(I) Chemotherapy, bacteriology. The study of therapeutic agents, antiseptics and disinfectants. (2) Photographic materials such as developers and sen-sitisers.(3) Artificial resins of all descriptions. (4) Synthesis of rubber and rubber substitutes. (5) Production of fuel and motor spirit. (6) High pressure chemistry in both inorganic and organic aspects. (7) Artificial fertilisers of all kinds. 281 All these important sections of scientific research in applied inorganic and organic chemistry have arisen as side lines during the development of the great German colour industry, which has served as the focus of these activities. A similar development of research in applied chemistry has been noticeable in Great Britain during the last ten years, and this growth has been undoubtedly fostered by the encourage- ment given to our chemical manufacturers by the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act.THE DYESTUFFS ACT AND THE CHEMICAL PROFESSION.-The chemists who have entered the services of the British colour makers are thereby supplementing their academic training by practical experience of applied organic chemistry, and are thus becoming available for the manifold opportunities now arising for the scientific study and industrial development of the natural resources of the British Empire. It is to the mutual benefit of the constituent nations that this exploitation should be carried out by our chemists. Too often in the past such exploita- tion has been left to the chemists of other countries. An abundant supply of skilled chemists and technologists, and the maintenance of adequate facilities for instruction and research, are vital to our national prosperity and security.CONCLUSIONS.-I. The Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act has had a most beneficial effect in laying the foundation of a national industry for the manufacture of synthetic dyes and intermediates. 2. This important industrial development has had a favour- able reaction on the development of our schools of chemistry, and on the growth of other industries dealing with fine chemicals. 282 3. The number of well-trained chemists in the country is now greater than in any preceding period, and these scientific workers are available for our vital national needs. 4. Since these highly desirable tendencies have arisen largely during the short period of the duration of the Act, the Council of the Institute respectfully urges that on Kational and Imperial grounds the Act should remain in operation on similar lines for a further period.283 Notes. Report of the I‘ Carpenter ‘I Committee.-The Report of the Committee of the staffs of Government Sctentific Establish- ments, known as “The Carpenter Committee,” has now been issued. (H.M. Stationery Office, price 9d.). The Committee was appointed by the Treasury in I929 to examine the functions and organisation of certain establishments in the Civil Service, and to report on the method of recruitment and conditions of service of the civilian, scientific and technical officers employed therein. The report deals mainly with salary scales. The present scales have been criticised on the grounds that they ‘‘ do not bear a reasonable relation to normal requirements, when age of entry and of promotion, qualifications at entry, and the pay of other classes of State servants of comparable ability, qualifications and responsibilities, are considered.” In this connection, the Committee points out that many members of the scientific staffs have left their respective depart- ments for other employment, some of whom the departments would have liked to have retained. While not entirely depre- cating the interchange of staffs between the Government service and industry, etc., the Committee realises that the State has to compete for the service of research workers, and has come to the conclusion that the present scheme of grading and salary scales in the establishments under review are generally inadequate.Fellows and Associates who are particularly interested are advised to study the report in detail, but the following is a re- sum6 of the principal recommendations. The Committee suggests the division of the staffs of scientific establishments into officers” and “assistants.” The “officer ” grades to be mainly recruited, as heretofore, from those possessing the equivalent of a first or second class honours degree. With regard to superannuation, it is not suggested that there should be complete uniformity, either under the Federated 284 Superannuation system for universities, or by means of pensions under the Superannuation Acts.In general, each department should continue to work under the system which is in force at present. For “officers” under F.S.S.U. the following scales are proposed : Junior Scientific Officers : ,4200-15-260; (with present bonus : ,4292-,4356)* Scientific Officers: &300-15-350-20-550,with a strict efficiency bar at ,4450; (,4414-L476-,4704)* Senior Scientific Officers : &50-20-650 ; (,4704+824). Principal Scientific Officers : L700-25-850 ; (L87441041). The departments should have discretion to appoint Junior Scientific Officers at salaries above the minimum, and to enter Scientific Officers who are qualified to undertake research at a minimum of ,4350. For “ Officers” under the Superannuation Acts, the following scales are proposed :-Technical Officers, Chemists, etc.: ,~zoo-I~-~~o-zo-~~o,with an effective efficiency bar at ,4350,and opportunity for accelerated advancement to ,4350: (,4292-,4476-L598). Technical Officers, Chemists, etc. (on more responsible indi- vidual work) : ,4450-20-550 : (,4598-,4704). Senior Technical Officers, Senior Chemists, etc. : ,4550-20-650 : (,4704-,4824).Principal Technical Officers, Principal Chemists, etc. : ,4700-25-850 : (,4874-,41041). These scales are proposed for the Department of the Govern- ment Chemist, and it is recommended that they should be applied as far as is necessary to the chemical departments under the Admiralty and War Office. It is recommended that the present grade of “temporary Assistant Chemist” should be abolished, and that the work at present performed by this and the next higher grade should be re-allocated between a new grade of “Chemist” and a grade of ‘‘Assistant.’’ It is suggested that ancillary staffs should be divided as follows: (a) Laboratory Assistants, (b) Assistants 111, Assistants 11, Assistants I. 285 For Laboratory Assistants an inclusive weekly wage ranging from 30s.a week (at age 16)to 70s.a week, with an extension in a limited number of cases to 85s. a week. For Assistants the following scales are proposed :-Assistants I11: L85-74-100-10-150-10-220, with an efficiency bar at L150:(l140-316). Assistants I1 : &230-10-zgo: (L32g-L402).Assistants I : l300-15-400, with an extension to i450 for posts carrying exceptional responsibilities : (i414-i537). In the Chemical Departments, the qualifications for an Assistant 111,should be Intermediate Science Degree Examination or the National Certificate in Chemistry issued by the Institute in conjunction with the Board of Education. It should be noted that all the above figures show the “basic salaries,” with the Civil Service bonus (given in brackets) based upon the present cost-of-living index figure of 65. The Headmasters Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour has recently published its annual report for the year 1929. The work of the Committee, of which the Registrar of the Institute is a member, is to advise and secure employment for secondary school boys in London and the home counties areas.A similar Committee of Headmistresses gives like assistance to girls. In both cases, however, help is also afforded to a considerable number of boys and girls from country schools. The officers of the Committee visit schools and give addresses on various careers. The Registrar and the Assistant Secretary have both given lectures to schools on “Science as a Career.” A series of pamphlets has been prepared and published under the title of “Choice of a Career Series” of which No. I is “Chemistry and Physics.” Arrangements have also been made for boys to visit engineering and other works. Of 1,527boys placed in posts during 1929,about 80 per cent.were in clerical work. Forty-eight boys were placed in chemical or other scientific occupations. The boys are expected to report on their own progress, and arrangements are made for them to see the officers of the Ministry during the early years of their employ- ment. Reunions of the boys placed by the committee are held from time to time. Boys who desire to follow chemistry, but whose parents are unable to afford to give them a full university 286 day-training are introduced to the Institute and assisted, by means of the Register of Laboratory Assistants ; similar arrange- ments have been made between the committee and other pro- fessional bodies. Detecting Mustard Gas.-The International Red Cross Committee at Geneva, announces that the international com- petition for the discovery of a reagent for the detection of mustard-gas in the air, which was started on July Ist, 1929, is to close on December 31st.The prize offered is 10,000Swiss francs (E4oo). The competition is the first step in a Red Cross campaign for the protection of civilians in the event of war. It is to be followed, if funds permit, by other international competitions to discover, among other things, the best civilian gas mask and the best means of purifying the air in subterranean places in which civilians might take shelter during air raids. Full particulars of the competition may be obtained on application to the International Red Cross Committee, I, Promenade du Pin, Geneva. Public Analysts.-In continuation of the Notes in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V (p.257) and Part VI (321), 1929, on the question whether the certificate of a public analyst should be accepted as evidence when an assistant has performed the actual analysis, it has been suggested that reference should be made to the Legal Note on this subject, which was published in The Analyst, January, I930 (p. 39), and the Editor’s comment thereon, is here quoted:-“~OTE.-Bell, The Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, p. 53, writing on the question of Analysis by Deputy, says: ‘The analyst need not make the analysis, but may do so through his assistants. (Bakewell v. Davis, 1894, 1 Q.B., 296; 58 J.P., 228; L.J.M.C., 93; 69 L.T., 832.)’ The conclusion drawn by Bell from this judgment is not altogether warranted by the facts.The case was stated by the justices for the City of Birmingham, and was with regard to a sample of milk certified by the Public Analyst to be 22 per cent. deficient in fat. The Public Analyst, in his evidence, stated that the analysis was carried out under his super- vision; that he was not present during the progress of some of the pro- cesees, but that the weighing of the parts and other material operations had been done by him or in his presence; and he gave evidence as to the constituent parts of the sample of milk. 287 Among the points of law for the opinion of the Court was:- ‘Was the analysis properly and legally made by the Public Anelyyt within the meaning of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875? The Judges were of opinion that the conviction was right, and, therefore, upheld the contention of the justices that the Public Analyst had analysed the sample within the meaning of the Act.(Analysis by deputy is explicitly sanctioned under Sec. 13 of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1926.-E~.)” Register, 1930.-Attention is directed to the following Errata :-Page 110. Collie, Prof. John Norman-delete description of appointment,-(printer’s error). ,, 112. Davies, Harold-delete “Industrial.” ,, 179. Snow, Frederick Henry-appointment should read-Chemist, S.A. des Huileries du Congo Belge. ,, 225. Dawson, Thomas Theodore-for B.Sc. read M.Sc. ,, 231. Harley, David-add M.B., Ch.B. (Edin.). ,, 241.Fort, Morris-should be under Perth and not under Crieff. ,, 254. Hensman, J. C.-for Churches read Church, for 248 read 2218. 288 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Chemical Warfare.” An abridged report of papers read at an International Conference at Frankfurt am Main, 1929, called by the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. (London : Williams and Norgate, Ltd.) 2s. net (paper covers). Part I: The character of modern warfare; gas poisoning; pathology of gas poisoning; transformation of warfare; effects of the first gas attack; effects of chemical warfare ; chemical industry and chemical warfare ; interdependence of the industries of war and peace.Part 11: The problems of protection: chemical warfare and international law; protective measures against poison-gas; collective and individual protection; conclusions. Appendices : Declaration of Professor Paul Langevin (France) ; Frank-furt Conference General Council; bibliography. “Davy, The Scientific Achievements of Sir Humphry.” Joshua C. Gregory. Pp. vii + 142. (London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press.) 6s. net. Phosoxygen; nitrous oxide; electro-chemical successes; a period of per- plexities; undecomposed chlorine; the elements of chemical philosophy; eight years of research; Davy and Dalton; last days; index.“Enzymes.” J. B. S. Haldane. (Monographs on Biochemistry, edited by R. H. A. Plimmer and Sir F. G. Hopkins). Pp. 235. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.). 14s. Inhence of enzyme concentration and hydrogen ion concentration; union of the enzyme with its substrate and related compounds; in- fluence of temperature and radiation on enzyme action; course of enzymatic reactions and mathematical theory; specificity; co-enzymes, activators, kinases and complements; poisoning of enzymes; purifica- tion and chemical nature of enzymes; theories of enzyme action and classification of enzymes ; bibliography. 289 I‘ Hydrogen Ion Concentration, The Electrometric Determination of the, in the Latex of Hevea Brasiliensis and its Applicability to Technical Problems.” N.H. van Harpen. Pp. 460. (Medan: Varekamp & Co.) The theories of the coagulation phenomena in the latex of Hevea Brmiliensis, their evolution and modern aspects; the technique of measuring the hydrogen ion concentration in the latex of Hevea BrasiEi-ensis; an investigation into the coagulation phenomena of Hevea-latex ; coalescence in the flocculation stage; application of the measurement of hydrogen ion concentration to problems arising in rubber technology; general summary. “Life, The Materials of.” A Simple Presentation of the Science of Biochemistry. T. R. Parsons. Pp. xi +-288. (London: George Routledge & Sons, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. The value of biochemistry; sugar, starch and fat; food; energy; human machine; wear and tear; digestion; chemistry of muscular exercise; blood; health and vitamins; biochemist versus disease; cycle of nature.‘‘Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Recent Advances in.” A. W. Stewart. Sixth edition. Pp. x + 387. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.). 18s. The older and the newer chemistry; line and X-ray spectra; atomic numbers; radioactivity; the disintegration theory and the radioactive series; radon, thoron and actinon; isotopes; isobares; the mass spectro- graph; the atomic nucleus and its artificial disruption; the outer sphere and the atom; recent stages in the roll-call of the elements; active hydrogen ; hydrides ; the Donnan equilibrium; some flame reactions ; emission spectra; Tesla-luminescence spectra. “Quantum Chemistry.” A Short Introduction in Four Non- Mathematical Lectures.A. Haas. Translated by Leo Codd. Pp. ix + 75. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 6s. The arithmetic of chemical periodicity; quantum theory of valencyand chemical forces; electron grouping and the periodic system; quantum problems of molecular and nuclear structure. “Wood Preserving, A Century of.” Edited by Sir Harold Boulton. Pp. vi + 150. (London: Philip illlan & Co., Ltd.). 8s. 6d. A collection of three papers: “The Antiseptic Treatment of Timber” (1884). and “A Few Remarks upon Timber Preservation” (1909), by the Editor; “Later Developments in Wood Preservation” (1930), by H. Fergusson; with remarks by the Editor; appendices and patents; references, etc.290 Ministry of Health.-The Eleventh Report of the Ministry, 1929-30, has recently been published (Stationery Office, 4s. 6d. net). The report contains references to many matters of interest to chemists, among which the following may be mentioned:- Water Pollution Research Board.-The question of effluents from beet sugar factories has again attracted attention, and, as the result of experimental work, the Board now considers that it should be practicable to deal with the waste so as to avoid serious river pollution. Alkali, etc., Works Regulation Act.-Dr. Lewis Bailey, Chief Inspector under the Act, retired in November, 1929, after 26 years' service, and has been succeeded by Mr. W. A. Damon, whose report was noticed in Journal and Proceedings, Pt.IV, p. 231. Sale of Food and Drugs Acts.-133,584 samples of food and drugs were examined in England and Wales. The percentage of samples found to be adulterated was 5-4, as against 5.8 for 1928-29. The appointments of 35 public analysts have been approved by the Ministry. ArtiJicial Cream Act.