THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART VI: 1936. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secrelary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.1.LONDON, December, 1936, Publications Committee, 1936-37. LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), ROBERT H. PICKARD (President), JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHARD, W. M. CUMMING, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, ALEXANDER FINDLAY , A. E. FINDLEY, H. H. HODGSON, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, D.JORDAN-LLOYD, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. F.E. RHEAD, ADAM TAIT, E. A. TYLER, ERNEST VANSTONE.427 The President has had the honour to acknowledge the receipt of a message from the Keeper of His Majesty’s Privy Purse intimating that His Majesty has been graciously pleased to accord to the Institute the continued Patronage of the Crown. The President, in reply, has asked that the Keeper of the Privy Purse will be so good as to convey to His Majesty an expression of the loyal and humble duty of the Fellows and Associates of the Institute, and their most grateful thanks for this mark of His Majesty’s favour, humbly praying that His Majesty may long reign over a happy and united Empire. Editorial. Arbitrations.-Disputes concerning commercial transac-tions are often decided by the parties concerned mutually agreeing between themselves to accept the decision of some impartial arbitrator. The London Court of Arbitration, established by the City of London, in conjunction with the Chamber of Commerce, settles disputes by the appointment of one or two arbitrators, or two arbitrators with an umpire, at the option of the parties.The disputants may conduct their own cases or be legally represented, or the personal attendance of all parties may be dispensed with, if they prefer to state the case jointly, or each to state their cases separately, agreeing to accept the decision of the arbitrator, arbitrators, or umpire. The proceedings are private, and awards can be enforced in the same manner as the judgment of a Court of Law. Professional bodies, including the Institute, are also occasionally asked to nominate arbitrators to determine matters in dispute, and to arrange terms for settlement.In cases in which the decision of a matter may be settled by a professional chemist or other scientific consultant, the arbitrator selected should be one whose special knowledge, experience, standing and judgment 428 entitles him to be accepted as an authority to act in any parti- cular instance. Supposing a chemist possessing patent rights, in respect of which he has been entitled to receive royalties from his employers over a period of years, decides to seek another appointment, or his appointment is to be determined on his employers amal- gamating with others,-in such a case, in the event of the parties not agreeing to the compensation which the chemist should receive on relinquishing his rights, an accountant may be a competent arbitrator; on the other hand, he may find some scientific guidance necessary to assist him in deciding the matter.Again, business dealings may be, and often are, based on analyses of samples, as of coal, ores, or fertilisers, about which there may be occasional disputes and subsequent need for arbitration. In such cases, the judgment of a chemist as arbitrator may be requested, as also on the value of a new process, or a new product, or on questions relating to goods damaged by fire, fumes, or water. The parties are not necessarily out of patience with one another: they desire an amicable settlement of a question beyond their powers to determine themselves and, particularly, both are anxious to avoid incurring the expense and incon- venience of litigation.On this they are in complete agreement. The difficulty sometimes arises when they find that the arbitrator requires to be adequately recompensed for his time and services. These ruminations are prompted by the fact that,-although scarcely anybody would contemplate disputing the fees charged for the professional services of his solicitor or his medical consultant ,-the professional chemist, whose preparation for his profession is no less arduous, occasionally encounters objections, even from solicitors themselves, when he looks for the settlement of his account. As in the case of many scientific problems, until the question is solved it may seem difficult and troublesome; but when it has been determined it appears in a different light: “It is easy when you know how!” Requests for the nomination of arbitrators are usually received through a firm of solicitors who, in the interests of their clients, endeavour to ascertain the amount of the pro- fessional fees which are likely to be incurred.This is a matter for the arbitrator himself, who is entitled to decide his own terms for his services, depending on the extent of the investiga- tion that may be necessary, on the time that he may be required 429 to devote to the hearing, and having due regard to the responsi- bility devolving upon him. It is very necessary, therefore, that he should be ready at the outset to state definitely the terms on which he is prepared to act; and he should state his terms, not as a tender against possible competition, but on his own valuation of his time and services.It is sometimes very difficult to compute the expense of an investigation, but the consultant should so far as possible ensure an understanding at the outset of the negotiations. Metric Reform.-Mr. Barton’s article on “Metric Reform ” has encouraged a few members to forward their criticisms, which may be found useful in clearing the way for further thought on the subject. An Associate expresses the view that the reform is long overdue, and the hope that the Decimal Association will receive the support of chemists in an effort to bring about a reform in coinage as well as in weights and measures.A Fellow, with special experience in management questions, says that many companies by keeping all their accounts in either shillings or pence, except in documents produced to the public,- such as invoices and balance sheets-are able to save, in account- ing costs, as much as 20 per cent. A number of companies use weighing machines with double scales,-one recording tons, cwts., etc., the other plain pounds; thus, in receiving goods, the tons, cwts., etc., are checked according to the advice note, and entered in all records in pounds, all internal weighing machines being on the simple pound basis. Manufacturers are being persuaded to provide goods made up in packets of 10’s and IOO’S, and others now keep all records of length in yards and decimals of a yard. The Works Manager of a company with Continental con-nections says that his company purchases all raw materials in imperial measure; these weights are converted to metric for internal use, and the various raw materials are costed accordingly.Workmen are trained to work in both metric and the imperial system. Finished products are recorded in metric weight, and all works costs reckoned on this basis. Finished products are transferred to stores where they are converted to imperial weights. Stocks are thus kept in both systems. “This 430 unnecessary and rather complicated work,” he says, “would not be required if metric reform were seriously considered.” Another Associate says that chemists could pave the way to metric reform by using kilos and litres when carrying out operations on the works scale.Manufacturers of chemical plant could graduate many of their instruments, e.g. pressure gauges, on a metric basis, which would in turn give a lead to the engineer. He suggests that a complete change to the metric system would increase both national and industrial expenditure, and that there are as many disadvantages as advantages. He foresees that the small shopkeeper would not readily adopt a new system: he would object to altering his weights and measures. One correspondent ,-a Fellow,-suggests that the article is made up of a number of loose statements, on which are based a number of loose arguments. He challenges the statement that “our rejection of metric reform” is a danger “now threatening British commerce abroad and industrial efficiency at home.” Continuing, he says, “there is lying by me a specimen of the specification which a Yorkshire firm attaches to each package of its goods shipped to South America.It is in Spanish, and the measurements applying to the contents of the package are in terms of the metre and the kilogram. This firm sells its productions at home in terms of the yard and the pound. Would it be more efficient if they talked only in metres and kilograms? Knowing something about them I can say that their efficiency does not depend upon the units in which they measure their productions.I have the catalogue of another firm which has connections abroad. Here its productions are quoted in terms of our system and the metric system. It is a fair presumption that other firms who have foreign business do the same. Their selling power abroad does not depend upon the weights and measures which they use at home. Surely the man who can use two systems is more efficient than he who can only use one. Now imagine a firm doing an entire inland trade, say a miller, who, we will suppose, sells his flour nicely done up in stone packages for the benefit of those who bake at home. He will have an automatic machine for doing this. Will it make him more efficient if the machine wraps up packages of 5 or 10kilos? Or, will he sell any more? If he weighs his flour by hand, will the man who does it be more efficient if the weights happen to be kilograms instead of pounds? Should we succeed in 431 keeping the doctor away any longer, if, instead of buying our apples in terms of the pound, they were weighed against a kilogram weight? Will the dressmaker make a smarter dress because she uses a tape-measure divided in centimetres instead of inches? There is the insinuation that the civil engineer is bothered by ‘laborious divisions,’ but if the conversion numbers quoted represent the worst of the arithmetic he meets, he must have an easy job.By the way, the number quoted, 36,656, cannot be connected with the cubic foot, for it does not contain the factor 3.The number contains two factors, 79 and 29, which are primes. How a number containing these primes can possibly arise in conversion calculations based upon the yard and its subdivisions, I do not know.” ‘ The writer says that in 1826 ‘the Winchester gallon was altered without the public taking much notice of it.’ “Then he talks about ‘the 20 per cent. by which our gallon had been changed and the process went through without disturbance.’ “Our gallon which was then legalised on ten pounds of water, is 277-463 cubic inches. Watson in British Weightsand Measures gives the Winchester gallon as 272.25 cubic inches. The difference is not 20 per cent. Now the Act also abolished the wine gallon of Queen Anne (5 Ann. c.XXVI1, 17), where it is defined as 231 cubic inches.277 is 20 per cent. above 231. I have access to the Act, ana the section says that the gallon is established to end ‘disputes and controversies touching the wine measures, according to which any Customs, Subsidies, or other Duties, are . . . to be paid or payable to Her Majesty, . . .’ “It says nothing about the sale of wine. The wine gallon apparently had a very restricted use. Hence we can quite understand why its abolition ‘went through without disturbance.’ “The writer does not explain this, but insinuates that the gallon in common use, the Winchester gallon, was suddenly increased by 20 per cent., whereas it was not so.” “We are quite aware that the metric system has important uses in this country.Its use is increasing. It possesses advan- tages, but I do not think that it possesses all the advantages. I think its employment can be usefully encouraged in many directions. For the purposes of our everyday life, in buying and selling those things which we are continually requiring, which is the most important use of any system of weights and measures, I do not think the metric system is so convenient as our own. If our system were replaced by the metric system on a stated 432 date, there would be a very large aggregate cost spread in small sums on an enormous number of people. In addition, there would be a very great mental disturbance to the greater part of the population. How long it would last no one can predict.When it had subsided, should we, for the change, be happier, healthier, or more efficient? I flatly think not. If by en-couraging the metric system it should be found, at some future time, that its use is displacing our system in our daily life, then a compulsory change would be justifiable. “The writer makes no mention of the fact that the U.S. has not ‘gone metric.’ . . . By the way, Atack in the Chemists’ Year Book says that the U.S. gallon occupies 0.1336 cubic feet. Using the conversion factor 1728, which the writer shies at, this comes to 231 cubic inches approximately. This is Queen Anne’s wine gallon, having survived emigration and political separation from the land of its birth.” Mr. Barton, in reply, says that he is not asking for a complete change, but advocates the use of the metric system in buying and selling.He says :“As to the firmssending out their quotations in both metric and imperial measures, this is so usual as to call for no comment beyond expressing regret that our refusal to adopt the only possible universal system should render such a waste of effort necessary. As to the carpenter and the engineer and their ‘laborious divisions,’ I can only say that it was drilled into me as a lad that the imperial system had the overwhelming advantage of ready divisibility, and since using the metric system I find that such assertions are all nonsense, owing to the fact of dimensions rarely happening to be of neat number of feet, or weights being exact numbers of pounds.As an engineer I always found inch and pound arithmetic laborious. This is doubtless due to my lack of arithmetical genius as has been so well exposed by”-the Fellow referred to above-“in regard to my writing 36656 instead of 46656. His masterful way of perceiving that mistake, without any re-reckoning, shows that he has the flair in such matters that causes envy. Had I that flair I would probably oppose metric reform as calculated to reduce my pre-eminence through making things easy for others. Alas, I find it easier to divide by I,OOO,OOO than by 46656, but find consolation in James Watt’s famous letter to Dr. Priestley (of oxygen fame) suggesting the use of a ‘philosophical pound of 10 ounces and of a similar foot of 10 inches, in order that 433 our weights and measures might better suit our method of counting.’ “As to efficiency, my reference was to national efficiency and not to the individual.It is in the office that the question is most urgent. There are many who revel in the variety afforded by our imperial system, but the invasion of our offices by calculating machines must bring that variety into disrepute. A Swiss or German engineer can use one and the same machine for his money, weights and measures, because they and the machines are all decimal. In our case such is obviously im- possible when we have the stone, pound and ounce, or the chain, yard, foot and inch, related by such different numbers as 14,16, 66, 3 and 12. “As to the gallon, the wine trade was so enormous a hundred years ago that the gallon of 231 cubic inches was probably the more important, as shown by his own reference to its survival in the U.S.A.“Regarding the ‘very great mental disturbance,’ all the evidence from abroad shows that such a change is barely a nine days’ wonder. By accepting the half kilogram as the ‘new pound,’ together with the inch of 25 milimetres, the tran- sition was almost unconscious. “The ‘next paragraph’ (in this letter quoted above) ‘is most welcome.’ ‘If, by encouraging the metric system, it should be found some day to be displacing our system, compulsion would be justified.’ That is exactly what the Decimal Association asks of the chemist-‘ encouragement of the metric system ’--and none can do it better in Britain.“As regards the U.S.A. and their non-adoption of the metric system, in spite of their decimalism in coinage, the explanation is simple and was clearly given by the Boston Advertiser during the discussion on Senator Britten’s Metric Bill, when it was pointed out to legislators that Britain was the only free trade market in the world, and that community of measures gave the American manufacturer an immense pull in the British market. Of course this was correct, and it would have been commercial suicide for them to adopt the metric system in face of the facts. On the other hand, this country, which is flooded with U.S.A. goods, cannot rely on any counterpart to this in the way of exporting her manufactures to the U.S.A., owing to prohibitive tariffs.” 434 Sir Herbert Jackson.-The Council records with deep regret the death of Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S., Presi- dent of the Institute from 1918 to 1921.The Council gratefully recalls the valuable services rendered by Sir Herbert, throughout the war, in devising formulas for batch mixtures for the production of laboratory and other glassware and, after the war, in the work of the Institute, in connexion with the change in its policy regarding the admission of Associates and Fellows, the establishment of Local Sections, and generally the extension of its activities. His loss will be felt by a very wide circle of friends among chemists. 435 Proceedings of the Council.Council Meeting, 20th November, 1936.-Among the matters arising from the previous Minutes, the Council proceeded to appoint the following representatives on the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute re National Certi- ficates,-the President with Dr. 0. L. Brady, Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Dr. A. E. Everest and Mr. L. Eynon. Dr. Ernest Vanstone was appointed as one of the repre- sentatives of the Institute on the Joint Library Committee of the Chemical Society in lieu of Mr. H. J. Page, who has proceeded to an appointment in Malaya. Dr. James Brierley Firth was welcomed as a new Member of Council, co-opted in the place of Mr. H. J. Page. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, having retired from the Chemical Council for reasons of health, Mr.W. A. S. Calder was appointed representative of the Institute on the Chemical Council in his stead. A communication was received from Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., as Chairman of a Committee which has had under con- sideration the best methods of securing adequate co-operation among British industrial concerns and institutions for ensuring that this country is properly represented at future International Congresses for Scientific Management. The Council expressed sympathy with the movement, and desired to be further informed thereon. On the suggestion of the Ministry of Education, Belfast, the Council approved the appointment as Examiners for National Certificates in Chemistry, of Mr. J. C. A. Brierley, Dr.E. M. Reid and Dr. John Hawthorne. Amended rules for the South Wales (Swansea) Section were submitted and approved, and it was decided that the Section be known as the South Wales Section, the other Section in the area being described as the Cardiff and District Section, in which the Council were informed that the latter Section concurred. 436 A letter was received from a Fellow directing attention to the action of a County Council which appeared to indicate that it was seeking to decide a public appointment “by tender,”-a method of which the Ministry of Health had long since expressed strong disapproval. The Council has from time to time addressed authorities on this subject in view of the circumstance that the public interest is not likely to be best served by the selection of the candidate who places the least value on his services.On a communication received from the Advisory Council for Technical Education in South Wales and Monmouthshire, the Council nominated Dr. E. A. Rudge and Mr. E. A. Tyler as representatives to serve on an Expert Committee to consider education for the metallurgical and chemical trades. Reports were received from the Finance and House, the Benevolent Fund, the Nominatiops, Examinations and Institu- tions, and the Publications Committees, and also a Report on the Working of the Appointments Register. The Benevolent Fund Committee has in hand the preparation of a Special Appeal for 1937,and looks for the increased support of the Fellows and Associates in order that the Fund may be maintained on a satisfactory basis.Council Meeting,18thDecember.-The President reported that a communication had been received from the Keeper of His Majesty’s Privy Purse intimating that His Majesty had been graciously pleased to accord to the Institute the continued Patronage of the Crown. The President referred to the death of Sir Herbert Jackson, Past President, and paid a tribute to his memory. A further communication was received from Dr. E. F. Armstrong regarding the International Congress for Scientific Management, and the Council decided to ask Mr. W. A. S. Calder to represent the Institute at a meeting to be held on 12th January, at which the formation of a British ManagementCouncil would be definitely proposed. A letter was received from Mr.Arnold R. Tankard supporting the proposal of Dr. Malcolm Dyson regarding the standardisation of labels for reagents used in chemical and allied laboratories. Mr. Tankard suggested that special small coloured labels might be affixed below the usual labels on the face of the bottles, to distinguish different categories of substances. 437 The Glasgow and West of Scotland Section transmitted a resolution recommending that the Council should make repre- sentations to the Home Office, directing attention to the existence of the Local Sections of the Institute, and expressing their desire to assist local authorities in connexion with Air Raid Precautions. The Glasgow Section had communicated with other Local Sections, from whom the Council also received letters in support of the resolution referred to.The President mentioned that the Institute was already in touch with the Department concerned. The Department under- stood that the Institute was very willing to render any assistance that it could. The matter is receiving attention. Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt and Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell were appointed representatives to attend a Conference convened by the Royal Sanitary Institute, to be held on 28th January, to discuss “The Administration of the Milk (Special Designations) Order, 1936, with respect to Accredited Milk.” The Council concurred in the appointment of the President of the Institute, who is a Member of the Council of the Royal Society, as representative of the Institute on the National Com- mittee for Chemistry.A letter was received from the Vice-chancellor of the Univer- sity of London thanking the President and Council for a message of sympathy sent to the University on hearing of the accidental death of the Principal, Sir Edwin Deller. The Council received the First Annual Report of the Chemical Council (p. 486), and reports from the Standing Committees. On the Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Insti- tutions Committee, Robert Gordon’s Technical College, Aberdeen, was added to the list of Institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the Associateship. Dr. Joseph Kenyon, F.R.S., was appointed Examiner in General Chemistry for the Associateship in succession to Dr.0. L. Brady, whose term of office has been completed. On the Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee, in view of the fact that three children of Fellows of the Institute are now being educated and maintained at the London Orphan Schools, it was decided to make a contribution of ~GIO to the School. The Council briefly discussed preliminary arrangements for the nomination of the new Council for election in March, 1937. 438 Appointments Register.-During the period-1st October, 1935, to 30th September, 1936-963 vacancies have been notified, as against 1,044in 1935 and 896 in 1934. The following table gives a rough analysis of the vacancies:- Government Appointments .... 67 Universities . . .. .. .. 58 Schools .. .. .. .. 59 Educationai Authorities .. .. 17 Public Bodies .. .. .. .. 44 Industrial .. .. .. .. 509 Chemical Engineers .. .. .. 24 Salesmen .. .. .. .. 8 Junior Appointments . . .. .. 49 Temporary Appointments .. .. 16 Scholarships .. .. .. .. 32 Appointments for Women .. .. 80 -963 Of these, 67 were abroad, as compared with 95 last year. Three hundred and seventy-six members are at present using the Appointments Register, as against 398 last year. Twenty-one Registered Students have also the service of the Register. Salaries.-The following figures indicate the salaries offered in connection with some of the above vacancies:- $200 per annum or under .. 35 vacancies €200-€250 .... . . 75 9’ $2504500 .. .. . . 166 )) 5Xi00-%1,000 .. .. .. 50 29 Over $1,000 .. .. .. 13 39 As usual, it will be seen that these figures only account for a small proportion of the vacancies notified. In the majority of notices no definite indication as to salary is given, and the practice of asking candidates to state the salary required still continues. Every effort is made to induce prospective employers to give at least some idea, within a range, of the salaries they are prepared to offer, in order to obviate the receipt of unsuitable applications. Unemployment.-The following table shows the numbers of members who were unemployed at the times stated. The figures for the corresponding period of the previous year are given in brackets.The number in each month gives the average for four weeks of that month. 439 F.I.C. A.I.C. Totals. October, 1935 .. .. 17 (24) 111 (122) 128 (147) November .. .. 16 113 130 December .. .. 15 108 124 January, 1936 .. .. 15 (20) 104 (104) 120 (125) February .. .. 16 103 119 March .. .. .. 17 101 118 April . . .. .. 17 (18) 95 (95) 112 ( 13)May . . .. .. 17 88 106 June .. .. .. 15 91 106 July .. .. .. 15 (19) 94 (111) 109 ( August .. .. .. 14 98 112 September .. .. 