-The Ministry mentions that this Act came into operation in June, 1929, and that its enforcement is in the hands of the Food and Drug Authorities, but no figures are given as to number of samples examined or as to cases in which the provisions of the Act may have been infringed. The Report of the Government Chemist on the Work of the Government Laboratory for the year ending 31st March, 1930, recently published (H.M. Stationery Office, gd.net), contains the annual survey of the comprehensive work under- taken by the laboratory. The total number of samples examined during the year was 545,422-an increase of 46,133 over the number for the previous year. 291 Obituary. WILLIAM EDWARD BRISE DE VEREMATHEWdied suddenly at Bexhill, on the 9th October, in his 78th year. In 1875 he entered the Royal College of Science, London, where he worked under Frankland and Guthrie, and in the course of time became assistant to Frankland in his own laboratory,where he was largely engaged in the analysis of the London water supply. He was for some time chemist to the Cetaldo Marble Co., and later, was for many years associated with the late Alfred Gordon Salamon, Honorary Treasurer of the Institute (1903-1918), on whose death he joined the staff of Mr.A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., with whom be remained for about a year, after which he retired. He was a Fellow of the Institute for 50 years, having been elected in 1880. HAROLDBAILY DIXON died suddenly at Lytham, on 18th September, at the age of 78 years. The second son of William Hepworth Dixon, Editor of The Athenaeum, he was educated at Westminster School and proceeded to Christ Church, Oxford, where he studied under A. G. Vernon Harcourt, and graduated with first-class honours in Natural Science in 1875. He continued at Oxford as research assistant to Vernon Harcourt, and in 1879 he was appointed Millard Lecturer at Trinity College, and in 1881 Bedford Lecturer at Balliol College, which appointments he held until 1886, in which year he was elected a Fellow of Balliol.He then succeeded Roscoe as Professor of Chemistry at Owens College-later the University-Manohester, where he remained until his retirement a5 Honorary Professor in 1922. While he occupied the chair in Chemistryin the University, he was also Chairman of the General Board of Studies, Dean of the Faculty of Science, and Pro-Vice-Chancellor. From 1891 to 1894 he served on the Royal Commission on Explosions of Coal Dust in Mines and, from 1902 to 1905, on the Royal Commission on Coal Supplies. From 1907 to 1909 and from 1923 to 1925 he waa President of the Manches- ter Literary and Philosophical Society. From 1911 to 1914 he was a Member of the Home Office Executive Committee on Explosions in Mines, and in 1915 was appointed Deputy Inspector of High Explosives for Manchester Area.In 1916 he was elected Chairman of the Royal Tech- nical Institute, Salford, and in 1919 Chairman of the Salford HigherEducation Committee. In 1918 he was a Member of the Alcohol Fuel Committee. In 1922 he was appointed Chairman of the Selective Com- mittee for the North-West District, under the Ministry of Labour, in connection with the award of grants to ex-service officers. While at Oxford, he began his investigations into the reaction of gases, and from that time conducted a long series of researches on the explosive combustion of gases, propagation of explosions and the velocity of the explosion wave, and the influence of water vapour upon gas reactions.His Bakerian lecture before the Royal Society in 1893 dealt with the subject of the rate of explosion in gases. 292 He wa8 elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1886; served on the Council of the Society from 1902 to 1904 and, in 1913, was awarded the Royal Medal. He served on the Council of the Chemical Society from 1892 to 1896, was a Vice-president for four periods, and President from 1909 to 1911. In 1894 he was President of the Chemical Section of the British Association meeting at Oxford. For his services during the War he was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. In addition to the degree of M.A. (Oxon.), he was awarded D.Sc.of the University of Manchester, and Honorary Ph.D. (Prague). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1920. At the funeral service held at St. James’, Birch-in-Rusholme, Man- Chester, the Institute was represented by Dr. A. Coulthard (Hon. Secretary of the Manchester and District Section), Mr. G. D. Elsdon and Mr. W. D. Rogers (Chairman of the Section), Members of Council. Sir FRANOISWATTS died at Trinidad on 27th September, in his 71st year. The son of John Watts of Ilfracombe, he was educated privately and at Mason College-now the University-Birmingham. From 1889 to 1898 he was Government Chemist at Antigua, and from 1898 to 1899, Government Analyst for Jamaica. In 1899 he waa elected a member of the Executive Council for the Leeward Islands, and in the same year was appointed Government Chemist and Superintendent of Agriculturefor the Leeward Islands, which appointment he held until 1909.He was then appointed Imperial Commissioner for the West Indies and, from 1921 to 1924, was Principal of the West Indian Agriculture College, Trinidad, retiring in the later year with the title of Principal Emeritus. In 1929 he was appointed Commissioner to report on the Sugar Industry of Mauritius. He was awarded the Associateship of Mason College in 1888, the degree of B.Sc. (Birm.) in 1902, and later the degree of D.Sc. He was created C.M.G. in 1904 and K.C.M.G. in 1917. He was the author of an Introductory Manual for Sugar Growers, Nature Teaching for West Indies Schools, and, jointly with W.G. Freeman, Nature Teaching for EnglishSchools, in addition to many reports and papers of scientific interest chiefly connected with agricultural subjects. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1890, and was for manyyears an Honorary Corresponding Secretary. The Register. THEnames of the following members and students, elected at the Council meeting held on Friday, 20th June, 1930, should have been included in JOURNAL, Part IV. New Fellows. Denhasl, Henry George, M.A., M.Sc. (N.Z.), D.Sc. (Liv.), Ph.D. (Heid.), Canterbury College, Christchurch, N.Z. Royle, Frank Albert, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Manc.), Y Maes, Abbey Road, Llangollen, N. Wales. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Burr, Alfred Hamilton, M.A., B.Sc.(Aberd.), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 34, Park Road, Pendleton, Mancheater. Griffths-Jones, Ernest, M.Sc. (Manc.), Public Health Laboratory, Cairo, Egypt.Lucke, Douglas Thurlow, B.Sc. (Lond.), Moorgate Hall, London, E.C.2. Re-elected Associate. Sheavyn, Geoffrey William Ison, B.Sc. (Birm.), Moulscombe, Lutter- worth Road, Nuneaton. New Associates. Baldwin, Alfred William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 1, Cambridge Street, Sale, nr. Manchester. Bate, Fritz Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Pingle, Downham Road, Ely. Bills, Edwin John, M.Sc. (Birm.), 41, Western Road, Wylde Green, nr. Birmingham.Black, Raphael, M.Sc.Tech. (Mano.), 21, Alexandra Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.Croxford, John William, 66, LitcMeld Road, London, E.6. Daviee, Comer Glynne, M.Sc.(Liv.), Bryn, Pine Walks, Birkenhead. Gardner, William Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 94, The Rye, Peckham, London, S.E.15. Holman, Leslie John, B.Sc. (Liv.), The School House, Oswestry, Salop. Hunter, James Gilchrist, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.H-W.C., 108, Holland Road, Harlesden, London, N.W.10. Jack, John Will, B.Sc. (Lond.), Great Brak River, C.P., S. Africa. Leonard, Alfred William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 72, Hatherley Gardens, East Ham, London, E.6. Menn, Jason Thomaa William, B.So. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 10, Broomfield Road, Bexley Heath, Kent. 294 Parker, Thomas Wallace, M.Sc. (Dunelm), Whitehaven, The Crescent, Kings Road, Wallsend. Sellman, Miss Tillie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Osbaldeston Road, London, N.16. Thomas, James Clifford, M.Sc.(Wales), A.I.D. Test House, R.A.F. Depbt, Kidbrooke, London, S.E.3. New Students. Eadsforth, Cyril, 129, Lower Seedley Road, Pendleton, Blanchester. Gibb, John Law, 6, Humbie, Kirknewton, Midlothian. Green, James William, 18, Croftdown Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Griffin, Frank James, 22, Benslow Lane, Hitchin, Herts. Harris, Ivan Walter Henry, 13, Hotel Street, Coalville, Leicester. Macoun, Miss Caroline Phyllis, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 28, Osborne Gardens, Belfast. McGill, Donald Arthur, 22, Heath Green Road, Birmingham. Parker, Harold Walter, 107, Corbyn Street, Finsbury Park, London, N.4. Pratt, Henry Clive, 88, Ealing Road, Wembley. Randle, Thomas Calvin, 244, West Bromwich Road, Walsall. Sexton, Thomas Arthur Frederick, 9, Studland Street, Ravenscourt Park, London, W.6.Sinclair, Alexander John, Faraday House, Rye, Sussex. Spence, Kenneth Llewellyn, 39, Forrest Road, Victoria Park, Cardiff. At the meeting of Council held on 17th October, 1930,14 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 59 new Associates were elected, z Associates were re-elected, and 21 Students were admitted. Since the issue of Part IV, two Fellows have died. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Bassett, Cecil Abell, B.Sc. (Birm.), 63, Bellevue Rod, Ealing, London, W.13. Button, Donald Frank Harrington, A.R.C.S., 12, Elms Avenue, London, N.lO. Garlick, Harvey Satchell, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Vacuum Oil Co., Ltd., Caxton House, Tothill Street, London, S.W.1. Hawkins, Ernest Stephen, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., City Laboratories, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool.Houlbrooke, Albert, M.Sc. (Liv.), City Analyst’s Dept., City Laboratories, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool. McNicol, Reginald Arthur, M.Sc. (Lond.), Applegarth, The Manor Way, Wallington.Mehta, Miss Maneck Merwanji, M.A., M.Sc. (Bombay), D.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Fernville, Girgaum Back Road, Bombay, India. Money, Charles Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Cleveland Avenue, Havre des Pas, Jersey, Channel Islands. Needs, Francis Edwin, 90, Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol. Saunders, Kenneth Herbert, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, NurseryAvenue, Hale, Altrincham. 29.5 Savage, Ronald Henry Maxwell, 19, Derwent Avenue, Mill Hill, London, XT TI, rnIY. vv .I. Smith, Lionel Hewgill, 32, Bessingby Road, Bridlington.Watson, Herbert Ben, D.Sc. (Wales), Wyddfa, Charlotte Square, Rhiwbina, Cardiff. Waygood, William Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 45, Northwick Avenue, Harrow. New Associates. Berry, Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Rosemount, Ripponden, Halifax. Blackie, William John, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Agricultural Department, Suva, Fiji.BuggB, Erasmus Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Woodlands, Shooters Hill, Welling, Kent. Cakebread, Sidney Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, Godstone Road, Purley. Cameron, Hugh Keith, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 33, Dornberg Road, London, S.E.3. Caws, Alfred, A.H-W.C., Hacienda Cartavio, Trujillo, Peru, S. America. Cleaton, Miss Dorothy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Industrial Street, Derby. Coats, Hector William, A.H-W.C., Hollybank, Spylawbank Road, Colinton, Edinburgh.Cocuzzi, Leonidio, B.Sc. (Lond.), 515, Cambridge Road, London, E.2. Coke, Chauncey Eugene, M.Sc. (Manitoba), M.A. (Toronto), Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Conolly, Edward John Venn, B.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Appleton Gate, Newark-on- Trent. Dippy, John Frederick James, B.Sc. (Wales), 129, Splott Road, Cardiff. Dixon, Joseph Keith, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 32, Ranfurly Street, St. Albans, Christchurch, N.Z. Dixon, Theodore Frederic, B.Sc. (Lond.), Muirton, North Road, Hythe. Doyle, Alfred Walter, A.M.C.T., Kimberley Mount, High Lea, New Mills, nr. Stockport.Evans, Thomas Watcyn, B.Sc. (Wales), 28, Portland Street, Aberystwyth. Flook, Harold Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 26, King’s Road, Willesden Green, London, N.W.lO. Fuller, Albert Henry, 13, Park View, Beeston Hill, Leeds.Gilson, George Richard, No. 4, Regent Flats, Foot Terrace, Bridlington. Grindley, John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), 8, South Marine Terrace, Aberyst- wvth. Harfo;d, Miss Mary Beatrix, B.Sc. (Lond.), St. Margaret’s House, Old Road, Lee, London, S.E.13. Holland, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Elin Road, Woodhey, Rock Ferry. Holt, Hammersley David George, M.A. (Cantab.), 24, Portland Plaae, London, W.1. Hudson, Harry, &LA. (Cantab.), 10, Emmanuel Road, Cambridge. Huggett, Walter Edward, 80, Brampton Road, East Ham, London, E.6. Humphreys, Frank Edmund, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 536, Caledonian Road, London, N.7. Hunter, Rodger, B.Sc. (Glas.), 9, Hampden Terrace, Glasgow, 5.2.Ingham, John, Holgate, Church Road, Rumney, Cardiff. Jackson, Joseph Gilbert, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Sheff.), hlichaelchurch, Kingsfield Avenue, Harrow. Javes, Archie Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Retreat, Reedsfield Road, Ashford, Middx. Jeffery, George Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), Redbourne, Lordswood Avenue, Bassett, Southampton. 296 Jones, George Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 176, Watling Avenue, Burnt Oak, Edgware, Middx. Littlejohn, William Rowe, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Yorke Road, Reigate. Marler, Miss Elizabeth Esther Jessie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Edith Road, London, W.14. Marrison, Frank Carlisle, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Larbert Road, London, S.W.16. McDowell, Arthur Keith Ralph, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Clark Street, Khandallah, Wellington, N.Z.McKean, John Bowie, B.Sc. (Glas.), 50, Southbrae Drive, Jordanhill, Glasgow.Meredith, John Sydney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, London Road, Maidstone. Neill, Clement Richardson, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 12, Adelaide Place, Dundee. Newlove, Thomas Harland, B.A. (Cantab.), 16, Prince’s Avenue, Chester. Nixon, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Mead Place, W. Croydon.Norwood, Arthur Frederick Bernard, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., Minas de Rio Tinto, Provinca de Huelva, Spain. Ovenston, Temple Clifford John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Crantock, Newcombe Park, Mill Hill, London, N.W.7. Parris, Reginald William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Station House, Catford Bridge, London, S.E.6. Redman, John, B.Sc. (Mane.), 28, Stanley Avenue, Grappenhall, Warring- ton.Reid, Ebenezer Mayne, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Brookvale House, Cliftonville Avenue, Belfast. Roberts, Stephen John, B.Sc. (Birm.), 7, Waterloo Road, King’s Heath, Birmingham.Sastri, B. Nanjunda, B.Sc. (Mysore), M.Sc. (Bombay), Biochemical Divi- sion, Tea Research Institute of Ceylon, Nuwara Eliya, Ceylon. Shackleton, Leslie Robert Burgess, B.Sc. (Lond.), 135, Fawnbrake Avenue, Herne Hill, London, S.E.24. Speirs, Richard Killoch, B.Sc. (Glas.), 42, Dixon Avenue, Crosshill, Glasgow, s.2. Spence, John Walker, 4, Grenville Street, London, W.C.l. SDencer, Wilfrid Devonshire, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Norton Hall, Norton- -on-Tees. Stevenson, Herbert Aubrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, New Lawn Road, Ilkeston, Derbyshire.Stewart, Robert Douglas, B.Sc. (Glas.), 70, St.George’s Road, Glasgow, c.3. Wall, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Bramcote, Harsloft Avenue, Worksop, Notts. Watson, Leslie Taylor, B.Sc. (Edin.), 67, Lochalsh Road, Inverness. Winterton, Reginald Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Austin Street, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. Wraight, Wilfrid Hatherley, B.So. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., Government Bungalow, Tatanagar, B.N. Railway, India. Yule, Robert, B.Sc. (Glas.), 14, Fairlie Park Drive, Glasgow, W.l. &-elected Associates. Pugh, Frank Henry, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Bataafshe Petroleum Maatschappy, Le Hague, Holland. Soar, Reginald Herbert, B.Sc. (London), Colin Deep, Bromley Common, Kent. 297 New Students. Alexander, Thomas William, 65, Tassie Street, Shawlands, Glasgow. Atkinaon, Eamond Allan, 35, Cottenham Road, London, N.19.Baldwin, Ernest Eric, c/o Gibb, 21, Lady Lane, Paisley. Bourhill, Peter, Dykeneuk, Gorebridge, Midlothian. Browne, Kenneth Samuel, Woodfield, Butt Lane, Allesley, nr. Coventry.Cole, Basil Blundell, Glemsford, Arden Road, Acocks Green, Birmingham. Davey, William Frank Stewart, 15, Milton Court Road, London, S.E.14. Donaldson, Francis, 23, Knowsley Road, Wallasey. Ellam, Kenneth James, Green Lea, Marsden, nr. Huddersfield. Ferguson, William Hunter, 115, Bury Street, Stowmarket. Goldsmith, John Percy Elijah, 134, Tranmere Road, London, S.W.18. Hall, Charles Edward, 14, Langton Street, Seedley, Salford. Hughes, Harald Stuart, 1, St, Leonards Road, London, S.W.14. Ingham, Edward King, 37, Queen Street, Whalley, Blackburn.Johnson, Sidney Arthur, 30, Butts, Coventry. hlansell, Richard Ivor, 27, Osbaldeston Road, London, N.16. Moreton, Trevor Gardner, Danbury, Udney Park Road, Teddington, Middx. Newnham, Herbert Alan, 48, Northwold Road, Clapton, London, E.5. Reed, Miss Phyllis Joan, 16, Elm Way, Worcester Park. Thistlethwaite, William Pearson, 76, Franklin Road, Harrogate. Waterman, Harry, '79, Ethelred Street, London, S.E.11. DEATHS. Fellows. Harold Baily Dixon, C.B.E., M.A. (Oxon.), D.Sc. (Manc.). Ph.D. (Prague), F.R.S. William Edward Brise de Vere Mathew. 298 General Notices. The Streatfeild Memorial Lecture (1930) will be delivered by Mr. Bernard F. Howard, Vice-president, at the Institute, on Friday, the zIst November, at 8 p.m.Subject: “Some Notes on the Cinchona Industry.” The President, Dr. G. C. Clayton, C.B.E., will preside. The lecture will be open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute and former Students of Finsbury Technical College. Tickets of admission, gratis, may be obtained by persons other than members and students of the Institute on application to the Registrar. S.M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Member of Council, will deliver the second Gluckstein Memorial Lecture at the Institute, on Friday, the 19th December, at 8 p.m. Subject: ‘‘ The Transmutation of the Chemist.” The President will preside. The lecture will be open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute, and to others who may be interested.Tickets of admission, gratis, may be obtained, by persons other than members and students of the Institute, on application to the Registrar. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of Council, nominations should be received at the office of the Institute on or before Monday, 8th December, 1930. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting, held on 7th March, 1921, and amended on 1st March, 19~3:- (i) Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford,Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham, Leicester, Lincoln, Rutland and Northampton.299 Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wiganand Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Bucking- ham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Huntingdon, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands.Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. North-East Coast and Yorkshire, including the Counties of Northumberland, Durham and York. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk, and Roxburgh. Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Inverness, Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries.Wales (excluding the County of Flint, 6ee iii). The County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies, and elsewhere abroad. The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council:-11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a) may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.300 (2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Mondayin December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XI1 should be received not later than 316t August. 111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Illember in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xii) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting-(a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held.IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting lists shall, on the third Thursday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose. (2).The balloting list of any member who on the third Thursday in January IS in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the third Friday in January, specially convened for that purpose.(4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. 301 (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent bo members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has' died or has with-drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. After the fist election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section, in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. The names of those who have completed the period of three years' service on the Council and retire in accordance with By-Law 23 are marked asterisk (*).Birmingham and Midlands : William Wardlaw, D.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Albert Watkins Maggs Win&.* Liverpool and North-West Coast: Walter Ferguson Buist, B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties : George Stubbs, C.B.E. Manchester and District: William David Rogers, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. North-East Coast and Yorkshire: Harry Malkin Mason, M.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Alec Munro Cameron, B.Sc. Glasgow and West of Scotland: Frederick William Harris. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Leonard Eric Hinkel, D.Sc. Northern Ireland: John Hawthorne, B.A., Ph.D. Irish Free State: William Robert Fearon, M.A., Sc.D.The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad: SidneyWaterfield Bunker, D.S.O., B.Sc.* 302 Examinations in 1931.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1931 will be as follows :-Dates of Examinations. Entries close. 5th to 9th January or 12th to 16th January. Monday, 10th November, 1930. 13th to 17th April or 20th to 24th April. Monday, 16th February, 1931. 14th to 18th September or zIst to 25th September. Monday, 20th July, 1931, Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (4x0 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3000 words, on ‘‘ Chemical Education, from the Student’s Point of View ” will be awarded in January, 1931, and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the com- petitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of this Part of the JOCTRSAL) on or before the 31st December, 1930, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. 303 The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. In awarding the Medal for 1930 the adjudicators will, unless exceptional circumstances arise, give special consideration to work in inorganic or physical chemistry. The next award will be made in January, 1931. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1930, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Fellows and Associates who wish to direct attention to work of the character indicated are requested to communicate with the Registrar of the Institute.Pedler Research Scholarship.-Under the regulations for the award of the Pedler Scholarship, the scholar is required to undertake work on a problem or problems to be chosen by the Council, having special regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest. 304 The selected problem will be announced in due course, and the Pedler Fund Committee willinvite applications from candi- dates for the scholarship. The successful candidate will be informed of his or her appointment as soon as possible after the award. The scholarship is of the annual value of ;6300,payable monthly, and tenable for one year, but, at thediscretion of the Council, may be extended for any further period at the same rate.The work shall be conducted in a laboratory approved by the Council, and under the general direction of any person or persons, duly authorised by the Council for this purpose, who shall report to the Pedler Fund Committee from time to time as required. The Council will defray the expenses of the research out of the Pedler Fund, all such expenses being subject to the approval of the Council or of an officer duly authorised for this purpose. The results of the investigations undertaken by the scholar shall be the property of the Institute, and shall be published as the Council may direct. Any such publication, however, shall be in the name of the scholar solely.Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. 305 Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 61. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute provides a collection of books primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations, but is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10 a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of 306 the 8000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL.Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms: buckram case, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection is constantly being augmented by the addition of new slides to meet the wishes of lecturers. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their $ermanent addresses for registration.The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Monday, 2nd March, 1931.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9305400243

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1930. PART VI. -_I__________ Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C. I. December, 1930. Publications Committee, 1930-31 LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), H.B. BROWN, H.V. A. BRISCOE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, A. M. CAMERON, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, C. 5.GIBSON, W. H.GIBSON, T.P. HILDITCH, L. E. HINKEL, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Xon. Treasurev), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H.M. MASON, C.A. MITCHELL, W. D. ROGERS, WILLIAM WARDLAW, F. J. WILSON, A. W.M.WINTLE. 309 Proceedings of the Council. NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1930. Edward William Voe1cker.-The Council reports with deep regret the death of Mr. Edward William Voelcker, and places on record its high appreciation of his valuable services to the Institute. He had been a Fellow for 50 years, had served as a Member of Council for four periods of three years each, and as a Vice-president for two such periods. He will be remembered especially as Honorary Treasurer from 1918to 1924,a period of considerable difficulty, during which the affairs of the Institute were, largely through his enthusiasm and devotion, put upon an assured basis.The Council also recalls that during the same period the Benevolent Fund was inaugurated and was administered under his chairmanship from 1920until his retirement from the office of Honorary Treasurer in 1924. Proposed Petition for a Supplemental Charter.-With this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Fellows and Associates will receive copies of a Draft Petition to H.M. the King in Council and of a Supplemental Charter, the object of which is to secure exclusively to the members of the Institute the privilege and right to describe themselves as “Chartered Chemists.” The reasons which have prompted the Council to take this action are clearly indicated in the Petition. The Council intends to submit the proposed Petition and Supplemental Charter to the Annual General Meeting, to be held on 2nd March, 1931,and to ask for the approval of the Fellows and Associates thereto.Fellows and Associates are invited to express their views on this matter before 30th January, 1931. The documents will then be put into final form and, in due course, will be issued to the members with the notice convening the Annual General Meeting. 310 The Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act.-The statement r?n the impending lapse of the Dyestuffs Act, which was published in the JOURSAL AXD PROCEEDIXGS,Part V, pages 279 to 282, and issued to members of both Houses of Parliament and to thv public press, dealt with the influence of the -4ct on the education of British chemists and on the progress of research in industry.On 19th November the President of the Board of Trade announced in the House of Commons that the Government had decided to allow the Act to lapse on the appointed date-15th January, 1931. He said that it had been provided that the Act should lapse in ten years, and the confidential report of the Committee of Inquiry showed that the industry had reached a stage at which it was capable of meeting a large proportion of the needs of dyestuff users. Organisations of employers and em-ployees concerned with textile interests in Yorkshire and Lancashire had represented that the burden of developing the dyestuffs industry had fallen mainly on them. There had, however, been controversy as to whether dye users would be prejudiced by the continuance of the Act, and the Minister saw no reason why the matter should not be further discussed.The views expressed by the Council of the Institute, that the result of the lapse of this legislation would check the supply of trained organic chemists, so essential in modern industry, received a considerable measure of support in the public press, and from correspondents, including Field Marshal Sir W. R. Robertson, whose letter, published in The Times on 25th Novem- ber, dealt with the matter from the point of view of national safety and acknowledged the services rendered by chemists in the provision of munitions and drugs during the war. On 1st December, moreover, The Tivzes published a manifesto to the Prime Minister, signed by fifteen professors of chemistry in British Universities, showing that anything which tended to check the growth of the schools of organic chemistry was a blow at the future of a great many industries, besides those most obviously and immediately concerned, and pleading for recon- sideration by the Government of their decision, so as to ensure conditions which would allow the continued development of the dyestuff and organic chemical industries in this country.It was obvious that a matter of such an exceptional character and of such grave consequence deserved full consideration. The matter was debated by the House of Commons in Committee on the 4th November, on an amendment, moved by Sir P. Cunliffe 31 1 Lister, to provide that the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act, 1920, should be included in the Expiring Laws Continuance Bill, and that the Act be continued until January qth, 1936.In the course of the debate, Sir John Simon pleaded for a continuance of the Act for a time and for a really effective enquiry in the meantime, but the amendment was eventually negatived by 255 votes to 225. In the House of Lords, however, when the Expiring Laws Continuance Bill was under consideration on the 15th December, an amendment was passed, by 87 votes to 14, to ensure that the Dyestuffs Act should continue in force for twelve months, which decision was eventually adopted by both Houses, the Expiring Laws Continuance Act receiving the Royal Assent on 19th December.Methylated Spirits.-In JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111, 1929, it was reported that a Committee had been ap- pointed by the Commissioners of Customs and Excise to revise the Statutory Regulations dealing .with Methylated Spirits, and that the Council of the Institute had been invited to make observations and suggestions on a preliminary draft of the new Regulations which had already been prepared. A Special Committee was appointed to deal with the matter, and in Part IV, 1929 (pages 188-191), a Report was given of a Conference between representatives of the Institute and the Customs Commit tee. The Council has now received from the Commissioners a letter of appreciation of the assistance afforded by the Institute in this connection, accompanied by copies of :-The Methylated Spirits Regulations, 1930 (S.R. & 0. 1930, No. 832. Price 5d. net.) A Form of application (Ex. No. 225) for authority to receive Industrial Methylated Spirits and/or Industrial Methy- lated Spirits (Pyridinised) under the Methylated Spirits Regulations, 1930. Notice to Users of Methylated Spirits (No. 50). Notice by the Commissioners of Customs and Excise (No. 53). Notice No. 50 includes the conditions to be observed by Authorised Users; Notice No. 53 deals with the Sale of Industrial Methylated Spirits in quantities not exceeding 312 four gallons at a time, to any authorised users, by wholesale chemists and dispensing chemists specially authorised to sell Industrial Methylated Spirits.The Commissioners have directed special attention to (i) Note 7 on the form of application which states that- “Where it is desired to use Industrial Methylated Spirits for purposes of teaching, research, experiment or trial (including the carrying-on of an industrial process for purposes of ex-periment or trial) the application need only give such informa- tion as will enable the Commissioners to determine whether the authority can properly be granted.” (ii) Paragraph 3 in Notice 50-“No person who on 1st January, 1931,holds any authority to receive methylated spirits is required to apply for a re-grant of that authority. His authority will hold good, but he will be subject to the new Regulations,” and (iii) Paragraph I (a) in Notice 53-“I.Under Regulation No. 50 of the Methylated Spirits Regulations, 1930 (operative as from 1st January, 1931)the Commissioners of Customs and Excise may authorise any wholesale chemists or dispensing chemist who holds (or takes out) a Methylated Spirits Retailer’s Licence, on application by him, to receive Industrial Methylated Spirits for sale as follows :-(a) In any quantity not exceeding four gallons at one time to any ‘authorised user,’ i.e. any person authorised to receive Industrial Methylated Spirits. This is primarily intended to facilitate the purchase of Industrial Methy- lated Spirits by dispensing chemists, medical prac-titioners, dentists, veterinary surgeons, hospitals, nurs- ing homes, universities, colleges, schools, and scientific workers.Sales may, however, be made under this provision to any authorised user, and it will be the duty of the supplying chemist to see that on each occasion he receives from the purchaser a Requisition in the official form.” It appears to be advantageous, from the manufacturer’s point of view, that one bond can be made to cover all uses for a variety of processes, and that uses may be classified into groups instead of being dealt with individually. 313 Attention may also be directed to Note 2 to the Schedule on Form 225, viz.:-In respect of each proposed process or manufacture, such +articulars of the formula to be employed, or of any sub- stances which it is intended to add to or mix with the Methylated Spirits should be given as will enable the Commissioners to determine whether, and, if so, upon what conditions the authority may be gra-nted.(The italics are not in the form.) The Council has been informed, in the course oi discussion with H.M. Customs and Excise, that the intention of Note No. 2 on Form Ex. No. 225 (quoted above) is to permit applicants to confine the disclosure of details of processes to the minimum necessary to enable the Department to judge whether an application can be allowed with due regard to the safety of the Revenue. The essential points on which it is necessary for the Department to be satisfied are (a) that the Industrial Methylated Spirits shall be adequately safeguarded against pilfering or other abuse during the performance of a process, and (b) that no product made with them shall be capable of use as a beverage, or internally as a medicine.Applicants will be well advised to bear these points in mind and to frame the information which they give in their applications accordingly. With regard to research and experiment, in particular, the Council understands that the Customs and Excise Department fully appreciate the impractic- ability of giving more than a certain amount of information, and that the essential thing which will be required from applicants of reputable professional standing is sufficient evidence that the grant of the facilities sought will not expose the Revenue to danger. The Council has been given the fullest assurance that the Commissioners of Customs and Excise will do all in their power to deal reasonably with all questions as they arise, and will consider sympathetically any representations which may be received both from scientific workers and manufacturers. Entrance Fee to the Fellowship.-On a suggestion received from the South Wales Section, the Council proposes to submit at the Annual General Meeting to be held on 2nd March, the following recommendation :-“That as from 2nd March, 1931,the Entrance Fee to the Fellowship for Associates, who have paid an Entrance 314 Fee on admission to the Associateship be reduced to three guineas-(i.e.instead of five guineas) .” The entrance fee of two guineas for-4ssociateshipwas approved by the Annual General Meeting in March, 1922.Theproposed recommendation, therefore, applies to Associates elected since that date. Regulations.-The Council has approved the following additions to the Regulations. At the end of the requirements for admission to the Associate- ship and for exemption from the examination of the Institute, the following paragraph has been added :-5. Candidates who have satisfied the above provisions will also be required to produce satisfactory reports on their careers up to the date of application. If such reports are not considered satisfactory by the Council, an examination may be imposed, even if the candidate has complied with the requirements as regards training and degrees. As an addition to the list of Universities, Colleges and Institutions recognised for the training of Candidates for the examinations of the Institute, the following paragraph has been inserted : Training in the required subjects at a College or Institution recognised by the Institute and the Board of Education under the arrangements for the award of National Certificates in Chemistry, but not included in this List, will be accepted in respect of the first two years of the course or its equivalent, provided that the candidate has previously passed an approved preliminary examination. Pedler Research Scholarship.-The Council has decided to proceed with the appointment of the second Pedler Research Scholar.Applications are therefore invited from Fellows and Associates, who desire to become candidates for the scholarship and are willing to work on one of the following problems:- (a) The accurate determination of very small quantities of (b) The study of the sterols of natural fats, with a view to (c) The study of the acids and esters of fruits, with a view to (d) The study of reactions in emulsions; e.g., the mechanism the alkaline earth metals, under varying conditions.their quantitative separation and diagnostic value. their differentiation and determination. 315 of the saponification of oils and fats by aqueous alkali, or allied subject. The Council will also be prepared to consider an application from any candidate who desires to work on a problem suggested by himself, provided that the solution of such problem is needed in the public interest.The appointment of the scholar will be subject to such conditions as the Council may prescribe, including the following :-The Pedler Scholar will not be permitted to hold any other Scholarship or Bursary, except with the knowledge and consent of the Council. The award will be of the annual value of k300, payable monthly, and be tenable for one calendar year, but at the discre- tion of the Council may be extended for any further period at the same rate. The work shall be conducted in a laboratory approved by the Council and under the general direction of any person or persons duly authorised by the Council for this purpose, who shall report to the Pedler Fund Committee from time to time as required.The Council will defray any necessary expenses of the research out of the Pedler Fund, all such expense being subject to the approval of the Council or of any officer duly authorised for this purpose. The results of the investigations undertaken by the Scholar shall be the property of the Institute and shall be published as the Council may direct. Any such publication, however, shall be in the name of the Scholar solely. Applications should include particulars as to the candidates’ knowledge or experience in the selected field of work, and the names of references. Suggestions may also be made as to the laboratorv in which the work mav be conducted. All amlications &A should be addressed to the Registrar, and should be received at the offices of the Institute not later than Mondav.2nd February, 1931. It is hoped that the successful candidate may be informed of his or her appointment on or before Monday 2nd March, with a view to commencing work as soon as possible after that date. 316 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-The thirteenth Streat- feild Memorial Lecture was given at the Institute on the 21st November by Mr. Bernard F. Howard, Vice-president, who selected as his subject- “Some Notes on the Cinchona Industry.” Mr. Arthur J. Chapman, Vice-president, presided in the unavoidable absence of the President. At the conclusion of the lecture, appreciative remarks were made by Sir Robert Robertson, Professor G. T.Morgan, and Dr. David Hooper, and also by Dr. Roche Lynch and Mr. E. M. Hawkins, on whose motion a vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer. (The lecture will be published and issued to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students as a separate monograph.) Salary Statistics.-The letter issued to all Fellows and Associates in November asking for anonymous, but accurate, information as to their remuneration has resulted in the return up to date of about 3,000 cards. In the past many statements have been made in the press and elsewhere as to the remuneration of the chemical profession. The true position can only be ascer- tained if definite figures are available. Fellows and Associates who have not yet returned the cards sent to them are therefore urged to do so as soon as possible.Contracts of Service.-A draft of a form of contract for chemists in industry has been propared by the Legal and Parlia- mentary Committee, and is now under the consideration of representative employers. This form is not necessarily intended to serve as a model, but has been framed to cover comprehen- sively the terms and conditions which may be incorporated in such a contract, having regard to the interests of both the chemist and his employer. In due course, the form will be referred to legal advisers and will then be published with a view to obtaining the opinions of Fellows and Associates thereon. S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-The second S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, was given at the Institute on 19th December, by Dr.A. E. Dunstan, Member of Council, under the title of ‘‘The Transmutation of the Chemist.” Dr. G. C. Clayton, President of the Institute, presided. 31 7 Dr. Dunstan dealt with the development of the chemist into the man of affairs. Sir Robert Robertson, Mr. Bernard F. Howard, Mr. Edward Hinks and the President, having con-gratulated the lecturer on his discourse, a vote of thanks was accorded to him, and the hope was expressed that he would allow the lecture to be published. British Engineering Standards Association.-Mr. William Macnab has kindly consented to represent the Institute on Sub-committee CH/2gt'4 which is concerned with the Mechani- cal Handling and Treatment of Liquids and Gases.Dr. H. G. Colman has kindly consented to represent the Institute on the Committee for the Revision of the British Standard Specification No. 135-BenzoIe for Motor Fuel. Faraday Centenary Celebrations Fund.-The sum of ,&0 has been subscribed from the general funds of the Institute to the Faraday Centenary Celebrations Fund. Linen Research.-At the opening, by Lord Parmoor, of the Exhibition, arranged by the British Linen Research Association, at the Science Museum, South Kensington, London, on the 24th November, Mr. E. R. Bolton, Member of Council, attended as the representative of the Institute. 318 Local Sections. -Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section of the Institute, held at Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 28th November, Mr.W. Godden read a paper entitled “The occurrence of traces of certain elements in Foodstuffs, and their r81e in Animal Nutrition.” Mr. Godden dealt with the occurrence of iodine in plants and foodstuffs, indicating the variations which were likely to be found and the factors responsible for these. In discussing the rBle of iodine in animal nutrition, he out- lined the earlier work on this aspect and indicated the connection with the study of goitre. More recent feeding trials with different classes of stock were then considered and reference was made to work in progress at the Rowett Research Institute. He emphasised the necessity for large scale trials continued over long periods, using small doses of potassium iodide in order to obtain the requisite information for clear guidance as to the conditions under which it may be advisable to supplement a given ration with small doses of this element.He discussed iron, manganese and copper, and, after giving figures showing their occurrence in plants and foodstuffs, indicated the possible inter-relationship of these three elements in animal metabolism, particularly from the point of view of blood regenera- tion and haemoglobin formation. Finally, he referred briefly to aluminium, indicating the different views held as to the possible r61e of this element in nutrition. Mr. Godden expressed the opinion that, apart from iodine and iron, whatever might be their r61e in nutrition, the merest trace of the other elements discussed sufficed to enable this r81e to be fulfilled, and that, under normal conditions, the requirements of an animal for these elements is likely to be met by an ordinary mixed ration.Following a short discussion, Professor Hendrick, who presided, in the absence of Dr. Tocher, proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Godden for his interesting paper. 319 Belfast and District.-On 7th November, Mr. J. C. A. Brierley, Chairman of the Section, and Mrs. Brierley very kindly entertained the members of the Section and friends at their own house. A most enjoyable evening was spent, and thanks were accorded to Mr. and Mrs. Brierley for their hospitality. The Annual Dinner of the Section was held in the Grand Central Hotel, on 3rd December.The guests included Professor and Mrs. Hummel, Mr. Shepherd, and Mr. and Mrs. Matthew. Birmingham and Midlands.-On 31st October, under the chairmanship of Dr. W. Wardlaw, the Section held a meeting at the Grand Hotel, Birmingham, when the Registrar of the Institute opened a discussion on "Co-operation." He said that the Council invited the members to express their views on the scope and activities of the Local Sections having regard to the interests of other chemical societies. He mentioned that a joint committee of the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute had been appointed to consider suggestions regarding the sectional meetings of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, and the possibility of making arrangements for the Fellows of the Chemical Society to participate in such meetings. The Council also desired to obtain the views of the members on the possibility of reducing expenditure by the prevention of unnecessary overlapping of publication of papers, and to receive suggestions as to any further means for providing closer co-operation between the three bodies.The Registrar reviewed briefly the objects of the three Societies; he indicated their present points of contact and co- operation, showing how they were working in harmony and friendly relations with one another, each having members serving on the three Councils. He realised that many members were obtaining the use of the journals of the other societies without personally subscribing for them.This was common to all journals, but he felt that the increase in membership of the other bodies had not been so rapid as that of the Institute, owing to the fact that a large number of useful specialised societies had come into existence in comparatively recent times. He said that, generally, papers on scientific and technical subjects which had been read at Local Sections were offered. in the first 320 instance, to other journals, and were not published in extenso in the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute; but that the Institute considered it part of its educational policy to print certain selected lectures as separate monographs. He explained why the Institute had not been able to par- ticipate in the scheme for providing a central building for scientific and technical societies.In this scheme, the Institute had been invited to participate, but having regard to the fortunate possession of a long lease, the convenient situation of its premises, and the extent of the accommodation necessary for its work, the Council, although appreciating the thought which prompted the invitation, had no other course open to it except to decline the offer. He added that the Institute enjoyed, on very economi- cal terms, the occupation of premises providing over 20,000 square feet of floor area with scope for extension; but nothing like that accommodation could be offered to the Institute in the proposed scheme. The other societies looked for the support of more Fellows and Associates of the Institute, however, and he suggested that no chemist could afford to confine his interests entirely to his own branch of work or to the particular industry in which he was engaged; he could learn so much from leaning over the fence to see what the other fellow was doing in his garden. That seemed a very good reason why chemists should endeavour to support more than one society.From time to time, schemes had been suggested for federating all the chemical bodies in one institution, consisting of various grades of membership, including those which signified and conferred professional qualification,-such as Fellowship and Associateship of the Institute,-as well as those who were inter- ested in the industrial and commercial aspects of chemistry, but did not claim to be qualified chemists.In the initial stages of federation, all who were not already recognised as professional members, but wished to be regarded as in that category, would have to agree to a review of their claims for such recognition. The adjudicating authority would have great difficulty in deciding borderline cases. A large number would be disappointed and aggrieved, if a high standard were insisted upon; but no standard would be worth recognition unless it were a good one, and many would be disposed to decline to accept the grade allotted to them, or to submit to examination. Some favoured the idea of keeping the professional registration body entirely separate, as at present.On financial grounds, 321 some of the bodies would find that they could not be federated with the Institute without endangering certain advantages which they had enjoyed in respect of exemption from rates and taxes. He referred to the multiplicity of societies in the pro- fessions of medicine, law, accountancy, architecture and engineer- ing, all of which tended to illustrate the impossibility of complete federation. The best form of co-operation appeared to be that which would provide for the fair and proper distribution of effort among the various bodies concerned, so that each recognised that it had its own work to do for its members, without unduly competing, but being ready at all times to co-operate, with others for the common good of all.In matters of general interest, co-operation was often desirable ; but it was necessary that there should be ample time to consider what was to be done, owing to the inevitable delays caused by the necessity of bringing many parties together. Where the business was definitely the recognised concern of any one party, that party should take it in hand and deal with it promptly. In some cases independent action by councils, representing different interests and different points of view, was most effective. Many members participated in the discussion which followed, and it was resolved that the Council be asked to consider any possible means whereby the Institute might join with the Association for the Promotion of Co-operation among Scientific and Technical Institutions, other than participation in the pro- posed building scheme.The Section held that Sections of the Institute should con- tinue to hold meetings for the discussion of scientific and tech- nical matters, and that means should be found for admitting Fellows of the Chemical Society to meetings of the Local Sections of the other Societies when the business was not entirely restricted to the private affairs of any one society. Some members, however, appeared to disapprove of the use of the expression “joint meeting.” They preferred that the local section of each society should issue invitations to the members of other societies, as it thought fit. They were strongly in favour of the Institute continuing to publish lectures on matters of general interest as monographs, and expressed the view that the Joint Committee of the three bodies should consider how far it was possible to avoid duplication 322 of published matter.The members would welcome any means whereby the aggregate subscriptions payable by them individ- ually could be reduced, but felt that this was a question for the consideration of the Joint Committee. On 19th November, Professor E. C. C. Baly visited the Section, and delivered a most interesting and stimulating lecture entitled ‘‘The Photosynthesis of Carbohydrates and the Chemistry of Life.” The lecturer discussed the more recent results obtained in his laboratory with reference to the production of carbohydrates by the interaction of carbon dioxide and water.A large proportion of the lecture was devoted to the description of the ingenious methods adopted in the preparation of a suitable surface catalyst, which had been shown to be a necessary factor in the preparation of the products of photosynthesis in vitro. In view of the probable early publication of Professor Baly’s results in extenso, further details need not be given here. (.4n abstract, approved by Professor Ealy, of a lecture dealing with the same subject, given by him before the Huddersfield Section, will be found on page 334.) The lecture was enjoyed by a large audience, and the best thanks of the Section were accorded to Professor Baly.On 3rd December, a meeting of the Section was held in Derby. This was the first meeting held outside Birmingham for a number of years, and proved a very successful venture. On this occasion, Dr. F. L. Pyman, was the guest of the Section, and Mr. J. White occupied the Chair. Dr. Pyman chose as the title of his lecture, ‘‘ Medicinal Chemicals.” Sub-dividing Medicinal Chemicals into two main groups : Natural and Synthetic, the lecturer proceeded to deal with five sub-groups, namely: Xatural : External ; Internal: Hormones; Vitamins. Synthetic: Accidental discoveries ; Deliberate inventions. 323 The lecturer described the nature and function of hormones and vitamins, with a detailed outline of those hormones, such as adrenalin and thyroxin, which have been isolated, synthesised, and produced on a commercial scale; insulin and its preparation was also discussed.Interesting recent work on the active principle involved in the liver treatment of pernicious anaemia was described, including the identification of this principle which appears to be a 10-carbon acid yielding, on hydrolysis, /3-hydroxy- glutamic acid and hydroxyproline. Vitamin D was discussed as a type of its class. Commencing with the classic researches of Hopkins, the lecturer detailed the history of the discovery of vitamins and, dealing with the parti- cular one selected, the earlier work on the causation and pre- vention of rickets, concluding with the preparation of irradiated ergosterol which is now available in quantity. Experimental methods for the determination of antirachitic efficiency were also described.The lecturer concluded with a brief account of synthetic methods in chemotherapy, describing anti-malarial products and experiments illustrating the variation of antiseptic power observed in series of substituted cresols, etc. Particular reference was made to 4-~t-amyl-m-cresol, which has a phenol co-efficient of 280, and is finding application in medicine. An appreciative audience returned a cordial vote of thanks to Dr. Pyman at the conclusion of a very interesting lecture. Bristol and South-Western.