14 104 118 30th September .. .. --116 The minimum number of unemployed was reached on 15th June (101). Of the total number of unemployed on 30th September (II~), which includes 6 women: 31 have been unemployed for three months or less; 30 for from three months to one year; and 55 for over one year.(As compared with 61 last year). The ages of members unemployed are as follows:- 21-25 years .. .. .. 30 25-30 7) .. .. .. 15 3330-35 .. .. .. 18 3735-40 .. .. .. 16 3’40-45 .* .. ,. 14 45-50 79 .. .. .. 9 50 andover . . .. .. 14 The number of members in the Section Areas who have informed the Institute that they are without remunerative employment is as follows :-Aberdeen o ; Birmingham and Midlands 9; Belfast 0; Bristol 4; Cardiff 3; Dublin 2; East Midlands 3; Edinburgh 2; Glasgow 2; Huddersfield I; Leeds 6; Liverpool g ; London and South-Eastern Counties 66 ; Manchester 6; Newcastle I; South Wales 2;South Yorkshire 0: Total 116. It will be seen that there has been a slight decrease in unemployment during the period under review, although the Roll of the Institute has increased by over 200.List of Laboratory Assistants.-There are 65 names on this list. Ninety-nine vacancies have been issued during the period under review, as against go last year. 440 Since January, 1936, 50 laboratory assistants have been successful in obtaining appointments, either through vacancies notified by the Institute, or by the Headmasters’ Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour or by other means. Eighth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-On 5th Novem- ber, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Dr. Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President of the Institute, delivered the Eighth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture. The President reminded the members that in 1927 the late Mr.S. M. Gluckstein had given an address before the London Section of the Institute entitled “Chemists and Dividends.” A man of business and broad human outlook, he gave his views on the applications of science to industry based on the experience of his firm in building up a remarkable scientific department. His address had created widespread interest, and on the suggestion of the laboratory staff of his Company, a scheme of lectures had been inaugurated, bearing on various phases of the same subject. The President then delivered his lecture, entitled- “An Experiment in Go-operative Research in the Cotton and Other Textile Industries.” (The lecture has been published as a separate monograph.) At the conclusion, Dr.J. J. Fox, in moving a vote of thanks to the President, said that they had listened to one of the most interesting of the series of Gluckstein Memorial Lectures: it has been human, humorous, and given with that geniality which they associated with the President. The President had hinted at the success of the Shirley Institute, but he had not told them what a magnifrcent success it really was. Further than that, there were the fundamental physico-chemical and physical researches which had been carried out by the Institute as part, so to speak, of the day’s work. As chemists, they thought the Shirley Institute was fortunate to have at its head a chemist with the reputation of Dr. Pickard.They had been able to learn, in a general way, what a great asset Dr. Pickard’s Association had been to the whole of the cotton industry. 441 Nineteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-On 20th November the President presided at a meeting held in the Hall of the Institute, when Professor John Read, F.R.S., delivered the Nineteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture. The President said that the lecture had been founded in memory of Frederick William Streatfeild, a lecturer in Finsbury Technical College from 1883 until 1918, the year of his death. After the College was closed-in 1926, Streatfeild’s past students asked the Institute to participate with them, in preserving the memory of their old friend and teacher, by arranging for the lecture to be given under its auspices. The President reminded the members that the training given at Finsbury College was, in some respects, unique, particularly in that every chemist was required to know something of engineering, and every engineer, something of chemistry.Professor Read took for his subject :-“A Chapter in the Chemistry of Essential Oils.” (The lecture has been published as a separate monograph.) In moving a vote of thanks, Mr. Bernard F. Howard, Honorary Treasurer, said that Professor Read’s lecture was imbued with the spirit of Streatfeild’s teaching. Professor Read had dealt with the life work of an organic chemist, the late Henry G. Smith, whose discoveries had proved to be of great commercial value. Mr. E. M.Hawkins, in seconding the vote of thanks, said that he had met Mr. Smith and had been acquainted with his relatives. He endorsed the views which had been expressed by Mr. Howard. The President handed to Professor Read the Streatfeild Memorial Lecturer’s Medal, presented by the Governors of the City and Guilds of London Institute, and a copy of a photograph of Streatfeild. l1 Our Money.’ ‘-Rather different in character from the monographs hitherto published by the Institute, the lecture on “Our Money,” by Dr. W. H. Coates, will be issued shortly, not only for its intrinsic value, but because the Publications Com- mittee feels that many Fellows and Associates who aspire to positions of management, will be glad to have the opportunity of reviewing the British monetary system, of which all who are concerned with the business of industrial undertakings should have some knowledge.The lecture, which was given before the 442 Manchester Section and the Local Sections of other Bodies, on 19th November, will be published early in the New Year. Benevolent Fund.-The attention of Fellows and Associates is directed to the special appeal for the Benevolent Fund. While comparatively few members are unemployed and the prospects of the profession are improving generally, the Committee is desirous of securing the help of every Fellow and Associate in building up the Capital Fund, in order to ensure a certain and substantial income for “regular allowances” to widows and aged members, and for the education of children.Mr. Patrick H. Kirka1dy.-On his retirement from the office of Honorary Treasurer of the Institute, which office he has held for over 12 years, Mr. Kirkaldy has been asked to accept a gift from his past and present fellow Officers and colleagues on the Council, as a token of their warm regard and esteem. The gift selected by Mr. and Mrs. Kirkaldy consists of two armchairs, specially made for them, which the donors hope the recipients may long live to enjoy. 443 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, on 30th October,-Mr.W. Godden in the Chair. A paper was ready by Dr. J. A. Lovern entitled- ‘‘ Chemistry in the Aquatic Realm.” Dr. Lovern has kindly provided the following abstract :-In the past the chemistry of aquatic plant and animal life was largely neglected. Recent studies in this field suggest that it is futile to elaborate a philosophy of the chemistry of living organisms from results obtained only in one sphere of life. There has been chemical as well as biological evolution. When the results of chemical study of aquatic organisms are compared with those of similar studies in other fields, significant ideas as to the origin of certain compounds and biochemical functions in land organisms are suggested. Examples are the characteristic fatty acids of the glycerides and phosphatides, respectively, of animal fats.Aquatic animals are quite suitable for the study of certain aspects of metabolism. In the field of fat metabolism workon fish has demonstrated a number of mechanisms controlling dep8t fat composition. These include selective processes involving a particular acid or group of acids, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of a particular acid or acids, oxidative breakdown of long chain into shorter chain acids and the synthesis of special acids not present in the diet. The changes in the fat of the salmon, from the ripening egg through the young and adult phases of its life history, illustrate several of these mechanisms. Fish are particularly useful as a medium for studying meta- bolic reactions at a range of controlled temperatures.Such studies are obviously impossible with warm-blooded animals. 444 Other fields of chemistry in which rapid progress is being made to-day in the aquatic realm, include the sterols, carotenoids, and related pigments and vitamins A and D. Considered from the food point of view, fish afford quite as much scope for chemical research as do other foodstuffs. Examples of the type of problem to be solved are-the mechanism of protein denaturation during cold storage, the development of rancidity in the fat of cold-stored fish and the composition of wood smoke produced under various conditions for smoking fish. Whatever type of investigation is undertaken on aquatic material, suitable equipment is a necessity.Given this, the collection of adequate quantities of the raw material is in many ways easier than is the case with similar land organisms. There is, moreover, sufficient scope in the aquatic realm to satisfy the most ardent research worker. On Friday, 6th November, Mr. A. Lumley, the Superintendent of the Torry Research Station, and Dr. Lovern entertained the members of the Section to tea. Members had the opportunity of gaining an insight to the activities of the Research Station. The Chairman, Mr. W. Godden, expressed the appreciation of members and thanked Mr. Lumley and Dr. Lovern for their hospitality. An informal dinner was held at the Palace Hotel on 9th December, Mr.W. Godden, Chairman of the Section, presiding. After the loyal toast, Mr. Godden proposed the toast of “The Institute,” which Professor Alex. Findlay, Member of Council, acknowledged. Several members contributed to a musical programme, which was much appreciated by all present. The proceedings concluded with the toast of “Bon Accord,” proposed by Professor James Hendrick, and “Auld Lang Syne.” Belfast and District.-The opening meeting of the session was held on 30th October, when Professor W. B. Morton gave an interesting address dealing with the life of William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, illustrated with lantern slides. On 27th November, Dr. A. E. Everest, a Vice-president of the Institute, gave an informal talk to the Section entitled- ‘‘The Institute.” 445 Dr.Everest briefly traced the history of the Institute from its foundation nearly 60 years ago to the present time. It was founded with the hope that Chemistry would become a recognised profession. Already, before 1877,the government andindustry had begun to realise that science could be helpful in many matters concerning the welfare of the people, but there was no organised body of chemists, no recognised diploma. The founders created a standard and, from the outset, set a high standard which, as time went on, exercised an influence on the training provided in the Colleges and Institutions which subsequently became Univer- sities; and, when the Institute was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1885, although it had less than 500 members, it acquired the right to grant Certificates of competency and to register persons qualified to practice.The importance of chemistry and of the Institute was emphasised during the war. Since then it had grown and the roll of membership now exceeded 6,700. It was the largest body of organised British chemists. With the loyal support of its members its standard of professional ethics had been maintained at their highest level. The organisation of the profession had steadily progressed and its status substantially enhanced. Dr. Everest then referred to the Council and Committees, dealing with the work of each Committee in turn. In showing how the Institute as a professional body was able to help, not only its members but the government and public, in all affairs on which chemistry had a bearing, he referred to the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry, to the interest taken by the Council in matters of legislation and public appointments, to the work of the Appointments Register and of the Benevolent Fund Committee; to the influence of the Local Sections and their activities as vital and living parts of the Institute, in important centres throughout the country, and to the position of District Members of Council, who formed the necessary contact between Headquarters and the Sections.He paid a compliment to Head- quarters staff and, finally, referred briefly to the co-operation of the Institute in the efforts of the new Chemical Council to support chemical publications and the chemical library.A discussion ensued in which several members participated. On the following evening Dr. Everest was principal guest at the Annual Dinner of the Section, held in the Grand Central 446 Hotel. Professor R. G. Baskett presided over a very good attendance of members. Dr. Everest, in replying for the guests, conveyed greetings to the Section from Headquarters, and thanked the members present for the warmth of their welcome. Having expressed his pleasure in noting the vigour of the Section, he spoke briefly on the importance of chemistry to the community and of the services of chemists in peace and war. He held that the Institute embodied the best British ideals, adding that he hoped chemists would be able to devote themselves and their science to service and not to destruction.Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held on 28th October, at the Washington Singer Laboratories of the University College of the South-West of England, Exeter,-Mr. F. E. Needs in the Chair. During the afternoon members had an opportunity of inspecting the Chemical and Physical Departments at the College and of seeing over Mardon Hall, one of the Halls of Residence. Tea was kindly provided by the College, after which Professor H. T. S. Britton gave an address on ‘‘ Electrometric Methods of Analysis and Investigation.” Professor Britton devoted the first part of his discourse to the methods of carrying out pH titrations of acids and bases with the hydrogen, oxygen, metal-metal oxide, quinhydrone and glass electrodes.He explained the relationship which exists between the dissociation constants of acids and bases and the pH limits between which they are titratable, and also how such knowledge is useful in the correct selection of indicators in volumetric analysis. Buffer mixtures were considered, and especially the application of the Britton-Robinson Universal Buffer Mixture in calibrating such electrodes as those of glass and antimony. He then described the conductometric titration of acids and bases, laying emphasis on the principles underlying these titrations, including the effect which dissociation constants have on the shape of the titration graphs.The second part dealt with potentiometric titrations in which metal electrodes are involved, eg., the titrations of cyanides and halides with silver nitrate using silver electrodes. Precipitation processes were also discussed in the light of changes in specific 447 conductivity, particular attention being paid to the conditions necessary to produce sharp breaks in the graphs at the equivalence points. In concluding, Professor Britton described typical oxidation- reduction titrations and explained, incidentally, the use of certain colorimetric “Redox ” indicators in volumetric analysis. Following an interesting discussion, the proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the lecturer and to the College authorities.Mr. F. E. Needs presided at a meeting of the Section, held in the Chemistry Department of the University of Bristol, on 19th November, when Mr. R. H. Ellis gave a lecture on bb Water Supplies.” Mr. Ellis referred to the great improvement which had taken place in the water supplies of the country since 1900. As typical of the effect of the improvement in water supplies under the control of large public authorities, it might be mentioned that the number of typhoid cases in the County of London had fallen from 4,292 in 1900, to 109 in 1934,and the deaths from typhoid, from 768 to 15. The water delivered by those authori- ties was almost without exception of the highest possible purity. The increasing demand for pure water had led the large towns of our country to go far afield in search of pure water-Man- Chester, to Lake Thirlmere; Liverpool, to Lake Vyrnwy; and Birmingham, to the Elan Valley.The chief sources for the supply of water could be divided as follows:-(a) shallow wells; (b) deep wells and boreholes; (c) upland gathering grounds; (d) rivers. About twelve million people in this country derive their water supply from shallow wells. Mr. Ellis proceeded to show how these supplies were intimately connected with the question of sewage disposal and how difficult it was under rural conditions to assure a pure water supply in privatewells. The Public Health Act and Waterworks Clauses Act, impose on the Sanitary Authorities the oversight of all wells, tanks, cisterns, public or private, and water supplies from any pump used or likely to be used, to ensure that the water is pure and wholesome.The water derived from deep wells and boreholes is generally uncontaminated, but some- times contains large quantities of mineral salts which render it unsuitable for human consumption. 448 Having stated that the water from upland gathering grounds, lakes and rivers, is not fit for use as received, Mr. Ellis dealt with the methods of purification, including storage, alumina treatment, and sedimentation, filtration and sterilisation by means of chlorine and chloramine. Analyses of different types of waters were given, showing the effect of pollution, and the improvements obtained by storage and other methods of purification.In conclusion, Mr. Ellis discussed industrial troubles arising from the use of hard waters, and the different types of softeners utilised to render these waters satisfactory. The lecture was illustrated with lantern slides, including slides of some of the large waterworks in this country. The Chairman and Messrs. Ainstie, Cunningham, Rixon, Walker and Hornby participated in the subsequent discussion. Cape.-In JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, reference was made to the paper, read by Colonel J.Rose, D.S.O., before the Cape of Good Hope Section of the Institute, on the 4th September? on ‘‘ Water Softening in South Africa.” Colonel Rose said that the subject of water softening was of very great importance industrially to South Africa. They were fully informed as to the origin of natural waters, how they obtained various characteristics and how those characteristics affected their application to the varying requirements of industry.They knew how to choose the most suitable water for a given service; but when water was extremely scarce and they were compelled to utilise, within very wide limits, such waters, mostly bad, as could be obtained at the places where they were required, the problem became one for the specialist. The railways of the Union of South Africa were probably unique in this connection: one of their main lines, for over 500 miles had no water fit to use in boilers, without treatment. The majority of the waters were so bad that they were right on the limit of what constituted a water capable of being rendered fit for locomotive purposes by treatment other than distillation.For many years these waters had, of necessity, been used in their natural condition. The result in casualties to locomotives was startling. Often the single line was blocked for hours while a spare engine was sent to clear up the position and bring in the delayed train and broken-down engine. Tubes were destroyed in from eight to ten months; boilers lasted less than one- third of their ordinary life, cylinder wear and coal consumption 449 were excessive, while drivers handled their engines with the greatest difficulty and in constant fear of failure. The treatment of water for power station boilers was a more exacting operation than the conditioning of waters for loco- motives; but it had compensating advantages which rendered the process comparatively easy of accomplishment. To treat efficiently the most difficult waters hundreds of miles (in some cases over 1,000miles) from the nearest laboratory called for special organisation.The composition of the waters was far from constant and waters of widely differing composition had sometimes to be used in proportions which varied continuously and in a manner over which it was not possible to exercise effective control. Softeners were often idle for hours or even days together and chemicals had to be transported, stored and handled under conditions which made really accurate work impossible.At most stations the only man available is the pumper, whose initiation into the handling of a softener is a lengthy and difficult process. In these circumstances, the details of the design of the plant employed were of the utmost importance. There was no plant on the market that would meet the require- ments without a number of modifications. In the course of time the "Karroo " type plant was evolved,-a plant which works with precision and reliability under conditions which one designer at least had considered impossible. Owing to the high carbonate content of all waters treated and the large quantities of soluble salts present, the zeolite type was found to be unsuitable. All plants were therefore of the lime- soda type, but none was long in commission before unexpected variations in their performance became evident.These were eventually traced to lack of attention to certain details and were rectified. The irregularities, however, appeared again in a different form, and, after much trouble and prolonged tests rendered difficult and arduous owing to distance, were traced to variations in the strength of the chemicals used. A reliable source of soda was easily discovered, but it was some years before a source of suitable lime was found, and, in South Africa, varia- tions in the available lime contents of supplies are the chief difficulty with which the railway chemists have to contend in water softening. Each water to be treated was a study in itself; each plant had to be safely and carefully proportioned if the requirements 450 of a station were to be satisfactorily met without avoidable expense.In order to carry out this necessary survey, a travelling laboratory coach was designed and built at the Salt River workshop, the author living for many weeks at a stretch in it while investigating the requirements of out-of-the-way stations. This coach is still in use for the purpose of checking, adjusting and controlling plants in service and for other purposes. The plant, which is now adopted as standard and called the “Karroo” type softener, after the region where the most difficult problems in water treatment had to be solved, was described as follows:- It is a lime-soda softener of the continuous type with a six-hour reaction period. The chemical containers are recharged, the sludge removed and the wood fibre filters cleaned or removed without in any way interrupting the work of the plant.All the major work of preparing, measuring, mixing and handling chemicals is done in a mill-house at ground level. Chemicals are pumped to the top of the softener by the same motor that drives the mixing-mill, the manual labour being thus reduced to a minimum. On the top of the softener are the proportioning gear and stirrers, all actuated by the incoming water, so that, once the softener is set, there is no need to visit the top except for occasional cleaning and oiling at definite periods. When the chemical container is full and the mill fully charged, the softener will run for thirty hours at full load without any attention other than the operation of the chemical pump for ten minutes in each twelve-hour period, During the week-ends the softener may be allowed to operate intermittently without attention.At some stations the plant may stand idle for 36 to 50 hours, but will start up automatically when water commences to flow into it. The soda employed has been obtained from the natural deposits at Lake Magadi, in East Africa, which is guaranteed to contain not less than 95 per cent. of sodium carbonate. The lime used may be either hydrate or oxide. The hydrate is easier to handle and would be preferred if it does not vary in composition to a greater extent than the oxide.Burnt lime is therefore employed, the mixing-mills having a lime slaking basket and rollers to handle this chemical which is guaran- teed to contain not less than 65 per cent. of available lime (CaO). As, however, it frequently fallsshort of this, supplies are purchased under a penalty clause and are checked carefully and constantly for strength. Other chemicals, such as sodium aluminate, have been tried in order to increase the efficiency of the softeners, but 451 have not been found to justify the extra cost. If the hardness is required to be reduced below the ordinary capacity of a lime-soda softener, it is well to pass the softened or partly softened water through a zeolite softener, as an additional process to obtain zero hardness with the least cost and the greatest certainty .To illustrate the wide diversity in operating conditions experienced in water softening, Colonel Rose mentioned that, whereas between Touws River and Beaufort West the greatest care had to be exercised to keep all the softeners working at their maximum efficiency in order to avoid engine trouble of various kinds, yet north of Beaufort West a much lower standard of operation ensured equal satisfaction, and at Burghersdorp the best results were obtained by running the softener at about half its maximum efficiency on account of the presence of certain other waters in the section. Sludge disposal is ordinarily an easy matter where there are usually no drains to block or sewage works to be upset, while natural channels afford ample means for getting rid of sludge.In rare instances it may be led into pits or emptied into trucks; in other cases, the local demand for sludge for white-washing is very great. The result of efficient water treatment on boilers was remark- able ; leaks ceased almost immediately, scales softened and came away at each wash out. In a few weeks, old boilers were reasonably clean while new ones retained their freedom from scale indefinitely. Boiler troubles to-day are actually less in the Karroo than in other areas where the water is considered good. The softeners saved more than their total cost in their first year of working. However, when the cost of boiler main- tenance and renewals had been satisfactorily dealt with, operating conditions did not correspondingly improve : priming was as bad as ever.The greatest care was necessary to ensure that over-softening did not increase it. Anti-foam experiments were undertaken, with the result that it was found that 250 parts per IOO,OOO was the maximum of dissolved solids that could be carried in locomotive boilers without serious priming. As no engine returned to Touws River with a concentration less than 350-400 parts per IOO,OOO, it was obvious that anti-foams were needed to ensure proper operating conditions. The cost of anti- foam was about IS. 6d. per 360 miles; the saving of coal effected was not less than 10s. for the same distance. 