-Mr. Frank Southerden presided at the second meeting of the session held in Bristol University on 17th November, when Dr.R. C. Menzies read a paper entitled ‘‘ Some Thallium Compounds.” Dr. Menzies said that thallium, which occurred as the last element in group 111, sub-group B, displayed in its trivalent condition the characteristic behaviour of the third group, its trichloride, for instance, being easily hydrolysed by water and also soluble in organic solvents. This, when contrasted with the strong resemblance between monovalent thallium compounds and those of the alkali metals, most conspicuously displayed by the hydroxide, was frequently cited as affording an outstand- ing example of change of chemical properties with change of valency. It was, however, to be remarked that this change in 324 the case of thallium was only a well-marked instance of a common behaviour, and was paralleled closely by the differences between compounds of tetravalent and those of divalent lead, and by the resemblances between the compounds of divalent lead and those of strontium.A number of other similar instances were given, and as a generalisation it was stated that in many cases when an element loses one or more valencies, the properties of the relative com- pounds change to those characteristic of correspondingly lower groups in the periodic classification. If any other cause could be found which had an effect similar to that produced by the loss of a valency, then these two different causes producing similar effects might be mutually explanatory. Such a cause was to be found in the combination of metals (and other elements) with hydrogen or with hydrocarbon radicals such as CH, or C,H,.Thus the cornbination of nitrogen with four hydrogen atoms (or with four alkyl groups) had the same effect as might result from four of the five valencies becoming latent, the element being degraded from the fifth to the first group, the close resemblance between ammonium salts and those of the alkali metals being well known. Pentaphenyl chromium hydroxide (Brit. Chem. Abs., 1921, 1, 826) was a strong base, and in the case of gold, diethyl auric bromide (C,H,),AuBr (Pope and Gibson, J.C.S. Trans., 91, 2064) resem-bled the chlorides of monovalent copper and silver in being colourless and insoluble in water, while mono-ethyl gold di- bromide C,H,AuBr, resembled the salts of divalent copper in being coloured and soluble in water.The above were examples of change of group type due to valencies becoming latent or of covalent combination of an element with one or more organic radicals. Cases, however, where two different causes led to similar effects in the same element were not so common, the best example known to the speaker being afforded by thallium. Thallium was degraded from the third to the first group either by reduction from the trivalent to the monovalent condition or by covalent combination with two alkyl groups. There was a close resemblance between thallous salts and the diethyl and dimethyl thallium salts. TlOH, (CH,),TlOH and (C,H,),TlOH were all strong bases.(CH,),TlQC,H, and TIOC,H, were both liquids. T1C1, (CH,),TlCl, and (C,H,),TlCl were all sparingly soluble. 325 While a complete explanation of the nature of the change in the behaviour of an element brought about by change in valencies or by combination with organic radicals was beyond the scope of the pure chemist, the work outlined in the remainder of the lecture, and described in greater detail in papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society, had been undertaken in the hope that more complete information as to the resemblances and differences of thallous compounds and of dialkyl thallous com- pounds with each other and with those of the alkali metals might ultimately lead to an explanation. This work was admittedly incomplete, but had already led to the following results.(I) A knowledge of the best methods of preparation of dimethyl and diethyl thallium compounds, and an apprecia- tion of the remarkable capacity displayed by those com- pounds for crystallisation. (2) The discovery that thallous compounds resembled the compounds of the alkali metals not only in crystalline form-this was well known-but also in their general chemical behaviour. As reagents in organic chemistry, for methylations and for malonic ester syntheses, thallous compounds and compounds of the alkalis could be used interchangeably. -1 discussion, which centred round the possible commercial and technical uses of thallium compounds, was initiated by Mr. C. L. L. Claremont, after which, on the proposition of Mr.E. Russell, a vote of thanks was accorded Dr. Menzies for his valued paper. The next meeting will be held jointly with the Bristol Uni- versity Chemical Society on January 20th, 1931,at 5.15 p.m., in the large chemical lecture theatre of Bristol University, when Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, will visit the Section. The Committee of the Section has nominated Mr. Edward Russell as District Member of the Council for 1931-32, and Mr. A. W. M.Wintle as District Representative on the Benevo- lent Fund Committee. 326 Cape.-A meeting of the Section was held in Cape Town on 15th October,-Dr. C. F. Juritz, in the Chair. Dr. W. Pugh, Hon. Secretary of the Section, read a paper on “Artificial Ripening and Colouring of Fruit.” Dr.Pugh said that artificial treatment of fruit had been of great importance in America for many years and, with the proximity of the coming fruit season in South Africa, the new method of treatment should be of considerable interest and value to fruit growers and dealers in that country. He had demonstrated to a leading local fruit dealer that it was possible to bring green Transvaal tomatoes to full red colour in half the time required by air storage. There was no objection to hastening the colouring process of mature fruit. There were many types of fruit which were quite ripe, so far as the taste was concerned, long before they acquired a marketable colour. If these were allowed to ripen on the plant, they became too soft to withstand bruising during transport.Tomatoes, for example, were picked green and acquired a pleasing colour during two or three weeks’ storage. If this period could be reduced, space would be rendered available for other purposes. During transport a very considerable proportion of the fruit was spoiled. This loss could be considerably reduced if the fruit were picked when firmand hard and then artificially ripened. It was now claimed that the new ethylene treatment could, to some extent, stimulate the normal ripening processes which were checked on picking. Best prices were paid at the beginning of the season and the new process would enable the progressive grower to get his crop on the market early.It also made it possible for the crop to be harvested at the first sign of frost, and marketed, sub- sequently, according to the demand. In America the treatment of fruit with the fumes from burning oil stoves had been in use for many years. This method was never really successful, but in 1923 investigations were undertaken to determine the constituent of the oil fumes respon- sible for the effect. This was ultimately found to be minute traces of ethylene, very low concentrations of this gas being effective. The use of one part of ethylene in I,OOO,OOO parts of air was as efficient as the old stove process. Higher concentra- tions had a better effect, but it was not necessary to use more than one part per 1,000of air. The temperature was important, 327 and in all cases should be between 65 and 85” F.Two charges of gas should be given each day and ventilation was recommended between each charge. Almost every kind of fruit had been found amenable to this treatment. With proper care there was no danger in the use of ethylene at these low concentrations. Ethylene gas was supplied in steel cylinders of about 350 cubic feet. It was not obtainable in the Union, but had to be imported. The gas cost about i3, but, in addition, a charge of roughly E6 was made for the cylinder, which, however, was returnable. Dr. Pugh said this was a process which might well be more widely used in South Africa. It should then be possible for tropical fruit from the north and from Natal to be more available in other parts of the country.The process was, however, open to abuse. It would be a pity if the process, in its infancy, came to be used by irresponsible persons for the purpose of imparting the appearance of ripeness to immature fruit, thereby bringing discredit to a process which, when properly applied, could be of great value. Subsequently, Sir George Cory communicated a few notes on an early South African dye. During his researches among dispatches of 1861, he had come across several references to the dye which was made by Mr. Gelstam, an apothecary, from a lichen which grew in large quantities in British Kaffraria at that time. He wondered whether the lichen was still to be found and whether it might be put to profitable use.Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The second meeting of the session was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in Mackie’s, Princes Street, Edinburgh, on 13th November, Mr. A. M.Cameron in the Chair. Mr. H. Stafford Hatfield read a paper entitled L‘Instrumental Supervision and Control of Water Supply,” After remarking that the use of instruments in all aspects of works control was extending rapidly, the lecturer proceeded to describe an instrument of his own invention for measuring the hardness of water, and concluded by demonstrating the operation of the instrument. Considerable discussion followed. While Dr. Hatfield’s instrument was commended for the ingenuity of its con-struction, some doubt was expressed as to its applicability in chemical works.328 On the motion of Mr. Vi'. R. Guy, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer. The third meeting of the session was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Mining Laboratories of the University. Mr. G. F. Merson presided. Professor H. Briggs, O.B.E., DSc., read a paper entitled ''The Evolution of Coal," which will be published in Chemistry and Industry. Prior to the meeting, members and friends were shown the Mine Rescue Station and the Mining Laboratories by Professor Briggs and his assistants, to whom a vote of thanks was accorded at the close of the meeting. The fourth meeting of the Section will be held jointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Pharmaceutical Hall, York Place, Edinburgh, on 27th January, 1931,and will take the form of an Exhibition.Local manu- facturers will display their intermediates and products, and exhibits will also include chemicals and chemical apparatus. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 24th October,-Mr. F. W. Harris, Chairman of the Section, presiding. The Chairman introduced a number of new Associates, and after presenting their Certificates, briefly addressed them on the profession of chemistry and welcomed them to the Institute. Mr. Harris announced that his period of office as Chairman of the Section had expired and that Mr.Hugh Findlay, who was well known to all members of the Section, and had served for the past three years on the local committee, was the sole nominee for the vacant office. He, therefore, declared Mr. Findlay elected. Mr. Findlay thanked members of the Section for the honour conferred on him. He paid tribute to the work done for the Institute by Mr. Harris and also by Professor F. J. Wilson, the retiring Vice-chairman, both as members of Council, and of the Committee of the Section. Dr. P. F. Gordon was re-elected Hon. Secretary, and Dr. Stotherd Mitchell, Hon. Treasurer. Mr. Thomas Cockburn, Dr. WT.M. Cumming, and Mr. J. S. Hill were declared elected to the Committee. The reports of the Hon.Secretary and Hon. Treasurer for Session 192g-1930 were read and approved. 329 The Hon. Secretary announced the Syllabus for Session 1930-1931,and directed attention to a new series of short meet- ings, to be held immediately before joint meetings, in order to provide an opportunity for social intercourse among local members, as well as for the discussion of matters of professional interest. At the conclusion of the meeting a visit was made to the Technical Chemistry Laboratories, where the members inspected an exhibition of scientific apparatus of interest to Chemists, provided by the courtesy of members and of manufacturers. The exhibits were described and demonstrated by members and by representatives of the makers.A joint meeting of the Section with the Local Sections of the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 28th November, in the George Hotel, Glasgow, when an address was given by Mr. Francis W. Lake on “Dyeing and Cleaning: Some Problems of the Industry.” Mr. Cyril Eastman (London), President of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, presided. Before introducing Mr. Lake, he congratulated the Scottish Sections on the large attendance, and spoke of the value of co-operation between Industry and Science in maintaining the standard of British products. With-out this co-operation, the work of the salesman would become more and more difficult. Mr. Lake, in opening his address, directed attention to the difficulties confronting dyers and cleaners on account of the variety in composition of the materials of which garments were made.Dyeing was rendered difficult by wear, fading, etc. He outlined general dyeing practice, “stripping ”of dyes, re- dyeing and “dry” dyeing. With reference to dry-cleaning, he compared the use of “white spirit,” naphthas, and halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, and surveyed the usual practice of dry cleaning and recovery of solvents. The address, which was of general chemical interest, was followed by a keen discussion, in which both chemists and specialists in the trade participated. A full report of the paper was contributed to in the Journal gf the Society of Dyers and Colourists. 330 The Ramsay Chemical Dinner was held in the Ca’doro Restaurant, Glasgow, on 9th December.Dr. G. C. Clayton, President of the Institute, presided over a large attendance of ladies and gentlemen, representative of the various societies interested in chemistry in the West of Scotland. Those present included Prof. and 33rs. Henderson, Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Findlay, Mr. Rosslyn Mitchell, Mr. H. Talbot, Prof. and Mrs. Kendall, Dr. Norman Picton, Lord Provost Thomas Kelly, C.A.,and his daughter Mrs. McCready. Mr. E. Rosslyn Mitchell, proposing the toast of “Sir William Ramsay and the Profession of Chemistry,” said that in Sir William Ramsay and his colleagues they had men who held that the universe was so harmonious that if they found certain elements in a certain relationship, and in progress of the relationship they found blanks, they were able to state that although they did not know the true occupants of those blanks the true occupants did exist.Along that line of faith to guide them, and with determination in the pursuit of truth, they had, one by one, been able to dis- cover in the universe those elements which had filled up the blanks. After outlining the career of Sir William Ramsay, Mr. Rosslyn Mitchell said that if Sir William Ramsay found, in the course of his researches, that nitrogen did not always behave as nitrogen should, he did not begin to say that nitrogen ought to be elimin- ated. He inquired into the reason why nitrogen did not behave as it ought to. What a good thing it would be if they applied a similar point of view to their human friends who did not agree with their views. Sir William Ramsay discovered new elements in the universe, and was able to isolate a new element which had enabled the United States to climb still higher in the world on the shoulders of the British scientist.Britain, having produced the man who isolated helium, had to keep airships in their hangars until the Americans were willing to allow them to use a certain amount of the gas. He was daily indebted to Sir William Ramsay for having isolated that peculiar gas, which was put into tubes to allow commercial men to advertise their goods by flashing electric signs. There was, in fact, hardly a discovery which had been the product of scientific research that had not been taken up by 33 1 industrialists to their own great profit, and to the benefit of the world.The great men of our race, and indeed of all other races, were the signposts for them all, not that they might follow exactly in the line which they had travelled, but that they might travel in their own line with something of their spirit. However they might analyse and disintegrate and isolate, none of them could yet reach the stage of fully explaining the mind that lay behind the brain that could analyse, could disintegrate, and could isolate. In the world of philosophy, is in the world of chemical research, there had been pioneers. They who were beneficiaries of the work of those men and heirs of their accumulated wisdom did well to honour them and follow their life with something of their spirit.(Applause.) Dr. Clayton, replying, said that the appalling disaster of the R IOI proved the absolute necessityfor the use in airshipsof a non- inflammable gas if airships were to be made feasible at all. It was interesting to consider that they owed the discovery of helium to Sir William Ramsay, and it was also interesting that at the present moment there was in America a factory producing helium to the extent of 20,000,000 cubic feet per annum at a cost of ijper 1000feet. One of the advantages of helium, which was discovered in 1898, was that it diffused more slowly than hydrogen from the fabric of the balloon of the airship.Hydrogen diffused jo times faster than helium, so that the additional cost and the additional weight of helium as compared with hydrogen was compensated for by the slowness of diffusion. He thought there was not the slightest doubt that the R IOI disaster was caused by the loss of hydrogen. Sir William Ramsay had isolated a number of other elements, and it was very extraordinary that his research work at the time was looked upon as of theoretical interest only and that in such a short time the work should have achieved such value for commercial purposes. Glasgow had always been renowned for its chemical works. He believed that the first chemical works in the city were erected by Sir William Ramsay’s grandfather. That was in 1785. They were followed in 1797 by those of Charles Tennant, who erected works which were still in existence at St.Rollox, and, two years later, took out the patent for bleaching powder. It was of interest 332 that the first bleaching powder chamber ever erected was at St. Rollox, and was in existence at the present time. It was only as a result of the war that the railway companies were obliged to alter their rules with regard to the movement of liquid gases. Nowadays, they had in commercial use liquid chlorine which was conveyed from the factories to the works by rail. During the war they had to use poison gases. One of these was phosgene, which it was interesting to note, was now being used in the production of artificial silk for ladies’ stockings.From nitro-cellulose, which was used for explosives, they now made varnishes and artificial leather. Thus, the research chemist had been able to find a use for products introduced by war. The Lord Provost (Mr. Thomas Kelly), replying to the toast of “The City of Glasgow,” proposed by Mr. H. Talbot, said that at the present time there was a movement to have a development board for the city. The committee would soon be formed, and on it there would be representatives of the Town Council, Merchants’ House, Trades House, Chamber of Commerce, and other leading citizens, and by its means they hoped that they would be able to produce a scheme to spread abroad the advan- tages which Glasgow undoubtedly possessed for the setting up of new industries.He hoped they would see good fruits from their labours. They also hoped that the proposed Civic Week would bring many people to Glasgow to see what the city had to offer. The toast of “The Guests” was proposed by Dr. K.Picton, and replied to by Professor J. Kendall. A letter was read from R. R. Tatlock, the City Alnalyst, who expressed regret that his advanced years prevented him from being present. He recalled that his first pupil was Sir William Ramsay. It was agreed to send a telegram of congratulation to Mr. Tatlock on having attained the age of 94 years. After dinner the party engaged in dancing for the remainder of the evening. Mr. A. R. Jamieson, Convener of the Dinner Committee, was heartily cheered for the successful manner in which he had carried through the arrangements.Huddersfie1d.-The first meeting of the session was held in Field’s CafC, on 28th October, when Dr. A. E. Everest presided over a good attendance of members and friends. 333 “Chemistry and Foodstuffs” was the subject of a very interesting address by Dr. L. H. Lampitt . “A good cook is half a physician for the chief physic doth come from the kitchen; wherefore the physician and cook must consult together.” Dr. Borde, who wrote these words in the seventeenth century, was apparently the first physician to recognise the close connection between food and science, for the physician of that time was medical man and chemist in one. The changing manners of to-day had necessitated the scientific study of food, for whereas, only a few years ago, each small group of human beings grew and prepared all its own food and con- sumed it in due season, to-day food was transported from one end of the world to the other and was eaten in and out of season.This inevitably demanded preservation, and preservation de-manded science. Science had also become a necessity owing to the growth of large food-manufacturing firms, and the develop- ment of the habit of feeding in restaurants and such places, where preparation was carried out. The work of the scientist could be divided into three main sections :-(a) The valuation of food; (b) The control of purity, either of raw products or of the food itself: (c) The preservation of food. The first naturally demanded close collaboration between the chemist, the biologist and the clinician.It was worthy of note that the War provided one of the finest comparisons between the old “calorific” school (on which system the German army was fed) and the newer school of the Allied armies, which, whilst using the calorific value, also recognised the value of vitamins. The second group included the work of the Public Analyst and the routine examination of food, such as should be applied by all firms producing or dealing in food. Kotwithstanding the extensive literature, many gaps in our knowledge of food analysis remained to be filled. The work of the Society of Public Analysts was to be noted in that respect, for its sub-committees were giving attention to methods whereby results of a reproducible character could be secured.The preservation of food had been the study of man from early times. Methods of preservation, by heat and chemical 334 means, had been developed, but the future seemed to be in the field of refrigeration. The process known as “ Quick Freezing,” whereby food was brought quickly to a very low temperature, was in its infancy, and promised to supplant the older methods to a large extent. The development of the process depended upon the activities of chemists and engineers in collaboration. In the discussion which followed, many points of interest were raised, particularly with regard to food preservation. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to Dr.Lampitt. At the second meeting of the session, held in Field‘s Caf6 on 25th Kovember, Professor E. C. C. Baly gave a lecture entitled ‘‘ Recent Results in the Photosynthesis of Carbohydrates.” In all the known chemical reactions the critical increment, that is to say the amount of energy necessary to initiate them, has a maximum value of about 40,000 calories for a gram mole- cule of the reacting substance. Since the heat of combustion of a gram molecule of glucose is 673,000 calories, it follows that in the photosynthesis of glucose from carbonic acid this amount of energy must be absorbed and that the critical incre- ment is at least 112,300 calories for each gram molecule of carbonic acid.Since the light corresponding to this absorption was in the ultraviolet (2552 A.U.), it had at first appeared that the formation of sugar by the actim of sunlight was theoretically impossible, and the discovery that the reaction in the plant was favoured by light from the red end of the spectrum had made the problem still more confusing. For a considerable time, also, no satisfactory explanation could be given for the fact that the reaction in the plant had a definite temperature coefficient, the formation of sugar being linearly proportional to the temper- ature up to 36”, after which the rate rapidly diminished, Early laboratory experiments had shown that carbonic acid absorbed light at 2100 A.U.; there was definite evidence of formaldehyde, and it was subsequently shown that this was formed by the decomposition of the sugar.Ultimately it was proved that the essential feature of the synthesis was a suitable surface, and by exposing to ultraviolet light substances known to adsorb carbon dioxide (e.g. nickel carbonate), small yields of a syrup which gave all the glucose reactions were obtained. This result had explained the earlier problems; the energy of activation of the carbonic acid was supplied in two stages, part 336 on the surface and part in the form of light. It had been found that the synthetic reaction was linearly proportional to tempera- ture up to 31', above which the yield rapidly fell, and close analogy with the plant reaction had thereby been established.It had been proved that the sudden decrease in activity above the critical temperature was due to the fact that 31' marked the limit of stability of the adsorption complex of carbonic acid. Proceeding to discuss the more recent work, Professor Baly explained the disadvantages of nickel carbonate ; for the best results previous activation by light was necessary, and the powder was only effective for about two hours. Considerable advance had been made by using ferric oxide (containing some thorium oxide as promoter) deposited on aluminated keiselguhr. These powders required no previous activation, and their efficiency varied with the proportion of thorium oxide present; sharp maxima were observed when the thorium oxide content was about 1.67% and 2.00%, with minima on either side of these amounts.It had also been found that their photosynthetic activity was proportional to the magnitude of the electropositive charge assumed, when suspended in water saturated with carbon dioxide. This observation was of great value, since it enabled the activity of any powder to be rapidly determined. The powders were poisoned by oxygen produced in the photo- synthetic reaction, and cataphoresis measurements had made it possible to determine the rates of poisoning and of the subsequent de-poisoning by carbonic acid. When kept in the dark the pow- ders maintained a constant cataphoretic velocity, but when exposed to light the electropositive charge decreased at a rate directly proportional to the intensity of the light.Above a certain definite intensity of light, the powder was completely flocculated and fell to the bottom of the containing vessel. If the irradiation was stopped, the powder was de-flocculated and regained its original maximum electropositive charge. It therefore followed that if the intensity of the light was not too great, the photosynthetic production of carbohydrates became a continuous process. Commenting on the progress which had been made in recent weeks, Professor Baly said that many of the difficulties en- countered in earlier work had been overcome. A stage had now been reached where definite and constant results were obtained, 336 and it appeared that complete analogy between the laboratory process and that in the living plant had been established. Al-though the yields of sugar were still small, he considered that the work had a potential economic value and that the commercial production of synthetic sugar was a possibility of the r‘uture.In the discussion which followed many points of interest were raised. In reply to one question, Professor Baly assured his audience (amidst laughter and applause) that the synthetic sugar appeared to undergo fermentation. On the motion of the Chairman, Dr. A. E. Everest, the meeting accorded Professor Baly an enthusiastic vote of thanks. Irish Free State.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Trinity College, Dublin, on the 26th Kovem- ber-Professor W. E.Adeney in the chair. The financial statement for the previous session was sub-mitted by Dr. Bell and approved. The following were elected to the Committee :-Professor Adeney, Dr. J. Bell (Hon. Treasurer), Mr. B. G. Fagan, Dr. A. G. G. Leonard (Hon. Secretary), Dr. J. H. Millar, Professor A. O’Farrelly, and Mr. J. 1%’. Parkes. The Chairman said that before proceeding further he wished to express his appreciation of the work done for the Section for so many years by the Hon. Secretary. Mr. Andrews thought it desirable that an official record of this should be made in the minutes, and he therefore proposed that the meeting express its gratitude to Dr. Leonard for his services to the Section. Mr. Fagan having seconded, the motion was passed unanimously, the Chairman adding that he would undertake to see that Dr.Leonard made a suitable record in the minute book. The Hon. Secretary, in thanking the members for their kind remarks, said that he had received very valuable assistance from Dr. Bell and Miss Brookes in organising the meetings, and mentioned that in no case had any member refused to con-tribute a paper when asked to do so. A note from Headquarters was read requesting members to complete and return the salary statistics cards recently circulated. Mr. J. J. Hutchinson then gave a short account of the pro- cesses employed in biscuit manufacture. He explained how the manufacturer classed flours into “weak” and “strong” according to the gluten content, and the 337 quality of the dough produced from them.The ovens used were of various types, those heated electrically being highly satisfactory, but rather expensive. The work in Messrs. Jacobs’ laboratory was of the most varied nature, and the chemical staff were always meeting new problems, so that their interest was never allowed to flag. He trusted that the members would enjoy their visit to the factory in December. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to Mr. Hutchinson. A visit was paid to Messrs. W. & R. Jacobs’ Biscuit Factory, on 12th December, when the members were received and con- ducted over the bakery by Mr. Hutchinsan, who did everything possible to render the visit pleasant and instructive. Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting was held on 27th November, at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds,-Mr.H. M. Mason in the Chair. Mr. J. Firth, Professor F.Challenger and Mr. A. Taylor were elected to the Committee. Mr. H. J. Hodsman was re-elected Honorary Secretary. Messrs. J. T. Thompson and J. M. Wishart were elected auditors. The Secretary read the letter from the Council requesting the views of the Section on co-operation between chemical organisations. It was agreed to adopt the Committee’s pro- posed reply and to add a further paragraph (No. 5 below). In the discussion, divergent views were expressed as to the advis- ability of publishing the Institute’s Journal. The meeting agreed to report that :-I. The Section supports the action of the Council in explor- ing the possibilities of co-operation with other chemical organisat ions.2. That the Section had practised co-operation with the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry for some years in the production of a joint programme. 3. That the Section was ready to co-operate with the Chemical Society if the local members of that body could suggest any practicable proposals. 4. That the Section was without data for making useful suggestions regarding joint subscriptions and would await the proposals which the joint Committee of the three bodies might bring forward. 338 j. That joint efforts should be made by the three bodies to reduce the expenditure on publications. Afterward, an informal Smoking Concert was held in associa- tion with the Yorlishire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.Contributions were made by Mr. C. H. Manley, G. Steele and party, Mr. J. M. Tucker (Halifax), Mr. R. C. Tucker (Rotherham), Mr. H. J. Wood and hlr. J. Emsley. On 8th December, members of the Section were invited to a meeting convened by the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Dr. W. J. S. liaunton opened a dis- cussion on “Antioxidants.” Mr. Harry Malkin Mason has been elected Chairman of the Committee of the Section for the ensuing year. The annual dinner and dance, convened jointly by the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute, will be held at Powolny’s Rooms, Bond Street, Leeds, on Friday, the 30th January, 1931.Tickets 8s. each, will be obtainable from the Honorary Secretaries. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Annual General Meeting was held at the Institute, on 26th h’ovember. The following officers and Committee were elected for the ensuing year:-Dr. L. H. Lampitt, Chairman; Mr. E. B. Hughes and Prof. J. C. Drummond, Vice-Chairmen; Mr. A. J. Chapman, Hon. Treasurer; Mr. J. R. Nicholls, Hon. Secretary; Committee : Messrs. C. A. Adams, R. J. Atkinson, J. J. V. Backes, -4.W. Barratt, M. Bogod, L. K. Boseley, A. J. C. Cosbie, Miss K. Culhane, Messrs. L. Eynon, T. H. Fairbrother, F. B. Gatehouse, G. N. Grinling, C. L. Hinton, A. S. Houghton, W. Partridge, W. H. Simmons, Dr. Martha Whiteley, and Mr. W. 0. R. Wynn. The business of the meeting was followed by an enjoyable smoking concert to which the following contributed :-Messrs.Cunningham, Gaskin, Harmsworth, Hope, Maltby, Messenger, Smith, Mrs. Smith, Miss Towsey, and Miss Wilson. Malaya.-On 29th October, at a meeting held in Singapore, Dr. Strahan read a paper entitled ‘‘ Chemical Exchanges in Muscle ” After explaining the older theories of the chemical reactions accompanying fatigue in muscle, the lecturer outlined recent 339 researches on the subject, and pointed out that whereas the older theories were now no longer tenable, the recent work had not yet advanced sufficiently far for any other theory to be put forward which would embrace all the reactions which are known to take place and give a quantitative explanation of the products formed. The lecture was followed by a practical demonstration of fatigue in frog’s muscle under intermittent electrical stimula- tion, and an exhibition of microscope slides.The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the lecturer. Future arrangements for the Section include a paper by Dr. F. E. Byron on “The Chemistry of the Blood,” and a paper by Dr. C. F. Flint on “Spectrography.” The annual meeting of the Section has been provisionally fixed for zIst February, 1931, at Kuala Lumpur. Manchester and District.-On 7th November, at the College of Technology, a meeting was held jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Society of Dyers and Colourists, and the Manchester Literary and Philoso- phical Society, when Sir William B.Hardy, F.R.S., gave a lecture on 6b Problems of the Boundary State ” before a large audience. An abstract of the lecture was published in The Chemical Age, Ijth Sovember, 1930, p. 456. The Annual Dinner and Dance of the Section was held at “The Manchester” on 4th December,-Mr. by. D. Rogers, Chair- man of the Section, presiding. Over 260 members and their friends participated in a most enjoyable and successful evening. Professor T. M. Lowry and the Registrar of the Institute responded to the toast of “The Guests.” Manchester and District Students’ Section.-A Dance was held on the 13th December in the St. George’s CafB, Man- Chester, and was thoroughly enjoyed by members and friends, including several honorary members.The Annual General Meeting, followed by a smoking concert and social evening, will be held at the Clarion CafC, joa, Market Street, Manchester, on 6th January, 1931. Students who intend to be present should notify (immediately) hZr. Frank Sowerbutts, Hon. Secretary, 244, M’ellington Road South, Stockport. 340 Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Annual General Meeting was held on 19th November, in thc Newcastle-upon-Tyne Chemical Industry Club. Dr. A. A. Hall occupied the Chair. The Committee’s report and the Treasurer’s financial state- ment were considered and adopted. The Chairman referred to the loss to the Section caused by the death of Dr. W. B. Davidson, who had served on the Committee and also as an Hon.Auditor. Mr. F. H. Walker was unanimously re-elected as Hon. Secretary, Mr. M. A. W. Brown and Mr. N. J. Ivison were elected to fill vacancies on the Committee which is now constituted as follows: Dr. A. A. Hall, Chairman; Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe (Member of Council), M. A. W. Brown, N. J. Ivison, Dr. R. D. Haworth, F. Nicholls, Prof. Irvine Masson; N.Dawson (Hon. Treasurer); F. H. Walker (Hon. Secretary). Dr. J, T. Dunn and Mr. E. W. Muddiman were elected Hon. Auditors. The interviewing sub-committee, which consists of Dr. J. T. Dunn, Mr. H. C. I.. Bloxam, Dr. P. L. Robinson and the Hon. Secretary was re-elected. Discussion took place on a letter from the Council on the scope and activities of the Institute having regard to the interests of other chemical societies.It was resolved to refer the matter to a sub-committee, consisting of the Chairman, Dr. P. L. Robinson, and the Hon. Secretary, to consider and draft motions for presentation and discussion at the next meeting. 