452 The variations in the composition of the Karroo waters are mostly seasonal, and can be predicted with reasonable accuracy, but unexpected variations occasionally occur due to floods or out-of-season rains.Experiences of such a variation occurred in the waters at the important watering station at Laingsburg, which were derived from wells on the river bank, and, at the time of the occurrence, were running a hardness of about 53. It was at the beginning of the dry season and a slow rise in hardness was expected. A sudden flood occurred in one of the tributaries to the Buffels River and the main river came down in flood, washing out a contractor working on the foundations for a new railway bridge. Whilst sympathising with the contractor, satisfaction was felt by those concerned at the prospect of a good water supply for some weeks longer than usual, and a fall in hardness and total solids was expected.However, instead of a fall, there came a rise which continued at the rate of about one part of hardness per hundred thousand per day until the total hardness reached the unprecedented figure of 97. Analysis showed the increase to be all CaSO,, a very unusual constituent of Karroo waters and certainly not associated with flood waters. Subsequent investigation suggested that the water, naturally charged with carbonates, had reacted with MgSO,, which is frequently found on the surface of the Karroo and in the sands of its river beds, to form CaSO, and MgCO,. This experience enabled the Salt River Laboratory, when the floods occurred a year later in South-West Africa, to predict the probability of an increase in the saline contents and hardness of all waters in the flooded areas, which actually occurred and with such intensity that some waters became unusable and had to be temporarily abandoned.The worst case occurred at Osakos, where the hard- ness increased from a normal 56 to over 170 and the total solids from IIO to 400. Three months after the floods had ceased the waters had returned to normal. Such occurrences demonstrate the need for watchfulness and for an efficient laboratory organisa- tion to control the treatment of waters in such areas. Analyses of the waters to be treated are supplied to the makers of the softeners, who send out instructions as to the chemicals to be used, the amounts required and the setting of the head gear, but the instructions were frequently not of any real value on account of the irregular variations in the composition of the water.Analyses were made in the travelling laboratory when the softener was ready to commence work, and the plant was adjusted to the 453 figure so obtained. The persistence with which exact instructions and adjustments were sent out by makers of water softeners suggested that their chemists had not really grasped the very formidable tasks under which the chemists in the Union carried out their task of water conditioning. To control the softeners satisfactorily it has been found necessary to send in to the controlling laboratory one sample of treated and one of untreated water daily.Special tin boxes are made for the samples which are kept constantly travelling between the softener and the laboratory. Careful records are kept of all the work done from which the characteristics of each water can be studied and the probable behaviour of supplies anticipated. The most important part of the softener is the chemical measuring device. With very little modification it was found possible to make the tipping bucket supplied by the selected maker so reliable that in practice there have been only two failures in six years; these were due to broken ball races. A zeolite or base exchange type of softener is installed at Braamfontein, Johannesburg, where it serves a large laundry.Its advantages for laundry purposes are its simplicity to control the delivery of water of zero hardness and the conversion of all lime and magnesium carbonates into washing soda. Before the installation of this softener it was not possible to produce really white linen or to get the washing to smell sweet and clean. To-day white, sweet-smelling linen is produced readily and there is a saving of about 60 per cent. in the soap bill as well as a saving in time. Along the coast there were several peaty waters which damaged tubes and boilers, as did the hard waters of the Karroo, but formed no scale and caused no priming and were considered good waters by the running staff, whatever the repair staff thought of them.These waters were treated by the addition of lime. The cost was low and the result satisfactory. East from Cape Town along the coast these peaty waters undergo a change. Mag-nesium chloride, in quantities of less than one-part per IOO,OOO, caused appreciable quantities of sludge to form, the removal of which from service tanks became rather an onerous task. As a result, it is now the practice to instal a standard lime-soda softener wherever magnesium chloride is found in the waters, but the extra cost is more than saved as compared with the cost of periodically cleaning tanks and pipes. 454 The railway chemist is also required to effect the removal of mud from flood waters, both of rivers and of dams, the amount rising in some cases to as much as 2,000 parts per IOO,OOO or one short ton in 10,000gallons.Many engine failures and at least one boiler explosion were due to this mud, before it was found that the lime-soda softener extracted the mud from the dam water satisfactorily. The resulting water was not crystal clear, but the amount of mud left was negligible and the resulting water had a correct amount and kind of alkalinity to protect the boiler against corrosion. Colonel Rose emphasised that most South African waters should be treated before being used in boilers or for industrial purposes, and that the economies effected by correct conditioning were far greater than the cost of treatment. Such treatment, however, was by no means simple and the services of a chemist experienced in such work were usually necessary if the full benefits of the outlay on a softener were to be obtained.Cardiff and District.-The first meeting of the session was held at the University College, Cardiff, on 22nd October, when Dr. M. Jowett gave a lecture on ‘‘ Some Chemical Aspects of Metabolism.” The following abstract has been supplied by the 1ecturer:- The metabolism of an organism may be defined as the sum- total of the chemical reactions proceeding in its living matter. When the biochemist studies mammalian metabolism he does not necessarily work with the intact living animal, or attempt to maintain an artificial circulation through animal organs. The study of the activities of mammalian body cells in vitro demands an imitation of body conditions, particularly as regards the supply of oxygen and other metabolites.Since no circulation of blood is available, the organs must be divided up in order to enlarge the surface presented to the nutrient solutions, so that an adequate diffusion of metabolites into the cells may take place. Until recently the method of subdivision employed was mincing, which does not appear to damage the microscopic structure very seriously. In 1923 Otto Warburg of Berlin devised an alternative method of subdividing animal organs,-the preparation of tisszte-slices by the free-hand use of a razor? The slices are usually 1 0.Warburg, Biochem. Zeits., 1923, 142, 317. 455 0-2-0.5 mm. in thickness, and are prepared from freshly excised organs.They are employed usually in connection with micro- manometric methods, which allow of the study of the gaseous metabolism of 5-20 mgms. of tissue (weight when dried at 100' C.). The use of tissue-slices has been found of advantage in a number of ways. It is now clear that mincing damages many of the enzyme systems in cells, for tissue-slices have many catalytic properties which are absent, or almost absent, from minced tissue suspended in nutrient solutions. Another advan- tage of tissue-slices is that they are easily removed from the solution after an experiment, so that changes in the composition of the solution can be investigated. A variety of micro-manometric methods of analysis are available, in addition to many other micro-methods which are largely due to clinical biochemists.The tissue-slice method allows us to investigate in a much more quantitative manner than before the catalytic activities of body cells in an active living state, under conditions defined fairly exactly by the composition of the nutrient solutions in which the slices are shaken. A number of samples of the same organ can be subjected simultaneously to conditions differing in known ways, so that the method allows us to study the kinetics of chemical processes in intact body cells. One of the most striking investigations of recent years by the tissue-slice method was that of Krebs on the synthesis of urea in the b0dy.l It was found that liver-slices transform ammonia into urea, and that the process is catalysed by the addition of ornithine to the medium. It was concluded that urea is formed in the liver by the addition of ammonia and carbon dioxide to the ornithine molecule with the production of a molecule of arginine.The arginine is then hydrolysed to one molecule of ornithine and one molecule of urea. Another interesting investigation of Krebs was on the oxidative deamination of amino-acids by the kidney, which breaks down amino-acids to keto-acids and free ammonia.2 By adding arsenite to the medium, Krebs was able to arrest further breakdown of the keto-acids, and could isolate pyruvic acid as an oxidation product of alanine. More recently a contribution to the theory of the oxidation of fatty acids by the liver was made by the lecturer in con- H.A. Krebs, Zeits. physiol. Chem., 1932, 210, 33. a Ibid., 1933, 217, 191. 456 junction with Dr. Quastel, by the use of the tissue-slice meth0d.l According to the j?-oxidation theory, fatty acids breakdown by the successive loss of two carbon atoms at a time; this theory was found inadequate to account for the kinetics of production of acetoacetic acid from fatty acids. It was also found by kinetic means that acetoacetic acid is first formed, and it may then be reduced to j?-hydroxybutyric acid. The tissue-slice method is now beginning to throw fresh light on chemical mechanisms connected with transmission of nervous impulses. It has been found2 that acetylcholine and adrenaline, the chemical transmitters of nervous stimuli, increase the rate at which oxidations proceed in salivary glands.Another new finding3 is that slices of brain respiring in vitro produce definite amounts of acetylcholine. At the conclusion of the address numerous questions were asked, and Mr. P. V. Lloyd expressed the thanks of the meeting to the lecturer. On 26th November a meeting of the Section, held jointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, at the University College, Cardiff, was addressed by Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., who gave a lecture on ‘‘Toxicology,” which was greatly appreciated by a large audience. East Midlands.-A meeting of the Section was held on 19th November at the Technical College, Derby-Dr.G. Malcolm Dyson in the chair-when Dr. P. Lewis-Dale gave a lecture on 66 Chemistry and Railways.’’ of which he has kindly prepared the following summary. The lecturer considered it important that publicity should be given to the chemist’s work in industries other than chemical manufacture. The staff of almost every separate research organisation of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research included chemists, and firms dealing in various materials who quite recently did not employ chemists, had found it profitable to do so. Railways had employed chemists for 1 M. Jowett and J. H. Quastel, Biochem. Journ., 1035, 29, 2143, 2159. 2 W. Deutsch and H. S. Raper, Jounz. Physiol., 1836, 87, 275. 3 J. H. Quastel, M.Tennenbaum and A. H. M. Wheatley, Biochem. Jam., 1936, 30, 1668. 457 72 years, and during the past two decades the number of railway chemists had increased considerably. The work of the chemist concerned each department and almost every section of each department of the railway. Instances were given of the applica- tion of chemistry to the permanent way; buildings and works, to rolling stock of every kind, and to the actual conveyance of passengers and goods, the method of recruitment and the quali- fications of the railway chemist, were discussed. Dr. Lewis-Dale emphasised the importance of analysis. Accurate analysis was one of the most important parts of chemistry. Chemistry on the railway did not stop at analysis; there were many researches and investigations of very important character. Allied work of more general nature performed by research and other bodies was studied and often research of the railway chemist was mainly the application of published work to railway needs; however, in some problems peculiar to the railway fundamental research was necessary.He gave brief accounts of work already done and instances of problems awaiting investigation. Dr. G. Dyson Malcolm presided at a meeting of the Section, held in the Chemistry Theatre of University College, Nottingham, on 10th December, when Prof. M. Polanyi lectured on “Heavy Hydrogen and its Uses in Chemistry.” Professor Polanyi gave an account of the discovery of heavy hydrogen by Urey, and cited its physical properties.He explained the difference in structure between ordinary hydrogen and heavy hydrogen, showing the difference to be due to the addition of one neutron. The isotopes were chemically similar, but in this case it was a special example of isotopy, as the two types of hydrogen could be separated by chemical means. He spoke of the most common method of separation by electrolysis, explaining that the hydrogen evolved contained less deuterium than the original water, with the consequent concentration of the deterium in the residual water. Consideration of thermal velocity led to the assumption that, in mixtures of the two isotopes with iodine 42 per cent. more HI would be formed than DI. Actually it was several times more.The lecturer then proceeded to account for the discrepancy by a consideration of zero point energies, showing finally that the special case of the hydrogen isotopes was not only due to the high ratio of the mass of hydrogen and deuterium, as compared 458 with other isotopes, but to the smallness of the mass of hydrogen, because, as the mass increased, the zero point energy decreased. Hence further discoveries of isotopy would not yield similar examples. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 19th November,-Dr. A. M. Smith presiding. The Secretary’s report and the financial statements were read and approved. The Office Bearers for the ensuing session were elected as follows:-Chairman, Dr.A. M. Smith; Vice-chairman, Dr. W. G. Hiscock; Honorary Secretary, Mr. G. Elliot Dodds; Committee (to fill vacancies), Messrs. W. M. Ames, H. H. Campbell, George Grant, Dr. A. Mackie, Mr. A. C. Riddell and Dr. B. Wylam. Mr. J. W. Romanes was re-elected Honorary Auditor. The Secretary read a letter from the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, in which it was suggested that the Council should approach the Home Office with a view to getting that department to instruct Local Authorities to seek the co-operation of chemists on their “Air-Raid Precautions Committees.” It was decided to support the Glasgow Section in this matter. An Ordinary Meeting of the Section was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 19th November.Dr. A. M. Smith, Chairman of the Section, presided and introduced Dr. Burrows Moore, Head of the Research Department of the Thermal Syndicate, Ltd., who spoke on the subject of “Fused Silica and Fused Silica Ware” Dr. Moore stated that there was evidence which suggests that in fused silica the atomic groups are arranged unsym- metrically, and in crystalline silica the arrangement is symmetrical and periodic, interconnection between silicon and oxygen atoms probably being by the sharing of electrons. The chief structural difference between the transparent and the translucent forms of fused silica is due to the gas and gas cavities in the latter variety, and these cause certain properties of the two varieties to be different.The relative absence of gas and cavities in the transparent variety is due to the gas in the rock crystal, used as raw material, not being in excess of the saturation limit under the conditions of formation of the crystal, while the gas in the sand used for the translucent variety is in excess of the saturation limit. The process and importance of devitrification, and the phenomena of strain, which the lecturer attributed largely to unevenly distributed atomic linkage forces, and its removal were discussed. It was shown that fused silica has excellent properties of thermal expansion, electrical resistance, compressive strength, transmission for the ultra-violet and infra-red spectral regions, and chemical resistance, and that it can be made with a high degree of optical homogeneity.The value of these properties in connection with scientific and industrial applications was discussed. The description of recent developments included,-in labora-tory ware :-a high vacua three-stage mercury pump for use with high fore pressures, a continuous feed water still, a fluorescence unit, electrical heaters, micro-analytical apparatus, a mercury purification apparatus, and a filter with a useful transmission limit ; for therapeutic uses :-mercury vapour lamps of various characteristics which are being employed in therapy and for water and air sterilisation; in industrial plant :-a direct-fired sulphuric acid concentrating tower of high efficiency, an efficient air-lift pump, self-induced draught burners for various gaseous fuels, a fume ejector, electrostatic precipitator insulators, a synthetic hydrochloric acid plant, a cooling and condensing system for nitric acid, and a denitration plant.More than fifty slides and examples of new types of Vitreosil ware were shown. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The report of the Honorary Secretary of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section for 1935-36 showed that the Section had held ten meetings and that the membership of the Section had increased from 326 to 366 and the number of Students within the Section from 31 to 46. At a meeting of the Section, held on 20th November, Dr.P. F. Gordon, Chairman of the Section, called upon Dr. Leonard A. Sayce, of Armstrong College, Newcastle, to deliver an address on ‘‘Photography.” Dr. Sayce dealt briefly with the work of the pioneers in the subject of photography, referring particularly to the work of 460 Schultz (1727),Scheele (1877),and Wedgewood. The important contribution by Fox Talbot (1840)was mentioned, and the mechanism of the formation of the latent image, its transforma- tion into a negative, and the production of the final positive photograph were all carefully explained. He then referred to modern photographic emulsions, the use of gelatin as the supporting material, and the many improve- ments which led to the super-speed films now universally employed.Among the difficulties experienced with the earlier films were variation in speed and a greater response to blue and ultra-violet light than to red and yellow. Investigation by Dr. Shepherd showed that the addition of a minute quantity of ally1 thio- carbamide increased the sensitivity of the silver bromide emulsion. The work of Vogel (1875) resulted in the addition of a dye and the production of orthochromatic films, sensitive to green. Panchromatic films, sensitive to all colours of the spectrum, were next obtained by the use of thiocyanine and carbocyanine dyes, while infra-red plates were obtained by employing cryptocyanine and neocyanine. Slides were shown illustrating the use of infra-red photo- graphy in medical work, in cartography, in deciphering ancient documents, and in photographing distant objects even in presence of mist. The most recent development, that of colour photography, was fully dealt with, the production of the mosaic screen employed in the “Dufay” process being shown by explanatory slides.The fine grain of modern emulsions renders it possible to make very satisfactory enlargements. Dr. Sayce showed examples of such enlargements taken on an ordinary cinemato- graph film by the miniature “Leica” camera. He also stated that such a camera could be used for photomicrography and showed a special equipment for such work, developed by himself. Following the Annual General Meeting of the Section, held on 20th November, a Refresher Lecture, entitled “Analytical Chemistry,” was delivered by Dr.A. B. Crawford. Dr. Crawford stated that the ideal analytical method is both speedy and accurate. Gravimetric methods may be very accurate, as witness the determination of atomic weights, but 461 modern practice tends to speed up operations by replacing gravimetric, either wholly or partly, by volumetric methods. The now familiar organic precipitants, such as dimethyl- glyoxime or 8-hydroxyquinoline, serve for the quantitative separation and estimation of metals, the latter being particularly valuable in acetate or tartrate solutions of controlled acidity. Ignition difficulties such as decomposition and volatilisation are avoided by estimating the precipitates volumetrically.Thus, by hydrolysis of nickel dimethylglyoxime the resulting hydroxyl- mine may be titrated or an 8-hydroxyquinoline compound may be estimated bromometrically. Volumetric methods require an “indicator ’’ to show the equivalence point. The list of indicators for acidimetry has been increased by the provision of (‘mixed indicators ” whose contrasting colours render changes of $H more evident. The colour changes of indicators in weakly buffered solution, or in presence of such as protein, require care in interpretation, a point to be noted when $H is determined by comparator methods. The excitation of fluorescence at a fairly definite $H suggested the use of 7-hydroxycoumarin and quinine as fluorescence indicators in acidometric titrations particularly in coloured solutions.Indicators for use in oxidation and reduction reactions are exemplified by diphenylamine for ferrous iron, using dichromate, or for hydroquinone using ceric sulphate. With ceric sulphate iron may be estimated using xylene cyan01 FF as internal indicator. Adsorption indicators depend on colour changes of ions adsorbed on colloidal precipitates. Estimations formerly accom- plished gravimetrically may now be done volumetrically, the property of surface adsorption which introduced error in the former being successfully made use of in the latter. Electrometric methods which may be used to (‘indicate ” end points are conductometric or potentiometric. One example of the industrial application of the first is the determination of an ash of cane sugar molasses (Lever and Mazumder, Int.SugarJ., 1936,xxxvi, 214)by means of which the percentage of ash was evaluated by determining the specific conductivity of a 0.5 per cent. solution and applying the formula Ash per cent. = specific conductivity x 1.4282 + 1.028. Titrations may be followed potentiometrically by choosing a suitable indicator electrode, e.g., hydrogen, quinhydrone, glass 462 or antimony for hydrogen ion, or platinum for oxidation- reduction reactions. The circuit may be arranged for differential titrations or simplified by replacing the usual calomel reference electrode by another metal as in the bimetallic method or by using a reference solution of the same composition (and thus yielding the same potential) as that obtained at the end point of the titration.The thermionic valve finds application in oscillators for conductometric work, and is essential when the high resistance glass electrode is used. Huddersfie1d.-A joint meeting of the Section, with the Huddersfield Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the Huddersfield Textile Society was held on 20th October,- Mr. W. D. Scouller, Chairman of the Section presiding, when the President, Dr. Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., gave an address entitled 66 Textile Research.” The Chairman said how greatly the Section appreciated the honour of a visit from the President and expressed the hope that he would not let the occasion pass without a few words on Institute affairs.After some preliminary remarks regarding the aims and objects of the Institute and the newly-formed Chemical Council, Dr. Pickard said that whilst it could not be said that research on textile problems had commenced after the War, it had de- veloped to a very large extent since 1920. This development was greatly fostered by Government aid, which took the form of assistance to co-operative effort, such as that of the Research Associations of the cotton, woollen and linen industries. The knowledge of the physical and chemical characteristics of textile fibres had increased enormously since those days. One of the most important problems of textile technology was concerned with the use of mixed fabrics, which was one of the general trends of all the textile industries nowadays.To the older people in the woollen trade the term “mixed fabric” meant that the real article was adulterated by means of the “cheap and nasty” cotton; but the mixtures of fabrics now referred to were those composed of a variety of materials in which advantage was taken of the different chemical and physical characteristics of the components. This trend towards mixtures 463 in which two or more different fibres might be spun together in one thread had enormously increased the difficulties of the finishing trade and a great deal of effort had been expended on elucidating these problems. One of the problems of textile industries, particularly the cotton industry, was the prevention of damage by mildew, to which sized cotton warps were especially prone. For years zinc chloride had been used for this purpose, but, while effective in preventing mildew, it was liable to cause difficulties and damage during finishing if not completely removed.After much research, in which some 200 compounds were examined, it was found that salicylanilide had the desired properties of non-volatility, harmlessness-ease of removal, combined with effective prevention of mildew. This was a problem in which there was little to guide the workers and the successful solution was largely a matter of persistent trial. Textile researchers had to deal with colloid materials, which, especially in the case of cotton and wool are liable to very great variations in physical characteristics.In consequence, in any investigation connected with textile materials, the only method of getting reliable results was to make a large number of experiments and to deal with the results statistically. For example, in experimental weaving, in order to cut out the peculiarities of individual looms it was necessary to use a group of eight and analyse the results statistically by the Latin square method developed by agricultural chemists. A further difficulty met with by textile workers was the com- parison of properties such as “handle” or draping effects which could not as yet be expressed numerically; but considerable progress was being made in solving these problems. One interesting feature of modern research had been the discovery of the cause of periodic faults in knitted or woven cotton fabric such as the so-called “tiger bars” in stockings.These were caused during hank mercerisation, any unevenness giving rise to uneven dyeing which was reproduced in a periodic form when the yam was knitted up. The picture of the constitution of cellulose put forward by chemists, notably the Haworth School at Birmingham, while representing a tremendous advance, did not explain many of the textile properties of cotton cellulose and it was probable that the cellulose molecule was much larger than that indicated by their chemical methods. 464 By treatment of cotton with swelling agents such as caustic soda solution it had been possible to lay bare the intimate structure of a single hair, showing it to consist of fibrillae arranged in spiral form.One of the best-known methods of detecting chemical damage to cotton was the determination of the fluidity of its solution in cuprammonium hydroxide. In this way it had been possible to prove, for example, that damage to a shirt had been produced before making up and not after, by a comparison of the fluidity of the material and of the sewing cotton. One of the most important tools in the hands of the worker on cellulose fabrics was the use of differential staining with Congo red to demonstrate chemical or mechanical damage to the fibres. By combination of swelling and such staining technique it was possible to determine definitely whether damage to cotton fabric was due to chemical attack, heat treatment, attack by mildew or to mechanical abrasion.Investigations on these lines were still being carried on by the British Cotton Industries Research Association and not only had research caught up with industry but was helping the industry in the productions arising from new discoveries. Irish Free State.-Dr. R. G. Ault desires to correct a statement occurring in the summary received from the Section of his paper on “Micro Analytical Methods,” published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, page 356. Instead of “The outstanding work of Kock on the isolation and identification of the growth-producing substances, Auxin A and B, was carried out on something like 25 mgrms.of pure substance and involved a most accurate micro-technique.” It should read-“The outstanding work of KogZ on the isolation and identification of the growth-producing substances, Auxin A and B, was carried out on something like 800 mgrms. of pure substance.” The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 25th November, in Trinity College, Dublin,-Mr. B. G. Fagan presiding. The Honorary Treasurer’s Report was submitted and adopted. The Committee for the ensuing session was elected as follows: J. Bell, B. G. Fagan, G. Van B. Gilmour, A. G. G. Leonard, J. H. Millar, T. J. Nolan, A. O’Farrelly, J. W. Parkes. Professor K. C. Bailey was welcomed to the Fellowship of the Institute. 465 Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 16th November, at the University of Leeds,-Mr.R. Gawler in the Chair. Dr. F. S. Fowweather and Messrs. H. J. Hodsman, A. Hod-brooke and J. Hume were elected to serve on the Committee. Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. Woodmansey were re-elected Honorary Auditors, and Dr. H. Burton was re-elected Honorary Secretary. The Annual Report and Financial Statement were adopted. Professor R. H. Hopkins read a paper on 6b The Selective Fermentation of Sugars by Yeasts.” Professor Hopkins has kindly supplied the following summary :-The author, after distinguishing between the selective action exhibited by micro-organisms towards substances required respectively as nutrients and as sources of energy (fermentation) proceeded to make a further distinction regarding specificity.Brewers’, and most yeasts, are absolutely specific for the three hexoses, d-glucose, d-mannose, d-fructose, and in certain circum- stances (e.g., suitable culturing in the sugar) &galactose. No other hexoses, no pentoses, etc., are fermentable at all, and all other fermentable sugars or derivatives of sugars are fer- mentable only in that they first yield one or more of the above hexoses either by hydrolytic degradation or in some other way. Whilst most yeasts ferment glucose, fructose and mannose at the same rates under all “normal” conditions, a selective preference is exhibited by the yeasts for glucose over fructose in mixtures of the two, for both sugars over mannose, and for a sugars over /I sugars.There is no evidence that rates of diffusion of these respective sugars into the yeast cells exercise any controlling inff uence, although this possibility must not be overlooked. Neither sugar in the mixture is transformed into the other within the cell. No variation in external conditions so far investigated affects the relative rates of disappearance of the sugars except that of temperature. This influences the composition of fructose in solution at equilibrium and exerts a corresponding influence on its selection from mixtures with glucose. Selection is in accordance with the mathematical formulations of the kinetics of enzyme action of Michaelis and Menten. When two substrates compete for the same enzyme, 466 the relative rates of the reactions promoted are expressed by the formula:- V K', V'K,-_ In yo -In y -lnz, -lnz Where K, and K', respectively are the Michaelis constants, V and V' are the maximum velocities attainable, yo and z, are initial concentrations of substrates, y and z are the concentrations remaining at the time of measurement, respectively.Measurement of yo z, y z in a fermenting solution of glucose and fructose leads to values of the above fraction (KGIF)which remain constant within the limits of experimental error. Thus an English brewers' yeast gave the value of 2-10, varying between 2-07 and 2-13,except at the extremes of fermentation. To investigate such phenomena, quantitative kinetic work is essential and methods of measuring the rate of fermentation continuously were discussed-including methods of Harden and Young and of Slator.The last-named method, in which CO, is measured by the increase of pressure in an exhausted system at constant volume has been used by the author and his colleagues and the results were discussed. The kinetics of fermentation of the sugars in separate solutions also conform to the mathe- matical formulations of Michaelis and Menten for enzyme action. On plotting the reciprocals of velocity of fermentation (asordinates) and of sugar concentration (as abscissze), a straight line is obtained with glucose, fructose, mannose and galactose, as required by the theory. From the graphs can be read off the values of V (maximum velocity) and of 5(slope of graph)V whence the value of K, is obtained.V is approximately the same for glucose, fructose, mannose (and their a and /3 forms) when brewers' yeast is employed, so that the expression V K'm/V'K, simplifies to K',,,/Km, the inverse ratio of the Michaelis constants. Thus for glucose, fructose and mannose, the values, 0.192, 0.404 and 0.86 (expressed as concentration per cent.) were respectively obtained in agreement with KGIF= 2-10 = Ox4 for mixtures of glucose and fructose, and ( O*IJ 0.86for glucose and mannose, -= 4.5, whereas direct determin- 0.192 ation of KGIMfor a similar yeast gave the value, 3.8. 467 It seems that the yeast enzyme which is the first to combine with the substrate sugar possesses a greater affinity, eg., for glucose than for fructose.This may in its turn depend on the proportions of the specifically fermentable forms of the sugars respectively present in these sugars at equilibrium. Observa-tions on fermentation of a,18 and equilibrium glucose in separate solutions, and on fructose at different temperatures had led the author to the conclusion that the sugars specifically fermented were neither the a nor the 18 forms, but intermediate and possibly aldehydic (or ketonic) open chain forms, a conclusion also suggested by the recent work of Professor Robison who used non-living yeast preparations. Adaptation of yeast by culturing was illustrated by the case of galactose (absolute specificity), and change in selectivity constants (relative) when suitable cultural conditions were imposed.Certain yeasts, e.g. one type found in Sauterne wine, are exceptions to the above generalisations in certain respects. For example, they prefer fructose to glucose in mixtures of the two. This preference can be greatly increased by culturing in fructose. The Leeds Area Section, jointly with the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held a Dinner and Dance on 25th November, at Powolny’s Rooms, Leeds. Mr. A. H. Dodd (Chairman of the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) presided, and was supported by Mr. R. Gawler (Chairman of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute). The guests included Dr.A. E. Everest (Vice-president of the Institute), Mr. W. A. S. Calder (immediate Past President of the Society of Chemical Industry) and Mr. A. T. Wakelin (President of the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society). Mr. Calder and Dr. Everest responded to the toast of “The Guests,” proposed by Mr. Gawler. Liverpool and North-Western.-The opening meeting for the 1936-37 session was held at the Constitutional Club, Liverpool, on 15th October. Mr. B. D. W. Luff, who occupied the Chair for the formal opening of the meeting, expressed his pleasure in introducing Mr. L. V. Cocks as the Chairman for the new session. Mr. Cocks gave an address entitled:- ‘(Some Recent Technical Advances in Industry.” Of the two types of advance which were selected to illustrate 468 recent developments, the first was chosen to illustrate the develop- ments resulting from specialised research in connection with the detergent industry, and the second, which was of a more general character, to illustrate the great advantage which had been taken in recent years of applying fundamental scientific principles in the development of products and processes.The historical development of non-soapy detergents, by which term it was not intended to include the large range of inorganic alkali salts which are used for detergent purposes, was described from the early use of turkey red oil, or sulphonated castor oil, through the period when trials were made with the esters and amides of fatty acids, to the present-day so-called non-soapy detergents. These detergents are now represented by such bodies as the sulphates or sulphonates of fatty alcohols, by sulphonate and ester derivatives of ethylene glycol, or by the products of the partial esterification of polymerised glycerol with fatty acids.Solutions of these substances resemble solutions of soap in respect of many properties, such as surface tension, lathering and cleansing or detergent action. The special advan- tages of non-soapy detergent solutions are that they are practically unaffected by hardness or slight acidity in the water. Oneof the first of these detergent products to appear on the market was a shampoo powder, the special properties of which in respect of imparting lustre and “life” to the hair have been readily appreciated. Non-soapy products which have been specially prepared for laundries are on the market and are being employed with success in certain classes of laundry work of high quality.Quite recently a non-soapy washing preparation for domestic use has been placed on the market, and there is every reason to think that, as it can be sold at an economic price, its special features will also be appreciated. The other examples of recent advances which were chosen by the chairman related to various aspects of wrapping and “packaging,” and to air conditioning, both of which subjects were of wide and general interest to industry. For wrapping and “packaging” the developments which have taken place in respect of the improvement in transparent regenerated cellulose films of the cellophane type, and in waxed papers, were described, together with the particular difficulties with which such develop- ments have been accompanied.The production of the moisture-proof film of transparent regenerated cellulose by the coating of each side of the film as 469 produced from the viscose with an extremely thin layer of lacquer was described, and attention was directed to the necessity for the use of special printing processes and of modified adhesives for such materials. In order to obtain the necessary register for the automatic wrapping of materials with printed cellophane, use had beenmade of the selenium cell electric eye, the light from which was cut off by an opaque or metallic printed spot which accurately registered the correct position.In order to illustrate one of the recent developments in this field of “packaging,” a tobacco pouch which formed the wrapper for the tobacco as sold over the counter was exhibited. This pouch consisted of three-ply films, the outer ones being of moisture-proof regenerated cellulose, and the inner of waxed paper. Reference was made to the improvements which had taken place in the production of tin-plate and tin-box containers. Byway of illustration of such improvements, sections of empty half-pint “cans” of beer were exhibited to show the methods of lacquering and waxing which were adopted to ensure that the beer was in perfect condition when it reached the consumer.A description was given of the equipment which was necessary for the conditioning of air at temperatures and humidities which, on the one hand, were between the maximum and minimum limits of the normal atmosphere and, on the other hand, above the maximum limit of the normal atmosphere in respect of temperature. Emphasis was directed to the greater ease with which the latter air conditions could be met, as advantage was taken of the ease with which air could be saturated by means of fine sprays of water at any particular temperatures, the excess water being removed by a system of baffling. With the correct adjustment of the temperature of the air at complete saturation point, it automatically followed that on raising the temperature of such air the desired relative humidity in the conditioned air was obtained.The address was illustrated by lantern slides, and specimens connected with the subject-matter were available for inspection. Mr. A. E. Findley, in proposing a vote of thanks, con-gratulated Mr. Cocks on being elected to the Chair, and wished him a successful year of office. He said that Mr. Cocks had emphasised the value of research work, both specialised and general; he had particularly emphasised the application of 470 relatively simple scientific facts to the improvement and develop- ment of processes and their products. The Section had also to thank Mr. Cocks for his efforts to stimulate the interests of Associates by arranging evenings for experimental demonstrations.Mr. J. M. Tucker, in seconding the vote, remarked on the value of the address as consisting of the experience of a member engaged in a special phase of chemical activity. It was of interest both to the young members to whom it brought first- hand knowledge of achievement, and to older members who were afforded an opportunity of learning something of work which they had not previously been able to study. At the same meeting, Mr. B. D. W. Luff was appointed an Honorary Auditor to fill the vacancy caused by the retirement of Mr. R. B. Croad, who has left the Section to take up an appoint- ment in London. The members of the Section were the guests of the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at a meeting held at the Liverpool University, on 20th November,-Professor T.P. Hilditch in the Chair. Dr. S. H. Piper, of Bristol University, gave a lecture on “The Use of X-Rays in the Identification and Estimation of Mixtures of Aliphatic Compounds.” illustrated with lantern slides. The occurrence of aliphatic substances in series, coupled with the rod-like structure of their molecules, makes it possible to identify a particular compound by X-ray measurement of a single crystal spacing. Mixtures of members of homologous series do not in general give two spacings due to the crystals of the components, but a single spacing characteristic of the mixture. Results have been obtained for a large number of synthetic mixtures, and have made it possible to estimate the composition of naturally-occurring aliphatic substances by comparison.Such comparisons have shown that all the so-called iso-acids examined are almost certainly mixtures of n-acids, and not branched-chain compounds. The polymorphism of the crystals of aliphatic bodies introduces complications but, now that this is fairly well understood it is, on the whole, helpful to the process of identification. Assistance in quantitative estimations of mixtures is obtained from the melting-points of a large number of synthetic mixtures, both 471 binary and ternary, and it has been found possible to make satisfactory analyses of many of the complicated plant and insect waxes without attempting anything like a complete separation of the components.In all cases where a synthetic mixture has been prepared, corresponding to the composition deduced for a portion of a natural wax, the agreement between their constants has been satisfactory. It is believed that the methods described are accurate to within a few per cent. The investigations have so far shown that all naturally- occurring paraffins containing eighteen or more CH, groups have odd numbered chains, and that the chains of active group compounds in the same range are even numbered. The identi- fication of the components of a large number of the higher waxes has made it possible to suggest a consistent scheme for their metabolism. The Annual Social Evening was held at the Constitutional Club on the 10th December,-Mr.L. V. Cocks in the Chair. An entertainment, arranged by Messrs. J. Hanley and H. Jasperson, was given by Miss E. Nuttall (violinist), Miss G. Ball (contralto), Mr. F. Wotherspoon (bass), Mr. E. Peverley (entertainer), with Mr. H. Weatherall at the piano. The thanks of the meeting were accorded to the organisers and artistes for a very enjoyable programme. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Annual Dinner and Dance of the Section was held on 30th October, at the Strand Palace Hotel,-Dr. E. B. Hughes in the Chair. The Annual General Meeting was held on 18th November, at Film House, Wardour Street, London, W.C.,-Mr. F. G. Edmed in the Chair. The reports of the Treasurer and the Committee were adopted.The Officers and Committee for the ensuing year were elected as follows:-Chairman, Dr. E. B. Hughes; Vice-Chairmen, Mr. M. Bogod, Mr. F. G. Edmed; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. C. A. Adams; Hon. Secretary, Mr. R. F. Innes. Committee:-Fellows-Mr. C. A. Bassett, Mr. D. E. Davis, Mr. L. Eynon, Mr. D. M. Freeland, Dr. J. Grant, Mr. E. M. Hawkins, Mr. A. S. Houghton, Mr. H. Shankster, Mr. F. G. H. Tate, Mr. H. A. Williams, and Mr. K. A. Williams; Associates-Mr. W. H. Bennett, Mr. J. G. Maltby, Mr. W. F. Pavitt, Mr. W. C. Peck, Mr. A. W. H. Upton, and Mr. D. M. Wilson. 472 Mr. J. R. Nicholls was nominated District Member of Council. After the official business, the members enjoyed a show of industrial films illustrating the manufacture of Mazda lamps (British Thomson Houston Co., Ltd.) and the manufacture of glass (Messrs.Pilkington Bros., Ltd.). Manchester and District.-The Annual Dinner and Dance, held at “The Manchester, Ltd.”, on 3rd December, was attended by 300 members and guests under the chairmanship of Mr. C. T. J. Cronshaw. After the loyal toast Mr. Cronshaw proposed the toast of “The Guests,” at the same time taking the opportunity to deplore the view so often expressed that men of science were constantly devoting their attention to weapons of war. The toast was acknowledged by Mr. Alderman George Titt, who expressed the hope that chemists would pay more attention to tackling the question of fogs, and give the people perpetual sunshine instead of “The Manchester Special” which they had experienced a few days before.The Annual Conjoint Meeting of the Local Section of the Institute with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists, and the Man- Chester Literary and Philosophical Society, was held on 19th November, at the Constitutional Club,-Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw in the Chair. Dr. W. H. Coates (Imperial Chemical Industries) addressed a large audience on- (( Our Money.” The lecture will be published as a separate monograph. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Thirty-fifth Bedson lecture, to which members of the Institute were invited, was delivered by Professor J. C. Drummond on 20th November, at Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne, Professor G.R. Clem0 in the Chair. Professor Drummond dealt with- (( Chemical Aspects of some Modern Nutritional Problems.” He said that animals are dependent on plants for certain compounds which they cannot synthesise themselves from potentially suitable material. Such compounds can be divided 473 into two types,-tissue building stores, and what might be termed I‘ chemical lubricants,” e.g. vitamins and hormones. Cystine is a good example of the former type. Animals cannot synthesise this important amino-acid even if provided with sulphur, in various forms, and closely related non-sulphur containing compounds,-for example, serine. However, they can use methionine and dithiol-dilactic acid, but not homo-cystine and cystinearnine, to replace a cystine deficiency.Persons suffering from cystinuria who are given methionine excrete it as cystine only. Vitamins A, B,, C and D are examples of the second type. Professor Drummond dealt with the work leading to the synthesis of vitamin B,, and pointed out that alteration in the position of the methyl group in the pyrimidine ring leads to the formation of biologically inactive products. Vitamin A has been shown to be a C, compound closely related to the carotinoid pigments. Those carotinoids possessing a p-ionone ring and a suitable side-chain, act as precursors of the vitamin. p-carotene itself is probably quantitatively con- verted into it. It is remarkable that the molecule divides at the central double bond, considering that polyene chains are usually susceptible to oxidative attack at various points.Certain birds can use, xanthophylls as vitamin A precursors, whereas animals cannot. This raises the question of there being more than one vitamin A. Chemical studies of vitamin C (Z-ascorbic acid) are fairly complete, and it is interesting to compare the antiscorbutic activities of various substituted ascorbic acids. d-Ascorbic acid is quite inactive, d-arabq-ascorbic acid possesses one-twentieth the activity, while I-rhamno-ascorbic acid and dehydro- ascorbic acid are less active. The preparation of these synthetic products possessing activity raises the question of the possibility of the synthesis of compounds of greater antiscorbutic power than vitamin C.Turning to vitamin D (calciferol), Professor Drummcmd said that it is generally held that rupture of one ring of its sterol precursor takes place during irradiation with ultra-violet light. Vitamin D activity is not dependent on the presence of a double bond in the side-chain. The lecturer reviewed recent work on the antirachitic substance produced by irradiation of 7-dehydro- cholesterol, and on the products formed when 7-dehydrostigma- sterol and 22-dihydro-7-dehydrostigmasterolare similarly treated. 474 He pointed out that the relation between constitution and biological action is not yet clearly apparent. There are two views to account for the activity of the various compounds. Either it is necessary to provide substances capable of being broken down to simpler molecules, or compounds with the same C skeleton as vitamin D are required.The former gains some support from the fact that Compounds, very different in structure from those obtained from natural sources, are capable of producing oesirus. For example, keto-tetrahydrophenan- threne and certain dihydroxydibenzanthrones have some activity. A more remarkable case is that reported by Professor Dodds, who found that dihydroxydiphenyl is active. The Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry invited members of the Institute to attend the Jubilee Memorial Lecture on 27th November. The lecture was delivered by Dr. J. W. Mellor, F.R.S., and Mr. A. T. Green, on “Refractories.” Members are asked to note that the lecture by Dr.L. A. Jordan on “Topical Matters in Paint and Painting,” announced in the programme for 19th February, has been brought forward to 22nd January. On 19th February, Dr. A. E. J. Vickers, of Imperial Chemical Industries, will give a lecture on “High Temperature Chemistry. ’ ’ South Wales.-The Eighteenth Annual General Meeting of the South Wales Section was held at the Central Hall, Swansea, on the 27th November, when the following officers and committee were elected for the ensuing year :-Chairman,-Mr. George Madel; Honorary Secretary and Treasurer,-Mr. P. F. Ellis; Committee,-Messrs. E. E. Ayling, C. M. W. Grieb, L. E. Hinkel, R. H. Jones, J. 0. Samuel, E. Thornton, and Mr.E. A. Tyler, Member of Council, ex oficio. The meeting considered a letter from the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, dealing with the subject of Air Raid Pre- cautions and decided to direct the attention of the Council to the circumstance that members in the South Wales area had not been asked to render any assistance with the anti-gas scheme. Being willing to help, they felt that the Council should take the matter up with the Home Office. Mr. George Madel presided at a meeting of the Section, held at the Central Hotel, Swansea, on 4th December, when Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, O.B.E., delivered a lecture on “The Defence of the Civil Population against Gas.” 475 The meeting was attended by members of the Swansea Police Force, the St.John Ambulance Brigade, and the British Red Cross. Mr. Madel, in opening the proceedings, said that Fellows and Associates of the Institute, as trained chemists, were ready to co-operate with those who were concerned with the organisation of defence against gas attacks. Mr. Davidson Pratt stressed the importance of educating the civil population in methods of defence against gas attacks in war, more especially from the air. Defence against chemical war is particularly urgent and important, in spite of the prohibition contained in the Geneva Protocol, because in the first place a country with a well-developed air service and a strong chemical industry has the means ready to hand for a rapidly improvised gas attack on the nerve centres of its enemy.A second reason arises from the fact that gas has a devastating effect on the morale of people ignorant of its properties, and uninstructed in methods of defence, and a country’s lack of preparation to defend itself against gas might well induce an enemy who had the means of attack ready to hand, to use gas in order to secure a speedy victory. The lecturer outlined the nature of the gas menace from the air, and the various measures which have to be taken to protect the civil population against it. Reduced to its simplest elements, the scheme of gas defence requires that the general public should keep out of contact with the poison, whether as liquid or vapour, by staying in gas-pro- tected rooms till the raid is over and the area cleared up; they will be provided with gas masks as a second line of defence.There will have to be an organisation for the decontamination of the areas affected and the first-aid treatment of those who have been exposed to gas. If these measures are properly organised and carried out, much of the danger of gas will disappear. The success of the scheme will depend entirely on the behaviour of the population, as was clearly demonstrated in connection with the anti-gas training of troops during the Great War. If people panic and lose their morale, the results may well be disastrous. This they are very likely to do, if they have not been properly instructed in the scheme of defence and the nature of the menace. The education of the civil population, in order that they may acquire the proper psychological state of mind in the 476 unfortunate event of a gas attack, is therefore essential, and it is comforting to know that the Government has a full realisation of the problem and is actively taking those steps which in its opinion will best achieve the desired end.During the discussion, Mr. Evan T. Davies, of Plasmarl, demonstrated an ingenious safety device consisting of a bicycle tyre fitted into the grooves of the door and inflated so that the door became air-tight. South Yorkshire.-A large party of members and friends visited the Brigg Factory of the British Sugar Corporation. The whole process of the manufacture of beet sugar from the raw material to the refined article was seen and explained.Much interest was taken in the methods of analytical control and also in the careful lay-out of the plant. A meeting of the Section was held at the Doncaster Technical College, on 6th November, when a lecture was givm by Principal L. Orange, M.B.E., on ‘‘Chemical Warfare.” The lecturer traced the history of the development of explosives, the use of poison gas, and then dealt with poisonous vapours and powders. Among the topics raised in the discussion was the part the chemist ought to play in defensive measures, and more than one member voiced the opinion that the Institute should be represented on all local committees concerned with defence. The Second Annual Dinner and Dance was held at the Royal Victoria Station Hotel, Sheffield, on 20th November.Dr. G. Lawton, Chairman of the Section, presided. Among the guests present were Dr. Stephen Miall, Editor of Chemistry and Industry, Alderman and Miss Thraves (Deputy Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress of Sheffield) and Dr. F. A. Mason, H.M.I. The toast of “The City of Sheffield” was proposed by Dr. A. R. Brown, Honorary Treasurer of the Section, who said that the history of Sheffield was closely associated with a number of illus- trious men who were scientists. After outlining the occupation of Sheffield by the Romans, and the fact that it was a fortress even earlier still, he traced the development of the steel industry, dealing particularly with the parts played by Sir Robt. Hadfield and Mr.Brearley. He referred to the debt owed by the chemical industry as a whole to the steel manufacturers 477 of Sheffield, particularly with regard to stainless steel, which had made possible many of the high pressure chemical reactions of to-day. Alderman Thraves in reply said that, while he regretted the absence of the Lord Mayor, he was glad to be present at the Dinner of the Section once more himself. The dinner of last year had been one of the most memorable during his year of office. Relating his experiences on visits to various works, he said he realised how much the industry of Sheffield owed to chemistry. He also paid a tribute to Sir Robt. Hadfield, but for another reason: Sir Robert was the pioneer of the eight-hour day for the steel worker, which he instituted very courageously in the face of much opposition.Dr. Stephen Miall, who proposed “The Institute,” dealt with the subject of co-operation between the three main chemical societies. While, he said, co-operation was good, they should not lose sight of the fact that they should also be keen for their own particular societies: each had definite work to do. The Chairman (Dr. G. Lawton) in reply paid a tribute to the remarkable leading articles written by Dr. Miall, to which everyone looked forward week by week. He regretted the absence of senior officials of the Institute. He traced the work of the Section during the past year, and said that the success that had been achieved was mainly due to an enthusiastic committee and the untiring work of the Honorary Secretary.Much had been achieved but everything pointed to even better results this year. The toast of “The Guests” was proposed by Dr. E. Gregory. Dr. F. A. Mason, in reply, said that he had been looking up the word guest in the dictionary and wondered to which category he belonged. He hoped it was that which defined him as “one entertained at the table of another.” He was very pleased indeed to be present and to have the opportunity of replying for his fellow guests. After dinner dancing was enjoyed by the company until the “small hours.” 478 Notes. The Chemical Council.-This Part includes the First Annual Report of the Chemical Council, to which the attention of Fellows and Associates is particularly directed.The Council has made definite progress in raising the fund for publications and the Chemical Library, has effected economies in the pub- lications, and has good prospects of receiving regular financial help for the chemical publications for some years to come. Air Raid Precautions.-As many Fellows and Associates are known to be interested in Air Raid Precautions, further notes on the subject may be found useful. The Air Raid Precautions Department of the Home Office is a civil organisation concerned with the defence of the civil population-quite apart from active defence by military forces. It is generally admitted that air raids will be difficult to check, seeing that bombing planes can travel at zoo to 240 miles an hour, and it will not be possible, therefore, to give more than ten minutes warning to any part of England and Wales that a raid is approaching. The element of surprise increases the necessity for preparation.Preliminary arrangements should receive attention without delay. The main dangers from air attacks are bombs which are of various weights and employed for various purposes. They may be incendiary, gas or high explosive. The majority of incendiary bombs are comparatively light. The kilo bomb is made of electron filled with thennite, ignites on percussion with any hard substance and burns for seven or eight minutes. Kilo bombs will penetrate slates, glass sheets, and corrugated iron, but will probably be resisted by five or six inches of rein-forced concrete.To keep out larger bombs of, say, 25 lbs. would require about 12 inches of reinforced concrete, and they 479 are not easily extinguished, although sand, if available, will help to check the fire. The light incendiary bombs which are able to penetrate a roof would be stopped at the top floor of a building. For this reason the accumulation of box-room ‘I junk” and inflammable material in attics, lofts, etc., is forbidden in Germany. At the same time, it must be remembered that bombs do not fall straight, but at an angle which vanes with the height from which they are dropped, and therefore, they may hit the front or the side of a building. The problem of protection against gas bombs is dealt with in a booklet-“ Personal Protection against Gas,”-issued by the Department and obtainable from H.M.Stationery Office (6d.). Gases may be non-persistent or persistent ; the non-persistent include chlorine, phosgene and the poisonous smokes from arsenical compounds ;the persistent continue to give off poison-ous vapour for much longer periods. Protection may be secured by the provision of shelters and of gas masks. Shelters will be mentioned later. People at first find some difficulty in becoming accustomed to masks. It is chiefly a matter of self-control and practice. They are of various kinds. A type known as the General Service pattern is used by the Army, Navy, Air Force and Civil Police; a second type, the civilian duty type, is intended for use by ‘‘key ” men in factories, by first-aid squads and fire brigades; and, a third, the general Civilian respirator, is designed for civilians to enable them to reach safety from a concentration of gas in the street, and to serve as a second line of protection to the gas-proof room which will be primary defence for the civil population at large.“Liquid gas” may lie for several hours where it falls, unless the weather is hot. If it is a blistering or vesicant substance, like “mustard gas,” its danger lies in the fact that the liquid has harmful effects on the skin, and casualties may be caused by contact with contaminated objects and materials. Careful examination is necessary wherever its presence is suspected.High explosive bombs may be as heavy as 4,000 lbs., but expense must limit the number of those weighing more than 1,000lbs. Those of 500 lbs., which are capable of creating a crater of g or 10 feet diameter, will probably be more usual. There are two types, one with a percussion nosecap, and the other, termed “semi armour-piercing.” The former will burst 480 on contact with a roof, or any hard surface, and may seriously damage a good modern building; the latter may penetrate deep into the earth and explode with a radius of rupture extend- ing probably to over 35 feet in every direction; so that, for im- munity, a shelter of the depth of 80 to IOO feet is necessary, unless of very thick stout materials, like concrete or rubble,-a very expensive proposition.The main object is to avoid bomb splinters and blast. Splinters from high explosive bombs will easily penetrate 2-inch mild steel plate. A type of shelter for resisting the splinters from semi- armoured bombs is known as the “cut and cover,’’ consisting of a concrete room with walls and roof of reinforced concrete. Bank buildings with modern strong-rooms, can provide something approaching the type of chamber required. Such shelters shbuld not be located below heavy machinery or in places which are likely to collapse, or near boilers or furnaces, or near stores of an inflammable character. Brickwork of 13Q inches will exclude splinters; a wall z feet thick is considered safe. Concrete of 20 inches, reinforced at 10 to 12 inches, would ordinarily be safe.Chalk quarries and the like may be used as shelters with some confidence. Where shelters are formed in houses or premises, the windows and openings of the rooms allotted to the purpose must be blocked up to exclude draughts and so prevent the entry of gas. The rooms, if large, should also have double doors or blanket screens, with a lobby in between, forming an “air-lock.” For blocking windows 3-ply wood is useful and may be screwed to the frames with felt in between, or gas-proof blinds may be made. In premises where no basement is available, a room on the first floor may be used for the purpose if the premises have two or more storeys,-to be above the gas. If the ground floor is used, the walls should be protected with sand-bags.Arrangements can be introduced for filtering incoming air. First-aid equipment should be available. Where open ground is obtainable, covered trench shelters, 7 feet deep, and z feet wide, may be constructed, and these are without the disadvantage of a building, which may collapse. Factories should have regard to their sources of supplies of water, gas and power, in order to prevent, as far as possible, the entire failure of these essential services. Special precautions should be taken in works where the manufactures relate to highly combustible material. In large 481 concerns, responsibilities and duties should be assigned to reliable members of the staff, above military age, to make such arrange- ments as may be feasible for the safety of the employees in any emergency.They must not be permitted to congregate in large numbers. Where protection cannot be obtained within the works, arrangements should be made to disperse employees as quickly as possible to places of safety, or to their homes. Where processes cannot be hindered or stopped, it may also be advisable to provide “cubby holes’’ for the protection of “key” men who may have to remain on works. Local authorities will be faced with the problem of dispersing crowds. Their officials will work generally with the police, the St. John Ambulance Association, the British Red Cross Society, Fire Brigades, Sanitary Inspectors, etc. It has been suggested that people will be obstinate about using shelters and gas masks, but they will sooner or later learn the wisdom of taking care of themselves.Camouflage may be useful in some cases. White and shiny roofs should be avoided; conspicuous roads and areas may, to some extent, be planted with trees. Khaki-coloured overalls are preferable to white ones in war-time. Lighting orders will require that means be employed to prevent lights from being visible from above, glass “sky-lights” should be painted or dis-tempered; “khaki” blinds and opaque electric-light shades will be in demand. The use of smoke as a cover appears to be a difficult pro- position. A cloud of smoke should cover nine times the size of the area to be masked. Thus a factory occupying 600 square yards requires a smoke cloud of a mile square, the production of which is estimated to cost about fl3,ooo a day.The detailed organisation is in the hands of the local authorities, to whom Fellows and Associates suitably available can offer their services. The Air Raid Precautions Department has also issued, or intends to issue, handbooks dealing with “First Aid for Gas Casualties’’ (3d., 4d. post free) ; “Medical Treatment of Gas Casualties” ; “Decontamination of Materials” (6d., 8d. post free) ; “Structural Precautions against Bombs and Gas ” ; “Air Raid Precautions in Factories and Business Premises ” (6d., 7d. post free); “Anti-Gas Precautions for Merchant Shipping ” (3d., 4d. post free). 482 The Impact of Scientific Discovery.-Lord Rutherford, in the Twelfth Annual Norman Lockyer Lecture, which he delivered before the British Science Guild on 12th November, in the Hall of the Goldsmiths’ Company, London, said that the orderly application of scientific research to industrial needs had undoubtedly been of material benefit to mankind and had not led to any serious displacement of labour in older industries, but had rather given new avenues of employment for great numbers of men and women. There had been much loose and uninformed talk of the possible dangers to the community of the unrestricted development of science and scientific invention. Science might occasionally be used for ignoble ends, but that was not the fault of the scientific mind, but rather of the community which failed to control this misuse of science.Scientific men had perhaps shown themselves unduly sensitive to criticism, although it was a natural reaction in an investigator who was conscious that his only aim in this work had been to add to the sum of human knowledge. It might be that some method of control of the rate of application of new ideas or inventions to industry was desirable in order to prevent too marked a dislocation of capital and labour. It might be an advantage to the State to know the probable changes that might be expected in industry before new inventions were actually put into operation; it would seem desirable to set up a “Prevision Committee” of an advisory nature, to form an estimate of the trend of industry as a whole and of the probable effects of new ideas and inventions as they arose, and to advise any form of control was likely to prove necessary in the public interest.British Launderers ’ Research Association.-On 1st December, Sir William Bragg, O.M., P.R.S. ,opened the extension to the laboratories of the British Launderers’ Research Associa- tion at Hendon. The original laboratories were opened by Sir William McCormick, in November, 1923,and the experimental laundry was added in 1926. The work of the Association, under the directorship of Mr. F. Courtney Hanvood, consists generally in the testing of washing equipment and of textile materials which are sent to the laundry to -be washed. It includes research on detergents and the resistance to their action of various textiles and of woollens.The Association provides its members with much information on the temperatures, on suitable waters and the conditions for 483 washing different fabrics, as well as on complaints received, which are often traced to causes other than those that may arise in the laundry. The Trustees for Beit Fellowships for Scientific Research announce that an election of Fellows will take place on or about 9th July, 1937. Not more than three Fellowships (annual value L240, tenable for two years, subject to satisfactory work) will be awarded. Candidates must be graduates or hold diplomas approved by the Trustees and be under 25 years of age on the date of election.Applications must be received on or before 8th April, 1937. Forms and further information may be obtained (by letter only) from the Rector, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. The Science Museum.-On 15th December an Electric Illumination Exhibition was opened at the Science Museum, South Kensington, by the Right Hon. L. Hore-Belisha, M.P. The Exhibition will remain open to the public until 25th April, excepting only Christmas Day and Good Friday,-on weekdays from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.; Sundays, from 2.30 p.m. to 6 p.m. Admission free. Rhodium.-The Science Museum has lately announced the exhibition in the Chemistry Collection, Gallery LXVI, of aa original tube containing Rhodium, prepared by its discoverer, William Hyde Wollaston (ca.1825). Rhodium has lately become of interest as a non-tarnishing substitute for silver in electroplating. Dyes.-Another interesting exhibit consists of dyes, on loan from the Imperial College of Science and Technology. These were prepared by A. W. Hofmann between 1858 and 1863, during his researches on “rosaniline” (magenta). This had been discovered by Natanson in 1856, in the same year that Perkin discovered mauve. The exhibits consist of rosaniline and a number of its derivatives, ranging in colour from reddish-violet to blue, and the violet dye discovered by Hofmann in 1863. There is also a specimen of alizarin, the colouring principle of madder root, prepared by Perkin in 1869. The Annual Chemical Dinner was held in the Wharnecliff Rooms, Hotel Great Central, Marylebone, on 19th November.484 Professor A. G. Green, F.R.S., presided, and Professor Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, F.R.S., was the principal guest, After the loyal toasts, Sir Gilbert Morgan proposed ‘‘Chemistry,” making special reference to the work of the Chemical Council and its endeavours to secure help for chemical publica- tions and the library of the Chemical Society. The toast was acknowledged by the Chairman. The remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing. The RamsayChemica1Dinner.-Professor G. G. Henderson presided at the Ramsay Chemical Dinner, held in the Central Hotel, Glasgow, on 4th December, which was attended by mem- bers of all scientific societies in Glasgow and the West of Scotland.Professor and Mrs. Henderson received the guests, among whom were Lord Leverhulme, Lord Provost Stewart, Dr. R. H. Pickard, Dr. R. Robertson and Professor Weigert. The loyal toasts having been honoured, Professor Henderson proposed the “Memory of Sir William Ramsay” and made reference to the recent death of Lady Ramsay and to her interest in the Ramsay Fellowship. The toast of “The Profession of Chemistry” was proposed by Lord Leverhulme, who remarked that although Nature at times gives with lavish hand, yet at others she withholds or makes difficultly accessible the raw materials so necessary for industry. This in turn has led to the stimulation of research and the promotion of synthetic processes.He added that while it was important that the young chemist should keep up to date his knowledge of chemistry, it was equally important that he should acquaint himself with the needs and trend of industry. Replying to the toast, Dr. R. H. Pickard, after commenting on some aspects of Lord Leverhulme’s speech, spoke on the work of the Chemical Council, mentioned some of the beneficial results already realised and hinted at others to come. “The Lord Provost of Glasgow ” was proposed by Professor Henderson, and the “Guests” by Mr. F. D. Miles, and acknowledged by Lord Provost Stewart and Dr. R. Robertson respectively. The toast of “The Chairman” was proposed by Mr. H. L. Watson and was received with acclamation and musical honours. Dancing followed the dinner and was continued till z a.m.485 IN PARLIAMENTSCIENCE : Nutrition.-In the House of Commons on the 6th November the Minister of Health mentioned the Advisory Committee which was dealing with the problem of nutrition. The Committee includes Sir John Orr, Professor Mellanby, Professor Sir Gowland Hopkins and Professor Cathcart. He said that the collection of family budgets as a part of the investigation of the cost of living would provide much information about dietaries. The Advisory Committee desired a number of quantitative dietary surveys to be carried out, and local authorities had been asked to make the surveys at the cost of the Ministry. Awards to Inventors.-On 12th November the Chancellor of the Exchequer, in replying to a question raised by Sir Arnold Wilson, said that he understood that the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors had dealt with all the cases before it, and that its Final Report would be submitted in the course of the next month or so, and subsequently published.Milk Pasteurisation.-On 19th November, Sir Arnold Wilson asked whether the Minister of Health had had his atten- tion called to the statement in the report of the Medical Officer of Health for Bootle that, of 13 samples of pasteurised milk taken from two licensed plants of modern design erected in the previous year, only 8 conformed to official standards, and that, of 21 samples of school milk, only 15 came up to standard; also whether, in view of the proved inefficiency of many modern pasteurising plants, as shown by the official report of Sir M.Dalrymple-Chalmers and of similar reports from other county boroughs, he would initiate fresh scientific enquiries into this matter. The Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry stated that the Minister was aware of the statement in the annual report of the Medical Officer of Health for Bootle; the Ministry had circulated, in May, 1935, a detailed memorandum of the requirements for ensuing the efficient working of pasteurisation plants and, in April of this year, a circular again directing attention to the matter. The Minister then suggested that local authorities should survey all licensed plants in their areas and cause frequent inspections to be undertaken.The Minister did not consider that any fresh scientific enquiry was immediately required on the subject, but rather continuous activity on the part of the local authorities in supervising the operation of pasteurising plants. 486 First Annual Report of the Chemical Council. 2nd DECEMBER, 1936. CONSTITUTION.-The Chemical Council was formed under a Deed of Agreement, to be in operation for seven years, between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, and the Society of Chemical Industry,-dated 1st July, 1935,-for the adminis- tration of a fund for the co-ordination of scientific and technical publications, the publication of new discoveries in chemical science and their applications to the arts and manufactures, the promotion of research, the maintenance of a library for research and education purposes, and the provision and equipment of a suitable building or buildings for all or any of the purposes aforesaid.The Council consists of twelve members, of whom three were nominated by each of the Councils of the Constituent Bodies, and three, as representatives of industry, co-opted (in the first instance) on the nomination of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. The original Council was as follows:-Representing the Chemical Society- Professor I. M. Heilbron, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S. Professor-now Sir-Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. Professor N. V. Sidgwick, C.B.E., M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S. Representing the Institute of Chemistry-F.G. Edmed, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, F.I.C. Professor J. F. Thorpe, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. RePresenting the Society of Chemical Indmtry- L. H. Lampitt, D.Sc., F.I.C. Robert H. Pickard, D.Sc., F.R.S. J. Arthur Reavell, M.I.Chem.E., M.1.Mech.E. 487 Nominated by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers- A. E. Dunstan, DSc., F.I.C. J. Davidson Pratt, O.B.E., M.A., B.Sc., F.I.C. (The late) Wm. Rintoul, O.B.E., F.I.C. Dr. Robert H. Pickard was appointed Chairman; Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, Vice-Chairman; and Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, Honorary Treasurer. These Officers have been re-appointed for the ensuing year. The Council records with deep regret the death of Mr. William Rintoul, in whose place Dr.R. E. Slade, M.C., F.I.C., has been co-opted. The Council also regrets that, for reasons of health, Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy has recently been obliged to tender his resignation from the Council. The Council of the Institute of Chemistry has appointed Mr. W. A. S. Calder, F.I.C., in the place of Mr. Kirkaldy. The Chemical Council has held twelve meetings. PoLIcY.-The Council, having appointed Officers and having framed Standing Orders for the conduct of its business, proceeded to determine its policy. The Council aims at promoting co-operation between the three Chartered Chemical Organisations, with a view to effecting economies in administration and in publications, in furthering the science of chemistry for the public good, in extending the publication of new knowledge and abstracts, and in the mainten- ance of the Chemical Library.For these objects the Council is endeavouring to raise a fund, and looks for the sympathetic and active support of all industries which employ chemists, and of universities and institutions, as well as of chemists themselves. All are urged to support the Council and the societies in order that they may be in a position to provide the publications, library and premises necessary for the furtherance of the science, and that British chemistry may be placed on a sound foundation. LIBRARY.-The Council has appointed a Committee for Library Organisation which has determined the amounts to be contributed by each of the Constituent Bodies to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society, and,in consultation with 488 the Council of the Chemical Society, has determined the composi- tion of the Joint Library Committee, on which the three Con- stituent Bodies and other contributing societies are represented, the Chairman being appointed by the Joint Library Committee. PUBLICATIONS.-The Council has appointed a Publications Committee which has investigated the cost of production of the publications of the Constituent Bodies, has obtained estimates for printing and paper, and, as a result, hopes to show that economies may be effected in production, and, in due course, in distribution.Mr. F. P. Dunn has kindly acted as Chairman. FINANCE.-An Appeal Committee was appointed to prepare an appeal addressed to those who appreciate the value of chemistry in its practical applications to industry and commerce.Before issuing the appeal, however, the Council deemed it advisable to secure a list of preliminary contributions and promises, and was very fortunate in obtaining a generous promise of fsg,ooo from Sir Robert Mond. The Honorary Treasurer, Professor Thorpe, then addressed personal letters to many members of the Constituent Bodies, with the result that a sum of fs5,640 has been promised from this source. The appeal pamphlet was issued in June to a large number of industrial concerns and other organisations who were thought likely to take advantage of an opportunity of recognising the importance of science and the benefits to be derived from the encouragement of research, with the result that the Council at present has in view contributions and promises from this source amounting to &4,148.It is understood that several important companies have the matter under consideration. On the winding-up of the Association of Scientific and Technical Institutions, a further sum of fs2,128 was transferred to the funds of the Council. The contributions promised to date, together with Income Tax recoverable under Deeds of Covenant, amount to an estimated total of @3,410 4s. 8d., of which a sum of f18,71z 13s. rd. has actually been received. The expenses to date amount to fs147 7s. zd. Audited Accounts to 30th September and a Summary to 4th December are attached.489 PmMIsEs.-Preliminary consideration has been given to the question of premises. The offices at present occupied by the Society of Chemical Industry are very inadequate, and the lease thereof will expire early in 1937. There is now no available accommodation at Burlington House for the increasing Library of the Chemical Society. The Registrar and Secretary of the Institute of Chemistry has acted as Honorary Secretary, and the Council has had the advantage of the services of the staff of the Institute. ROBERTH. PICKARD, Chairman. 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON,W.C.l. THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS ACCOUNT for the fifteen months from 1st July, 1935, to 30th September, 1936.RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS. Dr. CT. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € 8. d. To Contributions-By Printing and Stationery .. .. 85 18 1 Under Deeds of Covenant 539 6 11 Postages . . .. .. .. 35 10 0 LeasIncomeTax .. 127 10 11 Bank Charges . . .. .. 4 12 6 411 16 0 Stamp Duty on Deeds of Covenant 18 9 6 Not under Deeds of Covenant .. 93 5 3 Sundry Expenses . . .. .. 2 17 2 147 7 2 505 1 3 Balance at Bankers-Donations .. .. .. .. 6,153 3 7 Deposit Account . . .. ..6,314 1 1 6,658 4 10 Current Account . . .. .. 212 11 0 Deposit Interest .. .. .. 20 14 2 6,526 12 1 Cash in Hmd .. .. .. 4 19 9 6,531 11 10 ~p 8€6,678 19 0 €6,678 19 0 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT for the Afteen months from 1st July, 1935,to 30th September, 1936.EXPENDITURE. INCOME. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. To Printing and Stationery .. .. 85 18 1 By Contributions-Postages .. .. .. .. 35 10 0 Under Deed of Covenant .. .. 539 6 11 Stamp Duty on Deeds of Covenant 18 9 6 Not under Deed .. .. .. 93 5 3 Bank Charges .. .. .. 4 12 5 Donations . . .. .. .. 6,153 3 7 Sundry Expenses . . .. .. 2 17 2 6,785 15 9 147 7 2 Deposit Interest .. .. .. 20 14 2 Balance-Excess of Income over Expenditure for fifteen months .. 6,659 2 9 €6,806 9 11 €6,806 9 11 (Signed)J. Y. FINLAY,C.A. 23rd October, 1936. (J. Y.Finlay & Co., Ltd.). 491 SUMMARY to 4th December, 1936. E 8. d. Total of Deeds: as per Audited Statement .. .. 14,267 2 4 Add: Deeds executed after 3019136 .... .. 183 15 0 €14,450 17 4 Add :Dowths-Paid in full . . .. .. ..$7,226 9 7 Promised over varying periods, some partly paid .. .. .. .. 1,732 17 9 -8,959 7 4 Total of Deeds and promises to 4/12/36 .. .. ..€23,410 4 8 492 Obituary. HENRYREGINALDHIRSTdied suddenly on 10th December, 1936, in his 61st year. Educated at the Wheelwright Grammar School, Dewsbury, he received his technical training at the Yorkshire College (now Leeds University), where he graduated B.Sc. (Vict.) with honours in 1895. He passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in the same year. Later he proceeded to M.Sc. (Leeds). After leaving the Uni- versity, he was appointed chemist-in-charge of dyeing and woollen manufacture for the firm of Geo.H. Hirst & Co., Ltd., and was for some years a Director. During the War he was engaged with the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, and subsequently joined the Wool Industries Research Association, with which he was chief technologist at the time of his death. He wm elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. SIRHERBERT JACKSON(SAMUEL) died on 10th December in his 74th year. He studied chemistry under Charles Loudon Bloxam and later under John Millar Thomson at King’s College, London, where he was subsequently Demonstrator and Lecturer and, in 1902, Assistant Professor of Chemistry. In 1905 he was promoted to Professor of Organic Chemistry and in 1914 became Daniel1 Professor of Chemistry, which position he held until 1918, when he retired with the title of Emeritus Professor.During the war he was intimately connected with the work of the Institute, particularly in the production of glass for laboratory, optical and many other purposes, and in 1918 left King’s College to accept the appointment of Director of the British Scientific Instruments Research Association, which position he held until his retirement in 1933. Having been one of the pioneer workers on the X-rays, he was President of the Rontgen Society from 1901 to 1903. In 1896 he designed improvements in X-ray tubes which resulted in a sharpening of the image on the screen and also of photo-graphs. He was elected a Fellow of King’s College in 1907. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1917 and received the honour of K.B.E.in recognition of his work in connection with the production of glass in the same year. In 1919 he delivered the Sir Henry Trueman Wood Lecture at the Royal Society of Arts on “Glass and some of its Problems.’’ He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887; he was an Examiner for the Intermediate Examination and in General Chemistry from 1908 to 1912, and in Mineral Chemistry in the Final Examination for the Fellowship from 1911 to 1915. He was a member of Council from 1904 to 1907; a Vice-president from 1907 to 1908, 1916 to 1918, and 1921 to 1924; he was President from 1918 to 1921, and a Censor from 1918 to 1935. Sir Herbert was elected President of the Institute in March, 1918, and shortly afterwards the Council revised the general policy of the Institute. He was thus called upon to guide its affairs in times of unusual difficulty and responsibility, and during a period of reconstruction and re-settlement following upon the termination of the war.At his funeral at Hampstead Parish Church on 15th December the Institute was represented by Professor Samuel Smiles, F.R.S., Member of Council. A tribute of flowers was sent in the name of the President, Council, Fellows and Associates of the Institute. 493 THOMASMARTINLOWRY died at Cambridge, on 2nd November, in his 63rd year. Educated at Kingswood School, Bath, he proceeded to the Central Technical College, South Kensington, of which he was lat,er awarded the Fellowship. In 1899 he obtained the degree of D.Sc.of London University. In 1896 he was appointed assistant to Professor H. E. Amstrong, and, in 1904, lecturer in chemistry at the Westminster Training College. In 1913 he relinquished these posts on appointment as head of the chemical department of Guy’s Hospital Medical School, a position which he held until 1920, when he became first Professor of Physical Chemistry at Cambridge University. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1914. During the war he devoted his attention to high explosives and, in 1917, was appointed director of shell-filling. He served on the Trench Warfare Committee and the Chemical Warfare Committee. For his services in this connection he was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1918, a Commander of the same Order in 1918, and an Officer of the Order of St.Maurice and St. Lazarus in 1919. He was the author of ,4n Historical Introduction to Chemistry (1915), Inorganic Chemistry (1922), a Class Book of Physical Chemistry; Part V of a Class Book of Chernistry-with P. C. Austin (1925); and of Memoir on the Scientific Work of Spencer Pickering-with Sir John Russell (1927) ;he also read numerous pa,pers before the Royal Society, the Chemical Society, the Faraday Society, and kindred Societies. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919 and served asa Member of Council during 1923-24. COLIN HENRYLUMSDENdied at St. Andrew’s Hospital, Dollis Hill, following an operation, on 21st November, at the age of forty-three years.Educated at Erith County School, he obtained his professional training at East London College, and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry in 1915, passing the Final Examination in organic chemistry for the Associateship of the Institute in the same year. He was subsequently engaged on post-graduate research work with Professor J. T. Hewitt, F.R.S., jointly with whom he published a paper in the Journd OJ the Society of ChemicaZ Industry in 191G on comparison of methods for the commercial production of acetic anhydride. From 1915 to 1919 he served as chemist under the Directorate of Chemical Inspection at Woolwich Arsenal, for the last year as a senior assistant chemist in charge of a section.In February, 1919, he joined the staff of the research department of the British Dyestuffs Corporation under Prof. A. G. Green, F.R.S., working first at the University of Manchester and afterwards at Blackley. For some years he was engaged chiefly in research on the anthraquinone vat dyes and, in 1930, his abilities were recognised by appointment as section leader in charge of research on vat colours at Blackley. In this field he made valuable contributions to recent progress. Numerous patent specifications stand in his name, particularly for dyestuffs of the anthraquinone or thioindigoid type, especially relating to anthraquinone derivatives of the o-aminothioglycollic acid series, capable of lactamisation, and other anthraquinone derivatives containing sulphide groups or long chain aliphatic radicals.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1915 and a Fellow in 1919. The funeral was attended by Mr. M. Barrowcliff and Mr. F. W. Linch. FRANCISGRIMSHAW MARTIN died at Wallasey, Cheshire, on 23rd October, in his 59th year. He received his scientific training at the University of Birmingham, and was admitted to the degree of B.Sc. in the School of Chemistry in 1907. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in the same year. He became chief science master at the Liverpool Collegiate School, 494 which position he held until 1916, when he was appointed to organise and supervise the laboratories of Messrs. Alfred Holt & Co. in connection with the Blue Funnel Line. During recent years he carried on an independent practice as Con- sulting chemist and metallurgist, in which he was concerned largely with shipbuilding problems.He was a well-known member of the Liverpool Engineering Society, and read papers dealing with metallurgical problems of particular interest to engineers. His most important scientific work was carried out in connection with the heat-treatment of mild steel for the production of steel plate specially suitable for shipbuilding purposes. As a Member of the Institute of Metals he took a leading part in the organisation of the Annual Autumn Meeting of that Institute, held in Liverpool in 1928, when his lecture on “Non-Ferrous Metals in the Shipping Industry” was a special feature of the meeting.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1910 and a Fellow in 1913. JOHNMAY HERBERTMUNRO died at Kingswood, near Bristol, on 6th November, in his 82nd year. On obtaining an Exhibition in chemistry in 1872, he studied at the Royal College of Science for Ireland, Dublin. He obtained an appointment as a science master at the Trades School, Bristol, andgraduated D.Sc. (Lond.) in 1877. In the following year, he obtained an examinership in the Patent Office. In 1880, with John Wrightson and William Fream, he founded the Downton Agricultural College in Wiltshire, where he lectured in agricultural chemistry. There he carried out a long series of research experiments with Wrightson, resulting in the use of basic slag as a valuable fertiliser.Subsequently, with Mr. E. S. Beaven, he conducted investigations on the improvement in quality of English malting barley, the results of which were published in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society. After the closing of the Downton AgriculturalCollege he qualified in medicine (1900), and studied bacteriology under Sir Almoth Wright. He was honorary pathologist to the Royal Mineral Water Hospital, Bath, and was also on the staff of Bristol Royal Infirmary. He published numerous papers in the medical press. He was Official Agricultural Analyst for the County of Wiltshire and the City of Bath. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. STANLEY PEACHEYJOHN died at Beckenham, Kent, on 10th October, 1936, in his 60th year.Educated at the Central Foundation School, London, he studied for three years under Meldola at the City and Guilds Technical College, Finsbury, and gained the Certificate of the College in 1895. In the same year he was appointed assistant to the late W. A. Shenstone, F.R.S., at Clifton College, Bristol. In the following year, he proceeded to an appointment under Mr. A. G. Bloxam at Goldsmiths’ Institute, New Cross, where, in 1897, he became chief demonstrator under Professor-now Sir-William J. Pope, F.R.S. In 1902 he was appointed lecturer in chemistry at the College of Technology, Manchester, and, in 1908, assistant lecturer in the Faculty of Technology of the Victoria University. From 1911 he had been specially interested in rubber. He had worked on oxidation on accelerators and on a mixture with chlorine, and in 1920 he left the College of Technology to become chemist to the Peachey Process Co., which had been formed to promote his method of vulcanising by the gas process,--& mixture of hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide.He published numerous papers in the Transactions of the Chemical Society, the Proceedings of the Royal Society and the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. 495 HERBERT RIVETT died at Zagreb, Jugoslavia, on 19th June, WILLIAM 1936, in his 29th year. He received his training at University College, London, graduating B.Sc. with honours in chemistry, in 1931. He then entered the firm of Pendle and Rivett, Ltd., and was manager of branches in Greece and Austria, a position which he held until his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1935. GUSTAFADOLFOTTO SCHACK-SOMMERdied in London, in October, in his 83rd year. He received his early education in Hamburg and Leu- beck, and, in 1872, proceeded to the University of Heidelberg, where he studied chemistry for three years under Bunsen, Kopp, Landolt and Classen. Ee graduated D.Phil. imigni cum Zuude, in 1875, and after experience in various chemical works on the Continent, came to England as a volunteer worker at the Newcastle Chemical Co. In 1878 he wts appointed manager of the sugar refinery of Crosfield, Barrow and Co., in Liverpool, becoming a partner in the same year.In 1895 he founded, with William Martineau, the firm of Martineaus, Ltd., of which he was Managing Director and Chairman until his retirement in 1926. He ww closely connected with the introduction of the sugar-beet industry into England and published many papers on this subject, including a reportto Government in 1890. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900. SUTHERLANDDAVID ALEXANDER died at Twickenham, on 8th December, in his 75th year. He was educated at Edinburgh Academy, and studied chemistry under Dr. Drinkwater at the Edinburgh School of Medicine, where he was subsequently engaged as demonstrator in chemistry and pharmacy, before he became assistant to Professor E. J. Mills, F.R.S., at Glasgow. Subsequently he held appointments as assistant to Dr.Wallace, of the firm of Wallace, Tatlock & Clark, City Analysts of Glasgow, as chemist to Clippens Oil Co., Ltd., and with the Burntisland Oil Co., Ltd., where he became manager. In 1890, he joined Mr. G. Snelus, F.R.S., as partner in a consulting practice in London, concerned mainly with the iron and steel industry. During the late 'nineties, however, he turned his special attention to the petroleum industry, and became engaged in prospecting work in many parts of the world, including Russia, Roumania, Galicia, Canada, United States and South America,. He also investigated oil shale deposits in New South Wales, and copper and gold mining propositions in other parts of Australia. He developed the first successful wells of the Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields, Ltd., and in 1913 and 1914 devoted a considerable period to petroleum and coal deposits in Central Asia and Russian Turkestan.From 1918 to 1924, he was engagedon petroleum development in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecquador, Peru and Costa Rica. In recent years, he had again been specially interested in prospecting work in the Red Sea area and in the basin of the Dead Sea. Mr. Sutherland was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, and served as a Member of the Council from 1904 to 1907. 496 Books and their Contents. The following books have recently been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Biochemistry, Applied, A Text Book of.” Frank Wokes.Pp. ix + 522. (London: Balliitre, Tindall & Cox.) 15s. net. The biochemical importance of water; hydrogen ion concentration; surface phenomena and colloids ; spectroscopy ; sources and properties of ultra-violet light; carbohydrates; fats; proteins and other nitrogenous compounds ; enzymes and respiration; bacteria; hormones; vitamins. Appendix. International biologica.1 standards. References and index of authors. General index. “Chimie G6nitrale.” A. Bouzat. Pp. 224. (Paris: Librairie Armand Colin.) 1050 francs. MBlanges H6t6rogenes; MBlanges Homogbnes ;Corps Purs;Corps Simples;Lois des combinaisons en poids; constitution de la matiere; notation chimique ; DBtermination des poids molBculaires par les m6thodes physiques ; thBorie des ions ; formules de constitution ; valence ;isomBrie, co-ordinence; classification periodique des dements ; dhcharge Blectrique dam les gaz rarBfiBs; spectres de rayons X radioactivit6; constitution de l’atome ; isotopes ; dBsirit6gration et synthese d’6lBments thBorie Blectronique de la valence ; cinhtique chimique ; catalyse ; statiquechimique ; Bibliographie Sommaire ; Table des Matihres.“Ions in Solution.” R. W. Gurney. Pp. vi+206. (Cambridge University Press.) 10s. 6d. net. Solvation energy of an ion; atomic ions; the lattice energy of ionic crystals ; removal and deposition of metallic ions ; assemblies of ions; experimental methods available ; inter-ionic forces ; cells and half-cells; successive degrees of ionisation ; equilibrium in any half-cell ; the degree of dissociation into ions; an assembly of dipoles; dissociation of mole- cules; the evaluation of Y;restrictions on the species of ions; the electro- chemical series; Tables; Index.“Organic Chemistry, Essential Principles of.” Charles S. Gibson. Pp. viiit-548. (Cambridge University Press.) 18s. net. Introductory ; the aliphatic hydrocarbons ; benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons ; monohydroxy -derivatives of the paraffins, of homolopesof benzene, and of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons ; hydroxyderivatives of cyclic hydrocarbons ; ethers; aldehydes and ketones ; simple monobasic acids; homologues of acetic acid and unsaturated acids ; aromatic acids and their derivatives ; organic bases ; amino acids ; stereoisomerism and optical activity ; dihydric alcohols or glycols and their derivatives; glycerol, erythritol and the tartaric acids; higher 497 polyhydric alcohols and the carbohydrates; fermentation; aldohexoses and ketohexoses or monosaccharides;glycosides;disaccharides;polysac-charides; estimation of sugars; derivatives of carbonic acid; urea; purines ;organo-metallic compounds.Appendix:isolation and purifica- tion of organic compounds ;identification and determination of physicalconstants of organic compounds; typical apparatus used in the prepara- tion of organic compounds. Symbols, atomic numbers, etc. References. Index. “Organic Chemistry, Practical.” F. G. Mann and B. C. Saunders. Foreword by Sir William J.Pope, K.B.E., F.R.S. Pp. xiv. + 404. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 8s. 6d. net. Methods and manipulation; preparations ; reactions and identification of organic compounds ; quantitative analysis ; simple enzyme reactions ; Appendix; preparation of reagents; &st-aid, treatment of fires, etc. ; tables. Index. A textbook intended for first and second year students at universities and technical colleges. The descriptions of most of the experiments (and particularly of the preparations) are preceded by short accounts of the theoretical considerations involved. The experimental work throughout the book has been carefully checked to ensure accuracy of detail and to effect the utmost economy, not only in the student’s time, but also in the cost of apparatus and chemicals. Dr.G. H. Lunge has kindly presented the Institute with a copy of-(‘FABRICATION L’ACIDE SULFURIQUE.” Sorel: Atlas DE E. (27 planches). (Paris: Vve. C. H. Dunod, Editeur.) 1887. The International Tin Research and Development Council has published a paper by H. J. Taffs, on the Prepara- tion of Tin and Tin Alloys for Microscopic Examination. (Technical Publications: Series A, No. 47.) The International Tin Research and Development Council (Manfield House, 358, Strand, London, W.C.2) has also published Bulletin 4 dealing with Tin Plate and Tin Cans in theunited States. Pp. 144. Numerous illustrations. Tin plate and the canning industry; development of the tin-plate industry in the United States; Statistical Review of the American tin-plate industry; manufacture of tin-plate; rolling steel to sheet for tin-plate; annealing and normalizing ; pickling ; tinning; terne plate ; general applications of tin-plate; tin-plate containers and closures; the manufacture of tin cans; steps in the manufacture of tin-plate containers; cans for home packing; general line cans; compounds for sealing can ends; the coating and decoration of tin-plate; bottle caps and closures; the future of the tin-plate industry in the United States; supplement.498 The World Power Conference has published “A Survey of the Present Organisation and Standardisation-National and International,” obtainable from the Central Office, 36, Kingsway, London, W.C.2.3s. 6d. net. The Survey contains an account of the organisation of standardisation in thirty-three different countries and also deals with the two international standardising bodies, viz., the International Electrotechnical Com-mission (I.E.C.) and the International Federation of the National Standardising Associations (I.S.A.) with notes on the International Association for Testing Materials and the International Commission for Testing Electrical Installation and Equipment. Five Appendices contain respectiveIy a list of the Advisory Committees of the I.E.C., publications issued by the I.E.C., Technical Committees of the I.E.C., summary of the present organisation of national stan-dardisation, and abbreviated designations of international and national organisations described in the Survey. The Copper Development Association has published a monograph on the use of copper for electrical bus-bars and connections.A bus-bar is defined by the British Standards Institution as “a conductor joining a common junction between two or more circuits, each separately connected thereto, and through which current is transferred with negligible loss over relatively short distances.” The Copper Development Association has also published a brochure entitled “Copper in Chemical Plant,” reviewing briefly the physical, mechanical and corrosion-resisting properties upon which the use of copper depends. The British Standards Institution has lately issued- No. 614-1936. Graduated Receivers for Dean and Stark Apparatus.No. 701-1936. Brewers’ Flasks. No. 705-1936. Method for the Determination of the Agglutinating Value of Coal. The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has issued- (‘Water Pollution Research: Summary of Current Literature.” Vol. IX, No. 12, December, 1936. Abstracts Nos. 1324-1451 and Index to Vol. IX. (London: H.M. Stationery Office.) 2s. net. 499 Early in the new year the Cambridge University Press will publish the Henry Sidgwick Memorial Lecture, entitled “Modern Alchemy, ’‘recently delivered by Lord Rutherford at Newnham College. The sixth volume of the Annual Review of Biochemistry will be published in May, 1937. Enquiries to be addressed to the Editor, Stanford University P.O., California, U.S.A.“Sands, Clays and Minerals.”-Mr. A. L. Curtis, of Chatteris, has reorganised his magazine, which is devoted to all matters concerning the production and use of economic minerals. The November number,-No. I of Volume 1114s published in quarto and includes, inter alia, articles by Dr. R. M. Woodward, on pure silica sand as a basis for phosphate-deficiency tests on lettuce; Dr. G. F. New, on the application of titanium oxide in industry; Mr. W. P. Harmsworth, on precious metals as materials for decorating pottery and glass, and Mr. A. H. A. Robinson, on nickel in Canada; also reviews of books on minerals, patent abstract, and particulars of British sand and aggregate deposits. REVIEWS ‘‘Inorganic Chemistry.” A Survey of Modern Developments; by Sir Gilbert T.Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., and F. H. Burstall, of the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington (D.S.I.R.). Pp. x +462. (Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.) 15s. net. In May, 1933, Professor Morgan delivered before the Institute of Chemistry a remarkable series of three lectures entitled, “A Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry,” in which after dealing briefly but thoroughly with the current theories of atomic and molecular structure, he reviewed in th& light some of the more curious and important facts of general chemistry. These lectures were an event of real importance to those who heard them and to the much larger body of chemists who have subsequently read them. It is a matter for gratitude and con- gratulation that the lecturer and Mr.Burstall in collaboration have now given us a greatly extended review of the field of inorganic chemistry in the same sane and luminous style. This book is indeed, as the authors correctly describe it, a recapitulatorytreatise on inorganic chemistry, regarded as the chemistry of the elements other than carbon, but including organic derivatives of such elements where these are of interest from the standpoint of general Chemistry. This is a good, broad view and should do something towards removing the complaint heard not infrequently in these days that “the mania for specialisation is leading to the creation of armies of adjectival chemists.” These adjectival chemists are really the product of despair: despair in themselves and in their teachers at the impossible task of reading and comprehending the sprawling literature of chemistry.For this reason, authors such as these, who give to chemists a conspectus of a substantial field of chemistry, do us an incalculable service. The book is admittedlyonly an outline of inorganic chemistry, but it is an outline so well and clearly conceived and so firmly drawn that it gives a true picture of the whole. It would be easy, and cheap, to cavil because this or that has been omitted: let us rather give thanks that this is not a Germanic treatise dragging its unending way from alpha to omega but rather an anthology of chemistry; a string of chosen gems co-ordinately linked.Because the hypotheses concerning co-ordinate linkage are “a generalisa- tion of far-reaching signseance ” whose elegance and utility are less appreciated by chemists as a whole than is good for chemistry, the authors have paid special attention to the properties and structure of co-ordinated compounds. Generous use is made of graphic formulae, which are of great value in making complex structures readily compre- hensible, yet the book has been kept to a handy, readable size by careful selection of matter combined with admirably tight and clear writing and a system of giving references by citing merely the author’s name and the year of publication. The last device is so obviously sound that one feels it might well be more widely employed: with the abstract indexes always at hand the convenient brevity of such a reference costs but a few seconds extra time in turning to the original paper.A short introductory section (36 pp.) gives an outline of current atomic and molecular theory, including an accOunt of isotopes, leading up to a consideration of the electronic idea of valency and the hypotheses of the co-ordinate link. The major part of the book (some 220 pp.)deals with the chemistry of the elements group by group. Here, as might be expected, the authors are quite unconventional in the matter of space devoted to each element: the inert gases and hydrogen, dealt with as key elements, are briofly dismissed, while deuterium and heavy water are much more thoroughly discussed, in accordance with the view that the discovery of these substances is the “most outstanding scientific advance of recent years.” Special mention may be made of the treatment of such important and interesting matters as the boron hydrides, the silanes, germanium, heteropolybasic acids and rhenium ; but these are merely examples of innumerable points which arrest atten- tion.As is natural and proper in a work designed to expound especially the utility of the conception of covalency, a good deal of space is devoted to Group VIII. Throughout tho Group survey, where obviously the greater part of the matter ordinarily included in the text-books is omitted, it is really remarkable how tho authors manage to deal with most of the more interesting and significant points regarding each element, including many interesting or little-known technical applications.The remainder of the book is devoted to various special topics. . A very valuable chapter deals with natural and induced radioactivity, and here the section on artificial transmutation may be specially com- mended as a reliable outline of this fascinating new development. Some twenty pages on co-ordination compounds in nature and the arts serve for the discussion of various complex bodies, such as the silicates, hasmin, chlorophyll, and the phthalocyanins, and the use of co-ordination compounds in metallurgy and in analysis. A chapter on the corrosion of metals (slightly blemished by one or two untidy diagrams) gives a very useful survey of this important field, and a discussion of intermetallic compounds in the light of the Hume-Rothery rule and its extensions shows up very well the difEculties of this subject and the need for some fresh generalisation to reconcile the composition of these bodies with tjhe current valency hypotheses.After three further chapters dealing respectively with the carbides, the carbonyls and the nitrosyl compounds, the book concludes with 501 an account of the organic derivatives of the metals and metalloids, which is particularly valuable because, as the authors remark, this subject is very apt to fall between two Chairs. There are good name and subject indexes, and the volume is well printed and bound, light to handle, and remarkably free from errors of any sort.In a few odd cases the brevity of a description results in lack of precision, as in the statements that molybdenum is used “m the production of filaments in electric lamps,” and that expansion in the new Wilson cloud chamber is produced by air pressure on the diaphragm; but such slips are rare and being generally self evident are of no importance. The book should be read and possessed by every chemist : it is a kind of chemical Switzerland, an assemblage of peaks. While it is no doubt true that examiners and examinees will delight to chase each other over the most difficult and dangerous of them, their real function is to refresh the soul of the chemist who scans them from his arm-chair. H. V. A. BRISCOE.‘‘Prelude to Chemistry.” An Outline to Alchemy, its Literature and Relationships. John Read, F.R.S. Pp. xxiv + 328. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. net. For chemists who find it pleasing to recall the early history of their science and profession, Professor John Read has provided a volume, not only of learned research but delightful entertainment. He has dealt with the old theme of alchemy in easy-running style and with the method and care which marks his more serious academical work. An-cient history must perforce be gathered primarily from early manuscript and tradition, where truth and fiction too often merge into one another. Modern writers have done much to discount or have entirely refuted the alchemical reputations of adepts who had been accepted throughout the ages, such, for example, as Raymond Lully.Alchemical writings attributed to him are held to be spurious. We can no longer speak corroctlly of the “Lullian Art,” nor is it quite unobjectionable to refer to the association of St. Thomas Aquinas with t8he subject. Had it been possihlc so to control the craft of printing that only the truth could be reproduced we should know what to accept and what to reject. Those who write of the past must look into the past, distant, dark and obscure, with the aid of such new light as they can bring to bear upon it. They are happy if they can make a discovery, suggest a new interpreta- tion or advance an alluring speculation. Professor Read deals with an old theme in a new way ;he is scrupulously attentive to the acknowledg- men5 of the authorities, and his book includes a copious bibliography.The Proheme tells how the book came to be written; then folllow-an outline of the nature and origin of alchemy; a general review of its literature (82 pp.); next, a discourse on the origin and nature of the quest for the philosopher’s stone, the elixir of life and the dkahest ; and a more particular and critical reference to the writings of Michael Maier, to Norton’s Ordinall, and to the works attributed to the mysterious Basil Valentine. Indeed, Basilius and Maier aro specially favoured. The book contains over 100 reproductions of interesting old prints, an appendix by F. A. Sawyer on the music in Maier’s Atalanta Fugiensand a glossary of obsolete words and forms.It is well-produced, with a good index and has an attractive dust-cover which is too good to throw away. The picture of Berthold Schwarz which it bears is not reproduced in the book. R. B. P. 502 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 20th November, and 18th December, 1936, 12 Associates were elected to the Fellow- ship, 74 Associates were elected, and 63 Students were admitted. The Council has been notified of the deaths of g Fellows and I Associate. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Barnes, Thomas Walden, M.Sc. (Lond.), Woburn Experimental Station, Aspley Guise, Bletchley. Bird, John Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 216, Montclair Avenue, Montclair, N.J., U.S.A. Blenkinsop, John Clifford, 22, Cambrian Road, Billingham-on-Tees, Co.Durham. Cole, Louis Wilfrid Leyland, M.Sc. (Lond.), S.E. Agricultural College, Wye, Ashford, Kent. Loveluck, Rhys Jenkin, M.Sc. (Wales), Kerse View, Dalgrain Road, Grangemouth, Stirlingshire. Patrick, William Leonard, M.A. (Toronto), Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 26, Hartley Avenue, Monkseaton, Northumberland. Percival, Edmund George Vincent, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), Chemistry Department, The University, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh. Rowden, Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 3, Pilkington Avenue, Westlands, Newcastle, Staffs. Rumford, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.I.Chem.E., 134, Camphill Avenue, Langside, Glasgow, S.1. Shiels, Douglas Oswald, D.Sc., M.B., B.S. (Melbourne), Ph.D.(Lond.),c/oA. K. Jack, Esq., 49,Aroona Road, Caulfield, Melbourne, Australia. St. Johnston, James Hallewell, M.A. (Cantab.), Whitethorn, Repton,Derbyshire.Urquhart, Alexander Robert, D.Sc. (Edin.), 13, Parrswood Avenue, Didsbury, Manchester. New Associates. Allcott, Ernest Stewart, B.Sc. (Birm.), Corporation Arms Hotel, New Street, Burt on -on-Trent . Bance, Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 52, Kyrle Road, London, S.W.ll. Barraclough, Jack Kennith, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Oddy Street, Dudley Hill, Bradford. Boorman, Edward James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 6, Purbeck Road, Chatham, Kent. Bowron, Herbert William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Station Road, Sunbury-on- Thames. Breckon, Clifford, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1,Foster Street, Morley, Lee&.Brightwell, Stanley Thomas Patrick, A.R.C.S., 2, Queen’s Avenue, Stan- more, Middlesex. 503 Broadbent, Arthur Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 77, Dalmeny Avenue, London, S.W.16. Bryant, Frederick James, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 33, Ashcroft Avenue, Sidcup.Bunting, Miss Marjorie, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 14, Bawnmore Road, Belfest. Carter, Alan John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Claremont, Charnwood Drive, Leicester Forest East, Leicester. Crook, Joseph Harold, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Beaumont, Sharphill Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Crossfield, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 13, Brooklyn Avenue, Calderbrook Road, Littleborough, Lancs. Dyson, Watson Harold, M.A. (Cantab.), c/o African Explosives & Industries, Ltd., Umbogintwini, Natal, S. Africa. Eden, Alfred, B.A.(Cantab.), The Veterinary Laboratory, New Ham, Weybridge.Ellam, Kenneth James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 56, Mount Road, Marsden, nr. Huddersfield. Ettle, Gilbert William, B.Sc. (Bris.), 30, Fisher Road, Kingswood, Bristol. Fels, Miss Margaret, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Marlborough Hill, London, N.W.8. Francis-Carter, Charles Francis Jack, Heathfield, Heathfield Road, Bushey, Herts. Frost, Henry Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Boyne Avenue, London, N.W.4. Gray, Robert Morton, A.H.-W.C., 35, Clarendon Road, Whalley Range, Manchester, 16. Hadley, David James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 81, Wilsthorpe Road,Chaddesden, Derby.Hall, William Leslie, B.Sc.Eng. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., Greycot, Raby Road, Neston, Wirral. Ham, Albert John, B.Sc. (Bris.), 2, Chantry Road, Clifton, Bristol.Harrison, Thomas Sydney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Nort,h Marsh Road, Gains- borough, Lincs. Herington, Ernest Frederick George, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 7, Arnold Gardens, London, N. 13. Hull, Charles, B.A. (Cantab.), Sydney Sussex College, Cambridge. Ignatieff, Vladimir, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), M.Sc. (Alberta), Soils Depart- ment, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Jones, John Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales), 10a, Vaughan Terrace, Penrhiwceiber, Mountain Ash, Glain. Lorimer, Miss Annie Elizabeth, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 231, Edgware Road, St. Albans, Christchurch, New Zealnnd. Lyons, Charles George, M.A. (Cantab.), Ph.D., 36, High Park Crescent, Bradford. Mahal, Harbhajan Singh, M.Sc. (Punjab), Royal Institute of Science, Bombay, India.Mart'in, John Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 62, Bridgewater Road, Alperton, Middx. Mason, Albsrt Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 87, Belgrave Drive, Hull. May, Alan Barrett, B.A. (Oxon.), 177, Claremont Road, Pendleton, Salford, 6. McKellar, Miss Ailsa Anderson, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.T.C., Imperial College Union, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. McMillan, Eric Archibald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Bartram Road, London, S.E.4. Medlock, Reginald Stuart, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, South Drive, Gidea Park, Essex. Melville, James Hannan, B.Sc. (Edin.), 22, Cadogan Road, Liberton, Edinburgh.Merrett, Frank Mark, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Ashview Gardens, Ashford, Middx. Millar, James, A.H.-W.C., 25, Pitt Street, Edinburgh. 604 Murphy, James Charles, M.A., B.Sc.(Liv.), 67, Fountains Road, Liver- pool, 4. Owen, Geoffrey Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.K.C., 13, Bournewood Road, Orpington. Pairman, John Graham, B.Sc. (Glas.), 22, Bank Street, Hillhead, Glasgow, w.2. Patrick, Karl, B.A.Sc. (Toronto), 163, Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Patterson, Henry Basil Wilbarforce, B.Sc. (Dun.), 31, Race Street, New- castle-on-Tyne. Phillips, Edgar Oliver, M.Sc. (Wales), 15, Gelli Crescent, Risca, Newport, Mon. Pitkethly, Robert Chalmers, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 163, Tudor Avenue, Hampton, Middx. Pollard, Arthur George, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 134, Green Lane, Edgware, Middx. Proudfoot, William Bryce, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., 41, East Haddon Road, Dundee. Robertson, George Gray, B.Sc.(Glas.), A.R.T.C., 7, River View Terrace, Bo’ness, W. Lothian. Rose, Bernard Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 6, Hillcrest Road, London, E.17. Rossi, Peter, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 21, Great Western Road, Glasgow, C.4. Rothwell, Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 135, Burnleg Lane, Chadderton, Oldham. Rutter, Evan Guy, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 62, New Barnes Avenue, Mitcham, Surrey. Smith, Edwin Weedon, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, St. Paul’s Close, Hounslow West, Middx. Textiles, Ltd., &, WoolpacksN.Z.c/o(N.Z.),Smith, Gordon Maskill, M.Sc. Box 44, Foxton, New Zealand. Sowler, James, 71, Myers Road East, Liverpool, 23. Stainsby, William John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 14, Ferme Park Road, London, N.4. Subramanian, Toppur Suthapathy, B.A. (Madras), M.Sc.(Benares), 12, Harmion Road, Sefton Park, Liverpool, 17. Sutton, William George, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Massey Agricultural College, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Taylor, Charles Walter Selldg, B.Sc. (Edin.), 17, Tennyson Mansions, Queen’s Club Gardens, London, W.14. Thomas, William Kelman Burr, BSc. (St. Andrews), c/o Ziss, Flat 55, Windsor HOUSO, Cumberland Market, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 1. Thomson, Alan Kenneth Graham, M.Sc. (Lond.), 62, Holdenhurst Avenue, London, N. 12. Urie, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 86, Rosslyn Avenue, Rutherglen, Glaegow. Topps, James Edward Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chemistry Department, University College, Southampton. Venter, Jacob, D.Sc. (S.A.), c/o Pretoria Technical College, Church Street East, Pretoria, S.Africa. Weatherhead, Miss Alison Patterson, A.H.-W.C., 10, Gosford Road, Port Seton, Cockenzie, E. Lothian. Wells, Norman Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Greystoke Gardens, EIlfield West, Middx. Werner, Alfred Emil, B.A., M.Sc. (T.C.D.), 1, Fairfield Park, Rathgar,Dublin, I.F.S. Whalley, William Clarence Roy, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 52, Annandale Road, London, S.E.lO. 505 Whettern, Stephen Matthew Austin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Rydal Avenue, Acklam, Middlesbrough. &'hitfield, George William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 51, Ritchie House, Hazellville Road, London, N.19. Woolman, Harold George, B.Sc. (Vict.), 6, The Oval, Garden Village, Hull. New Students. Allen, Frank John, 22, Hugh Road, Small Heath, Birmingham, 10. Archer, Frederick Stanley, 36, Grosvenor Street, Wallasey.Armitage, Edward Raymond, 2, Rhoda Leigh, Bir6eld Road, Bracknell, Berks. Bristow, James Stephen, Hillside, Park Road, Birstall, Leicester. Brown, Arthur Dolby, 6, Imperial Avenue, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. Chater, Charles William, 32, Milson Road, London, W. 14. Cooper, George, 265, Devonshire Street, New Houghton, nr. Mansfield, Notts. Cox, Sidney Ronald, Roseneath, Field Road, Ilkeston. Crabtree, George Edward, 7, Cedar Crescent, Low Fell, Gateshead, 9. Crowhurst, Basil, 10, Lewes Road, London, N.12. Dean, William Thomas, 88, Wensley Street, Blackburn. Dent, Ronnie Wilson, 7, Jesmond Square, Raby Estate, West Hartlepool.Dunning, Harry William James, 5.3, Whitehall Road, Grays, Essex. Ferguson, William Grossart, 106, Carleith Quadrant, Glasgow, S.W.l.Ford, Harold, 11 7, Morsey Road, Wiclnes. Fraser, Donald Geen, Southcroft, Grove Hill, Middlesbrough. Gillham, Edgar Bertram, 131, Brewer Street, London, S.E.18. Goodrick, Cecil Edward Maurice, 15, Gloucestor Road, London, E.ll. Grayson, Harry, Morton Lane, Beverley, E. Yorks. Greenland, George Arthur Neal, 4, Maywyn Drive, Hornchurch, Essex. Grove, John Frederick, 6, Harrington Gardens, London, S.W.7. Guest, Walton Loveday, 133, Grafton Street, St. Helens. Haigh, Donald, 1 15, Croft Bank, Calderbrook Road, Littleborough, Manchester. Hill, Stanloy Thomas, 11, City Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 16. Horsburgh, William Wilson, 8, Brougham Street, Hartlepool. Jacobs, John Martin, 6, Donningtoii Road, London, N.W.lO.Jenkins, Thomas Wyndham, 3, Solon New Road, London, S.lV.4. King, Raymond Cecil, 55, Ealing Village, London, W.5. Knight, Hilclred, 6 1, Roy& Avenue, Linthwaito, Huddersfield. Kressman, Theodore Roger Ernest, 43, Stockport Road, London, S.W. 16. Leigh, William Robert, Lpndale, Delph, nr. Oldham. Mackenzie, Alfred Ronald, 12, Armley Road, Anfield, Liverpool, 4. MacPherson, David Archibald Whyte, 30, Strathmore Road, North Gos-forth, Newcastle-on-Tyne. McLean, Robert Foster, 43, College Street, Buckhaven, Fife. McQuillan, Basil, 4, Central Avenue, Billingham, Co. Durham. Meldrum, Robert Scott, 4, Campbell Street, Greenock. Morgan, Thomas David, 77, Dumfries Street, Treorchy, Glam. Oldershaw, Gordon Alan, Trinity College, Cambridge.Penny, George Frederick, 29, Gordonbrock Road, London, S.E.4. Petzoldt, Oscar Wilfrod, 15, Shirley Park Road, Addiscombe, Croydon. Platt, Bertie Cecil, 14, St. John's Hill, London, S.W.ll. Posner, Arnold Harold, Flat 9, 45, Jubilee Street, London, E.1. Primavesi, Giulio Richard, The Groon Lodge, Newport Pagnell, Bucks. Pybus, Wilfred, 49, Lambton Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester. Rocca, Joseph Escott, 30, Greenbank Drive, Edinburgh, 10. 606 Sambidge, Frederick Watson, 18, Bodenham Road, NorthGeld, Birming-ham. Sayer, Laurence John, 2, Sheridan Road, Belvedere, Kent. Shamash, Ezra, 7, Esplanade, Bridlington. Smith, Albert, 50, Millham Street, Blackburn. Smith, Harold Hughes, Elm Bank, Rectory Lane, Clewer, Windsor.Smith, Philip Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 52, Harrow View, Harrow, Middx. Smith, Robert Charles Morris, 258, Staines Road, Ilford. Stark, George William Verdun, 48, Neville Road, London, E.7. Stock, John Thomas, 116, Wellfield Road, London, S.W.16. Stock, Roger Neville Graham, Corner House, Cleasby, nr. Darlington. Sutton, Robert Arthur, 88, Chapel Street, St. Helens. Tebbett, Robert Wilson, 21, Hotel Street, Coalville, Leks. Tee, Frederick William, 112, Longford Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy,Manchester. Thorne, Wilfred Lewis, 43, Llanfair Road, Penygraig, Rhondda, Glam. Trafford, Douglas James, 90, Ash Road, Sutton, Surrey. Wilkinson, Peter Alfred, Innisfree, Pine Walk, Carshalton Beeches. Wince, Walter Hugh Dowling, 70, Warham Road, Harrow Weald, Middx.M7right, Arthur Desmond, B.Sc. (Leeds),Wesley Place, Snaith, Goole, Yorks. DEATHS. Fellows. Henry Reginald Hirst, M.Sc. (Leeds), M.1.Chem.E. Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S., Past President. Thomas Martin Lowry, C.B.E., M.A., D.Sc., F.C.G.I., F.R.S. Colin Henry Lumsden, B.Sc. (Lond.).Francis Grimshaw Martin, B.Sc. (Birm.).John May Herbert Munro, D.Sc., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Stanley John Peachey, M.Sc.Tech. (Vict.). Gustaf Adolf Otto Schack-Sommer, Ph.D. (Heid.). David Alexander Sutherland. Associate. Herbert William Rivett, B.Sc. (Lond.). CHANGE OF NAMEL Armand Henri Joseph Houssa, Associate, to Armand Henri JosephHouston-by Deed Poll. Frank Levy,FeWow, to Frank Stephenson-by Deed Poll.Register.-Erratum-In JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, 1936 (page 4oz)--see Cox, Richard Gerald,-for B.Sc. (Cardifl) read MSc. (Wales). 507 Coming Events. 1937 January OF INDUSTRY4 INSTITUTETHE PLASTICS : “Flow Testing Methods for Synthetic Resin Moulding Materials.” Mr. C. Wainwright, at the College of Technology, Manchester. SOCIETY (London Section) :Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY with the Chemical Engineering Group. “The Zinc Industry.” Mr. S. Robson, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 5 Hum CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY: “Colours and Memurement of Colours.” Mr. John A. Stokes, at the Lecture Room (Room 57), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section) : “Aluminium as a Bond for Refractory Concretes.” Mr.A. V. Hussey, at University Buildings, Edmund Street, Birmingham. 5-7 PHYSICAL : Annual Exhibition of Scientific Instruments. SOCIETY Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, S.W.7. January 5th, 2-30 p.m. to 9 p.m.; January 6th, 4 p.m. to 9 p.m.; January 7th, 2.30 p.m. to 9 p.m. OF INDUSTRY:8 INSTITUTETHE PLASTICS “Plastics.” Mr. A. R. Dunton, at Manchester. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Manchester Section) :Joint Meeting with the Manchester Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists. “Reaction of Diazo-sulphonates derived from PNapthol- l-sulphonic Acid.” Professor F. M. Rowe, at the Constitutional Club, St.Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (Scottish Section) : “Problems connected with the Modern Developments in Printing Inks.” H. A. Idle, at the St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow. 9 INSTITUTE (South Wales, Cardiff Section) : ScientscOF CHEMISTRY Conversazione at the Assembly Hall of the Technical College, Cardiff, 4.0 to 10 p.m. LITERARY AND PEULOSOPPHICALSOCIETY (Chemical Section) : Soiree, at 36, George Street, Manchester. 11 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Newcwtle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section): Joint Meeting with Institute of Metals. “Ship-yard Metals.” M. A. W. Brown. 12 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Road and Building Matorials Group) : “The Grading of Aggregates for Concrete.” Professor H.H. Walsh, in the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, vS7.1, at 8 p.m. 608 1937 January 12 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETYOF ULSTER: Vice-presidential Address. Hon. D. A., C. Gould, in the Large Lecture Theatre, Chemical Department, Queen’s University, Belfast, at 4.30 p.m. 13 IRON Joint Meeting with the Electro- AND STEELINSTITUTE: depositors’ Technical Society: “The Tinning of Steel Strip byElectrodepositing.” Mr. D. J. Macnaughton and Mr. W. H. Tait, at British Industries House, Marble Arch, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS: “Applications of Photography to Scientific and Technical Problems,” illustrated by lantern slides. Mr. 0. F. Bloch, at John Street, Adelphi, W.C.2, at 8 p.m.THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF ULSTER: “Explosives.’’ Rt. Hon. B. A. Toms, in the Large Lecture Theatre, Chemical Department, Queen’s University, Belfast, at 4.30 pm. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of ScotlandOF Section): “The Renaissance of Analysis.” Dr. A. D. Mitchell, at the North British Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at BurlingtonHouse, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. THE CHEMICALSOCIETYOF ULSTER: “Radio.” Rt. Hon. J. B. Parke, in the Large Lecture Theatre, Chemical Department,Queens’ University, Belfast, at 4.30 p.m. ROYALSOCIETYOF ARTS: “Luminescent Materials and their Industrial Applications.’’ Mr. J. J. Randall, at John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2, at 8 p.m.14 INSTITUTEOF CEEMISTRY(Liverpool and North-Western Section) : “Cupellation and the Detection of Platinum Metals in Bullion.” Prof. C. 0. Bannister (Liverpool University). INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Manchester Section) : “ScientificOF Identifications in Criminology.” Dr. Ainsworth Mitchell, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. JOINT OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYMEETING OF THE SOCIETY AND THE OFINSTITUTEFEEL: “Applications of Practical Thermo-dynamics.” Dr. J. s. Clarke, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (London Section) :Joint Meeting with The Incorporated Institute of British Decorators. “Defects in Painting.” At 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l.16 OIL AND COLOURCREMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : “Zinc Oxide.” Mr. L. McNaughton, at Reynolds Hall, at 7 p.m. OF THE PLASTICSINDUSTRYINSTITUTE : “Everyday Problems in the Moulding Shop.” Mr. C. H. Cooper: (a)Urea Powders; Mr. N. W.Sabin: (b)Phenol Powders. At James Watt Memorial Institute, Birmingham. 18 INSTITUTION (Manchester Section): OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY “An Informal Discourse on the Life of Rubber Goods.” Mr. Herbert Rogers, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 509 1937 January 18 INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section): “Properties of OB CHE~STRY Dyestuffs in Relation to Fastness t,o Light and to Potting.” Dr. L. L. Lloyd, at Bradford Technical College. 19 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section): “Ancient Remedies and Cures for Farm Animals.” Mr.W. Kerr, at the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, at 7.30 p.m. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Huddersfield Section): “Mode? Advances in the Technology of Explosives Manufacture. Mr. W. R. Moore. LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL : “ShortMANCHESTER SOCIETY Communications,” by members, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. HULLCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY: “Modern Aero-dynamic Apparatus.” Dr. W. J. Duncan, at the Lecture Room (Room 57), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. 20 INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties OF CHEMISTRY Section): Lecture by Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY: “Modern Detergents.’’ Prof.T. Y. Hilditch, at Technical College, Derby, at 7.30 p.m. Informal Dinner, St. James’ Restaurant, 6.45 p.m. SOCIETY :At the College of Technology, OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLEUM (Manchester Section) : “Kerosene : Its Glorious Past and Future Prospects.” Mr. J. Kewley, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTION : “SuperphosphateOF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS Manufacture.” Mr. Walter G. T. Packard, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. THEINSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section) : “Some Recent Advances in the Scientific Examination of Documents.” Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C., at 8 p.m.21 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): “Butter Fat.” Mr. E. B. Anderson, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at. 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTIONOF MININGAND METALLURGY, at the Rooms of the Geological Society, Burlington Rouse, Piccadilly, London, W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. THECHEMICAL SOCIETY:Ordinary ScientiGc Meeting. At Burling- ton House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. THE CHEMICALSOCIETY(North Wales) : “The Quantitative Study of some Gas Reactions.” Professor M. W. Travers, F.R.S., to be held jointly with the University College Chemical Society in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of University College, Bangor, at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Edinburgh Section) : “The Renaissance of Analysis.” Dr.A. D. Mitchell, at the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 510 1937 January22 MANCHESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY(ChemicalSection): “Recent Progress in Rayon Manufacture.” Mr. R. Owen-Jones, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 27 LEICESTERLITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY (Chemistry Section): “Some Developments in the Tanning Industry.” L. B. Priestley, at the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. 28 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section) :Joint Meeting with Society of Chemical Industry. “Colloids.” Prof. H. L. Riley, at Armstrong College, Newcastle- upon Tyne.THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Leeds Section) : “Silicates.” Prof. W. L. Bragg, O.B.E., F.R.S., in the Lecture Theatre of the new Chemistry Building of the University of Leeds, at 7 p.m. 28-29 INSTITTJTE INDUSTRY:OF THE PLASTICS “The Importance of the Plastics Industry to the Nation”:-(i) Brief synopsis of its raw materials and fields of manufacture; (ii) Its raw materials position in time of National Emergency; (iii) Some possible uses for its products in time of National Emergency; at British Industries House Club, London at 2.15 p.m. 29 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Liverpool Section) : ‘‘SesquiterpeneKetones, their Structure and Synthesis.” Prof. J. L. Simonsen, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University, Liverpool, at 6 p.m.CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Recent Progress in Inorganic Chemistry.” Dr. Wm. Wardlaw, at Swansea. INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of ScotlandOF Section): “Scientific Control in Papermaking.” Mr. Stephen R. H. Edge, in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College Aberdeen, at 5.15 p.m. February 1 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section) : “Infra-red Photography and its Field of Application.’’ Mr. E. R. Davies, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. THECHEMICALSOCIETY(Newcastle and Durham): “The Catalytic Activation of Hydrogen.” Professor M. Polanyi, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Armstrong College, at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTE INDUSTRYOF THE PLASTICS :“The Continuous Moulding of Thermo-Setting Compounds.” Mr.P. A. Delafield, at the College of Technology, Manchester. AND PHILOSOPHICAL2 MANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETY:“Alloys.”Professor W. L. Bragg, F.R.S., at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 5.30 p.m. TEE CHEMICALSOCIETYOF ULSTER: “Why?” Rt. Hon. L. K. Bell, in the Large Lecture Theatre, Chemical Department, Queen’s University, Belfast, 4.30 p.m. OF PUBLICANALYSTS OF CHEMIC~~L3 SOCIETY AND SOCIETY IN-DUSTRY (Food Group): “The Lesser Known Constituents of Milk and Their Examination.” At the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 5.15 p.m. and 8 p.m. 511 1937 February OF4 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section), SOCIETY OF CHEMI~L (Bristol Section), INDUSTRY and THE CHEMICALSOCIETY: Chemistry of Ascorbic Acid and its Analogues.” Professor E.L. Hirst, F.R.S., in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section): “A Symposium on the Determination and Identification of Fats.” Mr. E. Richards Bolton, Mr. F. C. Bullock, and Mr. A. D. Powell, at Loughborough College, Loughborough, at 7.15 p.m. Tea at the College at 6.45 p.m. THE CHEMICALSOCIETY:Discussion on “The Transition State in Reaction Kinetics.” To be opened by Prof. M. Polanyi, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 5 p.m. 5 SOCIETY (Joint Meeting of the Chemical OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Engineering Group and the Liverpool and Manchester Sections) : Conference on ‘‘Atmospheric Corrosion,” at Manchester.SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Edinburgh and GlasgowSections):“The Service of Science to Industry.” Dr. J. T. Dunn. OF 6th Annual Dinner and INSTITUTETHE PLASTICSINDUSTRY: Dance of the Institute, at the Cafe Royal, London. OF CHEMISTRY and SOCIETY 8 INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections): “Vat Dyes in Practice.” Mr. J. I. M. Jones, at the Anthraquinone Club, Scottish Dyes, Grangemouth. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Huddersfield Section) :“Control of the Chemical Composition of Cows’ Milk.” Dr. H. D. Kay. INSTITUTETHE PLASTICSINDUSTRYOF (Joint Meeting with Representative Motor Manufacturers and Traders) : “Plastics in the Motor Trade,” at the British Industries House Club, London.THE CHEMICALSOCIETYOF ULSTER: “Radio.” Rt. Hon. J. B. Parke, in the Large Lecture Theatre, Chemical Department, Queen’s University, Bdfast, at 4.30 p.m. 9 SOCIETY (Road and Building MaterialsOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Group): “Road Plant.” Mr. J. M. Collie, at the Chemical Society, Burlington Home, Piccadilly, London, W.l. at 8 p.m. 10 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to the Battersea Power Station. 11 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Manchester Section) : “As Others See US.” Mr. B. D. W. Luff, at the Constitutional Club, Man- Chester, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Liverpool and North-Western Section) : “The Function of the Analyst in the Detection of Crime.” Professor W.H. Roberts. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ “The Study of PrintingASSOCIATION: Inks and Their Relationship to Printing Processes.” Dr. G. L. Riddell, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m. 612 1937 February OF12 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section): “From Boyle to Priestley.” Illustrated by lantern slides. The Registrar and Secretary, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (South Wales-SwameeSection) :OF “Flocculation in Theory and Practice.” Mr. J. 0. Samuel. OF15 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Leeds Area Section): “Scientific Preparation of Food.” Dr. L. H. Lampitt. HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING :“The Formation of aSOCIETY Viscose Thread.” Mr.A. P. Backshell and Mr. F. A. Parish, at the Lecture Room (57), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. INSTITUTION “TheOF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY: Oxidation of Rubber.” Dr. Van Rossem, at the Constitutional Club, Man- Chester, at 7.0 p.m. 16 THE CHEMIC~LSOCIETY (Joint Meeting with the Manchester University Chemical Society): Prof. R. A. Peters, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University, Manchester, at 4.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS: “Activated Oxidation by Hypochlorite.” Mr. H. A. Turner, at the Technical College, Derby, at 7.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group) : “Casein Materials as applied to Plastics.” Mr. Robert Dodd, at The Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 7.30 p.m. THE CHEMIC~LSOCIETYOF ULSTER: “Chemistry and Bugs.”Dr. G. Tinsdale, in the Large Lecture Theatre, Chemical Depmt- ment, Queen’s University, Belfast, at 4.30 p.m. 17 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): “The Past and Future of the Institute.” Professor Joselyn F. Thorp, F.R.S. INSTITUTION :‘‘Symposium on Chemical OF CHEMICALENGINEERS Methods of Treating Sewage.” British Practice: Mr. J. H. Garner; American Practice: Mr. H. I. Hendon; German Practice: Mr. Karl Imhoff; at the Chemical Society, Burlington HOW,Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. 18 INSTITUTIONOF MINING AND METALLURGY:General Meeting, at the Rooms of the Geological Society, Burlington Home, London, W.1, at 5.30 p.m.SOCIETYOF CBEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midlands Section): “Present-day Purine Chemistry.” Prof. J. M. Gulland, at Nottingham. THE CHEMICALSOCIETY:Ordinary Scientsc Meeting, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 19 INSTITUTE (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East OF CHEMISTRY Coast Section) and SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CIIE~CAL (NewcastleSection): Dr. L. A. Jordan. 613 1937 February 19 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Glasgow Section) : “Ionic Migration.” Prof. J. Kendall, F.R.S., at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. THECHEMICALSOCIETY(Sheffield Section) : “The Unravelling of Complex Reactions.” Prof. H. M. Dawson, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University, at 5.30 p.m.SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Manchester Section) : “Ph Control in Textile Works Practice.” Mr. John Muir, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 24 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Irish Free State Section): Exhibits and Demonstrations. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Livorpool Section): “Some Aspects of Modern Analytical Chemistry.” Dr. J. J. Fox, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University, Liverpool, at 6 p.m. LEICESTERLITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY(ChemistrySection) and the INSTITUTION OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY (Leicester Section) : “The Correct Use of Anti-oxidants.” Mr. Maldwyn Jones, at the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) :OF CHEMISTRY “Chemical Investigations as an Aid to Diagnosis of Cancer.” Dr.D. L. Woodhouse, at the University Buildings, Edmund Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS:“Alloys.” Prof. W. L. Bragg, F.R.S., at John Street, Adelphi, W.C.2, at 8 p.m. 25 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Birmingham and Midlands Section): “Topical Matters on Paint and Painting.” Dr. L. A. Jordan, at the University Buildings, Edmund Street, Birming- ham, at 7.30 p.m. 26 INSTITUTION : 15th Annual Corporate OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS Meeting: “Leaching in Theory and Practice.” Mr. M. B. Donald, at the Hotel Victoria, Northumberland Avenue, London, W.C.2, at 11 a.m. AND PHILOSOPHICALMANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETY(ChemicalSection): “Finance and Organisation in the Small. Factory.” Mr.F. C. Lawrence, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ TECHNICAL SOCIETY : ElectrodepositionConference in London. March 1 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Annual General Meeting. May 12 CORONATIONOF H.M. KING GEORGEVI. JUlY 2-1 1 ACHEMAVIII : Chemical Engineering Exhibition, Frankfort-on- the -Main. 514 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Monday, 1st March, 1937, at 8 p.m. Nomination of General Members of the Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council:-By-law 26. (1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow.(2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form: “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registeredaddress) ,a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to bs a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24 (2). No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy. The Officers and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, 1st March, 1937,in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election to the same offices respectively, are as follows:- Vice-President.Herbert Henry Hodgson, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. 515 Members of Council. Frederic SutclBe Aumonier, B.Sc. Thomas Callan, M.Sc., Ph.D. Frederick Daniel Chattaway, M.A., Ph.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. Herbert William Cremer, M.Sc., M.1.Chem.E. John Evans, M.Sc. Lewis Eynon, B.Sc. Leslie Herbert Lampitt, D.Sc. Herbert Levinstein, M.Sc., Ph.D. Dorothy Jordan Lloyd, M.A., D.Sc. Charles Ainsworth Mitchell, M.A., D.Sc. Thomas Fred Eric Rhead, M.Sc. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 4.30 p.m. on 18th January, 1937. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:-Birmingham and Midlands : William Alexander Skeen Calder.Bristol and South-Western Counties : Edgar Lewis, M.1.Chem.E. Liverpool and North-West Coast : Albert Edward Findley,M.Eng., B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties : John Ralph Nicholls, B.Sc. Manchester and District: Cecil John Turrell Cronshaw, B.Sc. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast: Percy Lucock Robinson, D.Sc. Yorkshire: Harold Burton, D.Sc., Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Adam Tait. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: Alexander Findlag, D.Sc. Glasgow and West of Scotland : Forsyth James Wilson, Ph.D., D.Sc. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Ernest Albert Tyler, M.A. Northern Ireland : William Honneyman, B.Sc., Ph.D. Irish Free State : James Bell, M.A., M.D., Sc.D. *The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : James Irviiie Orme Masson, M.B.E., D.Sc.* ProfessorMasson's term of office expires in April, 1937. Examinations.-The arrangements for Fellowship and Associateship Examinations after January, r937, will be as follows:-FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. Last Date for Entries. Period of Examination.* Monday, 8th February, 1937. 12th to 17th April, 1937. (The list for Branch G and special subjects will close on 11th January, 1937.)Monday, 5th July, 1937. 13th to 18th September, 1937. (The list for Branch G and special subjects will close on 7th June, 1937.) 616 FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Last Date for Entries. Period of Examination.* 9th November, 1936. 4th to 9th January, 1937. 8th February, 1937. 5th to 10th April, 1937. 5th July, 1937.13th to 18th September, 1937. * When the number of Candidates renders it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week. Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three par- ticipating Institutions. The administrators, who will meet early in the new year, will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work, of the nature indicated, not later than 10th January, 1937. Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, W.C.I. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to urge all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship.Copiesof the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 517 Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m.to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, 518 whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library cmtains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots' Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, current subscriptions will expire on 1st March. All who wish to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe de novo, should obtain application forms from the Registrar of the Institute. Members who do not immediately renew their subscriptions to the Library should return to the most convenient branch Library any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their membership tokens.Lewis 's Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and Technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides, mainly of historical interest, is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 519 As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.The Profession of Chemistry' ' (Third Edition, 1935), will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar. ~ Patent Office.--The education and training of professional chemists is such as to render them, in many cases, suitable candidates for appointment as assistant examiners in the Patent Office. The Secretary of the Civil Service Commission has asked that attention be directed to the approaching examination for appointments as assistant examiners. Full particulars and forms may be obtained from the Secretary, Civil Service Commission, 6 Burlington Gardens , London, W.I., and must be completed and delivered on or before 3rd June, 1937. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT OFFUND,INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON, W.C.1. 520 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES, ~NDMARCH TO 21ST DECEMBER, 1936. Council in Council Committee Committees R. H. Pickard, Pres. .. .. .. 8 7 31 11 H. D. Elkington, V.-P. .. .. 5 3 5 41 A. E. Everest, V.-P. .. .. .. 5 6 22 6 J. J. FOX,V.-P. .. .. .. 6 7 65 H. H. Hodgson, V.-P. . . .. .. 8 7 19 18 R. Robinson, V.-P... .. .. 5 0 80 J. F. Thorpe, V.-P. .. .. .. 2 0 16 8 P. H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treas. (to 16th Oct., 1936) .. .. .. .. 3 2 28 92 B. F. Howard, Hon. Treas. (from 16th Oct., 1936) .. .. .. .. 7 7 14 82 F. S. Aumonier .. .. .. .. 8 5 14 12 4 J. Bell .. .. .. .. .. 3 0 50 S. A. Brazier .. .. .. .. 0 0 00 H. IT.A. Briscoe .. .. .. 1 1 9 24 H. Burton .. .. .. .. 7 6 11 4 W. A. S. Calder .. .. .. 6 3 14 10 T. Callan .. .. .. .. .. 4 2 00 F. D. Chattaway .. .. .. 3 4 00 G. R. Clerno .. .. .. .. 5 2 61 A. Coulthard . . .. .. .. 5 0 11 0 H. W. Cremer . . .. .. .. 4 4 14 72 C. J. T. Cronshaw .. .. .. 2 1 20 W. M. Cumming .. .. .. 0 2 70 B. S. Evans .. .. .. .. 8 7 6 41 J. Evans .. .. .. .. .. 4 3 74 L. Eynon .. .. .. .. 8 7 22 21 4 A. Findlay .. .. .... 5 2 51 A. E. Findley .. .. .. .. 8 7 50 J. B. Firth (from 16th Oct., 1936) .. 2* 2* 0 0 I. M. Heilbron .. .. .. .. 2 0 00 T. P. Hilditch .. .. .. .. 5 2 13 0 W. Honneyman .. .. .. .. 4 0 11 0 D. Jordan-Lloyd .. .. .. 6 2 6 11 L. H. Lampjtt .. .. .. .. 2 2 10 H. Levinstein .. .. .. .. 2 1 14 0 P. Lewis-Dale .. .. .. .. 5 7 2 21 G. Roclie Lynch .. .. .. 5 6 31 J. Macleod .. .. .. .. 0 0 00 J. I. 0. Masson.. .. .. .. 1 0 00 C. A. Mitchell . . .. .. .. 5 5 7 42 J. R. Nicholls .. .. .. .. 6 7 7 63 H. J. Page (to May, 1936) .. .. 2** o* 0 0 1 T. F. E. ahead.. .. .. .. 4 0 50 P. L. Robinson .. .. .. .. 3 0 00 S. Smiles . . .. .. .. .. 3 5 00 A. Tait .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 505 50E. A. Tyler . . ... .. .. 7 E. Vanstone .. .. .. .. 7 2 61 J. Weir .... .. .. .. 0 0 00 J. C. White .. .. .. .. 7 4 13 13 F. J. Wilson .. .. .. .. 2 2 11 * Of a possible 2. ** Of a possible 3.