341 Notes. British Engineering Standards Association.-Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Member of the Council of the Institute, has been elected a Member of the Council of the British Engineering Standards Association, as the Professional Member representing the Public Works Industry Section of the Association. Association of Scientific and Technical Institutions. -H.R.H. the Prince of Wales attended a banquet held at the Guildhall of the City of London, on 13th November, under the auspices of the above Association, the registered title of which is-Association for the Promotion of Co-operation between Scientific and Technical Societies and Institutions within the British Empire.The constituent Institutions of the Association are :-The Empire Council of Mining and Metallurgical Institutions. The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. The Institution of Mining Engineers. The Institution of Petroieum-Technologists. The Iron and Steel Institute. The Institute of Metals. The Institute of Fuel. The Chemical Society. The Society of Chemical Industry. The Institution of Chemical Engineers. The Institution of the Rubber Industry. The Association seeks to establish in London, or elsewhere, a central building or buildings for the use and convenience of such Societies and Institutions, and the members thereof, and to lease portions of such central building or buildings to any such Societies or Institutions and to establish, equip and main- tain therein, libraries, reading rooms, museums, laboratories, council and other meeting rooms, offices and facilities, for pro- moting such co-operation and co-ordination between such bodies.The toasts of “The King” and “Her Majesty the Queen and other Members of the Royal Family” having been duly honoured, Sir John Cadman proposed the health of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, who, in reply, proposed “The Association of Scientific and Technical Institutions.” He warmly supported the movement to raise funds for the establishment of a central 342 building to house the institutions.When he had heard of the scheme, eight years earlier, he had welcomed it heartily, and he was glad to think that out of it had grown a much greater enterprise; if steadily supported and wisely guided, it might confer benefits upon industry as a whole, both in this country and in the Empire, the extent of which could only dimly be foreseen. The Association might have a not less beneficial effect in an even wider sphere by promoting what an enlightened American had referred to as “ the four C’s”-Contact, Consul-tation, Confidence, Co-operation. The time had long passed when any one industry or any one branch of science could hope to develop to its full stature without an intimate knowledge of what was going on in other departments of human activity.Further research was urgently necessary in almost every branch of industry and science : the chemists and the metallurgists, the engineers and the fuel technologists, all had a great part to play in making a ton of coal, or, for that matter, a ton of oil, more valuable to the nation to-morrow than it was yesterday. There was the great problem of the better utilisation of the energy contained in a ton of coal, involving technical and com- mercial problems, towards the solution of which the members of the Association might make contributions of decisive value, involving, as it did, almost every branch of physical science.He was tempted to wonder whether he might not live to see lorries in which the petrol tank had been replaced by a bottle of compressed gas, carrying the products of agriculture, grown with the aid of fertilisers derived from coal, to towns no longer defiled by coal as used to-day. The sum required by the Association was large, but it was insignificant in comparison with the importance of the industries concerned. He felt sure, with the realisation of the aims of the Association, that still greater scientific development of the resources, not only of this country, but of the Empire as a whole, would result. He proposed the toast of the early success of the Association. Sir Robert Home and Dr. G. C. Clayton, President of the Institute, in reply, thanked the Prince for the encouragement and stimulus he had given to the Association.The toast of “The Guests,” was proposed by Sir Ernest Rutherford, President of the Royal Society, who occupied the chair. Sir A4uckland Geddes, Sir William J. Larke, and Mr. Eric 343 Macfadyen, in responding, also made sympathetic allusions to the aims of the Association. Institution of Professional Civil Servants.-At the Annual Dinner of the Institution of Professional Civil Servants, held on 27th November, Sir Richard Redmayne, the President of the Institution, claimed that the professional man engaged in the service of the State should be given adequate status-a position of authority, enabling him to take his full share in the shaping of policy and of its execution.The men upon whose advice any action was contemplated should have the opportunity of explaining the grounds for their advice to the controlling administrative authority. In industry, the technical element should be represented on Boards of Directors; in public adminis- tration experts should sit in council on equal terms with the administrators, or should have full access to the ultimate con-trolling authority represented by the Permanent Secretary of the Department and the Minister. At the same time, Sir Richard drew attention to the inadequate salaries attaching to certain high official positions involving the control of very large staffs, and also to the multiplicity of grades, salary scales, and methods of recruitment, which he hoped the Royal Commission on the Civil Service would find means to simplify.Beit Fellowships for Scientific Research.-Th e Eigh-teenth election of Beit Fellows will take place on or about 14th July, 1931. Not more than three Fellowships will be awarded. The annual value of every Fellowship is &50; the Fellow- ships are tenable for two years, subject to a favourable report to the Trustees at the end of the first year. Candidatesmust have taken a degree or be in possession of a diploma approved by the Trustees. Candidates must be under the age of 25 years on the date of election. Forms of application and all information may be obtained by letter addressed to the Rector, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, S.W.7.Applications must be received on or before 14th April, 1931. Lecture.-On 5th December, Dr. G. M. Bennett presided at a meeting of the Sheffield University Chemical Society, when the Registrar of the Institute gave his lecture on “Alchemists in Art and Literature.” 344 Obituary. EDWARDWILLIAM VOELCKER died at Oakwood Court, Kensington, on 22nd Kovember, in his 74th year. The son of Dr. Augustus Voelcker, F.R.S., he was born at Cirencester, where his father was at that time Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Agricultural College. Educated at University College School, London, he proceeded to the Royal Schoo! of Mines in 1875, was awarded the De la Beche Medal and the Prize for Metallurgy, and obtained the Diploma of A.R.S.M.in Mining and Met,al- hrgy in 1877, afterwards participating in chemico-geological expeditions to Sew Guinea and adjacent Islands in search of sources of phosphates,visiting Australia at the same time. On his return he joined his father, who had become Consulting Chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England and had established a practice in the City of London. Dr. Augustus Voelcker died in 1884, but the practice still continued under the style of Augustus Voelcker & Sons. Dr. John Augustus Voelcker, having succeeded his father in the appointment under the Royal Agricultural Society of England, Mr. Edward William Voelcker acted as deputyduring the absence of his brother in India from 1889 to 1891.The partner- ship now includes Mr. Eric Voelcker, the youngest son of Edward William Voelcker, representing the third generation, all Fellows of t,he Institute. Edward William Voelcker held appointments as Public Analyst for the Counties of Hereford and Northampton, and, jointly with D. J. A. Voelcker, for the Counties of Bucks and Oxford, and the Boroughs of Aylesbury and Banbury. He was also Official Agricultural Analyst for Herefordshire and Northants, and Deputy Official Agricultural Analyst for the Counties of Berks and Bucks, Northumberland, Oxford, the East Riding of Yorkshire, and the Isle of Ely. He was Treasurer (for 19 years), and President of the Society of Public Anaiysts (1910-11). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1880, served as a Member of Council for four periods, as a Vice-president for two periods, and as Honorary Treasurer for six years (1918-24), and was thus intimately connected with the work of the Institute for 24 years, during which he also served for three years as a Censor.He was Chairman of the Publica- tions Committee from 1913 to 1916, and in that capacity supervised the compilation of the History of the Institute (1877-1914). As Treasurer, he was Chairman of the Finance and House Committee, and from 1920 to 1924 he was also Chairman of the Benevolent Fund Committee. In the latter year he was compelled, through ill-health, to relinquish these offices in which he had served the Institute a-ith conspicuous ability He was then re-elected a Vice-president, and continued in that office until 1927.At the memorial service held at St. John’s Presbyterian Church, Kensington, on 25th Xovember, the Institute was represented by Mr. Edward Hinks, Vice-president; Rfr. E. R. Bolton, Member of Council; and the Registrar. EDWARDJOHX PVRVIS, who died at Cambridge on 1st Xovember, received his professional education at the Royal College of Science for Ireland, where he obtained the Diploma of Associateship, and at St. John’s College, Cambridge, where he studied chemistry, physics, 345 mineralogy and geology. He graduated B.A. with honours in Part I1 of the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1893, and proceeded to &LA. in 1896. In 1893 he was appointed Assistant to the Professor of Chemistry, and in 1909 University Lecturer in chemistry and physics in their application to hygiene and preventive medicine, in which position he devoted much attention to biochemistry in relation to water supplies and sewage disposal.At the time of his death he was an Alderman and Deputy Mayor of Cambridge, having been Mayor of the Borough for the year 1928-29. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and a Fellow in 1902. 346 Books and their Contents. -Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V, 1930, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Paint, Powder and Patches.” A Handbook of Make-up for Stage and Carnival.H. S. Redgrove and G. A. Foan. Pp. xi+ 170. (London : William Heinemann (Medical Books), Ltd.) 7s. 6d. Part I: Preparation of Theatrical Cosmetics: Colouring matters; dry and liquid make-up requisites; fats and waxes; grease-paints. Part 11: Practical Art of Xaliing-up: groundwork and lining; alteration of features; theatrical postiche; portrayal of national types; some classical types; miscellaneous stage and carnival characters; make-up for the cinematograph. “ Plants, The Chemical Investigation of.” L. Rosenthaler. Translated from the third German edition by Sudhamoy Ghosh. Pp. viii+1g7. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. The fundamental principles involved in the systematic chemical in- vestigation of plants for the use of pharmaceutical and agricultural chemists and for research workers engaged in the study of plant products from medicinal, pharmacological and purely scientific points of view. Section I: General; short outline of the history of plant chemistry; general remarks on the preparation of plant constituents; preliminary tests; process of Stas-Otto; detection of cane-sugar and glucosides.Section I1: Special : alkaloids; glucosides; bitter substances; colouring matters; fats, oils and waxes; lecithins; resins; tannins; phlobaphenes; organic acids; carbohydrates; proteins and their products; enzymes; toxalbumins; inorganic constituents. Cinchona.-The Founder and Director of the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum has forwarded a Souvenir of the Cinchona Tercentenary Celcbration and Exhibition opened at the Museum on 8th December.The volume contains a brief his- torical foreword by Dr. Henry s. Wellcome, the Director, in which he states that the Celebration has been organised to mark the first recognised use of Cinchona bark by Europeans, and that the collection of exhibits has been arranged to illustrate the history of Cinchona bark and its active principles during the last 300 years. The Exhibition, which will remain open until February, 1931, includes exhibits from H.M. the King of Spain, H.E. the Ambassador of Spain, and from a large number of societies as well as firms and individuals interested in the 347 subject-over 1,200items of interest associated with the culti- vation of the Cinchona plant, the gathering, drying and prepara- tion and transport of the bark, and a great variety of specimens relating to the manufacture of Cinchona alkaloids and their uses, especially in connection with the treatment of malaria.I' Repertorium Technicum. "-The Nederlandsch Instituut vooi Documentatie en Registratuur (Dutch Institute for Documentation and Indexing), has announced the issue of a new periodical under the title of Repertorium Technicum, a bi-monthly periodical of approximately 60 sheets printed on one side, comprising a systematically arranged bibliography of the more important publications of a technical nature appearing in book form and in periodicals, throughout the world. It is intended to be a Bibliograpity of Bibliographies, and will be indexed in accordance with the universal decimal classification.The President of the Provisional Committee appointed for the publication of the Repertorium is Colonel Sir Frederick Nathan; the subscription will be k3 per annum, and a specimen of the publication can be obtained from the Nederlandsch Instituut voor Documentatie en Registratuur, 30, Care1 Van Bylandtlaan, The Hague, Holland. The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has announced the publication of Fuel Research Technical Paper, No. 27, The Measurement of a Rapidly Fluctuating Flow of Gas (H.M. Stationery Office, 6d. net; postage extra); and of The Investigation of Atmospheric Pollution, 15th Report (H.M.Stationery Office, 3s. 6d. net.) The Cambridge University Press announces the publication of Radiations from Radioactive Substances, by Sir Ernest Rutherford, James Chadwick, and C. D. Ellis. This work, which will take the place of Radioacti.de Substances and their Radiations, published in 1913,is confined to an account of the radiations from active matter and their application to physical problems,-the authors' object being to give a concise and connected account of our knowledge of radiations, and of the bearing of the results on the problem of the structure of the atomic nucleus. The Report of the Fuel Research Board for the year ended 31st March, 1930,with the Report of the Director of Fuel Re- search, was published on 19th December. (H.M.Stationery Office, 2s. net.) 348 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on zIst November and 19th December, 1930,10 Associates were elected to the Fellow- ship, 48 new Associates were elected, and 31 Students were admitted. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Abraham, Ernest Edward Unwin, B.Sc. (Liv.), c/o Beechams Pills, Ltd., St. Helens. Gilbert, Lionel Felix, B.Sc. (Lond.), Frogmore, Beaconsfield, Bucks. Harding, George, Chelston, Church Road, Lower Bebington, Cheshire. Joachim, Anian Walter Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Crown Agents for Colonies, 4, Millbank, London, S.W.1. Jones, Brynmor, M.Sc. (Wales), 19, Howard Gardens, Cardiff. Levy, Frank, Colas House, Buckingham Gate, London, S.W.1. Parrish, Percy, 57, Westcombe Park Road, London, S.E.3.Saunders, Wilfrid, B.Sc. (Lond.), Technical Institute, Jamshedpur,Tatanagar, B.N.Rly., India. Williams, Hugh Amphlett, A.C.G.F.C., 66, Harold Road, London, S.E. 19. Wishart, James Miller, B.Sc. (Edin.), 5, Houghley Avenue, ArmleyRidge Road, Leeds. New Associates. Ainsworth, Arthur Nicholls, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Lillies, Chaplin Road, Wembley.Attfield, George Cooper, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Oaks, Stoke Park, Slough. Baker, Stanley, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Dun.), York Mansion, Petty France, London, s.w.1. Baskett, Ronald Gilbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.Sc. (Reading), Thornfleet, Balmoral Drive, Belfast. Chew, Clifford, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 16, Kenmere Grove, Moston, Manchester. Coulson-Smith, Carl, M.Sc. (Dun.), 23, Boycroft Avenue, Church Lane, London, N.W.9.Cowdrey, Geoffrey Wilson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 53, Edgar Road, Sanderstead, Surrey.Crawford, Malcolm, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Monro, 296, Bath Street, Clasgow, c.2. Crawley, Blick, B.A. (Oxon.), 88, Church Street, London, W.8. Cutler, Leonard Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 59, Totteridge Road, Enfield Wash. Davis, Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Weighton Road, Harrow Weald, Niddx. Dyke, Wilfrid James Cecil, B.Sc. (Wales), 54, The Hill, Beaufort, Mon. Gray, Harry Mervyn, B.A. (Oxon.), 18, Beaufort Road, Clifton, Bristol. Hales, Roland Edwards, B.Sc. (Lond.), Mexicana de Petroleo, El Aguila, Apartado 16, Minatitlan, Ver., Mexico. 349 Halson, Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 32, Sunny Hill, Hendon, London, N.W.4. Harris, William Edward, B.Sc.(Wales), Glyndwr, Commercial Road, Machen, &Ion. Jones, Karl Bryce Warner, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., U.P.A.S.I.Tea Experimental Station, Devarshola P.O., Silgiris, India. Kellett, Stanley, B.Sc. (Leeds), 8, Croft Terrace, New Farnley, Leeds. Lloyd, Edric lvor, B.Sc. (\Tales), Hendreladis, Penrhos, Ystradgynlais, Breconshire. &Combs, Terence Henderson, RI.Sc. (N.Z.), Clifton, Sumner, K.Z. Miller, Ernest John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm,), 30, Sunnyside Road, Ealing, London, W.5. Norton, James Hogg, BSc. (Lond.), 21, Walker Street, Paisley. Mosses, Arthur Neville, M,Sc. (Sheffield), 33, St. Ann's Road, Rotherham. Pettinger, Arthur Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Berners Street, Wakefield, Yorks. Pitt, Arthur Trapp, RSc.(Lond.), 17, Werter Road. Putney, London, S.W.15. Preston, Graham Holmes, B.Sc. (Birm,), 124, Emscote Road, Warwiclr. Price, Leslie Slater, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Lyndene, Sorthway, Winnington, Korthwich. Rains, Harry Gascoyne, M.Sc. (Sheff.), 23, Sycamore Road, Linthorpe, 31iddlesbrough. Rees, Alyn Idris, M.Sc. (Wales), Ellan Vanmn, Heol-y-Forlan, Whit- church, Cardiff. Roberts, Robert Emrys, B.Sc. (\t7a1es), Rydal Mount, Dinorwic Street, Caernarvon. Robertson, Hamish, B.Sc. (Glas.), The Old Schoolhouse, High Street, Oban, Scotland. Scott, Percy Douglas, JLSc. (Dun.), 2, Church Street, Marley Hill, New- castle-on-Tyne.Silcox, Arthur Leonard, B.Sc. (Wales), Eastbourne, Langland Bay,Mumbles, Swansea. Sinclair, Ian, B.Sc. (Glas.), Lochvicw, Killearn, Stirlingshire. Smith.Gordon, BSc., Ph.D. (Edin.), The Schoolhouse, Nurthly, Perthshire. Smith, Mervyn Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Carshalton Road, Nitcham Junction, Surrey. Soan!, Oscar Vincent, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Attock Oil Co., Ltd., Rawalpindi, India. Stein, Norman Oscar, B.Sc. (Manitoba), 3l.S. (Michigan), 216, Burdett Road, London, E.3. Steinmann, Henry Albert, 40, Hawthorn Terrace, Xew Earswick, York. Stoyle, John Alexander Robertson, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 49, Caledonia Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Taylor, Edward Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 38, Nailour Street, Caledonian Road, London, K.7. Thonison, Thomas, B.Sc. (Glas.), 4, Paxton Street, Iiilmarnock. Avrshire. Upton, Charles Treyhern, B.Sc. (Birm.), 156, Kenelm Road, Small Heath, Birmingham.S'asundhara, Niss Adipudi, M.A.(Madras), B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Nuthukrishna Mudali Street, Nylapore, Madras, S. India. Walters, Thomas Morgan, B.Sc. (Wales), Gwalia, Victoria Road, Waunarl- wydd, Swansea. Weighton, David Jamieson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Park Street, Hull. Weir, Arthur Rose, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Lancaster Park, Richmond, Surrey. Williams, Emlyn, B.Sc. (Wales). 30, Friar3 Avenue, Bangor, S. Wales. 350 New Students. Allen, Eric Charles, 37, Vivian Avenue, Wembley Hill. Anderson, James Henry, 403, Alum Rock Road, Saltley, Birmingham. Armitage, Rowland, 57, Lee Green, Mirfield, Yorks. Bean, Cecil Morris, 23, Devereux Road, London, S.W.11. Briggs, Harold, 61, Kings Mill Lane, Huddersfield. Browne, Reginald Hunt, 3, Freeland Road, London, W.5. Davis, Arthur Leslie, 8, Broadfields Avenue, Edgware, Jliddx.Donaldson, Edward, 104, Dalry Road, Edinburgh. Dunton, George Herbert, 27, Upcot Street, Hatcham, London, S.E. 15. Fisher, Harold Maurice, 28, Albert Street, Burton-on-Trent. Fleming, William Alexander Latto, 23, Sairn Street, Glasgow, C.3. Crindley, David Noel, 28, Tollemache Road, Claughton, Birkenhead. Hodson, William Frederick, 87, Burton Road, Woodville, nr. Burton-on- Trent. Jarrett, Frank Ralph, 18, Warren Road, Purley. Johnston, 3liss Hilda Ellen, 126, Clifford Gardens, Kensal Rise, London, N.W.6. Kent, Arthur Vincent, 8, Beverley Street, Port Talbot. Killcross, Eric Leathu-ood, 105, St. Helens Road, Leigh, Lanes. Latham, Harold Hall, 226, Hagley Road, Birmingham.Lucas, Ernest, 41, Ukraine Road, Lower Kersal, Salford. Jlacnair, John Aitken, 39, Monksbridge AT-enue, Knightswood, Glasgowr-, w.3. LIIcKinlay, Robert Hay, 415, Shields Road, Pollokshields, Glasgow. Milner, George, 119, Tan y groes Street, Port Talbot. Pay, Arthur Stafford, 34, Nethercourt Road, Church End, Finchley, S.3. Rodway, Leslie Willliam, 13, Portland Street, Cheltenham. Sheppard, George Wilhelm, 15, Norbury Court Road, London, S.TV.16. Staynes, Miss Gertrude Margaret, 33, Highfield Street, Leicester. Stratford, Claude Lawson, 7, Winifred Road, Didsbury, Manchester. Sweeten, John Langhorne, 52, Park Road, Blackpool. Wilson, Hector Nuir Dam-son, 35, Iiingswood Drive, Cathcart, Glasgow.Winfield, Richard, 43, Westmorland Road, Urmston, Manchester. Woolgar, Cedric Warren. 17, St. Matthew's Road, Worthing. DEATHS. Fellows. John Edward Purvis, M.A. (Cantab), A.K.C.Sc.1. Edward William Voelcker, A.R.S.M. 351 General Notices. Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council:-By-law 26. (1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form: “We the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24 (2). No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer, for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up as on a casual vacancy.The Vice-president and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, and March, 1931,in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election, are as follows:- Vice-President. Arthur Jenner Chapman. Members of Council. Alfred Archibald Boon, D.Sc. Frank George Edmed, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. George Davidson Elsdon, B.Sc. William Howieson Gibson, O.B.E., D.Sc. Douglas William Kent-Jones, B.Sc., Ph.D. Leslie Herbert Lampitt, D.Sc.Charles Ainsworth Mitchell, &LA.,D.Sc. Peter Wright Tainsh, O.B.E., A.R.T.C. Oliver Trigger, M.B.E. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 4.30 p.m. on Monday, 19th January, 193 1. 352 The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Monday, 2nd March, 1931. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council who will continue in office are as follows:- (i) Birmingham and Midlands : William Wardlaw, D.Sc. (iii) Liverpool and Xorth-Western: Walter Ferguson Buist, B.Sc. (iv) London and South Eastern Counties: George Stubbs, C.B.E. (v) Manchester and District: William David Rogers, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (ri) North-East Coast and Yorkshire: Harry Malkin Mason, M.Sc. (vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Alee Munro Cameron, B.Sc.(viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland: Frederick William Harris. (ix) Wales and the Countyof Monmouth: Leonard. EricHinkel, D.Sc. (x) Northern Ireland: John Hawthorne, B.A., Ph.D. (xi) Irish Free State: William Robert Fearon, M.A., Sc.D. Mr. Edward Russell, B.Sc., has been nominated as District Member of Council in succession to Mr. A. W. M. Wintle for (ii) Bristol and South Western Counties District. KOnomination has been received for District (xii) The Over- seas Dominions and elsewhere abroad, in succession to Col. S. W. Bunker, D.S.O., M.C., BSc. The vacancy will be filled in due course by the Council. Examinations in 1931.---The arrangements for examina- tions after January, 1931 are as follows:- Dates of Examinations.Entries close. 13th to 17th April or 20th to 24th April. Monday, 16th February, 1931. 14th to 18th September or zIst to 25th September. Monday, 20th July, 1931. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. Pedler Research Scholarship.-Under the regulations for the award of the Pedler Scholarship, the scholar is required to undertake work on a problem or problems to be chosen by the Council, having special regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest. 353 The selected problem will be announced in due course, and the Pedler Fund Committee will invite applications from candi- dates for the scholarship.The successful candidate will be informed of his or her appointment as soon as possible after the award. The scholarship is of the annual value of E300, payable monthly, and tenable for one year, but, at the discretion of the Council, may be extended for any further period at the same rate. The work shall be conducted in a laboratory approved by the Council, and under the general direction of any person or persons, duly authorised by the Council for this purpose, who shall report to the Pedler Fund Committee from time to time as required. The Council will defray the expenses of the research out of the Pedlet Fund, all such expenses being subject to the approval of the Council or of an officer duly authorised for this purpose.The results of the investigations undertaken by the scholar shall be the property of the Institute, and shall be published as the Council may direct. Any such publication, however, shall be in the name of the scholar solely. (See pp. 314-315.) Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register, Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. 354 Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s.6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute provides a collection of books primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations, but is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10 a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of 355 the Sooo periodicals in the Library which may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. 2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain Sr Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms: buckram case, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s.8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection consists mainly of portraits of al-chemists and chemists and is constantly being augmented by the addition of new slides to meet the wishes of lecturers.The loan of other slides can often be arranged. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. 356 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES, 1ST MARCH TO 19~~DECEMBER, 1930. Council Council in Committees Committee IG.C. Clavton. Pres.* .. .. *. 70 2.5_. 3 A. J. Chapman, V.P. .. .. .. 7 6 5 33 F. D. Chattaway, V.P. .. .. .. 1 2 73 L. Eynon, V.P. .. .. *. .. 8 6 28 25 3 E. Hinks, V.P. .. .. .. .. 8 6 18 16 4 B. F.Howard, V.P. .. .. .. 8 7 19 18 3 A. Smithells, V.P. .. .. .. 2 0 A2P.H. Kirkaldy, Treas. .. .. .. 8 7 33 32 7 E. R. Bolton .. .. .. .. 6 1 24 7 1 A. A. Boon . . .. *. .. .. 0 0 20 H. V.A. Briscoe ,. .. .. .. 3 1 s 0 H.B. Brown ,. .. .. .. 1 4 19 4 1 W. F.Buist .. .. .. .. it Ot 12 2 S. W.Bunker . . .. .. .. 0 0 ti0 W. J. A. Buttefield .. .. .. 8 6 5 2 1 A. M.Cameron . . .. .. .. 1 1 50 ,4.Coulthard .. .. .. .. 4 0 12 0 A. E. Dunstan .. .. .. .. 3 1 18 2 1 F. G. Edmed .. .. .. .. 8 5 65 G. D. Elsdon .... .. .. 2 0 4 21 W. R. Fearon . . .. .. .. 1 0 .i 0 C. S. Gibson .. .. .. .. 4 1 7 03 W. H. Gibson . . .. .. .. 0 0 19 0 F. W.Harris .. .. *. .. 3 0 16 0 J. Hawthorne . . .. .. .. 3 0 11 T. P. Hilditch ., *. .. .. 6 0 91 L. E. Hinkel .. .. .. .. 4 3 .i 0 G. N. Huntly .. .. .. .. 6 4 4 31 D. W.Kent-Jones .. .. .. 4 3 14 6 J. G. King .... .. .. .. 1 2 19 3 2 L. H. Lampitt . . .. .. .. 5 5 18 5 1 H. Levinstein .. .. .. .. 2 0 40 P. Lewis-Dale . . .. .. .. 4 5 42 D.Jordan Lloyd .. .. .. .. 5 5 64 H. M. Mason .. .. .. .. 5 1 3 0 H.McCombie . . .. .. .. 3 0 I1 C. A. Mitchell . . .. .. .. 6 4 21 7 1 B. P. Ridge .. .. .. .. .. 6 1 41 W. H. Roberts . . .. .. .. 1 2 I 0 1 W. D. Rogers .. .. .. .. 1 1 50 G. Stubbs .... .. .. .. 8 7 20 15 3 P. W. Tainsh .. *. .. .. 1 0 40 A. R.Tankard .. .. .. .. 0 0 60 0. Trigger .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 16 0 W. Wardlaw .. .. .. .. 5 2 91 F. J. Wilson. , .. .. .. .. 1 2 71 -4.W.M. Wintle .. .. .. .. 8 7 3 51 * Ex-oflcio member of all Committees. t Of a possible 6.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9305400307

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

367 Index: 1930, Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section, 16, 29, 102, 156, 211, 251, 318 Accounts (1929), 19 et sep., 73 Agricultural Analysts, 26 Agricultural Chemistry, 102 Aliens Order, 138 Alkali Act, 231 American Institute of Chemists, 101, 185 Anaesthetics, 192 Analyst, The R61e of the, 41 Annual General Meeting, 71 Animal Nutrition, 318 Antioxidants, 338 Appointments, Colonial, 154 Appointments Register, 4, 17, 62, 247, 353 * A.S.L.I.B., 185, 221 Association of Scientific and Tech- nical Institutions, 321, 341 Attendances, Council, etc., 356 Auditors, 18, 70 Australian Chemical Institute, 8, 154, 246 Bankers, 70 Beilby Memorial Awards, 5, 62, 155, 217 Beit Fellowships, 343 Belfast and District Section, 14, 103, 158, 319 Benevolent Fund, 4, 7, 22, 55, 137, 219 Birmingham and Midlands Section, 14, 103, 253, 319 Biscuit Manufacture, 336 Books and their Contents, 58, 141, 192, 229, 288, 346 Boundary State, Problems of the, 339 Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, 14, 29, 105, 159, 211, 254, 323 British Association, 185, 221 Cape Section, 14, 212, 254, 326 Carbohydrates, Synthesis of, 322, 334 Censors, 68 Charter, Supplemental, 245, 309 “Chemical Knowledge in Modern Business,” 128 Chemical Society Library, 5, 155, 209 Chemical Trades Advisory Com-mittee, 5 -Examinations Board, 5 Chemicals, Pure, 44 “Chemist,” 97 et seq., 182, 245 Chemistry and Industry, 255 Chemistry of Life, 322 Chemists, Chartered, 309 Chimie Industrielle, Socibt6 de, 5, 155, 207 Cinchona, 316, 346 City and Guilds of London Institute, 5 Civil Servants, 343 Civil Service, Royal Commission on the, 153, 205 Coal, 44, 328 Cobalt, 234 Coke, Reactivity of, 257 Committees, 68 Contracts of Service, 8, 153, 316 Co-operation, 206, 262, 319, 337 Corrosion, 162 Council, 67 Council Attendances, 356 Council, Committees and Repre-sentatives, 4 Council, District Members of, 352 Council, Sominations of the, 25, 351 Council, Report of, 3, 76 Customs and Excise, 31 1 Deaths, 3, 61,146,197,236, 297,350 Dinner, Annual Chemical, 237 Drugs ;Manufactured by Body, 107 Dyeing and Cleaning, 328 Dyestuffs, 232, 246, 279, 310 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 14, 106, 255 327 Electronic Theory in Organic Chem- istry, 266 Electrons, 36 Emulsions, 11 6 Entrance Fees, 313 368 Examinations, 9, 47, 171, 223, 268 Examiners, Board of, 10, 70 Factory and Workshop Act, 231 Faraday Centenary Celebrations, 207, 317 Federal Council, 4 Finance and House Committee, 4, 6 Food Fakes, 257 Foodstuffs, Chemistry and, 333 Forensic Evidence, 166 Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 10, 72, 101 Fruit Culture, 158 Fruit, Ripening of, 326 Fuel, Institute of, 51 Gas Cylinders, Conference on, 3 Gases, Industrial, 26, 100 Geology (Huddersfield), 160 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 15, 31, 113, 159, 328 Glassware, Scientific, 5 Cluckstein, S.M. Memorial Lecture, 298, 316 Government Chemist, 290 Headmasters' Employment Com-mittee, 5, 285 Health, Ministry, 290 Heating and Ventilation, 193 Honorarv Corresaondina -Secre-taries," 17, 100 A Honours. 50. 182 Huddersfield Section, 15, 36, 160, 256, 332 Imperial Chemical Industries, 5 Imperial Institute, 193 India, 9 Institute, Roll of, 3 Institutions, Recognition of, 10, 314 Insulation of Heated and Cooled Surfaces, 159 Inventors, Rights of, 153 Irish Free State Section, 1.5, 115, 165, 257, 336 Iron and Steel Institute, 51 Journal and Proceedings, 12 Lantern Slides, 13, 64, 213, 353 Lectures, 11, 13, 55, 134, 343 Leeds Area Section, 15, 116,257, 337 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 4, 8 Legal Notes, 50, 134, 183 Library, The, 12, 63, 142 Linen Research, 317 Liverpool and North-Western Sec- tion, 15, 39, 117, 165, 257 Local Government, Royal Com-mission on, 26, 99 Local Government (Scotland) Bill, 8 Local Sections, 14, 28, 29, 102, 156, 211, 251, 318 London and South-Eastern Coun- ties' Section, 15, 41, 166,258, 338 Jlagnetisni and Crystal Structure, 106 Malaya Section, 16, 41, 168, 213, 259, 338 Manchester and District Section, 16, 41, 120, 169, 261, 339 Jlatter, Theorv of, 117 Medical Witness, 166 Medicinal Chemicals, 322 Medico-Leeal Chemical Work (Egypt),-119 Meldola Jledal, 10, 71 Methylated Spirit., 5, 311 Milk,-11 Minerals, Industrial, 106 &fines, Safety in, 232 Jluscle, Chemical changes in, 338 Mustard Gas, 286 National Certificates in Chemistry, 4, 14, 223 Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section, 16, 121, 262, 310 New Zealand Section, 16, 46, 128, 216 Sominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 4, 8 Notes, 50, 134, 182, 217, 283, 341 Sotices, General, 62, 147, 198, 237, 598, 351 Xutrition, Animal, 318 Obituary, 56, 139, 188, 228, 291, 344 Odour and Chemical Constitution, 165 Officers and Council, List of, 67 Patents, 5, 8, 153, 205 Pedler Scholarship, 11, 24, 100, 154, 207, 314 Photographic Research, 185 Poisons and Pharmacy Acts, 97, 134, 153, 245 559 l’oisons, Industrial, 26 Portraits (Chemists), 135 Potentials, Single, 254 “Probable Error, What is,” 251 Power Conference, World, 5, 234 Prescriptions Panel, 103 President, 17, 25 President’s Address, 82 Printing Industry, Science in, 4 Profession of Chemistry (N.Z.), 132 (Mane.), 169 Professional Interests. 99, 104, 114, 116 Public Analyst& 26, 99, 261, 286 Public Appointments Committee, 13 Publications and Library Com-mittee, 4,12 Racemates, 102 Radium, 234 Ramsay Chemical Dinner, 287, 330 Refrigeration.258 Regizer, 4, 89, 145, 194, 2iN, 235, 287, 293, 348 Kegistration, 8, 219 Regulations, 10, 314 Repertorium Technicum, 347 Roll of the Institute, The, 3 Rothanisted Memoirs, 233 Rubber Industry, 213 Rubber Latex, 31 Salary Statistics, 250, 316 Scholarships, 183 Schutzenberger Centenary, 5 “Science and Philosophy,” 120 Science Museum, 64, 354 Scientific and Industrial Research, Report of Dept., 51 Scottish Board of Health, 5 Scrutineers, Report of, 78 Sewage and Sewage Effluents, 5, 39 Smithells, Prof. A, portrait, 71 Societe de Chiniie Industrielle, 5, 155, 207 Soil Analysis, 29 Solicitors, 70 South Africa, British Association Visit to, 103 South I+-ales Section, 16, 44, 266 Spray Drying, 37 Standardisation (Rubber), 261 Standards, British Chemical, 155, 206 Standards, British Engineering, 5, 136, 317, 341 Steel Pit Props, 193 Steel, Scaling of, 257 Steels, Heat Resisting, 162 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 64, 298, 316 Students’ Section (Manchester), 169, 261 Students, Registered, 11, 17 Sugar (Cane) Industry, 259 Tapioca, 260 Thallium, 323 Therapeutic Substances Act, 5 Thomson (J.31.) Medal, 221 Transmutation of the Chemist, 316 Vitamins, 32 Voelcker, The late E.W., 309, 344 War, Chemistry in, 156 Water Pollution Research, 193 Water Supply, 160, 327 World Porn-er Conference, 5, 234 X-rays, 107 Institute of ChemistryBenevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, I914-1 918. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hoiz. Treasurer, BENEVOLEXT I;UND, INSTITUTE OF CHENISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LOSDOS,W.C. I.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9305400357

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC