摘要:

INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY REGISTER, 1936 ERRATA ET ADDENDA Since the publication of the Register, the following corrections and additions-apart from changes of address -have been reported to the Registrar:- Page 73 Ellis, R. H., for Holiday read Holliday. 74 Read, A. A., add D.Sc. (Wales). 89 Orrell, W. R., add F. 1935. 104 Burgoine, E., add Prestwich. 124 Andrews, E. R., add Deputy Chemist, L.C.C., and Deputy Official Agricultural Analyst. 146 Hill, Miss E. M., add Ph.D. (Lond.). 147 Hoffert, W. H., for Willesden 6861 read Willesden 6761. 158 Nicholls, J. R., for A. 1930 read A. 1910. 162 Pounder, F. E., add Ph.D. (Dunelm). 166 Shelbourn, E. T., delete “Deputy.” 169 Spielmann, P. E., for Holborn 2463-4 read Kensington 8316. 178 Waye, B. E., add M.Sc. (Lond.). 185 Whitby, L., add F. 1936. 199 n7hite, John, transfer to Birmingham, page 228: 7 Vesey Road, Sutton Coldfield. 222 Haddock, L. A., transfer to Runcorn, page 45: I.C.I. (Alkali), Ltd., Weston Point. 228 Whitehouse, A. G. R.,for F. 1925 read F. 1935. 255 Bowden, S. T., delete “J.P.” 262 Coates, A. C., for Chlaig read Culaig. 271 Robertson, J. A., for Fountainbury read Fountainbridge. 280 Sword, J., for “Wheatbury, Glasgow” read “Wheatbuy, Glasgow.” 353 Greaves, J. H., for Henry read Harry, JANUARY,1937

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG936600X001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1936

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER,1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART 11: 1936. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1, April, 1936. Publications Commit tee, 1936-37. LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHARD, W. M. GUMMING, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, ALEXANDER FINDLAY, A. E. FINDLEY, H. H. HODGSON, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer) C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. F. E. RHEAD, ADAM TAIT, E. A. TYLER, ERNEST VANSTONE. Officers and Members of Council, 1936-37.PRESIDENT : ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS : HAROLD DOUGLAS ELKINGTON, M.Sc. ARTHUR ERNEST EVEREST, D.Sc., PH.D. JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., D.SC. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, M.A., B.Sc., PH.D. ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. JOCELYN FIELD THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. HON. TREASURER : PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: FREDERIC SUTCLIFFE AUMONIER, B.Sc. : LONDON. JAMES BELL, M.A., M.D., Sc.D.: IRISHFREESTATE. SIDNEY ALBERT BRAZIER, M.Sc. : MANCHESTER. HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.I.C. :LONDON. HAROLD BURTON, D.Sc., PH.D. : YORKSHIRE. WILLIAM ALEXANDER SKEEN CALDER :BIRMINGHAMAND THOMAS CALLAN, PH.D. :MANCHESTER. [MIDLANDS.FREDERICK DANIEL CHATTAWAY, M.A., DSc., F.R.S.:OXFORD. GEORGE ROGER CLEMO, D.Sc., D.PEIL.: NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE. ALBERT COULTHARD, PH.D. :MANCHESTER. HERBERT WILLIAM CREMER, M.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : LONDON. CECIL JOHN TURRELL CRONSHAW, B.Sc. :MANCHESTERAND WILLIAM MURDOCH CUMMING, D.Sc. : GLASGOW. [DISTRICT.BERNARD SCOTT EVANS, M.B.E., M.C., D.Sc., PH.D.: LONDON. JOHN EVANS, M.Sc.: SEEFFIELD. LEWIS EYNON, B.Sc. : LONDON. ALEXANDER FINDLAY, D.Sc. :ABERDEENAND NORTHOF SCOTLAND. ALBERT EDWARD FINDLEY, B.Sc., M.EN~. AND: LIVERPOOL [NORTH-WESTCOAST. ISIDOR MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S. : MANCHESTER. THOMAS PERCY HILDITCH, D.Sc. : LIVERPOOL. WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, B.Sc., PH.D. :NORTHERNIRELAND. BERNARD FARMBOROUGH HOWARD: LONDON.DOROTHY JORDAN-LLOYD, M.A., D.Sc. : LONDON. LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT, D.Sc. :LONDON. HERBERT LEVINSTEIN, M.Sc., PH.D. : LONDON. PERCY LEWIS-DALE, B.Sc., PH.D.: LONDON. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S.: LONDON. JAMES MACLEOD: GLAS~OW. JAMES IRVINE ORME MASSON, M.B.E., D.Sc. :THE OVERSEAS DOMINIONS AND ELSEWHEREABROAD. CHARLES AINSWORTH MITCHELL, M.A., D.Sc. : LONDON. JOHN RALPH NICHOLLS, B.Sc. : LONDONAND SOUTH-EASTERN HAROLD JAMES PAGE, M.B.E., B.Sc.: LONDON. [COUNTIES.THOMAS FRED ERIC RHEAD, M.Sc. : BIRMINGHAM. PERCY LEUCOCK ROBINSON, D.Sc. :NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNEAND NORTH-EASTCOAST. SAMUEL SMILES, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.: LONDON. ADAM TAIT: EDINBURGH AND EASTOF SCOTLAND. ERNEST VANSTONE, D.Sc. :BRISTOL COUNTIES.AND SOUTH-WESTERN ERNEST ALBERT TYLER, M.A.: WALES AND THE COUNTYOF JOHN WEIR, B.Sc., PH.D. :ARDROSSAN.[MONMOUTH.JOHN CHRISTISON WHITE, O.B.E., M.C., A.M.I.CHEM.E.: LONDON. FORSYTH JAMES WILSON, PH.D., D.Sc. :Gusaow AND WESTOF SCOTLAND. 108 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1936: APRIL 24~~. 1936: NOVEMBER 20~~. MAY 22~~. DECEMBER 18~~. JUNE 19~~. 1937: JANUARY 22ND AND 29~~. JULY 24~~. FEBRUARY 19~~. OCTOBER 16~~. CENSORS :1936-1937. THE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PH.D. GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. JOCELYN FIELD THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1936-37. Chairman* FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH F.S. AUMONIER, W. A. S. CALDER, H. W. CREMER, A. E. EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, BERNARD F. HOWARD, PATRICK H. KIR- KALDY,* HERBERT LEVINSTEIN, AND J. C. WHITE. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, W. A. S. CALDER, C. J. T. CRONSHAW, H. D. ELKINGTON, BERNARD F. HOWARD,*PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, L. H. LAMPITT, HERBERT LEVIN- STEIN, P. LEWIS-DALE, G. ROCHE LYNCH, C. A. MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, AND R. ROBINSON. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. (VICE-CHAIRMAN:PATRICK H. KIRKALDY.) PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHARD, W. M. CUMMING, B. S. EVANS,A. E.EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON,* ALEXANDER FINDLAY, A. E. FINDLEY, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN,D. JORDAN- LLOYD, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, C. A. MITCHELL, J. R. MCHOLLS, T. F. E. RHEAD, ADAM TAIT, E. A. TYLER, AND ERNEST VANSTONE. 109 SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (HoN. TREASURER),*THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, WITH T. COCKBURN (GLASGOW),H. G. COLMAN, A. COULTHARD (MANCHESTER),E. M. HAWKINS, W. HONNEYMAN (N. IRELAND),HAROLD BURTON (LEEDS), C. PROCTOR, F. SOUTHERDEN (BRISTOL), AND G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTHWALES). APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT,* WITH F. A. AUMONIER, S. A. BRAZIER, G. R. CLEMO, H. W. CREMER, C. J.T. CRONSHAW, W. M. CUMMING, B. S.EVANS, JOHN EVANS, H. DOUGLAS ELKINGTON, A.E. EVEREST, H. H. HODGSON, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, P. LEWIS-DALE, G. ROCHE LYNCH, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, AND E. VANSTONE. PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (VICE-CHAKECMAN), WITH 0. L. BRADY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. W. CREMER, W. M. CUMMING, J. J. FOX, I. M. HEILBRON, T. P. HILDITCH, L. H. LAMPITT, HERBERT LEVINSTEIN, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, J. I. 0. MASSON, E. K. RIDEAL, R. ROBINSON, SAMUEL SMILES, JOCELYN F. THORPE, AND WILLIAM WARDLAW. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION (Appointment postponed. ) JOINT COMMITTEE WITH SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT : THE PRESIDENT, WITH R. BRUCE, W. M. CUMMING, P. F. GORDON, G.G. HENDERSON*, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, J. MACLEOD, N. PICTON, T. SLATER PRICE, J. WEIR, AND F. J. WILSON. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION FOR NORTHERN IRELAND: THE PRESIDENT, WITH J. C. A. BRIERLEY, W. H. GIBSON, J. HAWTHORNE, W. HONNEYMAN, G. T. MORGAN, AND T. SLATER PRICE. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL: F. G. EDMED, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, AND JOCELYN THORPE. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. W. CREMER, J. J. FOX, AND H. J. PAGE. 110 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1936-1937. Chairman : THE PRESIDENT. Reprtxentutivea of the Nominations, Examiwtiom and Institution Committee. Examiners for the Associateahip : OSCAR LISLE BRADY, B.A.(CAPE), D.Sc. (LoND.). WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc. (DUNELM). Examiners for the Fellowship : Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY:WILLIAM HENRY MERRETT, A.R.S.M. Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDEAL, M.B.E., D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: OSCAR LISLE BRADY, B.A. (CAPE), D.Sc. (LoND.) Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY : HAROLD RAISTRICK, B.A., Sc.D. (CANTAB.),D.Sc. (LEEDS), F.R.S. Branch E.-CHEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: SAMUEL ERNEST MELLING. THERAPEUTICS, ANDPHARMACOLOGY, MICROSCOPY: CHARLES HERBERT HAMPSHIRE, M.B., B.S., B.Sc. (LoND.), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: NORMAN MEDERSON COMBER, D.Sc. (LoND.), A.R.C.S. Branch G.-~NDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY(General Chemical Technology) : ALBERT ERNEST DUNSTAN, D.Sc. (LoND.).Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as re-quired. HON. AUDITORS, 1936-37 : WALTER CHARLES HANCOCK, B.A. (CANTAB.)AND JOSEPH HENRY LANE. AUDITOR, 1936-37 : DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. SOLICITORS : MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 5, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C. 1. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY : RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY : RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CANTAB.),F.I.C. 111 H.M. King Edward VIII. The following gracious Message was received in reply to the Address forwarded to His Majesty King Edward VIII, through His Majesty’s Secretary of State for Home Affairs, on the occasion of the death of His late Majesty King George the Fifth :-HOMEOFFICE, WHITEHALL.17th March, 1936. SIR, I have had the honour to lay before The King the Loyal and Dutiful Address of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland on the occasion of the lamented death of His late Majesty King George the Fifth and have received The King’s Commands to convey to you His Majesty’s grateful Thanks for the assurances of sympathy and devotion to which it gives expression. I am, The President, Sir, Institute of Chemistry of Your obedient Servant, Great Britain and Ireland. JOHN SIMON. Fellows and Associates will recall that His late Majesty King George V was graciously pleased to accord his Patronage to the Institute to celebrate its completion of fifty years under Royal Charter.The President and Council are much gratified to inform the Fellows and Associates that His Majesty King Edward VIII has been graciously pleased to accord his Patronage to the Institute. 112 The following letter has been received from the Right Hon. Lord Wigram, P.C., G.C.B., G.C.V.O., C.S.I., Keeper of the Privy Purse:- PRIVYPURSEOFFICE, BUCKINGHAMPALACE,S.W. 30th March, 1936. DEARSIR, I am commanded by The King to inform you that His Majesty has been graciously pleased to grant his Patronage to the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. Yours truly, WIGRAM, Keeper of the Privy Purse.The President, The Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, 30, Russell Square, W.C.I. 113 Editorial. AT the Annual General Meeting, the retiring President, Professor Jocelyn Thorpe, uttered a warning to the country that, in some industries, too much reliance was being placed upon the purchase of processes from abroad, rather than on encouraging research within our own industries, research institutions and the universities at home. He recalled the position of the country at the outbreak of war as the result of relying upon foreign supplies of essential materials, and urged that industries should support their own research laboratories and continue to provide careers for chemists trained in British research schools.In 1934, when the Conference of Honorary Secretaries suggested that the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSshould contain an article on some controversial subject, it was anticipated that there would be little difficulty in finding questions for discussion which might come within the category indicated, but, so far, the articles which have appeared seem to have fallen short of the provocative element, except perhaps that on Science and War,-published in Part V, 1935. Its purpose is clearly indicated at the head of the “Comments” published in this Part, wherein the somewhat unusual views of a member are discussed as the Publications Committee feel they should be discussed by an Institute incorporated by Royal Charter, whose aim is not only to help the members of the profession itself, but, to serve the country to the best of its ability in all cir-cumstances.COMMENTS on the Editorial on “Science and War,” in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, 1935. The Editorial remarks are in italics. The purpose of the Editorial was .to protest against the prevailing association of science with war: not “to preach to the converted,” but to provide a theme for reflection against amfair criticism. A member wrote in December, when Part VI had already been made up. His views may be summarised as follows. He agreed that the duty of the man of science was to increase the store of ascertained knowledge, without necessarily con- sidering the uses to which his discoveries might ultimately be put, but contended that a chemist should not knowingly assist 114 with his discoveries any one who intended to make an evil use of them.As a chemical works could only be operated by chemists, the responsibility, in part at least, for destruction wrought in war, was upon chemists. Had chemists-all chemists-refused to work in 1914,war could not, would not, have been the ugly thing it was. If British chemists were to set such an example, the danger would be “more apparent than real.” If his con- tention were not true “countries boasting little military or naval power would have been swallowed long ere this.” Why should we do under a national urge that which we should regard as utterly unthinkable in any other circumstances ? War is incompatible with elementary Christian ethics.Whyshould we hesitate to discuss the matter upon that ground, which requires a man to act rightly irrespective of the actions of others? Men have failed to observe this principle on account of unjustifiable fear; but if chemists hesitate, each waiting for others to do the right thing, war-makers may once more create a turmoil in which all that is best in civilisation will be hopelessly lost. The risks involved are of small magnitude compared with the very probable gain. The process of ‘‘swallowing a country boasting little military power” appears to be on trial at the present time, and it is precisely because of the national urge that everyone is called upon to assist in defending his country.It was suggested to the correspondent that his underlying ideas applied to every good citizen in every country; for everybody is involved when any question of war arises. He was asked what should the chzsmist-or any other citizen-do, if asked to assist an international police force in maintaining peace against a common enemy employing all the resources of modern warfare? Should they not unite in repressing and punishing him? The correspondent replied that it was impossible to give a complete and closely reasoned statement on the subject by correspondence. If a suitable opportunity were provided for putting the matter to members of the Institute in greater detail, he would be happy to contribute.While yet there was the, men of science could exert a powerful influence over human destiny; they should declare that they would have no part in war or the things of war, and adhere to their decision if war were declared while peace reigns. The Institute should lead the way, rather than pursue a policy of laissez faire “unmoved as to whether it be for good or ill.” Among men of science, 116 chemists had a unique opportunity, since the production of the whole paraphenalia of modern war depended on them. “If British chemists decided that there should be no more war for Britain, there would be no more war for Britain.” Such a decision would constitute a real advance at the price of a risk which (in his opinion) would be very small and would be worth taking in view of the sublime prize.It would have a very definite influence on statecraft, in that a government would of necessity pursue a pacific policy? It would be preferable not to “defend ” the country by war, seeing that modern war is mutually destructive. This attitude was desirable, because war is both wrong and futile. A determination on the part of the Institute, collectively and unconditionally, to outlaw war, would be an exemplary inspiration to others. Nevertheless, and although offending Christian ethics, it would be rational, from the point of view of expediency, to take counter-measures against a criminal nation for repression and, if need be, punishment for wrong- doing, by the application of sanctions.Far better would British chemists serve their country by declaring to have no part in war and by cultivating personal as well as scientific ties with foreign chemists. All who had not done so, should give the matter serious thought in the cause of civilisation. The consideration of the matter in its ethical and political aspects, goes far beyond the normal scope of a professional journal, and should be reviewed in periodicals which reach men and women in all vocations, and of all creeds and nationalities. The main question is war, or no war. The inclination or the ComPzGlsion to go to war-whether arising from justice or passion or for defence-must be determined by circumstances as they arise. A brave nation, unprepared and ill-armed, may $ght and sufer for its principles.Such courage withod strength is futile, and equally hopeless is the individual who will sufer his country to be conquered, its people to be enslaved or worse, and himself to submit to an aggressor, without an effort to repel him. None but British subjects are eligible for membership of the Institute, and at the present day we need not contemplate the likelihood of the British nation entering upon a war of aggression. Consequently members of the Institute have no need to decide what their action or inaction would be in so remote a contingency. Just as among individuals, however, there is a certain proportion of bullies, so among nations there are some who will seek by force- that is to say, by war-to take from another nation its cherished possessions and to deprive it of its freedom.Very few persons 116 who have the strength or means to repel the highwayman, burglar or bully will feel that it is their sacred duty to stand aside and allow him to rob them and molest their womenfolk. Similarly taking people collectively, very few nations will be content not to use such means as they can command, to resist the attacks of a nation which by warfare sets out to wrest from them, jointly and individually, all that they hold dear. Is the chemist in such circumstances to detach himself from his fellow-cozcntrymen and stand idly by, while, for lack of his aid, they are victimised by, or perish at the hands of, an aggressor who has no scruples as to the means by which he shall accomplish his purpose? If the British chemists who con-stitute the Institute were to adopt this attitude, they would be playing false, not only to their own countrymen, but to all people to whom might is not necessarily right.Men of science are of many creeds and religions. The Churches and their leaders are divided on the question of the justice of the present conflict and of the rightness of war in general. All, however, are directly concerned in the cause of peace, while science itself is unjustly blamed for war. That was the theme of the Editorial. Yet science, which has taught people to seek truth, to think rationally and efectively, which has conquered so much of confusion, super- stition and credulity, must take its part in the solution of a Problem which is not of its making, but is of universal concern.Science has also taught the futility of experiments based on erroneous premises. To suggest that any country can aford, in our time, to take the risk proposed, and rely solely on arbitration or peaceful persuasion for the settlement of diferences, is to dispense with those forces which maintain peace, law and order, to allow the bully to run wild and to return to primitive barbarism. The correspondent’s proposals imply dejiance of the opinion of those who are entrusted with government, who now realise the futility of pursuing a PaciJic policy to danger point. His proposals involve the hindrance of means to assist the country to uphold its principles, its position in the world, and its influence for peace; for, so long as the country is unprepared and weak, its influence will be discounted among the nations.Comments on the Editorial on “Bacteriology,” in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI, 1935. From an Associate- It is refreshing to note that the Institute is now considering the broader relations of chemistry and bacteriology. Hitherto, 117 the chemist has been supposed to have little to do with biology, except in certain rather restricted fields of problems of water- supply and sewage disposal. That subdivision of chemistry known as biochemistry by no means embraces all the aspects of biological work to which chemists can aspire: a large amount of biological activity impinges upon chemical work.In particular, the sciences of bacteriology and mycology can usefully be allied to chemistry, and the potentialities of these alliances are much greater than is generally supposed. In some spheres of work, the classical chemist is being seriously challenged by the biologist. Old substances are being produced in new, biological ways, and new substances are being evolved by biological means. At one time the chemist superseded the plant; let him now beware lest some of his work is taken from him by the micro-organisms! Examples of the new trend are: the production of solvents and of perfumery materials, the bacterial winning of oils from seeds, and the challenge which the soil biologist, with his nitrogen-fixing bacteria, sends to the manufacturer of nitrogenous fertilisers.In other ways the chemist will do well to be equipped with knowledge of the technique of dealing with micro-organisms. Whether interested as user or as primary producer, the works chemist should be aware of methods of controlling bacterial and mould-growth in such products as sugar, gelatin, cocoa, flour, confectionery, and preserves-in addition to the list given in the Editorial. This bare enumeration is sufficient to suggest the extent of the prospect. There seems to be no evidence that would indicate that chemists, as such, are incapable of dealing with biological problems ; history shows that many chemists have possessed in high degree the mentality appropriate for biological work.Aptitude, however, is of little use without training, and here a real difficulty is met, namely, the insufficiency of the facilities for training in non-pathogenic microbiology. The appearance of the Editorial shows that the Institute realises the importance, to chemists, of the microbiological sciences, and it may be hoped that the general questions of training and qualifications will receive earnest consideration. The attitude of the medical profession towards training in non-medical microbiology cannot be called helpful, and it would appear that the chemical profession must rely upon its own resources. Since biology is becoming of increasing importance, it would greatly strengthen the position of chemists if they were prepared to do necessary microbiological work.118 Fif @-Eighth Annual General Meeting. MONDAY, 2nd MARCH, 1036. The Fifty-eighth Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, on Monday, 2nd March, 1936, at 8 p.m.,-the President (Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S.) in the chair. The Minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting, which had been published in The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,were taken as read, and confirmed. PRESENTATIONOF MELDOLA MEDAL. The PRESIDENTsaid: “My first duty is to present the Meldola Medal for 1g35-the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans-to Harry Work Melville, D.Sc., A.I.C. “Dr. Melville graduated at the University of Edinburgh and was then awarded a Carnegie Studentship.In 1933 he was elected, by the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851, to a Senior Studentship which he held for two years, and in 1935 he was elected into a Research Fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge. He has been working in the Department of Colloid Science, presided over by Professor E. K. Rideal, since 1933. Dr. Melville’s principal contributions to chemistry have been in the field of chain reactions. His work on the kinetics of the decomposition of phosphine and ammonia over various ranges of temperature and pressure and, particularly, in the presence of inert gases, has revealed or confirmed a number of important points of which the significance had previously been missed. His later work on photochemical reactions photo-sensitised by mercury vapour has also greatly advanced and clarified this difficult problem.“It is with great pleasure, Dr. Melville, that I hand you this Medal in memory of a great man and a great chemist. I hope that during your later life you will bear him in memory and strive to follow the example he set.” 119 Dr. H. W. MELVILLE said: “I should like to thank the Insti- tute and the Society of Maccabaeans for the award of this Medal. The award really places a young chemist under a very great responsibility, because the list of previous Medallists show how eminent previous recipients have become. I hope that, in years to come, I may be able to add a little to the chemical knowledge which has to do with those elementary reactions of chemistry which play a fundamental part in the mechanism of gaseous reactions, combustion, and so on.” (Applause.) PRESENTATION FRANKLANDOF SIREDWARD MEDAL AND PRIZE.The PRESIDENT: “My next duty is to present the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize to Charles Laurence Arcus, B.Sc., A.I.C., for his essay on ‘The value of compulsory research as part of the pre-graduate curriculum.’ I am glad to say that since the award was decided, Mr. Arcus, who obtained a first-class in his degree, has been elected to the Associateship, and I have just had the pleasure of handing him his certificate. “Mr. Arcus, I have great pleasure in handing you this medal in memory of the first President of this Institute, with whose renown you are no doubt well acquainted.” Mr.ARCUS received the Medal amid applause. THE ANNUAL ACCOUNTS. The HON. TREASURER (Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy), in sub- mitting the Annual Accounts, said: “The Statement of Accounts for 1935 shows that at the beginning of the year there was a liability of k615 gs., made up of L440 2s. overdraft at the bank, and k175 7s. in respect of fees received on applications in abeyance. On the suggestion of the auditors, a suspense account will be kept in future, and fees in abeyance will not be brought into the general account until the applications in respect of which they have been paid have been finally decided. The overdraft of k440 2s. was more than accounted for by an over-investment in 1934 to the extent of E541 17s.IId. “The sum of f;1,031 13s. received for entrance fees and life compositions, and the proceeds of the repayment of E3,203 IS. gd.5 per cent. New Zealand Stock are still due for investment at the earliest favourable opportunity. These two sums, amounting to &,233 14s. gd., are subject to reduction by E652 6s. 3d., including the over-investment of &41 17s. IId. and the redemption premium of EIIO 8s. 4d. The net amount due for investment, 120 therefore, is L3,581 7s. 6d. Against this the accounts show a balance at 31st December of 163,445 8s. 3d., and L379 18s. 3d. in Australian and New Zealand currency-the equivalent of about L280-in all ;63,7z5 8s. 3d. “The Institute has for many years refrained from the practice of holding an annual dinner, but the Council felt that the com- pletion of its fiftieth year under Royal Charter was a special occasion for a celebration and afforded an exceptional oppor- tunity of offering hospitality to our friends.The normal expendi- ture for the year was L1,238 14s. zd. less than the receipts, and this fact, coupled with the circumstance that neither the ‘Register’ nor the ‘List of Official Chemical Appointments’ was due for publication in 1935, made it possible for the Council to defray the full cost of the celebration without realising investments for that purpose. “This year we have accepted other responsibilities to which reference is made in the Report, but I trust that, with a steadily growing membership, and with care, the Council will be able so to manage your affairs that we may again be able to submit a satisfactory statement at the next Annual General Meeting.“Now, if I may refer to the Benevolent Fund for a few minutes, I would like to assure all contributors that the Executive Committee is grateful for their help, but I must remind all Fellows and Associates that still more help is required. (Mr. Kirkaldy referred to examples of cases receiving help.) “I am sure that you will all do what you can to assist us in helping cases of this kind. We do not ask for large contributions, although they are very welcome, but we hope that many more will subscribe this year, and thus relieve our anxiety and enable us to deal with every case adequately.“I now move: “That the Statement of Accounts be received and adopted, and that the best thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the Honorary Auditors, Messrs. J. C. White and J. H. Lane, and to Mr. David Henderson, Chartered Accountant for their services.” Dr. BERNARDDYER: “I second the motion. Notwith-standing the activity of the Institute and the heavy expenditure which necessarily accompanies it we still have surplus assets over and above our liabilities amounting to more than j630,ooo. That is a great source of satisfaction. The only thing that we 121 should perhaps like to see developed more is our Benevolent Fund. Everyone would like to see the Benevolent Fund growing at a greater rate than it does. (Hear, hear.) In passing these accounts I am sure we shall all feel a strong sense of gratitude to our excellent Treasurer for his indefatigable work. (Applause.) I do not know how many years he has been working hard like this for us, but we hope there will be many more of them if he is still willing to go on sacrificing his leisure.It is very onerous work.’’ The Resolution was carried unanimously. THE ANNUALREPORTOF THE COUNCIL. The PRESIDENTthen, in submitting the Report of the Council, delivered his address (see p. 126). In conclusion, the President said: “Before closing my address, I should like to add just a few words about the general scheme of co-operation which, as Fellows and Associates know, has resulted in the formation of a Chemical Council composed of three members of each of the three constituent Charter bodies and three repre- sentatives of industry.That Council has met a number of times, has formulated Standing Orders and has already taken up the question of the cost of the publications of the constituent bodies. One of the chief objects of the Chemical Council is to raise funds for those publications and for the library of the Chemical Society, and to put these matters on a secure and certain footing. I have to acknowledge on behalf of the Chemical Council-my successor Dr. Pickard will allow me to make this announcement-the generous help of Sir Robert Nond in transferring kg,ooo from his promised contribution to the Association of Scientific and Technical Institutions to the Chemical Council.He has already given us kr,ooo for current expenses and has promised to give us a further L8,ooo when we require it. (Applause.) The Chemical Council decided in the first instance, as a gesture to the manufacturers, who it is hoped will contribute largely to this Fund, to ask prominent members of our profession to give as they can afford towards the general fund. It has been my duty as Hon. Treasurer of the new Council to write to various gentle- men, and I am more than pleased to say that although only a comparatively small number have so far answered I have already collected j52,ooo. (Applause.) That has, of course, been given from a source which cannot easily afford to give; it is undoubtedly indicative of the spirit which pervades our profession, and I am proud of it.What we want in this list of contributions is a large number of names rather than large sums. We want to show that everyone is prepared to give, and it was to secure as large a number of contributors as possible and not to ask for large sums from each, that the Chemical Council asked me to issue this personal appeal. It is naturally hoped that substantial sums will be forthcoming from industrialists, and that they will seize with enthusiasm the opportunity of repaying in some measure the debt they owe to chemical science. “I now move: “That the Report of the Council (JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS, Part I, 1936) be received and adopted.” Mr.E. R. BOLTON:“I have very much pleasure in seconding the adoption of the Report. I cannot help being touched, as many older members must be, by the number of deaths recorded, including my friend, Professor Adeney, who remembered me, probably, in a sailor suit, and Leonard Archbutt, a friend of over thirty years’ standing, and a great many others. It is very sad to see their names in the obituary list.” The Resolution was put to the meeting and carried unanimously. VOTE OF THANKSTO PRESIDENT. Mr. BOLTON,continuing, said: “My other duty is a pleasant one, namely, to thank you, Sir, on behalf of the members for the admirable address which you have given us to-night. You have asked us to look back. I am not one of the oldest men, but it is something like forty years since I earned my first fee as a chemist, and I have managed to make a livelihood in the profession ever since.I do feel glad to have lived at this particular time because it is very interesting to look back, as you have made us do in your address to-night. I remember quite well in the early days at college when I made organic preparations and did uninteresting determinations that I was commercially minded and hard up and said to myself, ‘How shall I be able to earn a living out of it?’ If I had heard a lecture such as yours it would have helped me greatly. The professors of those days, fine men though they were, had no opportunity of getting in touch with industry as professors do nowadays. Through the Institute of Chemistry the professors are now so much in touch with industry that we get much better light thrown on these practical concerns. A certain number of us do interesting research, but for most of us our job is to help industry, and our President has shown us very clearly how we can do it.I think of the times when any charlatan could put over a process to the commercial man because he dared to claim more than any chemist would claim. Even now the charlatan, particularly the foreign charlatan, has a great pull over the really scientific man. There is an air of mystery about the foreigner, the fact that he speaks a foreign language seems to some people to give an impressiveness to his claims, and we have suffered from processes which we ourselves have invented and which have been taken up by the foreigner who has claimed for them more than we should ever have dared to do.As I say I am glad to have lived in this time, but I am sorry that in my early days I could not have heard such an address as we have heard to-night. I beg to move a hearty vote of thanks to the President, and to request that he will allow us to publish his very valuable address in our Journal.” The vote of thanks was put to the meeting by Mr. Bolton and carried by acclamation. ELECTIONOF OFFICERS, MEMBERS OF COUNCIL, AND CENSORS. AND SECRETARYThe REGISTRAR read the Report of the Scrutineers on the election of the Officers (President, Vice- Presidents, and Hon. Treasurer), General Members of Council, and Censors, for the year ending 1st March, 1937.The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 1,100. The following were elected:- President: R. H. Pickard (1,097). Vice-presidents: H. Douglas Elkington (1,085), A. E. Everest (1,087),J. J. Fox (1,089), H. H. Hodgson (1,090), Robert Robinson (Oxford) (1,091), J. F. Thorpe (1,091). Hon. Treasurer: Patrick H. Kirkaldy (1,099). The number of votes cast for General Members of Council was 1,101. The following were elected :-T. P. Hilditch (869), I. M. Heilbron (860), L. H. Lampitt (851), G. Roche Lynch (844), C. A. Mitchell (814), H. Levinstein (806), H. V. A. Briscoe (803), F. S. Aumonier (782), S. A. Brazier (734), John Evans (733), Samuel Smiles (732), F.D. Chattaway (731), W. M. Cumming (7x9,T. Callan (716), D. Jordan Lloyd (716), G. R. Clemo (712), T. F. H. Rhead (704), H. W. Cremer (688), Lewis Eynon (681), John Weir (677), B. S. Evans (638), B. F. Howard (633), P. Lewis Dale (630), J. Macleod (614), J. C. White (581), A. Coulthard (566), H. J. Page (553). The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 1,016. The following were elected:- J. F. Thorpe (909),G. T. Morgan (815), Sir G. C. Clayton (806), Robert Robinson (734). 124 The PRESIDENTdeclared those elected to the respective offices in accordance with the report of the Scrutineers, and on his proposition, sincere thanks were accorded to the Scrutineers, Messrs. Charles A.Adams and C. Abell Bassett, for their services. ELECTION AUDITORS.OF The PRESIDENT:“I understand that Mr. J. C. White, on his election to the Council, retires from the office of Hon. Auditor, in which he has served for five years. I move the re-appointment of Mr. J. H. Lane, and I will ask the general body of members to nominate someone in place of Mr. White.” On the motion of Dr. H. E. Cox, seconded by Mr. C. E. BARRS, Mr. Walter C. Hancock was also appointed as Hon. Auditor. MY. Lane and MY. Hancock were declared duly appointed Hon. Auditors. The TREASURER:‘( I beg to move that Mr. David Henderson (in association with Messrs. J. Y. Finlay & Co.) be re-elected professional Auditor at the same fee as last year,-forty guineas.” This was agreed to unanimously.VOTEOF THANKS PRESIDENT,TO THE RETIRING OFFICERSAND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL. Dr. A. E. EVEREST:“Ladies and gentlemen,-It gives me much pleasure to rise this evening to move a vote of thanks to the President and Officers, and to the retiring Members of Council for their work during the past year. As one who has had the pleasure of working with them, I realise, as perhaps many members of the Institute who are not and have never been members of Council do not realise, the amount of time and thought which is put into the work by those who hold these positions. Nothing can be more appropriate at a meeting like this than that we should give them a most hearty and sincere vote of thanks. Led by the President, we have gone through during this last twelve months a period which is perhaps unique in the history of the Institute.It has, I think, called from the President, Officers, and Members of Council an unprecedented amount of time and energy. I have had the pleasure of representing a District, and as a result I have met our President in his wanderings not far from the borders of Scotland. I believe he has visited almost all the Sections in his desire to show that the President is not merely someone who presides in London. He had done an immense amount of work in bringing together the Sections. With him we associate the 125 Officers and the retiring Members of Council. They have co- operated in a way that is an example to any institution.This evening we have had brought to our attention some of the many great things that chemists have to consider. As an industrialist myself I thank the President, particularly for putting before us as one on the academic side, his thoughts on industry and com- merce. It is not the wish of the meeting that I should bore it with a long speech, but I simply ask you to show in no uncertain manner your thanks to the President, Officers, and retiring Members of Council for the work they have done during the past year.” The Resolution was put to the meeting by Dr. Everest and carried by acclamation. Professor THORPE: “I thank Dr. Everest on behalf of myself and my colleagues for what he has said.” INDUCTIONNEW PRESIDENT.OF Professor THORPE said: “It now falls to my lot to introduce the new President, Dr.Pickard, a very old friend of mine. could not leave the Institute in better hands. He is well known to all of you and has already done excellent work for the Institute both as Councillor and as Vice-president. As President he is going to do something very much more, and I have not the slightest hesitation in leaving the well-being of the Institute in his hands, although I feel a certain amount of diffidence on my own part in relinquishing it to anyone ! ’’ Dr. R. H. Pickard, F.R.S., then took the chair amid applause. Dr. PICKARD: “Professor Thorpe and fellow members of the Institute. You do me great honour and you give me a very great task. As a young man I looked with awe at the long list of Presidents of the Institute, men of very great scientific acumen, and in many cases of wide administrative experience.Now that I get here they seem to be even greater giants than they did when I was a young man. It is going to be a very difficult job to attain the standard which they have set. I can only do my best and leave it at that. This evening, sitting in that corner, I have felt as if I had a large label on my back with the letter ‘L’ on it. (Laughter.) I hope that the Registrar will in due course remove the label. I understand that my first duty is quite an easy one, and I do it very briefly:-I close the meeting.” 126 The Address of the Retiring President: PROFESSORJOCELYN THORPE, c.B.E., F.R.S.ITis now my duty to submit for your consideration the Report of the Council for the year 1935-1936. I need hardly remind you that we celebrated our Charter Jubilee in July last, when the Institute received congratulations from His late Majesty King George V and from many Societies and Institutions, and had the pleasure of entertaining many distinguished guests. The present report records, I think, a year of marked progress, but I must first refer, in accordance with the usual custom, to our losses by death. We have lost nearly 50 Fellows and Associates, who will be missed by their colleagues in various branches of work. Among teachers and educationalists,-Professor Walter Ernest Adeney, of Dublin; Dr. Arthur Bramley, of Loughborough; Pro- fessor Kendall Colin Browning, of the Military College of Science, Woolwich; Mr.Hugh Charles Herbert Candy, of London Hospital Medical School ; Professor William Richard Eaton Hodgkinson, an Original Fellow, formerly of the Ordnance College, Woolwich ; Professor John Kenneth Harold Inglis, of Otago University, New Zealand; Dr. James Patrick Longstaff, for many years of Edinburgh University, and a past General Secretary of the Society of Chemical Industry; and Sir James Walker, also of the University of Edinburgh. Of those who were in Government service,-Mr. James Connah attained the position of Deputy Government Chemist, and Mr. Egbert Grant Hooper held the same position before him; and General George Colleymore Sturrock was Deputy Master- General of Ordnance, India.In industry,-Mr. Leonard Archbutt, of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway; Mr. Harry Baker, of Castner Kellner Alkali Co.; Mr. Walter Henry Coleman, of the National Benzole Company; Mr. Charles Thomas Kingzett, an Original Fellow of the Institute, Director of the Sanitas Co. ; and Mr. Joseph Sayers, 127 of Nobel’s Explosives Co. ,now incorporated in Imperial Chemical Industries. In private practice,-Mr. Frank Harris Alcock, of Birming- ham; Mr. Samuel Francis Burford, of Leicester; Mr. Charles Frederick Cross , whose researches with his partner, Edward Bevan, in cellulose, form so important a chapter in our science and in industry; Mr. Percy Arthur William Self, partner of the late Colonel Edward Frank Harrison; and Mr.William Charles Young, another original Fellow of the Institute, who was for many years in practice as a public analyst in the City of London. I cannot very well name them all, but I have indicated the extent and nature of these losses to our profession. The work of the year is so fully recorded in the report that I will only briefly review its various sections. Our thanks are due to those who have represented the Institute at public functions and on other occasions, and this part of the report illustrates how manifold and far-reaching are the matters in which chemistry may be concerned. With financial matters and the Benevolent Fund, the Honorary Treasurer has already dealt. Our thanks are due to him and to his colleagues for their devotion to their part of the work.Acknowledgments are also due to Mr. Kirkaldy for his Chairmanship of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. Although I have been nominally Chairman of that Committee, Mr. Kirkaldy, as Vice-chairman, has borne the greater burden of duty. We are grateful also to Sir Christopher Clayton, Chairman of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, and to Professor W. H. Roberts, Chairman of the Public Appointments Committee; to Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Chairman of the Publications Com- mittee; to Mr. F. G. Edrned, Chairman of the Appointments Register Committee; and to Professor G. G. Henderson, Chairman of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Scottish Educa- tion Department , for the Examinations for National Certificates in Scotland.All have greatly assisted our work in its various departments, and it is much to be regretted that four very valuable Vice-presidents, who have also been Chairmen of Committees, retire from office at the same time at this Annual General Meeting. The work of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee has been especially heavy; the number of candidates for examination has increased, and you may be interested to 128 know that there are go candidates for the examinations to be held in April. The Publications Committee, under the guidance of Mr. Butterfield, has improved the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, and some excellent lectures have been published during the year as separate monographs.During my term of office, I have visited nearly all the Local Sections in Great Britain, and have much enjoyed meeting them, and the opportunity thus afforded of renewing many friendships in different parts of the country. I would like to congratulate the Sections on their remarkable activity, and to thank their Officers and Committees for the services which they render to their respective Sections and to the profession. The thanks of the Institute are also due to all who have contributed to the programmes of the Sections. Our Pedler Scholar, Mrs. Matthews, was obliged for a while to suspend her work, but she has now resumed her investigations, in which she is making good progress. My predecessors in the Chair, when relinquishing office, have each given an account of their stewardship. Without claiming any personal credit for the present position of the Institute compared with what it was three years ago, I propose to give you a few figures which I think you will find of interest.The roll of membership has made good progress, as is shown by the following figures from the Annual Reports: Fellows. Associates. Total. Jan. 1933 . . .. 1986 4068 6054 1, I934 *. .. I993 4149 6142 ,9 I935 *' .. 2006 4279 6285 ,, I936 *. .. 2051 4462 6513 -an increase of 459 members, compared with an increase of 340 in the previous triennial period. The gross increase of members in the same period was 880, and the gross losses 421, including 14from death and 277 from resignation and other causes.The number of entries for our examinations has also increased. 407 candidates have been examined, of whom 212were successful, compared with 338, of whom 199 passed, in the previous triennial period. The above figures, however, do not include a large number of oral examinations, conducted regularly by interviewing committees at headquarters and at other centres. 129 Financially, as you have heard from the Treasurer, we are holding our own. The statement of Assets and Liabilities at the end of the year 1935 shows an excess of assets of 530,782 16s. 5d. compared with &4,565 IS. 4d. at the end of 1g33-an accretion of E6,217 15s. Id., which includes L600 received in legacies.Next, in accordance with the notice given in the agenda, I would like to make a few remarks on a subject which has been much in my mind lately, and which I feel deserves special consideration at the present time. I have entitled this part of my address- ‘(Is Commercialism a Menace to Industry? ” Let me say at once that I have not the temerity, neither have I the desire, to decry one of the basic principles upon which the greatness of this country of ours has been founded. Com-mercialism, which, as I understand it, means the capacity for buying in the cheapest and selling in the dearest market, is so innately associated with the genius of our race that no words of mine could possibly affect its all-pervading influence.Mainly., perhaps, because our continental competitors were busy adjusting their internal differences, it has stood us in such good stead during the past 150 years that it has enabled us to regard the markets of the world as to some extent our own. When buying markets became difficult we proceeded in accordance with the well-known principle expressed by Canning thus : “In matters of commerce the fault of the Dutch Is giving too little and asking too much. With a moderate profit the French are content, So we’ll clap on Dutch bottoms a 20 per cent.” It might be regarded, therefore, as effrontery on my part to venture to suggest that all was not well in this application of a principle which has become part of our national life, yet, in this short address I propose to do so, and I shall hope to convince my listeners that whereas commercialism as a basic principle is a most desirable and, indeed, necessary method of progress towards national prosperity, yet if applied without due thought or discretion it is apt to be a direct menace to Industrial Research, and therefore to industry as a whole.When commercialism and industrialism clash, industrialism retires defeated, but when they are not antagonistic they are mutually helpful and dependent. 130 It must be evident that material bought in a foreign market diminishes the amount of material produced at home, and in this way limits the output of our home industries, but that is a political question with which I have no concern and which does not form any part of my discussion.My main object is rather to deal with the questions which arise when the influx of material from outside sources has, despite tariffs, killed the home produc- tion, and commercialism has become triumphant in the sense that the way is open to the trafficker, and there is no more home competition whatever. Our parlous condition as regards the production of essential materials, at the beginning of the war when we stood ashamed before our enemies who, as a matter of fact were our chief suppliers, has been described at length. The nation was clearly self-conscious of its shortcomings, and post-war direction and legislation all tended to alter matters so that we should never again pass through a period of national peril so acute and dangerous as that experienced during the war years and im- mediately thereafter. The vast improvement in our industrial conditions which followed the war placed commercialism in its proper place, namely, in one of subservience rather than of dominance.The internal manufacture of essential materials was provided for and the necessary research work required to keep the economic balance and ensure the personnel necessary for progress in new discovery and in the new applications of old discoveries was present in an ever-flowing stream from the research schools of our universities to the research laboratories of the factories. It was beginning to be understood that no man could be more than a foreman unless he had acquired a funda-mental training in the basic principles of the science underlying the industry with which he dealt.The heads of industry as a matter of course found employment for the properly trained man until the condition became so common that the demand exceeded the supply in spite of the fact that our research schools were filled to overflowing, and in many cases were accommodating more students than the circumstances of building and equipment could properly allow. The man who had received an “ad hoc” training in the technical minutiae of a particular sphere of industry-a product so common in the bad old days-was delegated to his proper position as foreman, and the true scientific worker-the man capable and trained not only to make new discoveries but to assess their value, took his proper place as 131 leader and director; for industry learnt to realise that there was no essential difference between the trained research worker and the supervisor in charge of works processes, and that a sound training in fundamental science was essential to both types.There was, moreover, another menace with which com-mercialism threatened industry, and that was the purchase abroad not only of finished materials but also of processes. This kind of menace was in operation before the war, and it was one of the causes of our troubles that many firms had purchased- mainly from Germany-a man with a process who was installed in this country and given every facility to carry out his work.This form of menace is of a peculiarly subtle type, because it does not, at first sight, seem reasonable to suggest that the purchasing and operating in this country of new methods discovered abroad is bad for industry. Neither is it, provided the inevitable repercussion on our research organisations is mitigated and controlled by the complete transference of the method to this country so that it can be operated by our own people and improved by investigations carried out in our industrial research laboratories. But the greatest care must be taken to see that this method is applied only in the most special cases, otherwise the effect on our research organisations will ultimately lead to their extinction, and once extinguished they can never be revived.Sometimes, in the pre-war days, when a new process was introduced, when customers were accumulating and good business doing, the chemist who had been imported to control affairs would return to his own country, with full know-ledge of the concern which he had been serving, and would operate for the benefit of a firm abroad, and cut out the business which he had helped to build up here. It is only when the commercial instinct takes charge and the desire to purchase from abroad becomes predominant that the true nature of the menace becomes apparent. The purchase of both materials and processes from outside means that so much less chance is afforded our research schools to foster national industry and so much less chance is given them of placing their men in suitable employment. Unless industry supports its own research laboratories and through them the research training schools the latter can no longer exist.The threatened menace will have become effective, commercialism triumphant, and this country will pass back into the condition in which it floundered prior to the war. It is useless for industry to provide funds for 132 the provision of research schools unless it can provide employment for those who pass through the research schools. My old friend, Dr. A. D. Little, whose death last August deprived chemistry of one of its ablest advocates, used to say that if he had done nothing else in life he had preached the gospel of industrial research in season and out of season.He was a fluent and concise writer, and on numerous occasions gave addresses before distinguished audiences on subjects related to chemistry and chemical industry. One of his best articles, and one that produced, in no uncertain manner, the effect desired, was called “The Handwriting on the Wall.” In eloquent language he described Belshazzar’s feast, and how, suddenly, against the wall appeared the fingers of a hand which wrote upon the wall above the great candlestick the momentous legend in which Daniel read Belshazzar’s doom after soothsayers and astrologers had failed to make interpretation. Little proceeded to point out that even now, 2500 years after Belshazzar’s death, there was a strange periodicity in the occurrence of this handwriting and a still more curious inability to perceive it on the part of those who sit down to feasts, especially in those places where chambers of commerce and trade associations meet.Little interpreted the handwriting thus- “The price of progress is research, which alone assures the security of dividends,” and completed the translation-“ The industrialist who rejects the aid of science is about to be weighed in the balance. He will there be found wanting, and his business soon will pass to other hands.” Fantastic you may say! and perhaps this is so, nevertheless it contains the germ of truth. America was probably hit almost as seriously as we were by the withholding of essential supplies, which she could not provide for herself, during the war, but the tremendous internal resources of that great country prevented the same crisis arising, or, at any rate, rendered it less acute than here.There is no doubt that Little’s strong advocacy of industrial research and the influence of his personality had a marked effect on the intro- duction of research methods and the employment of research chemists in a large number of American industries which had previously not dreamt of adopting such aids to progress. However, whatever the cause may have been, the progress made in the application of research to the industries of both this country and the States has been nothing short of marvellous. The old empirical methods which lost us the dyestuffs industry- 133 for the Perkin discovery was left to commercial men to develop- are no longer possible.The conditions which are mainly the cause of the depression in the cotton industry-namely, the reliance for too long on olddiscoveries-are not now likely to recur. The American method of scrapping out-of-date machinery and replacing it by new and improved appliances is rapidly finding favour in this country where, for too long, the bogey of amortisation has held sway. If progress is to continue, the same must be true of knowledge, for we must scrap the old ideas and give the new ones a chance; seeing to it that the genius of our own people is given full scope for development, and that it is not smothered by the blanket of commercial indifference.Those of us who are getting on in years can look back over a period of change and development such as no human being in any other generation can have surveyed. “This here Progress,” said Mr. Tom Smallways, “it keeps on.” “You’d hardly think it codd keep on” said Mr. Tom Smallways. Whether those who come after us will regard it as progress in the same sense as Mr. Tom Smallways is perhaps doubtful, because it seems as if the world were about to pass through a condition of severe unrest, due, in the main, to its inability to digest “progress” quite as fast as “progress” is thrust upon it, and also to a lack of understanding of the proper uses to which this “progress” should be put. It is, nevertheless, movement, and is movement in which everyone must partake unless he is to be left behind in the struggle for existence, a statement which applies with equal cogency to nations as to individuals, for nothing can stand still and remain stable.When many of us were young our rooms, if in London, were lit by the fish-tail gas burner; if in the country, by the kerosene lamp, so great a change has fifty years produced. The motor-car, the telephone, wireless, and a host of other things were unknown then. We did not miss them because you do not miss the things you have never had, but we cannot now do without them, The presence of, for example, a telephone in the house is as essential to some of us as our daily bread. What the next fifty years is likely to bring forth is a matter of surmise.It is difficult to imagine that progress will be as rapid or as novel as during the past half-century, although it is certain that we are on the eve of great advances in connexion with various branches of science,- organic chemistry in its relations to biology and medicine being one of the many in which far-reaching discoveries are likely ts 134 be made. But, whatever the nature of these discoveries, what- ever their value to human nature may be, it is certain that the nation that makes them and can utilise them industrially will be the one which will become predominant intellectually, mentally and financially. Let us therefore see to it that we possess a strong and ever reinforced army of research workers, and that we equip ourselves to occupy the place proper to our race and people.If ever there were a country in need of industrial research and the provision of new knowledge and methods, surely it is ours. The coal age which gave such a tremendous impetus to our industries is passing, and already the oil age has taken strong hold. Too late we are devising all manner of schemes for utilising of our coal supplies for purposes applicable to modem conditions. Processes, many of them unsound economically, unless State-aided, are being introduced, and methods of treat-ment, often the work of the engineer rather than the chemist, are being put into operation sadly, it must be confessed, to the detriment of the investing public.New methods of utilisation have to meet the competition of oil;, and start severely handi- capped in the race for economic existence. Nevertheless there has been a great and steadily-expanding advance in the attitude of industrialism towards industrial chemical research,-an advance due to the far-sighted policy of Imperial Chemical Industries. This organisation has succeeded in bringing into line the main chemical research organisations to such a degree that it can no longer be said that the major portion of the potential power for investigation in this country is wasted. Those great sources of new knowledge and new methods, namely, our university laboratories, are being more and more utilised in the service of industry, and already there has been no small measure of reward.The clear vision which has produced this advance has seen beyond the immediate needs of industry, and has realised that a system of industry based on rule-of-thumb is but a house built on sand, and that no industry can maintain its position, or progress, unless those who direct its operations are fully acquainted with the fundamental principles of which it is merely a small manifestation. Nevertheless the co-operation between Industry and the Universities must be carefully con- trolled and safe-guarded if it is to be of value to both of the organisations concerned. Direction from the industries to the universities must be mainly in connection with fundamental 135 questions and must not be concerned-except in special cases- with the everyday problems of an ad hoc character arising during works practice.The universities must be untrammelled in the matter of free publications, a sufficient period being permitted to provide for adequate patent protection if such be desired. Complete direction of research within the universities by industry is unthinkable, for the effect of such a procedure would be to strike at the roots of that freedom of thought and action, upon which the advance of knowledge depends. Little, in his “Handwriting on the Wall,” states: “There are scientific problems without number in the petroleum industry, but does the industry spend one-tenth of a cent. a barrel on fundamental scientific research to bring out the enormous potential value in its failing resources? It does not.Its chemists, with a few notable exceptions, merely measure physical constants or spend their effort on the solution of miscellaneous routine problems.’’ This statement is as true to-day as it was then (in 1928) and the oil industry may learn too late that there is need of research here also. The industry is perhaps in rather a curious position, which lends itself to the dominance of commercialism, and therefore to the elimination of industrial research. Oil is now available in such enormous quantities and so easily obtainable that restriction, in the interests of com-mercialism, has to be placed on its production. Moreover, the combine of interests eliminates to a marked degree the occurrence of competition.In general the engineering problems associated with production are of the simplest kind, and the methods of fractionation adopted leave little to the skill of the chemist. The processes in many cases are wasteful and uneconomic to a degree, but since the provision of the final product is all that is required no one seems to mind the wastage so long as dividends are maintained. As a matter of fact, petroleum can be made the source of a vast number of chemical products of service to man, and the fact that such products are lost is not due to bad business, but to lack of enterprise. How long the nations will allow their natural resources to be frittered away is determined only by the time it takes those in authority to realise what is happening.Otherwise, the oil industry will last until there ceases to be commercial profit in the undertaking, and by that time the oil position will be far worse than that of coal at the present time. 136 This case is a true example of the menace with which commercialism threatens industry, and is a standard example which calls for immediate adjustment. Little was right when he said that, with a few outstanding exceptions, the chemists in this industry, are mainly employed in the solution of routine problems. This operation is known to the commercial mind as “develop- ment,” and is regarded by it as “research.” The two things are the poles apart. It is really an amazing fact that so few scientific people are on the board of directors of companies dealing with industries based on scientific methods. Only the other day, someone speaking after dinner to an audience of chemists, said that no scientist should be on a board of directors because he would wreck the business within a week, the speaker’s contention being that a scientific director would always be striving after something new, and would consequently scrap the older methods.His argument was evidently the old one, namely, that the best is the enemy of the good. But what a specious argument this is, and is it not amazing that anyone should be found in the twentieth century to give expression to it? It is obviously absurd to scrap the good unless you have something better to replace it, but it is still more absurd to regard your “good” as the best and to carry on the ostrich-like policy until some competitor convinces you to the contrary.A director of a scientific industry once replied to a suggestion of mine that it might be desirable to have one or two scientific people on a certain board, by saying that he did not think it wise to have people on the board who knew more than the other directors did. It is mainly this reason which leads to some concerns buying processes abroad instead of taking any steps to initiate them within their own works. Mention has already been made of this disastrous tendency, but it cannot be too strongly em-phasised. Firms who commit this act of national treason may manage to keep abreast of competitors using the same processes, but they have little chance of getting ahead of them.maintain, therefore, that it is a suicidal policy to neglect research in any progressive industry, and that even the oil industry would be wise to place its house in order. I have thought it desirable to utter these words of warning, not because I wish to imply that industry has not made great and wonderful progress since the war by the establishment of new processes and new methods, the outcome of intensive 137 industrial research, but because there are definite indications that we are slipping back into the old bad way and that com- mercialism is gradually exerting its baneful influence on the research organisations.It is so easy for a commercial nation to lull itself into a false sense of security because the commercial method is so much simpler and more reliable-for a time-as an aid to financial profit than the path of the industrialist; yet it is a truism to say that unless one supports the other both must perish. We require a better understanding of research by the commercial people and a knowledge of its importance both to them and to the nation as a whole. If this can be acquired all will be well. The most one can say at the present time is that as a nation we have seen the light, but that now we seem to be reverting to type, a common enough process among plants and one which inevitably leads to destruction at the hand of the Grower. It would perhaps be unwise to pursue the analogy further.The war awakened us in no uncertain manner, and we were able to accomplish more during its duration of four years than at any other period before or since. The impetus of war must always be great, far greater than that which the “piping times of peace” can ever provide, but it is too drastic a method to be brought into service whenever a nation is beginning to experience the effect of the dead hand of prosperity. Is it necessary that lessons should have to be learnt and relearnt ? It would appear to be so, for despite our utmost efforts we cannot pass on our experience, each individual having to acquire it for himself. Of the two great factors in the equation, knowledge + experience = wisdom the first can be passed on from one generation to another, but the second can only be acquired personally.Yet the two are essen- tial to wisdom. 138 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 21st February.-At the meeting of Council on the 21st February further consideration was given to the decision of the Civil Service Commissioners to omit “Every- day Science ” from the list of compulsory subjects in the entrance examination for the administrative class, and the Council also discussed a letter from the Council of Management of the British Science Guild on the same matter (see pages ).On receipt of a letter from Professor W. M. Cumming, regard- ing the continued employment of aliens in the higher positions in the Beet Sugar Industry, the Council instructed the Officers to bring the question to the notice of the Parliamentary Science Committee.The Beet Sugar Bill has passed the second reading and is now before a Committee of the House. Reports were received from the Finance and House, Benevo- lent, Publications, and the Nominations, Examinations and Ins tit utions Commit tees. The Coventry Technical College was added to the list of institutions recognised by the Council for the training of candi- dates for the examinations of the Institute. The Annual Appointments of Officers and Examiners were confirmed. At the conclusion of the meeting, the President expressed his thanks to the retiring Officers and Members of Council for their services.Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Vice-president, replied. The names of the Officers and the Members of Council, and Censors, who were elected at the Annual General Meeting, held on and March, are given on pages 107-108. Council Meeting, 13th March.-At the first meeting of the new Council held on 13th March, Dr. R. H. Pickard, F.R.S., who was elected President of the Institute in succession to Professor Jocelyn Thorpe, C.B.E. , F.R.S., received a hearty welcome, and in turn, welcomed the following members who 139 were in attendance for the first time:-Dr. James Bell, Dr. Harold Burton, Dr. B. S. Evans, Mr. A. E. Findley, Mr. J. R. Nicholls, Mr. H. J. Page, Mr. E. A. Tyler, and Mr. J. C. White, and also the following who had served on the Council before and had been re-elected:-Dr.A. Coulthard and Dr. P. Lewis Dale. Regarding the question of making provision for the election of a new District Member of Council for the East Midlands, it was felt that some definite principles should be laid down in order to avoid creating new Members of Council for every new Section that is established and so overloading an already large executive body. The matter was, therefore, referred to the Finance and House Committee for consideration and report. In compliance with a request from the Chemical Council, made with the concurrence of the Council of the Chemical Society, it was deci4ed that Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Mr. H. W. Cremer, Dr. J. J. Fox and Mr. H. J. Page be appointed representa- tives of the Library Committee of the Chemical Society.In the unavoidable absence of Mr. W. Rintoul, who represented the Institute on the Executive Committee of the Sixth Inter- national Congress for Scientific Management held in London in 1935,the Council requested Mr. W. A. S. Calder to represent the Institute at a Conference to be held on 27th March to con- sider, and if thought opportune, to initiate a British Management Council in order to insure the representation of Great Britain at future International Congresses of the same character. The Council proceeded to appoint the Standing and Special Committees and their Chairmen for the ensuing year. (See pages 108-109.)An Appointments Committee was constituted as a Standing Committee of the Council to combine the duties hitherto entrusted to the Public Appointments Committee and the Appointments Register Committee.The Council of the Chemical Society has kindly extended a cordial invitation to the Fellows and Associates of the Institute to attend a meeting to be held on Thursday, 14th May, at 8 p.m., at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storeys Gate, St. James Park, Westminster, S.W.1, when Dr. Clarence Smith will give a lecture on-“ Modern Chemical Nomenclature.” 11 Everyday Science.’’-The place of science-particularly chemistry-in pre-university education was discussed by the Council of the Institute in 1934, and a resum6 of the discussion 140 was published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, pp.315-319 in the same year. Interest in the subject has been reawakened in another form by the action of the Civil Service Commissioners in eliminating “Everyday Science” from the compulsory subjects of the open competitive examinations for the junior grade of the Administrative Class. In the House of Commons, Sir Arnold Wilson, Chairman of the Parliamentary Science Committee, put a question to the Secretary of the Treasury inquiring whether the Commissioners, before taking their decision, had consulted any society or body representing educational and scientific interests, and received an answer “in the affirmative.” This was supplemented by a letter from Mr. E. S. Morrison, Financial Secretary to the Treasury, who stated that the Commissioners had obtained the concurrence of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.Mr. Morrison said that experience had shown that candidates had made the subject one for special cramming, that they acquired only a very super- ficial knowledge of the subject, and it constituted a formidable addition to the severe strain of the examination. Questions on science would be included in the obligatory subject-“ Present Day”-and scientific subjects would, of course, continue to be included in the subjects of Section B of the examinations, from which candidates were able to make a selection. Mr. Morrison added that he gathered that the question had been raised on the ground that candidates might enter the admini- strative class without any scientific knowledge at all.He doubted whether even a satisfactory showing in the examination in “Everyday Science” was of any real value to an administrator. The matter was discussed in a leader in Nature-zIst Decem-ber, 1g35-and Professor Clemo brought it to the notice of the Council of the Institute in January. A discussion ensued, but further consideration was postponed, in order that the Council might be further informed regarding the Regulations of the Civil Service Commissioners. Early in February, the matter was before the Council of Management of the British Science Guild, from whose Chairman, Sir Richard Gregory, the Council of the Institute received a letter expressing the view that the decision of the Commissioners would adversely affect the development of science teaching in secondary schools.The Council of Manage- ment of the British Science Guild, therefore, hoped that the Council of the Institute would either take direct action, by communicating with the Civil Service Commissioners, or would 141 sign a memorial recording its regret that “Everyday Science” had been omitted from the examinations referred to, and urging that the opinion of representative scientific and technical societies upon the value of the subject should be invited before the decision was actually ratified. At the meeting of Council of the Institute held on zIst February, which was attended by members who had examined for the Civil Service Commissioners, the Council of the Institute had also before it the Regulations respecting examinations for the administrative class.The Council realised that candidates who had devoted considerable attention to science were at liberty to offer science subjects, and could obtain good marks in them. The matter was further discussed, and the Council directed that Sir Richard Gregory be informed that the Institute would support any practicable steps that could be taken to ensure that all holding administrative positions in the Civil Service should have such a fundamental training in science as would give them what may be described as a scientific outlook, but the Council felt that the inclusion of “Everyday Science’’ as a compulsory subject in the examination in question did not achieve this object.The Council, therefore, found difficulty in subscribing to the proposed memorial. 142 Local Sections. [The Institztte is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, our in speeches delivered duuring discussion.] Belfast and District.-A meeting of the Section held in the Agricultural Chemistry Department of Queen’s University, Belfast, on 12th February, was devoted to practical demonstra- tions. Mr. Tait showed a valve-operated thermo-regulator and a hydrogen electrode apparatus for measurement of PH of emulsions. Dr. R. H. Common demonstrated routine bio-chemical estimations : blood sugar, Folin Wu method ;non-protein nitrogen of blood by micro-combustion and direct nesslerization. Professor R.G. Baskett showed haemoglobin estimation by the Burker haemoglobinometer. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-At a meeting .of the Section, held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Bristol University Chemical Society, at Bristol University on 17th February, Dr. F.L. Pyman, F.R.S., Director of Research, Messrs. Boots Pure Drug Co., Ltd., Nottingham, gave a lecture on ‘‘Medicinal Chemicals.” Dr. Pyman showed how successive British Pharmacopoeias included an increasing number of medicinal chemicals in the place of crude drugs and galenical preparations. In the field of vegetable drugs, the isolated active principles,-in many cases, alkaloids,-now completely replace the crude drug. Modern developments of biochemistry have led to the introduction into medicine of the active principles of various animal organs and, in this connexion, insulin and the liver principle, valuable in the treatment of pernicious anzmia, are of particular impor- tance.Chemicals have also been introduced into medicine 143 through investigations of the relation between chemical con- stitution and physiological action. In particular, studies in the field of chemotherapy, as instanced more especially by the work of Ehrlich, have led to the discovery of new medicinal chemicals, which have found their way into modern Pharma- copoeias. The meeting was presided over by Dr. E. B. Maxted. An interesting discussion ensued in which the following took part,- Mr.Osman Jones, Dr. Maxted, The Ven. G. N. Bacon, Mr. H. F. Barke and Mr. D. R. Wood. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposition of Prof. F. E. Francis. A well-attended meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Department of Bristol University on 2nd March, when a lecture was given by Dr. F. H. Garner on “Newer Methods in Petroleum Refining ” of which the following is a pr6cis. In the course of the last five years the most important advances in petroleum refining have been hydrogenation, solvent-refining processes, the application of propane in the de-waxing of petro- leum and the polymerisation of cracked gases to gasoline of high octane number. The hydrogenation process, for which two large-scale com- mercial plants were first put into operation in Bayway and Baton Rouge, U.S.A., in 1931,has been used for the production of lubricating oil of high-grade quality, kerosenes of superior burning quality, and Diesel fuels of good ignition quality.All these applications depend primarily on an increase in the hydrogen-carbon ratio and the elimination of impurities, such as sulphur and saturated products present. One application of hydrogenation is the manufacture of solvents of high solvent power, which have found extensive use in the manufacture of lacquers and varnishes. Hydrogenation for this purpose is somewhat different from the other processes described in that the hydrogenation is carried out at high tem- perature and low hydrogen partial pressure, conditions which favour the production of aromatic or ring-type molecules.Solvent-refining processes have been used for the refining of kerosene by sulphur dioxide for the last twenty-five years, but the use of phenol in solvent refining for the production of high- grade lubricating and aviation oils was probably the first applica- tion of the process on a commercial scale. This process was 144 developed by Imperial Oil Ltd. of Canada, and the first plant erected in 1934 at Sarnia, Ont., and has been followed by further plants at Port Jerome (France), and in California, Louisiana and New Jersey. A modification of the Edeleanu process for the refining of lubricating oils is the use of sulphur dioxide-benzole mixtures instead of sulphur dioxide alone.The other processes which have been developed on a com-mercial scale are the nitrobenzene process of the Atlantic Refining Company, the Chlorex or dichloro-ethyl-ether, furfural, and the Duosol process employing cresol and propane together. All these processes operate with counter-current treatment, and in general the solvents are removed by atmospheric distillation followed by vacuum distillation, assisted in some cases by steam stripping. The use of propane in de-waxing presents developments of the older form of cold settling for the production of Bright Stocks, in that instead of liquid petroleum fractions, propane is used. With propane more complete separation is obtained, and the propane itself, by rapid evaporation, provides the refrigeration necessary in order to crystallise the wax.The wax is separated from the propane-oil mixture by a process of filtration. The development in polymerisation of cracked gases in the last few years has provided a source of high anti-knock gasoline. In the cracking of petroleum, either by liquid-phase or vapour- phase process, large quantities of gas are produced, and the olefines present can be polymerised, either by pressure and temperature alone, or in the presence of a catalyst, to give liquid products. By suitably choosing the time, temperature and pressure, the distillation range of the products can be varied to a very considerable extent. It will be noted that all the above processes have primarily been developed owing to the necessity of meeting the requirements of the modern car, either as regards anti-knock value in the case of the fuel, or low carbon-forming and easy-starting require- ments for the lubricating oil.The meeting was presided over by Prof. W. E. Garner. An interesting discussion ensued in which Prof. M. Travers, F.R.S., Mr. E. Thornton and Dr. E. B. Maxted participated. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposition of Dr. A. C. Monkhouse. 145 Professor W. E. Garner presided at a meeting of the Section held at Bristol University on 16th March, when Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Member of Council, gave a lecture on (‘Toxicology.” In the course of his address, Dr. Roche Lynch dealt generally with the problems which confronted the toxicologist and em- phasised the fact that to approach the investigation purely from an analytical point of view was far too narrow an outlook.He stressed the importance of an adequate post-mortem exam- ination and a full microscopic examination; he pointed out that in the case of certain poisons, e.g. yellow phosphorus, it was only possible to come to any conclusion after microscopical examina- tion of the tissues. Even in cases such as arsenical poisoning, much valuable ancillary evidence could be obtained from this line of investigation. In dealing with special poisons he discussed amidopyrine, and expressed the opinion that it was strange that, although this drug had been taken for years, it was only comparatively recently that it had been discovered that it induced a very serious condition, namely, agranulocytosis.In his view the case was proved against amidopyrine. He suggested that perhaps the reason was that amidopyrine had only recently been found to be present in medicaments, such as Yeast Vite, and that it was the regular taking of small doses, over a long period, which had caused this condition to become recognised. The pathology of agranulocytosis was briefly described. The mother cells of the bone marrow, from which’ were derived both the red blood corpuscles and the granular leucocytes, were not affected, and the manufacture of red cells was also unaffected, but at a stage in the manufacture of the white granulocytes this drug appeared to destroy those cells which were ultimately to form the granu- locytes.Thus the patient’s red blood cells were normal in quality and quantity, but he had no granulocytes in his blood, so that when he acquired a simple infection such as a sore throat, he had no defence mechanism to resist it. Several other poisons, including the straight chain and cyclic ureides were mentioned, and their relative toxicities discussed. The lecture concluded with brief mention of certain poisoning cases in which arsenic, strychnine and other poisons had been used. In conclusion, a brief mention was made to the work of the Poisons Board. In particular, Dr. Roche Lynch stressed what 146 he considered one of the most important actions that the Board had taken, namely, the prohibition of the sale of strychnine, except in medicines and to laboratories.Anyone who knew the terrible agony which both men and animals had to undergo before death from this poison, would welcome any attempt to prevent the public having access to this substance. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Roche Lynch on the proposition of Sir Ernest Cook, seconded by Mr. Edward Russell. At the Annual General Meeting of the Section, Messrs. F. P. Hornby, F. E. Needs, F. Southerden, A. Marsden, W. B. Walker and R. H. Ellis were elected Members of the Committee for the ensuing year, with Dr. Vanstone, ex oficio, as District Member of Council. Mr. F. E. Needs was elected Chairman. Mr. Edgar Lewis, Honorary Secretary, having completed three years valuable service, retired from that office, and Mr.F. P. Hornby was elected in his place. Dr. H. F. Dean was elected Honorary Auditor. Cardiff and District.-At the University College, Cardiff , on 27th January,-Dr. H. B. Watson presiding,-Mr. C. N. Hinshelwood, F.R.S., gave a lecture on “Recent Studies on the Mechanism of Chemical Reactions.” Mr. Hinshelwood discussed in detail the various terms in the equation k = PZe-E’RT,giving the relation between the velocity of a reaction and the temperature. Examination of a large number of different reactions showed that P might have values ranging from I (when k = Ze-E/RT,Z being the collision number) to 10-’4. Interesting suggestions regarding the causes of the variation of the factor P were made.A discussion followed, and the meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Dr. M. Jowett and seconded by Dr. D. P. Evans. East Midlands.-A meeting of the Section was held in the lecture theatre of Loughborough College on 20th February,- Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson in the Chair,-when Dr. L. H. Lampitt, Member of Council, gave a lecture on bb Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Milk.” 147 Dr. Lampitt, whose lecture was illustrated by lantern slides, stressed the complexity of milk and referred to the difficulty of obtaining an accurate idea of its constituents, instancing casein, the most complex protein. He showed that the constitution of casein varied with the method of its preparation from milk and also with its after treatment.Seven different bodies had been isolated from casein which, although reacting as casein, had different sulphur contents. Any attempt at purification altered the sulphur and phosphorus content. It was not known if this was due to the purification process or to bacterial action. Turning to the carbohydrates present, Dr. Lampitt said that there were others present besides lactose, as many as six having been claimed by some investigators. Dr. Lampitt next dealt with the salts present and emphasised the importance of the traces of these compounds found in milk. He concluded his lecture with a brief reference to the minor constituents. A discussion followed, and the meeting closed with a vote of thanks, proposed by Mr.W. F. Elridge and seconded by Dr. Harry Barnes. The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held in the Chemistry Theatre of University College, Nottingham, on 2nd April at 7 p.m., and will be followed by a symposium on “The Institute of Chemistry and Professional Training,” to which Dr. L. Hunter, Mr. B. A. Bull, and Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, have promised to contribute. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and local Fellows of the Chemical Society, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 23rd January, Dr. A. Lauder, local representative of the Chemical Society, presiding.Professor E. K. Rideal, F.R.S., of Cambridge, gave a lecture entitled bb The Interaction of Gases and Solids.” Professor Rideal instanced the technical importance of his subject by referring to the contact process for the production of sulphur trioxide, the hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids and the manufacture of hydrocarbons from coal. 148 He discussed the classification of different types of adsorption as due (a) to Van der Waal’s forces, (b) chemi-adsorption with little or no heat of activation, (c) chemi-adsorption with consider- able heat of activation. A resum6 of modern work on the kinetics of adsorption led to a comprehensive account of the methods used in Cambridge by Professor Rideal and his collabo- rators in their study of these adsorptions and kindred phenomena, such as polymerisation.Among recent methods of investigating the nature of surfaces the lecturer outlined the photo-electric-t hreshold met hod, the accommodation-coefficient and, for crystals, the change in light absorption. He then advanced some of the most recent theories in con- nexion with the way in which adsorbed molecules travel along surfaces and the mechanics of the passage of gas molecules through metals. In this connexion he indicated how deuterium was now being used to discover the mechanism of the hydrogena- tion of the hydrocarbons. In conclusion, he emphasised the importance of these studies to industrialists, particularly in the field of the heterogeneous catalysis of gas reactions, and expressed the opinion that further progress must come, not from a study of the quantities adsorbed, but by the application of new physical methods to determine the state of the adsorbed substances and the adsorbing surfaces.The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Dr. J. A. V. Butler. A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 17th March,-Dr. Birkett Wylam presiding. Mr. A. R. Jamieson, Assistant Analyst to the City of Glasgow and Hon. Secretary of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section of the Institute, read a paper on ‘‘ Unusual Analyses.” Mr.Jamieson remarked that the title itself was a little unusual, but it was intended to cover a description of some of the less common analyses conducted in a Public Analyst’s laboratory. He dealt first with a few of the analyses carried out on food products. The increasing practice of hydrogenating vegetable and fish oils and substituting these for natural fats has made it 149 imperative that reliable methods for their detection should be available. In dealing with these, he compared the method of Bolton and Williamsf with that of Cocks, Christian and Harding2 for the estimation of iso-oleic acid in hydrogenated fats. In the latter process he thought that one obtained a more accurate estimate of the solid fatty acids than in the former process.At the same time, in the Cocks, Christian and Harding method, the blank, i.e., the iodine value of the solid fatty acids in a fat which had no iso-oleic acid, was usually higher than in the Bolton and Williams method. Bearing in mind the fact that modern hydrogenation could be adjusted to give varying amounts of iso-oleic acid, although its quantitative estimation was important, it gave no reliable index of the amount of hydrogenated fat present. When, therefore, it was a case of deciding whether or not a fat had been hydrogenated, he preferred the method of Bolton and Williams. Discussing the possibilities of detecting the nature of the original fat, i.e., to find whether a vegetable or animal fat had been used for hydrogenation, he mentioned the use of pyridine sulphate bromide for determining the iodine value of the unsaponifiable matter. Using this method, it was not possible to identify the original oil owing to the varying effects of hydrogenation upon the unsaponifiable matter.Another unusual analysis was that of gases from “blown” tins of foodstuffs, with a view to finding the cause of deterioration. The lecturer showed a table of analyses giving the composition of such gases collected from canned foods imported into the Port of Glasgow during the past few years. He then dealt with the micro-analysis of the prohibited dyes in foodstuffs. Lantern slides, showing photo micrographs of the characteristic crystalline precipitates obtained from dyes with the various reagents, were exhibited.The dyes were present in solution to the extent of one part in 10,000,and the reagents used were:-For picric acid, 25 per cent. berberine sulphate; for Manchester Yellow, 25 per cent. berberine sulphate or gold chloride or silver nitrate; for Aurantia, 10per cent. silico-tungstic acid or 10per cent. phospho-tungstic acid. Leaving foodstuffs, the lecturer dealt with some unusual analyses relating to the examination of inflammable gases from underground sources. While it is well known that such gases may occur in coal mines, it is not generally realised that they may appear at or near the surface of the ground. He instanced two (1) Analyst, 1924, p. 40. (2) Analyst, 1931, p.368. 150 cases of gases issuing above ground and outlined the methods of collection and analysis. In each case the inflammable portion of the gas was found to be principally methane. The lecturer concluded with a brief reference to some chemico- legal cases, and particularly to certain aspects of the analysis of cyanide in connexion with the fumigation of ships with hydrogen cyanide. After an interesting discussion, the meeting concluded with votes of thanks to the lecturer and to the chairman respectively, proposed by Mr. James Sandilands, seconded by Mr. W. M. Ames. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 7th February, when a Lecture was given by Professor E.K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S., on Recent Developments in Surface Action.” Professor G. G. Henderson, F.R.S., occupied the Chair. Professor Rideal said that the subject chosen could be divided into two sections, one dealing with liquid surfaces, the other with reactions taking place at solid surfaces. This latter class was the more important industrially, but investi- gations connected therewith were complicated. The former class would be dealt with in some detail. Two matters were of importance in this investigation. (I) Energetics-consideration of the speeds of reactions. (2) A study of the orientation of molecules at liquid surfaces- the connexion between velocity and orientation being of particular interest to those engaged in plastics and in the dyeing industry./Molecules were orientated in films with respect to polar groups only (e.g. carboxyl group). If chemical reactions were going on in these films, could we prove it and judge in some way the rate of the reaction taking place? The measurement of surface tension alone was not enough, for it was modified by the chains of the compounds, and we had seen that chemical changes take place in the polar group. Debye, and earlier Sir J. J. Thomson, showed that if changes were taking place in the polar grouping, then the electrical properties of the film altered, and this change could be measured. 151 Interesting examples were then quoted, and those of myristic acid and ethyl myristate showed how this phenomenon could be studied.The lecturer continued by considering the oxidation of a double bond-oleic acid film on water-by means of a very dilute solution of potassium pennanganate, and how the rate of the primary oxidation of this dihydroxy-acid could be measured. Chain mechanisms and polyrnerisation were then considered, the rate of photochemical changes dealt with briefly, and the conclusion dealing with quantum efficiency and irradiation of ergosterol were most interesting. In the discussion, Dr. I. V. Hopper and Dr. J. C. Eaton, among others, took part. The subject was further extended, and indications that the industrial applications were likely to be extensive were given.Dr. J. A. Cranston, in moving the vote of thanks, commented on the lucidity of the lecturer and on the great difficulty, so easily overcome by Professor Rideal, of making a subject dealing with a narrow field of investigation of such interest to an audience of differing interests and outlook. These remarks were heartily endorsed by the meeting. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held in Field’s Cafe, Huddersfield, on 17th February,-Mr. W. D. Scouller in the Chair. Professor W. N. Haworth gave a lecture entitled (‘Carbohydrates and their Structure.” A report of the lecture is given in Chemistry G Industry, 27th September, 1935: “Presidential address to the Chemistry Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.” On the motion of Dr. A.E. Everest, seconded by Mr. F. Robinson, a vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer. The 16th annual general meeting of the Section was held on 18th March, at Field’s Cafe, Huddersfield,-Mr. W. D. Scouller in the Chair. The reports of the Hon. Treasurer and Hon. Secretarywere approved. The Hon. Secretary showed that the attendances 152 at meetings throughout the session had been good and that the works visits had been specially appreciated. The following members were elected to the Committee:- Mr. G. B. Jones, Dr. H. H. Goldthorpe. A vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring members,-Mr. F. Robinson and Dr. A. R. Lowe, and also to the Hon. Auditor, Mr. N. Hall, who was re-elected for a further year.Dr. A. E. Everest, the retiring District Member of Council, paid a tribute to the way in which the Section had kept him informed of its activities, and had supported him throughout his period of office. He asked the Section to continue that support to the new district member, Dr. H. Burton. Dr. Everest also referred to the work of the Institute during the past year, and to the newly-formed Chemical Council. Dr. H. H. Hodgson reported on the arrangements of the Yorkshire Council for Further Education, for the holding of post-graduate courses in chemistry in the West Riding during the session 1936-37. On the conclusion of the formal business, films were exhibited: (a) illustrating the making of a cinematograph film (Messrs.Kodak, Ltd.), (b) the Romance of Champagne (Percy Fox & Co., Ltd.), and (c) Refrigeration and its application. These were much appreciated. Irish Free State.-A meeting of the Section was held in Trinity College, Dublin, on 26th February,-Professor Alfons 0’Farrelly presiding. Dr. P. S. Arup read a paper on 6‘ The Unsaturated Fatty Acids,” of which he has kindly provided the following summary:- Considering the importance of these bodies and their glyceride combinations, both physiologically and industrially, it is perhaps surprising that several fundamental points regarding their chemical structure should only have been elucidated within the last decade or so, while the solution of other equally important problems in this connexion is still outstanding.This branch of research has, however, its own peculiar diffi- culties, some of which may be apparent from the account which follows. To begin with, it may be mentioned that not the least of these difficulties lies in obtaining reasonably pure starting materials, 153 a fact which may possibly have had some deterrent effect on activities of the academic investigator in this field. Oleic acid.-It has, of cours?, long been recognised that ordinary oleic acid is A g : 10 octadecenoic acid, and that it and elaidic acid are stereoisomers of the maleic-fumaric type. In the current editions of most of the standard works of reference, oleic acid is still assumed to be the trans- and elaidic acid the cis-isomer.It was left to E. F. Armstrong and Allan to point out, in 1924, that “It is customary to regard oleic acid as the trans form for reasons of which we must plead ignorance, though it is usual in cases of geometrical isomerism in absence of any definite evidence, to regard the more stable, higher-melting form as the trans-isomeride, which would lead us to give this formula to elaidic acid, The absence of elaidic acid in nature is consistent with this view, as chemical enzyme changes do not as a rule lead to compounds of maximum stability.’’ Regarding the last-mentioned point, it might be mentioned that elaidic acid has been found in Irish bog butter several hundred years old, but this really only serves to illustrate the argument, as the material in question has obviously been under the influence of a category of forces different from those which hold sway in the living organism. Although it will appear, from what follows, that definite and conclusive evidence for the cis-structure of oleic acid may still be said to be lacking, yet practically all the physical evidence available supports this view. After the evidence obtained by Muller and Shearer by X-ray analysis, perhaps the most interest- ing is that of the parachor values obtained by Sumeria and Ribotti-Lisoni in 1931.The parachors or “comparative molecu- lar volumes ’’ are values calculated from the surface tensions, densities, vapour densities and molecular weights of non-associa- ted liquids, and, owing to the pioneer work of McLeod, Sugden and others, have been found useful in confirming or deducing the chemical structures of many organic compounds; this field of investigation must, however, be regarded as being still very largely in the experimental stage.The above evidence also applies to erucic and brassidic acids which appear to be the cis-and trans-isomers respectively of A 13 : 14 docosenoic acid. It is well known that the positions of the centres of unsatura- tion in these and similar acids are determined by oxidation methods, among which may be mentioned the formation and 164 hydrolysis of ozonides. Mention should also be made of the improved oxidation technique introduced by Armstrong and Hilditch, which consists in employing powdered potassium permanganate in hot acetone or glacial acetic acid in oxidising the methyl or ethyl esters: in this way a cleaner oxidation is obtained than was possible by other methods, and what is also an important matter the risk of isomeric changes owing to alteration in position of the centres of unsaturation is minimised.Some interest has been centred in the two dihydroxystearic acids obtained by the oxidation of oleic and elaidic acids; thus reagents producing the acid of m.p. 95" C. from oleic acid, produce the acid of m.p. 132' C. from elaidic acid, and conversely. It is therefore obvious that under one set of conditions, structural inversion takes place. If, thus, it became possible to deduce the stereochemical relations of these two acids, the information would still be useless in determining the configurations of oleic and elaidic acids.Prof. Hilditch is of the opinion that the acid of m.p. 95" C. corresponds to oleic acid structurally, and that of m.p. 132' C. to elaidic acid; he argues that the conditions under which these results are obtained are those under which geometri- cal inversion is least likely to occur, and that the evidence of the yields obtained in the various oxidation reactions also confirms this view. There is, however, still some disagreement on the matter. In a standard work of reference it is definitely stated that the higher melting dihydroxy-acid has been resolved into two optically active isomerides by means of its strychnine salt : Prof.Hilditch who has very kindly given me his latest views on the subject, is not satisfied that complete resolution has been effected and emphasises the fact that the geometric relations between the two unsaturated acids and the two dihydroxy acids have not yet been settled. G. M. and R. Robinson have found that oleic acid is produced from stearolic acid on reduction by zinc and hydrochloric acid in presence of titanous chloride, and regard this as evidence for the cis-configuration of oleic acid. The oleic-elaidic transformation is brought about by the agency of nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide or sulphur. It has been shown by Hilditch and Griffiths that the equilibrium mix- tures obtained from oleic, petroselinic and erucic acids and their methyl or glyceryl esters contain a preponderance of the elaidic 155 form, which may be regarded as additional evidence of this being the more stable form. Iso-oleic acid.-The "iso-oleic acid " obtained (as glycerides) on the partial hydrogenation of oils has been the subject of much investigation.There are three main causes operative in the formation of the mixture of acids to which this collective name is given. (I) Partial hydrogenation of glycerides with more than one centre of unsaturation. Thus linolein will always be almost entirely converted to olein (or rather an acid radicle with one such centre, depending on whether the g :10 or the IZ : 13 centre is the first to be hydrogenated) before any olein which may also be present is converted to stearin.With linolein the possibility of the formation of mono-unsaturated isomers is presumably increased. This matter will be considered further under the discussion of the thiocyanogen value. (2) Migration of the centre of unsaturation under the in- fluence of the nickel catalyst. A great deal of work has been done to investigate this point. Hilditch and Vidyarthi (1929) have clarified the matter considerably; in the hydrogenation of methyl oleate, methyl palmitoleate and methyl erucate they found that mixture of acids was formed in which the double bonds were adjacent to the original positions, and also (3) that all these acids (including the original acid) were almost certainly present in cis-and trans-forms.The iso-oleic acid of hydrogenation is thus a very complex mixture, illustrative of some of the difficulties of research in the unsaturated fatty acid group. As regards the physiological properties of iso-oleic acid it is interesting to note that Barbour found that a diet of partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil led to the appearance of iso-oleic acid in the body fat, and that this disappeared on fasting as rapidly as any other fatty acid. Linoleic and Linolenic Acids.-By a study of the acetone- permanganate oxidation of partially hydrogenated products from the esters of these acids, Hilditch and Vidyarthi came to the following conclusions :-It can be deduced with certainty that the unsaturation in linoleic and linolenic acid is in the g : 10 and the 12 : 13 position and the third centre of unsaturation in linolenic acid can only be said to lie behind the 14th carbon atom in the chain.These acids, which enter into the composition of the essential constituents of most of the drying and semi-drying 166 oils, are thus found to have non-conjugated, i.e. isolated systems of unsaturation. Elaeostearic A &!.-This acid is characteristic of tung or Chinese wood oil, constituting about go per cent. of the total acids. Curiously enough, Maquenne as early as 1902, assigned to it the correct empirical formula C1,H,02, although a number of subsequent investigators came to regard it as having only two double linkages on the ground that it could not be made to yield an ether-insoluble (i.e.a hexa) bromide. It is still to be found represented as an isomer not of linolenic but of linoleic acid. A di- and a tetra-bromide were known, but there was a difficulty in getting agreement in the results of iodine value determinations between different observers. In 1926 H. P. Kaufmann obtained results which indicated bromide addition at three double bonds, by treating /3-elaeostearic acid dissolved in carbon tetrachloride with bromine dissolved in methyl alcohol saturated with sodium bromide, under the influence of ultra- violet light. Further, in 1931 van Loon actually prepared a hexabromide in carbon tetrachloride solution under the influence of ultra-violet light, evaporating part of the solvent and cooling to zoo c.Boeseken in 1929 caused a-elaeostearic acid to adsorb three molecules of hydrogen, separating the two intermediate products Cl,H,,O, and C,,H,02; by ozonisation he proved the former to be Ale, A12 linoleic acid and the latter “oleic” -vaccenic acid.’ He thus demonstrated a conjugated system CH, (CH,), (CH : CH), (CH,), COOH which is reduced according to Thiele’s theory. A study of the molecular refraction confirmed this view. Further, Majuna found the decomposition products of the ozonides to be valeric and azelaic acids. This view of the constitution of a-elaeostearic acid explains the peculiar behaviour of tung oil in iodine value determinations. Boeseken points out that an isolated system of double bonds as in poppyseed and linseed oils behaves quite normally, but a conjugated system of two linkings absorbs one molecule of halogen very rapidly and the second slowly, i.e.incompletely in the usual method of iodine value determination, a large excess of halogen and a long time for action being necessary. Tung oil gives the following results in iodine value determinations :-the first stage is complete in a few minutes, the second in half an hour, and the third in six days. Tung oil is the only oil in which the 157 precipitation of iodine is observed in the Wijs process. Very probably the final product is a chloro compound. There is hardly any doubt that the peculiarities noted with regard to the addition of halogens to tung oil are due to steric hindrance.Tariric Acid.-This acid obtained from the oil of the Guate- malan Tariri seed, is said to be the only representative in nature of an oil containing an acetylene linkage. It only absorbs four atoms of bromine by addition, two atoms of iodine, or one molecule of iodine monochloride. Very possibly it would not absorb thiocyanogen, as stearolic acid fails to do so. This may be regarded as a further example of steric hindrance in halogen addition to unsaturated acids. It will be noted that the greater the size of the atoms to be added, the more pronounced is this effect. Iodine and ThiocyanogenValues.-Toms in 1928 introduced a new micro-method for determining bromine absorption values, which consists in weighing out a very thin film of the oil on a microscope slide, exposing it to bromine vapour, removing the excess of bromine by an air current and weighing again.In this way Toms easily obtained for tung oil values of about 220 in terms of iodine, these being in agreement with Kaufmann’s results which have just been referred to, and theoretical values for the absorption of six atoms of halogen. Toms’s method thus gives theoretical results whether the oil contains a conjugated system or not. Incidentally, it affords an illustration by com- parison, of the effect of the solvent in halogen additions. In 1925,H. P. Kaufmann showed that thiocyanogen was only absorbed at one of the points of unsaturation in linoleic acid or its glycerides, and developed a method for determining thio- cyanogen values.The difference between the iodine and the thiocyanogen value, calculated in terms of iodine thus affords a measure of the linoleic acid in mixtures of this with oleic acid or the glycerides. Among the results given by Kaufmann are the following, to the nearest unit:- Oleic glyceride. Linoleic glyceride. Solid glycerides. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Olive oil . . 84 5 11 Arachis oil . . 57 23 20 Almond oil . . 82 15 2 Sesame oil .. 48 37 13 Kaufmann subsequently found that two of the three centres of unsaturation in linolenic acid are satisfied by thiocyanogen. 158 The composition of a sample of linseed oil was calculated as: Oleic acid, 11.9per cent., linoleic acid 32-6per cent., linolenic acid 40.2 per cent., glycerol 4.5 per cent.By the application of the method to partially hydrogenated oils, it was possible to confirm the well-known observation that the linoleic acid glyceride dis- appears during hydrogenation, the iodine and the thiocyanogen values becoming the same in the course of the process. The absorption of thiocyanogen at only one double linkage in linoleic acid and at two of the three double linkages in linolenic acid provides a further example of the kind of steric hindrance just mentioned in connexion with elaeostearic acid. It may be surmised that the thiocyanogen effect is due to the comparatively large size of the thiocyanogen complex as compared with the halogen atoms. In the case of linolenic acid it may be surmised that the addition of thiocyanogen takes place at the two centres of unsaturation remote from one another, i.e.at the g : 10position and at that which lies behind the 14th carbon atom. The Unsaturated Ghcerides of Bztter Fat.-Until recently the unsaturation in butter fat was usually assumed to be due to olein, though the possibility of the presence of linolein was sometimes recognised. Hilditch and Jones made a very exhaustive in- vestigation of three samples of New Zealand butter, from which they concluded that the percentages of olein were 34.3, 36.4 and 33-1, and those of linolein 4-4, 3-7 and 5-4, respectively. These figures were deduced from the iodine values of the liquid fatty acids. The writer made a number of thiocyanogen value deter- minations of butter fats from various sources by a modification of Kaufmann’s method, suitable for dealing with solid fats, and found 3.3 to 4-6per cent.of linoleic glyceride. The total number of samples was 28 and included Irish, Danish, Argentine, Austra- lian, New Zealand and Siberian butters. The olein content varied from 27.5 to 39.0 per cent. The meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Arup for his interesting lecture. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held on 17th February, at the University, Leeds,-Mr. R. Gawler in the Chair. Professor C. K. Ingold, F.R.S., addressed the meeting on- ‘‘The Chemistry of Heavy Hydrogen.” The following prkcis has been kindly supplied by the lecturer :- 159 After a brief review of the isolation of deuterium, Professor Ingold dealt with the following three applications :-(I) Detection of Hydrogen Exchanges.-A large number of these reactions, which were previously unobservable, have been detected by the use of deuterium as isotopic indicator.Both intra-and inter-molecular changes can be followed by this method. Amongst examples of the latter type were cited hydrogen exchanges between sulphuric acid and aromatic olefinic, and even aliphatic, hydrocarbons. (Largely unpublished obser- vations by C. L. Wilson and C. G. Raisin.) (2) Thermo-dynamics and Spectroscopy.-The nature of the theory of the sum of state by which thermo-dynamic quantities can, in principle, be calculated from purely spectroscopic data was indicated.In the case of equilibria involving interchanges with only light atoms, the expression for the change of the free energy simplifies itself to a difference of zero point energies which can be calculated from the frequencies of spectral lines. If the atoms which exchange, besides being light, are also isotopes, then the frequencies for the compounds of one isotope can, in the absence of direct observation, be calculated from the observed frequencies of similar compounds of the other. Thus the spectro- scopic calculation of the equilibrium constants is particularly simple in this case. Some applications and comparisons with experiments were considered. (Unpublished observations by C. L. Wilson and L. H.P. Weldon.) (3) A Problem of Quantitative Stereochemistry : the Structure of Benzene.-The method of long-wave spectroscopy is to attempt to decide the forms of molecules from the nature of their vibra- tions, but, except in the very simplest cases, it is usually very difficult to decide which observed frequencies correspond to which forms of vibration. Since the exchange of an element for its isotope involves a change of mass but no change in the binding force, it is possible to calculate relationships between the vibration frequencies for two isotopic molecules with respect to any given form of vibration. Conversely, the observed spectral shifts may be used to identify the frequencies with the vibration forms to which they belong. The possibility of thus correctly identifying the vibration forms depends on the molecular model assumed, and consequently, if the spectral shifts calculated from an assumed model should turn out to be correct, that model can be considered as established.The application of this method to benzene proves the Kekul6 formula to be incorrect, and the 160 hexagonally symmetrical model to be very probably correct, although a very slight trigonal puckering is not excluded by the results obtained up to the present. (Unpublished observations.) A vote of thanks was accorded to Professor Ingold on the motion of Professor R. Whytlaw-Gray, seconded by Dr. J. W. Baker. A joint meeting of the Section with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held on 3rd March, in the Chemistry Department of the University,-Professor F.Challenger in the Chair. After the exhibition of a film entitled “The Building of the I.C.I. Offices, Millbank,” kindly loaned by Messrs. Dorman Long and Co., Ltd., Dr. A. E. Dunstan lectured on *‘The Refining of Petroleum.” The lecturer drew attention to the start of drilling operations in England, and then outlined the progress made by geophysicists and geologists in their surveys of land of a suitable character. The British oil industry was really founded by James Young. (A film was shown illustrating the geography of the Iranian oil-fields, the drilling for oil, and the subsequent refining process.) Dr. Dunstan then discussed the major problem confronting the petroleum technologist of to-day, namely, the utilisation of the immense quantities of gases obtained with, and separated from, the crude oil.Successful methods of utilisation of these gases are (i) pyrolysis to yield aromatic hydrocarbons; (ii) con- version of isobutene into diisobutene and thence into isooctane, and (iii) the burning of methane to carbon black. (Another film was shown illustrating the transport of petroleum from the Iraq oil-fields to the sea-coast, particular reference being made to the feat of laying the immense length of pipe-line.) A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Dunstan on the motion of the Chairman, seconded by Mr. R. Gawler. Liverpool and North-Western.-Mr. B. D. W. Luff presided at a meeting of the Section, held at the Constitutional Club, Liverpool, on 13th February, when Mr.Richard B. Pilcher, Registrar of the Institute, gave a lecture entitled “From Boyle to Priestley,” being a continuation of his “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature .’’ 161 Mr. Pilcher introduced by lantern slides, prepared mainly from his collection of prints, the chief characters in the history of chemistry who were born between 1627 and 1733. Dealing thus with a period of absorbing interest, he recalled, with many anecdotes, such men as Kunckel and Lemery, the great chemists on the Continent contemporary with Boyle; Becher and Stahl, of the phlogiston theory; Mayow and Stephen Hales, remarkable for their experiments on gases; Boerhaave, the great teacher at Leyden ;Geoff roi and Reaumur of the French Academy ;Duhamel du Monceau, pioneer in agricultural chemistry ; Rouelle, the whimsical demonstrator at the Jardin des Plantes, who discovered sulphuretted hydrogen, and many others, up to the times of the famous British chemists-Black, Cavendish and Priestley. Professor W.H. Roberts, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Pilcher for his interesting and instructive lecture, referred to his long association with the Institute. He regretted that many new members did not, as in former years, come into personal contact with the Registrar on their admission to the Institute; whereas, in the past, when nearly all candidates for the Associateship were examined at headquarters, the Registrar had the opportunity of meeting them.He advised the younger members who were worried over any matters to consult Mr. Pilcher in their difficulties, and suggested that the Council of the Institute might very well consider the advisability of giving him further assistance, so that he might spend some part of every year in visiting the various Sections and becoming acquainted with new members, thus fostering the spirit of brotherhood which bad done so much to advance the prestige of the Institute. Professor C. 0. Bannister, in seconding the vote of thanks, endorsed the remarks of Professor Roberts, adding that the Registrar had done good service by showing the importance of metallurgical chemistry during the period of development with which he had dealt.A meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, Liverpool, on 12th March,-Mr. B. D. W. Luff in the Chair,-when Mr. H. E. Monk, Public Analyst for the City of Salford, spoke on Food Legislation.” Mr. Monk said that the purchase of food formed a very large proportion of the charge on a family budget in the case of 162 people in poor circumstances. He had examined statistics, and it would be fairly safe to say that where the family income was less than lzweekly half of it would be spent on food. Dealing with the title of his lecture, he said that the year 1875 saw the first comprehensive attempt to legislate for food- stuffs-the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875. There were two sections of this Act which, put in ordinary language, provided, firstly, that no one should sell or make for sale any food which would endanger the life or health of the person eating it; secondly, that anyone buying food should be supplied with that for which he asked and nothing else.The provisions of this 1875 Act were now embodied in the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928. Mr. Monk drew attention to the difficulty of dealing satis- factorily with the matter of ensuring that the purchaser received an article of the “nature, substance and quality ” demanded, because there was a lack of standards for so many articles of food. He considered that it would be in the interest of the consumer to have standards for the following articles:- Baking powder, cheese, cream (including tinned cream), coffee and chicory and extracts and essences of coffee and chicory, diabetic foods, infants’ foods, flour, ice cream, jam, lemon cheese, meat extracts and like products, potted meat, sausage, shredded suet, and vinegar.Additional legislative treatment was also desirable in the case of custard powder, invalid foods, fruit juices, extracts and cordials, margarine and chocolate. Food standards might be of different kinds:- The prohibition, or limitation in quantity, of matters injurious to health and, what was more commonly meant by a standard, the quantitative definition of composition of articles sold under a given name such as jam, cheese or cream. With complicated substances like foodstuffs, standards of the latter kind varied greatly in their nature, extent and objects.Mr. Monk pointed out that the present Food and Drugs Act protected, at any rate in theory, the purchaser of an article of food which was wrongly labelled. When however it was realised how seldom the label on an article of food was read, as compared with the advertisement concerning it, it was thought that some- thing ought to be done about the advertiser who held out promises that his wares could not fulfil. 163 Referring to the chemist in the food industry, Mr. Monk said that, in some cases, proposals for the treatment of food- stuffs were too daring in character, and that where food was concerned no risks ought to be taken. Any new treatment in respect of its potential danger to health should be considered in the reverse manner to that accorded to a prisoner in English law-it should be “guilty till proved innocent.” Another phase of modern development was the enormous increase in prepacked articles of food.The retail seller of these was not responsible for the labelling, and was probably entirely ignorant of the nature of the contents. Yet, if the public analyst took exception to the ingredients, the retailer was liable to prosecution and his sole protection would be a warranty which might be found inadequate. It would thus be a good thing for each local authority to take a special interest in the food- stuffs manufactured in its own district. In conclusion, Mr. Monk said that it would be beneficial, particularly to the food manufacturer, if all the various Acts and Regulations governing foodstuffs could be embodied into one Act.It would then be natural to expect one Minister, the Minister of Health, to be responsible for the whole subject. In the discussion which followed, the Chairman, Mr. E. Gabriel Jones, Mr. R. B. Croad, Dr. A. M. Maiden, Professor W. H. Roberts, Mr. C. E. Mold and Mr. H. R. Jensen took part. A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Monk. London and South-Eastern Counties.-On xgth February, Mr. F. G. Edmed presided at a meeting of the Section held at the Institute, when Mr. J. Davidson Pratt gave a lecture on (‘Protection against Toxic Gases in Industry ” which will be published, together with the discussion thereon, as a separate monograph.On the motion of the Chairman, a vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Davidson Pratt for a very useful lecture. A joint meeting of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section with the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 9th March, at Burlington House, under the chairmanship of Dr. H. E. Cox, when a paper was read by Dr. T. A. Henry on (‘The Chemotherapy of Malaria,” of which the author has supplied the following abstract :- 164 After a brief historical introduction dealing with the intro- duction of cinchona bark into Europe about 1630,the use of this drug in its crude form for two centuries as a specific for malaria, and its eventual replacement by its chief alkaloidal component, quinine, it was pointed out that all the early attempts to produce synthetic anti-malarial drugs were based on current conceptions of the molecular structure of this alkaloid.In this way a number of useful antipyretics were produced, but progress in the desired direction was hampered by the fact that there was no simple test by which the anti-malarial value, if any, of a synthetic product could be assessed. This difficulty was finally solved as a result of the investigation of the special kinds of malaria which affect birds. This work, begun by the brothers Sergent about 1903,and continued by various workers, finally led to the development by Roehl in 1924of a standard method of inducing malaria in canaries by inoculation and the use of such infected birds for the testing of possible anti-malarial drugs.Roehl’s discovery has made co-operative work between chemists and biologists possible, in assessing the value of alleged substitutes for quinine, in estimating the relative anti-malarial efficiencies of the several cinchona alkaloids and the innumerable variants upon them, produced in the course of the last century’s work on the chemistry of these alkaloids, and most important of all, it has proved an invaluable guide in the synthesis of new anti- malarial remedies. One outcome has been the discovery by Schulemann, Schonhofer and Wingler in co-operation with Roehl of plasmoquine (8-diethylaminoisopentylamino-6-methoxyquino-line), and by Mauss and Mietzsch in association with Kikuth of at ebrin (2-c hloro-./-me t hox y-5-diet h ylaminoisopen t ylaminoacri- dine).The further work of Kikuth has shown that plasmoquine is toxic to the sexual forms of the parasite (gametocidal action) whilst atebrin, like quinine, acts chiefly on the asexual forms (schizonticidal action) and development of Roehl’s test have made it possible to distinguish between these two types. These achievements have aroused widespread interest among chemists in the chemotherapy of malaria, and thanks to the work of teams, led by Fourneau in France, Magidson in Russia, Robinson in this country and others elsewhere, correlated chemical and biological information regarding the interdependence of anti-malarial action and chemical structure is being steadily accumulated.A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposal of Mr. F. G. Edmed. 165 Manchester and District.-On 7th February, at a meeting of the Section, held jointly with the Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institution of the Rubber Industry, a paper was read by Mr. W. A. Silvester on ‘‘Patents as Industrial Property.” The following resume has been supplied by the 1ecturer:- The principle underlying all developed patent laws is that an inventor is a public benefactor and may accordingly be given a monopoly in exploiting his invention for a limited period of time in return for his teaching the public what his invention is, by means of a document with or without drawings, and at the same time stating clearly what it is that the public is barred from doing for the period of time provided.Thus, an inventor who becomes also a patentee is a potential or actual industrial property owner. If the invention is tech- nically fruitful, the fruits are his for a number of years. However, patents are granted by governments, and hold good only in the territory of the particular government. One cannot obtain by patents a world monopoly, as about one-third of the world’s population of 1,850 millions dwells in areas where there are no patent laws or almost none. These areas are perhaps at present (except China) negligible from a manu-facturing, if not from a sales point of view, and it might be enough for anyone to patent only where manufacturing competi- tion is expected.But a patenting campaign is necessarily planned early in technical development, as in most countries that grant patents (the U.S.A. is an exception), the first applicant, if there is competi- tion in patenting, gets the patent. The patenting campaign, then, is carried forward at a time when sales expectations may be vague, and money short, even in a firm. Considered also from this point of view, it is reasonable to limit the field for patenting to particular countries. When a detailed lay-out is made, it is seen that patent expenses alone vary enormously from country to country. Thus, reckoning in both initial expenses and renewal fees, the cost of patenting per million of population is approximately as follows : U.S.A., k0.15 ; Britain, k3.0; Australia, k10.0; Irish Free State, f137.0; Japan, Lo-7; Germany, fl6.o; Austria, fl30.0, and so on.There are no renewal fees in the U.S.A. and Canada. In other countries, the older the patent, the higher the fee. 166 Tactical considerations in competitive industry become complicated if valueless patents do not die early. Assuming that an inventor makes due consideration of these matters, his or his firm’s procedure in obtaining a patent in four countries, viz. France, Britain, Germany and the U.S.A., is discussed, with emphasis on details in the differences between the laws and practices of these countries. France is one of the countries where patents are given almost for the asking, i.e. there is no novelty search by the Patent Office and no provision for precise claiming.The French patentee then has no guarantee whatever that his patent is valid; he has little more than an official certificate that at a given time he had made what he thought was an invention. Also in France, a new chemical product can be patented as such. Britain goes some steps further, and grants patents after a novelty search of, even now, a limited kind, carried out on the principles of elementary logic without overmuch regard for facts. Chemical patenting in Britain must be of processes. Britain also provides an opposition procedure, but in its opposi- tion a measuring-stick of inventiveness cannot easily be applied.Hence a British patent is not necessarily of any more value than a French patent. In Germany, where chemical patenting is again limited to processes, the official novelty search and the opposition procedure both allow of argument over “technical effect,” i.e. a measuring-stick of inventiveness, easily grasped by the technician, may be applied. The system in the U.S.A. is peculiar and complicated. Chemical products may be claimed as such. There is a strict and wide novelty search as in Germany but on paper only. There is no provision for opposition. Con-flicting applications fall into (‘interference ” ;a peculiar procedure, by which, it may be, the later applicant is shown to be the first inventor; often seemingly ended by agreement to licence or cross-licence (not an affair for the Patent Office).In short, it may be said that, so far as obtaining patents goes, the law and practice most readily to be understood by the technologist are probably those of Germany, despite some failings, and German practice gives patents most of which carry the best presumption of validity. Litigation in the High Court, as over infringement or revoca- tion, being expensive, creating and retaining of property by patents in competitive industry is, as will be seen, a different affair in different countries. It is most likely to be free from preliminary encumbrances in Germany. Britain and the United States are perhaps about on a level, and circumstances are perhaps most difficult in France.There are many other points of difference between the patent laws of the different countries. The anomalies within the British Empire are noteworthy. In competitive industry one may readily find himself “domi-nated,” i.e. an earlier patent still in force covers an earlier stage in a process than that to which his invention relates. Also there is “domination” by chemical generic terms. The cir- cumstances here are such that the would-be manufacturer must make his own arrangements with the earlier patentee; the Patent Offices do not help, but the patent laws may. A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Fellows of the Chemical Society on 20th February, under the chairman- ship of Mr. F. Scholefield. Dr. J. F. Wilkinson read a paper entitled “Chemistry and Medicine ’’ of which he has kindly supplied the following abstract :-Dr.John F. Wilkinson said that in reviewing the progress in medicine during the last 20-30 years, the two most striking things were the progressive infiltration of medicine with chemical ideas and the co-operation between the chemist and the physician in the study of disease. New treatments had been initiated, new synthetic drugs and the active principles of old medical remedies had been made available. It was this co-operation which had contributed more than anything else to the great advances that had been made in medicine. This had undoubtedly been accelerated by the great stimulation of medical research in many large centres through the foresight of such institutions in this country as the Medical Research Council and in Manchester by the Royal Infirmary and University of Manchester.Dr. Wilkinson referred to the increasing demands made on the chemist for new and improved methods of chemical diagnosis and for the control of medical treatments-the work of the chemical pathologist. He then proceeded to consider the relation- ship between chemistry and medicine, and the development of the research “team ” in the prosecution of medical research. The requirements for the successful working of this and the necessity for adequate facilities and assistance, such as could only be obtained in special institutions or hospitals, were discussed. 168 The value of the research “team” in the investigations of special cases was illustrated by references to some researches now in progress.Certain clinical pigmentations were discussed, and particular reference was made to the chemical aspects of caro- tinaemia, haemochromatosis and Addison’s disease. This led to a discussion of the necessity for the chemist in medical research work. The lecturer urged the need for facilities to train workers, by means of a short course in medical science, where it was impossible for them to obtain medical qualifications; this would enable the chemist to turn his special knowledge to advantage in medical investigations. Recent research work in medicine of interest to the chemist was reviewed. After a consideration of the protamine insulinates, and the association of deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in Addison’s disease, scurvy and purpuras, the effect of slight changes in the constitution of closely related substances on physiological processes was considered, e.g.histamine and histidine on the alimentary tract. In polycythaemia, treatment with phenylhydrazine, by its toxic action, produces a reduction in the red cell count. Anti-pyrine, a condensation product of phenylhydrazine and aceto-acetic ester, is the parent substance of amidopyrine, which in certain individuals produces a fatal disease, agranulocytosis, due to the destruction or inhibition of granular white blood cells. The best treatment of this so far is with a mixture of adenine and guanine-pentose nucleotides.The possible danger of new synthetic therapeutic drugs was emphasised. The chemical aspects of the anaemias were then considered. The hypochromic anaemias were due to a metabolic deficiency or defect in iron and other minerals. On the other hand the megalocytic anaemias, such as pernicious anaemia, were con-cerned with a deficiency in the so-called anti-anaemic principle as found in liver. The characteristics and causation of these anaemias and the nature of the anti-anaemic principles of stomach and liver and of the extrinsic factor were then discussed. The possibility of a reaction deficiency was also indicated. Recent work on the purification of the anti-anaemic principle of stomach and liver was then described.Mr. Ellingworth opened the discussion by indicating the enormous difficulties present in investigations of the chemistry of physiological substances. He inquired to what extent the 169 pure organic chemist had been of use in such problems. He considered that there must be a much superior liaison between the chemist and the medical men in Germany than there is in this corn try, since the Germans appeared to make more’ progress than we did in this field. There was a difficulty in translating the chemists’ results into medical applications. In reply, Dr. Wilkinson pointed out that, in the past, the medical profession did not encourage co-operation between chemists and themselves, but that this co-operation was now welcomed, especially in Manchester.Medical research was expensive, since so many persons, working in various fields, were necessary for a complete research team. The expense of preparation of substances, and the need for adequately qualified workers required for research work, very often accounted for the slow progress made in this country. In Germany and America much of the medical work was subsidised by large manufacturing firms, but there was no such scheme in general practice in this country. There was a large scope for the pure organic and inorganic chemist in the field of medical research, but unfortunately the emoluments were not attractive. Dr. Lowe inquired whether Dr. Wilkinson could throw any light on the mechanism of the supply of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.A theory which was not satisfactory was that the salt-content of the blood was responsible for the formation of hydrochloric acid. Dr. Wilkinson replied that there were several theories regarding the formation of hydrochloric acid h the human system. One theory was that the salt was formed as a result of cellular reaction; another that the acid was produced as a result of interaction between buffer salts. It was quite definite that it was produced at a constant percentage in normal persons. Other workers in the field consider that it was produced under the influence of nervous reactions or a pituitary secretion. Mr. Scholefield, the chairman, considered that many chemists would be intensely interested in the type of research work outlined by Dr.Wilkinson, and inquired whether the lecturer suggested that university students, after graduation, should take up this work without any financial reward. He inquired whether there was any financial help available. Dr. Wilkinson replied that there were small temporary grants and scholarships, and that apart from these the main openings 170 were for chemical pathologists whose salaries might be anything from ;6350 to L600 per annum. Dr. Balaban stated that the staff of the National Institute for Medical Research consisted of one permanent chemist and other people who had grants for two or three years. He ws particularly interested in Dr. Wilkinson’s remarks with regard to the reactions involving gastrin.He inquired whether Dr. Wilkinson could inform him of its constitution,-whether it was N-methylhistamine or whether the methyl group was in the glyoxaline ring. He referred to Dakin’s work on thiolhistidine and wondered whether the glyoxaline nucleus occurred in other important hormones and secretions in the human body, and whether the liver principle contained any sulphur. The lecturer replied that there was no evidence in favour of the presence of sulphur in the liver principle. It was considered that the methylhistamine had the methyl group in the side-chain and certainly produced very similar effects to those produced by gastrin. The lecturer considered that the glyoxaline ring was probably quite common in the structure of physiological substances.Dr. Howitt stated that he had been associated with Wilkinson in working up liver extracts; but prior to that had worked with Dodds on insulin. He explained the difficulty in maintaining the activity of hormone extracts. Many treatments decreased this activity. He cited a case which occurred on one occasion when a batch of insulin, valued at E800, after one process, lost activity to the extent of E300, and after two days’ working, the value, based on its activity, had dropped to only E5o. He did not consider that Dr. Wilkinson had sufficiently stressed his own work in the field of pernicious anaemia. His reputation in this subject was world-wide. He discussed the reaction between haemopoietin and the extrinsic factor, and wondered whether the absence of a co-enzyme was responsible for the absence of reaction.Dr. Thomas suggested the use of a colorimeter, such as the Guild colorimeter, in conjunction with dyed or painted patterns which matched the colour of the skin, as a means of following the progress of a disease in which marked pigmentation of the skin occurred. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. Fair- brother representing the Chemical Society, seconded by Dr. Goldblatt, who did not consider that the biochemist was very 171 favourably placed, since he was a chemist among physicians, and a physician among chemists. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-At a meeting held at Sunderland Technical College on 6th February, Dr.W. S. Patterson read a paper entitled 6‘ Studies in Metallic Corrosion.” Dr. Patterson discussed developments in the study of corrosion which have changed the character of research in this subject from the study of practical cases of corrosion to investigations of the fundamental principles underlying all types of corrosion. He indicated the importance of the new theory of electro-chemical corrosion propounded and developed by Evans and others. The principle of differential aeration was explained as the fundamental cause of many types of corrosion. This phenomenon results in the development of anodic and cathodic areas at a metal surface through unequal distribution of oxygen. Parts of a metal surface which are freely aerated become cathodic to adjacent areas which are partially or completely screened from oxygen, and corrosion is thereby initiated.Dr. Patterson showed how an initial or primary corrosion caused by the hetero- geneous character of the metal surface could produce corrosion products which, by screening the metal surface, induced a secondary type of corrosion which in some cases might be much more severe than the primary attack. The principle of differential aeration was illustrated by exhibits using the ferroxyl indicator. Among the important principles which modern corrosion research has established, one of the most valuable has been the conception of controlling factor. This indicates that each type of corrosion is governed by one factor and, provided this is kept constant, other factors may be varied over a wide range without appreciably altering the corrosion.This principle was illustrated by considering metallic corrosion in three typical media: corrosion in acid solution, in neutral oxygenated salt solution, and atmos- pheric corrosion. In acid solution, the purity of the metal is of importance. Not only the amount of impurity present but also the nature of the alloy which it forms with the dominant metal plays an important part in the corrosion process. Electrolytic zinc was shown to be attacked by dilute sulphuric acid in the early stages more rapidly than the same zinc containing I per cent. 172 of either lead or cadmium. These two metals form solid solutions at this concentration with zinc, and the homophase nature of these solid solutions reduces the solution pressure of the metal in the acid.In contrast to this, it was shown that iron and antimony, which produce heterophase alloys with zinc, promote the initial attack in dilute acid by increasing the solution pressure of the metal. The similarity of the initial corrosion of zinc specimens containing these impurities, when exposed outdoors in the winter in Central London, with their corrosion in dilute acid was shown. The explanation lies in the fact that the rainfall in Central London during the winter period is really very dilute sulphuric acid. In oxygenated salt solutions, corrosion is largely controlled by the rate at which oxygen can diffuse to the metal surface and depolarise the cathodic areas of the corrosion cells.Dr. Patterson showed that zinc specimens containing a variety of different impurities corroded at practically the same rate when immersed at the same depth in an oxygenated salt solution. Under these conditions, the surface of the specimens with the smallest amount of any particular impurity would be sufficiently heterogeneous to initiate corrosion capable of consuming the whole of the oxygen diffusing to the surface: therefore, increasing the amount of any impurity present would not modify the rate of corrosion. Later, it was shown that, in the case of mild steel, where high concentrations of oxygen were present in the solution, the corrosion is then independent of the amount of oxygen present, and the controlling factor passes from the oxygen to the purity of the metal.During atmospheric corrosion, Dr. Patterson said that the controlling factor was associated with the character of the corrosion products formed in situ on the metal surface, and the manner in which these were modified by changes in the pollution and humidity of the atmosphere. In support of these views, an account was given of researches with zinc under laboratory conditions, and exposed outdoors in Central London. It was shown how the corrosion increased with increasing atmospheric pollution and humidity and was retarded as the humidity fell below saturation, or as the winter period with high atmospheric pollution changed to the cleaner conditions of summer.The important experiments of Vernon on the influence of dust on the corrosion of iron were discussed. Specimens were 173 exhibited which had been protected behind a muslin screen to prevent the access of dust particles. No corrosion had occurred over a period of six months. Similar specimens exposed without protection in the same unsaturated atmosphere were appreciably rusted. Finally, Dr. Patterson discussed the inhibitive influence of a series of polyhydric alcohols upon the corrosion of iron immersed in oxygenated potassium sulphate solution. It was shown that the action of these inhibitors was controlled by three factors, -first the amount of inhibitor present, second the number of hydroxyl groups per molecule of inhibitor, and third the spatial arrangement of the -OH groups in the molecule. The explanation of the inhibitive action of these substances probably lies in their adsorption upon the secondary corrosion products.Professor G. R. Clemo occupied the Chair in the unavoidable absence of Dr. Robinson. After an interesting discussion, a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Patterson for his lecture, and for the hospitality of his department. Members of the Local Section of the Institute were invited to the thirty-third Bedson Lecture entitled bb Modern Crystallography and Organic Chemistry,’’ delivered on the zIst February at Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne, by Mr. J. D. Bernal, assistant director of research in the crystallographic laboratory, Cambridge.Mr. Bernal gave practical details of the methods of X-ray examination of organic substances, which he explained consti- tuted an indirect method of seeing molecular structures. A pencil of X-rays is diffracted by all possible internal planes of regularity of a crystal to a series of points which can be photo- graphed and whose intensities and angles of deviation constitute the observed data which will unequivocally characterise a sub-stance. It is also relatively easy to determine the symmetry of the molecule, which in some cases identifies an isomeride as cis-or trans-and to determine the size of the unit cell of the crystal from which, knowing the density, the molecular weight can be found, and also the shape of the molecule, which has been of value in sterol chemistry.174 The complete interpretation of X-ray diagrams to yield the position of each atom in the unit cell, and the electron density in each part of the molecule, is much more laborious and has only recently been achieved. Besides confirming the classical organic structures, this method gives direct information of the distortion of valency angles in such cases as durene, and of the serni-aromatic nature of the bonds in benzoquinone and dinitro- benzene. A vote of thanks proposed by the Chairman (Professor Clemo), was accorded to Mr. Bernal. South Wales (Swansea).-On 24th January, a joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical In- dustry was held at the Hotel Metropole, Swansea, when Dr.V. E. Yarsley gave a lecture on “The Rale of Cellulose Acetate in Modern Plastics.” In his opening remarks, Dr. Yarsley stated that, thanks to the work of Haworth, Hirst, Irvine, Meyer and others, an accurate mental picture of the basic raw material, cellulose, could be formed. He proceeded to show what a delicate structure cellulose possessed and that in chemical processes whereby cellulose is changed into various derivatives, and these again into products such as films, lacquers or plastic masses, the delicate structure should be disturbed as little as possible. After describing the manufacture and properties of cellulose acetate, he referred briefly to solvation and plasticisation of cellulose acetate, and dealt with some industrial applications of cellulose acetate.The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and exhibits of plastic products. The Oil and Colour Trades’ Journal, December 22, 1933.-V. E. Yarsley, Cellulose Acetate, and some of its Industrial Applications. On 11th February, members of the Section were invited to a joint meeting with the Local Section of the Institute of Metals, which was held at the Y.M.C.A., Swansea, when Mr. J. H. G. Moneypenny read a paper on 6b Some Modern Developments in Stainless Steels.” 175 On 10th March a meeting of the Section was held jointly with the University College Chemical Society, at the University, Swansea,-Dr. R. P. Linstead gave a lecture on (‘Some Recent Discoveries among Natural and Synthetic Colouring Matters,” of which he has kindly supplied the following pr6cis:- The lecturer said that many well-known synthetic dyestuffs were imitations of the colouring matters of the natural world.The most important natural pigments were undoubtedly chloro- phyll and haemoglobin-the colouring matters of green leaves and of blood respectively. Not only were these of outstanding biological importance, but they had peculiarly intricate chemical structures of very similar type. These were now almost com- pletely elucidated, mainly owing to the work of Willstatter and Hans Fischer. He reviewed the main lines of evidence from which the structures of chlorophyll and of haemin had been deduced.The relationship of these substances to a common structural unit, porplzin, was indicated and examples given of Fischer’s work on the synthesis and interconversion of various porphyrins. The main feature of the structural unit postulated in these com- pounds was a large unsaturated ring, of so peculiar a type that independent evidence for its existence was desirable. Such evidence had recently come to light with the investiga- tion of the phthalocyanines. The discovery of iron phthalo- cyanine and the early investigation of its structure were described, and the chemistry of the class as a whole was reviewed. A study of the synthesis and analysis of these pigments had led to a structural formula which bore many resemblances to that of the porphyrins, and in particular contained a large unsaturated ring of similar type.The structure assigned on purely chemical grounds had been confirmed in a striking manner by X-ray investigations by J. M. Robertson. It was pointed out that the phthalocyanines and porphyrins had many similarities in their general chemistry. These new developments had therefore consolidated the evidence for the structure of the natural pigments besides providing a most interesting new class of synthetic colouring matters. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to Dr. Linstead. 176 South Yorkshire.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Chesterfield Technical College on the 14th February,-Dr. G. Lawton in the Chair-when short papers were read by Messrs.W. W. Stevenson, W. A. Churchouse, and S. C. Turner, and an exhibition of apparatus and chemicals, arranged by several firms, was on view. Mr. Stevenson read a paper on “A New Iodimetric Method for the Estimation of Inorganic Inclusions in Steel.” This method depends dn the dissolving the iron in a solution of iodine in anhydrous methyl alcohol in a vacuum, the inclusions being unattacked. These are filtered off and then the various substances are estimated either gravimetrically or volumetrically. A discussion followed, and much interest was shown in the apparatus used in the method. Mr. Churchouse dealt with ‘‘Electric Laboratory Furnaces,” describing a combustion furnace which he had made from scrap and oddments in the laboratory. Mr.Turner dealt with “The Use of Sodium Hexametaphosphate.” After a brief description of the substance, he referred especially to its use in water softening, particularly in laundry practice. The papers and the exhibition were much appreciated, and the hope was express that another meeting of a similar character would be held during the next session. Mr. W. Wall, Hon. Secretary of the Section, presided at a meeting held at the County Technical College, Worksop, on 6th March. The members of the Section were welcomed by Principal A. E. Fox. Dr. A. D. Mitchell gave a lecture on (( The Renaissance of Analysis.” After reviewing the advances made in analytical work, Dr. Mitchell deplored the lack of interest in chemical analysis shown in this country, and urged the introduction of newer methods into our teaching. He reviewed the various reagents now available for both quantitative and qualitative inorganic analysis, and demonstrated the uses of internal indicators. A discussion followed, and a vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer, on the motion of Dr.P. C. L. Thorne, seconded by Mr. W. A. Churchouse. 177 Notes. Special Brigade Royal Engineers and Gas Services.-Major-General C. H. Foulkes presided at the 16th annual London Reunion Dinner which took place at the Bedford Head Hotel on 2I.d March. Among the 125 present were many members of the Institute. The next Reunion Dinner will be held at Birmingham on the 17th October.All who served with the Brigade whose names are not on the Register should make their addresses known to G. G. Heathcock, “Camelot,” Chawn Hill, Stourbridge. Mr. W. P. Dreaper (27, Willow Road, London, N.W.3) will be glad to supply Fellows and Associates with particulars of the Central Agricultural and Scientific Bibliography now in operation, by permission of the Board of Education, at the Science Museum Library, South Kensington. The Bibliography is intended to supply all who are interested in original work or research in agriculture and allied industries, with special information concerning work which has been previously published on any special subject. The nominal subscription for individuals is 10s. per annum, and the minimum subscription for institutions, firms, etc., is Es 5s.In due course, a special section will be introduced in Industrial Chemistry and Physics. Members wishing to join the Section of Industrial Chemistry and Physics will be able, for the present, to participate in the scheme by joining the section which deals with agriculture and allied industries. Mr. John Reginald Blockey has been appointed Principal of the Leathersellers’ Technical College, London, S.E.1, in succession to Mr. M. C. Lamb, who will retire at the end of the present session. Mr. Alfred Charles Glyn Egerton, F.R.S., FeZZow, Reader in Thermodynamics in the University of Oxford, has been appointed Professor of Chemical Technology at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, as from 1st October next.178 Dr. John Masson Gulland, F.R.S., Reader in Biochemistry in the University of London, has been appointed to the Sir Jesse Boot Chair of Chemistry at University College, Nottingham, in succession to Professor F. Stanley Kipping, F.R.S., who is re tiring. Mr. Harold Edward Monk, Fellow, Public Analyst for the City of Salford, has been appointed Public Analyst for Worcester County and City, in succession to Mr. Cecil Cooke Duncan, FeZZow, on his retirement. Cotton Industry Research.-On 25th March, Lord Derby opened two new blocks of buildings for the British Cotton Industry Research Association, at the Shirley Institute, Didsbury, Manches t er . Lord Rutherford, as Chairman of the Advisory Council of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, stressed the importance of industrial research organisations devoting funds to fundamental work.He said that if he were asked why the Government did not finance the whole of the work of such an Association and Institute, he would answer that the policy of his Department was to say that an industrial research organisation to be successful must be a service rendered by the industry for the industry. Lord Derby said that if Lancashire was to regain and retain its markets, it must not only keep abreast of its competitors, but get ahead of them, by making the fullest use of scientific exploration. He thought that the Cotton Industry Research Association possessed the largest co-operative research organisa- tion of any industry in any country.Its principal functions were to lessen the cost of production, to keep up the constantly increasing quality and standard of Lancashire textile goods, to see that all new scientific discoveries made at the Institute and elsewhere were immediately applied to the processes of the industry, and to help the members of the Association to produce goods attractive in appearance and satisfactory in performance. All departments of the Institute were open to the visitors. 179 Obituary. ALEXANDERCROW died at 144, Doyle Gardens, London, N.W., on 17th January, in his 46th year. Educated at Mountain Ash County School and Abergavenny Grammar School, he studied for four years at University College, London, where he graduated B.Sc.in 1913. In 1914 he was appointed Analyst at the Government Laboratory. After the war, he became engaged as chemist to the Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. THOMASJENKINSMURRAY died on 5th March in his 56th year. Educated at Hillhead High School, Glasgow, he received his professional training at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, and at Leipzig University, where he graduated Ph.D. magna cum Eaude. In 1903 he was appointed lecturer and demonstrator in Chemistry at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Three years later he became lecturer in Chemistry at Birming- ham University and, in 1912, Head of the Chemical Department at the Municipal Technical School, Wolverhampton.In 1924 he secured the principalship of the Municipal Technical School, Smethwick, which position he held until 1931, when he was appointed Principal of the Constantine Technical College, Middlesbrough. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. WILLIAMCHARLESYOUNGwas born at Peckham in 1849, and died at Ealing on 11th October, 1935, aged 86 years. He received his early scientific education from G. B. Buckton, F.R.S., and at the College of Chemistry, where he became lecture-assistant to Hoffman, and assisted Bunsen in his lectures delivered at the College. He then worked under Matthiesen at St. Mary’s Hospital on the zinc ethyl synthesis, and was for three years assistant and demonstrator under Odling at St. Bar- tholomew’s Hospital.On Odling’s appointment to the Waynflete Chair at Oxford, Young went to Attfield at the Pharmaceutical Society as his chief assistant; and, later, he went to Heisch at Middlesex Hospital, in the same capacity for three years. In 1871, being attracted to the new field of work which legislation for the public health had opened for pro-fessional chemists, he abandoned academic chemistry and started practice as an analyst and consultant. His first official appointment, as Gas Examiner at Beckton, jointly for the Corporation of London and the Metropolitan Board of Works, was followed by those of Public Analyst for the Poplar, Whitechapel, St. George-in-the-East, West Ham and other municipal areas. He was Consulting Chemist to the River Lee Conservancy (in which capacity he served for more than fifty years), and Official Gas Examiner for West Ham, Leyton, Woolwich, Northfleet, Hastings, Littlehampton, Bognor and several other local authorities.He was also a consultant and adviser in the gas industry and on sewage and water pollution questions. His research work was chiefly directed to improvement in analytical methods, of which records are to be found in the contemporary journals. He was a Fellow of the Chemical Society (1873) and an OriginalMember of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. 180 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute.“Inorganic Chemistry, Text-Book of.” Edited by J. Newton Friend. Volume XI. Organometallic Compounds. Part I11: Derivatives of Phosphorus, Antimony and Bismuth. Archibald Edwin Goddard. Pp. xxviii + 318. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 20s. net. General introduction; preface; list of abbreviations; tables of dates of issue of journals;aliphatic phosphorus compounds ;aromatic phosphines and phosphonium compounds ; miscellaneous phosphorus compounds; aliphatic compounds of antimony; aromatic compounds of antimony ; organometallic derivatives of bismuth; appendix. Name and subject index. Patent index. “Reactions of Organic Compounds.” W. J. Hickinbottom. Pp. x + 449. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 16s.net. Preface; hydrocarbons: paraffins, cyclohexane, olefins and acetylenes, aromatic hydrocarbons ; hydroxy-compounds, thiol compounds, ethers, and thioethers ;aldehydes and ketones ;carboxylic acids ;derivatives of the carboxylic acids; amines ; nitro- and nitroso-compounds; azo- and diazo-compounds;halogen compounds ;sulphonic acids, sulphinic acids, sulphones, and sulphoxides ;the identification of organic substances. “Soils, Their Origin, Constitution and Classification.” An Introduction to Pedology- G. W. Robinson. Second Edition. Pp. xviii + 442. (London: T. Murby & Co.) 20s. net. Preface; introductory; general view of the constitution of the soil; the pedogenic processes ; the clay complex ; base exchange and other reactions of the colloidal complex ; soil organic matter; general physical properties of soils ;water relationships of soils;soils of the podsolic group ; tshernosems and their related groups ;ground-water soils, including peats ; saline, alkaline, and soloti soils; soils of the humid tropics and sub- tropics ;soils associated with calcareous parent materials ;the classsca- tion of soils; the geography of soils; soil surveys; soil analysis; soils, plant growth and agriculture; index of places; index of subjects.181 “Washing, The Technology of.” J. T. Holden and John N. Vowler. Preface by F. Courtney Harwood. Pp. viii + 184. (London: The British Launderers’ Research Association.) 6s. net. Preface; the a.ims of good washing; white-work washing processes; bleaching; blueing ; starches and starching; washing materials; the uso of acids in the laundry; woollens; silks; processes for coloured goods; processes for special classifhatiom; the removal of stains; water; instru-ments in the wash-house; appendix; index.The General Medical Council has published “ Collected Reports of Committees” of the British Pharmacopoeia Commission on material prepared for an Addendum to the British Pharmacopoeia, 1932. Pp. 26. Obtainable from the General Medical Council, 47, Hallam Street, London, W.I. 2s. 6d. Pharmacology; biological products ; pharmacy and pharmacognosy ; general chemistry; pharmaceutical chemistry; vitamins. The British Standards Institution has lately published the following specifications, which are recommended for general adoption :- No.434-1935 . Asphaltic Bitumen Road Emulsion. 9, 391-1936. Tung Oil for Paints. (Superseding No. 391, 19294 Kohlrausch Flasks. Castor Oil (Firsts’ Quality). Crude Maize Oil. Crude Palm Kernel Oil. Crude Soya Bean Oil. Perilla Oil. Refined Cotton Seed Oil. Sesame Oil. Distillation Apparatus. High Gauge Copper Tubes. (Obtainable from the Publications Department, British Standards Institution, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1, price 2s. each, 2s. zd. by post.) Also No. 598-1936. Sampling an Examination of Bitu- minous Road Mixtures. (3s. net, 3s. 3d. by post.) The London Shellac Research Bureau has published a separate brochure of Abstracts bearing on Shellac Research Literature for the period 1st July to 3xst December, 1935.Pp. iv + 23. Obtainable from the London Shellac Research Bureau, India House, Aldwych, W.C.2. 182 The Cambridge University Press announces that the Collected Scientific Papers of Sir William Bate Hardy,F.R.S.,edited by Professor E. K. Rideal, F.R.S., are to be published shortly, under the auspices of the Colloid Committee of the Faraday Society. The Thermal Syndicate, Ltd., has published a brochure on Vitreosil, pure fused quartz or silica ware,-an illustrated catalogue of apparatus for laboratory use,-obtainable from Vitreosil Works, Wallsend-on-Tyne, and from Thermal House , 12-14, Old Pye Street, Westminster, S.W.1.The International Tin Research and Development Council has recently issued the following reprints from the Journal of the Institute of MetaZs:-“The Constitution of the Tin-Rich Antimony-Tin Alloys,” by D. Hanson, and W. T. Pell-Walpole. “Influence of Surface Cuprous Oxide Inclusions on the Porosity of Hot-Tinned Coatings on Copper,” by W. D. Jones. “The. Hot-Tinning of Copper : the Attack on the Basis Metal and its Effects,” by E. J. Daniels. 183 The Library, 1935-36. Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11, 1935,the Council has had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts :-FREEDOMACADEMIC COMMITTEE: Report of the Conference on Academic Freedom. Oxford, August, 1935. Cambridge, 1935.MESSRS. BRITISH DRUG HOUSES, LTD.: The B.D.H. Book of Reagents for “Spot” Tests and delicate Analysis. London, 1935. BRITISH LAUNDERERS’ ASSOCIATIONRESEARCH : The Technology of Washing. J. T. Holden and J. N. Vowler. London, 1935. CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY :PRESS The Optical Basis of the Theory of Valency. R. de L. Kronig.Cambridge, 1935. Vitamim. In Theory and Practice. L. J. Harris. Cambridge, 1935. MESSRS. CHAPMAN & Hm, LTD.: The Chemical Control of Conception. J. R. Baker. London, 1935. CHEMICALRUBBERPUBLISHINGCo. : Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 20th Edition. Editor-in-Chief, C. H. Hodgmm. Ohio, U.S.A., 1935. R. LESLIE COLLETT, EsQ., M.A., F.I.C. : Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry for 1934. London, 1935. A.S. CORBET,EsQ., B.Sc., PH.D., F.I.C.: Biological Processes in Tropical Soil, with special reference to Malaysia. A. S. Corbet. Cambridge, 1935. C. E. C. FERREY, EsQ., O.B.E., F.I.C.: Select Methods of Chemical Analysis (Chiefly Inorganic). William Crookes. (1st Edition.) London, 1871. C. D. V. GEORGI, EsQ., O.B.E., B.Sc., F.I.C.: The Oil Palm in Malaya. B. Bunting, C. D. V. Georgi and J. N. Milsum. Kwlla hmpur, 1934. MESSRS. CHARLESGRIFFIN& Co., LTD.: A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry. J. N. Friend. Vol. XI. Organometallic Compounds. London, 1936. A Text Book of Physical Chemistry. Vol. 11. J. N. Friend. London, 1935. INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLEUM : Petroleum. Twenty-five Years’ Retrospect. 1910-1935. London, 1935.IT” STATE TOURIST DEPARTMENT : Le Visage de L’Italie. Rome, 1935, 184 JAMESKEWLEY,EsQ., M.A., F.I.C.: The Story of Bitumen. 1935. LIBRAIRIEARMANDCOLIN: Les MatiBres Colorantes Artificielles. G. Martin. Paris, 1935. THE LIMMER LAEE ASPHALT & TRINIDAD Co., LTD.: Trinidad Lake Asphalt. A. W. Attwooll and D. C. Broome. London, 1935. MESSRS. LONGMANSGREEN& Co., LTD.: A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. J. W. Mellor. Vol. XIV. London, 1935. A School Chemistry. Revision notes and questions. F. W. Goddard and S. R. Humby. London, 1935. Optical Rotatory Power. T. M. Lowry. London, 1935. Origins and Development of Applied Chemistry. J. R. Partington.London, 1935. Problems in Soil Microbiology. D.W. Cutler and L. M. Crump.London, 1935. Qualitative Chemical Analysis. F. Mollwo Perkin. 5th Edition, revised by J. Grant. London, 1935. Reactions of Organic Compounds. W. J. Hickinbottom. London, 1936. Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. Vol. 11. J. F. Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley. London, 1935. Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry Supplement. J. F. Thorpeand M. A. Whiteley. London, 1936. A. LUCAS, EsQ., O.B.E., F.I.C.: Forensic Chemistry and ScjentSc Criminal Investigation. A. Lucas. London, 1935. TEE MERSEY & IRWELL COMMITTEE:JOINT Proceedings of the Joint Committee, 1934-35. Preston, 1935. MESSRS. METHUEN & Co., LTD.: The Chemistry of Rubber. H. Freundlich. London, 1935. Flame. 0. C. de C.Ellis and W. A. Kirkby. London, 1936. MESSRS. THOMASMURBY& Co.: Soils. Their Origin, Constitution and Classification. An Introduction to Pedology. 2nd Edition. G. W. Robinson. London, 1936. OFFICE INTERNATIONALDE CHIMIE : RQpertoire International des Centres de Documentation Chimique. Paris, 1935. THE PHARMACEUTICAL:PRESS The Extra Pharmacopoeia. Martindale and Westcott. Vol. 11. 20th Edition. London, 1935. EsQ., D.Sc., F.I.C., AND F. C. LAXTON,E. B. R. PRIDEAUX, EsQ., B.Sc.,A.I.C. : A Laboratory Course in Elementary Chemistry. E. B. R. Prideaux and F. C. Laxton. London, 1935. RESEARCH OF :ASSOCIATION BRITISH RUBBER MANUFACTURERS Rubber. Physical and Chemical Properties. T. R. Dawson and B. D. Porritt. Croydon, 1935.185 THE RIBBLE JOINTCOMMITTEE: Proceedings of the Joint Committee, 1934-35. Preston, 1935. SAFETYIN MINES RESEARCHBOARD: Publications of the Safety in Mines Research Board. Vol. IX, 1934. London, 1995. SIXTHINTERNATIONALFOR SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT CONGRESS : Proceedings and Papers. London, 1935. H. M. SPIERS, EsQ., M.A., F.I.C.: Technical Data on Fuel. 4th Edition. H. M. Spiers. London, 1935. A. W. STEWART,EsQ., D.Sc., A.I.C.: A Manual of Practical Chemistry for Public Health Students. 3rd Edition. A. W. Stewart. London, 1935. F. NAPIER SUTTON, EsQ., F.I.C. : A Systematic Handbook of Volumetric Analysis. F. N. Sutton. 12th Edition. Revised throughout by A. D. Mitchell. London, 1935. THE TECHNICAL LTD.:PRESS, Applied Chemistry.C. K. Tinkler and H. Masters. London, 1935. Industrial and Manufacturing Chemistry. Part 11. Inorganic.G. Martin. London, 1935. J. H. TOTTON, EsQ., B.A., B.Sc., F.I.C., AND JOHN EsQ.,HAWTHORNE, B.A., PE.D., F.I.C.: Lectures on Chemistry. J. Black. Published from his Manuscripts by J. Robison. Edinburgh, 1803. THE WELLCOME LTD.:FOUNDATION, Spanish Influence on the Progress of Medical Science. London, 1935. MESSRS. WIGHTMAN & Co., LTD.: The Natural Logarithm. Sir C. V. Boys. London, 1935. HENRYYomu, EsQ.: A Record of the Scientific Work of John Tyndall. London, 1935. Books Purchased. Alcoholometric Tables. Sir E. Thorpe. London, 1915. Dictionary of Organic Compounds. Vol. I. I. M. Heilbron, Editor-in- Chief.London, 1934. The Mineral Industry during 1934. Edited by G. A. Roush. London, 1935. A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Edited by J. N. Friend. Vol. XI. Organometallic Compounds. A. E. Goddard. London, 1936. The Examination of Waters and Water Supplies. J. C. Thresh, J. F. Beale and E. V. Suckling. 4th Edition, revised and enlarged. London, 1933. 186 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on zist February, 1936, 3 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 24 Associates were elected, and 42 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of two Fellows, one Associate and one Registered Student. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Hatch, Frank Akerman, 66, Chase Road, Enfield West, London, N.14. Johnson, Rowland Nicholas, M.Sc.(Lond.), 45, Sandhurst Avenue, Withington, Manchester. Shadbolt, Frederick Stanley, 398, Blackburn Road, Darwen. New Associates. Addison, Cyril Clifford, B.Sc. (Dun.), Department of Science, The Uni- versity, Durham. Averill, Frederick John, B.Sc. (Birm.), 87, Gillot Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Bell, Alan Brewis, B.Sc. (Manc.), Ash Cottage, Singleton Road, Kersal, Manchester. Bishop, Edward, B.Sc. (Mmc.), 34, Audley Road, Colchester. Brine, John Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), Westminster College, 130, HorseferryRoad, London, S.W. 1. Brown, Frederick Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Albert Terrace, Middles- brough.Butler, John Manton, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Shell Co. (N.Z.), Ltd., Hutt Road, Wellington, N.3, N.Z. Francis, Gordon Edward Charles, B.Sc.(Lond.), 101, Craigton Road, London, S.E.9. Gess, Alan James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Newstead School, Doune, Perthshire. Gregory, Raeburn Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cors-y-Gedol, Forest Drive, Keston, Kent. Harrison, Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, Kings Road, Old Trafford, Manchester. Hewson, Walter Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 114, Station Road, London, S.W.13. King, Henry Irvin, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 210, Birchfield Road, Widnes. Knewstubb, Norman Watson, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Studland Road, Hall Green, Birmingham. Lovell, Bevis George Henry, B.Sc. (Liv.), 19, Wellesley Street, Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent. Maskell, Laurence Ormes, B.Sc. (Lond.), 40, Maury Road, London, N.16. Primrose, Thomas, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., Springbank Cottage, Plains by Airdrie, Lanarkshire.Richardson, Henry Martin, B.Sc. (Liv.), 19, Wellesley Street, Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent. 187 Robertson, Miss Kathleen Winifred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 60, Grosvenor Park Road, London, E.17. Rolfe, Horace George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.C., 70, Kingsley Road, Northamp ton. Samuel, Miss Dora Louise, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Preston Avenue, London, E.4. Stuart, John Kenneth, B.Sc. (Sheff.), 2, Havelock Square, Sheffield, 10. Waldmeyer, Trevor, B.Sc. (Lond.), Broad Oak Farm, Didsbury, Man- Chester. Wilson, Wilfrid John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 41, Upland Road, Selly Hill, Birmingham. New Students. Allchin, John Pratt, 57, Alexander Road, Acocks Green, Birmingham. Baxter, Albert William, 84, Ravenscroft Road, Beckenham.Bernstein, Miss Rachel, 124, Stoke Newington Road, London, N.16. Clark, William Richard Ernest, 66, Selwyn Crescent, Welling, Kent. Coome, David Ernest, 11, Victoria Road, London, N.22. Coppins, Walter Charles, 140, Maidstone Road, Chatham. Elston, Eric Stanley James, 52, Kilmartin Avenue, London, S.W.16. Fyfe, Robert, 4, Alexandra Terrace, Kilbirnie, Ayrshire. Gardner, Alan Thomas, 178, Norbury Crescent, London, S.W.16. Gordon, James Joseph, 54, Oakfield Road, Newport, Mon. Hoggard, Herbert Rollin, 190, Wedmore Road, Bromley, Kent. Jackson, Harry Edward, Redclyffe House, Enderby, nr. Leicester. Jordan, Henry Lawrence, 25, Station Street West, Coventry. Kassimoff, Abdul Hosein, 24, Elmcroft Avenue, London, N.W. 11. Lockyer, Ivo Joseph, South Stoneham House, Swaythling, Southampton.Lafferty, Miss Gertrude Geraldine, B.Sc. (T.C.D.), Stranraer House, Clifton Gardens, London, W.9. Love, John, 5, Henderson Street, Paisley. Mather, Robert, Pleasant View, Holcombe, nr. Bury, Lancs. May, Alan Barrett, Exeter College, Oxford. Mitchell, Dennis, 59, Ufton Road, Sittingbourne. Oke, Eric Percy Cooper, 50, Danecroft Road, London, S.E.24. Page, James Ernest, 32, Morden Road, Newport, Mon. Parker, William George Sharland, 74, The Drive, Loughton, Essex. Peevers, Robert Walter, 22, Porchester Place, London, W.2. Pratt, Robert Patrick John, 77, Coniston Road, Croydon, Surrey. Price, Stanley Albert, 24, Gloucester Road, N. Harrow, Middx. Ray, Allan Arthur, 12, Ashfmld Road, London, W.3.Redshaw, Cyril, 281, Melbourne Road, Ibstock, Leicester. Reid, William Walter, 38, Broughton Road, London, W.13. Risbey, John Samuel, 90, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh. Stagg, Harold Edgar, 58, Park Avenue, Sittingbourne. Stammers, Douglas William, 11, Station Road, Southminster, Essex. Still, William John, 180, Clifton Street, Swindon. Taylor, Eric Dansey, 30, Daisy Lea Lane, Huddersfield. Taylor, John Martin, 136, Newtown Road, Newbury, Berks. Walker, George Henry Francis, 51, Boaler Street, Liverpool, 6. Wallace, Richard Aubrey, 130, Horseferry Road, London, S.W. 1. West, Joseph Sidney, 16, Hotel Street, Coalville, Leicester. Wilkinson, Norman Thomas, 47, Moss Road South, Winnington, North- wich. Wilkinson, Walter William, 50, Lammack Road, Blackburn.Wilson, Maurice James, Main Road, Biggin Hill, Kent. Woodall, George Henry, 18, Springfield Drive, Blackheath, Birmingham. Wynne, Reginald George, Morianfa, Southfield, Hessle, E. Yorks. 188 DEATHS. Fellows. Thomas Jenkins Murray, M.Sc. (Birm.)?Ph.D. (Leipzig).Thomas Stenhouss. Associate. Alexander Crow, B.Sc. (Lond.). Student. George Henry Rowland. The Register of the Institute, 1936.-A new edition of the Register of Fellows, Associates and Students of the Institute is now in preparation. Fellows and Associates are earnestly requested to return the Register cards sent to them as promptly as possible. Erratum.-The name of Mr. John Baker Cannington Kershaw has been restored to the Register of Fellows. The Institute was misinformed that Mr.Kershaw had died in October last, and a report to that effect was published in the Journal and Proceedings, Part VI, 1935. His name was mentioned also in the Report of Council as one of the Fellows who had died during the year. The Registrar sincerely regrets the mistake and has tendered his apologies to Mr. Kershaw. 189 Coming Events. April 16 CHEMICAL SOCIETY. Annual General Meeting and Dinner, at the University of Bristol. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Liverpool and North-Western Section) : Annual General Meeting. “The Determination of Alcohol-A General Survey.” Mr. A. T. PARSONS atand Mr. H. L. BOLTON, Constitutional Club, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m. 17 OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (Manchester Section) : Annual Meeting and Smoker, at the Manchester, Ltd., at 7 p.m.OF THE (Manchester Section) :Annual20 INSTITUTIONRUBBERINDUSTRY Meeting and Smoking Concert, at Engineers’ Club, 17, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 21 MANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETYAND PHILOSOPHICAL :Annual General Meeting, at 36, George Square, at 5.30 p.m. 22 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(AFydeen and North of Scotland Section): Annual General Meeting. Spectrographic Analysis by the Lunde- g&rdh Method.’’ Dr. R. L. MITCHELL,at the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, at 5.15 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast Section) :Visit to works of Gallagher, Ltd. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Home Office Industrial Museum.INSTITUTEFUEL(North-Western Section) : “Lubricating Oils.” OF Mr. J. E. SOUTHCOMBE,at 7 p.m. SOCIETY :Annual General Meeting at Sheffield, OF GLASSTECHNOLOGY at 2 p.m. 23 SOCIETY (Birmingham and Midland Section) :OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY “Impact Tests on Laminated Safety Glass.” Mr. J. WILSON, in University Building, Edmund Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOVRCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION: “Fundamental Aspects atof Thixotropy.” Mr. J. PRYCE-JONES, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.1, at 7.30 p.m. May 2 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (South Yorkshire Section) : Visit to Ketton Cement Works, at 2.30 p.m. OF4 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section): Annual General Meeting. AND PHILOSOPHICAL5 MANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETY: Meeting, at 36, George Street, at 7 p.m.OF PUBLIC6 SOCIETY ANALYSTS:Meeting, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. OF6 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to J. Dickinson & Co., Paper Works. 6-13 SOCIETY (Food Group): Projected TourOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY in Holland. 190 May 7-8 IRONAND STEEL INSTITUTE: Annual Meeting, at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, Westminster, S.W.1, at 10 a.m. each day. PAINT, VARNISHAND LACQUER7 BIRMINGHAM CLUB: Lecture by Dr. WILHELMKRUMBHAAR,at the Grand Hotel, Birmingham, at 6.30 p.m.CHEMICALSOCIETY: Ordinary Scientsc Meeting, at BurlingtonHouse, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 8 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) AND THE BEDSON CLUB: 34th Bedson Lecture: Professor C. H. DESCH, F.R.S. 9 BIOCHEMICALSOCIETY:Meeting, at the Rockefeller Department of Biochemistry, Museum, Oxford. 13 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Food Group): Annual General Meeting, followed by a lecture on “Recent Developments in Enzyme Chemistry.” Professor E. WALDSCHMIDT-LEITZ, of Prague, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C. 1. 14 OILAND COLOTJR Annual General Meeting. CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION: “Casein.” Mr. C. E. ROWE, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 7.30 p.m.CHEMICALSOCIETY: ‘‘Modern Chemical Nomenclature.” Dr. CLARENCE at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, SMITH, Storey’s Gate, St. James Park, Westminster, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. 16 OILAND COLOTJR CHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION:“The Use of Bitumen for the Stabilising of Powders, particularly as regards Soils.” Brigadier C. H. HASWELL,at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m. 21 OILAND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION:Visit to the Paint Research Station. Paper by Dr. R. F. HANSTOCKon “Hiding Powers of Paints and Pigments.” :CHEMICALSOCIETY Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at BurlingtonHouse, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 28 CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Fifth Pedler Lecture: “Synthesis in Bio-chemistry.” Professor R.ROBINSON, F.R.S., at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, St. James’ Park, Westminster, S.W.1. June 12 and 13 BIOCHEMICALSOCIETY: Meeting at the Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeenshire. 22-27 CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGCONGRESS OF THE WORLD POWER CONFERENCE,at the Central Hall, Westminster, London, S.W. 1. 27 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section) : Annual Summer Meeting. JdY INTERNATIONAL2-1 1 SECOND CONGRESSON GLASS. At the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, Westminster, S.W. 1, and at the University of Sheffield. 191 General Notices. dlChemical Nomenclature. ’‘-Fellows and Associates of the Institute are kindly invited, by the Council of the Chemical Society, to attend a meeting to be held on Thursday, 14th May, at 8 p.m., at the Institution of Mechanical, Engineers, Storey’s Gate, Westminster, when Dr.Clarence Smith will give a lecture on “Modem Chemical Nomenclature.’’ Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship will be held in London and Glasgow from 14th to 19th September. The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 6th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 7th September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held in London from 21st to 26th September. The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 6th July, except for candidates in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or for those desiring special examinations, whose applications should be received before 1st June.The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem- ber prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1937. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1936, to work of the character indicated. 192 Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Corres-pondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. The administrators will meet towards the close of the year. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar . Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. 193 Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months.Members and Students who are without employ- ment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m.and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals 194 are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions.Boots ' Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, current subscriptions expired on 1st March. All who wish to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe de novo, should obtain application forms from the Registrar of the Institute. Members who do not immediately renew their subscriptions to the Library should return to the most convenient branch Library any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their membership tokens. Lewis 's Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and Technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute.A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 195 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. A new edition of the Register of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students will be published this year. Its accuracy can only be maintained by the prompt notification of changes which may become necessary.‘*TheProfession of Chemistry’ ’ (Third Edition, 1g35), will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sectim. Hon. Secretaries. Aberdeen andNorth of R. Craven, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., 2, Scotland: Richmondhill Gardens, Aberdeen. Birmingham and Midlands: Garfield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C., 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Bristol and South-Western F. P. Hornby, F.I.C., 4, Queen Square,Counties: Bristol, 1. Cape of Good Hope: Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. East Midlands : C. W. North, B.Sc., A.I.C., Bourne End, Cherry Tree Hill, Chaddesden, Derby. Edinburgh and East of G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Scotland: Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12.Glasgow and West of A. R. Jamieson, B.Sc., F.I.C., 20, Trongate,Scotland: Glasgow, C.l. Huddersfield: Dr. E. H. Goodyear, A.I.C., Holme Royd, Kennedy Avenue, Fixby, Huddersfield. India : G. Watson Douglas, B.Sc., A.I.C., The State Laboratory, Bhopal, Central India. Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. Lee& Area: Dr. H. Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Leeds. Liverpool and North- Glynne W. Beaumont, F.I.C., The Harbour- western : master’s Old House, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern R. F. Innes, F.I.C., British Leather Manu- Counties: facturers’ Research Association, 20, St.Thomas Street, London, S.E.I. Malaya : J. F. Clark, MAC., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Analyst’sDepartment, Municipality, Singapore,Straits Settlements. Manchester and District: Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle upon Tyne and Dr. W. E. Scott, M.Sc., A.I.C., Rossie House, North-East Coast : Canning Street, Hebburn -on -T yne.New Zealand: Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C.,Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C.l, New Zealand. South Wales- Cardiff: Dr. W. Cule Davies, A.I.C., University College, Cardiff. Swansea: R. H. Jones, F.I.C., Glen View, Cw BrynAvenue, Sketty Green, Swansea. South Yorkshire : Wm. Wall, B.Sc., A.I.C., Bramcote, Harstoft Avenue, Worksop, Notts. ADVERTISEMENTS.JOURNAL PROCEEDINGS.-The terms for advertisements in theAND Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. No Commission is allowed to Agents. The circulation is over 7600-chiefly to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution Libraries. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally; also to publishers of scientific books and to booksellers.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9366000105

出版商:RSC    

年代:1936

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART 111: 1936. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.1,LONDON, Jzcne, 1936. Publications Committee, 1936-37. LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHARD, W. M. CUMMING, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, ALEXANDER FINDLAY, A. E. FINDLEY, H. H. HODGSON, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer) C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. F. E. RHEAD, ADAM TAIT, E. A. TYLER, ERNEST VANSTONE. 199 Editorial.In the place of an Editorial article, this Part includes a contribution from Professor Jocelyn Thorpe, entitled bb Industry and the Profession of Chemistry.” Professor Thorpe deals with the work and aims of the Chemical Council, and with the debt of industry to chemical science, in- dicating that an opportunity is now afforded, to those who reap the benefit of the services and discoveries of chemists, to co- operate in the work of the Chartered Chemical Societies, by con- tributing to a fund for the more adequate publication of new knowledge, the maintenance of the Chemical Library and, eventually, the provision of premises. FURTHER COMMENTS on the Editorial on “Science and war ” in JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS,Part V, 1935,and on the Comments in Part 11, 1936.Since the publication of the Comments in Part 11,four other correspondents have written on this subject. “Associate ”--essentially peaceful-minded and generally in sympathy with the previous correspondent-delivers a spirited attack on the replies of the Committee, which were printed in Part 11,and declares that trouble is inevitable unless the scientific man makes it quite clear that there must not be war. Another Associate-engaged in school teaching-claims the right of the individual to decide for himself whether he will support the Government of his country or respond to his own sense of moral responsibility in such matters. He urges that men of science of different nations should confer on the application of science in war, and suggests that the League of Nations should investigate the subject.Next, an Associate, who is also in sympathy with the first correspondent, prefers to take an unbiased international point of view, and tritely deplores the lack of co-operation 200 among nations as responsible for the present state of affairs. In his view, war, in any circumstances, is incompatible with “elemental Christian ethics,” and he concludes that, if science is becoming inevitably associated with it, men of science have only themselves to blame. He has travelled much, and is satisfied that none of the peoples with whom he has come in contact has any desire to kill the peoples of any other nation. He concludes, therefore, that the will of the peoples lacks expression, that there is a lack of contact and a lack of co-operation.The people of this country should concern themselves more earnestly with eliminating the causes of war “by studying the other fellow’s point of view and helping him in his problems.” A major cause for dissension is England’s great share of the world’s wealth. Finally, a fourth Associate, while agreeing generally with the original Editorial, is desirous of extending the discussion, and hopes that it will be encouraged. He proceeds to attribute disagreement among nations to their false financial systems which, without alternative, force nations to exploit foreign countries commercially. He elaborates his theme and suggests that the only solution of the problem is complete reorganisation of the national financial systems in order to eliminate export trade as the essential factor in maintaining national solvency.The Publications Committee has decided that this discussion must be closed. The Committee cannot continue any longer to j5ublish criticisms which either misinterpret its views or which carry the discussion away from the original topic into regions of +olitical and religious controversy beyond the province of a pro- fessional scientific institution. 201 Industry and the Profession of Chemistry. BY PROFESSORJOCELYN F. THORPE, c.B.E., D.SC., F.R.S. Honorary Treasurer, The Chemical Council THEplan which has led to the foundation of the Chemical Council, a body composed of representatives of the three Chartered Societies dealing with chemistry, namely, the Chemical Society, The Institute of Chemistry and The Society of Chemical Industry, together with representatives of industry, appointed by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, is now in active operation. The Chemical Council has not only started to function but is well on the way towards the accomplishment of those objects for which it was established. The first aim of the Council is to place the finances controlling chemical publications on a basis which will remove the restric- tions caused, at the present time, by lack of adequate funds.For this purpose it is considered that a yearly income of .f3,000-L4,ooo will be required.The Chemical Council hopes, therefore, to establish a fund of @oo,ooo, the interest on which will be used to provide the extra income required for adequate publication of new chemical knowledge. Another capital fund of the order of .~IOO,OOO will then be formed, the income from which will be used to relieve the cost of the Library and eventually to provide for the establishment of a sinking fund for suitable premises. It is the intention of the Council to place the Chartered Chemical Societies on a sound financial basis so that it will be unnecessary to make any further appeal either to the members or to industry. For this purpose an appeal is shortly to be issued to leaders of industry and commerce and others who are interested in chemistry, directing attention to the urgent national need of untrammelled and unfettered publication and, in particu- lar, asking those engaged in Industry to consider the debt they owe to chemical science both for present services and for those rendered in the past.202 But, meanwhile, since it was suggested that a stronger appeal could be made if it were shown that members of the constituent bodies were prepared to give what help they could afford, contributions have been invited from chemists themselves, in order that a preliminary list might be appended to the appeal pamphlet. The result has been the collection, in cash and promises, of over E14,ooo. It is perhaps of interest to give, in brief, the history of the constituent bodies and the manner in which they have obtained the funds required for the work they have had in hand.THE CHEMICALSOCIETY,which celebrates its centenary in 1941, is the oldest Chemical Societyin the world and is the pattern on which most of the societies elsewhere have been constructed. The origin of the Society may be traced in the desire to relieve the Royal Society of the need to publish specialised papers which became more specialised as the science of chemistry advanced. Up to 1863 a quarterly journal sufficed, but in that year the first annual volume of a new monthly series appeared. It con- tained 429 pages comprising 52 memoirs; the cost of publication was f1368 2s. 8d. In 1932 (the last year of the old format) the number of pages was 2,977, consisting of gro communications at a cost of l5,752 16s.6d. This, the output of one year, indicates not only the great advance that has taken place in the production of new knowledge since the first year quoted, but is also a measure of the free gift that is made annually to industry. For, as Sir Edward Thorpe has said-"The recondite knowledge of to-day is the technical practice of to-morrow" and he who says that any of the new knowledge published to-day is useless would be guilty of a statement which could be refuted by numer- ous instances taken from the past history of chemical science. It would be out of place here to give more than a few examples showing how the academic worker has published work, regarded at the time of publication as of scientific interest only, which has ultimately enabled industry to build up prosperous and important businesses and to acquire much financial profit: the rare gases, argon, helium, and neon, the thermionic valve rendering wireless talk possible, radium, the X-rays, alizarin and indigo, and a host of other examples.The Chemical Society continued to carry out the work assigned to it in the Charter on behalf of the whole body of chemists until 1877 when the question arose whether the Society should 203 continue to admit all those interested in chemistry and thus maintain a sufficient number of Fellows to enable it to pay for its publications, or whether the number of Fellows should be restricted to those who were qualified to practise the profession of chemistry. The decision reached was to continue to adopt the methods hitherto used and to admit all those who signified their desire to become Fellows and who expressed their interest in chemical science.The Institute of Chemistry was then formed as the qualifying body, and by means of its examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship raised the standard of professional qualification to a height which could not have been reached by any other means. Moreover, it set a standard which the universities themselves were bound to follow and if, at the present time, it is true that the greater number of members of the Institute are admitted through their university qualifica- tions, it is due to the fact that this standard was the Institute’s standard and that, not being a teaching body, the Institute has been content to hand over the instruction required for the attainment of the standard to the organisations whose business it is to impart such instruction.It may be argued that the Chemical Society ought to have taken over the task of qualifying chemists generally, but the difficulties confronting the leaders of those days were very real. They were faced with a possible loss of membership which would have crippled the Society in the exercise of its principal function, namely, the discussion and publication of new knowledge. It is true that the Society could have formed an inner Institute as part of its own body which would have contained only those qualified as chemists, but such a solution does not appear to have been considered.A solution of this kind would, moreover, have not removed one of the disad- vantages even now attaching to the Institute, namely, that it does not include within its body some of the leaders of chemistry. Nevertheless, the fifty-nine years during which the Institute has existed has shown that any scheme under which the Institute (the professional body) would have acted as a section of a society formed mainly of unqualified members would probably have been unworkable, and that complete autonomy, subject to general co-ordination, was the solution best suited to the conditions. Still later (1881)the Society of Chemical Industry was formed, there being a general impression at the time that there was some essential difference between “pure” and “applied’’ chemistry.There can be no doubt that, as a publishing society, 204 the Society of Chemical Industry has performed work of the highest usefulness, for although it is now recognised that there is no real difference between the two great branches of chemical science-the one being the complement of the other-yet it is in the highest degree convenient that the Chemical Society should be relieved of the publication of papers containing tech- nical minutiae and that such papers should be published separately in some place where those who are interested may obtain the information they desire. It is possible that there was no need for another society to deal with “applied” chemistry and that a section of the Chemical Society might have done all the work required, but now that both the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry have each held Royal Charters for many years, it is clear that the break-away from the parent Society was for the good of all concerned and that there is a real need for three autonomous bodies representing the three great branches of chemistry, namely, pure ” chemistry, the profession of chemistry and ‘I applied ” chemistry, provided that means are taken to co-ordinate the activities of the three bodies and to prevent wastage due to duplication of effort. At one time it was thought that a new society should be formed which would contain as sections the three branches named to which other societies dealing with borderline” subjects could be added later.But it soon became clear that no general agreement could be reached on a scheme of this kind, and that the Chartered Bodies as such preferred to remain autonomous. Had a scheme of general amalgamation been pressed it would have been wrecked and the whole question-so vital to the interest of chemistry in this country-would not have been revived for many years to come. As it is, the Chemical Council has been constituted with as general an assent as is possible-in any case by the consent of the large majority of chemists. Its functions are clear and straight- forward and it deals with chemists only.Later a way may be found for the inclusion of other bodies whose activities are related to chemistry, but for the moment, the chemist, for the first time, is setting his house in order and he will not be in a position to invite guests until he has done so. It has been suggested that this is merely another society to be added to the twenty chemical societies already existing. It might be more correct to say that there are not twenty chemical societies, there are only three: the others are bodies dealing either with small specialised sections of chemistry or with 205 “borderline I’ subjects, such as biochemistry, in which chemical science plays only a part. The Chemical Council has as one of its chief objects the co-ordination of the activities of the three chartered bodies prior to the extension of its work to wider fields.The Chemical Council has been constituted in the first instance for seven years. By the end of that period it will be seen whether it has justified its existence and such alterations can then be made as time and circumstances may have shown to be desirable. Moreover, before the end of the seven-year period an opportunity will have been taken thoroughly to investigate the conditions under which it may be possible to reduce the existing fees of membership of the constituent bodies, but it is obvious that nothing can be done in this connexion until the success of the appeal for funds is known. It cannot be too strongly emphasised that any reduction in the amounts of the subscriptions of members is intimately con- nected with an increase of membership-a seeming paradox, but one which will be understood when it is pointed out that the cost of an extra copy of a publication, already set up, is comparatively small.The Chemical Council is not therefore an additional society. It is a co-ordinating body the functions of which are set out in the preamble of the deed of agreement. In the past the weight of publication has been borne by the members of the publishing societies and the number of members and the size of the publications have enabled this to be done. Of the Fellows of the Chemical Society (3,650 in the 1933 list) some 1,200 have published in the JOURNAL. Probably only a portion of those who have published, and probably many of the remaining 2,450, do not read more than a few pages of the JOURNAL. Nevertheless, the publication of new knowledge is absolutely essential. All, except the life members, contribute E3 a year and this sum serves as the main means of defraying the cost of publication.A precarious state of affairs this, and one which will show business men how urgent it is that a capital sum should be provided to ensure against the inevitable variation in membership; for although what may be termed the “dilet- tante” member may be relied on to continue his membership, it is doubtful whether, at the present time, others will be found among the younger men to replace him. The appeal pamphlet when it is issued will be found to con- tain an epitome of the reasons why the Chemical Council feels 206 justified in approaching the leaders of industry for substantial help.It is no begging appeal: it is a call for help from those who have hitherto borne, ungrudgingly, the heat and burden of the day to those whom they feel should now share some of that burden. Probably at no other time in our chemical history has the relationship between professional chemistry and industry been happier than it is at present. There is mutual goodwill and respect between the two, andit is certain that good feeling of this kind is, in the highest degree, for the national good. 207 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 24th April, 1936.-Before proceeding to the business of the meeting, the President reported-as mentioned in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 11-that aPart letter had been received from the Home Secretary stating that he had laid before His Majesty The King the loyal and dutiful Address of the Institute, on the occasion of the death of His late Majesty King George V, and that he had received the King’s Commands to convey to the President of the Institute His Majesty’s grateful thanks for the assurances of sympathy and devotion to which it gave expression.The President also reported that a letter had been received from His Majesty’s Keeper of the Privy Purse stating that he had been commanded by the King to inform the President that His Majesty had been graciously pleased to grant his Patronage to the Institute.The President reported that he had replied as follows:- 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON,W.C.l. 31st March, 1936. The Right Hon. Col. Lord WIGRAM,P.C., G.C.B., G.C.V.O., C.S.I., Keeper of the Privy Purse, Buckingham Palace, S.?V.1. iMy Lord, I have great pleasure in acknowledging, on behalf of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, your Lordship’s letter of the 30th March, informing me that His Majesty The King has been graciously pleased to accord his Patronage to the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. May I respectfully request that your Lordship will be so good as to convey to His Majesty, on behalf of the Institute, an expression of the loyal and humble duty of the Fellows and Associates and their most grateful thanks for this honour and mark of His Majesty’s favour.I am, my Lord, Your obedient servant, ROBERT H. PICKARD, President. Following the action taken by the Council at the meeting held on the 21st February, the officers reported on the debate in the House of Commons on the Sugar Industry (Reorganisation) Bill (see page 250). 208 A communication was received from the British Federation of Industries to the effect that a committee would be formed to secure that Great Britain was adequately represented at future Congresses on Scientific Management. The thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. Calder who had represented the Institute at a meeting called to consider the matter.Mr. William Rintoul, the representative of the Institute on the Executive Committee of the Sixth International Congress for Scientific Management, held in London last year, was unfortunately, absent through illness. The Draft Rules submitted by the East Midlands Section were approved. A memorandum was submitted from the Parliamentary Science Committee on a scheme for the development and finance of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, together with a schedule of recommendations, including the establishment of a National Scientific and Industrial Research Fund, to be raised largely from customs receipts, as well as from industry. Consideration of the document was postponed in order to give Members of Council an opportunity of perusing it, and of expressing their views thereon.Dr. Harold G. Colman was reappointed representative of the Institute of the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. On the report from the Finance and House Committee, the Council considered the proposal to make provision for the election of a District Member of Council for the East Midlands. The Committee reminded the Council that during the past two years, contiguous Sections had been formed:- (a) South Yorkshire (including Chesterfield, Worksop and (b) East Midlands (including most of Derby, Nottingham the Lindsey division of Lincolnshire) (83 members) ; and and Leicester, the parts of Holland and the division of Kesteven) (199members).The South Yorkshire Section was debarred from participating in the election of a District Member of Council for Yorkshire because it overlapped other counties ;similarly, the East Midlands Section covered areas which were previously included in other Sections. The total number of members attached to these two Sections was sufficient to justify representation on the Council by a District Member, and the Finance and House Committee expressed the hope that the Committees of the East Midlands and 209 South Yorkshire Sections would concur in an arrangement to nominate jointly a District Member of Council, it being under- stood that nothing in this arrangement would preclude other members from nominating candidates for election as District Members of Council in accordance with the By-laws.The Council concurred in the report of the Committee, and directed that the South Yorkshire and East Midlands Sections be informed accordingly. The report of the Benevolent Fund Committee showed that twelve widows of Fellows and Associates, seven with young children, are now receiving help from the Fund, in addition to several aged Fellows and a number of members temporarily embarrassed through illness or unemployment. Arising out of correspondence with a Fellow who has shown keen interest in the Fund, the Committee prepared the following return of statistics indicating that further support is necessary to place the Fund on a sounder footing, in order to meet the demands made upon it.The figures give the average receipts and payments for the ten-year period 1926 to 1935 and the five-year period 1931 to 1935 respectively:-1926-1 935. Subscriptions AnnualsubscriDividends . . ption.. .. s .. . . 409 354 111 Grants Loans .. Regular payments .. .. -. .. . . 378 160 418 Loans repaid .. .. 83 Printing . . .. 36 Audit .. .. .. 5 E957 L997 1931-1935. Subscriptions .. .. 544 Grants .. -. 392 Annual subscriptions . . 414 Loans .. .. .. 189 Dividends .. .. 135 Regular payments .. 625 Loansrepaid . . .. 102 Printing .. . . 36 Audit . . .. .. 5 0,195 310 The Committee also proposed to adopt a Deed of Covenant for members who were prepared to promise to subscribe to the Fund for seven years consecutively, on the understanding that the Fund would be able to recover Income Tax on such contribu- tions, but that such members would not be able to look to the Fund at any time during the seven years for any kind of assistance, -a condition laid down by the regulations governing such deeds.A report was received from the Publications Committee stating that Mr. Davidson Pratt had kindly consented to allow his lecture on “Protection against Toxic Gases in Industry,” which had been given before the London and South-Eastern Counties’ Section, to be published as a separate monograph. The Committee also reported that a new edition of the Register was in preparation, and arrangements for future lectures would be reported in June.The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee reported as usual on a large number of applications for Student- ship, Examination and Membership. Council Meeting, 22nd May.-A memorandum on the development and finance of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, transmitted by the Parliamentary Science Committee for the consideration of the Council, was discussed, with the result that the Council came to the conclusion that some of the recommendations contained therein were political- touching on questions such as tariffs and State control of research, -and that, as it did not seem possible to obtain a collective and unanimous opinion on such matters, it was not advisable for the Council to express its opinion on the document.The Council, however, requested the Registrar, who is a Member of the Parliamentary Science Committee, to report further proceedings. ,4mong other matters, the Council considered the Petition for the grant of a Royal Charter to the Institution of the Rubber Industry under the title of “The British Institute of Rubber Technologists.” Being assured that the Institution recognised the position of the Institute of Chemistry and that there was nothing in the draft Charter which was intended or would be interpreted to controvert or deny the rights or privileges of the Institute, the Council directed that the Privy Council be informed that the Council of the Institute, if permitted to do so, would 211 be glad to support the Petition of the Institution of the Rubber Industry. On receiving an invitation from the British Standards Institution, the Council appointed Mr.William Henry Simmons, Fellow, as representative of the Institute, on a Technical Com-mittee to examine the draft methods for the analysis of soaps and fats, prepared by the International Commission for the Study of Fats. Reports were received from the Standing Committees,- the Report from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, including the Report of the Board of Examiners on the April-May Examinations. The Council also received a Report from the Chemical Council on the proceedings of five meetings held since its last Report which was submitted in October, 1935.l1Modern Chemical Nomenclature. ’‘-On 14th May, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, Westminster, on the kind invitation of the Council of the Chemical Society, many Fellows, Associates and Registered Students attended a lecture on “Modern Chemical Nomenclature,” given by Dr. Clarence Smith, Editor of the Joiirnal of the Chemical Societjt. Professor N.V. Sidgwick, C.B.E., F.R.S., President of the Society, in welcoming the members of the Institute, stated that the suggestion that such a lecture should be given had emanated from the Council of the Institute. At the conclusion, a vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer, on the motion of Dr. R. H. Pickard, F.R.S., President of the Institute, seconded by Professor Gilbert T.Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S. Dr. Pickard expressed the thanks of the members and students to the Council of the Chemical Society for inviting them to be present . It is hoped that the lecture will be published and that reprints will be available. 212 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, on aznd April, when a paper was read by Dr. R. L. Mitchell, of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, entitled 66 Spectroscopic Analysis by the Lundegiirdh Method.” Dr. Mitchell opened with a short account of the early work on quantitative analysis by means of flame emission spectra, mentioning in particular the methods of Gouy and Klemperer.He then described the method which had been worked out by LundegArdh in connection with his investigations of plants and soils in Stockholm. The apparatus used was conveniently divided into two parts: the burner aggregate and spectrograph for the production of the spectrograms, and the photometer for their evaluation. The burner aggregate comprised an air-acetylene burner of the bunsen type, into the air stream of which could be introduced a fine spray containing the substance to be estimated. The air, supplied from a cylinder, was forced through a platinum atomiser nozzle, which introduced into the air stream a fine spray of the solution.This passed through the sprayer vessel and into the burner tube where it was mixed with the acetylene, the mixture burning at the platinum-iridium tipped mouthpiece. The air and acetylene pressures were accurately controlled, as was the time of exposure. A series of standard solutions, as well as the unknown solutions, about twenty-two in all, was included in each plate. Some thirty-two cations, including the alkalis and alkaline earths, gave suitable flame emission spectra. The intensities of the spectral lines were measured by means of a microphotometer, incorporating a Moll-Burger vacuum thermo-couple and a Moll galvanometer. This type of element was very convenient as it allowed a magnified image of the system to be projected on a screen and the scanning of the line to be 213 accurately performed. The latest Lundegirdh type photometer incorporated a step-by-step vertical movement, and a precision screw horizontal movement of the plate, allowing the instrument to be used as a wave-length micrometer.The fact that the acetylene flame had a continuous back- ground over most of the ultra-violet region permitted correction to be made of variations in emulsion properties over the plate: the intensity of any line was given by the ratio of the density of the line to the density of the background adjoining the line. Thus the flame background was an advantage and not a dis- advantage. The ratio for each of the standard solutions was plotted against its concentration and the results for the unknown solutions found from the curve so obtained. The routine error was about 4 per cent.but, by replication, could be decreased to 1-2 per cent. Finally, Dr. Mitchell made brief reference to the dipping spark method recently introduced by Lundegirdh for cations which do not give a flame spectrum. On the motion of Mr. Godden a vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer. The Annual General Meeting was then held. The Hon. Secretary’s report and financial statement were read and approved. The officers for 1936-37 were elected as follows :-Chairman, Mr. W. Godden; Hon. Secretary, Mr. R. Craven; Committee, Professor J. Hendrick, Captain J. S. Allan, Dr. A. B. Stewart, Mr. Andrew Dargie, Mr.M. J. M. Robb and Mr. P. Mitchell. Mr. Robb was appointed Hon. Auditor. The meeting then adjourned. Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Section, held in the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution on 19th March, Dr. W. H. Gibson, O.B.E., Director of Research, Linen Industry Research Association, discussed- ‘‘Industrial Biochemistry in Northern Ireland.” After tracing the development of the science of chemistry to its present vast dimensions, he pointed out that the industrial resources of Northern Ireland in the way of raw material were very largely agricultural, i.e. biochemical products, and so in the study of chemistry in the Province from a vocational point of 214 view, special attention should be paid to biochemistry and in particular to those products produced on the farms of the Province.Dr. Gibson went into detail with regard to the biochemistry of some of the more important products of the Province, such as foodstuffs, flax, etc., and touched upon the question of the canning and bottling, and on fermentation, and other industries. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Merrythought Caf6 on 4th May, when the Officers and Committee for the ensuing session were elected as follows :-Chairman, Prof. R. G. Baskett; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. W. Honneyman; Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. S. McDowell; Committee, Dr. T. E. Ellison, Messrs. J. C. Baird, J. W. Porter and G. R. Perdue. Birmingham and Midlands.-At the Annual General Meeting held at the General Hospital, Birmingham, on 1st April, the following Officers and Committee were elected for next session :-Chairman, Prof.R. H. Hopkins ; Vice-chairman , Mr. J. R. Johnson; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. A. G. R. Whitehouse; Hon. Secretary, Mr. G. Thomas; Committee, Dr. Cooper Duff, Mr. A. W. Knapp, Dr. F. W. Norris, Mr. T. F. E. Rhead, Dr. W. Wardlaw and Messrs. A. Churchman, T. L. Harris, W. J. Price and A. R. Runeckles; with Mr. W. A. S. Calder, District Member of Council; Hon Auditors, Mr. H. A. Caulkin, Mr. W. T. Collis. Following the Annual Meeting members and friends visited the Radium, Deep X-rays Therapy, Biochemical, Cancer Research and Pathological Departments of the General Hospital. Cardiff and District.-Dr.E. A. Rudge presided at a joint meeting of the Section with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held on 11th March, at the Techni- cal College, Cardiff, when Dr. H. E. Cox gave an address on ‘‘Recent Advances in Food Chemistry.” Dr. Cox gave an account of some of the important recent work which had been carried out on the preservation and trans- portation of fruit and other foodstuffs. He dealt with the chemistry of several of the substances, such as vitamins and diacetyl, which are present in foodstuffs, and finally gave details, with lantern slide illustrations, of a ship fitted for transport of meat over long distances. 215 A keen discussion followed, and a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr.Cox, proposed from the Chair, and seconded by Mr. P. V. Lloyd. The First Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Queen’s Hotel, Cardiff, on 27th April. The Secretary’s and Treasurer’s reports were read and adopted, and the Committee for the Session 1936-37 was elected as follows:-Chairman, Dr. E. A. Rudge; Hon. Secretary, Dr. W. Cule Davies; Committee, Dr. N. M. Cullinane, Mr. S. Dixon, Mr. S. U. Evans, Dr. J. H. Quastel, Mr. S. B. Watkins, Dr. H. B. Watson and ex oj’iczo, Mr. E. A. Tyler (District Member of Council). Dr. E. A. Rudge then read a paper on ‘‘ The Training of the Chemist,” of which he has supplied the following pr6cis:- The enormous developments of the past 25 to 30 years in industrial chemistry which have introduced newer processes and methods of control, and in some cases entirely new industries, have occasioned a considerable change in the position of the chemist, and in the duties which he is called upon to perform. The works is in closer contact than ever before with the results of academic research, and the translation of the latter into industrial terms is constantly necessary.There is in consequence an increasing demand for an entirely new type of trained man, very different from the graduate of pre-war days both in training and experience. Dr. Lampitt has expressed this new demand as follows :-‘‘ In industry you must be more than a specialist; you must have a very broad knowledge of the whole range of cheniis- try,” pointing out that industry wants “a chemist who can calculate costs of production ; can translate bench experiments to factory scale; who knows something of fluid flow, of heat transfer, and a multitude of details of major importance.”* It is usually assumed that the chemist beginning industrial work is first solely engaged in laboratory routine,? but this is not now strictly true.Fewer and fewer works are engaging graduates for routine analyses, whilst, on the other hand there is a greater demand for men capable of process control. The academic teacher is inclined to draw undue distinction between what are termed “pure ” and “applied ” chemistry. $ Whereas academic * Lampitt-1st Gluckstein Lecture-“ Chemist and Commerce,” p. 10. t Pilcher-“Profession of Chemistry,” p.67. $ Pilcher, Zoc. cit., p. 69. 216 courses have expanded enormously to keep up with the great developments in organic, physical, and other branches of chemical research, there has been little tendency to take into account the no less remarkable, and certainly no less important development in "applied '' science. The examination is the only index we have to judge of changes or trends in chemical education, and it is safe to remark that the final degree papers have undergone no change except, since 1914,one of academic scope. The graduate therefore remains the raw material he was many years ago, in spite of the obvious demands of industry. It may well be asked why do not the Universities modify existing degree courses in face of this altered situation.It is not easy to give an answer. Efforts are being made by other bodies such as the Institution of Chemical Engineers to devise a system of training in chemical engineering, but the profession has not itself decided the order in which the fundamentals should be divided between the chemists and the engineers. Perhaps on this account the Universities are unwilling to introduce a degree in this subject; although a contributory reason lies in the impression that a course in chemical engineering would be expensive to equip and to run. Such an impression is an erroneous impression, for it has been shown that a very adequate course can be conducted on little equipment of the simplest kind, particularly if the co-operation of local industry can be secured.The unfortunate publicity given when expensive equipment is presented to colleges is perhaps partly responsible for the pre- valent, yet wrong, assumption that chemical engineering needs to be elaborate and complicated to be successful. Notwithstanding the efforts of the Institution of Chemical Engineers to develop a systematic course of a new type, there still remains the difficulty of non-recognition by the University. A matriculant usually chooses a course of study not so much with a view to a career as with a view to a degree. In conse- quence, there seems to be no alternative at present to the scheme of post-graduate training in chemical engineering. The un-desirability of this method,-often described as "top-dressing "-may be removed to a great extent by suitable modification of syllabus during the graduate course, introducing such subjects as costing, elementary engineering drawing, industrial physics, the use of steam and electric power, and the elementary principles of chemical engineering.Objections may be raised on the grounds that these inclusions would tend to confound the student and 217 reduce his chance of a good honours degree, but, in the opinion of the lecturer, this would not be so. The matter dealt with would be of general advantage, in whatever kind of occupation the student would ultimately find himself. In conclusion, Dr. Rudge said that the subject was highly controversial, and was furthermore confused by the unfor-tunate fact that experts were not unanimous even upon the major points at issue. He felt, however, that the time was over- due for a definite effort to be made to create a type of graduate more readily available for the industrial posts of higher respon- sibility.The paper was received with much interest and followed by a discussion. The subject will be raised again at a future meeting of the Section. East Midlands.-The first Annual General Meeting of the East Midlands Section was held at University College, Notting- ham, on 2nd April,-Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson in the Chair. The Officers and Committee for the ensuing year were elected as follows:-Chairman, Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson; Honorary Secretary, Mr. C, W.North; Committee: Messrs. R. Davidson, E. A. Morris, L. G. Tomlinson, for Derbyshire; Mr. F. C. Bullock and Dr. L. Hunter, for Leicestershire, excluding Loughborough ; Dr. C. Whitworth, for Loughborough; and Dr. H. H. Barber and Messrs. G. F. Hall and W. Woodhouse, for Nottinghamshire. Mr. E. A. Morris was elected Honorary Auditor. The Section Rules, as prepared by the Provisional Committee, were approved. The Report of the Committee and Financial Statement were adopted. A resolution was passed in favour of collaboration with other Chemical Societies in the area. A symposium followed on- (‘The Institute of Chemistry and Professional Training.” to which Dr. L. Hunter, Mr. B. A. Bull and Mr. R. Leslie Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, contributed.Dr. Hunter dealt with the question from the academic stand- point, outlining the essential considerations in the training of chemists, with special reference to the examinations of the Instit Ute. He stressed the necessity of inculcating the research spirit, and of encouraging students in the proper use of the literature of their science. Mr. Bull, who spoke from the industrial side, dealt with the necessary characteristics of chemists who wished to enter industry. He said that it was more essential that a chemist should have a grasp of the fundamentals of his science than that he should be a walking encyclopaedia. Above all, sincere devotion to his profession should be fostered. Mr. Collett said that he had come prepared to defend the Institute against adverse criticism, but he was glad to find that there was none.He spoke of the aims of the Institute with regard to its examinations, and on the Regulations for the ad- mission of Associates and Fellows. While the Council was pre- pared to grant exemptions in certain special cases, due regard was paid to the importance of maintaining a high standard of general and technical education. After an interesting discussion, a vote of thanks was accorded to the speakers. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Engineers and Shipbuilders’ Institute, Elm-bank Crescent, Glasgow, on 21st February, Dr. s. Judd Lewis gave a lecture on “Twenty-five Years’ Practice in Spectrum Analysis.’’ Dr.P. F. Gordon occupied the chair. Dr. Judd Lewis has kindly supplied the following pr6cis:- As a preliminary, the lecturer described with the aid of lantern slides the instruments and methods now most commonly employed, with special reference to the quartz spectrograph, the comparator and the arc method of quantitative spectroscopy by the ratio quantitative system. Dr. Judd Lewis said that in ‘1912he received a request from the British Homeopathic Association to study the mineral constituents of certain tinctures and drugs (Year-Book Pharmacy, 1914,p. 361). It was a type of problem which at that time had been little studied. This incident called for notice, because adopting the arc method, it marked a new departure in spectros- copy as applied to biological and similar materials, into fields which have since proved abundantly fruitful.During the previous twenty-five years very little had been done in the practical application of spectroscopy, except by Professor Hartley and his school in Dublin, who employed almost exclusively the spark method as applied to solutions. 219 Three conditions had hindered and restricted progress :-(I) Public supplies of electricity were not common until the 'eighties of the last century. (2) There was no such instrument as a quartz spectrograph, exploring both the visible and the ultra-violet regions of the spectrum, to be obtained in the ordinary way, although imperfect models were available to special order, and were used academically.Also, there were no spectrophotometers for the ultra-violet , or comparators, and very few accessories in 1912. (By 1914-1915, a few more efficient instruments had been introduced.) (3) Practically speaking, flame spectra alone were commonly known. All these conditions were against the general utility of the spectro- scope, so that one failed to detect minute traces of metals such as lead, tin, boron, antimony, cadmium-for which methods have since been highly developed. Going back to 1912 and the analysis of the homeopathic preparations, one was necessarily tempted to speculate on a primitive kind of quantitative spectroscopy to the extent of making rough estimations of the lithiam, boron and some other contents of several of the ashes.At that time quantitative spectroscopy was but little understood. Hartley had several years previously made some worthy attempts. Hempel and Klemperer (J.C.S., 1910:A.ii, 995)had communicated a method for determining alkalis and alkaline earths in agricultural soils by introducing known amounts of elements into a flame and using a visual instrument. From that time until the present it has been a constant quest to obtain quantitative results more and more precise, and that is likely to conLinue to be the aim of practical spectroscopic analysis until a degree of precision has been attained in all departments, equal to that of approved chemical analyses. It must be claimed, however, that for small percen- tages the spectrographic method is more certain than the chemical, and often more precise.Since 1925progress has been very rapid, and several methods have been introduced, but it has become increasingly evident that the technique applicable to the determination of one minor element in a mixture must be modified according to the major composition of the sample. In this, however, it is under no greater disadvan- tage than are chemical methods. It is practically the only method of assay in some cases; for example, it is doubtful whether a chemical method could determine in a sample of neodymium oxide the following quantities of impurity with any measure of practical convenience and reasonable assurance, and be sure that the figures are reasonably correct : Gadolinium 0.1,Lan-thanum 0.03, Samarium 0.15 to 0.2, Yttrium trace, less than 0.01 per cent.Dr. Judd Lewis stressed the value of spectroscopy in detecting the unsuspected element equally with those which are expected, even when the quantity present is far smaller than could be detected in the ordinary way. This applied with particular force when considering complete analyses of small specimens. In a single milligram of material one may detect most metallic and certain non-metallic elements down to 0.01 per cent., and determine the proportion of each in the one spectrogram, if the arc method by the ratio quantitative system be followed. A practical inquiry of this type is historic, in having given birth to the ratio quantitative system by the arc method.It had been found by Burge that the ash of eye lenses affected by cataract contained relatively more calcium and less potassium than do normal lenses. To ascertain this chemically he used large numbers. This information had general value, but it threw no light on the individual case. The ash of a single lens weighs rather less than a milligram. By comparing its spectrum with that of a milligram of a mixture containing calcium and potassium in known ratio, it was found possible to decide how far the deterioration had gone. This idea of ratio having once taken root, it was but a matter of progress to develop a system, which has since proved widely applicable, not only in the study of complex mixtures, such as those constituting the ashes from vegetable and animal materials,~but also in the precise determina- tion of small proportions of impurities in commercial metals.In absorption spectroscopy there existed twenty-five years ago scarcely any instrument or accessory which is deemed essential to-day. A large mass of the classic work on alkaloids, serum, proteins and chemical constitution had been conducted by many able workers. But it all became primitive and out-of-date in a day, when the new spectrophotometers for the ultra-violet region were designed, for the absorption curves produced under the old conditions are not capable of comparison, either in form or in quantitative measurements, with the corresponding curves of later date.These fundamental instruments maintain their 221 position for precision and general utility, but several refinements in the form of micro-photometers have been introduced, while for vitamins and certain other purposes, apparatus of special performance has been developed. India.-A meeting of members residing in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Assam was held in Calcutta on 16th December, when Colonel T. Crawford Boyd presided, and the draft rules for the Section were discussed. The point on which there appears to be a divergence of opinion is whether there should be one Indian Section with branches at various centres, or a number of Indian Sections, each independently responsible to the home Institute. 215Fellows and Associates now reside in India.The joint Easter Session of Scientific Societies in India was held at the Central College, Bangalore, from 10th to 14th April, 1936. The following Societies participated :-Association of Eco-nomic Biologists, Coimbatore, the Indian Academy of Sciences, the Indian Chemical Society (Madras Branch), the Institute of Chemistry (Indian Section), the Society of Biological Chemists, India, and the South Indian Science Association, Bangalore. Dewan Bahadur N. N. Nyyangar, Chief Engineer, Mysore State, presided. The delegates were welcomed by Sir C. V. Raman, F.R.S., who, in the course of his address, suggested three ideals for research workers, viz. :-a fastidious attention to a high standard of quality, the recognition of the essential unity of knowledge, and the leadership of mathematical thought in the progress of science.Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler presented a discourse on “Recent Advances in Sanitary Science,’’ in which he dealt with researches on water purification with particular reference to Madras, the study of sewage sick soils, the sewage problems of Madras and Ahmedabad, and the manufacture of compost from waste materials. The President, Dewan Bahadur N. N. Ayyangar, had referred to Dr. Fowler’s work in connection with the provision of compost for the villagers. Dr. Fowler said that it was a great encourage- ment to him that the objective towards which he had devoted many years of work seemed now within sight of fulfilment: The scientific utilisation of waste materials in agriculture was a true 222 spreading of wealth.In England, the distribution by Govern- ment of free milk to necessitous school children was an accom- plished fact. Such a policy would have been hardly conceivable not so many years ago, yet now it was realised that the safe- guarding of the health and well-being of the future generation was the best possible investment that a country could make. In view of the large expenditure of capital on works of sanitation, it was of the highest importance that the scientific foundations of the subject should be thoroughly investigated. In Dr. Fowler’s opinion, the solution of the problem could only be found in a close adherence to Nature’s cycle. McCarrison Howard and others had shown the importance of certain factors which must be present in the food of plants, and consequently of animals, if the processes of life were to function satisfactorily.With these considerations in mind, it was interesting to note that the largest modern sewage works,-namely those at Mogden, West Middlesex, England,-involved a capital cost of approximately ~1,700,000, which was almost the same as the capital value of the Kolar Gold Fields. The question arose, which was the more valuable, Nitrogen or Gold? Dr. S. Subba Rao opened an interesting discussion on “Chemi-cal and Biological Assay of some Indian Foodstuffs.” Members of the Session visited the Imperial Institute of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, MacIsaac’s Gardens and the T hippagondanahalli Water Works.Liverpool and North-Western.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Liverpool on 16th April,-Mr. B. D. W. Luff in the chair. Mr. R. B. Croad, Mr. E. Gabriel Jones, Mr. G. H. Turner and Mr. A. W. M. Wintle were elected to the Committee. Mr. R. B. Croad and Mr. L. V. Cocks were re-elected Honorary Auditors. Mr. G. W. Beaumont was re-appointed Honorary Secretary and Mr. J. F. Hardwick, Honorary Assistant Secretary. Professor W. H. Roberts, Honorary Treasurer gave his report on the expenses of the Section for the financial year ending 31st March, 1936. At the Section Committee meeting held before the General Meeting, Mr. L. V. Cocks was elected Chairman, Mr.B. D. W. Luff was elected Vice-chairman, and Professor W. H. Roberts was re-elected Honorary Treasurer. 223 The business of the meeting being concluded, Mr. A. T. Parsons of H.M. Custom House Laboratory, Liverpool, read a paper, prepared in conjunction with Mr. H. L. Bolton, entitled:- "The Determination of Alcohol-A General Survey." a prdcis of which is here given. Alcohol has long been a source of revenue. Early attempts at its determination were for fiscal purposes. In this country, Clarke's Hydrometer was the first instrument to be used (1787) and this was replaced by Sikes's Hydrometer in 1816. This instrument, supplemented by lighter hydrometers for very strong spirits, is still in use in the Department of Customs and Excise; and Sikes' system of proof spirit, based on percentage of a diluted spirit by volume at 50" F., is still the basis upon which duty is charged.For the determination of alcohol in water only, simple methods are available, chiefly of a physical nature. Specific gravity, refractive index, and boiling point are used as indicators of alcoholic strength. Before applying these processes to spirituous liquors and preparations ,purification is often necessary. This may be accomplished as follows :-By distillation. Non-volatile ingredients are removed and loss is slight. By Thorpe and Holmes' light petroleum extraction method the spirit is freed from essential oils, esters, ether, chloroform, etc. By azeotropic distillation with benzene or toluene done, or with benzene and water, alcohol can be separated from certain other low-boiling liquids.The process avoids high temperature in distillation (undesirable in the presence of heat-sensitive substances) and can be carried out in the absence of water (necessary if unstable esters are present). By special chemical processes for removal of specific substances; as for example, Macoun's method for removal of acetone by condensation with benzaldehyde. Of many criteria of identity and purity, the most generally useful is provided by the correlation of specific gravity and refractive index. Alcohol may sometimes be estimated without purification. The strength of wines and spirits may be ascertained, without 224 distillation, by determining both specific gravity and refraction.Tables can be constructed relating the strength to the difference between these two figures expressed on suitable scales. The same two constants have been used by Adams and Nicholls in examining aqueous solutions of any two of the lower aliphatic alcohols. More complicated mixtures may be resolved by determining one or more ingredients by an independent process, and allowing for their effect on the specific gravity and refraction of the mixture. Such independent processes include :-For methyl alcohol-Deniges’ method as given in the B.P. For ace tone-Messenger’s process for large quantities, and Adams and Nicholls colorimetric method with o-nitro-benzaldehyd e for small proportions.For isopropyl alcohol-oxidation and distillation, followed by determination of acetone produced.* For ethyl alcohol-axidation with chromic acid under the conditions prescribed by Adams and Nicholls, followed by distillation and titration of the acetic acid produced. In the discussion the Chairman, Mr. E. Gabriel Jones and Mr, G. H. Turner took part. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to Mr. Parsons. London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 22nd April, a party of members of the Section visited the Home Office Industrial Museum, where they were received by Mr. Murray, the Superintendent, and were shown many exhibits of importance to chemists, including those representing the effects on operatives of workshop atmospheres polluted with the vapours of organic solvents, of cumulative metallic poisoning, industrial diseases, such as anthrax, silicosis, and miners’ phthisis.Mr. Murray gave a special demonstration and a short lecture on explosives caused by dusts of various kinds. Other exhibits of interest were various types of fire extinguishers, gas masks, and mechanical devices for guarding against accidents with machinery . A list of publications of the Industrial Museum (Form 101) may be had on application to the Superintendent, Home Office Industrial Museum, Horsefeny Road, London, S.W.I. *The determination of alcohol in blood may be important in the diagnosis of intoxication. A typical method is that of Widmark in which blood and chromic acid are heated in separate receptacles in the same flask.The amount of reduction of the chromic acid by the alcohol is determined by titration. 225 Malaya.--The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Colonel B. J. Eaton’s house at Kuala Lumpur, on 23rd February. Mr. H. Marsden, Chairman of the Section, presided. The Annual Report and Accounts were received and adopted, and the Committee and office bearers for the ensuing session were elected, as follows :-Chairman :Dr. F. E. Byron ;Hon. Secretary and Treasurer: Dr. T. A. Buckley; Assistant Hon. Secretary: Mr. C. L. Southall; Committee: Dr. K. C. Roberts, Messrs. R. W. Blair, R. E. Willgress, M. Jamieson; Hon. Auditors: Messrs. J. Shelton and H. Marsden. The Chairman referred to the retirement of Messrs.J. C. Cowap and F. L. Okell, and to the pending retirement of Colonel B. J. Eaton, all original members of the Section, who would be much missed on their departure for home. Colonel Eaton reminded the members of a proposal to start a Library for the Section, and Mr. Blair suggested the preparation of cinema films of scientific interest, a suggestion which was supported by Dr. Byron and others. The Section decided to put forward the name of Dr. H. A. Tempany as District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad, and to suggest the name of Mr. R. W. Blair as Honorary Corresponding Secretary for the Far East in succession to Colonel Eaton. Votes of thanks were passed to the retiring Chairman and Honorary Secretary for their services, and also to Colonel Eaton for his kind hospitality in allowing the use of his house for the meeting, and in entertaining the members and their wives to luncheon.The members subsequently visited the site of the new Rubber Research Ins tit ut e. Manchester and District.-The Annual General Meeting was held on 19th March at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, under the Chairmanship of Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw. Dr. D. H. Hey, Mr. G. E. Holden, Dr. M. E. Probert and Dr. W. A. Sexton were elected to the Committee in place of the retiring members,-Dr. Hunter, Dr. Burkhardt, Mr. K. Saunders and Dr. F. C. Ward,-to whom a vote of thanks was accorded for their services.226 The Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. A. Coulthard, was re-elected. Mr. H. H. Stocks and Mr. L. Thompson were re-elected as Hon. Auditors. Dr. H. Hepworth gave a talk entitled bb Chemistry and Business,” of which the following short summary has been supplied by the author :-Comparing the chemical industry of to-day with that of twenty years ago, the main features have been rationalisation, specialisation, increased attention to economics, the increase in the pace of discovery and, in more recent years, the difficulties which have arisen from national self-determinism. These features were briefly discussed, and the suggestion was made that perhaps one of the ways of ensuring peace and bringing about a better international understanding was by means of inter-national industrial agreements. While in science each generation stands on the shoulders of the one preceding it, human nature seems to change very slowly.On the subject of research, the lecturer stated that the time which elapses between a scientific discovery, even in an industrial research laboratory, and the period when the invention has arrived in an economic sense, is often very much longer than was appreciated by the research chemist, although much depended on the type of invention. The establishment of the chemist in industry and in business might take place over a long period of years, and the chemist might be unwise to set aside natural predilection. Work and efficiency should always come before profit -ma king.Finally, the lecturer touched upon the question of the chemist in industry, and suggested that he should regard his chemistry as a tool to be generally controlled by common sense in its application. Mr. Cronshaw, in opening the discussion, commented on a few of the points raised by the lecturer. He stated that the lecture was encouraging for the young chemist in business, since the lecturer had indicated that he was not likely to be tied down to one job, but would gradually gravitate to the type of work to which he was most suited; and also that there was consolation for the chemist of fifty and over, since the lecturer had indicated that in the modern chemical business there was still scope and advancement open to men over that age.227 Mr. Cronshaw distinguished between two types of new products. The new product which introduced an entirely new technique took longer to establish on the market, and there was a greater delay before a return on the outlay was realised, as compared with the type of new product which merely represented a new addition to a sequence of established products. He cited the instances of mercerisation and the slow development of the demand for viscose. Once viscose had been established on the market and the public had become accustomed to the idea of a synthetic fibre, acetate silk was established much more rapidly. Mr. Cronshaw touched on the question of selling and common- sense. He cited the instance of the Zeppelin bullet as an example of the lack of application of commonsense by scientific experts. The suggestion that the bullet should have a soft nose of gelignite was at first turned down by the experts, but proved to be successful.Dr. T. Callan jndicated that it was important for a chemist to gain an idea of what the community required. He was of much value to his firm if he sets out with the object of discovering something which will be in demand, and which will therefore sell at a profit. . He realised, of course, that from the nature of chemical research many discoveries were fortuitous. Mr. Blakey spoke of the oppressive criterion, profit. He stated that it was a pity that the amount of profit which a product or process would bring in always had to be considered.It would certainly be Utopian if quality were put first, profit being a secondary consideration. Mr. Weir stated that chemistry was often a handicap in business since many business problems did not have a chemical solution. Chemical knowledge must not, therefore, be allowed to dull horse sense. He stated that profit was the only criterion of whether chemists were giving service to the community, since if a profit was made on a product it showed that the community required that product and was prepared to pay for it. Mr. Sullivan discussed two points:- (I) He did not consider that a man should be asked to retire at 60 years of age, since under the present conditions of living a man was very much alive at 60, and should be able to carry on with his work and make use of his experience.This experience should be of much value to his firm. A century or two ago a man was not really alive at 60. 228 He considered that the introduction of labour-saving machinery was not always with the object of cutting down the labour costs, but with the object of producing a more uniform product by eliminating the human factor. Unfortunately the operatives of the machine became merely machine tenders which was undesirable. Chemists, however, could never be looked upon as machines. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. Scarlet, who indicated that the chemist does not always appreciate the difficulties of the business man, and seconded by Mr.W. A. Silvester, who stated that the use of involved technical terms by the organic chemist very often delayed his advancement. In replying to the points raised during the discussion, Dr. Hepworth mentioned that the Chemical Council scheme should do much to eliminate multiplicity of abstracts and friction between societies. He agreed that 60 was an early age for retirement, and laid stress on the importance of tackling the problem of leisure. In a number of cases he was in agreement with a firm maintaining men of 60 or 62 and over in an advisory capacity. He agreed with Mr. Weir that profit is the only measuring stick we have, but stated that nowadays the management of firms was more patient and was prepared to wait a long time for results from research work.He considered that work and efficiency should be the prime consideration of the chemist, especially the young chemist entering industry. The Annual Competition for the “Chairmen’s Cup” was held on the Wilmslow Golf Course on 17th May, when Mr. R. 0. Jones was again successful, with a net score of 73. Dr. A. G. Murray was second with 75, and Mr. J. C. Law third with 79. A match with the Institution of the Rubber Industry is to be played on 25th June on the course of the North Manchester Golf Club. The Annual Summer Meeting will take place at Marbury Hall, Cheshire, on Saturday, 27th June. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-On 3rd March an informal supper in the University Union, Armstrong College, was followed by an address by Mr.E. D. McCallum, Lecturer in Economics, University of Durham, on 229 bb The Economist in the Modern World.” A general survey of the present trend of economic theory and the curtailment of its application, because of national and political barriers, gave rise to an interesting discussion. On 20th March the North-East Chemical Societies’ Annual Dinner was held in the Royal Station Hotel, Newcastle upon Tyne. The occasion was unique for the district, in that the Presidents of all three Chartered Societies were present. On 5th May, Dr. P. L. Robinson, Chairman of the Section, and Dr. L. A. Sayce, gave a lecture on 6b Microchemical Analysis.” Dr. Robinson discussed the quantitative aspect and Dr.Sayce described certain points in the qualitative technique. The lecture was admirably illustrated by experiments, shown with the aid of a lantern. A vote of thanks, proposed by Professor Riley, was accorded to the lecturers, and acknowledgments were made to Messrs. Oertling, Messrs. Gallenkamp and the Thermal Syndicate, for loan of apparatus. On 8th May members of the Section were invited to the Thirty-fourth Bedson Lecture, which was delivered by Professor C. H. Desch, F.R.S., on “The Chemical Properties of Metals.” The lecture was followed by the Annual Dinner of the Bedson Club, at which many members of the Institute were present. New Zealand.-The ninth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Library of the Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, on 10th March,-Mr.G. A. Lawrence in the Chair. During the meeting, reference was made to the valuable services of the late Professor J. K. Inglis as an Honorary Cor- responding Secretary of the Institute in the Dominion for nearly 20 years. Professor Inglis had taken a prominent part in the foundation of the Local Section, in which he had also served as chairman and as a member of the committee. On a letter received from Mr. W. Rest Mummery it was decided to make enquiries regarding the facilities of the Chemical Society for copying and translating original papers, and supply- ing photostat reproductions. Mr. Mummery further suggested that steps be taken to give publicity to such facilities with the 230 conditions and particulars of the fees attaching thereto (see page 2754 A discussion ensued on the formation of a library for the Section, towards which the Council of the Institute has promised to make a grant, and also on the question of securing the exhibi- tion of industrial films.Mr. F. H. V. Fielder was elected Chairman; Messrs. R. Gardner, T. H. McCombs, G. A. Lawrence, A. D. Munro, M. L. H. Stewart and G. M. Moir were elected members of the Committee, and Mr. Philip White was re-elected Honorary Secretary and Treasurer. The thanks of the Section were accorded to the retiring Chairman, and to the Honorary Secretary for his services, both in the Dominion and while on a visit to England. A combined Conference of the Section with the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry was held in Dunedin, on 29th and 30th January.The visitors were entertained by the Otago members of both Institutes, whose hospitality was greatly appreciated. Mr. G. A. Lawrence read a paper entitled “Chemistry and Civilisation.” In conclusion of his address, Mr. Lawrence reviewed the contributions of chemistry to the progress of civilisation, and urged the necessity for more science in administration. Professor R. P.Worley, President of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, read a paper on “The Future of Chemistry in New Zealand”; Dr. R. Gardner on “The Application of Bacteriology in Chemical Investigations ’’; Mr. R. Edwards, on “Colour Standards for Tallow” ; Mr. L. H. James, on “Photography as a supplement to Chemical Investigations ”; Mr.T. H. McCoombs, on “Colour Photography ”; Professor R. P. Worley, on ‘:Soluble Solids in the Waikaho River” ; and Mr. W. Donovan, on “The New Zealand Standards Institute.” Visits were paid to:-Gregg’s, Ltd., Spice and Condiment Factory; Hudson’s, Ltd., Chocolate and Biscuit Factory ; the Medical Laboratories, Otago University, and to Staple’s Brewery. South Yorkshire.-A meeting of the Section was held at the College of Technology, Rotherham, on 3rd April,-Dr. G. Lawton presiding-when Sir Arnold Wilson, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., C.M.G., D.S.O., M.P., gave an address on ‘‘The Work of the Parliamentary Science Committee,” in the course of which he outlined the objects of the Committee and related how it came into being.One of the functions of the Committee, he said, was to examine current legislation in its early stages and to refer to the appropriate constituent body any aspect which might appear to have a direct bearing upon scientific activities, e.g. treatment, by Inland Revenue authorities, of expenditure by private firms on scientific research on their own behalf; the relation between scientific men employed by Govern- ment and Local Authorities and private consultants or practi- tioners, British or alien ; the improvement of scientific libraries financed from pooled funds, e.g. The Patent Office Library. No one scientific society or body could ascertain or represent scientific opinion on these or cognate matters, nor adequately make its views known in Parliament or to the Departments concerned.The Parliamentary Science Committee, said Sir Arnold, was doing so, and was interesting Members of Parliament in questions of this sort, being itself composed partly of members of all parties, partly of representatives of scientific bodies. It did not attempt to deal with the disposal of revenue from Customs, nor with subsidies to inhstries, nor the relation thereto of the State. But it would, if actively supported, be increasingly able to promote the larger interests of science by showing from time to time how scientific knowledge and men could be utilised to elucidate current problems. A vote of thanks was passed to Sir Arnold Wilson, on the motion of Mr.B. W. Methley. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Holgate Grammar School, Barnsley, on 8th May, Dr. G. Lawton in the Chair, when the Officers and Committee for the ensuing session were elected :-Dr. G. Lawton was unanimously re-elected Chairman; Mr. W. Wall, Hon. Secretary; Dr. A. R. Bowen, Hon. Treasurer, and Dr. A. W. Chapman, Hon. Auditor. The Committee was elected as follows :-Messrs. W. F. Andrews, J. H. G. Bradley, A. H. Churchouse, Dr. E. Gregory, Messrs. H. C. Hillary, B. W. Methley, E. W. Moore and J. Picken. Mr. John Evans, Member of Council and ex uficiu Member of the Committee, was elected Vice-chairman. A series of works visits is being arranged for the summer, particulars of which will be circulated in due course.232 April-May Examinations, 1936. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned; the numbers of candidates examined and of those passed were as follows:-No. No. Examined. Passed. Fw the Associ&mhip- General Chemistry: at the Institute: at the Imperial College of Science, London : and at the Victoria University, Man-chester,-20tL25th Apd, 1936 .. 64 27* POTthe Fellowship- Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry: at the Institute, and at the Royal School of Mines, Lond- don,4tL8th May, 1936 . . .. .. 1 0 Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with specialreference to Oils, Fats and Waxes: at the Institute: 27th Apidlst May, 1936 .. 3 1 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water: at the Institute,-27th Aprid2nd May ..10 4t Branch G. Industrial Chemistry- With special reference to Coal Tar Technology: at the Institute,-27th April-1st May, 1936 1 1 With special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon: at the College of Technology,Manchester,-27th Apidlst May .. 2 2 With special reference to Oils and Fats and Soap-making: at the Institute,-28thApiLlst May, 1936 .. .. .. 1 0 82 36 * Seventeen candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part onlyof the Examination, 3 candidates completed the Examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts of the Examination in which they had previously failed. -f Five candidate8 failed only in part of the Examination, 2 candidate8 completed their Examhation by satisfying the Examiners in those partsof the Examination in which they had previously failed.FOR INEXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIP GENERAL CHEMISTRY. AND PHYSICALINORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-AlthOUgh the Can&- dates did quite good work on the whole, the standard attained in theoretical inorganic chemistry leaves room for improvement. Poor answers were frequent when candidates selected the question in the first paper dealing with rnonotomic, diatomic and triatomic molecules, and, in the second paper, those dealing with the molecular conductivity of electrolytes and the use of electricity in the commercial preparation of chemical elements and com- pounds. The candidates gave many varied instances of the applications of organic compounds in quantitative inorganic analysis, but in many cases little attempt was made to explain the theoretical principles involved.Some excellent answers were given to the questions dealing with the valency or affinity-value of an element and with the colloidal state. The answers, as a whole, leave the impression that, while the candidates have a wide range of chemical facts at their command, they could with distinct advantage devote further time to examining the significance of these facts. The practical work was well done, except with regard to the volumetric estimation of chromium. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-The answers to the organic theory papers were distinctly better than in recent examinations, and there are signs that candidates for this examination are being taught on more modem lines.Some candidates attempted the questions on benzene substitution with success. The practical work was also generally well done, but although candidates were warned that the acid to be prepared from its sodium salt was soluble in water, too many tried the simple expedient of acidifying and extracting with ether without previous investigation of the practicability of this method. Candidates are advised to test their specimens before submitting them. This would avoid the submission of samples of calcium sulphate or sodium chloride as organic substances. Some candi- dates went astray in examining the samples of aniline. It should be clear that only impurities likely to occur need be sought ;nitro-benzene was a very obvious impurity, but benzalde- hyde, as some suggested, was unlikely to be present.234 The translation of French and German technical literature was better done than usual. EXAMINATIONSFOR THE FELLOWSHIP. C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, BRANCH Fats and Waxes. The written papers were well answered, but some candidates showed weakness in their practical work. The questions were designed to involve a balance between analysis and the prepara- tion of organic compounds derived from fats. The preparations were on the whole done in a satisfactory manner, but the quanti- tative results were in some cases far from good. BRANCHE. The Chemistry (including Microscopy), of Food and Drugs and of Water. An appreciably higher standard than usual was reached in answer to many of the questions.Good knowledge of practical details and appreciation of various analytical processes and assay of alkaloids was shown. Some indifferent answers were, however, given to the question dealing with the minor constituents of milk, little reference being made to traces of the heavy metals and their significance, or to fluorides, iodides, pigments, etc. Indifferent answers were also given to the question in which candidates were asked to give an opinion based upon the results obtained on the examination of a sample of well water. This supply was heavily charged with free carbonic acid, which attacked the galvanised piping with obvious consequences.PRACTICALWoRK.-The exercise on the dried milk was generally well done. In the examination of the non-alcoholic wine the estimation of proof spirit was well performed, but several candidates made no systematic effort to examine the sample for metallic contamination or prohibited colouring matter. Some very good results were obtained in the micro- scopical examination of foods, but some candidates were weak in the observation of diagnostic structure and its interpretation. In the examination of the sewage effluent, and the compound tablets, some lack of experience was shown. THERAPEUTICS,PHARMACOLOGY AND MIcRoscoPY.-The answers to the written papers were in general rather short and incomplete. The question on hormones was not well done by 235 several candidates.The British Pharmacopoeia, 1932,has now been official for nearly four years and it is reasonable to expect at least an elementary knowledge of such important drugs as insulin, adrenaline and the other hormones included in the Pharmacopcea. The candidates generally gave a good impression in their oral examination. In dealing with microscopy, reports should contain bold clear sketches of the structures observed under the microscope, and a clear statement should be made of the reasons for the conclusions reached from the appearances observed. Most of the candidates correctly reported the drug as ergot, but few gave reasons for that conclusion.The compressed tablet given for microscopical examination contained digi talis leaf, squill and mercury with chalk, along with maize starch as excipient. This is a very well- known formula, and it was hoped that candidates, having found one constituent, would be led to search specially for the others. Most of the candidates reported digitalis and squill, but some proceeded no further. Some candidates reported the presence of calcium carbonate, but did not recognise the charac- teristic structure of natural chalk, nor did they attempt to examine for the presence of mercury. Several candidates reported chloral hydrate instead of chloral formamide in the sleeping-draught ; knowledge of the solubilities of the two drugs should have prevented this error.BRANCHG. Industrial Chemistry. The written papers were well answered. In the paper in General Chemical Technology the most satisfactory answers were given to the question dealing with the functions and organisation of laboratories ; candidates had obviously made themselves familiar with recent publications on this subject. In the practical work the majority of the candidates showed a high degree of competency, and the ability to deal in a satisfactory manner with a large amount of work under examination condi- tions. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistryfor the Asaoc&ztt?~hip. Andrew, Miss Gertrude Garland, B.Sc. (Liv.), The University, Liverpool; and The Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Brain, Leonard, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London.Cahill, Terence John, Portsmouth Municipal College. 236 Cavell, Alan James, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Imperial College of Science, London. Chorley, Basil Houghton, City of Liverpool Technical College. Clement, George Honor, The University, and Merchant Venturers’ Tech- nical College, Bristol. Clinton, Thomas Gerard John, Royal Technical College, Salford. Cook, Ernest Albert, West Ham Municipal College, London. Cooper, Harold Matthew, Municipal Technical College, Hull. Davison, Stuart Herbert Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Dutton, William Leslie, City of Liverpool Technical College. Emsley, Ernest, College of Technology, Leeds. Halstead, Philip Edward, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Handley, David, City of Liverpool Technical College.Heron, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Municipal Technical College, Blackburn. Hodson, William Frederick, Technical College, Derby. Hurt, Norman Albert, A.M.C.T., Central Technical College, Birmingham; and College of Technology, Manchester. Lewis, Cyril Jesse, City of Liverpool Technical College. McManus, Edward Patrick, City of Liverpool Technical College. Meiklejohn, Andrew McLay, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Morpeth, James Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Northern Polytechnic, London. Robinson, Marcus, B.Sc. (Lond.), Municipal Technical College, Halifax. Sharpe, Clifford John, University College, and College of Technology,Leices ter . Stutchbury, Thomas, B.Sc.(Lond.), The Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Taylor, William Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), Wigan & District Mining and Technical College ; and Central Technical College, Birmingham. Thompson, Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Hull. Wise, Stanley Georgo Arthur, College of Technology, Leeds. Examinations for the Fellowship. In Branch C: Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats and WWeS Gates, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water Bond, Cecil Robertson, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Hamence, Jack Hubert, Ph.D. (Lond.).Jenkins, Daniel Ceirog Evans, M.Sc. (Lond.). Parkes, Edward Burdon, M.Sc. (Liv.). In Branch Q: Industrial Chemistry :with special reference to Coal Tar Technology Bailey, George Cooper, B.Sc.(Lond.). In Branch B: Industrial ChmbCry with special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon Finklestone, Eli. Wharton, John. 237 The following papers and exercises were given :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations wheie possible.) 1. ‘LMercury has a monatomic molecule but chlorine is diatomic and ozone triatomic.” State clearly the evidence upon which this state- ment is based. 2. Give a statement of the principle known as Le Chatelier’s Theorem. Illustrate its widespread application by FOUR examples. 3. Kekul6 was of opinion that the valency or affinity-value of an element was a definite and invariable quantity-a fundamental property of the atom.Critically examine this opinion and state what you know concerning modern views on valency. 4. Write a concise account of the colloidal state with particular emphasis on the distinction between colloids and other forms of matter. 5. Select ONE of the following groups of elements and justify the position assigned to the group, as a whole, in the periodic table:- (a) Phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth. (b) Magnesium, zinc, cadmium, mercury. 6. Write an account of EITHER (a) the use of organic compounds in quantit,ative inorganic analysis, OR (6)heavy hydrogen (D,) and deute- rium oxide (D,O).7. Give some account of the work of any TWO of the following:- Scheele, Davy, Graham, Stas. 2 to 6 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and lo the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. How does fluorine occur naturally and how may it be isolated ? Summarise the main points in the chemical behaviour of fluorine which justify placing it in the halogen group. 2. Describe the experimental procedure employed in the deter- mination of the molecular conductivity of an electrolyte. The specific conductivity of a saturated solution of silver bromide is 0.057 x reciprocal ohms, after allowing for the conductivity of the water. If the ionic conductivities of the silver and bromide ions are 56.3 and 69.5 respectively, calculate the solubility of silver bromide.(Ag = 107.9, Br = 80.) 3. Indicate some of the different ways in which electricity may be used on a commercial scale for the preparation of chemical elements or compounds. Illustrate your answer by a suitable example of each type of application. 4. Discuss the statement that “fixity of composition is to be regarded as the index of chemical combination,” OR write an account of gaseous fuels and their industrial applications. 5. State in detail what you understand by the “co-ordination 6. Give an account of EITHER (u) selenium and tellurium, OR (b)number” of an element, illustrating your answer by typical examples of different co-ordination numbers. Discuss the spatial arrangement in compounde of co-ordination number six.238 molybdenum and tungsten. 7. Explain what is meant by an oxidation potential. Derive an expression to show how this E.M.F. depends on the concentration of the constituents. Indicate the value of an accurate knowledge of oxidation and reduction potentials. TUESDAY, 21st APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer brieJly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Outline the various methods available for the synthesis of quino- line and isoquinoline and their simple derivatives. 2. Write a short account of the researches which have resulted in the establishment of the constitution and in the synthesis of ONE of the following:-(u) nicotine; (b) uric acid; (c) thyroxin.3. Describe for what purpose and in what manner FOUR of the following reagents are used in organic chemistry:- (a) Metallic copper; (b) diazomethane; (c) hydriodic acid; (d) aluminium chloride; (e) sodium ethoxide; (f) sodium hydrosulphite (NazS204). 4. Write a short account of EITHER (a) the stereochemistry of the oximes OR (b)the applioation of the electron theory to benzene substitution. 5. Indicate the stages by which, starting from ethyl alcohol, you would prepare (a) glycol chlorohydrin; (b) isopropyl alcohol; (c) methyl-rtmine ; (d) n-prop ylamine ; (e) glycerol. 6. How has the structure of anthracene been established? Describe briefly its preparation from coal tar and how anthraquinone, alizarine and p-aminoanthraquinone may be prepared from it.7. Indicate the stages in the preparation of the following compounds from benzene :-(u)Hydroquinone ; (b) p -phenylenediamine; (c) salicylic acid ; (d) o-dinitrobenzene; (e) cyclo-hexanone. 8. Write a short account of ONE of the following topics:- (a) Free radicals; (b) Chelate rings; (c) Catalytic reduction and oxidation. WEDNESDAY, 22nd APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. A is the sodium salt of a water soluble organic acid. Prepare from it a crystallised specimen of the acid. 2. The mixture B contains two compounds only one of which is 3. From the aldehyde C prepare a crystallised specimen of its volatile in steam. Isolate and crystallise specimens of each compound. oxime. Quantity as well asquality will be considered in judging the specimens.(A = Sodium oxalate; B = Naphthalene and p-nitrophenol; C = Piperonal.) These exercises may be completed to-morrow. THURSDAY, 23rd APRIL, 10 am. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. Report on the quality of the specimen of aniline D. (D conta-med 5 per cent. nitrobenzene.) 239 FRIDAY, 24th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution E contains chromic and ferric sulphates, together with free sulphuric acid. Determine the amount of iron gravimetrically, and the amount of chromium volumetrically, expressing the results aa grams of Fe and grams of Cr present in a litre of the solution. A standardised solution of potassium dichromate and an approxi- mately 0.1N solution of ferrous sulphate are supplied.The VOLUMETRIC determination of the chromium must be completed TO-DAY, but the gravimetric determination of the iron may be finished to-morrow if desired. 2. Identify the substances F and G. (F = Sodium diuranate OR potassium titanium oxalate; G = Ceric ammonium nitrite OR sodium. tungstate.) SATURDAY, 25th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric determinations which were commenced yesterday. 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the inorganic mixture H which contains six radicals. H = Zinc phosphate, potassium bromide and manganese carbonate; OR magnesium phosphate, potassium bromide and strontium carbonate ; OR manganese phosphate, potassium iodide and strontium carbonate.Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry. MONDAY, 4th MAY, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIX questions to be attempted. Question 1 is compulsory. Answer briefly and to the point. 1. Write a short essay on ONE of the following:- (a) The value of spectrographic methods in inorganic analysis; (b) The use of organic reagents in inorganic analysis; (c) Electrometric methods in analysis. 2. Discuss the chemistry of the compounds of fluorine and of nitrogen, and of the fluophosphoric acids and salts. What modern views are held on the constitution of nitric acid? 3. Compare the chemical properties of rhenium and manganese. 4. How does chromium differ from the other members of Group VI, What is the relationship of rhenium to tungsten and osmium? and in what way does it resemble cobalt? 5.What has been the outcome of recent work on the halogens? 6. How is atomic hydrogen prepared? Give some account of the 7. Compare the properties of beryllium, magnesium and the elements 8. What is meant by the atomic number of an element? Point isotopes of hydrogen. of the alkaline earths. out its significance in rendering the Periodic Classification more consistent and precise. 240 2 to 5 p.m. (SIX questions to be attempled. Awer briefly and to th point.) 1. What is cryolite? What impurities are generally present in this mineral? Draw up a scheme, avoiding manipulative details, for its complete analysis. 2.What are the chief minerals and uses of tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium? Describe the preparation from the ores of tungstates,molybdates and vanadates. 3. Give a short account of the chemistry and electro-chemistry of the lead accumulator. 4. What general methods are employed in the analysis of gases? Give a detailed account of the determination of carbon monoxide in:- (a)Producer gas; (b) Mine air; (c) Air in an ordinary living-room. 5. How may tellurium and selenium be separated ? What impurities are likely to occur in commercial tellurium (99.5 per cent. Te) ? Give a scheme for their determination. 6. Describe, briefly, the carrying-out of a complete analysis of a coal, including the determination of the calorific value. 7. Describe the determination of lead in (a) galena; (b) solder; .(c) chemical lead.8. Discuss, in a critical manner, the separation of arsenic, antimony and tin. Describe, briefly, the methods employed in the determination of arsenic in (a)arsenical copper; (b)an arsenic ore containing 20 per cent. of arsenic. TUESDAY-FRIDAY, 5th to 8th MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the percentages of the chief constituents in the sample af Chromite (A). 2. Make an analysis of the sample of Pyrolusite (B). 3. Determine the percentages of the two valuable constituents in the Concentrate (C). 4. As far as time is available, determine the percentages of the constituents in the sample of Phosphor-Bronze (D). Nom.--All samples may be commenced on the fist day, but they and the notebooks will be collected at the end of each day’s work.Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils,Fats and Waxes. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer briejy and to the point. Equations and structural fomuEae to be given where necessary.) (TWO questions to be awered from each part.) PARTA. 1. Describe the synthesis from their elements of the following2. How may racemic mixtures be resolved into thoir optical enan- 3. Describe with examples the reactions associated with THREE of 4. Describe the preparation of phenol. How does this compound compounds:-(a) glycerol; (b) benzene; (c) acetone; (d) urea. tiomorphs, and how may optically active compounds be racemised? the following names:-(a) Friedel and Crafts; (b) Grignard; (c) Perkin; .(d) Cannizzaro; (e) Claisen.241 differ from ethyl alcohol chemically, and how may it be converted into (a)picric acid; (b) salicylic acid; (c) salicyl aldehyde ? PART B. 1. Indicate the relationship between oleic and elaidic acids and the evidence for the structure assigned to these compounds. 2. Write a short account of the application of ONE recently dis- covered physical method to the study of the structure of long chain fatty acids. 3. Write an account of the catalytic reduction of organic compounds, paying attention to the different catalysts used, their preparation and their specific action. 4. Write an account of the normal and cyclic ethers of glycerol, indicating the methods for preparing them, their chemical and physical properties and their uses.2 to 5 p.m. (Answer not more than FIVE questions.) 1. Enumerate and give structural formulae for the principal naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids; explain the system of nomenclature used. Where does iso-valeric acid occur, and in what way is it remarkable ? 2. Outline the chemical structure of compounds which may be used instead of soap for wetting purposes. How would you attempt to identify one of them? 3. Give an account of the composition and properties of Tung Oil; discuss the chemistry of the effect on this oil of (a)heat; (b)iodine. 4. Describe the probable mode of formation of diacetyl in butter; how may this substance be synthesised and how determined quantitatively ? 5.What changes occur in the fatty acids of a vegetable oil on partial hydrogenation? Illustrate your answer by reference to a particular oil, e.g. rape oil. 6. Write a short essay on rancidity in fats and its detection. 7. Outline present views on the structure of the sterols, noticing their relationship to the fat-soluble vitamins. TUESDAY-FRIDAY, 28th APRIL to 1st MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Identify and report upon the specimen of Oil A. 2. Prepare a specimen of azelaic acid from the oleic acid provided. 3. Determine the amount of trimethylene glycol in the sample of 4. Estimate tho proportion of iso-oleic acid in the mixture C. Pre-Glycerine B.pare some iso-oleic acid from it and the sterol acetate; note the melting points and leave small specimens. 5. Investigate, as far as time permits, the nature of the Wax D, and report on its possible use in polish manufacture. (A = Perilla oil OR Tung oil; B = Pure glycerine to which the glycol had been added; C = Lead mixed with a hydrogenated fat; D = A syn-thetic wax.) The results of EXERCISE I must be handed in at the end of the first day. 242 Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1p.m. 1. Give an account of the methods you would use for the deter- mination of the sugars in asample of honey, indicating clearly the principles involved in the processes you describe.2. A sample of well water, drawn from a household service-tap, is said to give the following results:- parts per 100,000. Total saline matter .. .. .. 22.8 Non-volatile (mineral) solids . . . . 20.4 Loss on ignition . . .. .. .. 2.4 Total hardness (absolute) .. .. .. 19.5 Temporary ditto .. .. .. .. 3.0 Permanent ditto . . .. .. .. 16.5 Sodium chloride .. .. .. .. 3.7 Ammoniacal nitrogen .. .. .. 0.008 Albuminoid ditto . . .. .. .. 0.0025 Nitrous ditto .. .. .. .. 0.0006 Nitric ditto .. .. .. .. 0.120 Physical observations.-A faintly opalescent water possessing a veryslight bluish cast; free from odour and containing traces of grayish-white deposit. Express an opinion upon the use of the supply for potable purposes; draw attention to any anomaly indicated in the table.If there are insufficient data before you, state clearly what further analytical tests you would employ to allow of an explanation of the above results. (Answer in a separate notebook.) 3. What are the principal therapeutic uses of the following drugs:- arsenic trioxide, amidopyrine, cinchophen, mercuric chloride, potassium iodide ? State the usual doses, and describe in each instance any untoward effects which may result from continued administration or from special susceptibility. 4. Explain the terms “endocrine gland” and “hormone.” Write a short account of the use of hormones in therapeutics, taking as examples the preparations which are included in the British Pharmacopeia.5. Explain the terms (a) diaphoretic; (b) diuretic; (c) antipyretic;(d) expectorant. Mention three drugs in each class and state the usual doses. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions. Question ONE is compulsory.) 1. As a Public Analyst, what action would you advise in circum- stances where an informal sample of grey powder, supplied by a pharma-cist, is found to contain 27 per cent. of mercury? (B.P. quality should contain 33 per cent. of mercury; Limits 31-35 per cent.) 2. Describe, with essential practical details, how you would deter- 3. Write a short essay on the minor constituents of milk and deal mine any THREE of the following:-(a) chlorinated compounds in benzoio acid; (b)fluorides in drinking water; (c) lime in a sample of light magnesium carbonate of reputed B.P.quality; (d) saccharin in beer. 243 clearly with their dietetic importance. 4. Discuss and explain briefly the B.P. methods of alkaloidal assay for any TWO of the following:- (a) Eaton’s syrup, involving the separation of strychnine from quinine. (b) Ipecacuanha root, involving the separation of phenolic from non-phenolic alkaloids. (c) Powdered opium, involving the separation of morphine from other alkaloids. 5. Outline the analytical scheme you consider necessary and sufficient for the ROUTINE examination of any FIVE of the following samples:- (a) camphorated oil; (b) purified borax; (c) jam; (d) shredded suet; (e) dried milk; (f)egg-substitute powder; (9) self-raising flour.TUESDAY, 28th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Report upon the sample of dried milk (A). (Deficient in fat OR with added sucrose.) WEDNESDAY, 29th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the proof spirit content of the non-alcoholic wine (B), and ascertain if it complies with the Public Health (Preservatives, etc. in Food Regulations) and is otherwise of genuine quality. 2. Report the results of microscopical examination of the ground almonds (C) and the sugar (D). [(B), 4 per cent. proof spirit with traces of boron and copper; OR 2 per cent. proof spirit with zinc and prohibited colouring matter; (C)contained other kernels or soya bean meal; (D) dirty sample with charac- teristic spores, etc.] THURSDAY, 30th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 5 pm. The sewage effluent (E) is discharged to a stream which is subse-quently impounded for potable use. It is stated to have an inhibitory effect upon the biological activity of the filter through which it is passed. Confirm or otherwise the above statement and make such further examination as will enable you to indicate the cause of the disturbance, if any. (Unoxidised effluent with EITHER spent liquor OR distillery waste.) FRIDAY, 1st MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Aacertain whether the compound tablets (F) are comprised of the following:-aspirin 24 grs.; phenacetin 24 grs.; quinine sulphate 1 gr. (EITBER sod. salicylate OR salicylic acid substituted for part of the aspirin, the hydrochloride for the sulphate of the quinine, AND/OR excess of the latter).SATURDAY, 2nd MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 pm. 1. Examine the specimens of urine A and B for pathological con- stituents. Make aquantitative determination of a pathological constituent of specimen B. 2. Identify by microscopical examination the powdered drug C, 3. Identify the ingredients of the sleeping draught E. and the ingredients of the compressed tablets D. ( (A) contained blood and casts or crystals; (B) contained acetone and glucose; (C), ergot; (D), digitalis, squill, mercury with chalk; (E), chloral formamide, potassium bromide.) Reports of miscroscopical examination must be accompanied byannotated sketches. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Paper set for all candidates taking this branch.) (FIVE questions to be answered.) 1.Describe two methods of separating “tar fog” from industrial gases. 2. Write a short essay on recent developments in fractional distilla- tion, discussing particularly the influence of reflux ratio. 3. Give a clear description of any one method with which you are familiar for achieving thermostatic control. 4. On what principles does the method of “air-lift” depend? Quote cases in which this method has definite advantages over positive pumping. 5. Describe the operation of a high speed centrifuge. For what processes is this method of separation superior to filter pressing ? 6. “Solvent extraction promises to become a highly important industrial process.” Comment on this statement and describe any method of solvent extraction with which you are familiar.7. Compare the function of a research laboratory, a development(or semi-scale) laboratory and a routine testing laboratory. How would you organise an industrial laboratory so that these various functions can adequately be taken care of? Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Coal Tar Technology. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions to be answered.) 1. The hydrogenation of pyridine is now practised on a considerable scale. Describe in detail how this reduction process is achieved, and what precautions are needed to ensure success. What other similar reduction processes are carried out commercially ? 2. Give an account of the production of motor benzole.How is its technical refining carried out and what is the average composition of a commercial benzole blend ? 3. Discuss the effect of inhibitors as a means of eliminating troubles due to gum formation. Give a list of the more important inhibitors used for this purpose. 4. Discuss the relative advantages of continuous and batch distilla- 5. Describe in detail a modern “active charcoal” recovery plant. 6. Briefly describe chemical reactions involved in the recovery of 7. A particular refking process may be satisfactorily carried out tion for coal tar. Give a drawing (diagrammatic) of a continuous still. Compare this method with the conventional absorption process. cyanide, sulphur and ammonia. 245 by :-(a) percolation through an activated absorbent solid; (b) contact with a liquid reagent.Compare these methods in general terms and give any reasons for preferring one to the other. TUESDAY, 28th APRIL to PRIDAY, 1st MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine and report on the sample of motor spirit A. The sample is a commercial benzole blend. In particular, determination should be made of aromatic content, sulphur content, actual gum content, unsaturated content and freezing point. 2. From the motor spirit A prepare a sample of the saturated non- aromatic "paraffioid " componene-determine its specific gravity, boiling range and sulphur content. 3. Report on the sample of creosote B. Determine those constants that are of interest in the utilisation of this material:- (a) as a fuel; (b) as a timber preservative.4. Report on the samples (C), (D) and (F),which are commercially derived from coal tar. ((C)= piperidine; (D)= tetralin; (E)= prepared road tar.) Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions to be awered.) 1. Write an essay on the recovery of :-(a) caustic soda, OR (b) sulphuric acid, in the viscose spinning industry. 2. What changes take place in the xanthate. solution during the ripening process? Indicate a scheme of analysis which would enable you to estimate the concentrations of the important constituents of the solution.3. What are the desirable qualities in a wood-pulp used as raw material for rayon manufacture ? How would you determine the amount of a-cellulose present? Do you consider that the value of the pulp is directly proportional to the a-cellulose content? Give reasons for your answer. 4. Discuss the importance of high lustre and of low lustre in rayonyarns and fabrics. Describe the principal methods which have been used for dulling rayons during and after the spinning process. 5. A sample of viscose rayon yarn is suspected to contain one or more of the following impurities :-iron, copper, aluminium, magnesium zinc, sulphur. Give details for the detection of these substances. 6. What are the difficulties which have been encountered in the sizing of rayon warps? How have these difficulties been overcome or minimised ? 7.Discuss the influence on the extensibility of viscose yarns of 8. Summarise the results of recent investigations into the problems drying under varied tensions at different stages of manufacture. of dyeing viscose with substantive dyestuffs. TUESDAY, 28th APRIL to FRIDAY, 1st MAY. 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Make a complete analysis of the desulphiding liquor A. Suggest any modification of this solution to render it more suited to its purpose. 2. Examine the rayon fabric B, and establish the cause of the fault you find in it. 3. Report upon the suitability of the sample C, of recovered Glauber’s salt, for use in the dyeing industry.4. Investigate the cause of the dyeing fault in the rayon fabric of which E is a sample. 5. The sample F has been recommended for softening viscose yarns. Submit a report assessing its value for the purpose. 6. Analyse the sample of natural water G, and discussits suitability 7. Apply appropriate tests to the sample of viscose solution D, with for (a),boiler feed purposes; (b) process work in a viscose factory. a view to ascertaining its fitness for viscose spinning. 247 Notes. The following letter has been received from Professor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S. and Dr. Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President of the Institute :-The Publications Committee, Institute of Chemistry. Explosions Arising from Di-isopropyl Ether.sirs, In a letter to the Society of Chemical Industry (Chemistry and Imhstry, 1933,z74), Sir Robert Robertson drew attention to the possibility of explosion during the distillation of di-isopropyl ether, but it is now apparent that his warning needs to be repeated in the strongest possible terms Explosions arising from the use of this ether have recently occurred at the Shirley Institute, Manchester, and also at the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, with the result that one worker has practically lost his sight, whereas another has escaped similar injury owing to the fortunate circumstance that he was wearing spectacles, which however, were damaged by flying fragments. I. The details of the first accident are as follows:- The Stores Department of the British Cotton Industry Re- search Association purchased in September, 1930,about 18litres of di-isopropyl ether from a local firrn of chemical factors, who have since stated (March, 1936) that they had obtained this ether from a well-known firm of chemical manufacturers.At the end of 1930 and beginning of 1931about 4litre was used for the extraction of acetic acid in quantitative determinations of the acetyl group in cellulose acetate. Many extractions were made and a good deal of the ether recovered. In January, 1936,one of the physicists required an ether of higher boiling-point than diethyl ether for some spectroscopic determinations and was advised to try di-isopropyl ether. From the Stores he obtained two bottles both labelled “iso-propyl ether.” It is not clear whether the contents of both bottles had been recovered or whether one of them was the original material.He took about 100 C.C. from one of the bottles, placed the sample in a Wiirtz distilling flask fitted with a condenser and proceeded in the 248 ordinary way to distil the liquid from an electrically-heated water-bath, the flask being immersed in the water. He was working in a small room which normally would have had one other occupant. Before commencing the distillation he asked a colleague, an organic chemist, to look at the apparatus, and his colleague testifies that everything was in order before the dis- tillation was commenced. The operator was alone when a violent explosion took place.He rushed from the room, and when help came it was found that the whole of his face, including both eyes, was covered with blood. His subsequent report was that as the ether did not seem to be boiling very smoothly he gently shook the flask by the neck thinking it might be super heated, whereupon the explosion took place. Subsequent examination showed that there was considerable water in the water-bath, the explosion being upwards and sideways. It could not afterwards be ascertained from which of the two bottles the victim had drawn the sample for distillation, but examination of the contents of both bottles showed that there was little difference in their behaviour towards acidified solutions of potassium iodide or permanganate.The ether from both bottles contained large quantities of peroxide or similar compound. 2. In the later accident at Teddington, di-isopropyl ether had been employed to extract small quantities of organic acids from an aqueous solution, and after drying, about 50 C.C. of extract were distilled with the aid of an electric heater. After practically all the ether had passed over, a white fume was noticed and the heater was switched off. A few moments later the explosion occurred and the worker received numerous glass fragments in the hands and face, but sustained no serious injury although one lens of his spectacles was shattered into fragments and the other was pitted. This sample of di-isopropyl ether had been in stock for about 5 years, and contained a considerable amount (8 per cent.) of higher-boiling material which possessed the following properties characteristic of peroxides : (a) reduction of aqueous pennan- ganate to hydrated manganese dioxide with simultaneous libera- tion of oxygen, (b)rapid oxidation of mercury to a brownish-black powder, (c) liberation of iodine from aqueous potassium iodide.After this accident the peroxide was found to be violently explosive either on heating or on subjection to mechanical shock -as shown by the following experiments which were carried out by Dr. D. V. N. Hardy: 249 (I) “iso-Propyl ether” (40 g.) was distilled until the ether had passed over. The residue was then heated over an asbestos- centred gauze with a small Bunsen flame.In a few moments an explosion occurred of such violence that it cracked a heavy reinforced glass screen, the surface of which was pitted in numer- ous places owing to contact with flying fragments of glass. (a) The “ether” (4 g.) was evaporated in a cylindrical cavity (diam., I in.; depth, 0.6 in.) in a thick steel disc. A loosely-fitting steel cylinder (height, 0.75 in.) was placed in the cavity above the residue (0.32g.) and a ~f lb. weight was dropped from a height of I ft. on to the cylinder. The resulting explosion projected the weight to a height of 8 ft. where it struck a light steel screen (ao-gauge) and produced a in. dent. It is abundantly evident that the greatest care should be exercised in every operation involving the application of di-isopropyl ether.The inference may be drawn that freshly pre- pared di-isopropyl ether can be distilled from a water-bath with- out danger, but that on keeping it is liable to develop quantities of peroxide and become dangerous. Old specimens and those of doubtful age should never be used unless they fail to liberate iodine from aqueous potassium iodide. Removal of peroxides from di-isopropyl ether may be safely accomplished by exhaustive treatment with either mercury or aqueous permanganate. The object of this letter is to bring to the notice of all users of di-isopropyl ether the hazard incurred in the indiscriminate employment of this liquid without regard to the time it has been stored in contact with the atmosphere. Yours faithfully, G.T. MORGAN, ROBERTH. PICKARD. 13th May, 1936. Members are doubtless aware that peroxides are liable to be formed in ordinary ether when it has been stored for a long time. If such ether be used for the extraction of organic substances, such as fats, and the ether be then distilled, the peroxides seem to concentrate in the residues, and explosions may occur towards the end of the distillation process. Members would, therefore, be wise not to use ether for such purposes without taking the precautions suggested in the above letter. 250 Beet Sugar Industry.-From time to time, the Council has received enquiries from the Liverpool and North-Western and other Local Sections of the Institute regarding the employment of alien technologists and chemists in the Beet Sugar Industry, and it will be remembered that Sir Christopher Clayton, while he was a Member of Parliament, repeatedly approached various Government departmenfs on the subject and put questions on it to Ministers in the House of Commons.When the Sugar Industry (Re-organisation) Bill was intro- duced, the matter came under the notice of the Parliamentary Science Committee, on whose suggestion an amendment to clause 11was moved by Mr. C. S. Taylor, seconded by Mr. W. W. Boulton. Clause 11provided that assistance should not be payable in respect of any sugar, unless it were shown to the satisfaction of the Minister that certain conditions for receipt of assistance including price, arrangements for production and marketing, the installation of British equipment, machinery, plant, etc.were complied with. The official Report of the Debate on clause 11 reads as follows :-CLAUSE II.-(Conditions for Receipt of Assistance.) Mr. C. S. Taylor: I beg to move, in page 11,line 14,at the end, to insert: " (d)that no chemist or other technical expert other than a British subject has been employed in a wage-earning capacity for a longer period than is considered by the Minister necessary for the training of a British subject to carry on this work." I do not think this clause needs very much explanation, as it is a very simple one; but I would like to warn hon. Members opposite that there are a great many unemployed people in this country, and that if they do not support this amendment I rather tremble for them when they go back to their constituencies and face the angry British subjects who have been kept out of employment by aliens and refugees coming to this country.I would like to appeal to the Minister to meet me, and those associated with me on this amendment, by agreeing to include in the Bill something which will deal with this matter. Mr. Boulton: I beg to second the amendment. I hope hon. Members in all parts of the House will agree to the amendment, and I hope the Minister will find no difficulty in 251 accepting it. In this clause protection has been given to British machinery and plant, but no protection has been given to British labour or to the technical supervisory staff which is very import- ant in connection with this industry. No doubt we owed a good deal to alien knowledge in the early stages of the establishment of this industry, but I am assured that to-day aliens are holding a great many of the higher positions in the beet sugar factories.I am also assured that very little encouragement is being given to British chemists and technologists. Although courses have been started in some of the universities, and particularly at the Royal Technical College in Glasgow, the authorities there assure me that they cannot get the students to undertake the courses because they know there is no encouragement for them to enter and gradually to rise to the higher positions in the management of these companies. That seems to me a very unhealthy position, because we believe this industry to be a great national asset and that it will grow into an important industry step by step.It will be of great importance to us in time of war and we should consider whether it is a healthy thing for the higher positions in it to be held by aliens to the extent that they are. The amendment is drawn in wide terms and will in no way penalise the industry. Mr. Elliot: I am sure that the object of the amendment has the sympathy of the whole House. It is that we should, as far as possible, train our people to work in these factories. As recently as 1927-28 there were 221 alien people in the higher ranks of the industry, but that number has been brought down to 31 to-day. We should not exaggerate the position.There are now only 31 people of alien birth in the whole of this industry as against 9,100of British origin. Mr. C. S. Taylor: I would like to know the percentage of alien technical experts to British technical experts engaged in the industry. Mr. Elliot : There are, for instance, 61British chemists and no alien, and 465 foremen engineers, etc., and eight alien. I do not think we should exaggerate the position when the number of aliens has been brought down from 221 to 31,and when, in the case of chemists, for instance, there are 61 British and no aliens employed at all. The House ought to remember, furthermore, that 28 out of the 31have permission from the Ministry of Labour to remain here unconditionally and are subject to no restrictions in regard to their employment.If they were turned out of these factories they would still be able to apply for employment in other places. All that would happen if they were turned out is that skilled men would be going about displacing British subjects in some other jobs. There is also the possibility that they might become naturalised, and I do not think a man who is naturalised under compulsion is likely to be a good citizen in time of war. When such a small number is concerned we should not go cha. ing people by statute. Mr. C. S. Taylor: This amendment leaves it to the discretion of the Minister. Mr. Elliot: Yes, but it puts a pretty strong compulsion upon him, and it is not unreasonable to suppose that within a short time of that provision becoming a statute the Minister would be chased with questions asking why so and so had not been replaced by a British subject.That is not the atmosphere in which I want the Corporation to start. I want it to be as strong in technical efficiency as we can have it, and we should do our utmost to see that British subjects get posts because of their technical quality and chemical skill and not because we have drawn a rigid line by statute. Mr. Quibell: How is Mr. Van Rosen to be described? Mr. Elliot: The whole purpose of this Bill is that Mr. Van Rosen should disappear altogether. Mr. Quibell: I am delighted. Mr. Elliot: I am glad to observe the robust nationalism of the hon.gentleman. In launching this Corporation we want the best people in order to make it efficient, and I do not think we should try and seek to get efficiency by drawing a rigid line by statute as to who should be employed. I think that the powers under the Aliens Order are sufficient to ensure that no further foreigners are brought into the country for employment in this industry. A permit from the Ministry of Labour has to be obtained for a foreigner to get leave to land for employment purposes, and foreigners in the country are still subject to authority in regard to employment and have to obtain permission from the Home Office, which would in the normal practice consult the Ministry of Labour.In regard to this industry the Ministry would require convincing evidence of the need of a foreigner’s services before permission would be given, and the Ministry would certainly consult with the Ministry of Agriculture. I think that in the absence of strong evidence I should have the greatest hesitation 253 in allowing any fresh persons to come over. Seeing that there are only 31 persons concerned, of whom 28 have unlimited per- mission to reside in the country, the effective result of the amendment is that it is limited to three persons only. I would therefore ask my hon. friend whether he would see his way to withdraw the amendment. Sir Stafford Cripps: Can the right hon. gentleman tell us how many of this 31 are employed in a wage-earning capacity as against a salary capacity, because the amendment only deals with wage-earners ? Mr.Elliot : I always admire the intellectual ingenuity of the hon. and learned gentleman, but I think that my hon. friend in moving the amendment had in view those who were in receipt of emoluments in general, and that he did not intend to differentiate too closely between the “salariat ” and the proletariat. Mr. C. S. Taylor: In view of the Minister’s explanation, I beg to ask leave to withdraw the amendment. Mr. Alexander: We should have a word of answer from the Minister on this. He talks about what he calls the robust nation- alism of my hon. friends on this side, but he will observe that this amendment has been moved from his own benches.While we have never ceased to object, and will not cease to object, to the extent to which the public has been exploited under a thoroughly bad scheme for 12years in such a way that foreign investors have made large profits out of the exploitation of the British taxpayer, yet we feel that this narrow bar against foreign technicians is absurd from the British point of view.-[Interruption.] In view of the playful remarks addressed to my side of the House I want to make it plain that this amendment came from hon. Members supporting the Government. It is true that they would like to withdraw it, but they ought to have been the last people to move such an amendment, seeing that the interests for which they stand are exploring every foreign country for opportunities for commercial development and seeking to have British technicians -surveyors, engineers, and chemists-and British advisers of all sorts employed there.It is extraordinary that they, from that side of the House, should object to these few people who happen to be aliens being engaged in this industry. Mr. George Griffiths: And then ask them to go to Eastbourne for their holidays. Mr. MacLaren: I wish to join in the protest against the sug- gestion that we on these benches have taken a narrow view on 254 this matter. The amendment has been drawn in such a way as to fire a shell at the technicians-the chemists and the engineers- in this industry. After all, they do something for whatever they get out of the industry, whether they are foreigners or not.What I cannot understand is why hon. Members opposite have been passive all these years when it was so well known to those of us who have looked into this industry that there were great foreign names connected with it in the initial stages. Those people could not by any stretch of the imagination be called technicians or salary drawers-Dr. Axel, Van Rosen, Dr. Schmidt and Van Loon. All those gentlemen came to this country and induced innocent John Bull to go in for sugar beet cultivation. An hon. friend reminds me that Lord Snowden encouraged it. He afterwards reproached us on this side for our prodigality, but it was he who foisted this scheme on the country. There has never been any attempt to draw up a clause to keep those gentlemen out of the industry, and I see no need for any amendment to keep out only foreign parasites, because in my view there is no difference be-tween Dutch or other parasites and those born in England.They are all the same sort of parasites. If hon. Members opposite are going to show themselves ultra- patriotic I hope they will be patriotic enough to make the net narrower and finer, not allowing in those who are mere parasites while attempting to keep out working men, who will travel to any country to look for a job. The Minister has assured us that he will see to it that in the future no foreigner will get in if he can avoid it. I wish to know whether the Irish are to be regarded as foreigners.As I come of Irish parentage, although I speak with a Scottish accent and represent an English constituency, I want to be sure that my forefathers and their children are not to be debarred, as Irishmen, from coming into this industry. I hope Irishmen will be regarded as British, even in his Department, when they apply for jobs as technicians in the sugar industry. Amendment negatived. Poisons Law.-The Institute has received from the pub- lishers,-The Pharmaceutical Press, 23, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.1,-a copy of Poisons Law,by Hugh N. Linstead, Secretary of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. The book is described as a guide to the provisions of the Pharmacy and Poisons Acts, 1852-1933, and the Dangerous Drugs Acts, 1920-32, for the use of pharmacists and others 255 concerned in transactions in drugs and poisons.The book contains a chapter upon “The International Background to the Dangerous Drugs Acts,’’ by Sir Malcolm Delevingne, lately British representative on the Opium Advisory Committee of the League of Nations. The first chapter deals with the development of pharmacy and poisons legislation in Great Britain. This is followed by a chapter on the constitution, powers and duties of the Pharma- ceutical Society as reorganised under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933. Several chapters are devoted to the Act itself, with many valuable explanations, notably with regard to the requirements concerning labelling. In the section of this chapter referring to the Act as it applies to manufacturers and wholesalers, Mr.Linstead has had the advantage of the advice of Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, General Manager of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. The texts of the Pharmacy and Poisons Acts and the Dangerous Drugs Acts are given in full, together with the Rules and Orders issued in pursuance thereof. A useful Appendix gives a list of poisons and substances containing poisons, with an indication of the special restrictions applying to each. The book should be of value to chemists who are concerned with the manufacture or supply of any substances containing poisons. The Chemical Engineering Congress of the World Power Conference will be held at the Central Hall, Westminster, between aand and 27th June.An Exhibition of Chemical Plant will be organised by the British Plant Manufacturers’ Association, and opened by the Right Hon. J. Ramsay Macdonald on aznd June, at 11 a.m. Forms of membership are obtainable from the General Secretary, Chemical Engineering Congress, 56, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. World Power Conference.-The Annual Report of the World Power Conference (1935) published recently, gives parti- culars of the arrangements for the Third Conference, to be held in Washington, D.C., U.S.A., between 7th to 12th September next. Papers will be submitted in sections dealing with Power 256 Economy,-Technical, Economic and Social Trends ; Organisa-tion of Fuel Industries; Organisation and Regulation of Electric and Gas Utilities; Natural Resources, etc.Dr. C. R. Austin, Fellow, attended, as delegate of the Institute, the Fortieth Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, held at Philadelphia on 24th and 25th April, when the general topic for discussion was “The Attainment and Maintenance of World Peace.” Dr. Joseph Kenyon, Fellow, and Dr. Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, Associate, have been elected Fellows of the Royal Society. Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, Member of Council, who has had charge of the laboratories of J. Lyons & Co., Ltd., since their inception, has been appointed to the Board of Directors of the company. Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw, iMember of Council, and Dr. Robert H.Pickard, F.R.S., President of the Institute, have been elected Members of the Court of the University of Manchester. Dr. H. D. Dakin, F.R.S., Fellow, will shortly receive the honorary degree of LL.D. of Leeds University. Professor F. S. Kipping, F.R.S., Fellow, of University College, Nottingham, will shortly receive the honorary degree of D.Sc., of Leeds University. Mr. H. J. Page, M.B.E., Member of Council, has been appointed Director of the Rubber Research Institute of Malaya, in succession to Colonel B. J. Eaton, O.B.E. Dr. Arthur Wormall, Fellow, lecturer in biochemistry in the University of Leeds, has been appointed to the Chair of Bio-chemistry in the University of London, tenable at St. Bartholo- mew’s Hospital Medical College.257 Obituary. WILLIAM BRASH died at Rottingdean, Sussex, on 28th April, in his 47th year. Born at Glasgow, he was educated at the Grammar School, Galway, Ireland, and studied chemistry at the Royal College of Science, London, where he obtained the diploma of A.R.C.S., also graduating B.Sc. (Lond.), with first class honours in Chemistry. Later he proceeded to M.Sc. and, in 1929, to Ph.D. by research. From 1914 to 1919, he was an assistant in the Government Laboratories; from 1919 to 1922, research chemist at the Erith Oil Works; from 1922 to 1926, senior chemist with the British Silk Research Association at Leeds, and, thereafter, for several years on the staff of the N.F. Syndicate, Ltd., Welwyn Garden City. In 1932 he was compelled to retire from work on account of ill-health.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. REGINALDARTHUR SALTER CASTELL died in October, 1935, in his 37th year. Educated at Great Yarmouth Grammar School, he held a commission and served with the Forces from 1917 to 1919, and then studied at the University of Birmingham where he graduated with honours in chemistry in 1923, later proceeding to M.Sc. In 1925 he was appointed physical chemistry master at Taunton School, Somerset, where he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923. JAMES DONALDWALLACE died suddenly at the Kekaha Plantation, Hawaii, after a short illness, in his 62nd year. Educated in the Scotch grammar schools, he received his professional training at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, and in 1897 was appointed chemist at the McBryde Plantation, Kauai.Then he was similarly employed with the Honokaa Sugar Company from 1907 to 1914, and was chemist at Kekaha from 1914 to the time of his death. He was elected to the Associateship in 1896 and to the Fellowship in 1900. CECILFRANK NEWBY died at Stevenage on 21st April, in his JOHN 38th year. He was educated at Alleyne’s Grammar School, and in 1916 was articled to Dr. S. Judd Lewis. He remained there four years and then entered the Royal College of Science, where he studied chemistry under Professor H. B. Baker. He obtained the Associateship of the Royal College of Science in 1923 and t,he following year graduated B.Sc.In 1923 he obtained a post on the Research Staff of Scientific Industries, Ltd., Stevenage, where he was engaged in researches upon varnishes and enamels. From 1928 he conducted a consulting practice in technical research at Stevenage and became the proprietor of “Mattozene ”-composition boards. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923. GEORGESAMUEL NEWTH died at Hythe, Kent, on 18th February, in his 85th year. In 1867 he entered Owens College, Manchester, and in 1869 proceeded to the Royal College of Chemistry, then in Oxford Street, London, where he worked under Edward Frankland, and in 1871 became junior laboratory assistant-Valentin being the senior. In 1873 he became “assistant chemist ” and lecture demonstrator in succession to (Sir) Alexander Pedler, and continued a most efficient member of the staff of the.Roya1 College of Science, South Kensington, until 1910.In his lecture experiments he was remarkably successful and many were of his own devising. He published a paper on the preparation of ethylene by the dehydration of ethyl alcohol with phosphoric acid, and the process has since been used on the large scale. He was the author of Lecture Experiments (1892) of which several editions were published up to 1928, and also of Inorganic Chemistry (1894)and Elementary Practical Chemistry (189G), of which the last editions were published in 1926. His textbook on Inorganic Chemistry, especially,was regarded for many years as the best in the English language.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in January, 1878. WILLIAMCLEMENTROWDENdied on 3rd April, at “Clifton,” The Avenue, Hale, Cheshire, at the age of 70 years. The son of Professor W. T. Rowden, B.Sc., A.R.S.M., he was educated at Ailderson’s College, Glasgow, and in 1883 gained a three-year scholarship to the Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines, London, where he obtained the As-sociateship in Metallurgy with first-class honours. In 1886 he became an assistant chemist with Sir itT.G. Arnistrong Whitworth & Co., Ltd., Elswick Steel Works, Newcastle upon Tyne. Two years later he was promoted head chemist; in 1891, manager of the steel-melting plant; and in 1914 he became manager of the whole of the Elswisk Steel Works.During the war, in addition to his duties at Elswick, he was actively concerned in accelerating the steel output from other sources and his advice was often sought in connexion with the manufacture of steels necessary for national purposes. In 1916 he took over, in addition, the technical control of steel manufacture st the Openshaw Works of the Company. After the war, when the steel-making interests at Elswick were transferred to Openshaw, Mr. Rowden took up his residence in the Manchester district to continue his control of steel manufacture and was a local director of the Company; on the formation of the English Steel Corporation, Ltd., he continued his activities at the Vickers Works, SheEeld, and, on his retirement in 1931, he was retained by the Corporation as consulting metallurgist.Mr. Rowden was responsible for many improvements not only in the manufacture and casting of steel but also in connexion with the manufacture of large heat-treated forgings in special steels, such as are required for armament purposes. He was also actively concerned in the development of these steels for commercial purposes. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and a Fellow in 1891. FRANKSCUDDERdied on 6th February at the age of 74 years. He was educated at the Manchester Grammar School, and in 1876 proceeded to Owens College, where he attended evening classes for three years. He then entered the chemical laboratory of the late Dr. Angus Smith, where he remained until 1884.From 1884 to 1886 he acted as chemist and manager to the Whitwood Carbonising Works-a works erected under his supervision for the distillation of coal and the manufacture of benzole and other products. 269 For the next two years he carried on a consulting practice in Man- Chester, and in 1888 he accepted a position with Sir Henry Roscoe, with whom he worked for several years on the improvement, of the condition of effluents from the works and factories on the Mersey and Irwell basin, before he established a practice independently, devoting special attention to water supplies and sewage treatment. He was an original member of the Society of Chemical Industry and was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1895.THOMAS STENHOUSE,senior, died at Rochdale, Lancashire, on the 27th February, in his 89th year. He studied chemistry under Edward Frankland and W. R. Hodgkinson at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and practised for five years at Todmorden before he estab- lished himself as a consulting and analytical chemist at Rochdale in 1882. He was public analyst for Clitheroe and Rochdale and gas and water examiner for the latter borough, as well as consulting chemist to the Cor-poration Sewage Works. He retired in 1919. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1889. 260 Books and their Contents. The following books have recently been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute:-“Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names.” William Gardner. A Dictionary and Commercial Handbook, containing approxi- mately ~5,000Definitions and Cross-References. Fourth Edition, much enlarged. Pp. 495. (London: The Technical Press, Ltd.) 31s. 6d. net. The Dictionary contains the names and synonyms of substances used in the chemical and allied industries, including raw materials, pharma- ceuticals, minerals, explosives, dyestuffs, alloys, and commercial chemi- cals generally. “Distillation.” Joseph Reilly. Foreword by Professor Sydney Young, F.R.S. With 45 Diagrams. Pp. viii + 120. (London: Methuen & Co., Ltd.) 3s. 6d. net. Introduction; fractionation; production and measurement of low pressure ; vacuum fractionation; azeotropic mixtures ; distillation in a current of steam; destructive distillation; sublimation ; index.‘‘Elementary Practical Chemistry.” Arthur I. Vogel. Pp. 220. (London and Glasgow: Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 3s. Preface;preliminary operations ;the measurement of mass and volume; solution; mixtures and compounds ; laws of chemical combination; equivalents ; air ; oxygen ; hydrogen and water ; carbon and .its com- pounds; the halogens; nitrogen and its compounds; sulphur and its compounds;acids, bases and salts ; introduction to volumetric analysis; miscellaneous experiments ; appendix ; index. ‘‘Gerrnan-English Chemical Terminology.” An Introduction to Chemistry in English and German. Alexander King and Hans Fromherz. Note by the General Editor; Foreword by Professor James C.Philip, F.R.S. Pp. xvii + 324. (London: Thomas Murby & Co.) 12s. 6d. Elementary chemistry : classification of matter; the laws of chemical combination (stoicheiometry) ;atomic weights and their determination ; classification of the elements and the periodic system ;chemical apparatus and manipulation ;inorganic chemistry : non-metallic elements ;qualita-tive analysis ; technical preparation and uses of metals (metallurgy) ; organic chemistry :aliphatic compounds ;aromatic compounds ;enzymes; physical chemistry : energy relations in physical chemistry, adsorption and colloid chemistry, reaction kinetics and catalysis, electro-chemistry, 261 optical phenomena and photochemistry; modern ideas of the structure of matter; appendices ;English index; German index.The book is arranged with the English and German equivalents on oppo- site pages, with technical terms in italics. “Organic Chemistry, Recent Advances in.” Volume 11. Alfred W. Stewart. Illustrated. With the addition of Part I1 by Hugh Graham. Pp. xiv + 519. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 21s. net. Preface ;organic chemistry in the twentieth century ;some carbohydrate constitutions ;the sesquiterpene group ; the diterpenes and triterpenes ; rubber; recent work on the alkaloids ; anthocyanins ; the chlorophyll problem ; depsides ; some theories of the natural syntheses of vital products ;some cases of isomerism in cyclic compounds ; the diphenyl problem; new organo-alkali compounds; other cases of abnormal valency ; structural formula! and their failings ; some applications of electronics to organic chemistry; some unsolved problems ; bile acids and sterols ;cardiac aglucones (vegetable heart poisons) ;hormones; vitamins ; name index; subject index.“Poisons Law.” Hugh N. Linstead. A Guide to the Provisions of the Pharmacy and Poisons Acts, 1852 to 1933 and The Dangerous Drugs Acts, 1920to 1932,for the use of Pharmacists and others concerned with transactions in Drugs and Poisons. With a Chapter upon the International Background of Danger- ous Drugs Legislation by Sir Malcolm Delevingne, K.C.B., K.C.V.O. Pp. 444. (London: The Pharmaceutical Press.) 5s. net. Preface ; development of pharmacy and poisons legislat,ion in Great Britain ;constitution, powers and duties of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ; Statutory Committee of the Pharmaceutical Society; provisions made by the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933, for the carrying on of businesses and for the control of poisons; provisions of the Act and Rules applying to transactions in poisons; international background of the Dangerous Drugs Acts; The Dangerous Drugs Acts and Regulations ; Text of Statutes, Statutory Rules, etc. ; List of Pre- parations containing Poisons.“Solutions of Electrolytes.” With Particular Application to Qualitative Analysis. Louis P. Hammett. Second Edition. Pp. ix + 238. (London: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Principles :-the solubility product principle ; weak electrolytes ; the law of chemical equilibrium; the ionisation of water; acidity and basicity ; hydrolysis ; complex compounds ; oxidation-reduction reac-tions ; oxidation potentials.Experiments :-the course of laboratoryinstruction; questions on the experiments; the method of analysis;special notes on the method of analysis : further analytical methods. Appendices :-lecture experiments ; schedule of laboratory work ; reagents; apparatus ;index. 268 “Standard Methods for Testing Petroleum and Its Products.” Third Edition. Pp. xi + 228. (London: The Institution of Petroleum Technologists.) 7s. 6d. net. Preliminary ; standard methods ; specifications; tentative methods. Achema Annual, 1935-1936, contains, in English, French and German, a catalogue of products exhibited at the Achema VII Chemical Engineering Show-Cologne, 1934. The new Annual will contain reports-in three languages- regarding recent technical advances and innovations in the field of chemical engineering together with announcements regarding the Achema VIII Chemical Engineering Exhibitions which will be held from and to 11th July, at Frankfort-on-the-Main. This work of reference is being offered to Fellows and Associates free of cost.Those who would like to receive the Achema Annual are kindly requested to order it from the Dechema Deutsche Gesellschaft fur chemisches Apparatewesen E.V. Potsdamerstr. 103 a, Berlin, W.35, and to enclose three international reply coupons (for postage only) with their orders.The British Standards Institution has recently published, inter alia, the following Specifications :-No. 242 (including 243 and 259)-1936. Linseed Oil for Paints. No. 256 (including 257, 258 and 274)-1936. Varnishes. No. 311-1936. Gold Size. No. 662-1936. Carbon Disulphide. No. 663-1936. Ethyl Lactate. No. 670-1936. Welded Mild Steel Drums. No. 674-1936. Rubber Joint Rings for Water Mains and Sewers. No. 678-1936. Carboys and Carboy Hampers. The Safety in Mines Research Board has published the following:-Paper No. 95. The Inflammation of Coal Dusts: The Effect of the Fineness of the Dust. Paper No. 96. The Inflammation of Coal Dusts. The Value of the Presence of Carbon Dioxide and Combined Water in the Dusts.Both by T. N. Mason and R. V. Wheeler. (London: H.M. Stationery Office. Price 6d. net each.) 263 The following publications have been received from the International Tin Research and Development Counci1:- Series A, No. 35. Research on Thin Layers of Tin and other Metals : I1 Corrosion of Metals by Technical Insulating Oils. P. J. Haringhuizen and D. A. Was. Series A, No. 36. Factors Influencing the Rate of Attack of Mild Steels by Typical Weak Acid Media. T. P. Hoar and D. Havenhand. Series A, No. 37. Methods of Detinning Tinplate for Examina- tion of the Thickness and Continuity of the Alloy Layer. ByA. W. Hothersall and W. N. Bradshaw. Series A, No. 38. A Study of the Origin of Porosity in the Tin Coating of Tinplate.A. W. Hothersall and J. C. Prytherch. The Sixth International Congress for Scientific Management, London, July, 1935.-Surplus volumes con- taining the papers and proceedings of the Congress are available for disposal, at the nominal price of IS. 6d. each, post free, or 6s. per set, post free. Seven volumes : (i) Manufacture, (ii) Agriculture, (iii) Dis- tribution, (iv) Development, (v) Educational and Training, (Vi) Domestic, (vii) The Report. Volume (vii) will not be sold separately. Further particulars can be obtained from Mr. W. Prescott, Honorary Secretary, 21,Tothill Street, London, S.W.I. The New Fabian Research Bureau, under the Chairman- ship of the Right Hon. Dr. Christopher Addison, has published a brochure on Technical Education, including Part I, Technical Education To-day, by Tobias Weaver; and Part 11, L4n Outline of Policy, by Barbara Drake: London, Victor Gollancz, Ltd., 6d.net. Messrs. Chapman and Hall, Ltd. announce the publication of The Chemistry of Natural Products related to Phenanthrene, by Professor L. F. Fieser of Harvard University. The Printing Industry Research Association and the British Leather Manufacturers' Research Association have published, jointly, a brochure on The Causes ad Prevention of the Decay of Bookbinding Leather-being the second interim report of a Committee composed of leather manufacturers, 264 bookbinders and librarians, which was formed in February, 1932, to co-operate with the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association in the production of durable vegetable tanned leathers.(St. Bride Institute, Bride Lane, London, E.C.4.) Insulin ; its Production, PuriJication and Physiological Action , by Douglas W. Hill and Frederick 0. Howitt, has recently been published by Messrs. Hutchinson’s Scientific and Technical Publications, Paternoster House, London, E.C.4, 12s. 6d. net. The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has published ** A Review of the Physiology and Biochemistry of the Sulphur Bacteria,” by H. J. Bunker. Chemistry Research: Special Report No. 3, with a prefatory note by Pro- fessor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S. Pp. iv + 48. (London: H.M. Stationery Office). 9d. net. Sands, Clays and Minerals.-No. 4 of Volume I1 of Sands, Clays and Minerals, edited by Mr.A. L. Curtis of Chatteris, Cambridge, contains, inter alia, articles by Mr. G. W. Boden, Associate, on Manipulation ; Dr. W. R. Schoeller, on Analytical Notes on White Earths and Pigments, and Dr. Julius Grant, on Nephelometry as an Aid in the Investiga- tion of Mineral Substances. Messrs. Tate & Lyle, Ltd. have published a brochure on Sugar, giving a short account of the Sugar Industry and the manufacturing operations which are necessary in the extraction of refined sugar from sugar cane and sugar beet root. GIFTS. Dr. S. Judd Lewis, Fellow, has kindly presented a copy of the memorial volume on The Jubilee of the Discovery of Mauve, by Sir W. H. Perkin-edited by Raphael Meldola, Arthur G. Green and John Cannell Cain.(London: 1906.) Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President, has presented the Institute with the Memorial Medal of Auguste Bkhal, Professor of Organic Chemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Member of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medicine (Paris, 1935). 265 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 24th April, and aand May, 1936, 4 new Fellows were elected, I Fellow was re-elected, 16 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 77 Associates were elected, and 57 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of 4 Fellows and 3 Associates. New Fellows. Bailey, Professor Kenneth Claude, MA., Sc.D., Litt.D. (Dub.), Docteur d’Univ.(Toulouse), Trinity College, Dublin. Dannatt, Cecil William, A.R.S.M., D.I.C., 46, Hardy Road, London, S.E.3. Smith, John William, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 15, Poplar Road, London, s.w.19. Wright, Charles James, B.A. (Cantab.), c/o Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Britannic House, Finsbury Circus, London, E.C.2. Reelected Fellow. O’Brien, Arthur Matthew, Scottish Gas Utilities Corporation, Ltd., 5, Suffolk Street, London, S.W.l. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Adey, Stanworth Wills, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., c/o Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, South Iran. Bailey, George Cooper, B.Sc. (Lond.), 68, Belgrave Road, Ilford. Blackie, Joseph John, Ph.D. (Edin.), Ph.C., 104, Holyrood Road, Edin- burgh.Bond, Cecil Robertson, M.Sc.Tech.(Mane.), 56, Somerset Road, Bolton. Cooper, Leslie Hugh Norman, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth. Hamence, Jack Hubert, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 156, Wickham Chase, West Wickham, Kent. Hathaway, Lester Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Underhill Road, Alum Rock, Birmingham, 8. Hazel, Hubert Henry, M.A. (Cantab.), Danecourt Mount, Old Constitution Hill Road, Parkstone, Dorset. Hewitt, Leslie Frank, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Belmont Laboratories, L.C.C., Sutton, Surrey. Jenkins, Daniel Ceiriog Evans, M.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C., 68, Wolverhampton Road, Stafford. Jones, James Ivor Morgan, M.Sc. (Wales), Haverthwaite, Haverbreaks, Lancaster. Parkes, Edward Burdon, M.Sc. (Liv.), Police Laboratory, Central Police Office, Bristol, 1.Richards, Colbert Eric, Innisfree, Deacons Hill Road, Elstree, Herts. Robinson, Conmar, Ph.D. (Utrecht ), A.R.C.Sc.I., Somerlese, Courtenay Avenue, London, N.6. Sciver, Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 28. Victoria Street, London, S.W.1. Whitby, Lawrence, M.Sc. (Lond.), Paint Research Station, Teddington. 266 New Associates. Andrew. Miss Gertrude Garland, B.Sc. (Liv.), Trevu, St. John’s Road, Rowley Park, Stafford. Balfe, Xichael Philip, B.A. (Lond.), 20, St. Thomas’ Street, London, S.E.1. Bovey, Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 8 1, Iffley Road, London, W.6. Brain, Leonard, 22, Richmond Park Road, London, S.W.14. Butler, Frederick William TT7ebb, P.O. Box 1547, Durban, Natal, South Africa. Cahill, Terence John, 40, Elfindale Road, London, S.E.24.Cantor, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 40, Cleveland Road, London, S.W.13. Cavell, Alan James, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 14, Blake Road, London, S.W.6. Chorley, Basil Houghton, 8, West Street, Prescot, Lanes. Clement, George Honor, 1, Boaufort Villss, Southbourne Gardens, Gros-venor, Bath. Clinton, Thomas Gerard John, 36, Duchy Street, Seedley. Salford. Cook, Ernest Albert, 320r, Renhurst Avenue, Elm Park, Romford. Coome, David Ernest, B.Sc. (Lend.), 11, Victoria Road, London, N.22. Cooper, Harold Matthew, 128, Goddard Avenue, Newland Avenue, Hull. Davison, Stuart Herbert Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 78, The Chase, Hillingdon, Middlesex. Dutton, William Leslie, 319, Upton Lane, Widnes. Emsley, Ernest, 1, Davonshire Place, Yeadon, nr.Leeds. Evans, Allen Whitmore, B.Sc. (Birm.), 25, Beaufort Avenue, Birmingham, 8. Evans, David Philip, M.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D., 17, Plantagenet Street, Cardiff. Evans, James Simpson, B.A. (Oxon.), The Mount, Hafield, Derbyshire. Flynn, Daniel Godfrey, B.Sc. (Liv.), 52, Ferndale Road, Liverpool, 15. Francis, Emrys Manley, B.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D., Fern Bank, Llanberis, North Wales. Frieberg, Alan George, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 81, M‘est End Road, Westmere, Auckland, W.2., N.Z. Fuller, Cedric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12~,Louis Street, Hull. Gaunt, Ernest Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), Derby Road, Ashbourne, Derby- shire. Ghaswalla, Rustom Pestonji, B.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), 49, Cambridge Terrace, London, W.2. Griineberg, Alan Conrad, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Grove Avenue, London, N.lO.Hair, William John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington.Handley, David, 31, Palmerston Drive, Litherland, Liverpool, 21. Haywood, Philip John Courtney, 24, Beechley Road, Wrexham. Heath, Gerald Duncan, B.Sc. (Reading), 64, Oakley Road, Caversham, Reading.Heron, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Alexandra Road, Blackburn. Herz, Robert Samuel, Dr. Phil. (Cologne), 17, Quadrant Close, London, N.W.4. Hodson, William Frederick, 87, Burton Road, Woodville, nr. Burton-on- Trent. Humphriss, Eric Lewis Enoch, 82, Linkstor Road, Woolton, Liverpool. Hurt, Norman Albert, A.M.C.T., 8, Howard Avenue, Mont,on, Eccles, Manchester. Jackson, Albert, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 68, Mill Lane, Heatley, Lymm, near Warrington.Jarrett, Stanley Graham, B.Sc.(Lond.), 87, Stanmer Villas, Brighton, 6. Joiner, Eric Millward, B.Sc. (Birm.), 68, Hampton Road, Birmingham, 6. Lewis, Cyril Jesse, 48, Hatherley Street, Liverpool, 8. 267 MacMurray, Harry Douglas, B.Sc. (Glas.), 88, Langside Avenue, Glasgow, s.l. Marsh, Frank Hubert, B.Sc. (Leeds), 12, Maud Avenue, Beeston Hill, Leeds, 11. Nartin, George Thomas Oswald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 136, The Avenue, London, N.17. McManus, Edward Patrick, 47, Oxford Road, Waterloo, Liverpool, 22. Meiklejohn, Andrew McLay, Tulliallan, Garven Road, Stevenston, Ayr- shire. Morpeth, James Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 198, Stapleton Hall Road, London, N.4. Morton, Frank, N.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 46, Thorncliffe Grove, Levenshulme, Manchester.Murch, William Owen, M.Sc. (Lond.), 31, Auckland Road, London, S.E.19. Karasimha Murty, Gudipaty, B.A. (Andhra), BLSc. (Benares), Nutrition Research Laboratories, Coonoor, P.O., Nilgiris, South India. Newell, Williaiil Copeman, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 26, Pickford Laiie, Bexley Heath. Paul, Harry. B.Sc. (Liv.), Ph.D., 5, Netherby Street, Liverpool, 8. Powell, Donald Waring, M.Sc. (Lond.), Windy Ridge, St. Thomas' Drive, Hatch End. Quin, Denis Cheselden, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), The Court, Old Headington, Oxford. Raychaudhuri, Satyaprasacl, D.Sc. (Cal.), Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden. Ricketts, James, ?vl.Sc. (N.Z.), 122, Mount Eden Road, Auckland, C.3, New- Zealand. Ritchie, Alexander, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 57, Cleghorn Street, Dundee.Robinson, Marcus, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, West Royd Villas, King Cross, Halifax. Rochester, Herbert, B.Sc. (Birm.), 28, Trensale Avenue, Coventry. Roe, Miss Edna Margaret Frances, B.Sc. (Lond.), 66, Drury Road, Harrow. Rosser, Reginald John, B.Sc. (Wales), D.Phil. (Oxon.), 153, Clive Road, Canton, Cardiff. Rusby, George Leger, B.Sc. (Liv.), 33, Litherland Park, Litherland, Liverpool, 2 1. Sharpe, Cliiford John, 65, Greenhill Road, Leicester. Stutchbury, Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Sandringhain Road, London, E.10. Symons, Paul Hannay, M.Sc. (S.A.), Dept. of Biochemistry, S.A. Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 1038, Johannesburg, South Africa. Taylor, JC'illiam Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), Russell Laboratory, General Hospital, Birmingham, 4.Thi, Maung Ba, B.Sc. (Rangoon), 1, Priory Road, Edgloaston,Birmingham, 5. Thomas, Trevor Haydn, M.Sc. (Wales), 26, St. Marie Street, Bridgend, Glam. Thompson, Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 61, East Park Avenue, Holderness Road, Hull. Thompson, Frank Clifford, B.Sc. (Dun.), Astana, Galgate, Barnarcl Castle, Co. Durham. Townend, Fred, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Leeds), A.R.C.S., Sunny Bank, Ossett,, Yorks. Turner, Frank, A.M.C.T., 89, Blackburn Road, Clayton-le-Moors, Lanes. TVardle, Miss Barbara Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.), 34, TiTiyngate Drive, Leicester. JTelch, Raymond Hatfield, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Earlsfield Road, London, S.W.18. Wesson, Harry Chamberlain, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 60. Conipton Road, Shemood, Nottingham. 268 West, John Leslie, 40, Pingle avenue, Sheffield.Wilson, Charles, B.A. (Oxon.), c/o I.C.I., Ltd., 5, St. Leonard’s Place, York. Wise, Stanley George Arthur, 1, The Crescent, Hall Lane, Horsforth, near Leeds. New Students. Andrew, William Stewart Kerr, 13, High Street, Irvine, Ayrshire. Appleton, Harold, The Platanes, Champion Hill, London, S.E.5. Barron, Frank Clayton, 182, Doncaster Road, Mexborough, Yorks. Beach, Martin David, 3, Shardcroft Avenue, London, S.E.24. Bevan, Leslie, 64, Burnley Road, London, N.W.10. Bradford, Arthur, 70, Norman Street, Winson Green, Birmingham, 18. Brooks, Leon James, 41, The Gardens, London, S.E.22. Brown, Cedric John, 11, The Mount, Caversham, Reading. Carter, Harry, 15, West End Road, Golcar, Huddersfield.Cochrane, Hector, 31, New Street, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Cull, Desmond George, 51, Marshall Road, Rainham, Kent. Dawtrey, Sydney, 82, Albert View, Pellon, Halifax. Eccles, Robert Alan Lonsdale, The Mount, Haslingden, Rossendale, Lancs. Fairlie, Andrew Miller, 18, Mount Stuart Street, Shawlands, Glasgow. Fitzpatrick, Henry Denis Neil, 46, Shrubbery Avenue, Worcester. Fowler, Kenneth Sydney, 22, Wilderness Road, Earley, Reading. Freeman, Raymond, 82, West India Dock Road, London, E.14. Goodhew, Jack, 4, Leslie Road, Gillingham, Kent. Hardie, Hugh Grant Macpherson, 7, Hosefield Avenue, Aberdeen. Hearne, James Frederick, 88, King Edward’s Road, Ladywood, Birming- ham. Hellyer, Miss Joan Stevens, Small Oak, Roundwood Lane, Harpenden. Henry, Raymond, 26, Wolviston Road, Wolviston, Stockton-on-Tees.Holmes, George, 223, Newton Road, Lowton St. Mary, Warrington. Howell, William James Richard, 17, Robinia Avenue, Northfleet, Kent. Humphreys, Ivor, 134, Egerton Road, Whalley Range, Manchester, 16. Kane, John, 6, Wallace Road, London, N.1. Kenzie, Raphael George, 14, Kingsley Road, Ellesmere Port, Wirral. Kerfoot, Jack, 104, Bank Top, Blackburn. Kerrigan, Vincent, 75, Laburnum Street, Seedley, Salford. Langridge, Rodney Arthur, 67, Lucknow Street, Portsmouth. Lessing, Woolf, 12, Gordon Road, London, N.16. Lewis, Arthur Walter, 8, New Queen Street, Kingswood, Bristol. Lowther, Harry Vincent, 58, Church Street, Brierley Hill, Staffs. Miller, Charles Alfred, 25, Pepys Road, London, S.E.14.Mills, Gordon Stansfield, 78, Stanifield Lane, Farington, Leyland, Lancs. Moakes, Ronald Cyril Wilfrid, 154, Croydon Road, Beddington, Croydon. Moon, Cecil Denis Bradley, 46, Forty Avenue, Wembley Park. Norburn, Denis Alfred, 29, Beverley Crescent, Bedford. Radford, Arthur John, Heather Brae, Derwent Avenue, Allestree, Derby. Ramsden, Stanley Arthur, 32, Beadon Avenue, Waterloo, Huddersfield. Roberts, Miss Enid Elizabeth, 16, Northanger Road, London, S.W.16. Rose, William Leslie, 13, Howson Road, London, S.E.4. Seager, Edmund Stanley, Court Lodge, Bicknor, near Sittingbourne. Shanks, James, 29, Cromwell Road, Falkirk. Sinkinson, Dudley Victor, 64, Queen’s Road, Chadderton, Lancs. Skrimshire, Gerald Ernest Hamor, 19, Tenby Avenue, Harrow Weald.Smith, Laurence Michael, Charnecliff e House, Shepshed, Leks. Summerhayes, Murley Herbert, 7, Cornwall Road, Bexhill-on-Sea. Surman, Russell Albert, 100, Avalon Road, London, W.13. 269 Thomas, Robert Kenneth, 50, Woodway Crescent, Harrow. Turpin, Brian Heath, 14, Douglas Road, Long Eaton, Notts. Watt, Cyril Stanley, Tyrone House, John Street, Dungamnon, Co. Tyrone. Wheeler, Richard Norman, 75, St. Dunstan’s Road, London, W.6. Whitfield, Ronald, 1, Brompton Road, Middlesbrough, Yorks. Williams, Owen Glyn, 57, Agamemnon Road, London, N.W.6. Winter, Robert Henry, 207, Park Crescent, Erith, Kent. Winteringham, Francis Peter Worsley, Central Fire Station, Bristol. DEATHS. Fellows. James Wallace Donald. George Samuel Newth.William Clement Rowden, A.R.S.M. Frank Scudder. Associates. William Brash, A.R.C.S., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Reginald Arthur Salter Cmhll, M.Sc. (Birm.).Cecil Frank John Newby, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. CHANGES OF NAMES. Charles Gustave Meyer, Associate, to Charles George Meyer. Arthur Joseph Somer, Associate, to Arthur Joseph Somers-by Deed Poll. 270 Coming Events. 1936 June 22-27 BRITISH CHEMICAL PLANTMANUFACTURERS’ASSOCIAT IONAND CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGCONGRESS: British Chemical Plant Exhibition at the Central Hall, Westminster, S.W.l. 9 a.m.- 6.30 p.m, June 23rd and BBth, 9 a.m.-8 p.m. 27 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Manchester and District Section) : Annual Summer Meeting. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section) : Summer Excursion to Aboyne.27-UNIVERSITY : Centenary Celebrations. OF LONDON July 2 JdY 2-11 SECOND CONGRESSINTERNATIONALON GLASS. At the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, Westminster, S.W. 1, and at the University of Sheffield. 6-10 ROYAL SANITARY INSTITUTE: Health Congress at Southport.Society of Chemical Industry (Food Group), co-operating : President, Dr. L. H. Lampitt. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY:6-10 SOCIETY Liverpool. Annual Meeting of the Society. Details to be announced later. Sept. 7-12 THIRD WORLD POWERCONFERENCE,at Washington, U.S.A. 1937 JdY 2-1 1 ACHEMAVIII : Chemical Engineering Exhibition, Frankfort-on-the -Main. VERYLow TEMPERATuREs.-In response to requests for an extension of the Very Low Temperature Exhibition at the Science Museum, South Kensington, it has been decided that it shall remain on view to the public until 30th June.The Museum is open free on week days from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. and on Sundays from 2.30 to 6 p.m. 271 General Notices. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship will be held in London and Glasgow from 14th to 19th September, The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 6th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 7th September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held in London from zIst to 26th September. The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 6th July, except for candidates in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or for those desiring special examinations, whose applications should have been received before 1st June.The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem- ber prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1937. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1936, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made ta 272 British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Corres-pondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square , London, W.C.I. The administrators will meet towards the close of the year. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1937,and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay.The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. 273 The subjects of the nine previous Essays have been- 1927.“The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People.” 1928. “The Importance of General Education to the Professional Chemist .” 1929. “The Cultural Value of Science.” 1930. “Chemical Education from the Student’s Point of View.” 1931. “Why I have chosen Chemistry as a Profession.” 1932. “Some Aspects of Chemical Research.” (Selected by the successful Competitor.) 1933. “The Chemical Education of Part-time Students.” (Selected by the successful competitor.) 1934. “The Relation between Thinking and Learning in Training for a Scientific Career.” 1935. “The Value of Compulsory Research as part of the Pre-Graduate Curriculum.” Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1936, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 274 Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. 275 ‘‘Photostat” copies of Publications.-Arrangements exist for the “Photostat I’ reproduction of material contained in the Library of the Chemical Society. The “Photostat” is a machine for the rapid photographic reproduction of printed matter, etc., at a less cost than type- writing, and without the possibility of error.These facilities are available to Fellows of the Chemical Society and Members, etc., of the Contributing Societies in this country, including the Institute. Full particulars of the material to be copied should be sent to the Librarian, who will then for- ward a form of undertaking concerning the Copyright Act, for the signature of the applicant, together with a statement of the charges which would be incurred. The Librarian may at his discretion limit the number, or decline to make any photo-duplicates. Payment must be made in advance at the following rates :-114 x 64 14x 8i IIQ x 14 s. d. s. d. s. d. The first negative from each publication* .... 09 I3 16 First positive, inclusive of the cost of negative .. .. 15 25 2 I0 Copies, additional to the first positive .. .. .. 08 I2 I4 * The negative is on paper and easily read, even if considerably reduced. Enlargements or reductions can be made within the limits of dimensions of each print, without additional charge. Prepayment is required, and in no case may “Photostat” copies be supplied until the printed form and remittance have been received by the Librarian. Photostat copying can also be undertaken on behalf of chemists abroad, on their giving a similar undertaking with respect to copyright, but the work cannot be put in hand until the form of undertaking has been received by the Society. Translations are not undertaken.276 The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots ' Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, current subscriptions expired on 1st March. All who wish to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe de noao, should obtain application forms from the Registrar of the Institute.Members who do not immediately renew their subscriptions to the Library should return to the most convenient branch Library any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their membership tokens. Lewis 's Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and Technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927, with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute.A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Go., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4. 8d. 277 Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. A new edition of the Register of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students is in preparation. Its accuracy can only be maintained by the prompt notification of changes which may become necessary. “The Profession of Chemistry’ ’ (Third Edition, 1935), will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar.LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Aberdeen and North of R. Craven, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., 2, Scotland : Richmondhill Gardens, Aberdeen. Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C.. 38. Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birrninghtkn. I Bristol and South-Western F. P. Hornby, F.I.C., 4, Queen Square, Counties: Bristol, 1. Cape of Good Hope: Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. East Midlands : C. W. North, B.Sc., A.I.C., Bourne End, Cherry Tree Hill, Chaddesden, Derby. Edinburgh and East of G. Elliot Doddg, A.H.W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Scotland : Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12.Glasgow and West of A. R. Jamieson, B.Sc., F.I.C., 20, Trongate,Scotland : Glasgow, C. 1. Huddersfiold : Dr. E. H. Goodyeer, A.I.C., Holme Royd, Kennedy Avenue, Fixby, Huddersfield. India : G. Watson Douglas, B.Sc., A.I.C., The State Laboratory, Bhopal, Central India. Treland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. Lee& Area: Dr. H. Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Lee&. Liverpool and North- Glynne W. Beaumont, F.I.C., The Harbour- Western : master’s Old House, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern R. F. Innes, F.I.C., British Leather Manu- Counties : facturers’ Research Association, 20, St. Thomas Street, London, S.E.l.Malaya : Dr. T. A. Buckley, F.I.C., AgriculturalDepartment, Kuela.Lumpur, F.M.S. Manchester and District: Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle upon Tyne and Dr. W. E. Scott, MSc., A.I.C., Rossie House, North-East Coast : Canning Street, Hebburn-on-Tyne. New Zealand: Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C.1, New Zealand. South Wales- Cardiff: Dr. W. Cule Davies, A.I.C., University College, Cardiff. Swansea : R. H. Jones, F.I.C., Glen View, Cae BrynAvenue, Sketty Green, Swansea. South Yorkshire : Wm. Wall, B.Sc., A.I.C., Bramcote, Harstoft Avenue, Worksop, Notts. ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNAL PnocEED1Nas.-The terrns for advertisements in theAND Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar.Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. NO Commission is allowed to Agents. The circulation is over 76004hiefly to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution Libraries. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally; also to publishers of scientific books and to booksellers.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9366000197

出版商:RSC    

年代:1936

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART IV: 1936. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PJLCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON,W.C.1, August, 1936. Publications Committee, 1936-37. LEWIS EYNON chairm ma.^), ROBERT H. PICKARD (President), JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHARD, W. M. CUMMING, B. S. EVANS, A. E.EVEREST, ALEXANDER FINDLAY, A. E. FINDLEY, H. H. HODGSON, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. F. E. RHEAD, ADAM TAIT, E.A.TYLER, ERNEST VANSTONE. 281 Editorial. Vocational Suitability.-The Report of the Industrial Health Research Board recently published (H.M. Stationery Office, gd. net) deals, inter aZia, with Vocational Suitability, which suggests a subject for comment as it applies to the profession of chemistry. It will not be considered here in respect of the youth who is leaving school, but of the student leaving college,- the newly qualified chemist. He has decided his vocation. For what branch of work is he best suited? Industry, private practice, Government or municipal service, or teaching ? In-organic, organic, physical, or biological chemistry, metallurgy, etc. ? Analysis, research, plant control, etc. ? In the early days of the Institute and for many years after its formation, it was generally held that a young man who contemplated a career in chemistry had little prospect of success, as that term is commonly accepted.Some regarded making a profession of chemistry as an affront to philosophy, but, in any case, sheer folly, unless the individual had a well-to-do father or the means to maintain himself independently of his earnings. Well-known chemists, however, who are still doing good work, find satisfaction in recalling the warnings to which they were obliged to listen in their youth. Some, although great success in terms of wealth has not come their way, can say with good reason that they could not have been happy in any other profession, while they too, have the satisfaction of having rendered good service.Comparatively few of those pioneers who persisted in their original choice have found the endeavour desperate. At one time industry and commerce were not ready to utilise chemists in proportion as the universities and colleges produced them; but as the profession increased in utility and it became recognised, it attracted more and more aspirants. The member- ship of the Institute has steadily increased, but the supply of available chemists since 1919 has rarely exceeded the demand by more than about 3 per cent. Yet that does not mean that nearly all have been absorbed into chemical practice; on the other hand, many who have qualified since 1918 have turned, for various reasons, to other professions.Some are to be found among medical men, barristers, chartered patent agents, engineers and journalists, and it is certain that their technical training has not been wasted; but it must be allowed that others, by leaving the profession, have felt that they have missed their vocation. Judged by the average length of life of chemists, chemistry as a profession is generally selected by men and women of sound constitution, who know how to take care of themselves. They live longer than most people. Physical fitness is necessary for men and women who stand for hours at the laboratory bench, or who are constantly “on the works.” However, the physical and medical considerations of the Industrial Health Research Board cannot be dissociated from other important considerations in dealing with the fitness of those who venture upon careers in the various branches of professional chemical work, which not only demand varying technical abilities and different personal human characteristics, but not infrequently call for a willing acceptance of conditions foreign to many other spheres of professional service.The chief study of the Industrial Health Research Board has been directed to “the temperamental and other factors which function at the root of human behaviour.” The minds of men are suited to many different capacities: the selection of the appropriate branch of work for a particular individual must depend upon many circumstances. In the past, among craftsmen, with whom the industrial pyschologists are so much concerned, generation after generation followed and showed a natural aptitude for the same craft, as a matter of course; although since the provision of education for the masses, the practice is now less frequently continued.On the other hand, among chemists, comparatively few have followed in their father’s footsteps. There have been outstanding examples; but the profession is not one into which it is advisable to press a son or daughter who has no desire for it, Very few have merely drifted into it; the majority have made the choice for themselves. The prospective chemist has encountered a test of his en-thusiasm in prolonged education and in examinations,-the preliminary examination in subjects of general education, in-evitable for all professions, and the intermediate examinations in his technical subjects, in order to determine his fitness to proceed to higher education. Such tests in themselves offer substantial checks and prevent many from going forward.283 Eventually, having overcome these obstacles, the student has obtained a degree or other qualification which entitles him to a place in his chosen profession. He may have the opportunity of post-graduate research for a higher academic distinction, or may have to proceed at once to the more severe test of practical experience. In any case a career in science involves the necessity of perpetual study, in order to maintain efficiency compatible with the progress of discovery and invention.Granted, then, a trained mind and the necessary knowledge, skill and general competence, and disregarding, at this stage, such psychological prognostic tests as are applicable in early youth, what can be done to put him on the right road? Chemistry undoubtedly calls for enthusiasm and pleasure in work as the first essentials to successful performance : efficiency must be maintained and, as incentives to efficiency, there must be a prospect of congenial work with adequate reward and scope for future advancement. While the openings in industry and private practice were few, a number of trained chemists took to teaching in public and secondary schools: many not from choice, but from the lack of other opportunities.The increased provision of teachers’ train- ing centres and the sifting process which they exercise assisted in deciding vocational suitability of would-be teachers and pro- moted efficiency, while improved conditions afforded greater inducements to chemists to take up educational work. It is sometimes deplored that many honours graduates give their lives to teaching elementary science. Often they are not content to do so, unless they are allowed opportunities of carrying on research. If they are sincerely devoted to educational work they should have a sympathetic understanding of the difficulties of their pupils, tempered by a recollection of their own in similar circumstances ;they must possess the necessary power of expres-sion, patience and tact and, above all, must adhere to the idea that their pupils have not only to accumulate facts, but to think and to reason. It needs to be impressed upon all who hope to be teachers of chemistry that a sound knowledge of the highest branches of the subject is necessary to teach the more elementary facts in their proper setting.The question whether a particular chemist who has persisted in the ordeal of qualifying is suitable for any particular branch 284 of work, will be largely settled by his adaptability to any opening which may be offered to him. Specialised vocational suitability cannot always be determined by the individual himself, and yet specialisation is almost imperative. He must earn his living, and he is wise to make a start as soon as possible, and take any reasonable opportunity of proving his worth.In any case, he must face the difficulty of getting his first appointment, which depends not only on the vacancies available in the various branches of work, but also on what may be termed the personal ratio between the prospective employer and employee. Although, on qualifying, he should be conscious of his particu- lar bent and be able to determine the sphere in which he would prefer to work, managers, staff establishment officers of industrial concerns, heads of departments and principals have also, as occasion arises, their own ideas as to how the services of a candi- date for a vacancy may be employed to their own, and possibly to his own, best advantage.In general, an employer having selec- ted his “short list ” seeks the candidate who can supply his special requirements, but, if he can, he will certainly select one with whom he and those associated with him can live and work. The new edition of the Register of the Institute will show that an increasing number of chemists are occupying positions as directors, managers and assistant managers in important under- takings. The industrial chemist, who is required to control plant, and may in due course be entrusted with departmental or general management, is expected to be also a good physicist. He must acquire, in addition, a practical knowledge of the methods and conditions of working on the large scale, of the engineering underlying works operations, and of costs and business.Further, and no less important, he must be possessed of personality; be able naturally to accept responsibility; be respected for his attainments and common sense; and have consideration for those who work with and under him. He must be adaptable to circumstances and ready on occasion to cope with emergencies. His chief asset is practical wisdom. Industrial leaders say that good analysts are always in demand. The analyst, whether in private practice or in industry, should be methodical and accurate. He must be minutely careful as to accuracy in matters of legal or financial significance, although with samples received in works practice “rough testing” is often sufficient. He should be no less observant than the research chemist, and his results and his opinions must be unbiased,- founded on fact.His bent for research may lie in the direction of discovering new analytical methods. Skill in the laboratory arts-glass blowing, working in wood or metal, and the im- provisation of ingenious apparatus-is all-important both to analysts and research workers. When is a chemist entitled to the adjective “Research”? Often the classical tag, nascitur non $t, has been applied to the genius who has the intuition and the flair for original investigation. The aim of the research chemist is to discover, extend and prove phenomena by experiment, observation and reasoning. By a scholarship or grant, the graduate may be able to continue at college and obtain valuable research experience and an additional degree; but when he gets into industry, without the guidance and supervision of his professor, he may find life very different.He may be a sound chemist, grounded in scientific laws and principles and experienced in the method of procedure; he may have manipulative skill, imagination, perseverance and the ability to express lucidly his results and opinions, but he should possess initiative and resource, and be capable of working independently. If, however, he joins an industrial laboratory where team-work is the rule, he must be ready to work loyally with others. This implies a genuine will to co-operate, to discuss freely, and to make the best contribution he can to the problem in hand.As one of a team he may feel at first that he is not so much appreciated as he thinks he deserves. He must not be easily discouraged by disappointments. He may sometimes have good reason to be aggrieved, for example, when he is taken off work and it is given to someone else, just as he thinks he is about to produce results, but, generally, he will not be deprived of the credit of his achievement. In the numerous openings in Government and muni.cipa1 service, the requirements, technical and personal, are much the same as in private practice or in industry, or other branches: the necessity for integrity, discipline and discretion is common to all. It will be realised that these observations are not addressed to chemists in established positions, but it is hoped that they may contain some useful suggestions to Registered Students and those who are about to become qualified.286 Proceedings of the Council. CouncilMeeting, 19thJune, 1936.-Arising from previous Minutes, an acknowledgment and expression of thanks was received from the Council of the Institution of the Rubber Industry for the decision of the Council of the Institute to support the Petition of the Institution for the grant of a Royal Charter. A report was also received from the Surveyors to the Institute regarding the proposal of the University of London to build on to the west wall of the Institute’s premises, for which a Deed of Grant is necessary in order to constitute a party wall.Among other matters submitted to the Council was a request from the Thames Barrage Association that the Institute should support the demand for a public enquiry into the proposals formulated by the Association for the construction of a dam at Woolwich Reach, on which the Council came to the conclusion that the matter was not one upon which the Institute should express an opinion. A communication was received from the Malaya Section regarding the election of a District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad, and the appointment of an Honorary Corresponding Secretary for the Far East, on the approaching retirement of Colonel B. J. Eaton. On a report from the Censors, the Council resolved that the name of an Associate of the Institute be removed from the Register of the Institute and that he cease to be an Associate thereof.On the recommendation of the Finance and House Committee, a donation of twenty-five guineas was voted to the Lord Mayor’s Fund for the memorial to His Late Majesty King George V, Patron of the Institute. On the report from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, in addition to recommendations for the admission of students and the election of Fellows and Associates, the Council received and adopted a recommendation that the Doncaster Technical College be added to the list of institutions 287 recognised for training candidates for admission to the Associate- ship, subject to the usual provisions, which now include a con-dition that such recognition is, in the first instance, for a period of three years and is subject to review at the end of that period.The Publications Committee reported on the qualifications and initials to be allowed against the names of Fellows and Associates in the published Register of the Institute, and the arrangements made for lectures during the coming session (see p. 290). The Council also received a report from the Appointments Committee on the desirability of establishing more clearly the principles which should guide the Council in deciding the cir- cumstances in which the Institute may be justified in intervening in matters relating to the status and remuneration attaching to appointments for chemists.The Council adhered to the principle that the Institute should not officially intervene in any question concerning the relations between an employed chemist and a private employer or an industrial concern, except where the public interest might be involved; but agreed that the executive officers should con- tinue, as they had done in the past, to give general advice to members on such matters, and should use their discretion as to whether questions concerning public appointments should be brought before the Appointments Committee. The Council reaffirmed its opinion that the Institute should, so far as possible, discourage local authorities from offering professional chemical work to tender, and that the officers should bring to the notice of the Committee cases where it was alleged that routine work was being undertaken for local authorities by State-aided institutions, or the analysis of routine samples, or consulting, as distinct from research work, was alleged to be undertaken by such institutions, except in those cases where the institutions maintained the only laboratories sufficiently equipped to be able to carry out the work in a satisfactory manner.The Appointments Committee reported that the number of vacancies notified on the Appointments Register had shown an appreciable increase of over 140 between October, 1935 and May, 1936, compared with the corresponding period in 1934-35. (The number of Fellows and Associates known to be unemployed is less than 1.6 per cent.of the total membership.) 288 Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, Vice-president, kindly consented, in the unavoidable absence of the President, to receive the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections at the Conference held on 20th June. Council Meeting, 24th July.-The President mentioned that at the meeting of Council to be held in October it would be necessary to fill a vacancy arising from the retirement from the Council of Mr. H. J. Page, on his taking up an appointment in Malaya. A letter was received from the Chemical Council stating that, with a view to effecting economies, estimates had been invited from a number of firms for tenders for printing the principal publications of the three constituent bodies.In the aggregate, it was estimated that an annual saving of approximately ;6700 would be made, including about ;670 in respect of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute. The thanks of the Council were accorded to the Chemical Council for the action taken, which the Council of the Institute confirmed. In this connexion the Council agreed that the Chemical Council should accept the contract with the present printers of the Institute, and requested that the Publications Committee should not contemplate making any change in the conditions without first conferring with the Chemical Council, and should inform the Chemical Council of any alteration which might be in view with regard to the form of the JOURNAL. The Council of the Institute also expressed its appreciation of the services rendered by Mr.F. P. Dunn with regard to this matter. A letter was received from Dr. A. D. Mitchell reporting progress made in connexion with the work of the Committee of the British Standards Institution on chemical symbols and abbreviations. The attention of the Council was called to the Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation) Bill which had been introduced in the House of Lords on 15th July. As this matter had been before the Council on several occasions, on the representation of the Glasgow and Liverpool Local Sections and of several members, the Council decided to refer the matter to the Legal and Par-liamentary Committee for consideration and report. The Finance and House Committee reported, in accordance with instructions received from the Council, and with the con- currence of the executors of the late Mrs.Meldola and that of 289 the Royal Society, that the Gold Davy Medal, awarded to Pro- fessor Meldola, had been sold, and that the proceeds, together with a sum of nearly E30 transferred to the Institute with the Meldola Library when Finsbury Technical College was closed, would be invested, in order that the income therefrom might be devoted to a prize to be awarded annually to the recipient of the Meldola Medal. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee dealt with a number of cases which had been reviewed and showed that regular allowances to the end of the year would amount to approximately l4go as against a balance on current account of l306 5s.8d. The Council received the report of a meeting of the Joint Committee of the Scottish Education Department and the Institute re National Certificates in Chemistry (Scotland). The President informed the Council that the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Board of Education re National Certifi- cates in Chemistry (England and Wales) had received the Report from the Assessors on the Examinations held during 1936,and that it would be submitted to the Council in October. The Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections held on 20th June was received and discussed. The Council did not deem it advisable to make any alteration on the lines suggested in the resolution recommending that District Members of Council should be replaced by Honorary Secretaries or Chairmen of Local Sections.The suggestion in paragraph 10, for an Editorial on the subject of Libraries, was referred to the Publications Committee, and the suggestions in paragraph 11:, regarding the Benevolent Fund, were also referred to the appro- priate Committee. The Council endorsed the views expressed in the conclusion of paragraph 12 on the subject of training for works employees. The thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, Vice-Presiden t ,for receiving the Honorary Secretaries. iiModern Chemical Nomenclature. ’‘-The Council of the Institute gratefully acknowledges the courtesy of the Council of the Chemical Society in arranging for the supply of copies of Dr.Clarence Smith’s lecture on “Modern Chemical Nomen- clature ’’ to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute. Reprints of the lecture are being circulated with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 290 Lectures.-The Council is glad to be able to announce that the following Lectures have been arranged to take place during the coming Session:- Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Dr. Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President of the Institute, will give the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture on Thursday, 5th November, at 8 p.m. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Professor John Read will give the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture on Friday, 20th November, at 8 p.m. Subject: “A Chapter in the Chemistry of Essential Oils.” Professor Eric K.Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S., will give the first of two Lectures on “Recent Work on Films,” on the 11th or 18th December, and the second, in March or April, 1937. Further details will be published and tickets issued in due course. Lectures are open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute. The Streatfeild Memorial Lecture is also open to all former Students of Finsbury Technical College. Tickets may also be obtained by persons other than members and students of the Institute on application to the Registrar. The Chemical Council.-The appeal of the Chemical Council for an endowment fund for the publication of new know- ledge, the maintenance of the Chemical Library, and eventually for securing suitable premises, has been issued to a large number of companies and firms which have derived direct benefit from chemistry.So far, the receipts and promises for the fund amount to over E19,200. Fellows and Associates who are in a position to further the movement can obtain copies of the appeal from the Hon. Secretary, The Chemical Council, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. 291 Fourth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. The fourth conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections was held at the Institute on Saturday, 20th June. The following attended and were welcomed by Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, Vice-president :-Mr. G. W. Beaumont, Liverpool and North-Western. Dr. H. Burton, Leeds Area.Dr. A. Coulthard, Manchester and District. Mr. R. Craven, Aberdeen and North of Scotland. Mr. G. Elliot Dodds, Edinburgh and East of Scotland. Dr. E. H. Goodyear, Huddersfield. Mr. F. P. Hornby, Bristol and South-Western Counties. Mr. R. F. Innes, London and South-Eastern Counties. Mr. A. R. Jamieson, Glasgow and West of Scotland. Mr. R. H. Jones, South Wales (Swansea). Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Dublin. Mr. C. S. McDowell, Belfast. Mr. C. W. North, East Midlands. Dr. E. A. Rudge, South Wales (Cardiff)-vice Dr. W. Cule Davies. Dr. W. E. Scott, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast. Mr. Garfield Thomas, Birmingham and District. Mr. William Wall, South Yorkshire. Every Section in Great Britain and Ireland was represented, and the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary were in attendance. Mr.Elkington, in opening the proceedings, expressed the regret of the President that he was unable to be present to wel- come the representatives of the Local Sections. In conveying the best wishes of the President and Council for the success of the Conference, he said how much they valued the services given by the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections and the work that the local Committees did for the Institute. Dr. Burton, having been elected to the chair, Mr. Elkington was accorded a vote of thanks for welcoming the Conference, which proceeded to discuss the following matters :-(I) A rksum6 of last Session’s activities of each Section, with comments. (2) Preparation of a short panel of lecturers, to help outlying (3) The possibility of printing-in, say, the October part of Sections.292 the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,-the names Of Officers and Committee of the Local Sections, and particulars of their meetings for the ensuing Session. The acquisition of property by Local Sections, e.g. lantern for lectures. The necessity for an Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries. (One Secretary suggested that one in three years would be sufficient.) That the Annual General Meeting of the Institute be held during the day, and be followed by an Annual Dinner. That District Members of Council be replaced by Honorary Secretaries of Sections, ex-ojicio. Nomination of District Members of Council in districts where there is more than one Section.That Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections be informed regarding the work of the Chemical Council,-if per-missible. The possibility of extending library facilities, so far as provincial members are concerned. The desirability of further publicity to improve the con- dition of the Benevolent Fund. The training of chemical workers (works employees). (1)A RBSUMBOF LAST SESSION’S ACTIVITIES OF EACH SECTION,WITH COMMENTS.-The Conference discussed the ad- vantages and disadvantages of joint meetings with other Bodies and the type of meeting that received the most support. It was necessary to make arrangements for the presentation of certificates to new members and for other formal business of the Institute.In some Sections, this need was recognised by the other Societies; in other Sections, the formal business was reserved for meetings to which only members of the Institute were summoned. The view was expressea that, in some cases, the social side was lacking or insufficiently provided for, but in most Sections there were opportunities for conversation when light refresh- ments were provided and a “break” was made between the conclusion of a lecture and the discussion. When refreshments were not provided until after the meeting, it was found that 293 many members did not stay to avail themselves of the oppor- tunity of meeting their fellow members. Opinions were expressed as to the value and attractiveness of certain lectures.In more than one Section, it appeared that an attempt had been made to introduce subjects of wider interest (e.g., economic, political, etc.) than those of special concern to chemists. Ad-dresses on such subjects, by members of other professions, followed by discussion, had made very successful meetings. In one or two Sections, the “refresher” type of lecture was very greatly appreciated. In some Sections, an informal dinner was held before every event. Demonstrations of laboratory work and exhibitions of apparatus and instruments appeared to be successful. Reference was also made to visits to works, which were very popular in certain districts. The company of ladies added to the social success of the visits.The Chairman summed the matter up by remarking that the needs of Sections appeared to vary according to their environ- ment, There was a difference of opinion whether the meet-ings were more successful when held in lecture theatres, hotels, or clubs, and also as to the time of meeting, whether after tea or after dinner. No general rule seemed to be applicable. It was agreed that each Secretary should send in a short statement as to the success of lectures and meetings held during the past session, in order that his views might be circulated privately among the others. OF OF LECTURERS,(2) PREPARATIONA SHORTPANEL Es-PECIALLY FOR THE BENEFITOF OUTLYING DIsTRIcTs.-The Officers were asked if they could ascertain from prominent members whether they would be willing to allow their names to be placed on a panel.After discussion, it was thought better that Honorary Secretaries should consult the list of lectures which appears in the Annual Report of Council, and should obtain, from each other, confidential information as to those particular lectures which had been most appreciated. The Officers considered that it was unlikely that the Council would agree to approach chemists directly. Well-known lec- turers found that it was impossible to be in readiness to give many lectures in different parts of the country during the session, but several Members of Council were mentioned who had frequently lectured before the Sections during the past few years, (3)THEPOSSIBILITYPRINTING-IN, SAY, THE OCTOBEROF PART OF THE Journal and PYOCeedhgS,-THE NAMESOF OFFICERS AND COMMITTEEOF THE LOCAL SECTIONS, AND PARTICULARS OF THEIR MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING SESSION.-It was found that the Annual Meetings of Sections, and the preparation of their programmes took place at different times in the year, and therefore it was not possible to print in any single Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSa complete and up-to-date list of the Committees and Officers and the programmes of the various Sections.It was very helpful, however, for each Section to notify the others of its arrangements, and it was advisable that all meetings should be included under “Coming Events’’ in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. (4)THE ACQUISITIONOF PROPERTYBY LOCAL SECTIONS, E.G., LANTERNFOR LECTURES.-SOme Sections have, in the past, made special application to the Council for the provision of lanterns, epidiascopes, and office equipment, and such requests have been sympathetically received and dealt with. It was revealed that in one Section an epidiascope had been acquired, but had not been frequently used; in fact, when meetings were held in lecture theatres, lanterns and the services of a good operator could be had at little cost.In these circumstances, the outlay on expensive apparatus did not seem to be justified. In other Sections, however, lanterns belonging to the Sections were in frequent use. The Chairman suggested that the Council would always be ready to consider reasonable requests from the Sections.(5) THE NECESSITYFOR AN ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF HONORARYSECRETARIES.-one Honorary Secretary had sugges- ted that, in view of the expense, the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections might be held less frequently. The Officers expressed the view that the Council found that the Conferences had been productive of valuable suggestions. It was very advantageous that the Honorary Secretaries should meet one another for a friendly talk and interchange of views on the management of Local Sections. If held less frequently, some Honorary Secretaries would have few, if any, opportunities of attending meetings of that kind. (6) THATTHE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE INSTITUTEGENERAL BE FOLLOWED BY AN ANNUALDINNER.-It was suggested that 295 if the Annual General Meeting were held in the afternoon and a dinner in the evening, provincial members would have an opportunity of meeting one another at least once a year.The Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections might also be held at about the same time. Several members suggested that it would be difficult for them to make arrangements to attend a Conference except on a Saturday. The Officers said that the arrangements of an Annual Meeting and Annual Dinner on the same day naturally increased the work of the office, but apart from that, it had been the policy of the Institute for various reasons not to hold an Annual Dinner,- partly because of the expense and partly because of the numerous functions arranged by other chemical bodies, and the expense to the individual members who participated in such functions. The arrangements for an official public dinner involved about three months’ work for three hours enjoyment, with perhaps three inches in the press on the following day.The main value of dinners was that they provided a means of bringing members together and opportunites of renewing friendships. When the Annual Meeting had been held in the afternoon, it was not very well attended, but it might be said that generally the annual meetings of professional Bodies were not well attended, unless the agenda included something of unusual interest. (7) THAT DISTRICT MEMBERS OF COUNCILBE REPLACEDBY HONORARY OF SECTIONSSECRETARIES ex-oficio.-The Honorary Secretary who advocated this change contended that the Honor- ary Secretaries had to do a great deal of work, and that it would make for efficiency if they could also be Members of Council, and thus be intimately acquainted with all that was going on at headquarters.It was pointed out that Associates who were Honorary Secretaries could not be Members of the Council without an alteration of the Charter and By-laws. The Local Sections had matters very much in their own hands. In most cases, they were able to nominate the District Member of Council, and there was not often a ballot for an election for any District Member. The suggestion that Honorary Secretaries should also be Members of Council implied that they would have to give up time, in addition to that required for the work which they 296 undertook locally.In some cases, the District Member was the Chairman or Honorary Secretary of the Local Section. In all cases, the Honorary Secretary of a Section could get in touch with Members of Council within his district for information. It was pointed out that, so far as it lay in the power of the Council, an endeavour was made to secure that branches of chemical work, as well as districts, were represented. After further discussion, it was moved, seconded and resolved : That the Council should consider making an alteration in the Charter and By-laws so that District Members of Council be replaced by Honorary Secretaries or Chairmen of Local Sections, ex-oflcio,-the motion being carried by 11 votes to 3.One Member suggested that a full account of the proceedings of the Council should be circulated to the Honorary Secretaries of the Sections. (8)THE NOMINATIONOF DISTRICTMEMBERSOF COUNCILIN DISTRICTSWHERE THERE IS MORE THAN ONE SECTION.-A short discussion took place on this subject, which is of special interest to districts comprising more than one Section, e.g. Yorkshire,-- comprising Huddersfield and Leeds Area ; South Wales,--com- prising Cardiff and Swansea. It was mentioned that East Midlands and South Yorkshire would also be asked to agree to the election of one district member for the area covered by those two Sections. The Honorary Secretaries asked that they be specially reminded, in good time, to nominate District Members.The mechanism for the election of District Members of Council is reprinted annually in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, and it was mentioned that where the representatives of a Com- mitteeof aSection were required to attend a meeting incompliance with the By-laws of the Institute, the expense would be borne by the Institute. (9) THE WORK OF THE CHEMICALCouNcIL.-Several members of the Conference having expressed a Wish to know more about the proceedings of the Chemical Council, the Registrar, who is also Honorary Secretary of the Chemical Council, gave a brief resum6 of its work since its formation. It had decided on its policy and had framed Standing Orders; it had made temporary provision for the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society, and its recommendations as to the constitution of the Library Committee had been adopted.It had framed an Appeal to leaders of industry, companies and firmsfor the establishment of a fund to provide for the endowment of chemical publications and the future maintenance of the Library, and aimed at estab-lishing a further fund for the purpose of securing premises for the Chemical Societies. In this connection, the Honorary Secretary of the Chemical Council mentioned that it was well known that the premises of the Chemical Society would be unable to accommodate any additional books after 1939;that the present accommodation of the Society of Chemical Industry was totally inadequate, and the lease of its present offices would expire in less than twelve months.He hoped that the Honorary Secre- taries of Sections would do their best to encourage chemists to help these funds, for which already a substantial sum had been received or promised, mainly from chemists themselves, who hoped, by starting a preliminary list of contributors, to encourage others to contribute. The supporters were mainly those who supported all things of this kind, but it was hoped in this case that the Appeal would receive a wider response in order to place British chemistry on a sound foundation. The three Chartered Bodies were co-operating: there was no suggestion of amal-gamation. An article on the work and aims of the Chemical Council had been contributed by Professor Thorpe to Chemistry and Industry (20th June) and to Part I11 of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute.(10)THEPOSSIBILITYEXTENDING FACILITIES,OF LIBRARY SO FAR AS PROVINCIAL MEMBERS ARE CONCERNED.-The view was expressed that information regarding new books was not sufficiently available, in spite of the fact that many publishers circularise men of science from time to time regarding their publications. It was suggested that the books noticed in the list of additions to the Library of the Chemical Society might also be mentioned in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute, and that further publicity be given to the Library facilities existing in London and the provinces, and possibly an “editorial” on the subject might be published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSat an early date.Members mentioned that, in several important provincial centres, the public librarians were very ready-with little formality-to obtain new technical books where they were likely to be useful to students in universi- ties or technical colleges. Endeavours to make arrangements 298 whereby chemists and engineers could have free access to uni- versity and college libraries did not appear to have been satis- factory. Chemists rarely took advantage of such facilities. (11)THE POSSIBILITY FURTHER TOOF PUBLICITY IMPROVE THE CONDITION OF THE BENEVOLENTFuND.-The small annual turnover and the comparatively small capital fund of the Bene- volent Fund were discussed.It was suggested that greater publicity should be given to the fund. The Registrar, as Honorary Secretary of the Benevolent Fund, informed the meeting that it was hoped next year, being Corona- tion Year, to make a special appeal for the Capital fund. The accounts for the half year ending 30th June, 1936, would show an improvement on those for the first half of 1935. Experience showed that, so long as there was a useful balance on the current account, members did not respond so readily as when funds were low: so soon as the fund got into debt, and it was evident that help was urgently needed, the money came rolling in. Moreover, members who had been helped during temporary anxieties and troubles were steadily returning loans made to them.At the moment, the position was not very serious, although a good deal of money still had to be found for cases receiving regular allowances. The Committee would be in a much happier position if there were a more general response on the lines suggested by several members,-namely, that everyone who could do so, should spare at least 5s. a year for this object. Without mentioning names, the Registrar related particulars of several cases, to illustrate the real need for help. He rather deprecated the raising of money at meetings, because it dissuaded men, who could not afford to subscribe, from attending meetings, and that was most undesirable. Those who were living in comfortable circumstances could not always appreciate how frequently the private affairs of others, into which nobody had any right to enquire, determined their ability or inability to deal with the appeals to which they would be very ready to respond, if they were not obliged to maintain poor relations, pay heavy doctors’ bills, or meet other like obligations. (12)THE TRAININGOF CHEMICALWORKERS (WORKS EM-PLOYEES).-It appeared that, apart from laboratory assistants,- assistants who have matriculated and are working for degrees by means of evening classes, there are in industries, in some districts, plant-workers and foremen, for whom no provision exists for technical training of any kind.Employers occasionally raise the question as to whether technical colleges could not provide courses in chemistry and engineering, especially with reference to structural materials, for foremen, process watchers, and workmen of the better type.Some expressed the opinion that such instruction was liable to be dangerous : workmen could be trained to carry out responsible operations well and regularly, without mishaps; whereas, a little knowledge was often a dan-gerous thing, when exercised by those who had no real scientific training. Provision had been made for encouraging youths who had matriculated and were able to pass examinations for National Certificates. Further provision for training on the lines sug-gested for technical workers was not regarded as desirable, while it would be very difficult to meet the needs of various industries.Consideration of the above subject (12)led to a reference to candidates who had obtained National Certificates and desired to proceed to the Associateship. The Assistant Secretary stated that it would be difficult to frame a general ruling as to their eligibility, owing to varying circumstances. Colleges were informed as to the special arrange- ments which could be made to meet certain cases. Another member suggested that employers should be notified by the Institute when a member of their staff had passed the examinations of the Institute. It was pointed out that this might lead to difficulties, and it was agreed that it should certainly not be done without the con- currence of the successful candidates.Another member suggested that the point could be met by a notification in the local press, and that arrangements could probably be made to call the attention of employers to such a notification when this was deemed to be desirable. The Assistant Secretary reminded the members that he would be glad at all times to receive notification of suitable vacancies for chemists, appearing in papers in different parts of the country. The Registrar asked that members would do all they could to send in good reports of meetings,-with prkcis, if possible, supplied by lecturers,-in order that they might contribute to the general improvement of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 300 Reverting to the subject of maintaining touch between the Council and the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, several members expressed the opinion that it was highly desirable that Honorary Secretaries should be in frequent touch with District Members of Council.The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to Dr. Burton for presiding. The Honorary Secretaries were subsequently entertained to luncheon at the Hotel Russell, after which several returned to the Institute to inspect the premises and laboratories and the office equipment. Chemists in Germany.-The Verein deutscher Chemiker estimates the number of chemists employed in Germany at the beginning of 1936 at IZ,~OO, representing an increase of about 1,300 since the beginning of 1935. The output from both high schools and universities appears now to be steadily absorbed.301 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen, Edinburgh and G1asgow.-The Joint Summer Meeting of the Scottish Sections of the Institute, and of the Society of Chemical Industry, with Fellows of the Chemical Society, was held in Glasgow, on zznd and a3rd May. An informal dinner was held in the North British Hotel, on the zand. Mr. J. G. Roberts acted as chairman and extended a cordial welcome to the members from the other Scottish Sections, and to guests, including Professor F. Weigert of the University of Leipzig. After a discussion on the form which future summer meetings should take, the evening was devoted to music.On 23rd May, the party travelled from Glasgow to Millport to visit the Marine Biological Station on the island of Cumbrae. The journey was made by rail to Wemyss Bay, thence by steamer to Millport. After lunch the company proceeded to the Marine Station, where they were received by Mr. Elmhirst, the Director, and Dr. A. P. Orr. Mr. Elmhirst gave an interesting survey of the work which was engaging the attention of the staff at the time and also gave a description of the various exhibits in the aquarium. This was followed by a tour of the laboratories. A series of microscope slides showed the various stages in the growth of the food of herring. Another exhibit showed the effect of various wood preservatives after immersion of the treated wood in salt water for varying periods of years.In the chemical laboratory some original appliances for the sampling of deep sea water and mud were on view. The visit concluded with a tour of inspection of the small survey ship Nautilus, belonging to the Scottish Marine Biological Association. During afternoon tea, kindly provided by the Station staff, Dr. P. F. Gordon expressed the thanks and appreciation of the visitors to the Director for a most interesting visit, and also to Dr. A. P. Orr for his great assistance in making the meeting a success. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The Summer meeting of the Section took the form of a visit, on 10th June, to the works of the United Chemists’ Association, Ltd., at Chelten- ham, a firm engaged in the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations of a very varied nature.The party, which included several ladies, was welcomed by Mr. Miller, the managing director, and conducted over the works, where every opportunity was given to inspect the various pro- cesses of manufacture : the coating of tablets, the preparation of capsules and cachous, the machinery for emulsification and filtration, and the vacuum plant for filling bottles and tubes. Especially interesting was the well-equipped and organised laboratory, where every batch of material made by the firm is tested before being dispatched, and where several demonstrations were made for the benefit of the visitors. The party was subsequently entertained to tea, kindly pro- vided by the firm.Mr. F. E. Needs, Chairman of the Section, proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Miller and his co-directors, to which Mr. Miller responded, Cape.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Argus Board Room, Cape Town, on 17th April-Dr. St. C. 0. Sinclair in the Chair. Mr. W. S. S. Laddell gave an address on ** Muscle Metabolism.” Mr. Laddell has kindly supplied the following summary:- The development of the knowledge of muscle metabolism may be divided into three main stages; the first stage was prior to 1907, when very little more was known about muscle than the facts of its contraction and relaxation. The second stage was inaugurated by Fletcher and Hopkins in 1907 by their demon- stration of lactic acid in active living muscle, and reached its climax in I924 with the discovery of the production of lactic acid from glycogen and the demonstration of the classical lactic acid cycle.In 1926 the discovery of phosphagen, simultaneously by the Eggeltons in England and Fiske and Subarow in America, cast doubt upon the old ideas, and in 1929 Lundsgaard by his discovery of the alactacid activity of a muscle poisoned by iodo- acetic acid, and the confirmation by other workers of Embden’s discovery, first made in 1924, that the lactic acid production of a muscle occurs mainly after the contraction had been com- pleted, paved the way for the new theories. The first of these was the suggestion that the initial reaction was the breakdown of phosphagen into creatine and phosphoric acid with the release of energy for contraction, and that during recovery there was a breakdown of carbohydrate to lactic acid, which provided energy for the re-synthesis of the phosphagen.But the intimate analysis and study of the compounds found in muscle, which had already done much to elucidate the problem, was to carry the matter still further. Some of the most important compounds are the hexose phosphates, of which two series, the diphosphates and the monophosphates are found; Meyerhof by measuring the rate of hydrolysis, has shown that the important diphosphate ester is a ketose diphosphate, and attention has latterly been concentrated on this substance. It was at one time thought that methyl glyoxal was an important intermediary in the breakdown of glycogen to lactic acid, being derived from the monophosphate; but work by Embden and others has now shown that this substance is not in the direct line of the main breakdown, though a certain amount of sugar may be converted to lactic acid by this route.The present-day view is that fructose diphosphate breaks down to give two molecules of phosphodihydroxyacetone ; this suffers an intramolecular change to form phosphoglyceraldehyde, which undergoes a Cannizzaro reaction with the formation of phosphoglycerol and phosphoglyceric acid ; the latter substance forms phosphopyruvic acid and is then dephosphorylated, the resulting pyruvic acid reacting with the previously formed phosphoglycerol to form lactic acid, the immediate end-product, and phosphoglyceric acid which re-enters the cycle at an earlier stage.These series of changes require a complex enzyme system, which has been recognised, and also a substance in the nature of a phosphate carrier for the preliminary phosphorylation of the hexose, and for the dephosphorylation of the phosphopyruvic acid; such an agent is adenyl pyrophosphate, which parts with its phosphate in the early stages of the cycle with the release of free adenylic acid and receives it back later. Adenylic acid, however, is readily attacked in its free state by muscle enzymes, but it is protected by phosphagen, which temporarily phosphory- lates the adenylic acid while the intermediate stages are being gone through and releases it again when it is required later; thus during these intermediate stages free creatine is found and not free adenylic acid, and phosphagen takes up a subsidiary position as merely a conserver of the important phosphate acceptor, adenylic acid.Hence the idea of the processes taking place in muscle changes, according to Parnas (of a series of linked re- actions taking place successively in time) , has developed into that of one main reaction, with simultaneous subsidiary ones purely concerned with the more or less mechanical function of the donation and acceptance to the main reaction of some important reagent-phosphate. The subsequent fate of the lactic acid is the oxidation of part to carbon dioxide and water and the re-synthesis of the remainder to glycogen possibly by way of the hexose mono- phosphate.The oxidation has been shown by Hahn to involve first the formation of pyruvic acid from lactic acid; this breaks down to carbon dioxide and acetaldehyde; the acetaldehyde is oxidised to acetic acid, two molecules of which combine to form succinic acid which substance by way of fumaric and maleic acids forms pyruvic acid again and carbon dioxide. This :st of changes involves a series of oxidising enzymes, dehydrogenase, peroxidase and catalase ; the complete system has been dissected by Szent-Gyorgyi and his co-workers and has been shown to com- prise a dehydrogenase, a co-enzyme, cytochrome and an oxidase. Present-day evidence suggests that the lactic acid mechanism is only called into action during anaerobic muscle activity; and though the classical lactic acid cycle still holds in principle, thermodynamical considerations and a fresh analysis of experi- mental evidence suggest, according to Margaria and others, that only one-tenth of the lactic acid is oxidised anc nine-tenths are re-synthesised, whereas the original theory formulated by Hill and Meyerhof in 1924 postulated the oxidation of at least one-fifth of the lactic acid formed.The address was followed by a long discussion. The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the lecturer. A meeting was held in the Board Room of the South African As<ociation, Church Square, Cape Town, on 29th May.Prof. Newbury took the Chair, and after welcoming members of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society, called upon Dr. C. B. 0. Mohr to give an address on 6b Nuclear Chemistry,” of which the following is a summary :-Many physicists to-day are spending their time studying a new kind of chemistry, namely nuclear chemistry. Just as the 305 chemist studies the structure and properties of molecules in terms of their constituent atoms, so the “nuclear physicist ” studies the structure of the central nuclei of the atoms by the process of “mixing” nuclei, as the chemist mixes molecules. While the technical methods are, of course, entirely different in the two cases, the types of reaction that occur are often quite similar.Thus, there are analogous examples of monomolecular chemical reactions in the case of the breaking up of the nuclei of radio-active elements, whether these be natural like radium, or arti- ficially produced or synthesised, as in the case of radionitrogen and radiophosphorus. Again, corresponding to photochemical reactions, there is the similar phenomenon of the disintegration of certain nuclei by means of gamma rays, the process being a photoelectric effect involving the nuclear particles. The most common type of nuclear reaction is that in which two nuclei react, producing two new nuclei, and often releasing a net surplus of energy in the process. The way in which all these experiments are done is to fire high-velocity nuclei of one particular type at other nuclei.However, since in ordinary matter the nuclei are extremely small in size compared with the distances between them, only occasionally does one such swift nucleus hit another nucleus head-on and penetrate into it; so, only on a very tiny scale, are we able to transmute elements and release “atomic ”-more correctly, nuclear energy. However, in the “white dwarf” stars which are very dense, the nuclei are packed very close together, and nuclear reactions may take place which involve quite large quantities of matter, so providing part of the large supply of energy which these stars are continually radiating. The nuclei themselves are composed of neutrons and protons. The neutron has practically the same mass as the proton, but unlike the proton has effectively no charge.In nuclei, in general, there are at least as many-if not more-neutrons than protons. There is an attraction between a neutron and a proton which holds them together when they are close enough to each other, as when they are combined in the deuteron or heavy hydrogen nucleus. There seems to be only a very small attraction, if any, between two neutrons or between two protons when they are very close together. Hence what holds the particles together in any nucleus is the attractive force between each neutron and each proton, there being a “bond” between each neutron and 306 each proton. However, the particles are not all equivalent in this respect, for if they were, the number of separate cross-attractions would increase so rapidly with the addition of more particles to a nucleus, that the heavier nuclei would be much more stable than we know them to be.What happens, however, is that the neutrons and protons in a heavy nucleus are arranged in successive “shells,” just as are the electrons round an atom, though, of course, the numbersof particles in the shells are different in the two cases. Thus, two neutrons and two protons complete the innermost shell in a nucleus, and further neutrons and protons must occupy shells outside these. While the superficial aspects of nuclear chemistry and inorganic chemistry seem similar, the resemblance is less close when it comes to detail. Prof. Newbury, in thanking the lecturer, congratulated him on the way in which he had made clear to his audience the intricacies of atomic physics.East Midlands.-Arising out of a resolution passed at the Annual General Meeting of the Section, invitations were sent to the Local Sections of the other Chemical Societies in the area to attend a Conference to discuss co-operation within the area. A scheme was formulated, which is now under the consideration of the Committees of the various Societies. Meetings which have been arranged for the forthcoming session are notified under “Coming Events.” London and South-Eastern Counties.-At a meeting of the Section, held at the Institute on 18th March, Dr. S. Glasstone gave a lecture on Oxidation-Reduction Potentials, and their Practical Applications,” of which he has kindly supplied the following summary: The first attempts to measure oxidation-reduction potentials appear to have been made by Bancroft in 1892. Five years later Peters deduced the fundamental relationship between the potential of a reversible system and the concentrations of the constituents. About this time it was also recognised that only systems which were reversible in the thermodynamic sense could be expected to give potentials having any real significance : many of the potentials measured in so-called oxidation-reduction systems are really irreversible and are more a property of the electrode material, or of other extraneous conditions, than of 307 the systems themselves.Nevertheless, useful comparative results can often be obtained in irreversible systems provided the limitations are appreciated. A knowledge of oxidation potentials is of great value in analytical chemistry, since by their aid it is possible to determine whether any particular process involving oxidation and reduction is likely to proceed to a sufficient extent to be of use for analytical purposes. In many cases hydrogen ion concentrations influence the potentials, and the conditions have to be adjusted accordingly. This point is well illustrated by the reaction between the arsenate- arsenite and iodine-iodide systems : in strongly acid solutions, the potential of the former is greater, and hence arsenate will oxidise iodide ions to virtual completion; but, in alkaline solution, the potential of the latter system is greater and so the quantitative titration of arsenite by iodine is possible.It may be noted also that the action of the quinhydrone electrode for the determination of hydrogen ion concentrations depends on the influence of these ions on an oxidation-reduction system. The value of various reagents used in analytical chemistry, e.g. ceric salts for oxidation, and titanous for reduction, can be readily seen from a study of the curves showing the variation of potential with the ratio of oxidised to reduced forms. Oxidation-reduction indicators of various kinds are substances which themselves give reversible electrode potentials, and the colour they attain is determined by the oxidation-reduction potential of the system in which they are placed.Towards the end-point of a titration the potential of the system changes rapidly, and so consequently does the colour of the indicator. It is important to use an indicator which changes colour in the potential range appropriate to the particular substances involved in the titration. Oxidation-reduction potentials have acquired great impor- tance in recent years by their application to the study of biological systems : ascorbic acid (vitamin C) yields a reversible oxidation- reduction system which can be measured and can be correlated in some manner with the function of the vitamin. Incidentally, this property permits of the analytical estimation of ascorbic acid; the oxidising agent used is z :6-dichlorophenol indophenol, which acts as its own indicator.Lactoflavin, apparently identical with vitamin B,, also forms a definite oxidation-reduction system upon which its biological activity is believed to depend. Among other similar systems of biological importance 308 may be mentioned cytochrome C, glutathione and adrenalin. The Schardinger test for heated milk and the bacterial test involving methylene blue depend on the oxidation-reduction potentials of substances present in the milk. Interesting information concerning the properties of bacteria and the action of certain enzymes can be obtained in an analogous manner. Oxidation-reduction potentials have also been applied in the examination of soils and sewage, and in following the ripening of cheese.After a discussion, in which many members participated, a vote of thanks, moved by the Chairman, Mr. F. G. Edmed, was accorded to the lecturer. Manchester and District.-The Annual Golf Competition, held at Wilmslow on 17th May, was won by Mr. R. Owen Jones; Dr. Murray was runner-up, and Mr. J. C. Law took third prize. The prizes were distributed by Mr. T. Horner, who has been Captain for the last two years. The Annual Golf Match with the Institution of the Rubber Industry was held at the North Man- Chester Golf Course on 25th June. The Institute’s team won by a margin of three games. A large number of members participated in the Annual Summer Meeting, held in the grounds of the Marbury Hall Country Club, Cheshire, on the 27th June.The chief attraction was the open air swimming pool, where the visitors indulged in water sports, prizes being awarded to the successful competitors. Mr. S. A. Brazier presided in the absence of the Chairman, and Mrs. Brazier presented the prizes. The evening was devoted to dancing. New Zealand.-Members of the Section held a joint meeting with the Wellington branch of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry on the 7th May, to view four films of industry. The meeting was opened by Mr. T. H. McCombs, who spoke on the economic value of scientific research. Each film was preceded by a short lecture concerning the industry, the processes involved and other matters of topical interest.“Iron Ore to Pig Iron ” was introduced by Mr. J. J. Cornes; “Tableware,” by Mr. L. R. Dunn; “Wheat to Bread,” by Mr. R. L. Andrew, and “Leather,” by Mr. Philip White. A vote of thanks was accorded to the speakers on the motion of Dr. G. M. Moir. 309 Notes. Honours.-In the Honours List published on the King’s birthday, 23rd June, 1936:- Fellows Professor Gilbert Thomas Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.-Knight Bachelor ; Professor Cedric Stanton Hicks, M.Sc., M.B., Ch.B., Ph.D. -Knight Bachelor ; Dr. Godfrey Rotter, C.B.E.-C.B. Dr. Sura Rajagopal Naidu-M.B.E. Mr. Frederick Henry Newington-M.B.E. Purification of Ethers.-Following on the letter com-municated by Sir Gilbert Morgan and Dr. R. H. Pickard, pub- lished in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, Professor E.A. Werner has drawn attention to a simple, rapid and efficient method for the purification of ethers, based on the action of freshly precipitated silver hydroxide in destroying ‘‘peroxides’’ and oxidising unsaturated compounds, which was described in The Analyst in 1933 (58, 335-337). The method has been in use in many laboratories, but it seems desirable to remind members of it, because all ethers in general use are liable, on exposure to air, light and moisture, to give rise to more or less explosive peroxides. The Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation)Bill,introduced in the House of Lords by Lord Feversham, on 15th July, passed the second reading on 23rd July. (H.M. Stationery Office, Id.) Lord Feversham stated that the use of hydrogen cyanide for fumigation was on the increase and the Bill was intended to safeguard human life by regulating such use.The Bill seeks to give the Home Secretary power to make regulations with respect to the fumigation of premises and articles, with a view to protecting persons from dangers in connexion with such operations. The regulations may- “(a) regulate the manner in which the hydrogen cyanide is to be generated and require the admixture therewith of any substance; 310 “(b) prohibit the carrying out of any such fumigation except by or under the supervision of persons having such training or experience as may be specified in the regulations and by such number of persons as may be so specified; “(c) regulate the disposal of the residues of any substances used in the fumigation; ‘‘(d)for the purpose of preventing injurious effects resulting from the fumigation, impose temporary restrictions upon the use of any premises or article, and require such tests as may be specified in the regulations to be carried out after the fumigation ;” and may distinguish between different classes of fumigation, and may also contain special requirements or exemptions in relation to any class.Clause (2)of Section I provides that regulations made under the section shall not apply to the fumigation of rabbit warrens or to fumigation carried out in the open air; clause (3) provides for penalties for contravention of regulations; and clause (4) requires that regulations made by the Secretary of State under the section shall be laid before Parliament as soon as may be after they are made.Section 2 provides that notice be given to the Secretary of State of accidents resulting from fumigation, and penalties for failing to comply with the provisions of that section. Under Section 3, the provisions of the Petroleum (Consolida- tion) Act, 1928 (relating to inquiries into accidents and to coroners’ inquests on deaths resulting from accidents), shall, as set out with modifications in the Schedule to the Bill, apply in relation to accidents of which notice is required to be given to the Secretary of State. Section 4 provides for the application of the new measure to fumigations with other substances.For several years past the Council of the Institute has urged the necessity for such legislation. The Bill is under the consideration of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, who will have the advantage of the advice of Fellows of the Institute with long experience in fumigation operations. While the measure seeks to give to the Secretary of State extensive powers, it may be thought desirable to make further provisions, for example, for the appointment of personnel for 311 the administration of the Act, and to include power to deal with matters other than those specified, especially transport, conditions of storage of hydrogen cyanide and the control of storage, ventila- tion and clearance after fumigation, and rescue work.It would appear to be essential to provide that persons engaged in such work should not only be properly trained, but medicallyand temperamentally fit, and that they should not work singly. The exemption, under clause (2)of Section I, of fumigation “in the open air” has been questioned. Accidents have arisen and may easily arise from the amateur treatment of wasps’ nests and the gassing, from without, of houses, outbuildings, haystacks, etc., for the destruction of rats. Members who are interested in the matter are invited to communicate their views to the Legal and Parliamentary Committee. Science in Parliament.-The following notes have been prepared from abstracts received from the Hon. Secretary of the Parliamentary Science Committee.In the House of Commons on the 1st July, in reply to a question as to the sums which had been spent on scientific research during each of the last five years, exclusive of museums and defence research services, the Financial Secretary to the Treasury gave figures indicating an average of &1,533,674 a year. This included the cost of buildings maintained by the Office of Works in connexion with research services, but, with the exception of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, did not include the cost of administrative staff. While expenditure incurred in respect of museum services generally had been excluded as requested, the figures given included the cost of the Museum of Practical Geology, an essential part of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, which is included in the research services under the administration of the Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research.On 6th July, Mr. Markham asked the Lord President of the Council what sums had been allocated for non-commercial research work in universities during the past five years, and whether any encouragement had been given by the Government to universities to foster such research. The Lord President, in reply, said that it was not practicable to devise a method of assessing total university expenditure on research as distinct from expenditure on other purposes, even if it were possible to form an adequate definition of non-commercial research. Encouragement had been given by the Government to foster certain forms of specialised research, and the amount expended on this during the past five years was approximately LI ,866,000.In addition, the vote for universities and colleges (Great Britain) had provided during the past five years Eg,3oo,ooo, distributed in block grants for maintenance of university institutions as centres of higher education and research. On 18th July, on the motion of Mr. T. Johnston, a debate took place on Malnutrition. The Minister of Health, in the course of his contribution to the debate, said that in framing Government policy, he looked for guidance to the Ministry’s Advisory Committee on Nutrition, which, under the chairmanship of Lord Luke, had been re-constituted and enlarged to include a number of scientific authorities.The Committee had recently informed him that the available data on the consumption of various kinds of food in this country were insufficient to justify any safe and far-reaching conclusions. The Committee had recommended that further information in relation to family budgets should be collected. He had consulted with the Minister of Labour, who had arranged for the required information to be obtained in the course of the inquiry which the Minister of Labour had recently set up in connexion with the cost of living index numbers. About-2,250,000 school children were receiving daily rations of one-third of a pint of milk for a halfpenny, and local education authorities were giving free milk to over 300,000 school children.Children under five years who were in need could obtain milk from the clinics throughout the country. Nearly all the 422 maternity and child-welfare authorities provided milk for mothers and children free, or at cheap rates. The total annual provision in this respect had been estimated to be equivalent to seven million gallons,-including dried milk. The Government would be willing to support any practicable proposals for the extension of the scheme. The matter was closely linked with the whole question of milk-marketing, which was under the examination of the Milk Reorganisation Committee. It would be highly un- fortunate if they took any action which might have the effect of increasing the price of milk to general consumers.He hoped, however, when the Report of the Commission was received that 313 it might be possible to find means of enlarging the schemes which were now doing such valuable work. Professor J. Graham Kerr said that the problem of nutrition was an extremely complicated one, beset by many pitfalls, chief among which was the use of statistics: the greatest care should be taken to see that the figures were carefully scrutinised by an unprejudiced investigator ; otherwise, there would arise dis-turbing factors which might invalidate the whole of their conclusions. On 29th July, in the House of Commons, Mr. Alan Chorlton asked the Minister for the Co-ordination of Defence, whether he would consider setting up a Board of Invention to encourage and examine devices for protection against aerial attack and for other problems of defence? The Minister, in reply, said that facilities already existed for the examination by experts of any proposal of the nature indicated : inventions of all kinds were frequently received, and were given the fullest consideration.On the following day, Mr. Chorlton asked the Home Secretary whether arrangements had been made for the sale of gas-masks to those who wished to take this precaution, and through what channel they could be obtained? In reply, the Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs said that the Government had recently published a scheme, under which manufacturers who made approved types of respirators and accepted certain conditions, including liability to Government inspection, would be licensed to affix a Home Office certification mark to respirators placed on sale.So far, no application for such a licence had been received, but when the scheme was in operation, respirators on which the public could rely would be on sale. Science and War.-A group of members of the staff and research workers of the University of Cape Town, formed to investigate the root causes of war and to find means of avoiding it, will welcome contacts with similar groups elsewhere, in the hope of being able to arrive at a common programme.-Nature, 11th July, p. 80. At a meeting held at Oxford on 17th July, the British Medical Association discussed the subject of Chemical Warfare.It was stated that the Council of the Association was considering, in connexion with the Air Raid Precautions Department of the 314 Home Office, the question of the protection of the community against the effects of poison gas. A resolution was adopted- “That this meeting condemns unreservedly the use of poison gas in warfare as inhuman in its results and degrading to civilisation, and relies upon the Council to do everything in its power with a view to securing the co-operation of the medical profession in all countries in order to prohibit the use of poison gas.” An appeal was made to men of science generally as well as to members of the medical profession, to protest collectively against the destruction of civilian population by the use of poison gas, and to secure international co-operation with this end in view.In Nature (25th July, p. 155), the opinion is expressed that scientific workers should let the community know that they dissociate themselves from the use of such methods. By men of science remaining silent, it should not be understood that they acquiesce in the application of their discoveries to the degradation of civilian life. Distressed Areas.-In July, 1935,Mr. L. D. Whitehead, J.P., Chairman and Managing Director of the Whitehead Iron and Steel Company, Ltd., offered a prize of LI,OOO and l200 in additional prizes for practical suggestions which could lead to a permanent and substantial reduction in unemployment and distress in South Wales and Monmouthshire.About 180 proposals were received and investigated by the National Industrial Development Council of Wales and Mon- mouthshire, and subsequently by three independent adjudicators -Lord Portal of Laverstoke, Sir W. T. Layton and Lieut.-Col. Sir George Schuster-whose recommendations were transmitted to Mr. Whitehead. No proposal was considered to merit the EI,OOO prize, but the adjudicators selected eight which they regarded as worthy of recognition. Dr. James Watson, Fellow, received an award of LIOO, for suggestions regarding Blast- furnace Slags, their constitution and utilisation, and the manu- facture of Sand-Lime Bricks. The Confederation of Management Associations has notified the arrangement for the 35th week-end Lecture Con- ference to be held at Balliol College, Oxford, from 24th to 28th September, when the subject for study will be “The Planned Development of an Individual Business,” and how it is achieved in the experience of certain representative companies.315 The Confederation consists of :-The Incorporated Sales Managers’ Association ;The British Works Management Associa- tion ; The British Industrial Purchasing Officers’ Association ; The Office Management Association ; The Institute of Industrial Administration ; and The Institution of Labour Management and Buyers’ Association of Great Britain. Particulars can be obtained from Mr. Reginald Pugh, Hon- orary Secretary of the Confederation of Management Associations, British Industries House, 499-500, Oxford Street, Marble Arch, London, W.I.Testing Materials.-The Second International Congress of the International Association for Testing Materials will be held in London from 19th to 24th April, 1937. The President of the Congress will be Sir William Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., President of the Royal Society and Director of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. The Chairman of the Executive Committee is Sir Frank E. Smith, K.C.B., C.B.E., Sec. R.S. Fellows and Associates of the Institute can obtain further particulars and forms of application for membership from Mr. K. Headlam-Morley, Hon. Sec. of the Congress, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1. Uses for Glue.-A competition was held some time ago by the “Epidos” International Association of Bone Glue Manu- facturers with the object of stimulating research for the increase and improvement of outlets for bone glue.The competition aroused interest among research workers, and promising ideas were put before the Association. A sum of 30,000 Swiss francs was distributed to the winners in the competition. The Epidos Association has put aside a further sum for the purpose of encouraging research by those who will put forward interesting ideas for the use of glue, and also for recompensing those who have proposals already for development. The General Secretariat of the International Association, at 40 Rue du Colisde, Paris, is prepared to furnish further informa- tion on this matter to any person desirous of submitting a proposi-tion for a new use, or the improvement of an existing use, for bone glue.-British Glues and Chemicals, Ltd., 29th June, 1936.Dr. Thomas Harold Durrans, Fellow, has been co-opted to the Board of Directors of Messrs. A. Boake, Roberts & Co., Ltd. 316 Obituary. BENJAMINHENRY GERRANS died at Clapham Park on 12th August, at the age of nearly 70 years. He studied chemistry at the City of London College and also under Meldola at the City and Guilds of London Institute. He worked for three years at University College, London, as Assistant in the Laboratory of Hygiene, under Professor Corfield, and in 1884 became chief assistant to Colonel Charles E. Cassal. In 1895 he was appointed a gas examiner to the London County Council; in 1910 to the Urban District Council of Sittingbourne, Kent; and in 1921 to the County Borough of West Ham.He was acting public analyst for the Royal Borough of Kensington, and additional public analyst for the City of Westminster and the Metropolitan Borough of Battersea, for some time prior to the death, in 1921, of Colonel Cassal, whom he succeeded as public analyst for Kensington, the administrative counties of the Parts of Kesteven and of Holland, Lincolnshire, the Borough of Chepping Wycombe, Bucks, and as official agricultural analyst for Kesteven. He was subsequently appointed public analyst to the Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea, and official agricultural analyst for the Parts of Holland.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and a Fellow in 1892. HALPINJAMES FRANCIS died on 21st June, in his 70th year. Educated at Camelford School, he studied chemistry at King’s College and the Royal College of Science, London. In 1892 he joined the staff of the Government Laboratory, then at Somerset House, and in 1901 was appointed to the permanent staff on the recommendation of Professor-later Sir Edward- Thorpe. From 1904 until 1930 he was attached to that branch of the Government Laboratory which is in the Custom House, London. In 1929, having attained the position of Superintending Chemist, he was awarded the Imperial Service Order (I.S.O.). In 1930, after his retirement from the service of the British Government, he was appointed Director of the Egyptian Government’s Tobacco Laboratory at Cairo.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1908. FRANCISCHARLES LEWISwas killed by an explosion at Woolwich Amenal on 8th July, in his 42nd year. Educated at Woolwich and Cardiff Municipal Secondary Schools, he pursued his scientific training at UniversityCollege of South Wales and Monmouthshire, Cardiff, and graduated B.Sc. (Wales) with First Class Honours in chemistry in 1915. During the war he was engaged with Nobel’s Explosives Co. at Pembrey, where he became Superintendent of the T.N.T. Department, and later joined the Royal Air Force as a Flight Cadet. After obtaining his discharge in 1919 he obtained an appointment with the British Dyestuffs Corporation, at Dalton, Huddersfield, where he remained until October, 1921, when he joined the staff of the Research Department at Woolwich.At the tho of the accident he was occupied with experimental investigations on high ex- plosives, with particular reference to the methods of applying them to Service requirements in order to obtain the highest efficiency. He had an intimate knowledge of the behaviour of high explosives under all conditions and of the precautions necessary in handling them. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. 317 JNANENDRANATH SINHA died at Lucknow on 8th July, in his 44th year. He was educated at Narikeldanga High School and proceeded to Calcutta University in 1907, graduating in science in 1912.He continued his studies at the University until 1916 and, in the following year, worked as an Assistant Analyst in the Customs and Excise Laboratory at Calcutta. In 1919 he came to England for further study, at the College of Technology, Manchester, passed the Final B.Sc.Tech. in 1921, continued research with Mr. Julius Huebner, and was awarded M.Sc.Tech. in 1922. After some experience in a paper factory at Treuenbrietzen, in Germany, he was chemist in the Rajahmudry Paper Mills, Madras,until 1925, in which year he became paper and pulp expert at the Upper India Couper Paper Mills at Lucknow, where he was subsequently manager, and introduced on an industrial scale, Raitt’s system of fractional digestion, designed and constructed an improved Hollander engine for beating pulp, and introduced improved methods in chemical processes and engineering devices.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923. 318 Books and their Contents. The following books have recently been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“American Chemistry, Annual Survey of.” Vol. X, 1935. Edited by Clarence J. West. Published for the National Research Council. Pp. 488. (New York: The Reinhold Publishing Corporation ; London : Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 25s. net. Theories of solution; the kinetics of homogeneous gas reactions ; mole-cular structure ;thermodynamics and thermochemistry ;contact cataly- sis ; inorganic chemistry, 1933-35; analytical chemistry, 1934-35; applications of X-rays in metallurgy; ferrous metallurgy ; the platinum metals ; electro-organic chemistry ; aliphatic compounds ; carbocyclic compounds ; heterocyclic compounds ; alkaloids ; food chemistry ; insecticides and fungicides ;gaseous fuels, 1934-35 ;petroleum chemistry and technology ; detergents and detergency; cellulose and paper ; synthetic plastics; rubber; unit processes in organic synthesis ;chemical economics, 1931-35.Indexes. ‘‘Blanchiment Teinture et Impression.” Georges Martin. Pp. 218. (Paris: Librarie Armand Colin). Frs. 10.50,broch4; Frs. 12,reli6. Propri6tes des fibres textiles ;produits utilisd dans l’industrie du blanchi- ment ;blanchiment des fibres animales ;blanchiment des fibres vdghtales ; definitions et theories relatives aux phenomknes de teinture ; teinture de la laine; charge et teinture de la soie; teinture du coton et autres fibres cellulosiques naturelles ;teinture des rayonnes ;teinture des articles mixtes; le material et les operations mhcaniques de la teinture; ghndrali- ti& sur la technique de l’impression; impression BUT fibres animales; impression sur fibres v6ghtales.Bibliographie. Tables des figureset des matikres. “Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, A Comprehensive Treatise on.” Vol. XV. J. W. Mellor, F.R.S. Pp. 816. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) L3 3s. net. Nickel; ruthenium ; rhodium; palladium; osmium; iridium. Index. “Practical Everyday Chemistry.” H. Bennett. Pp. 306. (London: E.& F. N. Spon, Ltd.) 10s. net. How to make what you use. Practical modern working formulae for making hundreds of products. 319 Mersey & Irwell Watershed : Joint Committee Proceedings, 1935-36. Pp. 114 and Index. (Preston: T. Snape & Co., Ltd.) “ Physical and Chemical Constants and Some Mathematical Functions.” G. W. C. Kaye and T. H. Laby. Eighth Edition. Pp. vi + 162. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 14s. net. General physics, astronomy, etc. ; heat; sound; light; electricity; mag netism; rays, radioactivity and gaseous ionization; chemistry; mathe- matical tables. Index. Ribble Watershed : Proceedings of Joint Committee, Year ending 31st March, 1936. Pp. 88 and Index. (Preston: T. Snape & Co., Ltd.) TheBritish Standards Institution has recently published, inter alia, and presented the Institute with copies of, the following Specifications:-No. 144-1936.Coal Tar Creosote for the Preservation of Timber (Types A, A2 and B). No. 156-1936. Enamelled High-Conductivity Annealed Copper Wire. No. 168-1936. Electrical Performance of Industrial Electric Motors and Generators with Class A Insulation. Rating permitting overloads. No. 368-1936. Pre-Cast Concrete Flags. Corrigendum to No. 548-1934 :-No. C.E. (IS) 52-1936. High Tensile Structural Steel for Bridges, etc., and General Building Con- struction. NO. 675-1936. Sugar Flasks. No. 676-1936. Three Special Flasks with Graduated Necks. NO. 679-1936. Protective Glass for Welding and other In- dustrial Operations.NO. 681-1936. Carbon Chromium Steel. NO. 682-1936. Three per cent. Nickel Chromium Case- Hardening Steel. NO. 684-1936. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Fats. (Internationally agreed.) NO.686-1936. The Analysis of Coal Ash and Coke Ash. NO. 687-1936. The Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke. NO. 691-1936. Clinical Maximum Thermometers. NO. 692-1936. Meteorological Thermometers (Maximum, Minimum and Ordinary) Sheathed Type. NO. 695-1936. Floating Dairy Thermometers. 320 The British Standards Institution has also forwarded a copy of the Handbookof Information including the Annual Report, 1935-1936,and Indexed Lists of British Standards Specifications and Methods of Test, published in July.(Obtainable from the Institution, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. Price IS.) The Institution of Petroleum Technologists announces the publication of Petroleum Technology 1935 ” being a comprehensive summary of developments in petroleum tech- nology during 1935,containing over 2000 references to publica- tions on petroleum and cognate subjects. Obtainable from The Institution of Petroleum Technologists, Aldine House, Bedford Street, Strand, W.C.2. 7s. 6d. net., post free 8s. od. The International Tin Research and Development Council has presented the following brochures:- SERIESA. No. 40. “The Detection and Colorimetric Determination of Tin by Means of Substituted I : 2-Dimercapto-benzenes.” A Specific Reagent for Tin by R. E.D. Clark. Reprinted from The Analyst, 1936, 61, 242-245. No. 41. “The Preparation of Substituted Benzene-o-dithiols for Use as Specific Reagents for Tin” by R. E. D. Clark. No. 42. “On Opacifiers in Wet and Dry Enamels” by L. Stuckert, of the Technical High School, Munich. Translated fror a paper presented to the Verein Deutscher Emallfachleute, Leipzig, February, 1936. No. 43. A further Study of the Constitution of the Cadmium- Tin Alloys, by D. Hanson and W. T. Pell-Walpole. The Director of the Rothamsted Experimental Station has announced the publication of Volume IV of the Rothamsted Conferences on Present-Day Problems in Crop Production, corn- prising reports of the last five Conferences held at Rothamsted :-(16) “ Problems of Potato Growing.” (17) “Modern Changes in the Treatment of Light Soils.” (18) “Brood Diseases of Bees.” (19) “The Production of Pigs for Bacon.” (20) “The Cause and Control of Swarming in Bees.” 10s 6d.post free.321 Messrs. Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd., announce the re-issue of Volume I1 of * Recent Advances in Organic Chemistry ’’ by Professor Alfred W. Stewart, with the addition of Part I1 by Dr. Hugh Graham,-21s. net. The new Part includes- chapters on the bile acids and sterols, the heart aglucones, the hormones, and vitamins. The Seventy-Second Annual Report on Alkali,etc. Works for the year 1935, by the Chief Inspector, has been recently published (H.M. Stationery Office, gd. net). The number of works registered in 1935 was 977, involving the operation of 1,846separate processes.The inspectors made over 4,300 visits; and 2,320 quantitative analyses of chimney and other gases were made in connexion with the inspections. Special attention is being given to smoke and fumes from burning Colliery Spoil Banks. The inspectors report on the problem of extinguishing burning banks, and also on the con- struction of banks in such a way as to reduce liability of firing. Other valuable reports refer to fumes from wire enamelling; smoke, grit and fumes from gasworks; fumes and grit from electric power stations; dust emission from cement works, etc. The Report deals with-acid works, chemical manure works, sulphide works, arsenic works, and bisulphide of carbon works; paraffin oil, tar and benzine works; and contains, inter alia, an appendix (IV) on the estimation of carbon bisulphide.The pamphlet also includes the Report of the Inspector for Scotland. The Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for the year 1935, published in July (H.M.Stationery Office, 2s. net) includes chapters on- Safety : dealing with transmission machinery, hoists, overhead cranes; paper cutting guillotines and meat mincing machines; building structure failures, explosions, and fires. Health : dealing with industrial diseases, lead poisoning in various industries, mercury poisoning, aniline poisoning, anthrax, etc.; diseases caused by fumes and gases, dust (silicosis and asbestosis); dermatitis, etc.Other chapters deal with hours of employment, welfare, piece-work particulars, etc. 322 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 19th June and 24th July, 2 new Fellows were elected, g Associates were elected to the Fellow- ship, 41 Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 17 Students were admitted. The deaths of z Fellows and 2 Associates have been reported. New Fellows. Edwards, Karl Basil, BSc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 11, North Park, Eltham, London, S.E.9. LeFevre, Raymond James Wood, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Homestead Park, London, N.W.2. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Brierley, Frank, A.I.R.I., Croydon Cable Works, Ltd., Mitcham Road, Croydon.Gibson, James, 5, Castle Drive, Ilford, Essex.Jackson, John Stanley, B.Sc. (Durham), 48, Bodley Road, New Malden, Surrey.Longman, George Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 52, Old Chester Road, Lower Bebington, nr. Birkenhead. Kanji, Homi Ruttonji, BSc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 112, Gower Street, London, W.C.l. Nicol, Hugh, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 46, Barnfield Road, Harpenden, Herts. Prince, Alfred John, M.Sc. (Lond.), I.C.I. (F. & S. P.), Ltd., Billingham- on-Tees. Quinton, Ernest Eric, B.Sc. (Birm.), Dunlop Rubber Co. (S.A.), Ltd., Durban, South Africa. Sen, Dhires Lobhan, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), M.Sc. (Bombay), College of Technology, Manchester, 1. New Associates. Benford, Gilbert Arthur, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 27, Wembley Hill Road, Wembley, Middlesex.Bennister, Henry Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 3, Englewood Road, London, S.W.12. Berg, Isaac, B.Sc. (Lond.), 57, Cleveland Street, London, E.l. Blair-McGuffie, Malcolm Hugh, B.Eng., 7, Percy Terrace, Newcastle upon Tyne. Bolam, Francis Metcalf, B.Sc. (Durham), 41, Richmond Road, Connah’s Quay, North Wales. Eaton, Robert Turner, B.Sc. (Lond.), Station Road, Borrowash, nr. Derby.Ellis, Howard Windley, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., The Clayton Aniline Co., Ltd., Clayton, Manchester. Farrand, George Noble Spencer, B.Sc. (Vict.), 27, Claremont Road, Blackpool.Finn, Stanley Russell, BSc. (Lond.), 15, Wellington Road, Bilston, Staffs. Grieve, James, BSc. (St. Andrews), 182, Lochee Road, Dundoe. Haley, John Barber, B.Sc. (Lond.), 518, Northwood Hall, Hornsey Lane, London, N.6.Harper, Bernard Ernest, B.Sc. (Birm.), 56, McKean Road, Oldbury, nr. Birmingham. Hogarth, Laurence Totherick, B.Sc. (Lond.), Belston, Heol Hir, Llanishen, Glam. Hopkin, Norman Maynard, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 62, North End House, London, W.14. Hopkins, Geraint, M.Sc. (Wales), Rhosycoed, Glanamman, Carm. Hum, Ralph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 83, Kaye Lane, Almondbury, Huddersfield. Jones, John Idris, M.Sc. (Wales), 46, Kingston Road, Teddington, Middle- sex. Jones, Thomas Elwyn, B.Sc. (Wales), 2, Herbert Street, Treorchy, Glam. Kent, Arthur Vincent, M.Sc. (Wales), Prior Park College, Bath, Somerset. Landquist, Justus Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Purley Avenue, London, N.W.2. McGowan, John Carswell, B.Sc.(Lond.), 10, Woodland Gardens, London, N. 10. Milner, Geoffrey, BSc., Ph.D. (Leeds), c/o Mrs. Steel, Rose Cottage, High Street, Rawmarsh. Moon, Charles Herbert, B.Sc. (Bris.), 32, Hampton Park, Bristol, 6. Parker, William George Sharland, R.Sc. (Lond.), 74, The Drive, Loughton, Esses. Partridge, Stanley Miles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Carantoc, Church Road, Northolt, Middlesex. Paxon, Leslie Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 30, St. George’s Road, London, N.13. Pearman, Frank Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Grosvenor Gardens, Woodford Green, Essex. Pepper, Kenneth Welch, B.Sc. (Lond.), Queen Mary College, Mile End Road, London, E.l. Pirie, Douglas George Cruickshank, B.Sc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews), 21, Park Avenue, Carnoustie, Angus. Potterill, Roy Henry, B.Sc.(Lond.), 101, Byrne Road, London, S.W.12. Satyanarayana Naidu, Devara, M.A., M.Sc. (Cal.), Government Test House, Alipore, Calcutta, India. Saunders, Benjamin, R.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Roselea, Boley Drive, Clacton -on-Sea. Siddappa, Gurunanjappa Siddappa, M.A. (Madras),c/o Director, Vegetable and Fruit Preservation Research Station, Campden, Glos. Skeen, James William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Howberry Close, Whitchurch Lane, Canons Park, Edgmare, Middlesex. Smith, Walter Anthony, B.Sc. (Birm.), 20, Northumberland Grove, Norton, Stockton -on-Tees, Co. Durham. Swain, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), Offerton, Albany Road, Derby. Walters, Walter Gilbert David, M.Sc. (Wales), Harper Adam Agricultural College, Newport, Salop. Watkins, Thomas Frederick, M.Sc.(Wales), Danybryn, Graddfa Road, Llanbradach, nr. Cardiff. White, Arthur Douglas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 47, Norman Street, Kimberley, Nottingham.iVillock, James Taylor, B.Sc. (Vict.), 61, Holmfield Road, Blackpool, N. Wolfe, Kenneth Jack Blackler, B.Sc. (Wales), 7, Cambridge Street., Barry, Glam. Re-elected Associate. Byron, John Percy, 126, Musters Road, West Bridgford, Notts, 324 New Students. Allison, Lindsay Rowand, 224, Hampden Road, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia. Beeston, George, 21, Derby Road, Birkenhead. Dowaon, William Montague, 40, Kenilworth Road, Beeston, Nottingham. Eggle, Ernest Charles, 36, Grovelands Road, London, N. 13. Hallett, Stanley George, 42, West Ham Lane, London, E.15. Hesford, Edward, 25, Birkdale Street, Cheetham, Manchester, 8.Hood, Geoffrey Mortimer, The Mount, Leicester Road, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire. Knight, George, 2, Holly Street, Norton-on-Tees. MacAulay, John Weale, 41, Park Range, Victoria Park, Manchester, 14. Portwood, Walter Ernest, 26, Harrow Road, Brooklands, Cheshire. Selby, Joseph Walter, 247, Commonside East, Mitcham, Surrey. Smith, Lewis, 72, Hanbury Street, London, E.l. Walker, Wilfred, 24, Laverack Street, Handsworth, Sheffield, 9. Ward, Frank, 100, Kenyon Street, Abbey Hey, Gorton, Manchester. Waterland, James Arthur, 123, Milton Road, West Hartlepool, Co. Durham. Watson, Alan Campbell, c/o 6, Wilfrid Gardens, North Acton, London, W.3. Williams, Edmund Gardner, M.A. (Cantab.), Dellside, Heswall, Wirral, Cheshire.DEATHS. Fellows. Benjamin Henry Gerrans. James Francis Halpin, I.S.O. Associates. Francis Charles Lewis, B.Sc.(Wales). Jnanendra Nath Sinha, M.Sc.Tech.(Manc.) CHANGE OF NAMES. Miss Marjorie Belle Carter, Associate, to Mrs. Marjorie Belle Robinson, on her marriage. Miss Nita Elise Speer, Associate, to Mrs. Nita Elise Knaggs, on her marriage. 325 Coming Events. 1936 August-September COMMISSION3 1-4 INTERNATIONAL FOR UNIFORM METHODS OF SUGAR ANALYSIS:Ninth Session; at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Rw-sell Square, London, W.C. 1. September 7-12 THIRD WORLD POWER at Washington, U.S.A. CONFERENCE, 9-16 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OFFOR THE ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE, at Blackpool.On 10th September, Professor J. C. Philip, O.B.E., F.R.S., President of Section B (Chemistry), will give an address on “The Training of the Chemist for the Service of the Community,” introducing a discussion on “Chemistry and the Community.” 21-26 IRON : Autumn meeting, Diisseldorf. Preei-AND STEELINSTITUTE dent, Sir Harold Carpenter, F.R.S. October 7 INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) : Joint Meeting OF CHEMISTRY with the Chemistry Section of the Leicester Literary and Philo- sophical Society : “Indicators,” Dr. A. D. Mitchell, at Leicester College of Technology, 7.45 p.m. Informal Dinner, Grand Hotol, Leicester, 7.0 p.m. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: South Wales (Swansea) Section : SpeoialBusiness Meeting. SOCIETY30 CHEMICAL :“Lipochrome Pigments in Plants and Animals.” Professor I.M. Heilbron, D.S.O., F.R.S., at Swansea. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section) : “Chemistry in the Aquatic Realm.” Dr. J. A. Lovern, in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, at 5.15 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties OF Section): Dinner and Dance. November 3 THECFIEMICALCLUB: Annual General Meeting, 8 p.m. 5 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, Dr. Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President. OF (London and South-Eastern Counties 18 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY Section):Annual General Meeting. 19 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section) : “Chemistryand Railways,” Dr. P. Lewis-Dale, at Derby, at the Technical College, 7.30 p.m.Informal Dinner, St. James’ Restaurant, 6.45 p.m. 20 INSTITUTE :South Wales (Swansea) Section : AnnualOF CHEMISTRY General Meeting. November 20 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Streatfeild Memorial Lecture. “A Chapter on the Chemistry of Essential Oils,” Professor John Read. December OF :4 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY South Wales (Swansea) Section : “Defence against Gas for the Civil Population.” Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, O.B.E. RAMSAYCHEMICAL DINNER: Central Hotel, Glasgow ; Professor G. G. Henderson, F.R.S., in the Chair. 9 INSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF (London and South-Eastern Counties Seetion): Visit to the Laboratories of Messrs. J. Lyons 8: Co., Ltd. OF10 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (East Midlands Section): “Heavy Hydrogen and its use in Chemistry.” Professor M.Polanyi,at Nottinghaa, at 7.30 p.m. Informal Dinner at 6.45 p.m. 1937 January OF20 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Lecture by Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell. 29 CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Recent Progress in Inorganic Chemistry.” Dr. Wm. Wardlaw, at Swansea. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section) : “Scientific Control in Papermaking.” Mr. Stephen R. H. Edge,in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, at 5.15 p.m. February 4 INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) : “A SymposiumOF CHEMISTRY on the Determination and Identification of Fats.” Mr. E. Richards Bolton, Mr. F. G. Bullock, and Mr. A. D. Powell, at Loughborough College, Loughborough, at 7.15 p.m.Tea at the ColIege at 6.45 p.m. 10 INSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to the Battersea Power Station. 12 INSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) :OF CHEMISTRY “From Boyle to Priestley,” illustrated by lantern slides. Mr. Richard B. Pilcher, O.B.E., Registrar and Secretary. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY-south Wales (Swansea) Section : “Floc-culation in Theory and Practice.” Mr. J. 0. Samuel. OF17 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Lecture by Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. March OF4 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (East Midlands Section) : “Oxidation and Reduction Potentials.” Dr. Samuel Glasstone, at Notting- ham, at 7.30 p.m. Informal Dinner at 6.45 p.m.OF5 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY(Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section): “Some Aspects of Blood Chemistry.” Mr. John Duckworth. in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen. at 6.16 p.m. 327 March OF CIEEMICALINDUSTRY12 SOCIETY :Jubilee Lecture. “Refractories.” Dr. J. W. Mellor, F.R.S., at Swansea. 17 INSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Lecture by Dr. R. E. Stradling, or a Member of the Staff of the Building Research Station. April 8 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section) : Annual General Meeting. Address by the President, at Derby. Informal Dinner at 6.45 P.m. St. James’ Restaurant, Derby. Meeting at 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMISTRY9 INSTITUTE : South Wales (Swansea) Section :Annual General Meeting.21 INSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to the Paper Works of Messrs. John Dickinson & Co., Ltd., Heme1 Hempstead. May OF5 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Sewage Works, Mogden, Isleworth. June OF2 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Ford Works, Dagenham. JdY 2-1 1 ACHEMA VIII : Chemical Engineering Exhibition, Frankfort-on-the -Main. 328 General Notices. Examinations.-The arrangements for Fellowship and Associateship Examinations in 1937 will be as follows :-FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. Last Date for Entries. Period of Examination.* Monday, 8th February, 1937. 12th to 17th April, 1937.(The list for Branch G and special subjects will close on 1 lth January, 1937.) Monday, 5th July, 1937. 13th to 18th September, 1937. (The list for Branch G and special subjects will close on 7th June, 1937.) FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Last Date for Entries. Period of Examination." 9th November, 1936. 4th to 9th January, 1937. 8th February, 1937. 5th to 10th April, 1937. 5th July, 1937. 13th to 18th September, 1937. * When the number of Candidates renders it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week. Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem-ber prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1937. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1936, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators 329 representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers] and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Corres-pondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. The administrators will meet towards the close of the year. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prizefor Registered Students.-A medal and prize KIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1937,and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see 330 list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1936, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award willnot be made more than once to any individual competitor. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of.six months, and,if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. 331 Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. “Photostat” copies of Publications.-Arrangements exist for the “Photostat’’ reproduction of material contained in the Library of the Chemical Society. Particulars were published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111, 1936. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute.In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. Allpublications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots ’ Booklovers Library .-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, current subscriptions expired on 1st March. All who wish 332 to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe dc mvo, should obtain application forms from the Registrar of the Institute.Members who do not immediately renew their subscriptions to the Library should return to the most convenient branch Library any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their membership tokens. Lewis 's Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and Technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927, with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides, mainly of historical interest, is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. '*The Profession of Chemistry' ' (Third Edition, rg35), will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9366000279

出版商:RSC    

年代:1936

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART V: 1936. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. Octobey, 1936. Publications Commit tee, 1936-37. LEWIS EYNON (Chaivmarr), ROBERT H. PICKARD (President), JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHARD, W. M. CUIMMING, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, ALEXANDER FINDLAY, A. E. FINDLEY, H. H. HODGSON, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, PATRICK H. KIRgALDY (Hon. Tveasuvev), C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R.NICHOLLS, T. F. E. RHEAD, ADAM TAIT, E.A. TYLER, ERNEST VANSTONE. 335 Editorial. Metric Reform.-This Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS contains an article by Mr. E. C. Barton, Chairman of the Decimal Association, appealing to chemists to support the effort which is now being made by the Association to secure metric reform. It is not to be taken as committing the Institute or the Council to any opinion on the subject, but is published with a view to eliciting the views of Fellows and Associates, to whom it is especially addressed. The Impact of Science on Society.-The meeting of the British Association serves a good purpose in providing publicity for science during that period of the year which is otherwise specially reserved by the Daily Press for the sea-serpent and the tall hollyhock.In the course of his presidential address, Sir Josiah Stamp suggested that “the training of the scientist included no aware- ness of the social consequences of his work.” It may be remarked, however, that the universities exist not only to maintain know- ledge, but to encourage its advancement, and it must be allowed that the chemist, in his training, learns something of the history of the application of his science and realises that research, although perhaps solely of scientific interest at first, may have far-reaching consequences in the future. Sir Josiah Stamp dealt with “the social implications of scientific impact,” and suggested that means should be found to minimise the waste of ability caused by the unemployment of highly trained labour, the waste of savings, skill and effort, and the scrapping of machines and factories, rendered obsolete owing to new discoveries. While science was a hobby, rather than a means of livelihood-a harmless pastime for the dilettanti philosophers, who dabbled in all branches of knowledge-this problem scarcely existed; but, from the printer’s press, and later the weaver’s loom, to the provision of public gas-supply, steam and electro-motive power, the production of synthetic dyes and artificial silk, and the invention of “wireless,” every important invention has affected labour and capital, in some cases at first adversely, yet, with increasing population and improved standards of living, ulti-mately with undoubted advantage.Judging by the views expressed in “leaders” and by the general comments appearing in the lay press, it might be supposed that those engaged in scientific work, notwithstanding all that they have done to discover the secrets of nature and to promote health and hygiene and the comforts of life, had little concern for the ultimate public welfare or for the problems of society arising from the introduction of new inventions and from the old order giving place to the new. Capital may be devoted to a new project to the disadvantage or ruin of an old one, and the number of men and women employed on the new venture may perhaps be less at first than that engaged in the old. Science is blamed for that. At the same time, discoveries and inventions are con- demned most often because they are misused; so that man is said to be passing from the tyranny of not knowing, to a tyranny of knowing too much :he is creating conditions and things beyond his power to control and, in the pursuit of science, has run past himself.Can a method be devised, contrary to all that is implied in the law of change and to the fact that “You can’t make omelettes without breaking eggs,” for ensuring that the capital and labour of new industry may be employed without injury to the capital and labour already devoted to established industry? The rate of change varies; no general rule can be framed for the scrapping of obsolete plant and processes. The inception of industry is often speculative and seldom spectacular; it is usually gradual and wisely so.The circum- stances and conditions vary with the demand for the innovation, and progress may be influenced by many considerations,-the business and technical ability of the management, finance, the availability of labour, raw materials and power, salesmanship, facilities for transport and distribution, home and foreign competi- tion, tariffs, and the incidence of trade disputes, war, civil commotion, or even of celebrations. Incidentally, has Rationalisation so far proved a blessing to all concerned? Has it promoted more employment, as well as cheaper and better products, and adequate return for invest- ment? Will it, in the long run, make for the greatest good of the greatest number? The impacts brought about by amal- gamations and combines are not inconsiderable.In developing his theme, Sir Josiah Stamp dealt with “the balance of innovation” and advanced good evidence to show that the share of scientific impact in causing unemployment was commonly exaggerated. At the same time, he had serious regard to the effects of unemployment on the character and happiness of the individual. He said: “Enormous potentialities are seen by scientists waiting for adoption for human benefit, under a form of society quicker to realise their advantage, readier to raise the capital required, readier to pay any price for dislocation, and to adjust the framework of society accordingly.” Such a form of society necessitates a change in human mentality and spirit, which might be accelerated by a revision of the education and the upbringing of the coming generation.The advance of science and discovery demands a higher order of good sense, so that invention may not dominate man. There must be no confusion of knowledge with intelligence. Those who have learning and no imagination are lacking in understanding. They may have trained minds, but be deficient in the exercise of independent thought. Intelligence and breadth of vision must not be sacrificed to specialised knowledge. The promotion of human welfare and happiness in modern civilisation should be the business of the Government. Sir Josiah Stamp said that “scientists see very clearly how, if politicians were more intelligent, if business men were more disinterested and had more” (sense of) “social responsibility, if governments were more fearless, far-sighted and flexible, our knowledge could be more fully and quickly used to the great advantage of the standard of life and health.” Mr.Elliott, Minister of Agriculture, also, in opening a recent conference on agricultural research, said that “it was for the scientists to give to the administrators, the chiefs of Government Departments, the head of steam necessary to work with.” The progress of science cannot be checked; it is, in fact, increasingly encouraged. None can deny that such encourage- ment has been justified by the results; but it is for governments 338 to insure that, where life, health and happiness are involved, the fullest advantage may be taken of the benefits that science has to confer, and that it be not directed to base or harmful purposes.Regarding this matter by and large, is the impact of science on society, even if it be unavoidable, so sudden or so disastrous? The problem of flight had been contemplated throughout the ages, and only became possible through the scientific discoveries of the nineteenth century. The development of aviation occu- pied inventors and experimenters for many years before it was achieved with a reasonable degree of safety. Gas was obtained from coal by the Rev. Dr. Clayton, Rector of Crofton, and brought to the notice of the Royal Society by Robert Boyle in 1688, but it was over a century before Murdoch employed coal gas for lighting purposes, and a further quarter- of-a-century before the introduction of a public gas supply.The evolution of the carriage without horses, towards the end of the nineteenth century, was at first very unpopular; tc those who have witnessed it, the growth of the motor industry can hardly be said to have been sudden. The production of artificial silk was predicted by Robert Hooke in the seventeenth century, and resulted from about 20 years’ patient and persistent research, two hundred years later, by Cross and Bevan. In this instance, also, the impact on other industries and on society was gradual and, as in the case of the motor industry, has been tempered by the growth of population and improved conditions of living.On the other hand, in the production of artificial indigo, resulting from over 30 years’ research, the impact was sudden,- over 400,000 acres of land in India being put out of cultivation in less than z years. With most innovations of any value, supply creates demand. How far it may be possible to moderate the pace and obviate the disadvantages arising from innovations may in some measure be learned from those whose experience has covered the growth of scientific ventures from the conception, to the research, the small scale experiment, the planning and con-struction of plant, and, finally, the building up of a successful industry. It has already been noted that the number of chemists who occupy positions as managers and directors is steadily in-creasing. It may reasonably be expected that men of science 339 who have regard to business and business men who appreciate the value of science willnot neglect to give due consideration to the problem and its implications. COMMENTS on the “Editorial” on “Vocational Suitability,” which was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, 1936, p.281. A correspondent deals with the difficulty of the “academic man ” in adapting himself to industry,-especially, he suggests, in breaking down reserve and in making up his mind to participate freely in discussing problems with foremen and “the men on the job.” The academic man is too much inclined to tackle problems without first obtaining all the information which can readily be obtained from those on the works.The high speed of working in industry calls for an alert brain. The wear and tear of industry is stimulating, because it brings the chemist into direct touch with production; the problems are numerous and the need for their solution is urgent. The chemist must be keen to co-operate in the team spirit, to discuss, to record experience and decisions, and to prepare for future developments. Patience, humility and courage are necessary on the part of chemists who hope to be successful in industry. 340 Metric Reform By E. C. BARTON,F.R.G.S., M.I.E.E., Chirman of the Decimal Association. THEfollowing is an appeal to chemists to take a prominent part in the effort now being made by the Decimal Association to secure metric reform in Britain.The appeal is made to chemists because they have experience in the use of metric measures on a large scale in Britain. Being based on such experience their testimony is of the only kind to overcome insular prejudice and allay the fears of those who oppose change through dread of the unknown. The chief enemy of old-established prosperity is over-confi- dence in the methods by which it was originally attained. This is well illustrated by our loss of supremacy in the steel trade, the piano trade, the optical industry and in watch-making. Amongst the dangers now threatening British commerce abroad and industrial efficiency at home, one of the most serious is our rejection of metric reform, and the retention of that curious set of measures known as the “Imperial System.” A thousand years ago-when our weights and measures began to take on definite values-the pound, foot and gallon were in general use from the Atlantic to the Black Sea, and had therefore the great advantage of universality in European trade.Though there were no standards, they amply met the needs of a time when metals were little used and woodwork accuracy was limited by the axe-wielder’s skill. Only two hundred years ago did arithmetic reach the general public of this country. With it came a great improvement in accuracy of reckoning and of workmanship, but proper standards were not established until a hundred years ago.Just at that time metric reform was first mooted in Britain, but there was little urgency about the matter. Only a few countries had “gone metric.” Their inhabitants did not number a twentieth 341 part of the human race. British exports were chiefly to countries that still used the foot, gallon and pound. Thirty years ago, however, when Lord Belhaven’s Metric Bill was before the country, conditions had changed. Metric law had become almost universal throughout Europe and Spanish America. One third of the human race was committed to the metric system including more than half of Britain’s best cus- tomers. The need of metric reform had become urgent. Its success seemed imminent, when a most extraordinary campaign of falsehood was launched against it.The opponents of reform had for years been quoting the survival of inch and lb. in the industries of metric countries as proof of metric failure. That the metric system had “broken down” was, according to them, proved by this tolerance of inch measures in regard to cloth, and to pipes and bolts made to the old measures on machines of non-metric type. Yet these same opponents now proclaimed that a metric law in Britain would operate in quite a different manner, every manufacturer being compelled to scrap his machines and replace them with others made to metric dimensions. The most curious feature of this campaign was the ready acceptance of such prophecies inspite of evidence readily obtain- able from the continent.There practically no change had taken place in any factory during the first thirty years under metric law. In Switzerland, the engineers did not change over until 25 years after metric measures had been compulsory in buying and selling, while the watch trade waited 50 years. In each case the change was voluntary, as no metric law demanded it. In Germany, compulsion was applied in a peculiar form, it being enacted that no debt could be recovered in a Petty Debts Court for goods supplied unless the account had been rendered in terms cf the metric system. Another feature in the methods adopted abroad was the retention for many years of the old names-lb., oz., foot, inch, etc. This recognition of popular prejudice was found very effective in allaying it, although the lb.had been increased 10per cent. in order to make it exactly equal to a half kilogram, while the inch was decreased by I or a per cent. to make it exactly 29 centi-meters. The whole process worked wonderfully well and smoothly without destruction of any existing property. In Russia, as also in Japan, the commercial incentive was used by the Government for getting the new measures into use. Each 342 Government Department successively “went metric,” all tenders being called for in metric terms until merchants and manufacturers had, through familiarity with centimeters and kilograms, come to appreciate the advantage of reckoning with weights and measures designed on the same basis as that of ordinary counting .Unfortunately, evidence from a foreign country seldom appeals to the insular mind, most of our people being convinced of their needs being radically different from those of other nations, British experience alone being accepted as proof of real excellence. Hence the great value of testimony such as the chemist can bring forth owing to his long experience of metric methods on a com- mercial scale. The civil engineer who reckons largely in cubic feet may be driven to the use of decimals in order to avoid laborious divisions by 1728 and by 36,656,but he has never had the courage to change over completely to metric methods. Neither has the merchant had that courage although he may use ill-adapted decimal calculating machines for reckoning his money.The chemist alone has taken the longer view and thereby acquired an experience which should prove invaluable to the nation. If the chemists decide to join the metric crusade they will need to direct their efforts upwards to Governments as well as down- wards to the man in the street. They will find in regard to Governments that the Minister is easily approached in the usual way-by deputation-but that no result will be secured, unless the attack has been prepared by a preliminary barrage fire directed on the officials who will be in attendance as advisers to the Minister. At the interview the real reply will be given by these officials and the Minister’s speech will be a mere echo of their criticism.Fortunately their probable criticism may be studied from the record of previous interviews on the same subject. From these it will be seen that the stock arguments are now fairly well stereotyped. They date mostly from the sixties or from the time of Lord Belhaven’s Metric Bill in 1904. The most recent available report is that of a deputation from the Trades Union Council in 1927. In the appendix hereto willbe found some of the more frequently raised objections to metric reform. The rebuttal usually given by metric advocates in each case is also appended. 343 APPENDIX. Objection No. I.-That an alteration in weights and measures demands such a change in the mental habits of the people that it could not be effected in less than five years or may be ten.Dur-ing that long period, the chaos in trade, both retail and wholesale would be fatal to business. Re@Zy.-In most metric countries the Swiss plan was adopted and the bulk of the people were scarcely aware of any change being in operation. Under that plan the first proceeding was the alteration of quart, inch and Ib. to bring them to an exact metric value, This was done on the British precedent of 1826, when the Winchester gallon was altered without the public taking much notice of it. The quart was made exactly one litre, the inch became 25 millimeters and the lb. became half a kilogram. As these alterations were only 6 per cent., z per cent. and 10per cent. they did not approach the 20 per cent. by which our gallon had been changed and the process went through without disturbance.As a further example of the quiet reception of changes of value -provided names remain unaltered-may be quoted the fall of our fl sterling by 21 per cent. of its gold value on the zIst Sep-tember, 1931. To this day most of us are unaware of the fact unless we cross the Channel. Objection No. 2.-The fact of our foot being made up of 12 inches, and our lb. of 16 oz. is of such value (in dividing lengths and weight by 3 and 2 repeatedly) that measures based on 10 would be useless to our people, the only factors of 10 being 5 and 2. Re#y.-In actual practice neat foot lengths such as 5 ft. or 3 ft. seldom occur. Our engineers and carpenters have mostly to deal with such sizes as 3 ft.7 ins. or 5; ins., and the halving or quartering in these cases calls for some thought, whereas with metric measures of equal pretence to accuracy (1091 or 153 millimeters) the results (545&--272~-76&--38$-) may be written down instantly without hesitation. Divisions by 3 are not of the easiest in metric measures, nor in ours, except in carefully chosen cases, but they occur so rarely in practice as to be negligible. Outside of length measures the matter is not so simple on account of our mental attitude towards weight and bulk. We seldom say a quarter-foot, but the half and quarter lb. are much used. Instead of ‘r2 lbs. 4 oz.” we say ‘rz+lbs.” In regard to 344 money we say “Two and three pence” and never “2% shillings.” Our continental neighbours also have their own peculiar habits.They buy and sell in half or quarter kilograms and never think of 10 being “unquarterable.” Actually they talk of these weights as pounds and half pounds, although the weights used are 500 grams and 250 grams. Objection No. 3.-Millions worth of machinery in Britain will have to be scrapped and replaced by machines made to centimeters and turning out products to metric measures. RepZy.-No metric law has ever affected the use of non-metric machines. In metric countries all tools, patterns, jigs, gauges, etc., have remained in use until changed voluntarily, usually until a fresh generation came to be in chargesay 30 or 40 years. Objection No. 4.-O~r system grew to our needs and therefore is suited to our people.Re+Zy.-This assertion is based on the assumption of to-day’s needs being identical with those of a time when the whole nation was illiterate, few but the clergy being able to read or write. Arithmetic had not then been invented. Multiplication and division were impossible, as anyone may ascertain by multiplying 1839by 247 and then trying to do the same calculation, using the Roman figures MDCCCXXXVIIII and CCXLVII. Weights were little used in those days unless for the checking of coin values. Produce was sold by bulk and was subject to such curious anomalies as the “struck bushel” and the “bushel heaped,” while measures of length must have varied largely, as we find from old maps where many towns are shown as being further apart in recorded miles than at the present time.The keeping of accurate standards only dates from 1835. As to that oddity, the “hundred weight” of IIZ lbs., it is known to have been imposed on us at the request of Hansea merchants who had a monopoly of English trade for several centuries. Objection Nu. S.-Metric reform is of no value unless used in conjunction with decimal coinage. (Note.-This objection is usually made by persons who recognise that metric reform must come, but hope to delay its advent.) Refily.-The forty years of successful use of metric weights and measures by the chemists of Britain, if quoted by them, is a complete refutation of this objection. 345 Proceedings of the Council.Council Meeting, 16th October, 1936.-An intimation was received from Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy that, for reasons of health, he felt obliged to tender his resignation from the office of Honorary Treasurer, and requested that he might be relieved from the Chairmanship of the Finance and House and Benevolent Fund Committees, as well as from the Vice-chairmanship of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. Thereupon, the President moved the following resolution which was carried unanimously:- “The President and Council of the Institute have received with sincere regret the resignation of Mr. Patrick H. Kirkddy from the office of Honorary Treasurer of the Institute. “The President and Council record their grateful thanks and high appreciation of Mr.Kirkaldy’s valuable services to the Institute during the past 20 years:-1916-19, 1920-23:-6 years as a Member of Council; 1923-24:-1 year as a Vice-president ; 1924-36:-12 years as Honorary Treasurer; Chairman of the Finance and House Committee, and the Benevolent Fund Committee; Vice- Chairman of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Com-mittee. “The President and Council are deeply conscious of the indebtedness of the Institute to Mr. Kirkaldy, not only for the thought, time and ability which he has so ungrudgingly given to its affairs, but also for his unfailing courtesy and kindliness by which he has retained, throughout his active participation in its work, the affectionate regard and esteem of all his colleagues.“The President and Council unite in expressing the hope that Mr. Kirkaldy’s health may steadily continue to improve, and that he will still be able, as a Member of Council, to give the Institute the privilege and benefit of his valued assistance.” Mr. Bernard F. Howard was elected Honorary Treasurer in the place of Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, who was elected a Member of the Council in the place of Mr. Howard. 346 The thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, Vice-president, for services rendered during the illness of the Honorary Treasurer. Mr. H. J. Page having proceeded to an appointment in Malaya, and, having in consequence resigned from membership of the Council, Dr. James Brierley Firth, of Nottingham, was elected to the vacancy.Among other communications received by the Council were copies of a Draft British Standard Specification for Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations, prepared by a committee on which the Institute is represented by Dr. A. D. Mitchell. It was reported that copies of the Specification had been issued to a number of Fellows of the Institute who had been invited to forward their observations to the British Standards Institution direct. The Council received a letter of thanks from the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis for use of rooms during the ninth session of the International Commission held in September. At the same time, the Benevolent Fund Committee of the Institute gratefully acknowledged a donation of LIO 10s.received from the British National Committee of the Commission. A letter was received from Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson, Fellow, suggesting that an attempt might be made to standardise labels used in chemical and allied laboratories,-for example, to differentiate by different colours substances coming within the Poisons Regulations, the Dangerous Drugs Act, etc. It was decided that Fellows and Associates be invited to contribute their observations on this suggestion. It was reported that the East Midlands Section and the South Yorkshire Section had agreed to the proposal that the Council should take steps to make provision for the election of a District Member of Council to be elected for the said Sections jointly.The Council had the pleasure to acknowledge, for the Library of the Institute, a gift of 34 bound volumes of the American Chemical Journal, 1895-1911, and 29 bound volumes of the Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1896-1912, from the Institute of Brewing, who also placed in the hands of the Institute a number of volumes of the Berichte for presentation to a college that may be in need of them. 347 Attention was directed to the Second Congress of the Inter- national Association for Testing Materials, to be held in London from 1gth-24th April, 1937, under the presidency of SirWilliam Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., F.R.S. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., was reappointed representative of the Council of the Institute, to serve as a member of the Poisons Board under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, and received the thanks of the Council for his services since the appointment of the Board.Reports were received from the Standing Committees,- Finance and House, Benevolent Fund, Nominations, Examina- tions and Institutions, Publications, and Legal and Parlia-mentary; as well as from the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute on Examinations for National Certi- ficates in Chemistry, and from the Ministry of Education with regard to Examinations for National Certificates in Northern Ireland. The position of the Benevolent Fund showed a slight improve- ment,-although the known commitments to the end of the year amounted to about &zoo, while the balance on current account was less than E160.The Publications Committee reported that it was hoped to improve the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSby including critical reviews of new books, a more complete list of new books and new editions, including books other than those presented to the Library; and suitable matter under “Science in Parliament,” and “Legal.” Further, it was hoped to secure signed articles from Members of Council and others on subjects of professional interest. The Legal and Parliamentary Committee reported on the consideration of the Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation) Bill (see Page 390).The Council also gave consideration to the question of Air- Raid Precautions, a matter of interest to members in various parts of the country, of whom many have been consulted on the subject.The Publications Committee was requested to deal with it in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.(See p. 391.) Mr. Bernard F. Howard, who has been elected Honorary Treasurer of the Institute, on the retirement of Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy from that office, is the son of the late Mr. David 348 Howard, who was Honorary Treasurer from 1885-1903, and subsequently President until 1906. Mr. Bernard Howard was educated at Marlborough College, and received his scientific training at Finsbury Technical College. He passed the Intermediate and Final Examinations of the Institute, was elected an Associate in 1904, and a Fellow in 1907. He joined his father’s firm-now Howards & Sons, Ltd.-of which he is Managing Director.He served as a Member oi Council of the Institute from 1gz7-1g30,as a Vice-president from 1930-1933,and was re-elected to the Council in March last. In 1930,he delivered the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, which was published by the Institute as a separate monograph under the title of “Some Notes on the Cinchona Industry.” 349 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the vims expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.) Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Mr. F. E. Needs, F.I.C., presided over a meeting of the Section held on zznd October, when Dr. J. J. Fox, O.B.E., Government Chemist, a Vice-president of the Institute, gave a lecture on “Some Reminiscencesof an Old-established Laboratory.” Dr.Fox gave an account of the origin of the Government Laboratory and described the conditions which led to its establishment in 1842 under Mr. George Phillips at Somerset House. For some considerable period before 1842, spirits and wines were tested. Various instruments used for fiscal purposes in testing at those periods were described. It had been the custom early in the eighteenth century for the Excise authorities to consult prominent scientific men of the day, mainly through the agency of the Royal Society. Interesting developments in hydrometry arose in this way, The advice of prominent chemists and physicists was sought throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, and in 1833 an Excise Committee of the Royal Society was in existence, of which Faraday was a prominent member.While the Laboratory was under Phillips and during the early part of Dr. James Bell’s tenure of office, it became prominent in examination of foodstuffs and, in 1875, was appointed to its present position under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act. Many investigations of importance are carried out in the Laboratory, which is consulted by practically all the Government Departments. In the ensuing discussion the Chairman, Prof. W. E. Gamer and Messrs. R. H. Ellis and F. O’Brien took part. A vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer on the proposition of the Chairman. 350 Cape.-In the report of the proceedings of the Cape of Good Hope Section of the Institute, published in JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS~Part IV, page 302,the name of Mr.W. S. S. Ladell was given-as received from the Section-as Laddell. Mr. W. S. S. Ladell is the son of Mr. W. R. S. Ladell, Fellow. The Eleventh Annual General Meeting of the Cape Section was held in the Board Room of the Cape Argus, Cape Town, on 4th September,-Colonel J. G. Rose, Chairman of the Section, presiding. The Annual Reports of the Honorary Secretary and the Honorary Treasurer were received and adopted. The following were elected Officers and Committee for the ensuing year:--Colonel J. G. Rose, Chairman; Mr. R. J. Kruger, Honorary Treasurer; Messrs. G. Leslie and F. Sebba, Members of the Committee, Dr. I. Donen and Mr.B. Gershill, Honorary Auditors, and Dr. Pugh, Honorary Secretary. A brief discussion took place on the relations between the sections of the Institute and other chemical bodies within the Empire. Colonel Rose gave an address on (‘Water Softening in South Africa.” (A summary of the paper will be published in Part VI.) A vote of thanks was accorded the Chairman for his address on the motion of Professor Newbery, seconded by Mr. Crogham. East Midlands.-The first meeting of the session was held jointly with the Chemistry Section of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society, at the College of Technology, Leicester, on 7th October, when Dr. A. D. Mitchell gave a lecture on- ‘(Indicators.” The lecturer dealt with two types of indicators-oxidation- reduction and adsorption.The principles underlying their use were treated in fuller detail than in the lectures published by the Institute in 1934, and demonstrations were given as examples of the application of the two types. After a discussion, a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Mitchell on the motion of Dr. Hunter. 361 Edinhurgh and East of Scotland.-Members of the Section were the guests of the Anthraquinone Club, Scottish Dyes, Ltd., Grangemouth, at a meeting of the club on Monday, 5th October, when a lecture was given by Prof. W. N. Haworth, F.R.S., on-(( Cellulose and Related Carbohydrates.” Prof. Haworth gave a resum6 of the work and reasoning which had led him and his co-workers to propose the now generally accepted constitutions for glucose, cellulose, glycogen and related compounds.He commented on the exceedingly large differences between the molecular weights of these substances when determined by physical methods and chemical methods. His hypothesis was that the molecules of the carbohydrates apparently combined loosely with one another in some manner not yet determined, although he was of the opinion that the linkage was a valency one through adjacent -OH groups. He suggested that the fibrous nature of cellulose was possibly due to the association of molecules taking place in a more or less end-to-end position, although not by association at actual “end groups.” In conclusion, he suggested that the affinity of acetylated cellulose for certain direct dyes of, for example, the “diphenyl” types, might be due to the special (“wave”) distances between acetyl or hydroxyl groups in the cellulose compound being identical with such distances between active groups in the dyestuff.A discussion ensued, and a vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by the chairman of the Anthraquinone Club, Dr. Fraser Thomson, and carried with acclamation. Dr. Birkett Wylam, chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, moved a vote of thanks to Dr. Fraser Thomson and acknowledged the indebtedness of the members of the Institute to the members of the Anthraquinone Club for their hospitality. A meeting of the Section was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, on 15th October, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh,-Dr. Birkett Wylam presiding.A symposium was held on ‘* The Education of the Chemist” and the opening speakers were Drs. W. P. D. Wightman, D. Bain and W. G. Hiscock. 362 Dr. Wightman, Science Master at Edinburgh Academy, discussed the teaching of scientific subjects in secondary schools. He said that the object of the schools was not to train chemists but to fashion men and women in order that they might become good citizens of a modem democracy. The question had been asked, ‘I Why teach science? ” In his opinion, this was necessary for several reasons-the modern world is a product of scientific thought and action; the passage, in a secondary school, of pupils, from a state of general awareness and roving curiosity to directed effort, is best controlled by a training in some scientific subject, and, under present conditions, certain examinations have to be undertaken.While he did not agree that examinations were an evil (per se, he criticised the present day School Leaving Examinations, which, unfortunately, were based on the con-venient ‘‘ready-to-hand ’’ University Matriculation Examina-tions. To-day, it was worse than even a few years back, when it was alleged that “every child was being trained to be a school- master”; now, each child was being trained to be a University lecturer ! He maintained that the psychological approach to science teaching in schools was quite wrong, when it was based on the necessity of presenting the pupils for stereotyped examina- tions. No normal person wanted to know the percentage of chlorine in common salt or of water in epsom salts, but every child wanted to know why a frog jumped or how a rabbit ran.He suggested that the teaching of science should commence in the early stages of the child’s career by attempting to satisfy some of the child’s curiosity; this roving curiosity should be maintained by withholding part of the answer-as Nature does. Later the teaching should be directed to enable the child to distinguish between facts, hypotheses and lies. Later still, historical perspective should be introduced’ and, finally, a sense of humility might be induced by showing the lack of finality of any scientific theory.Dr. Bain, Lecturer in Technical Chemistry at Edinburgh University, outlined the normal course of studies for a degree in chemistry in a British University and suggested that the student was largely “spoon-fed” in the early years of such a course, but that, in the final year, even without specialisation, his investigat- ing faculty could be stimulated. He discussed the differences between the ‘‘fundamental” research chemist, the “Works’ processes” research chemist and the “works” chemist, and mentioned some of the many diverse duties of the latter. For 353 such “works” chemists there should be additions to the ordinary courses in mathematics, physics and chemistry ; these should include a course for the study of unit processes, heat transmission, etc., so-called “chemical engineering” ; a laboratory course in a laboratory fitted with small-scale plant ;the investigation of some technical problem, really “works research ”;a course in engineer- ing and drawing, and a course in business organisation and accounting. Generally, specialisation should be left to post- graduate courses, but if such work allowed scope for the develop- ment of the students’ research faculties it might be permitted in the last pre-graduation year.Dr. Hiscock, works manager, Scottish Dyes, Ltd., Grange- mouth, believed that the chemist’s education commenced in the cradle and ended when he retired. Dividing this long course of study into three periods-(I) parental and school education, (2)intensive chemical education, (3) industrial education during employment-he discussed each in turn.He criticised parents and school masters, but admitted that the “mass-production” pupil, complete with School Leaving Certificate, was unavoidable when the masses had to be educated. Any differences that existed at this stage between the “public” and “private” secondary school pupils were evened out and removed by the vital effect of the second period. He was strongly of the opinion that the intensive training should be carried out in day courses at University or College. He was firmly opposed to the “apprentice” or “assistant” method of working by day and studying by night, and remarked on the evils of such a system.The boredom of routine work, the difficulty of study, the suppres- sion of initiative and the lack of time for normal social intercourse too often produced a disgruntled citizen with a serious inferiority complex-a man who attained the status of “chemist” and little else. The present University curriculum required little criticism. He agreed with the previous speaker that specialisation should be left to post-graduate courses. Such continuation of studies was desirable but not essential for the graduate who desired to enter industry, as industry could usually complete the training while the man was usefully employed. Once the graduate was employed, his further education was dictated by his ambition. The ambitious chemist began to study the science of management, by an intelligent study of the methods used in his works and by daily mixing with workmen, foremen, engineers, accountants, discussing with them his problems and 354 &.iliculties.Complementary to this, he must keep au fad with the progress of his science by technical reading and technical discussions with his fellow chemists. The discussion was continued by Mr. R. Leslie Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, Dr. Boyle, Inspector under the Scottish Education Department, Dr. Kermack, Professor Slater Price, Dr. Fraser Thomson, Dr. Normand, Dr. Mackenzie and Messrs. W. M. Ames, A. Tait and G. Elliott Dodds, and the symposium concluded by the initial three speakers replying to points raised by the various subsequent speakers, Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 16th October, when the following Office-Bearers were elected: Chairman: Dr.P. F. Gordon; Vice-chairman: Mr. J. W. Hawley; Committee: Mr. J. Armour, Dr. W. A. P. Challoner, Messrs. J. S. Grant, T. Gray, A. R. Jamieson, J. McLean, and J. A. McNair; Hon. Treasurer: Dr. T. S. Stevens; Hon. Secretary: Mr. J. G. Duncan; Hon. Asst. Secretary: Mr. H. G. A. Anderson. Following the Annual General Meeting, Dr. A. B. Crawford delivered a Refresher Lecture on “Analytical Chemistry,” a report of which will be published in due course. India.-At the Central College, Bangalore, on the 22nd August, at a joint meeting of the Indian Section of the Institute with the Society of Biological Chemists, Dr.Gilbert J. Fowler opened a discussion on the “ Moral responsibility of scientists in modern warfare.” He referred to what he termed the general assumptions on the subject, connoted by such expressions as the inevitabi5ty of wars, the unchangeability of human nature, and the responsibility of scientists for modern forms of warfare, etc. These, he said, were at best but half truths which confused the issues. His professional life had brought him into contact with chemists and engineers in all parts of the world, including Germany, Russia and Japan. He claimed, therefore, to be something of a citizen of the world, and had no desire to hate or destroy the good friends he had made.His experience was, no doubt, the same as that of many other scientists, and, as such, he thought scientists were pre-eminently fitted to be friends of all the world. The view had been gaining ground that the discoveries of scientists were largely the cause of modem warfare. Dr. Fowler himself had some part in evolving the Haber process, which enabled Germany to make nitric acid, and consequently ex- plosives, from nitrogen in the air, but he did not feel that he had any responsibility for the prolongation of the Great War. It was not the guns which killed, but the human agents behind them; nor was it true, as some people had said, that men of science were superior to “war suggestion.” He had not observed that men of science, as such, were less quarrelsome than other people.The study of chemistry in itself had not enabled him more easily to control his temper, or to suffer fools gladly. Another assumption was that peace and democracy were desirable things to which every human being had as much right as he had to the sun and the air. On the other hand, peace and democracy were the rewards of great and persistent effort. Peace was the reward of righteousness and democracy the reward of self-discipline. The root causes of war lay in the lust for power, prestige and position. As scientists they should start a campaign, not merely against scientific weapons used in warfare, but against wars themselves. He quoted The King-Emperor-“Humanity cries out for peace and the assurance of peace, and you will find in peace opportunities of duty and sewice as noble as any that bygone battlefields can show.” The intelligence which was capable of investigating the furthermost star or the smallest molecule and that had discovered means of communication which had annihilated space and time, could certainly produce some result, if it set itself to the study of the infernal forces which lay in the subconscious minds of men, and which needed to be rigorously controlled by some higher energy, if all the fair prospects of humanity were not to be obliterated in hideous ruin.Dr. Fowler moved the following resolution:- “That this meeting while pledging its support to every united effort which can be made to abolish methods of warfare, which are repugnant to the common instinct of humanity recognises that the more important objective is the abolition of war itself.To attain this end it would urge constant and strenuous activity on the part of thinkers and men of sciencd. In particular, it records that more attention should be given to the study of the new economic conditions which of necessity accompany the advance of scientific research. 366 Of equal or greater importance is fie study of means to control the evil effects of mass suggestion by the more powerful agency of widely disseminated right ideas.” Professor B. Venkatesachar said that because scientists were as human as other people-having the same virtues, vices and passions-there was no use blaming them for war.What was necessary for the abolition of wars was the institution of a scheme of education for the children of all countries planned so as to inculcate an abhorrence of war. Sir Martin Forster said that only the eradication of the jealous and aggressive spirit found in the Old Testament and its replace- ment with the sweet ideals of the New Testament could provide a solution. The resolution was adopted and the meeting terminated. The above report is reproduced muinlyfrom the “Madras Mail,” 24th August; The “Times of India,” 27th August; and “The Statesman,” 28th August, 1936. Irish Free State.-A meeting of the Section was held in University College, Dublin, on 21st October,-Mr. B.G. Fagan in the Chair. * Dr. R. G. Ault read a paper on ‘‘Micro-analytical Methods” of which he has kindly furnished the following notes:- Twenty-five years ago it was not possible to analyse a com- pound of which only a few mgms. could be obtained, and as a result, research, both academic and industrial, was often seriously delayed, or had to be abandoned altogether. The pressing need for a technique, by which a complete analysis of very small amounts of substances could be satisfactorily carried out, was realised by Pregl, who, shortly before the Great War, introduced his system of micro-analysis. The importance of his work is indicated by the marked supersession in recent years of the older macro-processes.The rapid progress which vitamin chemistry has made within the last 10 years is, in a large measure, due to the employment of micro-methods both in manipulation and analysis. The outstanding work of Koch on the isolation and identification of the growth-producing substances, Auxin A and B, was carried out on something like 25 mgms. of pure substance and involved a most accurate micro-technique. Other researches, such as those on the hormones, enzymes, animal and plant pigments, etc., have all received a stimulus from the introduction of micro-methods of analysis, and, indeed, it would be hard to find a sphere of research which has not benefited either directly or indirectly from this new technique. Many of Pregl’s micro-analytical estimations involve exactly the same chemical principles as those used in the corresponding macro-determinations, as is seen, for example, in the estimation of nitrogen by either the Dumas or Kjeldahl method, of carbon and hydrogen by the combustion method, and of methoxyl grouping by distillation with hydriodic acid.On the other hand entirely new methods have been introduced, as in the determina- tion of sulphur and the halogens. It should be emphasised that, particularly in the case of elementary analysis, each process has been tested under the most stringent conditions and with careful observance of detail. Indeed, this is a prominent feature of Pregl’s work. For example, in the determination of carbon and hydrogen, Pregl examined with infinite patience such effects as the absorption and subse- quent liberation of carbon dioxide by rubber tubing, the pressure and speed relations necessary for a complete oxidation of the organic material, the equivalence in drylng power of the absorp- tion train and drying apparatus, the avoidance of loss of carbon dioxide and water at the rubber connections, the preparation of a tube-filling suitable for the analysis of any type of organic compound and so on.In the estimation of halogens the problem of obtaining the necessary reagents free from traces of halogens was exhaustively investigated. In the Dumas method for nitrogen the dissociation of carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide and oxygen in the presence of metallic copper or copper oxide at high temperatures was carefully studied and the volume error introduced by the adhesion of potassium hydroxide to the walls of the azotometer tube estimated.As a result of this rigorous examination of all the factors concerned in an estimation, the methods can now be said to be standardised. Industrial chemists will, no doubt, be interested to learn that the determinations can be carried out by assistants having no specialised knowledge. In this case, the laboratory would require supervision by an experienced micro-analyst who could deal with any problems which might arise. It might be imagined, especially in industry, that the problem of sampling would exclude any analysis on a micro scale on the ground that 358 the small quantity abstracted for estimation might easily not constitute an average sample.However, investigations with mixtures of known compositions have convinced Pregl that the customary methods of preparing an average sample by grinding in a mortar yield accurate results. The most expensive item in equipping a micro-analytical laboratory is undoubtedly the balance, of which several types are now available, supplied by firms such as Kuhlmann (Germany) and Oertling (England), the prices ranging from k30 upwards. The cost of micro-analytical apparatus is approxim- ately the same as for the corresponding macro-type, and whereas formerly it was only possible to obtain it from the Continent, several English firms now specialise in its manufacture.More-over, semi-micro-analytical apparatus is also obtainable ,similar in design to that used in micro-analysis, its chief advantage being that a micro-balance is not needed, as estimations are carried out with 30-4omgms. of material. The strongest appeal of micro-methods of analysis to the average chemist lies in their elegance, speed and accuracy- probably their biggest practical advantage consists in this saving of time. Thus a determination of carbon and hydrogen can be completed in less than one hour, sulphur and the halogens are estimated in three hours, a Kjeldahl requires only 45 minutes, to mention a few examples. In addition the smallness and neatness of the apparatus results in a great economy of bench space-in fitting up any laboratory this consideration is of primary importance.There is no need, while pointing out the advantages of micro-analysis, to stress the economy in material-suffice to say that a complete analysis for carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and halogen can be carried out on 15-20 mgms. of material. Unfortunately, a view has been widely held among chemists that macro-methods of analysis, by utilising more material, are therefore the more accurate; this is not so. On the contrary the accuracy obtaining in micro-methods is appreciably more than that in the corresponding macro-processes. Those who are inclined to question this should remember that, in estimating elements such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur, halogens, etc. , by micro-analysis, it is possible consistently to obtain results within 0.1 per cent.of the theoretical value. In the estimation of carbon and hydrogen, the modifications and refinements introduced by Pregl have been the subject of 359 much controversy. The author’s experience, however, was that provided his directions were strictly adhered to, the success of the analysis was assured. Particularly in the case of the micro- chemical balance it is necessary to observe all the precautions regarding its housing. For example, at Birmingham the temperature of the room was kept constant, no lighting or heating apparatus was permitted near the balance, which was mounted on a slate bench free from vibration. In this way the balance behaved perfectly and over a period 6-7 years the sensitivity remained unimpaired and no repairs of any kind were necessary.One other circumstance is worthy of note-the temperature of the balance room and the combustion room should be equal- at least the balance room ought never to be colder than the combustion room, as in this case the introduction of absorption tubes, micro-Gooch’s, etc., into a cooler atmosphere causes condensation of moisture, which is absorbed in the apparatus. Consequently the analytical results obtained are too high. In all micro-analytical work it is essential that the laboratory should be scrupulously clean and as far as possible free from dust. Dr. Ault then described in detail methods for the following estimations :-metals in organic salts, acetyl and methoxy groups, nitrogen (Dumas and Kjeldahl), halogens, sulphur, carbon and hydrogen.The lecturer expressed his thanks to Prof. W. N. Haworth who had lent him slides of the micro-apparatus to illustrate his lecture. The meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Ault for his interesting lecture. Manchester and District.-The opening meeting of the winter session was held on 8th October, in the Section’s new quarters, the Constitutional Club. The Chairman of the Section, Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw, presided. A paper was read by Dr. P. Lewis-Dale on-(‘The Chemist and Transport.” Dr. Lewis-Dale has kindly supplied the following summary:-The chemist’s share in transport by land, sea and air was probably not fully appreciated.Last year Sir Harold Hartley, 360 and this year T. M. Herbert, had read papers dealing with the transport of food. The lecturer therefore did not propose to speak of that phase of the chemist’s work. The subject could be dealt with under three main branches, viz. (a) roads or permanent way, (b) vehicles, and (c) passengers and goods carried. Up to forty years ago, the chemist had little share in road making, but now the prevention of dust and the requirements for long wear in the modem road involved chemistry in no small measure, and there were many problems calling for chemical and physical research. On the permanent way of railroads the chemistry of creosote and creosoting was important, and the question whether the decay of wooden sleepers was due partly to chemical attack, which might be either a primary or a secon-dary cause, was discussed.Chemistry was concerned with the quality and nature of ballast, rails, chairs, etc., as well as with the painting of buildings and other works, and with the lubrication of points and signalling apparatus. Ships, aeroplanes and rolling-stock of all kinds required the services of the chemist. As illustrations, the chemist’s work on lubricants and lubrication was cited, and reference was made to the connexion between the chemical control of rubber manu- facture and transport in general. Other substances for investiga- tions by the chemist concerned with transport were paints, “dopes” and varnishes €or aeroplanes, ships and land vehicles, and the metals used in their construction.The chemist had played an essential part in the framing of regulations for the conveyance of dangerous goods by rail, sea and road, and would no doubt be required to advise in further regulations of the kind. If the transport of such goods by air became common, the chemist’s assistance would again be neces- sary if the avoidance of undue risk were to be achieved. Railway chemistry had perhaps been given special prominence in the paper: this was due to the fact that for many years there had been chemical establishments of considerable size on the railways. The first railway laboratory was installed as long ago as 1864. The Chairman, Mr. C.J. T. Cronshaw, in opening the dis- cussion, referred to the use of stainless steel containers for conveying corrosive substances, such as nitric acid, on the railways. He thought it gratifying to note that, owing to the 361 efforts of chemists in producing non-corrodible alloys, the railways could now convey dangerous chemicals. With regard to the preservation of wood by means of creosote oils, he was glad to hear from the lecturer that the naphthalene and anthracene present did not play much part, since the dyestuffs industry had much better uses for such products. Mr. F. Scholefield referred to the problem of laying the dust on roads, and stated that, in addition to the use of calcium chloride, he had noted with interest that the calcium sulphite and bisulphite liquors-by-products of the wood-pulp industry- had been used for this purpose in Sweden. Mr.G. W. Jones referred to the use of different oils for the lubrication of different parts of an engine, and stated that it remained now for the chemist to discover one single oil which would be suitable for lubrication, for lamps and for fuel of the oil engine. Mr. Paul discussed methods of road surfacing and tar spraying. He gave some interesting information on the early days of tar spraying. Mr. E. L. Rhead referred to the preservation of wood by means of creosote, and considered it most likely that the preserva- tion was due solely to the filling up of pores which rendered the wood impervious to moisture.The rotting of wood in all cases could be traced back to the presence of moisture, which favoured the action of bacteria. Mr. H. Hayhurst pointed out the part played by the chemist in preventing the development of algae in water troughs on railways. Dr. Maiden criticised the condition of railway carriages with regard to dust and general uncleanliness, and wondered whether chemists had been consulted on this important point. He en- quired why more of the external working parts of the engine and carriages were not covered in to prevent the grit thrown up by the wheels being mixed with the oil. Dr. H. A. Thomas suggested the possible use of certain active wetting agents, together with substances such as calcium chloride or other hygroscopic substances, in the laying of dust He referred to the important part played by chemists in the manufacture of fog signals on the railway, and also discussed the use of a suspen-sion of coal dust (40 per cent.) in oil (60 per cent.) as a fuel for marine engines.Three or four years ago it was stated in the 362 Press that this fuel had a very promising future, and yet it did not appear to be used very much at the present time. Dr. Lewis-Dale, in replying to the various questions raised, stated that a considerable amount of work had recently been conducted on fog signals. Referring to the use of suspensions of coal in oil, he understood that it was difficult to keep the coal dust in satisfactory suspension. He agreed to a certain extent with Mr.Rhead on the inodus operandi of creosote in the preservation of wood, although oil painted over the surface of timber was not a satisfactory preservative. This might be because it did not penetrate the pores of the timber satisfactorily. He stated that an excellent method of preserving wood, which was to be buried in soil, was to char it. With regard to the condition of carriages, he said that chemists had satisfactorily solved the problem of moth proofing. A vote of thanks, moved from the Chair, was accorded to the lecturer. The annual dinner and dance of the Manchester Section will take place at “The Manchester,” Ltd., on Thursday, 3rd De- cember, 1936. Manchester Chmical Club.-The Manchester Chemical Societies’ Joint Advisory Committee has issued a circular re- garding the formation of the “Manchester Chemical Club” to all the Societies represented on the local Joint Advisory Committee.Dr. Herbert Levinstein has been elected the first President of the Club; Messrs. G. A. Campbell, R. H. Clayton, W. H. Cowburn and C. J. T. Cronshaw, Professor I. M. Heilbron, Major J. H. Mandleberg, Dr. Robert H. Pickard, and Dr. A. Schedler have been elected Vice-presidents. The Club is to provide a centre for the holding of meetings which, for the present, will take place at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, where also other Club facilities will be available to members for an annual subscription of flr per annum. The inauguration of the Club is expected to take place within the next few weeks.Particulars may be obtained from Dr. A. Coulthard, 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section.-The eighteenth Annual General Meeting. of this Section was held 363 in the University Union, Newcastle upon Tyne, on 15th October, Dr. P. L. Robinson in the Chair. The meeting was preceded by an informal dinner. The Committee’s Report for the previous session was read and approved. It recorded the inauguration of a policy of hold- ing occasional meetings away from Newcastle :e.g. meetings were held at Stockton and Sunderland. The hope was expressed that members would support the Summer Meeting which had been arranged for the coming session and which was an innovation, so far as this Section was concerned.Dr. L. A. Sayce was elected to the Committee in place of Mr. E. W. Muddiman. The Chairman thanked Mr. Muddiman for his valuable services on the Committee during the past three years. Dr. P. L. Robinson, Dr. Sayce, Mr. F. H. Walker and the Hon. Secretary were elected as Interviewing Committee; Mr. Wikner and Dr. Patrick were elected Hon. Auditors. The Committee later elected Mr. F. H. Walker to the chair for the coming session. The retiring chairman said that he felt that no member had done more for the benefit of the Section than Mr. Walker who, since its inauguration in 1919,had served as member of committee and for long periods as Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer. Dr.P. L. Robinson was elected Hon. Treasurer. Dr. J. L. Burn (Medical Officer of Health for Hebburn) then gave a talk on (( Air-Raid Precautions.” Dr. Burn referred to the recent Home Office publications and discussed the various types of gases which had been used and their physiological effects. He felt that history showed the extreme likelihood of international agreements regarding the non-use of gas in warfare being broken. While gases other than those used in the Great War might have been discovered since and were being kept secret, he thought that the fact that Italy had used mustard gas last year indicated that this gas was still regarded as being the most effective. The problem of pro- tection against gas was an extremely difficult one and a completely satisfactory solution was improbable.Dr. A. A. Hall (who for three years of the war was Chemical Adviser to an Army Corps in France) gave the meeting some first- hand information on poison-gas warfare. In particular he described the physiological effects and showed the scar of a 364 mustard gas blister received in investigating a “dud” bomb after the first enemy use of this gas. He believed phosgene had been the gas most feared. He emphasised the necessity for a high gas concentration before really heavy casualties resulted, citing the instance of a large scale gas-bombing attack, the information as to the results of which were later obtained from the enemy. Dr. J. H. Jones, Mr. F. H. Walker, Mr. B. Thomas and others took part in the discussion and many instances were given of the psychological aspect of the question. In answer to a question regarding the possibility of bacterial contamination of water supplies, etc., Dr.Bum stated that he thought there was little danger from this and that modem filters were efficient enough to guard against such a possibility. The Chairman thanked Dr. Burn for his most interesting paper. He thought that this was a subject that none of them would discuss from choice but he believed it to be a necessity. He announced that the Northumberland County Council had asked the Section Committee to co-operate with it in this matter and had invited the Committee to nominate a representative to the County Anti-Gas Services Committee to provide the necessary liaison.The Committee had nominated Dr. Hall. South Yorkshire.-A joint rally with the Huddersfield Section was held at Worksop on 11th July, when a visit was paid to Worksop Priory, followed by a tour of “The Dukeries,” a halt being made for tea at the Hop Pole Hotel at Ollerton. After visiting other beauty spots, an informal dinner was held at the Dukeries Hotel at Edwinstowe. The outing was enjoyed by all who participated, and the hope was expressed that the meeting would become an annual event. The arrangements were made by the Honorary Secretaries of the Sections concerned. The first meeting of the winter session was held under the chairmanship of Mr. B. W. Methley on 25th September, and consisted of a visit to the coking plant of the Grassmoor Colliery Co., Ltd., followed by a lecture by Mr.G. W. J. Bradley, on “Modern Coking Plant and Practice.” In 1935, approximately 17.5 million tons of cod were car- bonked in coke-ovens, whilst 20,474million c.ft. of gas were 365 sold to gas undertakings, and 6,326 million eft. were sold direct to industrial users. After a brief reference to the rise of the industry, Mr. Bradley showed how the varied aims pursued by early workers,-some seeking only gas, some only coke, others only tar and ammonia,- were now merged in the modern coking plant. The methods of examination and cleaning of the raw material, “coal slack,” were described. The more recent additions to coal cleaning,4edusting and slurry flocculation,-were dealt with in detail.The evaluation of the coking properties of coals was discussed in relation to practical working. The evolution of the modern oven was traced from the old trial and error type to present-day design based OR a knowledge of physical and chemical laws. Control methods were outlined and details given of the capability of a coke-oven plant to deal with market requirements. Methods of by-product recovery, including electrostatic tar precipitation, ammonia and benzole absorption, together with control tests, were reviewed. The methods of benzole refining were then mentioned, the difference between the pure products and motor spirit markets being explained. New problems arising from the desire to produce greater volumes of motor fuel were indicated, special attention being devoted to the removal of sulphur and gum-forming impurities.Finally, the important bearing of the by-product oven business as a fundamental basic industry was stressed. The lecturer, in conclusion, made the plea that, in view of the specialised technical nature of the industry and its national importance, it was worthy of greater standing than that of colliery plaything or the Cinderella of the iron industry. On the motion of Dr. H. A. Fells, seconded by Dr. V. H. Legg, a vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer, both for his dis-course and for the arrangements made for the visit. 366 September Examinations, 1936. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners.The following examination papers were set at the September, 1936, Examinations :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 14th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Write an account of the physical and chemical methods available for the determination of atomic weights. 2. Explain the objects of the Phase Rule and illustrate its use bydiscussing THREE systems in detail. 3. Give an account of EITHER (a) the oxyacids of sulphur, OR ’(b)catalysis in industry. 4. Write an essay on EITHER (a)the use of indicators in volumetric analysis, OR (b) the periodic class5cation of the elements with special reference to its historical development.6. Selecting TWO suitable examples in each case, explain the terms :-(a) Electro-valency, (b) non-polar bond, (c) molecular parachor, (d)dipole moment. Discuss the electronic structures you wouId assign to the following chemical compounds:-(a) NaCl, (b) Ni(C0)4,(c) Na,[Fe(CN),NO]. 6. Give a concise explanation of the following terms:- (a) Transport number, (b) hydrolysis constant of,& salt, (c) re-action of the second order, (b) van’t Hoff coefficient i.” 7. Indicate the advances in chemical science associated with the names of Berzelius, Moissan, Ramsay. 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Anezoer brie$y and to the point.Cfive formulae and equations where possible.) 1.What evidence is there for the existence of atoms (a) of equal weight but dissimilar properties, (b)of unequal weight but similar properties 4 Clearly explain how such results are reconciled with modern conceptions of atomic structure. 2. Write a concise essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) The application of chemistry to agriculture, OR (b) The chemistry of the photographic plate, OR (c) The rare earths, 3. Discuss EITHBB (a) the stereo-chemistry of the metal-des, OR 367 (b) co-ordination compounds. 4. Explain what is meant by optical rotatory power and describe fully a method of measuring it for a dissolved substance. 5. Describe the preparation and properties of (a) lead dioxide, (b)sodium nitroprusside, (c) potassium dichromate, (d) sodium azide, (e) potaasium ferri-oxalate. 6.Outline the chief points of similarity and difference between EITHEB (a) phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth; OR (b) carbon, silicon, tin, lead. 7. Write an account of some original work in inorganic or physicalchemistry (not otherwise dealt with in your answers) which you have recently studied. TUESDAY, 15th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and eqwltiom where pomible.) 1. Write a short account of ONE of the following topics:- (a) The use of metals as catalysts in organic chemistry; (b) Tautomerism in the light of the electron theory; (c) The amino acids obtained from proteins.2. Indicate the stages in the preparation of the following compounds from benzene :-(a) Benzidine, (b) m-dibromobenzene, (c) bemophenone, (d)malachite green. 3. Write a short account of the researches which have resulted in the establishment of the constitution and in the synthesis of ONE of the following :-(a)Atropine, (b) lactoflavin, (c) indigo. 4. Describe briefly T~EEof the following:- (a) The aldol condensation, (b) Knoevenagel’s reaction, (c) the Diels-Alder diene synthesis, (d) Reformatsky’e reaction, (e) the Beck- mmn rearrangement. 5. Indicate briefly the relations between carbonic acid, urea, ortho- carbonic ester, guanidine, urethane and semicarbazide, giving methods of preparation of each compound. 6.“Molecular asymmetry gives rise to optical isomerism in organic 7. Describe briefly the commercial preparation of THREE of the compounds.” Discuss this statement. following:-(a)Methyl alcohol, (b) phenol, (c) lactic acid, (d)phthalic anhydride, (e) glycerol. 8. Compere and contrast the chemical behaviour of benzene and its simple derivatives with that of thiophene, furane and pyrrol and their corresponding derivatives. WEDNESDAY,16th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. (A) is a mixture of a basic and a neutral substance. Isolate purecrystallised specimens of each compound. Quantity as well as quality will be considered in judging the specimens. (p-tohidine + p-nitrotoluene.) 2. From the aldehyde (B), prepare pure crystallised specimens of about two grams of its oxime and phenylhydrazone.(m-nitro-benzalde-hyde.) Both ezercism may be completed to-morrow. THURSDAY, 17th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. Identify the compound (C). 3. Report on the quality of the sample of methyl alcohol (D). (C = Sodium ammonium tartrate, OR potassium hydrogen phthalate, OR barium citrate. D containing about 16 per cent. water, and eome acetone.) FRIDAY, 18th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substance (F). The result muat be handed in by 1 p.m. in a separate notebook. 2. The solid (E) is a limestone. Estimate the calcium, magnesium and also iron and aluminium.The results should be returned aspercentageof CaCO,, MgCO,, and Fe,O, + 40,. The quantitative results need not be handed in until the end of the second day of this part of the examination, but all weighing, etc., must be entered in the examination book immediately they are made. This book must be delivered to the Examiners at the end of the ht day. (F = Hydroxylamine hydrochloride, OR hydrazine sulphate, OR sodium hydrosulphite [“hydrosulphite”: Na,S,O,]. SATURDAY, 19th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric determinations which were commenced yesterday. 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the inorganic mixture (H) which contains six radicals. (H = Magnesium carbonate, copper phosphate and zinc fluoride; OR nickel phosphate, magnesium borate and zinc sulphate; OR barium phos- phate, cobalt carbonate and aluminium borate.) Examination for the Fellowship.Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry. MONDAY, 2lst September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer SIX questions only. Answer brieLfEy to the point.) 1. How is hydrogen prepared on a large scale ? What impurities are 2. Give a concise account of the reactions possible between carbon, 3. Outline a scheme for the analysis of a mineral containing alumin- 4. Describe briefly the technical production of one of thefollowing likely to be present and how can they be removed ? hydrogen and water. What commercial uses are made of these reactions ? ium, iron, sillcon, titanium and zirconium. 365 materials:-(a;) Sodium carbonate by the Solvay process, (b) ammonia bythe Haber-Bosch process, (c) caustic soda by the electrolytic process.Indicate the theoretical principles involved. 5. What general methods are employed in the analysis of gases? Describe, in detail, the method you would use for the analysis of a gaseous mixture containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane and ethane. 6. Give a brief account of the sources, extraction, properties and uses of TWO of the following elements :-(u) Thorium, (b) zirconium, (c) tellurium, (d) selenium, and (e) phosphorus. 7. What ie bauxite? State the impurities that are likely to be present in this mineral. Give the essentials of 8 scheme for its completeanalysis. 8. Write an essay on the uses of organic reagents in inorganic analysis.2 p.m. to 6 p.m. (SIX question8 to be attempted. Awer briejEy and to the point.) 1. Give a brief account of the per-acids and per-salts. 2. Write a short essay on the mechanism of chemical changes, mole- cular and atomic. 3. What is understood by the Co-ordination Theory? How are ammonium chloride, sulphurous acid and sulphuric acid represented according to this theory, and how does the theory illustrate certain peculiar- ities of the complex metallic sulphites ? 4. Compare and contra& the properties of EITHER (a)germanium and silicon, OR (b) zirconium and hafnium. 6. In what way do chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and uranium resemble each other ? How does chromium differ from the other metallic members of Group VI ? 6.Discuss the relationship of the various sulphur acids to one 7. (a)How are the oxides of fluorine prepared? (b) Give a short 8. Give a concise account of the metallic carbonyls. What views are an0 ther . statement respecting chemical combination among the halogens. now held ooncerning their constitution ? TUESDAY, 22nd September-FRIDA Y, 25th September, 1936, 10 am.-5 p.m. each day. 1. Report on the composition of the sample of coke ash A. 2. Ascertain the nature and the amounts of the impurities in the sample of sodium carbonate B. (Containing sulphate, chloride and phosphate.) 3. Determine the percentages of the two chief constituents in the 4. As far aa time permits, make a complete analysis of the sample of sample C.(Lead Vanadate ore.) bauxite D. 370 Branch D. Biochemistry. MONDAY, 2lst September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1 pm. (Only FOUR questions to be attempted.) 1. Write an essay on the vegetable proteins, referring to their import- ance in the baking industry. 2. Give an account of the metabolism of sulphur compounds in the animal organism. 3. Describe and discuss critically the methods suggested for the quantitative estimation of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). 4. Discuss recent work on the r61e of phosphates in alcoholic fer- mentation. 6. Write an essay on the sterols and their relationship to the sex hormones. 6. Give an account of the contributions to biochemistry of ONE of the following:-(a)0.Warburg. (b)H. D. Dakin. (c) A. J. Kluyver. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (OnlyTOUR questions to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the work which has led to our present con- ceptions of the molecular constitution of starch. 2. Write an essay on the intermediate metabolism of the nucleo- proteins. 3. On what evidence does the accepted molecular constitution of any TWO of the following substances rest :-(a) Thyroxine. (b) Glutathione. (c) Methionine. 4. Write an essay on the vitamin B complex. 5. Give the essential details for the preparation of any THREE of the following substances:-(a) Cellobiose, (b) arabinose, (c) glucosaminehydrochloride, (d) carnosine nitrate, (e) proline. 6. Give an account of any industrial fermentation process other than the ethyl alcohol fermentation process. TUESDAY-FRIDAY, 22nd-25th September, 1936, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Identify the pure substances A, B and C. (A = Betaine hydro- 2. Prepare two crystalline derivatives of arginine from the hydrolysed chloride; B = Calcium gluconate; C = Sodium salt of glutsmic acid.) protein D provided. 3. Identify the enzyme E, and determine the optimum conditions for its action. 4. Solution F contains two substances of biochemical importance. You are required to identify them and estimate them as accurately aa possible. (Fcontains galactose and urea.) Branch E. The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 2lst September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.1. Describe and criticise the methods employed for the proximate determination of (a)fat in cream, and (b) lactose in milk. 371 2. Give a description for the various forms of refracfometer with which you are familar. By means of suitable diagrams indicate their essential construction and the physical laws involved in their use. Name the special applications of the various forms of instrument mentioned. 3. Water “improves” on storage. Explain the bio-chemical factom thus involved and discuss the changes to be expected in a service reservoir. 11.30 a.m. to 1p.m. (THREEquestim only to be answered.) 1. Describe the diagnostic microscopical features of (a)Thyroid, (b) rhubarb rhizome, (c) cinnamon bark, (d)dill fruit.2. Name three drugs which have been used for the purpose of procur- ing criminal abortion. Describe any legitimate uses of the drugs which you name, indicating the composition of the preparations which are used and stating their usual doses. Describe the legal requirements relating to the dispensing, sale and distribution of the three drugs which you select for description. 3. Describe the pharmacological actions of any three of the following: (a) Caffeine, (b) quinine, (c)sodium sulphate, (d) pilocarpine, (e)chloroform. 4. Write an account of the pharmacology and therapeutics of iron. Name the official preparations of iron, indicating their composition and stating the usual doses. 2 pm. to 5 pm. (FOUR qumtim only to be answered.) 1.Trace the course of the decomposition of cellulose in nature. Describe briefly any practical application of controlled fermentation of cellulosic material. 2. What do you consider to be the essential characteristics of (a)a complete “Infants’ Food,” and (b)milk-modifying tablets intended for use in Infant feeding? Outline a scheme for the analysis of one or other, showing how each of the components, which you consider of importance, could be detected and estimated. 3. Describe in detail the Reichert-Meissl-Polenske-Khchnerprocessfor the evaluation of butter-fat and explain clearly the theoretical basis of each operation and the effect of the presence of other fats upon the normal results obtained. 4. What do you understand by the following terms:-Black pepper,black sulphur, black mustard, black draught? Taking any two of these substances, what procedure would you adopt to ascertain whether they were “of the nature or of the substance or of the quality” of the article demanded 1 5.Write a brief essay upon the particular indebtedness which the “food and drug” chemist owea to the following:- Lewkowitsch, A. Dupr6, G. DenigBs, and L. W. Winkler. TUESDAY,22nd September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 6 pm. Analpe the Milk (A) and issue a report in accordance with the pro- visions of the Food & Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, using the formal certificate provided. (f“ abnormal milk, or a normal milk adulterated with water, and contmmng either preservative (“Mystin”) or colouring matter.) 372 WEDNESDAY, 23rd September, 1936, 10 a.m.to 6 p.m. 1. As far aa time allows, exmine the sample of lard (B) and state, if possible, the nature of the adulterant (if any). 2. As the result of microscopical examination, state whether the “Coffee and Chicory” Mixture (C) is correctly described. (B a vegetable cooking fat consisting of hardened cottonseed oil and palm kernel oil; C coffee with EITHER cocoa-shellOR dandelion.) THURSDAY, 24th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. You are supplied with a sample of Water (D) and the “Total solid matters” (E)which is the residue obtained by the evaporation of 260 ml. of (D). (a) Without attempting to determine the yields of amroniacal and albuminoid nitrogen, examine the sample to throw some light, if possible, upon its history.(b) Proceed sdciently far with a “mineral” analysis aa will enable you, at the end of the day, to set out, along conventional lines, the probable composition of (E). (Note:-Fe. Al. Mn and K ions and SiO2 are absent.) FRIDAY, 26th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Estimate the Iodoform in the antiseptic dresaing (E) provided. 2. Identify the two drugs (F)and (G). (Twoof the following :-Lithium salicylate, sulphonal, quinine hydro- bromide.) SATURDAY, 26th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make a microscopical examination of the drug (A) and submit, for inspection, preparations to show the characteristic features. The samples (B), (C) and (D) have been offered as powders prepared from the drug (A).Examine them microscopically and report whether they are genuine or not. (Reports must be accompanied by annotated sketches.) 2. Make a qualitative and quantitative examination for a poison in the sweets (E),which are said to have been given with homicidal intent. (A = Stramonium leaf; B = genuine stramonium; C = belladonna;D = stramonium adulterated; E = containing strychnine.) Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 2lst September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIX quatiom only to be attempted.) 1. Give a critical account of the method of making a mechanical analysis of a mineral soil containing a small amount of free calcium carbon- ate. How can the clay fraction be further fractionated? 2.Humus is now generally thought to be a complex of lim and 3. Give an account of the theories put forward to explain podsol protein. What are the chief item of evidence for this view? 373 formation and describe the evidence on which they rest. In what wap does a podsol differ from (1) an iron pan, and (2) a brown earth ? 4. Describe the principal changes that take place in the temperature of a British soil during the year. Discuss the effects of these temperature variations upon soil fertility. 6. Explain as fully aa you can, giving the evidence supporting the explanations, why partial sterilisation enhances the fertility of a soil while complete sterilisation renders a soil infertile. 6. Give an account of the constitution of clay (a)&g a crystalline colloid, (b) asan electrolyta.7. Discuse the influence upon soil fertility of elements other than nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium. 8. Give a brief account of the changes in the composition of basic slag that have accompanied changes in the methods of steel manufacture during the last 25 years. Discuss critically the methods used for evaluating basic slag as a phosphatic fertiliser. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (SIXquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of Armsby's work on the determination of net energy values. 2. Make the necessary calculations to determine the adequacy of the following ration to meet the energy and protein requirements of a dairy cow of 1,000 lb. live weight giving 3gallons of milk daily, containing 3-5per cent.of fat :-42 lb. swedes 101b. meadow hay 61b. oat straw 6 lb. crushed oats 4Ib. linseed cake 4 lb. bean meal (Analytical data are provided.) 3. Describe the metabolism of carbohydrates in the animal body. What is the evidence that carbohydrate is a source of animal fat 4 4. Give an account of the mineral metabolism of dairy cows. 6. Discuss critically the methods used for detecting and estimating added water in milk. 6. Give an account of recent work on the value of pasture grass w a food and on the preservation of pasture graas for later use. 7. A 4 x 4 Latin square arrangement of plots is laid down to com- pare the effects of three different manurial treatments on the yield and quality of sugar beet.An unmanured plot is included as a control. Each plot is 1/40 acre. Describe how you would sample the beet on each plot, and give a brief account of the determinations you would make. 8. Give a brief account of the chemistry of :-(u) Bordeaux mixture for use a fungicide; (b) organic mercury compounds for useinseedtreatment. 374 TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 22nd and 23rd September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. 1. Report upon the agricultural use and value of the Material A. (A = Fish Meal. ) 2. Investigate and report upon the lime status of the Soil B. THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 24th and 25th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each &y. 1. The material C produces symptoms of a mineral deficiency disease when fed to growing pigs.Investigate this and prescribe a mineral supplement. 2. Determine the oil and the crude and true protein in the feeding stuff D. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry. MONDAY, 2lst September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. Paper taken by all candidates in Branch a[. (Answer SIX queatbm, of which No. I is obligatory.) 1. The “chemical engineer” has recently assumed an important part in industry. Write a short essay on his training and functions. 2. Describe with a diagram a potentiometer and explain from firat principles how such an instrument may be used for measuring temperature. 3. Dehe the following :-The Clapeyron-Clausius equation; Trouton’s Rule; Hildebrand’s function; Raoult’s law; Henry’s law. How may these be applied in distillation problems P 4.Write a short essay on “inhibitors” giving examples of their uses in various industries. 5. “The overall coefficient of heat transfer H is a function of the mass velocity of each fluid, the nature of the apparatus, the conductivity of the fluids and of the metal and of the condition of the heating surface.” Discuss this statement. 6. Calculate the volume of cooling water needed to condense and cool 1,000 gallons of kerosine (sp. gr. = -830) given:-Latent heat of vaporisation = 120B.Th.U. per lb. Average temperature = 450°F. Sp. heat .. . . = 0.55 Distillate to be co&d to 100”F. Cooling water enters at 80” F. and leaves at 120” F. 7. Review briefly the various methods whereby liquids may be raised from the ground floor of a factory to an upper floor.What limitations are imposed if the liquids are (a)very hot, (b)very volatile, (c) very corrosive to steelP 375 8. Describe fully the measurement of tensile qualities of (a)elastic,(b)non-elastic materials. 9. Describe briefly the technical production and the chief u888 of any FOUR of the following products :-Phenol, calcium hydroxide, white spirit, acetone, aluminium chloride, “dry ice,” glycerol. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Rubber Technology. MONDAY, 2lst September, 1936, 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (Sur queattions may be attempted: THREE from Section A and THREE frona Section B.) SECTIONA. 1. By reference to delayed-action-accelerators of published composi- tion, explain means recently adopted to restrain the initial activity of fast organic accelerators of vulcanisation.2. Give examples of substances added to rubber mixes to retard perishing and indicate their relative value in reducing the detrimental effects of heat, light and fatigue. Outline a suggested mechanism of antioxygenic activity. 3. Explain the terms “structure viscosity” and “thixotropy.” What do you consider their significance in regard to masticated rubber, rubber solutions and latex mixes? 4. In what ways has the heat of vulcanisation been investigated? How have the results contributed to knowledge of the process ? SECTIONB. 5. Suggest methods of compounding rubber for the following purposes (a) To facilitate extrusion and give a product which will not unduly deform during vulcanisation in open steam; (b)to give a pneumatic tyre inner tube which will have long life under abnormally high temperatures; (c)to produce a petrol-resistant rubber; (d) to produce a leather-likesolingmaterial. 6.Review the methods for the preparation and coagulation of compounded latices which are (a)heat-sensitive, and (b)subject to delayed gelation.. What commercial applications have been made of the processes ? 7. Compare and contrast the design of moulds for use in (a)a steam heated hydraulic platen press; (b)an open steam pan; and (c) an autoclave press. Illustrate your answer by referring to moulds employed for pro- ducing specific rubber articles. 8. Indicate the significance and method of measuring the following electrical characteristics of vulcanised rubber; dielectric strength; di-electric constant; insulation resistance ;power factor.376 MONDAY-THURSDAY, 14th.-17th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Report on thecomposition of the given sample of vulcanised rubber. 2. Two samples of zinc oxides, labelled A and B, are provided.Compare their suitability aa rubber compounding ingredients with respect to the following:- (a) Reinforcement in vulcanised rubber accelerated with diphenylguanidine; (b) @lour in vulcanised rubber; (c). Effect on the rate of vulcanisation in the preeence of diphenyl- guamdme. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Paper Technology.MONDAY, 21at September, 1936, 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions to be answered, but questions 1 and 2 must be included.) 1. Write a short essay on the various products used in the sizing of paper, the specific properties imparted to the sheet, and the various methoda of determining the quantity fixed in the paper. 2. A bleached cellulose is submitted for the production of paperssuitable for permanent records. How would you examine the product to determine its suitability, and what, in your opinion, should be the essential factors of the hished sheet assuming that the basic cellulose is suitable P 3. In the manufacture of say a 5 to 7 lbs. D.C. high-class condenser tissue, what would you consider a most suitable furnish to use, the con- ditions and time of beating, and the essential requisites in the finished paper.4. Define pH value; how would you determine it in paper (a)colori-5. Discuss the nature of ultra violet light, and its application to 6. What is the approximate percentage of lignin in ground wood pulp, metrically, (b) electrometricdy. microscopy and paper technology generally. and bleached wood pulp respectively? Describe any one process for determining the yield of lignone, and give an approximate percentage composition of a paper made up from these two pulps which yields a Iignone content of 7-0 per cent. TUESDAY-FRIDAY, 22nd-25th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.each day. 1. Examine and determine quantitatively the constituents in the given sample of paper.2. Make a microscopical examination of the paper marked “B,” and 3. Make an analysis of the sample of water, and give the proportions as far as possible give the percentage composition of its fibrous constituents. 377 of chemicals required per 1000 gallons to soften it for boiler feed purposes. State if you consider the water suitable for high grade papem, and, if not, how you would treat it to render it suitable. 4. Examine t3e sample of size, identify the ingredients if possible,and state the amount of the free and combined constituents. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference ta Petroleum. MONDAY, 2lat September, 1936, 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (Aneurer any SIX of the qwtwm.) 1.Describe the operation of the C.F.R. engine for the determination of octane value. Distinguish between the “Research” and the “Motor” methods. 2. Discuss briefly the various methods for desulphurising crude gasolines. Explain the mechanism of (a)the hypochlorite procesa, and (b)the plumbite process. 3. “Solvent extraction is destined to play a very important part in refining.” Write a short essay on this topic. 4. Write brief notes on the work of any SIX of the following petroleum technologists:-Fenske, Edeleanu, Ipatieff, Redwood, Haslam, Halloran, Egloff,de Brey, Bergius. 5. Discuss TWO methods of dewaxing petroleum distillates md indicate the u8es to which the separated wax may be put. 6. What is “re-forming”4 Give a diagrammatic representation of 8 re-forming unit and explain why it is needed in the modern refinery.7. Briefly describe pyrolysis,a polymerisation and dehydrogenation. What part do these processes play in the utilisation of petroleum gases ? TUESDAY-FRIDAY, 22nd-25th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Report on the given crude oil. Determine its yield of gasoline, of kerosine and of gas oil. Show up samples of these products. Estimate the aromatic content of the gasoline fraction. Determine the distillation curve and the sulphur content of the kerosine fraction. Determine the aniline point of the gas oil fraction and assess ita value therefrom as a fuel for high speed diesel engines. 2. For the given sample of motor benzole determine:- (a) The saturated or “paraffin” content, (b) The content of aromatic hydrocarbons, (c) the actual gum content, (d) the freezing point. 3.Examine the given sample of lubricating oil. Determine its viscosity at a range of temperatures, its carbon residue and its acidity. 378 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Cement. MONDAY, 12th October, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Discuss the general features of the evolution and classification of hydraulic cements. 2. Discuss the thermo-chemistry of cement formation, and give an account of the constitution of Portland Cement clinker. 3. Discuss the fundamentals of the hydration, setting and hardening of Portland Cement, including the action of accelerators, retarders, and water-proofers.4. Give a general account of the physical and mechanical properties of Portland Cement and of their evaluation. 5. Discuss the resistance of concretes to chemical attack by organic and inorganic agents. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Give an account of the composition and essential properties of the raw materials which may be used in the manufacture of Portland Cement, their proportioning in the raw mix, and the control of slurry composition. 2. Describe the types of plant which are used in modern processes for the manufacture of Portland Cement, giving a general flow sheet of the process. Specify the characteristics of the fuel used and of the lining of the kiln. 3. Give a general outline of the manufacture of aluminous cement; its constitution and distinction from Portland Cement; and its applications.4. Discuss the selection of aggregates and the proportioning of concrete mixtures. TUESDAY-FRIDAY, 13th-16th October, 1936, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. You are supplied with a sample of cement, sand and crushed stone which have proved unsatisfactory in use. What is the cause of failure, and how could it be overcome? 2. You are supplied with a specimen of concrete and samples of the aggregate employed in its composition. Determine the mix and identify the cement. 3. Examine the sample of water. Is it suitable for gauging, or 4. You are supplied with samples of clay and chalk. Report as to would it affect concrete ? their suitability for the manufacture of Portland Cement, and calculate proportions for the raw mix.5. You are supplied with a sample for identification. Report a8 to its probable composition. 379 THEExaminations were held as under:-No. No. Examined, PaS8ed. General Chemistry: at the Institute and at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow : 14tb19th September, 1936.. .. .. 46 18* Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry: at the Institute and at the Royal School of Mines, London: 218&25th September, 1936 .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry with special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes: at the Institute: 22nd-25th September, 1936 .. . 2 2 Branch D. Biochemistry: at the Institute and at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: 218t25th September ..1 0 Branch E. The C;hemiatry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water: at the Institute: 218t26th September .. .. 8 4 Brunch P. Agricultural Chemistry: 8t the Univer- sity, Leeds: 218t25th September .. .. 1 0 Branch Q. Industrial Chemistry- With special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes: at the Institute: 22nd-25th September . . 1 1 With special reference to Paper Technology: at the Institute and in the Laboratories of Mr. W. Bacon, F.I.C. : 2lst25th September .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 With special reference to Rubber Technology : at the Institute and at the Northern Poly- technic, London: 15tL18th and 2lst September . . .. .. .. .. 1 0 With special reference to Petroleum: at the Institute: 218t-25th September .... 1 0 63 26 *Eight candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the Examination, 7 candidates completed the Examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts of the Examination in which they had previously failed. 380 EXAMINATIONFOR THE ASSOCIATESHIPIN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-Most candidates were able to attempt the required five questions on each paper, and although good answers were returned by a number of candidates, the general impression was that the quality of answer was not up to the average standard. It was very dis- concerting to find candidates answering the question on methods of determining atomic weights by citing the standard methods for the determination of molecular weights.Again, quite a number of candidates were under the impression that a reaction of the second order must involve two different substances. The practical work calls for little comment. Generally the qualitative exercises were quite well done, but the quantitative results did not reach the usual standard. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-Many of the candidates shewed less than average ability. In the written paper there was still evidence that the training some candidates had received was antiquated. For example, when asked to discuss the statement "Molecular asymmetry gives rise to optical isomerism in organic compounds," many candidates mentioned nothing more than the special case of four different radicals attached to a carbon atom, being apparently quite unaware of the great advances in our knowledge of stereochemistry during the last twenty years.Relatively few candidates had any knowledge of the modern methods for the commercial preparation of methyl alcohol or phthalic an- hydride, and the accounts given of the Beckmann rearrangement were often those to be found in textbooks of 25 to 30 years ago. Some answers to the question on the use of metals as catalysts in organic chemistry were very poor, many candidates sup- plementing a very fragmentary knowledge by introducing metallic salts such as aluminium chloride or even iodine and sulphur. The organic practical work was often poorly done. In the examination of commercial methyl alcohol , tests were applied which were either, in themselves, unsuitable for detecting traces or the technique of applying them was not adapted to the conditions.The majority of the candidates reported that the sample contained only traces of water owing to relying on the anhydrous copper sulphate test; since it contained 16 per cent. of water they would have done little service to their firms had they accepted it as a satisfactory consignment of absolute methyl alcohol. The preparative work was also not very well done and a smaller percentage than usual of first class specimens were submitted. Though the work was seldom really bad, it was too mediocre to be satisfying. EXAMINATIONSFOR THE FELLOWSHIP. BRANCHE. The Chemistry( including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water.In the written papers dealing with foods, etc., a satisfactory standard was attained, and candidates appeared to be well conversant with official analytical processes. In the practical work there is little to criticise as regards manipulative technique in straightforward analytical determinations. Many candidates, however, failed to detect colouring matter or preservative in the milk, and lack of practical experience led to some very erratic and contradictory results with regard to the water problem. An unhappy choice of method lead certain candidates to obtain very low results on the iodoform-gauze. The qualitative examination of drugs was done in a satisfactory manner. There was some gsod descriptive work in the microscopical examination of the coffee and chicory mixture.It behoves candidates to pay more attention to the methods of correct certification. On the whole, the standard throughout was not as high as might have been anticipated. THERAPEUTICS,PHARMACOLOGY AND MIcRoscoPY.--In the practical examination, exercises in vegetable histology were, on the whole, fairly well done. It appears necessary, however, to remind candidates again of the importance of clear vigorous sketches and of the necessity for good reasons for conclusions reported. All the candidates identified strychnine in the sweets, but in some instances very poor quantitative results were obtained. In the other branches of the Examination for the Fellowship an unusual weakness was shown in the practical work, although in most cases the candidates’ theoretical knowledge was satisfactory.382 PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Bridges, Clarence, College of Technology, Manchester ; Municipal Tech- nical College, Widnes; and City Technical College, Liverpool. Briggs, Harold, Technical College, Huddersfield. Dodicoat, Herbert, City Technical College, Liverpool. Deeley, Ernest Lancelot, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Harris, Clifford, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol. Keane, William, City Technical College, Liverpool. Knight, George Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Nottingham. Lewis, William Maurice, City Technical College, Liverpool.Mills, Gordon Stansfield, Municipal Technical College, Blackburn. Reed, Ronald Arthur, The Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Rimmer, John Graham, City Technical College, Liverpool. Russell, John Milner, B.Sc. (Lond.), Northern Polytechnic, London. Skelton, George Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), Municipal Technical College, Hull. Sleigh, Sydney William, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Towler, Glynne Spencer, College of Technology, Leeds. Vickers, James Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Sir John Cam Technical Institute, and Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Wark, John Jeffrey, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Watson, Edward Henry, Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Examinations for the Fellowship. In Branch A :Inorganic Chemistry- Moses, Geoffrey, A.M.C.T.In Branch C :Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fat8 and WWM Grindley, David Noel. Walley, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E :The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs,and of Water Chanmugan, Walter Raju. Macnair, John Aitken. McKinlay, Robert Hay. Parkes, Hubert Alfred, B.Sc. (Birm.). In Branch G :Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils and Pats and Soapmaking Jasperson, Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.). 383 National Certificates in Chemistry(England and Wales), 1936. THECOUNCILhas received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute on the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales).Assessors.-Professor Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor T. Slater Price, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., and Professor J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc. The following is an abstract of the Report. I. Introductory .-During the present session two schools have submitted candidates for the first time in the Senior grade. The number of entries in the Senior grade was 213,of whom 129passed. In 1935there were 196,of whom 91passed. In the Advanced grade there were 65 candidates, of whom 51 passed. In 1935 there were 82 candidates, of whom 59 passed. Of the 65 candidates, 53 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate, and of the 51 successful candidates 41had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. II. Inorganic and Physical Chemistry.-Senior.The standard of attainment reached by the candidates was fairly satisfactory, and was much the same as in previous years. There is a tendency to forget the elementary parts of the subject and concentrate on the more advanced, or on another branch like Physical Chemistry. It is noticeable throughout that where physical chemistry is one of the subjects as well as inorganic chemistry, the answers to the former are better than to the latter. This is especially the case where a paper contains questions in both subjects; the physico- chemical questions were often chosen in preference to the in- organic. It is suggested that all institutions should now have separate papers in the two subjects. The errors which occur are much the same as in previous years.They are often due to mere carelessness, but also, at times, to inaccuracy of knowledge. The confusion between electrolytic and electro-thermal (arc and resistance) processes still exists, and also confusion as to which is the anode and which the cathode in electrolytic processes. A compulsory question which appeared in many papers involved the composition of nitric oxide. It was, in general, badly answered. It is surprising how many candidates imagine that nitrogen and oxygen combine together with explosive violence when sparked in a eudiometer just as do hydrogen and oxygen. Others imagined that a few sparks completely split up nitric oxide into nitrogen and oxygen. This year Mendelejeff is given more credit than ever; one student made him responsible for-rare gases, atomic numbers, the law of octaves and atomic volumes ! It was again noticeable that the practical work of many candidates was on a much higher level than their theoretical knowledge.The practical work was generally very well done, especially in those institutions where the candidates are in works’ laboratories during the day time. It must again be emphasised that to find a wrong radical present (in qualitative analysis) is a serious error, and account of it is taken by the Examiners. At times it was a cause of wonder to the Assessors as to why certain subjects were studied by students taking the evening courses in applied chemistry. For example, it is difficult to understand why the work of Stock on the boranes should occupy their time at the expense of other subjects of more immediate application.Physical Chemistry.-As already mentioned, the scripts in physical chemistry were of a higher standard than those in inorganic chemistry. It is surprising that many candidates put down the formation of ammonia from its elements as an endo- thermic reaction. There is still confusion over such things as “solubility product” and “hydrolysis,” mere statements being given as explanations in the latter case. Practical work was well done in most cases, but the exercises set are often more suitable for an examination in Physics. IV. Organic Chemistry.-Senior. In those schools where in addition to organic chemistry the candidates are examined in various branches of technology, it was noticed not infrequently that candidates are very weak in the fundamental subjects.385 This prompts the question as to whether it is desirable, at the stage represented by the Ordinary Certificate, to divert the students’ energies into technological subjects before they have grasped the elementary principles of the main branches of pure chemistry. In many schools a compulsory question was set on the manu- facture and purification of benzene, and on the evidence in support of its cyclic structure. The impurities were given as pyridine, toluene and carbon disulphide, but thiophen was not always mentioned. Another compulsory question required a comparison of aliphatic and aromatic compounds, and asked for examples of the change from aliphatic to aromatic derivatives, and of the con- verse transformation.Although there were certainly some good answers, yet on the whole the comparison was defective largely because there was a lack of clarity about the differences between the two sub-groups of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic substances. Very few examples were given of the changes from one series to another, the polymerisation of acetylene to benzene and the dehydration of acetone to mesitylene served in the one case, whereas the catalytic oxidation of benzene to maleic anhydride was the usual example of the other change. The cracking of petroleum was cited as a case of changing from aromatic to aliphatic compounds.In answers dealing with synthetic processes among aromatic substances, there was confusion between the Wurtz-Fittig and Friedel-Crafts reactions. This led to answers in which alkyl iodides were used in the latter process. It was even stated repeatedly that the ethylation of aniline with ethyl iodide is facilitated by aluminium chloride or sodium. The methylation of aniline by methyl alcohol may be effectively catalysed under pressure by a small proportion of iodine. This variant was men- tioned by only one candidate. In view of the extensive industrial use of diphenyl it should be more generally known that this hydrocarbon is manufactured by the pyrogenic dehydrogenation of benzene at the temperature of molten lead.The nitration of aniline is in need of more elucidation. The statement is sometimes made that the reaction goes only with acetanilide, and not with the base itself. With due precautions, aniline can be nitrated in concentrated sulphuric acid when the main product is meta-nitro-aniline, although its two isomerides are also present. The reactions common to both aldehydes and ketones were sometimes confused with those peculiar to each of these two series. Inappropriate methods of preparation were sometimes indicated. Benzaldehyde was produced by calcium benzoate and formate. This is merely a mode of formation. Actually one well-known textbook gives seven preparations of benzaldehyde without mentioning this one. It was also stated that anhydrous formic acid could be prepared from methyl alcohol.This is possible, but not a good method. It is worthy of mention that in addition to the classical methods, methylamine is conveniently prepared by an interaction between aqueous formaldehyde and ammonium chloride. The process may also be varied so as to obtain di- and tri-methylamine. Advanced.-A compulsory question on catalytic hydrogena- tion brought forth many thoughtful answers on the application of nickel, palladium and platinum in such processes. Questions on the comparison between pyridine and benzene were less effectively answered. More attention should be paid to the processes of orientation, nitration and sulphonation of pyridine, as they afford interesting examples. Another compulsory question on the purine alkaloids often led to inconclusive answers.These bases were defined as alkaloids of the purine group, but only in a few cases was purine specified by its structural formula. Alkaloids as a class were sometimes defined as nitrogenous substances possessing physiological properties. In the higher grade, answers on the benzidine transformation should include a reference to the isomeric diphenyline which was not usually mentioned. Among the many methods now available for the preparation of aromatic carboxylic acids, the comparatively simple direct carboxylation of benzene under pressure in presence of aluminium chloride is noteworthy. A compulsory question on the production of triphenyl-methane dyes from aromatic bases through the several agencies of phosgene, nitrobenzene, cupric chloride and formaldehyde, was extremely well answered in the school where these reactions had been lectured on, but when this question was inserted by the Assessors into the examination papers of two other schools, the answers were less complete and rarely obtained more than half marks.It may be added at this point that the answers received in the Advanced stage frequently attain a very high standard, even when relating to highly recondite sections of organic chemistry, when these sections had been directly dealt with in the course. The candidates’ efforts on “unseens” are not always so happy. In the Senior Grade, lack of experience probably accounts for the small quantities (2or 3 ccs.) taken in titration experiments, which are not always made in duplicate.In one large school the identification of higher alcohols (n- and iso-propyl, n- and iso-butyl) was extremely well per- formed. Urethane derivatives and 3 : 5-dinitrobenzoates were prepared for characterisation. The results obtained for the Higher Certificate show a marked improvement in accuracy both in the qualitative and quantitative exercises. Some of the practical exercises indicate considerable forethought and ingenuity on the part of the Examiners. As, for example, the various volumetric estimations of formaldehyde, chlorimetric estimation of aqueous 9-phenylenediamine, and the applications of the diazo reaction to the determination of the equivalent weights of aromatic bases and amino-acids.V. Chemical Technology.-In metallurgy, answers to questions on fluxes showed closer acquaintance with the employment of these materials than with their chemical nature and function. A classification of refractory materials into acidic and basic groups was sometimes made without any chemical explanation. In a compulsory question on the blast furnace, the diagrams of this plant were not convincing and the chemical reactions occur- ring within the furnace were not fully given. A compulsory question on cotton dyeing asked how bulk samples of basic blue, sulphur blue and direct blue could be identified and applied to the fibre. The modes of application were fairly good, but the identification tests were not always relevant to the chemical differences existing between the three dyes.In producing blue on cotton, victoria blue was applied with katanol and also as a direct colour, immedial indone BBF with sodium sulphide, and caledon blue RC as a vat dye with alkaline sodium hydrosulphite, but in some cases this reducing agent was omitted and the vat dye was described as insoluble in water but forming, in aqueous alkali, a suspension or leuco-compound which dyes the fibre. There is probably some confusion with solubilised 388 vat dyes, for in other answers the use of soledon blue RC is indicated. Neolan dyes were discussed, but chromium was usually the only metallic constituent mentioned.As in previous years, there is still lack of knowledge regarding the constitution of dyes of the naphthol AS series. In some cases the chemical nature of such well known dyes as magenta, alizarin, resorcin green and congo red was wrongly stated. From several schools excellent answers were received to the questions on improving the fastness of dyed colours on the cotton fibre by various after treatments. In the subject of oils, fats and waxes, answers were received which showed that candidates had a satisfactory knowledge of the chemical nature of these substances. Practical Tests.-In all branches of chemical technology the returns made in the practical examinations were very satisfactory. In practical metallurgy variable results were obtained in the quantitative reduction of litharge to lead with wood charcoal.Better conclusions were drawn from the microscopical examina- tion of polished and etched brass. Dyed patterns were neatly presented and analyses of industrially important materials were performed with commend- able accuracy. VI. Physics and Mathematics.-Candidates from nine schools submitted physics and mathematics. The numbers of candidates were as follows:- Physics . . .. Ordinary .. 17 Higher .. 5 22 Mathematics . . OrdinaryHigher .. .. 4 I - 5 All 5 passed in mathematics; 14(i.e. 64%) passed in physics. In view of the small number of candidates (the maximum number from a single school was five) and the wide variation of performance, it is not easy to make useful general comments. It may, however, again this year be noted that Faraday’s Laws were rarely stated quite correctly, and the relation between chemical and electro-chemical equivalent was not understood.In one school the two candidates worked out correctly a calculation on Faraday’s Laws, but their accounts of what happens during electrolysis were very poor. Candidates usually knew the construction of the Daniel1 and Leclanchk cells, but seldom was an attempt made by these students of chemistry to explain the working of the cell. It may be concluded that in many cases they keep their knowledge of physics and of chemistry in separate compartments. Practical.-In marking the practical work due weight is given to accuracy.The importance of this must be insisted upon-no amount of neat description can compensate for inaccuracy. The instruction “all observations must be entered in the answer book at the time they are made and all calculations shown” should always be included in the rubric on the question paper. Several cases occurred in which actual observations were not recorded. The correct recording of an experiment is an important part of training in science. 390 Notes. Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation)Bill.-The Legal and Parliamentary Commit tee, having received communications and observations from a number of Fellows, and also from firms, having special experience in fumigation operations, found that it was generally agreed that a Bill to regulate fumigation and to protect persons from danger in connection with fumigation operations was urgently needed.The Council, on receiving a report from the Committee, considered it advisable to communicate its observations to the Home Secretary. Section I, clause I (a) of the Bill, which was introduced in “regulate the manner in which hydrogen cyanide is to be generated and require the admixture therewith of any substance.” It appears desirable to ensure that the power given to the Home Secretary to make regulations should include a reference to situation and design of fumigation plant; storage, and access to storage of fumigants; packing, labelling, and transport; and that mechanism should be provided whereby the Home Secretary could obtain advice from some Committee which might include persons experienced in fumigation operations, and in the manu- facture of hydrogen cyanide and other fumigants.Under Section I, clause I (b), relating to the persons respon- sible for fumigation, it appeared essential that the Secretary of State should be empowered to grant licences to, and withdraw licences from, persons authorised to supervise fumigation opera- tions, because it was difficult to see how regulations could be framed, specifying the evidence of training and experience required of such persons, without some form of revocable authority or licence. It should be stipulated too that no authority to undertake fumigation should be delegated to persons who are not authorised by the Secretary of State.The Council of the Institute does not suggest that any “qualification in chemistry” should be specified for those so authorised; but felt that it was desirable that the Secretary of State should be satisfied as to the character and temperament, as well as the experience and training of such persons; also that ‘‘experience and training ” should include training and ex-perience in rescue work. Section I, clause (2)of the Bill provides that regulations made under this Section (I) shall not apply to fumigation carried out “in the open air”; but the Council of the Institute felt that if such fumigation “in the open air” were entirely taken out of the scope of the Bill there would be a risk that inexperienced and unauthorised persons might fumigate articles, such as bedding, in the open air, and immediately afterwards bring them into dwelling houses without proper “clearance,” with dangerous results.It appeared, therefore, that the sub-section of clause (2) of Section I required closer definitions; and that “fumigation of rabbit warrens and fumigation carried out in the open air” should not be entirely excluded from the Bill. The Council also decided that the Home Secretary should be informed that, when the Bill becomes law, the Institute would be willing, if so desired, to offer observations with regard to the regulations to be framed in pursuance thereof. Air Raid Precautions.-It will be recalled that, in July, 1935,the Council of the Institute was asked to appoint represen ta- tives to attend a Conference held at the Air Raid Precautions Department of the Home Office, and that it was agreed that the Institute should help, as far as possible, in securing the services of personnel necessary for the detection of poisonous gases and in other ways rendering assistance.The representatives of the Institute on that occasion were Professor Jocelyn Thorpe (then President), Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Mr. Lewis Eynon, Professor Robert Robinson, and the Registrar, and there were also present representatives of other professional and scientific bodies. There was a general consensus of opinion that, in the event of war, qualified professional chemists, ordinarily engaged in industry or active practice apart from teaching, would be required for service in the production of war material and with the forces, but that those who were over military age and avail- able for part-time duties would be useful as “gas detectors,’’ attached to the constabulary.It was felt that many lecturers in technical schools and science masters in public and secondary schools would also be available as gas detectors. Chemists enrolled for this work would be given rank as inspectors or sergeants in the constabulary. Incidentally, it was mentioned that, in some cases, pharmacists would be available for this work, although a definite proportion of that profession would be reserved for service with the forces as dispensers, etc.In addition to appointing gas detectors, the Department would make arrangements with the municipal authorities for dealing with the decontamination of affected areas by Borough Surveyors, Sanitary Inspectors, Fire Brigades, etc., and the St. John Ambulance Brigade would co-operate. Since the Conference, the Air Raid Precautions Department has been informed from time to time of Fellows and Associates who had had experience or were keenly interested in the subject, and it is known that other members, in various parts of the country, have been approached by local authorities to assist in local organisation. Provision has been made for training of gas detectors and decontaminators, but, as indicated in the speech of Major-General Foulkes at the recent Reunion of members of the Special Brigade, it would appear that still more advantage might be taken of the knowledge and experience of those who served with the Brigade during the war.This suggestion had actually been communicated to the Department earlier in this year and acknowledged. It is suggested that Fellows and Associates, in their respective districts, should endeavour to attend meetings which axe held to consider the subject, in order that they may do what they can to assist the local authorities, and also to clarify the ideas which the public appears to possess of the dangers involved. The Second Edition of Air Raid Precautions Handbook No. 2, dealing with First Aid for Gas Casualties, is obtainable from H.M.Stationery Office,-4d. net. Chemical substances; war gases other than Blister Gases; Blister Gases; other poisonous substances; A.R.P. Casualties Organisation; First Aid. Appendix: Table of Gases. Air Raid Precautions Handbook No. 4, also obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office-6d. net, deals with Decontamination of Materials :-This booklet, which contains a list of the handbooks issued and projected, deals with the principles of decontamination, the 393 duties of decontamination services, the treatment of roads, buildings, vehicles, etc. ; equipment. BRIGADE,SPECIAL R.E.-The 14th Reunion Dinner of the Special Brigade was held at the Imperial Hotel, Birmingham, on 17th October, when 130 members gathered from all parts of the country and renewed acquaintances formed under less happy conditions 20 years ago.Major-General C. H. Foulkes, in the course of the only speech of the evening, expressed surprise that local authorities were not making more use of the knowledge of the services of men who had had practical experience of gas warfare to assist in gas defence schemes. The next Reunion Dinner will be held in London at the Bedford Head Hotel on 13th February, 1937. Toxic Gases in Industry.-The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers has issued the following memorandum on the detection of toxic gases in industry:-Under Regulation 7 of the Chemical Works Regulations, 1922, before any person is allowed to enter, without wearing an approved breathing appara- tus and life-belt, any vessel or place which it is thought may contain a dangerous gas or fume, it is necessary that the vessel or place be tested by a responsible person appointed by the occupier, who must certify, in writing, that it is free from dangerous gas or fume. In Factory Form 814, which deals with the cleaning of tar stills, the use of white mice is suggested for the purpose of this test.Though this method is effective in the case of carbon monoxide, experience has shown that it cannot always be relied upon for other important gases and vapours encountered in industry, and that there is a need for simple and rapid chemical or other methods for determining low concentrations of dangerous gases, such as may occur in various circumstances in chemical works.The matter was discussed by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers with the Home Office, and as a result arrangements were eventually made by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, at the request of the Home Office and with the financial and technical co-operation of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, for a series of tests to be developed by the Chemical Defence Research Department. 394 In most cases, chemical methods involving colour changes have been adopted as best suited for the purpose. Although this series of tests has been worked out mainly from the point of view of the chemical industry, the gases and vapours in question are encountered in many other industries to which the tests should also be useful.The tests will also be applicable for making the necessary regular tests on the atmos- phere of workrooms, etc. Each test has been carefully stand- ardised in the laboratory and tested under practical conditions in actual works, and has been made as simple and straightforward as possible. The complete series of tests deals with the following gases and vapours :-aniline, arsine, benzene, carbon bisulphide, carbon monoxide, chlorine, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, nitrous fumes, organic halogen compounds, phosgene, sulphur dioxide. It must be remembered that each of the above tests will only indicate the presence or absence of the specific gas, and in cases where any other gas is liable to occur, the relevant test for it must be applied before the atmosphere is adjudged as safe to breathe.Further, none of the tests will indicate the danger which exists in cases where the oxygen content of a closed chamber is dangerously deficient. Publication of the tests is being undertaken by the Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research as one of their series of pamphlets, through H.M. Stationery Office, and copies will be obtainable from the various branch offices of the latter, or through any bookseller. It is thought that these tests may be of interest to Fellows and Associates of the Institute, and the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers is endeavouring to form some idea of the probable demand for the tests from the members, who are, therefore, requested to communicate with the Association and in particular to give an indication of the number of copies of each test which they are likely to require.Such notification will not in any case be regarded as an order and is purely intended to assist the Stationery Office in assessing the probable demand. The actual publication of the tests will be announced in the technical press in due course. The cost of the pamphlets will be partly dependent upon this demand, but it is estimated that they will cost between 5s. 395 and 6s. per copy complete with one set of stains, and that spare charts of the standard stains, where required, will cost between IS. and 3s.each. The cost of No. I of the series, viz., Hydrogen Sulphide, for instance, will be 3s. 6d. for the pamphlet, plus 2s. for the chart of stains, giving 5s. 6d. in all. For full information, Fellows and Associates should apply to Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, O.B.E., M.A., F.I.C., General Manager, Assocation of British Chemical Manufacturers, 166, Piccadilly, London, W.I. Poisons.-The Home Office has published the following explantory memoranda, obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office, Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, at the prices mentioned:-Poisons No. z (Wholesalers)-for the assistance of traders (other than shopkeepers) in ascertaining the requirements of the poisons laws affecting them-especially for wholesalers, manufacturers, etc.6d. net; 7d., post free. Poisons No. 3 (Practitioners and Hospitals)-for the attention of medical men, dentists and veterinary surgeons, dealing with the control of poisons in hospitals, dispensaries, etc. 3d. net; 4d., post free. Poisons No. 4 (Agriculture and Horticulture)-for the assist- ance of persons engaged in agriculture and horticulture in ascertaining the channels through which, and the means by which, they can lawfully obtain poisons which they require. zd. net; 3d., post free. Any Fellow or Associate who may intend to participate in the Semi-centennial Celebrations of the Engineering Institute of Canada,to be held in Canada during June, 1937, is requested to inform the Registrar, and to communicate also with the General Passenger Agent, The Canadian Pacific Railway, Trafalgar Square, S.W.I.396 Obituary. THOMASELLISS CLARKE died at Moston, Manchester, on 30th July, in his 22nd year. He was educated at the North Manchester High School, passed the Northern Universities Matriculation Examination in 1930, and continued his studies at King’s College, London, graduating BSc. with Honours in Chemistry in 1935, subsequently pursuing a post-graduate course. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1935. REGINALDDEACONEDWARD died on 29th August, at Eltham, Kent, in his 56th year. Educated at Sexey’s School, Bruton, Somerset, he gained a senior County Scholarship, and studied at Finsbury Technical College from 1898 until 1901, being awarded the diploma of the College.In 1902, after a short period spent in the laboratory of A. Chctston Chapman, he was appointed assistant chemist in the laboratory of the Explosives Committee of Woolwich Arsenal, later known as the Chemical Research ,Department, (1904), and the Research Department, in 1907. In 1911, he waa in charge of the high explosives work of the department, and in 1915 aa chemist in charge of the application of high explosives, he was intimately concerned with the introduction of new compositions of various types, especially of the important series known as amatols. For his services during the War, he was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. BENJAMINJONES died while on a holiday in Switzerland, in August, at the age of 50 years.After five years at Ystalifera County School, he studied for one year at the University College of South Wales and Mon- mouthshire, Cardif€, then for four years at University College, Bangor, returning to Cardiff for another year (1912-13). He graduated B.Sc. (Wales) with Honours in Chemistry, and became chemistry master, first at Callington County School, and later at Mirfield Grammar School, until 1915, when he obtained a commkion in the Army. He served throughout the war and in 1919 was appointed chemistry master at Bude County School. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. WILLIAMRINTOIJLdied at Ardrossan, Ayrshire, on 24th August, in his 66th year.Educated at Hutcheson’s Grammar School, Glasgow, he was for six years an assistant in the laboratory of R. R. Tatlock, of Glasgow, at tho time studying at the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now the Royal- Technical College. Next, he was for two years with Wilkinson, Heywood and Clark, Ltd. at North Greenwich, under Dr. J. K. Crow, before he wtm appointed to the staff of the Royal Gunpowder Factory at Waltham Abbey in 1894, where 6 years later, he was placed in charge of the manufacture of nitro-glycerine, in which, in association with Sir Frederic Nathan and Mr. J. Milne Thomson, he effected valuable improvements, especially in relation to safety and economy of production. With Dr.-now Sir Robert -Robertson, he also devised an economic process for the recovery of acetone 397 and other volatile solvents employed in the manufacture of explosives.Having attained the position of chief chemist, he left Waltham in 1909 for the appointment of chief chemist on the staff of Nobel’s Explosives Co.,- since incorporated in Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. Subsequently, he became research manager at Ardeer, aiid in that capacity was concerned with further inventions and patents. In 1918, he was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. During the past 10 years he was mainly engaged in London w the manager of the extensive research organisation of I.C.I., Ltd. He served on the Council of the Chemical Society and, at the time of his death, wm President of the Faraday Society.He was also a member of the Safety in Mines Research Board, of the Chemistry Research Board (D.S.I.R.) of the Science Museum Advisory Council, and of the Chemical Council. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1903, served as a Member of Council from 1917-1920, 1921-22, 1925-1928, and 1932-1935, and was a Vice-president, 1922-1923. He was also for several years (honorary)Assessor for the Institute in the scheme for the award of National Certi- ficates in Chemistry (Scotland). At his funeral the Institute was represented by Dr. John Weir, Member of council. JAMES SLATERCUMMING died at Leith on 17th September, in his 46th year. He was educated at Leith Academy andat Heriot-Watt College, where he studied from 1910 to 1914, and also during part of the summer session of 1015, gaining the Diploma of the College in Applied Chemistry.In 1916 and 1917 he was engaged as a works and research chemist with Messrs. Chance and Hunt, Oldbury, Birmingham. In 1918 he obtained an appointment on the staff of the Mond Nickel Co., at Clydach, near Swansea, which, however, he was obliged to relinquish through ill-health in 1921. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. ALTONEWARTCLARENCESMITH died at Norwich, on 16thSeptember, in his 50th year. Educated at a private school at Margate and at Leys School, Cambridge, he entered Christ’s College, Cambridge, in 1906, graduated in chemistry, physics and geology in 1908, and obtained first class honours in chemistry in Part I1of the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1911, later proceeding to M.A.In 1914 he was engaged as an electro-chemist with the Efandem Co., Ltd., Wolverhampton. From the outbreak of war he was on active service until 1917, when he was invalided out with the rank of Captain. He returned to the Efandem Co., and in addition to his regular work, carried out researches on the causes of deterioration of dry batteries in stock, and the possible increase in electrical output of ceIIs. In July, 1919, he was appointed to a lectureship in University College, Southampton, where he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. 398 Books and their Contents. The following books have recently been presented by the authors or publishers.Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-ldAbsorptionfrom the Intestine. ” F. Verzh, assisted by E. J. McDougall. Pp. xii + 294. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 21s. net. General introduction; the sites of absorption; anatomy of the small intestine; methods of research on absorption; the forces of absorption; absorption of water; of alkali salts; of heavy metals; of carbohydrates; of fats; of lipoids and related substances; plant and animal pigments: of carotinoids and flavins, etc. ;of proteins; of purine bodies; of alcohol; of organic acids; of indole, skatole, etc. and bacterial toxins; absorp- tion of enzymes; of dyestuffs; of different substancm: saponin,glucosides, hormones ; of gases; of corpuscular elements.Conclusion; bibliography; index. B.D.H. Reagents for Spot’’ Tests. Fifth Edition. Pp. viii + 96. (London: British Drug Houses, Ltd.) 2s. 6d. The B.D.H. book of “spot” tests and delicate analysis, published in September, includes a description of four new reagents :-Benzylimido-di-(p-methoxy-pheny1)-methane reagent for elemental a sulphur4-Methyl-1: 2-dimercapto-benzene a reagent for tin. Quinaldinic acid a reagent for copper and zinc. 2: 4-Xylenol a reagent for nitrates. The monographs appearing in the earlier editions have been revised and amplified by references to the latest researches, and the bibliography has been considerably extended. Chemistry and Physics : A Handbook of.“ A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data.C. D. Hodgman, Editor in Chief. 21st Edition. Pp. xx + 2024. (Cleveland, Ohio : The Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.) Six dollars. Mathematical Tables; properties and physical constants ; generalchemical tables; specific gravity and properties of matter; heat; hygrometric and barometric tables ; sound; electricity and magnetism; light; quantities and units; miscellaneous ; index. City and Guilds College; Register of Students of the: 18861934. Compiled by John Walker, Assistant Registrar of the College. Pp. 572. This Register (the publication of which 399 was made possible by the Worshipful Company of Clothworkers), gives the Names, Courses and Sessions of past students arranged under the years in which they entered the College; details of their careers so far as they are known; records of developments and inventions; books and papers and special distinctions; with an alphabetical index of names.Mr. Arnold R. Tankard, FeZZow, has produced a brochure consisting of “ An Extended Survey of his List of Imports and Raw Materials,” which was drawn up for the guidance of the Hull Development Committee in 1930, in connection with a movement for the establishment of new industries in Hull. The List has been enlarged and revised, and the scheme expanded-on lines suggested by Professor F. G. Tryhorn, of the University College, Hull, in a Report to the Development Committee in February, 1936. Copies are obtainab1.e from the City of Hull Development Committee, Guildhall, 2s.6d. net. Inorganic Chemistry : A Survey of Modern Develop- ments. Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., and F. H. Burstall, of the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington (D.S.I.R.). Pp. x + 462. (Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd.) 15s. net. This treatise is a substantial amplitication of the subject-matter of three lectures, embodying a survey of modern inorganic chemistry, delivered by Professor-now Sir-Gilbert Morgan, before the Institute in May, 1933. A review of this important work will be published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI. Messrs. George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., have recently published Industrial Research Laboratories,-a list of such establish- ments, with particulars of their essential fields of work, compiled by the Association of Scientific Workers.3s. 6d. Many important Laboratories appear to have been overlooked. Messrs. Chapman and Hall, Ltd., direct attention to the following recent publications :-Chemistry of Natural Products related to Phenan- threne, by Professor L. F. Fieser. 32s. 6d. net., and Physical Aspects of Organic Chemistry, by Dr. W. A. Waters. 25s. net. 400 The Cambridge University Press announces the publication of Professor C. S. Gibson’s Essential Principles of Organic Chemistry, a text-book for those who are studying for science and medical degrees; also the forthcoming publication Relativity Theory of Protons and Electrons, by Sir A. S. Eddington, about 21s.net; An Introduction to Comparative Bio- chemistry, by Ernest Baldwin, about 15s. net; The Theory of Metals, by A. H. Wilson, about 21s. net; and Ions in Solution by R. W. Gurney, about 8s. 6d. Messrs. Leonard Hill, Ltd., announce the publication of The Manufacture of Lakes and Precipitated Pigments, by A. W. C. Harrison, 15s.net. The British Standards Institution has lately published the following:-No. 216/1936: Vulcanised Fibre (Natural Colour) for Elec- trical Purposes. No. 70511936: Determination of the Agglutinating Value of coal. The Report of the Advisory Committee on the Scientific Investigation of Crime, recently published by H.M. Stationery Office, zd. net., contains very little reference to the importance of chemistry in this connexion.The Committee appears to have confined its deliberations almost entirely to medical in-vestigations, and recommends the establishment of a National-Medico-Legal Institute, possibly to be associated with the Faculty of Medicine of the University of London. The importance of chemistry and physics in the investigation of crime has been almost overlooked, except for a casual reference to chemical and physical laboratories of the proposed Institute, “staffed on a scale commensurate with the fmctions which it should undertake.” Apart from the fact that many chemists, especially public analysts, are fully capable and experienced in toxicological analysis, the detection of blood stains and similar examinations, their services are often necessary in cases relating to the forgery of documents and of coins, in the exam- ination of dangerous drugs and in other matters alien to the training of the medical man and beyond his authority to control.401 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 16th October, 1936, 2 new Fellows were elected, 13 Associates were elected to the Fellow- ship, 70 Associates were elected, and 24 Students were admitted. The Council records with regret the deaths of 4 Fellows and 4 Associates. New Fellows. Adam, Neil Kensington, M.A., Sc.D. (Cantab.), F.R.S., 23, Oakeshott Avenue, London, N.6. Ghosh, Sudhamoy, Professor of Chemistry, School of Tropical Medicine, Central Avenue, Calcutta, India. Associates elected to the Fellowship.Aakew, Henry Oscar, M.A. (N.Z.), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., c/o Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand. Chanmugam, Walter Raju, 69, Castletown Road, London, W.14. Howard, Herbert Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 58, Hyde Vale, London, S.E.10. Jasperson, Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, Bleasdale Road, Allerton Road, Liverpool, 18. Macnair, John Aitken, 39, Monksbridge Avenue, Glasgow, W.3. McKinlay, Robert Hay, 115, Woodstock Avenue, Shawlands, Glasgow. Moses, Geoffrey, A.M.C.T., Frensham, Chester Road, Hartford, Northwich, Cheshire. Parekh, Mukundrai Maneklal, M.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), Hazur Payga Road, Bhavnagar, India. Parkes, Hubert Alfred, B.Sc. (Birm.), 58, Eastbrook Road, London, S.E.3. Robinson, Robert Anthony, M.Sc., Ph.D.(Birm.), University College, Auckland, New Zealand. Stevens, Sidney George Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 128, Upland Road, London, S.E.22. Tansley, Leonard Beaumont, M.A. (Cantab.), M.Sc. (Lond.), Little Fields, Alderley Edge, near Manchester. Subramaniam, Vira, B.A. (Madras), Ph.D. (Mmc.), Custom House, Karachi, India. New Associates. Adamson, Donald Wallace, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester, 1. Bann,Bernard, B.Sc. (Mane.), 3, Wellington Grove, Stockport. Barrett, Jack Wheeler, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Cherry Cottage, Mounts Road, Knockholt, Kent. Bmon, Lionel Fitzgerald, M.Sc. (Lond.), 27, RedclifTe Road, London, s.w.10. 402 Beckett, Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Dovecote Street, Hathern, Leics.Bridges, Clarence, The Smithy, Little Leigh, near Northwich, Cheshire. Briggs, Harold, 36, Coniston Avenue, Dalton, Huddersfield. Broadbent, Ralph, B.Sc. (Lond.), Abbey Road, Shepley, near Huddersfield. Butcher, Herbert Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 45, North View Road, London, N.8. Cameron, Albert James, B.Sc. (Aberd.), Kinkell, Inverurie, Aberdeenshire. Case, Albert Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 139, Western Avenue, London, W.3. Cavanagh, John Charles, B.Sc. (W.A.), c/o Australian Paper Manufac- turers, Ltd., Prince’s Bridge, Melbourne, Australia. Cox, Richard Gerald, B.Sc. (Cardiff), Rosemount, Llanharan, Pontyclun, Glam. Daniel, Norman Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 103, Capthorne Avenue, Rapers Lane, Harrow. Dedicoat, Herbert, 5, Saxonia Road, Walton, Liverpool, 4.Deeley, Ernest Lancelot, Prestwick Golf Clubhouse, Prestwick, Ayrshire. Dewing, Tom, M.Sc. (Lond.), “Fmnwold,” High Road, Wilmington, Dartford. Donnelly, Hugh Francis Edward, B.Sc. (Oxon.), Moorland House, South Street, St. Austell. Edwards, Miss Minnie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Newborough Avenue, Liverpool, 15. Evans, Thomas Leslie, B.A. (Cantab.), 2, Glenmore Road, London, N.W.3. Fitzpatrick, Thomas, B.Sc. (Glas.), 99, Old Mill Road, Uddingston, Glasgow.Green, Leslie Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 59, Herbert Road, London, S.E.18. GrifFiths, John Bowen, M.Sc. (Wales), Hook, Treffgarne, Haverfordweat. Grove, Walter Patrick, BSc. (Lond.), 77, Surbiton Hill Park, Surbiton. Harris, Clifford, 32, Park Road, Keynsham, near Bristol.Harris, Ronald Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 9, Briarfield Road, Sheffield. Harvey, Alfred Arthur Bernard, M.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Lennox Road, London, N.4. Harvey, Ralph John, B.Sc. (W.A.), c/o Department of Agriculture, St. George’s Terrace, Perth, W. Australia. Jadhav, Ganpatrao Vishramrao, B.A., M.Sc. (Bombay), 31, Hector Road, Longsight, Manchester, 13. Jennings, James Sowden, M.Sc. (Birm.), 16, Stafford Road, Handsworth, Birmingham, 21. Jones,Gordon Bamberton, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 22, Allendale Road, Mt. Albert, Auckland, S.W.2, New Zealand. Kassimoff, Abdul Hosein, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, Howard Walk, Hampstead Garden Suburb, London, N.2. Keane, William, 50, Belper Street, Grassendale, Liverpool, 19. Kerfoot, Jack, B.Sc.(Lond.), 104, Bank Top, Blackburn. Kerlogue, Robert Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Middle Lane, London, N.8. Kerr, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), 2, Orchard Street, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. Knight, George Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, St. Giles Road, Cavendish, Derby.Lea,Geoffrey Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Finsen Road, London, S.E.5. Leibbrandt, Frank Ernest Alban, M.A. (Cape), 14, St. John’s Road, Sea Point, Cape Town, South Africa. Lewis, William Maurice, 16, Bennett Street, Garston, Liverpool, 19. Lucas, John Waring, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Forest Road, Southport. Mills, Gordon Stansfield, 78, Stanifield Lane, Farington, Leyland, Lancs. Mills,Winton Gordon Boyce, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Meadway, Epsom. Moignard, Lionel Arthur, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Jesus College, Oxford.403 Nisbet, James Carey Goodwin, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 8, Beech Road, Woodhey, Rock Ferry. Patel, Chhotabhai Vaghajibhai, M.Sc. (Leeds), Taluka, Anand District, Kaira, Bedwa, India. Peacocke, Hubert Swinburne, A.M.C.T., 25, Daresbury Road, Chorlton- cum-Hardy, Manchester. Podmore, Henry Levison, B.Sc. (Birm.), Consall Hall, Consall, Stoke-on- Trent. Poole, Horace Robert,B.Sc. (Lond.), 11,Hardwicke Road, London, N. 13. Pyrah, Alan Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Heatham Park, Crane Court, Twickenham, Middx. Ratclif€e, John, BSc. (Lond.), 695, Tonge Moor Road, Bolton. Rimmer, John Graham, 13, Chalfont Road, Allerton, Liverpool, 18. Russell, John Milner, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Marne Avenue, London, N.ll. Sauer, John Holmes, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., c/o Mrs. Ratcliffe, 75, Stenhills Crescent, Runcorn. Scott, John Arthur Roy, M.Sc. (Otago), 29, Goldsmith Road, Napier, New Zealand. Skelton, George Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Newcomen Street, Holderness Road, Hull. Sleigh, Sydney William, Woodlands, Mancetter, Warwickshire. Sreenivasan, Arunachala, M.A. (Madras), Department of Biochemistry,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. Stocks, Miss Helen Margaret, B.Sc. (Lond.), 68, Montalt Road, Woodford Green. Tickle, William Hill Fletcher, B.Sc. (Glas.), 16, Battlefield Avenue, Glasgow, 5.2. Tomalin, Eric Frederick Joffre, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Gloucester Road, Hampton. Tonkin, James Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 70, King Street, South Bank, Middles- brough, Yorks.Topp, Norman Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Birch Tree Way, Addiscombe. Towler, Glynn Spencer, 223, Stainbeck Road, Leeds, 7. Vickers, James Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), 45, Maswell Park Crescent, Hounslow. Wark, John Jeffrey, 9, Recreation Road, Stowmarket. Watson, Edward Henry, 55, Winston Road, London, S.E.26. Watt, Miss Gertrude Annie, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 62, Crumlin Road, Belfast. Wight, Thomas Waldie, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), c/o Beveridge, 39, SothebyRoad, London, N.5. Wyatt, Leslie Mark, B.A. (Cantab.), Berry House, Waterbeach, Cambs. New Students. Bennett, Sidney Frank, 5, Dale Street, Nottingham. Brass, Harry Ritson, 89, Hambledon Road, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. Burton, Edmund Arthur, 14, Hartland Road, London, N.W.6. Carnall, Reginald Garfield Roy, 17, Long Elmes, Harrow Weald, Harrow. Gascoigne,.Albert Eric, 80, Clyde Road, London, N.15. Goodale, Brian, 31, Springhld Gardens, London, N.W.9. Haddon, Ernest, 24, Harewood Road, Allestree, Derby. Hickman, Albert Charles Thomas, 49, Rothbury Road, London, E.9. Jones, Herbert, 24, Edward Road, West Bridgford, Notts. Jones, John Meigant, c/o Lyndhurst, 33, Sprotboro' Road, Doncaster. Leytham, John Michael, 14, Alan Road, Withington, Manchester. Mackay, Norman, c/o Young, 50, St. George's Road, Glasgow, C.3. Morris-Martin, Frank Hector, 43, Cranbrook Road, London, W.4. 404 Murray, Edward Duncan, Hawley House, Whitchurch, Hats. Payne, Stephen Henry Thomas, 5, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, 9. Pennie, Archie Munro, 28, North Street, Elgin, Morayshire.Ritchie, David, 14, Lauriston Gardens, Edinburgh. Rogerson, Edward Arthur, 699, Beaufort Street, Mt. Lawley, W. Australia. Rowe, John,Rosebank, Annick Road, Irvine, Ayrshire.Soper, Henry Robert, 17, Mulgrave Street, The Hoe, Plymouth.Southwood, John, 156, Derby Road, Widnes. West, Kenneth William, 16, Lansdowne Road, London, S.W.8. Woodford, Geoffrey Charles, 14, Caenwood Road, Ashtead, Surrey. Yeoman, John, 7, Neville Road, Wallasey. DEATHS. Fellows. Edgar Reginald Deacon, O.B.E. Francis Grimshaw Martin, B.Sc. (Birm.). Gustaf Adolf Otto Schack-Sommer, Ph.D. (Heidelberg). William Rintoul, O.B.E. Associates. Thomrts Elliss Clarke, B.Sc. (Lond.). Benjamin Jones, B.Sc. (Lond. and Wales). James Cumming Slater.Alton Ewart Clarence Smith, M.A. (Cantab.). CHANGE OF NAME. Abdul Hosein Kassimoff, Associate, to Anthony Harmsworth Kaye. 405 Coming Events. 1936 November OF THE PLASTICS “Moulding Practice and INSTITUTE INDUSTRY: Costing Systems.” Mr. B. W. Steel, at the College of Technology Manchester. SOCIETY (London Section) :Joint Meeting OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY with the Institution of Petroleum Technologists. “The Manu- facture of Chemical Products derived from the Petroleum Industry.” Dr. A. E. Dunstan, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. THECHEMICALCLUB: Annual General Meeting, 8 p.m. HULLCHEMICALAND ENQINEERINU “The Safeguarding SOCIETY: of Machinery, with special reference to Machine Tools.” Mr.A. B. Crawford, at the Hull Photographic Society’s Room, Grey Street, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. MANCHESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL : “Soils.”SOCIETY Mrs. M. C. Wright, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERS AND COLOURISTS: Discussion on “Dyeing Fastness.” Opened by Mr. S. Shardt, at the College of Tech-nology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. OF PUBLIC CHEMISTS:SOCIETY ANALYSTSAND OTHERANALYTICAL Ordinary Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. THECHEMICALSOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, Dr. Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, at The London School of Hygieneand Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, London, W.C.l., at 8 p.m. SOCIETY (Bristol Section) :“High Pressure OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Technique.” Mr.R. Taylor, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : Annual Dinner and Dance. “Manchester Limited.” OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERSTHE INSTITUTION : Extra General Meeting. Thomas Hawksley Lecture : “The Spectroscope and the Atom.” Professor Alfred Fowler, C.B.E., F.R.S., at Storey’s Gate, St. James’s Park, London, S.W.1. SOCIETY (Glasgow Section) :Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY of the Chemical Engineering Group and the Glasgow Section. “Acid-Resisting Industrial Filters.” Dr.Felix Singer and Mr. W. E. Spiers, at Glasgow. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): “Cacao Shell and its Use as an Accessory Fodder”: Mr. A. W. Knapp and Mr. A. Churchman; “Brewery By-products and Their Utilisation” : Professor R. H. Hopkins; “Utilisation of By-Products in the Meat Packing Industry”: Mr. Osman Jones, at University Buildings, Edxnund Street, Birmingham, at 6.45 p.m. 406 1936 November INSTITUTE10 ROYAL S~ARY : Benjamin Ward Richardson Lecture. “The Supervision of the Nation’s Food Supply.” Lt.-Col. Gerald Leighton, at 90, Buckingham Palace Road, S.W.l, at 5.30 p.m. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain : “Industrial Toxicology of To-day”: Dr. Donald Hunter, at 17, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.l. 12 INSTITUTE INDUSTRY:OF THE PLASTICS “Non-Metallic Bearings from moulded and laminated Plastics.” Mr.G. R. Eyssen, at British Industries House Club, London. 13 SOCIETY Joint Meeting of the Chemical OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: Engineering Group and the London Section. Jubilee Memorial Lecture: “Refractories.” Dr. J. W. Mellor, F.R.S., at London. OIL AND COLouR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : “Shellac.” A. F. Suter, in Reynolds Hall, Manchester College of Technology, Sackville Street, Manchester. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) : “Observations on the Use of Pigments and Dyes in Paper Manufacture.” Major J. Edington Aitken, at St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow. THECHEMICALSOCIETY(Nottingham Section) :Joint Meeting with the Nottingham University College Physical and Chemical Society: “Resonance in Organic Chemistry.” Professor N.V. Sidgwick, C.B.E., F.R.S., in the Chemistry Theatre of the University College, University Park, Nottingham, at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETY (London Section) :Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY with the Chemical Engineering Group and the Plastics Group. Jubilee Memorial Lecture : “Refractory Materials.” Dr. J. W. Mellor, F.R.S. and Mr. A. T. Green, at the Institution of Civil Engineers, at 6 p.m. 16 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Leeds Area Section): Annual General Meeting: “The Selective Fermentation of Sugars by Yeast.” Professor R. H. Hopkins. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION (Manchester Section) : “Some Applications of the Microscope to Rubber Technique.” Dr.D. Parkinson and Mr. J. S. Tidmus, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 17 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Huddersfield Section) : “Modern Bio- chemical Problems.” Dr. M. W. Goldblatt. HULL CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY:“The Oil Engine and its relation to Modern Life.” Mr. W. S. Burn,in the Lecture Room (Room 57), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. AND PmosoPHIcAt SOCIETYMANCHESTERLITERARY : “Cotton Forms.” Miss Barbara Colson, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 18 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section):Annual General Meeting. INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLEUM (Manchester Section) : “Interesting Applications of Petroleum.” Mr.C. Chilvers, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 407 November 18 OFINSTITUTIONCHEMICAL ENGINEERS:“Chemical Engineering Problems in the Leather Industry.” Dr. C. H. Spiers, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. INSTITUTE (Bristol and South-Western Counties CHEMISTRY Fluorescence Analysis as an aid to the Chemist.” 0: Dr. J. Grant, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (East Midlands Section) : “Chemistryand Railways.” Dr. P. Lewis-Dale, at Derby, at the Technical College, 7.30 p.m. Informal Dinner, St. James’ Restaurant, 6.45 p.m. SOCIETY SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, OF DYERSAND COLOUR-ISTS,AND MANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETY:AND PHILOSOPHICAL “The Power of Money.” Dr.W. H. Coates, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Edinburgh Section) : “Fused Silica and Silica Ware.” Dr. Burrows Moore, at the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Manchester Section), jointly with other Societies: “The Power of Money.” Dr. W. H. Coates, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OF MINING AND METALLURGY,INSTITUTION at the Rooms of The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 5.30 p.m. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Discussion on “Mesomerism in Organic Chemistry,” to be opened by Professor C.K. Ingold, F.R.S., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Newcastle and Durham Section): “The Chemistry of Nutrition.” Professor J. C. Drummond, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne, at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) :OF CHEMISTRY Joint Meeting wit!‘the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry : The Use of X-rays in the IdentXcation and Estimation of Mixtures of Aliphatic Compounds.” Dr. S. H. Piper (Bristol University), to be held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Liverpool University, at 6 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:South Wales (Swansea) Section :Annual General Meeting. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Streatfeild Memorial Lecture: “A Chapter on the Chemistry of Essential Oils.” Professor John Read, F.R.S., at 30,Russell Square,London, W.C.l., at 8 p.m.SOCIETY OF DYERS AND COLOURISTS(Manchester Section) : Symposium: “Should Fastness be Guaranteed.” At the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. Section): 408 1936 November 20 INSTITUTE INDUSTRY:OF THE PLASTICS “Testing of Finished Mouldings.” Dr. Ing. Arthur P. Sommerfeld, at the Grand Hotel, Birmingham. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) : Second Annual Dinner and Dance. At the St. Enoch Hotel, Glrtsgow. INSTITUTEFUEL:“Household Coke and its Production.” OF H. Cerckel, at University College, Shakespeare Street, Notting- ham, at 7.30 p.m.24 THECHEMICALSOCIETY(Manchester Section) :Joint Meeting with the Manchester Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Manchester University Chemical Society: “ Chemical Detection of Artificially Produced Elements.” Professor F. Paneth, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 25 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Yorkshire Section) : Dinner Dance. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Irish Free State Section): Annual General Meeting. At Trinity College, Dublin. LEICESTERLITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemistry Section): “Antimony in Chemistry and Medicine.” Dr. G. M. Dyson, Presidential Address, at the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. 26 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Leeds Section) : “The Biological Break- down of Carbohydrates.” Dr.H. A. Krebs, in the Lecture Theatre of the new Chemistry Building of the University of Leeds, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (South Wales, Cardiff Section) : South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, Meeting : Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E. OF27 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section) : “The Institute.” Dr. A. E. Everest, a Vice-president of the Institute, at the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, at 7.30 p.m. AND PHILOSOPHICALMANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETY(Chemical Section): “Motor Lubrication and Lubricants.” Mr. J. E. Haslam, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 28 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and DiStrict Section): Annual Dinner, at the Grand Central Hotel, Belfast.December RESEARCH ASSOCIATION 1 BRITISH LAUNDERERS’ : Opening of Extensions to Laboratories of the British Launderers’ Research Association. Luncheon at. the Brent Bridge Hotel, Hendon, at 12.45 for 1 p.m. Formal opening by Sir William Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., F.R.S., at 3 p.m. 409 1936 December 1 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING : “Cellulose Esters, SOCIETY with particular reference to Cellulose Acetate.” Dr. Ing. H. P. Staudinger, at the Hull Photographic Society’s Room, Grey Street, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. MANCECESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY:“Folk Museums for the British Isles.” Mr. I. C. Peate, at 36, GeorgeStreet, Manchester, at 5.30 p.m. 2 SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOVRISTS(Nottingham Section): Film and Lecture on “Slubbing.” Mr.E. Aisles, at UniversityCollege, Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, at 7.30 p.m. OF PUBLIC CHEMISTS:SOCIETY ANALYSTSAND OTHERANALYTICAL Ordinary Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 3 SOCIETY (Bristol Section): Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY of the Chemical Engineering Group and the Bristol Section: “Electro-Osmosis.” Dr. R. Hoffmann, at Bristol. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Manchester Section) : Annual Dinner and Dance. Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw, in the Chair, at “The Manchester, Ltd.” 4 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Sheffield Section) : “Molecular Structure of Strychnine.” Professor R.Robinson, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Sheffield, at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF : South Wales (Swansea) Section : “Defence against Gas for the Civil Population.” Mr. J. David-son Pratt, O.B.E. RAMSAYCHEMICALDINNER: Central Hotel, Glasgow ; Professor G. G. Henderson, F.R.S., in the Chair. SOCIETY (Manchester Section) : “RecentOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Advances in Water Softening and Boiler Feed Water Condition- ing.” Mr. P. Hamer, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 7 SOCIETY (London Section): Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY with the Food Group :“Modern Developments in Insecticides.” Dr. F. Tattersfield and Dr. J. T. Martin, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m.INSTITUTE INDUSTRYOF THE PLASTICS : “Moulding, Engineering Equipment.” Mr. W. Owen Griffiths, at the College of Tech- nology, Manchester. OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRYSOCIETY (Yorkshire Section) and the HULL CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY:York Meeting: “A Viscometer for Thixotropic Liquids.” A. A. Clark and H. J. Hodsman, M.B.E. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section):Visit to the Laboratories of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., Ltd. 410 1936 December 9 INSTITUTEOF Cmmsmy (Irish Free State Section): “Natural Organic Halogen Compounds.” Professor T. J. Nolan, at University College, Dublin. INSTITUTE OF THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY: ‘‘What are the present limiting factors in the expansion of the Plastics Industry?” Mr.Rex Jones; followed by Mr. W. C. Waghorne: A Moulder’s Comments; Mr. J. J. Collings: A Mould Maker’s Comments; Mr. F. Heywood: A Material Manufacturer’s Comments. At British Industries House Club, London. 10 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS:“The Relation of Works Chemist to Staff and Workers.” Mr. A. W. Knapp, at the Technical College, Derby, at 7.30 p.m. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (East Midlands Section): “Heavy Hydrogen and its use in Chemistry.” Professor M. Polanyi,at Nottingham, at 7.30 p.m. Informal Dinner at 6.45 p.m. THECHEMICALSOCIETY:Sixth Liversidge Lecture entitled “Study of Transmutation in the Chemical Laboratory.” Professor F. Paneth, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, S.W.l, at 5.30 p.m.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Huddersfield Section) :“The Chemistry of a Plant Virus.” Dr. J.C. Grainger. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North-Western Section) : Social Evening, with entertainment organised by Messrs. J. Hanley and H. Jasperson. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (South Wales, Cardiff Section): “The Decomposition of Solids.” Professor W. E. Garner, in the Chemistry and Physics Lecture Theatre, University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7.0 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (London Section) : “Some Recent Work in Terpene Chemistry.” Professor J. L., Simonsen, F.R.S., at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1. INSTITUTEOF THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY: “Hot Water Heating of Platens and Moulds.” Dr.Ing. Kruger, at the James Watt Memorial Institute, Birmingham. 11 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Manchester Section) :ASSOCIATION “Why do we use Synthetic Resin?” Dr. E. Fonrobert, at Reynolds Hall, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (Scottish Section) : “Some Applications of Glyptal Resins.” Mr. F. J. Siddle, at the St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Edinburgh Section): Joint Meeting with Scottish Section of the Institute of Brewing, a Paper on a Biochemical Subject. Mr. H. Lloyd Hind. HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERINU :Presidential Address :SOCIETY “Tinplate.” Mr. A. T. Wakelin. 411 1936 December 15 MANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETYAND PHILOSOPHICAL : “X-Ray Analysis of Aluminium Alloys.” Dr.A. J. Bradley, at 36, GeorgeStreet, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 16 THEINSTITUTION : Chemical Engineering OF CHEMICALENGINEERS in the Pulp and Paper Industries, with Special Reference to Esparto Mills. Dr. Julius Grant, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l., at 6 p.m. LEICESTERLITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY(ChemistrySection): Students’ Evening, at the College of Technology,Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. 16 INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLEUM (Manchester Section) : “High Performance Fuels.” Mr. H. C. Tett, at the Constitu- tional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 17 THECHEMICALSOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting. At Burling-ton House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTIONOF MINING AND METALLURGY:At the Rooms of the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 5.30 p.m. 18 CHEMICAL SOCIETYAND SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: “Electrochemical Combustion of Fuel.” Dr. H. J.T. Ellingham, at University College, Nottingham (Shakespeare Street), at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section) :Joint Meeting with Society of Chemical Industry: Address by Dr. J. T. Dunn. AND PHILOSOPHICAL CHEMICALMANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETY, and SOCIETY SOCIETY OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS:Joint Meeting. 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL21 INSTITUTION AND SOCIETY INDUSTRY(Manchester Sections) : “Dental Plastics.” Mr. R. N. Johnson, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m.1937 January 4 INSTITUTE INDUSTRY:OF THE PLASTICS “Flow Testing Methods for Synthetic Resin Moulding Materials.” Mr. C. Wainwright,at the College of Technology, Manchester. SOCIETY (London Section) : Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY with the Chemical Engineering Group. “The Zinc Industry.” Mr. S. Robson, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 5 HTJLL CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY: “Colours and Measurement of Colours.” Mr. John A. Stokes, at the Lecture Room (Room 57), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. OF THE PLASTICS “P1astics.” Mr. A. R. 8 INSTITUTE INDUSTRY: Dunton, at Manchester. 412 1937 January 8 THECHEMICALSOCIETY(Manchester Section): Joint Meeting with the Manchester Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists. “Reaction of Diazo-sulphonates derived from -Napthol-Z-sulphonic Acid.” Professor F.M. Rowe, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) : “Problems connected with the Modern Developments in Printing Inks.” H. A. Idle, at the St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(South Wales, CardB Section) :Scientific Conversazione at the Assembly Hall of the Technical College, Cardiff, 4.0 to 10 p.m. LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemical Section) : Soiree, at 36, George Street, Manchester. 11 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section): Joint Meeting with Institute of Metals.“Ship-yard Metals.” M. A. W. Brown. INSTITUTE INDUSTRY:OF THE PLASTICS “The Importance of the Plastics Industry to the Nation”:-(i) Brief synopsis of its raw materials and fields of manufacture; (ii) Its raw materials position in time of National Emergency; (iii) Some possible uses for its products in time of National Emergency; at British Industries House Club, London. 14 INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North- Western Section) :OF CHEMISTRY “Cupellation and the Detection of Platinum Metals in Bullion.” Prof. C. 0.Bannister (Liverpool University). INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Manchester Section) : “ScientificOF Identifications in Criminology.” Dr.Ainsworth Mitchell, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. JOINTMEETINGOF THE SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND THE OFINSTITUTEFUEL:“Applications of Practical Thermo-dynamics.” Dr. J. s. Clarke, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (London Section) :JointASSOCIATION Meeting with The Incorporated Institute of British Decorators. “Defects in Painting.” At 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l. 15 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : “Zinc Oxide.” Mr. L. McNaughton, at Reynolds Hall, at 7 p.m. OF THE PLASTICS “Everyday Problems in INSTITUTE INDUSTRY: the Moulding Shop.” Mr. C. H. Cooper: (a)Urea Powders; Mr. N. W. Sabin: (b)Phenol Powders.At James Watt Memorial Institute, Birmingham. 18 INSTITUTION (Manchester Section) :OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY “An Informal Discourse on the Life of Rubber Goods.” Mr. Herbert Rogers, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 413 1937 January 18 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section): “Properties of Dyestuffs in Relation to Fastness to Light and to Potting.” Dr. L. L. Lloyd, at Bradford Technical College. 19 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section) : “Ancient Remedies and Cures for Farm Animals.” Mr. W. Kerr, at the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Huddersfield Section) : “ModernOF Advances in the Technology of Explosives Manufacture.” Mr. W.R. Moore. MANCHESTERLITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL : “ShortSOCIETY Communications,” by members, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. HULL CECEMICAL AND ENGINEERING : “Modern Aero- SOCIETY dynamic Apparatus.” Dr. W. J. Duncan, at the Lecture Room (Room 57), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. 20 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Lecture by Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell. OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRYSOCIETY : “Modern Detergents.” Prof. T. P. Hilditch, at Technical College, Derby, at 7.30 p.m. Informal Dinner, St. James’ Restaurant, 6.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS: At the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLZUM (Manchester Section) : “Kerosene : Its Glorious Past and Future Prospects.” Mr.J. Kewley, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTION :OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS“SuperphosphateManufacture.” Mr. Walter G. T. Packard, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. THEINSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section):“Some Recent Advances in the Scientific Examination of Documents.” Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C., at 8 p.m. 21 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): “Butter Fat.” Mr. E. B. Anderson, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTION at the Rooms of the OF MINING AND METALLURGY, Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 5.30 p.m.THECHEMICAL SOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting. At Burling- ton House, Piccadilly, London, W.ly at 8 p.m. 414 1937 January 21 THECHEMICALSOCIETY(North Wales) : “The Quantitative Study of some Gas Reactions.” Professor M. W. Travers, F.R.S., to be held jointly with the University College Chemical Society in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of University College, Bangor, at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Edinburgh Section) : “The Renaissance of Analysis.” Dr. A. D. Mitchell, at the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edmburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 22 MANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETY(ChemicalAND PHILOSOPHICAL Section): “Recent Progress in Rayon Manufacture.” Mr.R. Owen-Jones, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 27 LEICESTERLITERARY SOCIETY(ChemistryAND PHILOSOPHICAL Section): “Some Developments in the Tanning Industry.” L. B. Priestley, at the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. OF28 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section) :Joint Meeting with Society of Chemical Industry. “Colloids.” Prof. H. L. Riley, at Armstrong College, Newcastle- upon Tyne. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Leeds Section) : “Silicates.” Prof. W. L. Bragg, O.B.E., F.R.S., in the Lecture Theatre of the new Chemistry Building of the University of Leeds, at 7 p.m. 29 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Liverpool Section) : “SesquiterpeneKetones, their Structure and Synthesis.” Prof.J. L. Simonsen, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University, Liverpool, at 6 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Recent Progress in Inorganic Chemistry.” Dr. Wm. Wardlaw, at Swansea. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of ScotlandOF Section): “Scientific Control in Papermaking.” Mr. Stephen R. H. Edge, in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, at 5.15 p.m. Juls 2-1 1 ACHEMAVIII : Chemical Engineering Exhibition, Frankfort -on-the-Main. 415 General Notices. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture .-Dr. Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President of the Institute, will give the Eighth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, London, W.C.1, on Thursday, 5th November, at 8 p.m.Subject:-“An Experiment in Co-operative Research in the Cotton and Other Textile Industries.” Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Professor John Read, F.R.S., will give the Nineteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, IV.C.1, on Friday, 20th November, at 8 p.m. Subject:-“A Chapter in the Chemistry of Essential Oils.” The Council regrets to report that Professor Eric K. Rideal has been obliged to undergo an operation, and will therefore be unable to give the lecture on “Recent Work on Films,” which he had undertaken to give before the Institute in December] but hopes that he may be able to give the first of two lectures on that subject in March or April, 1937, Examinations.-The arrangements for Fellowship and Associateship Examinations in 1937 will be as follows:- FORTHE FELLOWSHIP.Last Date for Entries. Period of Examinatiout.* Monday, 8th February, 1937. 12th to 17th April, 1937. (The list for Branch G and special subjects will close on 11th January, 1937.) Monday, 5th July, 1937. 13th to 18th September, 1937. (The list for Branch G and special subjects will close on 7th June, 1937.) FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Last Date for Entries. Period of Examination.* 9th November] 1936. 4th to 9th January, 1937. 8th February, 1937. 5th to 10th April, 1937. 5th July, 1937. 13th to 18th September, 1937. * When the number of Candidates renders it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week.Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. 416 Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of Council, to take office from 1st March, 1937, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 14th December, 1936. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I),the Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March, 1921,and amended on 1st March, 1923 and on 1st March, 1935:-Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham,Leicester, Lincoln, Rutland and Northampton.Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington ; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Hunting- don, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands.Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast, including the Counties of Northumberland and Durham. Yorkshire. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh. Aberdeen and North of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Inverness, Kincardine, and Angus ( Forfar). Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries.Wales (excluding the County of Flint, see iii). The County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad. 417 The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council. 11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a)may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XIV should be received not later than 31st August. 111.(1) On or before the Hth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xiv) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate. (b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held.IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting list shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list of any member who on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed.418 (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the Friday next of the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose. (4)The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section, in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xiv), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow.The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. Dr. Vanstone, who has completed the period of three years’ service on the Council, will retire in accordance with By-Law 23. Birmingham and Midlands : William Alexander Skeen Calder. Bristol and South-Western Counties :Ernest Vanstone. D.Sc. Liverpool and North-West Coast : Albert Edward Findley,M.Eng., B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties : John Ralph Nichols, B.Sc. Manchester and District : Cecil John Turrell Cronshaw, B.Sc. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast : Percy Lucock Robinson, D.Sc. Yorkshire : Harold Burton, D.Sc., Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Adam Tait. Aberdeen and North of Scotland : Alexander Findlay, D.Sc.Glasgow and West of Scotland : Forsyth James Wilson, Ph.D., D.Sc. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Ernest Albert Tyler, M.A. Northern Ireland : William Honneyman, B.Sc., Ph.D. Irish Free State: James Bell, M.A., M.D., Sc.D. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : James Irvine Orme Masson, M.B.E., D.Sc. 419 The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem- ber prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person.The next award will be decided in January, 1937. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1936, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated. Corres-pondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. The administrators will meet towards the close of the year. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize forRegistered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1937, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.420 Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject.Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1936, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award.The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Coiincil. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to urge all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their 421 training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who axe without employ- ment, are required to pay 6s.6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations.The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.‘‘Pbtostat ” co$ies of Publications.-Arrangements exist for the “Photostat ” reproduction of material contained in the Library of the Chemical Society. Particulars were published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111, 1936. 422 The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute, In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library.All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots ' Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, current subscriptions expired on 1st March. All who wish to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe de novo, should obtain application forms from the Registrar of the Institute. Members who do not immediately renew their subscriptions to the Library should return to the most convenient branch Library any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their membership tokens.Lewis 's Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and Technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS.zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s.8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides, mainly of historical interest, is kept at the Institute for the use 423 of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.The Profession of Chemistry’ ’ (Third Edition, 1g35), will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar. The Annual Chemical Dinner will be held in the Wharncliffe Rooms, Gieat Central Hotel, Marylebone, London, N.W.1, on Thursday, 19th November, 1936, at 7 p.m. for 7.30. Professor A. G. Green, MSc., F.R.S., will be in the chair, and the chief guest will be Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Dancing will follow dinner from about 9.30 p.m. until mid- night. Applications for tickets, with appropriate remittance, should be addressed to F. A. Greene, The Chemical Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.1, not later than 14th November. Tickets:-12s.6d. each, for lady or gentleman-including gratuities, but not wines. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in rgzo as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT OF CHEMISTRY,FUND,INSTITUTE 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE SeCtWnS. Hon. Secr&rk. Aberdeen and North of R. Craven, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., 2, Scotland: Richmondhill Gardens, Aberdeen. Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C., 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Bristol and South-Western F. P. Hornby, F.I.C., 4, Queen Square,Counties: Bristol, 1. Cape of Good Hope: Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town.East Midlands : C. W. North, B.Sc., A.I.C., Bourne End, Cherry Tree Hill, Chaddesden, Derby. Edinburgh and East of G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Scotland: Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12. Glasgow and West of Mr. J. G. Duncan, F.I.C., 10, Barrland Drive, Scotland: Giffnock, Glasgow. Huddersfield: Dr. E. H. Goodyear, A.I.C., Holme Royd, Kennedy Avenue, Fixby, Huddersfield. India : Dr. Edmondson Spencer, F.I.C., Messrs. Bird & Co., Research Dept., Clive Street, Calcutta, India. Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Belgrave Road, Dublin. Leeds Area: Dr. H. Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Lee&.Liverpool and North- Glynne W. Beaumont, F.I.C., The Harbour- western : master’s Old House, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern R. F. Innes, F.I.C., British Leather Manu- Counties: facturers’ Research Association, 20, St. Thomas Street, London, S.E.l. Malaya : Dr. T. A. Buckley, F.I.C., AgriculturalDepartment, Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S. Manchester and District : Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle upon Tyne and Dr. W. E. Scott, M.Sc., A.I.C., Rossie House, North-East Coast : Canning Street, Hebburn-on-Tyne. New Zealand: Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C. 1, New Zealand. South Wales- Cardiff : Dr. W. Cule Davies, A.I.C., University College, Cardiff. Swansea: R.H. Jones, F.I.C., Glen View, Cae Bryn Avenue, Sketty Green, Swansea. South Yorkshire : Wm. Wall, B.Sc., A.I.C., Bramcote, Harstoft Avenue, Worksop, Notts. ~~ ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNALAND PRocEED1Nas.-The terms for advertisements in the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. No Commission is allowed to Agents.The circulation is over 7600-chiefly to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution Libraries. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally; also to publishers of scientific books and to booksellers.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9366000333

出版商:RSC    

年代:1936

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART VI: 1936. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secrelary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.1.LONDON, December, 1936, Publications Committee, 1936-37. LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), ROBERT H. PICKARD (President), JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHARD, W. M. CUMMING, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, ALEXANDER FINDLAY , A. E. FINDLEY, H. H. HODGSON, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, D.JORDAN-LLOYD, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. F.E. RHEAD, ADAM TAIT, E. A. TYLER, ERNEST VANSTONE.427 The President has had the honour to acknowledge the receipt of a message from the Keeper of His Majesty’s Privy Purse intimating that His Majesty has been graciously pleased to accord to the Institute the continued Patronage of the Crown. The President, in reply, has asked that the Keeper of the Privy Purse will be so good as to convey to His Majesty an expression of the loyal and humble duty of the Fellows and Associates of the Institute, and their most grateful thanks for this mark of His Majesty’s favour, humbly praying that His Majesty may long reign over a happy and united Empire. Editorial. Arbitrations.-Disputes concerning commercial transac-tions are often decided by the parties concerned mutually agreeing between themselves to accept the decision of some impartial arbitrator. The London Court of Arbitration, established by the City of London, in conjunction with the Chamber of Commerce, settles disputes by the appointment of one or two arbitrators, or two arbitrators with an umpire, at the option of the parties.The disputants may conduct their own cases or be legally represented, or the personal attendance of all parties may be dispensed with, if they prefer to state the case jointly, or each to state their cases separately, agreeing to accept the decision of the arbitrator, arbitrators, or umpire. The proceedings are private, and awards can be enforced in the same manner as the judgment of a Court of Law. Professional bodies, including the Institute, are also occasionally asked to nominate arbitrators to determine matters in dispute, and to arrange terms for settlement.In cases in which the decision of a matter may be settled by a professional chemist or other scientific consultant, the arbitrator selected should be one whose special knowledge, experience, standing and judgment 428 entitles him to be accepted as an authority to act in any parti- cular instance. Supposing a chemist possessing patent rights, in respect of which he has been entitled to receive royalties from his employers over a period of years, decides to seek another appointment, or his appointment is to be determined on his employers amal- gamating with others,-in such a case, in the event of the parties not agreeing to the compensation which the chemist should receive on relinquishing his rights, an accountant may be a competent arbitrator; on the other hand, he may find some scientific guidance necessary to assist him in deciding the matter.Again, business dealings may be, and often are, based on analyses of samples, as of coal, ores, or fertilisers, about which there may be occasional disputes and subsequent need for arbitration. In such cases, the judgment of a chemist as arbitrator may be requested, as also on the value of a new process, or a new product, or on questions relating to goods damaged by fire, fumes, or water. The parties are not necessarily out of patience with one another: they desire an amicable settlement of a question beyond their powers to determine themselves and, particularly, both are anxious to avoid incurring the expense and incon- venience of litigation.On this they are in complete agreement. The difficulty sometimes arises when they find that the arbitrator requires to be adequately recompensed for his time and services. These ruminations are prompted by the fact that,-although scarcely anybody would contemplate disputing the fees charged for the professional services of his solicitor or his medical consultant ,-the professional chemist, whose preparation for his profession is no less arduous, occasionally encounters objections, even from solicitors themselves, when he looks for the settlement of his account. As in the case of many scientific problems, until the question is solved it may seem difficult and troublesome; but when it has been determined it appears in a different light: “It is easy when you know how!” Requests for the nomination of arbitrators are usually received through a firm of solicitors who, in the interests of their clients, endeavour to ascertain the amount of the pro- fessional fees which are likely to be incurred.This is a matter for the arbitrator himself, who is entitled to decide his own terms for his services, depending on the extent of the investiga- tion that may be necessary, on the time that he may be required 429 to devote to the hearing, and having due regard to the responsi- bility devolving upon him. It is very necessary, therefore, that he should be ready at the outset to state definitely the terms on which he is prepared to act; and he should state his terms, not as a tender against possible competition, but on his own valuation of his time and services.It is sometimes very difficult to compute the expense of an investigation, but the consultant should so far as possible ensure an understanding at the outset of the negotiations. Metric Reform.-Mr. Barton’s article on “Metric Reform ” has encouraged a few members to forward their criticisms, which may be found useful in clearing the way for further thought on the subject. An Associate expresses the view that the reform is long overdue, and the hope that the Decimal Association will receive the support of chemists in an effort to bring about a reform in coinage as well as in weights and measures.A Fellow, with special experience in management questions, says that many companies by keeping all their accounts in either shillings or pence, except in documents produced to the public,- such as invoices and balance sheets-are able to save, in account- ing costs, as much as 20 per cent. A number of companies use weighing machines with double scales,-one recording tons, cwts., etc., the other plain pounds; thus, in receiving goods, the tons, cwts., etc., are checked according to the advice note, and entered in all records in pounds, all internal weighing machines being on the simple pound basis. Manufacturers are being persuaded to provide goods made up in packets of 10’s and IOO’S, and others now keep all records of length in yards and decimals of a yard. The Works Manager of a company with Continental con-nections says that his company purchases all raw materials in imperial measure; these weights are converted to metric for internal use, and the various raw materials are costed accordingly.Workmen are trained to work in both metric and the imperial system. Finished products are recorded in metric weight, and all works costs reckoned on this basis. Finished products are transferred to stores where they are converted to imperial weights. Stocks are thus kept in both systems. “This 430 unnecessary and rather complicated work,” he says, “would not be required if metric reform were seriously considered.” Another Associate says that chemists could pave the way to metric reform by using kilos and litres when carrying out operations on the works scale.Manufacturers of chemical plant could graduate many of their instruments, e.g. pressure gauges, on a metric basis, which would in turn give a lead to the engineer. He suggests that a complete change to the metric system would increase both national and industrial expenditure, and that there are as many disadvantages as advantages. He foresees that the small shopkeeper would not readily adopt a new system: he would object to altering his weights and measures. One correspondent ,-a Fellow,-suggests that the article is made up of a number of loose statements, on which are based a number of loose arguments. He challenges the statement that “our rejection of metric reform” is a danger “now threatening British commerce abroad and industrial efficiency at home.” Continuing, he says, “there is lying by me a specimen of the specification which a Yorkshire firm attaches to each package of its goods shipped to South America.It is in Spanish, and the measurements applying to the contents of the package are in terms of the metre and the kilogram. This firm sells its productions at home in terms of the yard and the pound. Would it be more efficient if they talked only in metres and kilograms? Knowing something about them I can say that their efficiency does not depend upon the units in which they measure their productions.I have the catalogue of another firm which has connections abroad. Here its productions are quoted in terms of our system and the metric system. It is a fair presumption that other firms who have foreign business do the same. Their selling power abroad does not depend upon the weights and measures which they use at home. Surely the man who can use two systems is more efficient than he who can only use one. Now imagine a firm doing an entire inland trade, say a miller, who, we will suppose, sells his flour nicely done up in stone packages for the benefit of those who bake at home. He will have an automatic machine for doing this. Will it make him more efficient if the machine wraps up packages of 5 or 10kilos? Or, will he sell any more? If he weighs his flour by hand, will the man who does it be more efficient if the weights happen to be kilograms instead of pounds? Should we succeed in 431 keeping the doctor away any longer, if, instead of buying our apples in terms of the pound, they were weighed against a kilogram weight? Will the dressmaker make a smarter dress because she uses a tape-measure divided in centimetres instead of inches? There is the insinuation that the civil engineer is bothered by ‘laborious divisions,’ but if the conversion numbers quoted represent the worst of the arithmetic he meets, he must have an easy job.By the way, the number quoted, 36,656, cannot be connected with the cubic foot, for it does not contain the factor 3.The number contains two factors, 79 and 29, which are primes. How a number containing these primes can possibly arise in conversion calculations based upon the yard and its subdivisions, I do not know.” ‘ The writer says that in 1826 ‘the Winchester gallon was altered without the public taking much notice of it.’ “Then he talks about ‘the 20 per cent. by which our gallon had been changed and the process went through without disturbance.’ “Our gallon which was then legalised on ten pounds of water, is 277-463 cubic inches. Watson in British Weightsand Measures gives the Winchester gallon as 272.25 cubic inches. The difference is not 20 per cent. Now the Act also abolished the wine gallon of Queen Anne (5 Ann. c.XXVI1, 17), where it is defined as 231 cubic inches.277 is 20 per cent. above 231. I have access to the Act, ana the section says that the gallon is established to end ‘disputes and controversies touching the wine measures, according to which any Customs, Subsidies, or other Duties, are . . . to be paid or payable to Her Majesty, . . .’ “It says nothing about the sale of wine. The wine gallon apparently had a very restricted use. Hence we can quite understand why its abolition ‘went through without disturbance.’ “The writer does not explain this, but insinuates that the gallon in common use, the Winchester gallon, was suddenly increased by 20 per cent., whereas it was not so.” “We are quite aware that the metric system has important uses in this country.Its use is increasing. It possesses advan- tages, but I do not think that it possesses all the advantages. I think its employment can be usefully encouraged in many directions. For the purposes of our everyday life, in buying and selling those things which we are continually requiring, which is the most important use of any system of weights and measures, I do not think the metric system is so convenient as our own. If our system were replaced by the metric system on a stated 432 date, there would be a very large aggregate cost spread in small sums on an enormous number of people. In addition, there would be a very great mental disturbance to the greater part of the population. How long it would last no one can predict.When it had subsided, should we, for the change, be happier, healthier, or more efficient? I flatly think not. If by en-couraging the metric system it should be found, at some future time, that its use is displacing our system in our daily life, then a compulsory change would be justifiable. “The writer makes no mention of the fact that the U.S. has not ‘gone metric.’ . . . By the way, Atack in the Chemists’ Year Book says that the U.S. gallon occupies 0.1336 cubic feet. Using the conversion factor 1728, which the writer shies at, this comes to 231 cubic inches approximately. This is Queen Anne’s wine gallon, having survived emigration and political separation from the land of its birth.” Mr. Barton, in reply, says that he is not asking for a complete change, but advocates the use of the metric system in buying and selling.He says :“As to the firmssending out their quotations in both metric and imperial measures, this is so usual as to call for no comment beyond expressing regret that our refusal to adopt the only possible universal system should render such a waste of effort necessary. As to the carpenter and the engineer and their ‘laborious divisions,’ I can only say that it was drilled into me as a lad that the imperial system had the overwhelming advantage of ready divisibility, and since using the metric system I find that such assertions are all nonsense, owing to the fact of dimensions rarely happening to be of neat number of feet, or weights being exact numbers of pounds.As an engineer I always found inch and pound arithmetic laborious. This is doubtless due to my lack of arithmetical genius as has been so well exposed by”-the Fellow referred to above-“in regard to my writing 36656 instead of 46656. His masterful way of perceiving that mistake, without any re-reckoning, shows that he has the flair in such matters that causes envy. Had I that flair I would probably oppose metric reform as calculated to reduce my pre-eminence through making things easy for others. Alas, I find it easier to divide by I,OOO,OOO than by 46656, but find consolation in James Watt’s famous letter to Dr. Priestley (of oxygen fame) suggesting the use of a ‘philosophical pound of 10 ounces and of a similar foot of 10 inches, in order that 433 our weights and measures might better suit our method of counting.’ “As to efficiency, my reference was to national efficiency and not to the individual.It is in the office that the question is most urgent. There are many who revel in the variety afforded by our imperial system, but the invasion of our offices by calculating machines must bring that variety into disrepute. A Swiss or German engineer can use one and the same machine for his money, weights and measures, because they and the machines are all decimal. In our case such is obviously im- possible when we have the stone, pound and ounce, or the chain, yard, foot and inch, related by such different numbers as 14,16, 66, 3 and 12. “As to the gallon, the wine trade was so enormous a hundred years ago that the gallon of 231 cubic inches was probably the more important, as shown by his own reference to its survival in the U.S.A.“Regarding the ‘very great mental disturbance,’ all the evidence from abroad shows that such a change is barely a nine days’ wonder. By accepting the half kilogram as the ‘new pound,’ together with the inch of 25 milimetres, the tran- sition was almost unconscious. “The ‘next paragraph’ (in this letter quoted above) ‘is most welcome.’ ‘If, by encouraging the metric system, it should be found some day to be displacing our system, compulsion would be justified.’ That is exactly what the Decimal Association asks of the chemist-‘ encouragement of the metric system ’--and none can do it better in Britain.“As regards the U.S.A. and their non-adoption of the metric system, in spite of their decimalism in coinage, the explanation is simple and was clearly given by the Boston Advertiser during the discussion on Senator Britten’s Metric Bill, when it was pointed out to legislators that Britain was the only free trade market in the world, and that community of measures gave the American manufacturer an immense pull in the British market. Of course this was correct, and it would have been commercial suicide for them to adopt the metric system in face of the facts. On the other hand, this country, which is flooded with U.S.A. goods, cannot rely on any counterpart to this in the way of exporting her manufactures to the U.S.A., owing to prohibitive tariffs.” 434 Sir Herbert Jackson.-The Council records with deep regret the death of Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S., Presi- dent of the Institute from 1918 to 1921.The Council gratefully recalls the valuable services rendered by Sir Herbert, throughout the war, in devising formulas for batch mixtures for the production of laboratory and other glassware and, after the war, in the work of the Institute, in connexion with the change in its policy regarding the admission of Associates and Fellows, the establishment of Local Sections, and generally the extension of its activities. His loss will be felt by a very wide circle of friends among chemists. 435 Proceedings of the Council.Council Meeting, 20th November, 1936.-Among the matters arising from the previous Minutes, the Council proceeded to appoint the following representatives on the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute re National Certi- ficates,-the President with Dr. 0. L. Brady, Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Dr. A. E. Everest and Mr. L. Eynon. Dr. Ernest Vanstone was appointed as one of the repre- sentatives of the Institute on the Joint Library Committee of the Chemical Society in lieu of Mr. H. J. Page, who has proceeded to an appointment in Malaya. Dr. James Brierley Firth was welcomed as a new Member of Council, co-opted in the place of Mr. H. J. Page. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, having retired from the Chemical Council for reasons of health, Mr.W. A. S. Calder was appointed representative of the Institute on the Chemical Council in his stead. A communication was received from Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., as Chairman of a Committee which has had under con- sideration the best methods of securing adequate co-operation among British industrial concerns and institutions for ensuring that this country is properly represented at future International Congresses for Scientific Management. The Council expressed sympathy with the movement, and desired to be further informed thereon. On the suggestion of the Ministry of Education, Belfast, the Council approved the appointment as Examiners for National Certificates in Chemistry, of Mr. J. C. A. Brierley, Dr.E. M. Reid and Dr. John Hawthorne. Amended rules for the South Wales (Swansea) Section were submitted and approved, and it was decided that the Section be known as the South Wales Section, the other Section in the area being described as the Cardiff and District Section, in which the Council were informed that the latter Section concurred. 436 A letter was received from a Fellow directing attention to the action of a County Council which appeared to indicate that it was seeking to decide a public appointment “by tender,”-a method of which the Ministry of Health had long since expressed strong disapproval. The Council has from time to time addressed authorities on this subject in view of the circumstance that the public interest is not likely to be best served by the selection of the candidate who places the least value on his services.On a communication received from the Advisory Council for Technical Education in South Wales and Monmouthshire, the Council nominated Dr. E. A. Rudge and Mr. E. A. Tyler as representatives to serve on an Expert Committee to consider education for the metallurgical and chemical trades. Reports were received from the Finance and House, the Benevolent Fund, the Nominatiops, Examinations and Institu- tions, and the Publications Committees, and also a Report on the Working of the Appointments Register. The Benevolent Fund Committee has in hand the preparation of a Special Appeal for 1937,and looks for the increased support of the Fellows and Associates in order that the Fund may be maintained on a satisfactory basis.Council Meeting,18thDecember.-The President reported that a communication had been received from the Keeper of His Majesty’s Privy Purse intimating that His Majesty had been graciously pleased to accord to the Institute the continued Patronage of the Crown. The President referred to the death of Sir Herbert Jackson, Past President, and paid a tribute to his memory. A further communication was received from Dr. E. F. Armstrong regarding the International Congress for Scientific Management, and the Council decided to ask Mr. W. A. S. Calder to represent the Institute at a meeting to be held on 12th January, at which the formation of a British ManagementCouncil would be definitely proposed. A letter was received from Mr.Arnold R. Tankard supporting the proposal of Dr. Malcolm Dyson regarding the standardisation of labels for reagents used in chemical and allied laboratories. Mr. Tankard suggested that special small coloured labels might be affixed below the usual labels on the face of the bottles, to distinguish different categories of substances. 437 The Glasgow and West of Scotland Section transmitted a resolution recommending that the Council should make repre- sentations to the Home Office, directing attention to the existence of the Local Sections of the Institute, and expressing their desire to assist local authorities in connexion with Air Raid Precautions. The Glasgow Section had communicated with other Local Sections, from whom the Council also received letters in support of the resolution referred to.The President mentioned that the Institute was already in touch with the Department concerned. The Department under- stood that the Institute was very willing to render any assistance that it could. The matter is receiving attention. Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt and Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell were appointed representatives to attend a Conference convened by the Royal Sanitary Institute, to be held on 28th January, to discuss “The Administration of the Milk (Special Designations) Order, 1936, with respect to Accredited Milk.” The Council concurred in the appointment of the President of the Institute, who is a Member of the Council of the Royal Society, as representative of the Institute on the National Com- mittee for Chemistry.A letter was received from the Vice-chancellor of the Univer- sity of London thanking the President and Council for a message of sympathy sent to the University on hearing of the accidental death of the Principal, Sir Edwin Deller. The Council received the First Annual Report of the Chemical Council (p. 486), and reports from the Standing Committees. On the Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Insti- tutions Committee, Robert Gordon’s Technical College, Aberdeen, was added to the list of Institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the Associateship. Dr. Joseph Kenyon, F.R.S., was appointed Examiner in General Chemistry for the Associateship in succession to Dr.0. L. Brady, whose term of office has been completed. On the Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee, in view of the fact that three children of Fellows of the Institute are now being educated and maintained at the London Orphan Schools, it was decided to make a contribution of ~GIO to the School. The Council briefly discussed preliminary arrangements for the nomination of the new Council for election in March, 1937. 438 Appointments Register.-During the period-1st October, 1935, to 30th September, 1936-963 vacancies have been notified, as against 1,044in 1935 and 896 in 1934. The following table gives a rough analysis of the vacancies:- Government Appointments .... 67 Universities . . .. .. .. 58 Schools .. .. .. .. 59 Educationai Authorities .. .. 17 Public Bodies .. .. .. .. 44 Industrial .. .. .. .. 509 Chemical Engineers .. .. .. 24 Salesmen .. .. .. .. 8 Junior Appointments . . .. .. 49 Temporary Appointments .. .. 16 Scholarships .. .. .. .. 32 Appointments for Women .. .. 80 -963 Of these, 67 were abroad, as compared with 95 last year. Three hundred and seventy-six members are at present using the Appointments Register, as against 398 last year. Twenty-one Registered Students have also the service of the Register. Salaries.-The following figures indicate the salaries offered in connection with some of the above vacancies:- $200 per annum or under .. 35 vacancies €200-€250 .... . . 75 9’ $2504500 .. .. . . 166 )) 5Xi00-%1,000 .. .. .. 50 29 Over $1,000 .. .. .. 13 39 As usual, it will be seen that these figures only account for a small proportion of the vacancies notified. In the majority of notices no definite indication as to salary is given, and the practice of asking candidates to state the salary required still continues. Every effort is made to induce prospective employers to give at least some idea, within a range, of the salaries they are prepared to offer, in order to obviate the receipt of unsuitable applications. Unemployment.-The following table shows the numbers of members who were unemployed at the times stated. The figures for the corresponding period of the previous year are given in brackets.The number in each month gives the average for four weeks of that month. 439 F.I.C. A.I.C. Totals. October, 1935 .. .. 17 (24) 111 (122) 128 (147) November .. .. 16 113 130 December .. .. 15 108 124 January, 1936 .. .. 15 (20) 104 (104) 120 (125) February .. .. 16 103 119 March .. .. .. 17 101 118 April . . .. .. 17 (18) 95 (95) 112 ( 13)May . . .. .. 17 88 106 June .. .. .. 15 91 106 July .. .. .. 15 (19) 94 (111) 109 ( August .. .. .. 14 98 112 September .. .. 14 104 118 30th September .. .. --116 The minimum number of unemployed was reached on 15th June (101). Of the total number of unemployed on 30th September (II~), which includes 6 women: 31 have been unemployed for three months or less; 30 for from three months to one year; and 55 for over one year.(As compared with 61 last year). The ages of members unemployed are as follows:- 21-25 years .. .. .. 30 25-30 7) .. .. .. 15 3330-35 .. .. .. 18 3735-40 .. .. .. 16 3’40-45 .* .. ,. 14 45-50 79 .. .. .. 9 50 andover . . .. .. 14 The number of members in the Section Areas who have informed the Institute that they are without remunerative employment is as follows :-Aberdeen o ; Birmingham and Midlands 9; Belfast 0; Bristol 4; Cardiff 3; Dublin 2; East Midlands 3; Edinburgh 2; Glasgow 2; Huddersfield I; Leeds 6; Liverpool g ; London and South-Eastern Counties 66 ; Manchester 6; Newcastle I; South Wales 2;South Yorkshire 0: Total 116. It will be seen that there has been a slight decrease in unemployment during the period under review, although the Roll of the Institute has increased by over 200.List of Laboratory Assistants.-There are 65 names on this list. Ninety-nine vacancies have been issued during the period under review, as against go last year. 440 Since January, 1936, 50 laboratory assistants have been successful in obtaining appointments, either through vacancies notified by the Institute, or by the Headmasters’ Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour or by other means. Eighth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-On 5th Novem- ber, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Dr. Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President of the Institute, delivered the Eighth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture. The President reminded the members that in 1927 the late Mr.S. M. Gluckstein had given an address before the London Section of the Institute entitled “Chemists and Dividends.” A man of business and broad human outlook, he gave his views on the applications of science to industry based on the experience of his firm in building up a remarkable scientific department. His address had created widespread interest, and on the suggestion of the laboratory staff of his Company, a scheme of lectures had been inaugurated, bearing on various phases of the same subject. The President then delivered his lecture, entitled- “An Experiment in Go-operative Research in the Cotton and Other Textile Industries.” (The lecture has been published as a separate monograph.) At the conclusion, Dr.J. J. Fox, in moving a vote of thanks to the President, said that they had listened to one of the most interesting of the series of Gluckstein Memorial Lectures: it has been human, humorous, and given with that geniality which they associated with the President. The President had hinted at the success of the Shirley Institute, but he had not told them what a magnifrcent success it really was. Further than that, there were the fundamental physico-chemical and physical researches which had been carried out by the Institute as part, so to speak, of the day’s work. As chemists, they thought the Shirley Institute was fortunate to have at its head a chemist with the reputation of Dr. Pickard.They had been able to learn, in a general way, what a great asset Dr. Pickard’s Association had been to the whole of the cotton industry. 441 Nineteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-On 20th November the President presided at a meeting held in the Hall of the Institute, when Professor John Read, F.R.S., delivered the Nineteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture. The President said that the lecture had been founded in memory of Frederick William Streatfeild, a lecturer in Finsbury Technical College from 1883 until 1918, the year of his death. After the College was closed-in 1926, Streatfeild’s past students asked the Institute to participate with them, in preserving the memory of their old friend and teacher, by arranging for the lecture to be given under its auspices. The President reminded the members that the training given at Finsbury College was, in some respects, unique, particularly in that every chemist was required to know something of engineering, and every engineer, something of chemistry.Professor Read took for his subject :-“A Chapter in the Chemistry of Essential Oils.” (The lecture has been published as a separate monograph.) In moving a vote of thanks, Mr. Bernard F. Howard, Honorary Treasurer, said that Professor Read’s lecture was imbued with the spirit of Streatfeild’s teaching. Professor Read had dealt with the life work of an organic chemist, the late Henry G. Smith, whose discoveries had proved to be of great commercial value. Mr. E. M.Hawkins, in seconding the vote of thanks, said that he had met Mr. Smith and had been acquainted with his relatives. He endorsed the views which had been expressed by Mr. Howard. The President handed to Professor Read the Streatfeild Memorial Lecturer’s Medal, presented by the Governors of the City and Guilds of London Institute, and a copy of a photograph of Streatfeild. l1 Our Money.’ ‘-Rather different in character from the monographs hitherto published by the Institute, the lecture on “Our Money,” by Dr. W. H. Coates, will be issued shortly, not only for its intrinsic value, but because the Publications Com- mittee feels that many Fellows and Associates who aspire to positions of management, will be glad to have the opportunity of reviewing the British monetary system, of which all who are concerned with the business of industrial undertakings should have some knowledge.The lecture, which was given before the 442 Manchester Section and the Local Sections of other Bodies, on 19th November, will be published early in the New Year. Benevolent Fund.-The attention of Fellows and Associates is directed to the special appeal for the Benevolent Fund. While comparatively few members are unemployed and the prospects of the profession are improving generally, the Committee is desirous of securing the help of every Fellow and Associate in building up the Capital Fund, in order to ensure a certain and substantial income for “regular allowances” to widows and aged members, and for the education of children.Mr. Patrick H. Kirka1dy.-On his retirement from the office of Honorary Treasurer of the Institute, which office he has held for over 12 years, Mr. Kirkaldy has been asked to accept a gift from his past and present fellow Officers and colleagues on the Council, as a token of their warm regard and esteem. The gift selected by Mr. and Mrs. Kirkaldy consists of two armchairs, specially made for them, which the donors hope the recipients may long live to enjoy. 443 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, on 30th October,-Mr.W. Godden in the Chair. A paper was ready by Dr. J. A. Lovern entitled- ‘‘ Chemistry in the Aquatic Realm.” Dr. Lovern has kindly provided the following abstract :-In the past the chemistry of aquatic plant and animal life was largely neglected. Recent studies in this field suggest that it is futile to elaborate a philosophy of the chemistry of living organisms from results obtained only in one sphere of life. There has been chemical as well as biological evolution. When the results of chemical study of aquatic organisms are compared with those of similar studies in other fields, significant ideas as to the origin of certain compounds and biochemical functions in land organisms are suggested. Examples are the characteristic fatty acids of the glycerides and phosphatides, respectively, of animal fats.Aquatic animals are quite suitable for the study of certain aspects of metabolism. In the field of fat metabolism workon fish has demonstrated a number of mechanisms controlling dep8t fat composition. These include selective processes involving a particular acid or group of acids, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of a particular acid or acids, oxidative breakdown of long chain into shorter chain acids and the synthesis of special acids not present in the diet. The changes in the fat of the salmon, from the ripening egg through the young and adult phases of its life history, illustrate several of these mechanisms. Fish are particularly useful as a medium for studying meta- bolic reactions at a range of controlled temperatures.Such studies are obviously impossible with warm-blooded animals. 444 Other fields of chemistry in which rapid progress is being made to-day in the aquatic realm, include the sterols, carotenoids, and related pigments and vitamins A and D. Considered from the food point of view, fish afford quite as much scope for chemical research as do other foodstuffs. Examples of the type of problem to be solved are-the mechanism of protein denaturation during cold storage, the development of rancidity in the fat of cold-stored fish and the composition of wood smoke produced under various conditions for smoking fish. Whatever type of investigation is undertaken on aquatic material, suitable equipment is a necessity.Given this, the collection of adequate quantities of the raw material is in many ways easier than is the case with similar land organisms. There is, moreover, sufficient scope in the aquatic realm to satisfy the most ardent research worker. On Friday, 6th November, Mr. A. Lumley, the Superintendent of the Torry Research Station, and Dr. Lovern entertained the members of the Section to tea. Members had the opportunity of gaining an insight to the activities of the Research Station. The Chairman, Mr. W. Godden, expressed the appreciation of members and thanked Mr. Lumley and Dr. Lovern for their hospitality. An informal dinner was held at the Palace Hotel on 9th December, Mr.W. Godden, Chairman of the Section, presiding. After the loyal toast, Mr. Godden proposed the toast of “The Institute,” which Professor Alex. Findlay, Member of Council, acknowledged. Several members contributed to a musical programme, which was much appreciated by all present. The proceedings concluded with the toast of “Bon Accord,” proposed by Professor James Hendrick, and “Auld Lang Syne.” Belfast and District.-The opening meeting of the session was held on 30th October, when Professor W. B. Morton gave an interesting address dealing with the life of William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, illustrated with lantern slides. On 27th November, Dr. A. E. Everest, a Vice-president of the Institute, gave an informal talk to the Section entitled- ‘‘The Institute.” 445 Dr.Everest briefly traced the history of the Institute from its foundation nearly 60 years ago to the present time. It was founded with the hope that Chemistry would become a recognised profession. Already, before 1877,the government andindustry had begun to realise that science could be helpful in many matters concerning the welfare of the people, but there was no organised body of chemists, no recognised diploma. The founders created a standard and, from the outset, set a high standard which, as time went on, exercised an influence on the training provided in the Colleges and Institutions which subsequently became Univer- sities; and, when the Institute was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1885, although it had less than 500 members, it acquired the right to grant Certificates of competency and to register persons qualified to practice.The importance of chemistry and of the Institute was emphasised during the war. Since then it had grown and the roll of membership now exceeded 6,700. It was the largest body of organised British chemists. With the loyal support of its members its standard of professional ethics had been maintained at their highest level. The organisation of the profession had steadily progressed and its status substantially enhanced. Dr. Everest then referred to the Council and Committees, dealing with the work of each Committee in turn. In showing how the Institute as a professional body was able to help, not only its members but the government and public, in all affairs on which chemistry had a bearing, he referred to the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry, to the interest taken by the Council in matters of legislation and public appointments, to the work of the Appointments Register and of the Benevolent Fund Committee; to the influence of the Local Sections and their activities as vital and living parts of the Institute, in important centres throughout the country, and to the position of District Members of Council, who formed the necessary contact between Headquarters and the Sections.He paid a compliment to Head- quarters staff and, finally, referred briefly to the co-operation of the Institute in the efforts of the new Chemical Council to support chemical publications and the chemical library.A discussion ensued in which several members participated. On the following evening Dr. Everest was principal guest at the Annual Dinner of the Section, held in the Grand Central 446 Hotel. Professor R. G. Baskett presided over a very good attendance of members. Dr. Everest, in replying for the guests, conveyed greetings to the Section from Headquarters, and thanked the members present for the warmth of their welcome. Having expressed his pleasure in noting the vigour of the Section, he spoke briefly on the importance of chemistry to the community and of the services of chemists in peace and war. He held that the Institute embodied the best British ideals, adding that he hoped chemists would be able to devote themselves and their science to service and not to destruction.Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held on 28th October, at the Washington Singer Laboratories of the University College of the South-West of England, Exeter,-Mr. F. E. Needs in the Chair. During the afternoon members had an opportunity of inspecting the Chemical and Physical Departments at the College and of seeing over Mardon Hall, one of the Halls of Residence. Tea was kindly provided by the College, after which Professor H. T. S. Britton gave an address on ‘‘ Electrometric Methods of Analysis and Investigation.” Professor Britton devoted the first part of his discourse to the methods of carrying out pH titrations of acids and bases with the hydrogen, oxygen, metal-metal oxide, quinhydrone and glass electrodes.He explained the relationship which exists between the dissociation constants of acids and bases and the pH limits between which they are titratable, and also how such knowledge is useful in the correct selection of indicators in volumetric analysis. Buffer mixtures were considered, and especially the application of the Britton-Robinson Universal Buffer Mixture in calibrating such electrodes as those of glass and antimony. He then described the conductometric titration of acids and bases, laying emphasis on the principles underlying these titrations, including the effect which dissociation constants have on the shape of the titration graphs.The second part dealt with potentiometric titrations in which metal electrodes are involved, eg., the titrations of cyanides and halides with silver nitrate using silver electrodes. Precipitation processes were also discussed in the light of changes in specific 447 conductivity, particular attention being paid to the conditions necessary to produce sharp breaks in the graphs at the equivalence points. In concluding, Professor Britton described typical oxidation- reduction titrations and explained, incidentally, the use of certain colorimetric “Redox ” indicators in volumetric analysis. Following an interesting discussion, the proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the lecturer and to the College authorities.Mr. F. E. Needs presided at a meeting of the Section, held in the Chemistry Department of the University of Bristol, on 19th November, when Mr. R. H. Ellis gave a lecture on bb Water Supplies.” Mr. Ellis referred to the great improvement which had taken place in the water supplies of the country since 1900. As typical of the effect of the improvement in water supplies under the control of large public authorities, it might be mentioned that the number of typhoid cases in the County of London had fallen from 4,292 in 1900, to 109 in 1934,and the deaths from typhoid, from 768 to 15. The water delivered by those authori- ties was almost without exception of the highest possible purity. The increasing demand for pure water had led the large towns of our country to go far afield in search of pure water-Man- Chester, to Lake Thirlmere; Liverpool, to Lake Vyrnwy; and Birmingham, to the Elan Valley.The chief sources for the supply of water could be divided as follows:-(a) shallow wells; (b) deep wells and boreholes; (c) upland gathering grounds; (d) rivers. About twelve million people in this country derive their water supply from shallow wells. Mr. Ellis proceeded to show how these supplies were intimately connected with the question of sewage disposal and how difficult it was under rural conditions to assure a pure water supply in privatewells. The Public Health Act and Waterworks Clauses Act, impose on the Sanitary Authorities the oversight of all wells, tanks, cisterns, public or private, and water supplies from any pump used or likely to be used, to ensure that the water is pure and wholesome.The water derived from deep wells and boreholes is generally uncontaminated, but some- times contains large quantities of mineral salts which render it unsuitable for human consumption. 448 Having stated that the water from upland gathering grounds, lakes and rivers, is not fit for use as received, Mr. Ellis dealt with the methods of purification, including storage, alumina treatment, and sedimentation, filtration and sterilisation by means of chlorine and chloramine. Analyses of different types of waters were given, showing the effect of pollution, and the improvements obtained by storage and other methods of purification.In conclusion, Mr. Ellis discussed industrial troubles arising from the use of hard waters, and the different types of softeners utilised to render these waters satisfactory. The lecture was illustrated with lantern slides, including slides of some of the large waterworks in this country. The Chairman and Messrs. Ainstie, Cunningham, Rixon, Walker and Hornby participated in the subsequent discussion. Cape.-In JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, reference was made to the paper, read by Colonel J.Rose, D.S.O., before the Cape of Good Hope Section of the Institute, on the 4th September? on ‘‘ Water Softening in South Africa.” Colonel Rose said that the subject of water softening was of very great importance industrially to South Africa. They were fully informed as to the origin of natural waters, how they obtained various characteristics and how those characteristics affected their application to the varying requirements of industry.They knew how to choose the most suitable water for a given service; but when water was extremely scarce and they were compelled to utilise, within very wide limits, such waters, mostly bad, as could be obtained at the places where they were required, the problem became one for the specialist. The railways of the Union of South Africa were probably unique in this connection: one of their main lines, for over 500 miles had no water fit to use in boilers, without treatment. The majority of the waters were so bad that they were right on the limit of what constituted a water capable of being rendered fit for locomotive purposes by treatment other than distillation.For many years these waters had, of necessity, been used in their natural condition. The result in casualties to locomotives was startling. Often the single line was blocked for hours while a spare engine was sent to clear up the position and bring in the delayed train and broken-down engine. Tubes were destroyed in from eight to ten months; boilers lasted less than one- third of their ordinary life, cylinder wear and coal consumption 449 were excessive, while drivers handled their engines with the greatest difficulty and in constant fear of failure. The treatment of water for power station boilers was a more exacting operation than the conditioning of waters for loco- motives; but it had compensating advantages which rendered the process comparatively easy of accomplishment. To treat efficiently the most difficult waters hundreds of miles (in some cases over 1,000miles) from the nearest laboratory called for special organisation.The composition of the waters was far from constant and waters of widely differing composition had sometimes to be used in proportions which varied continuously and in a manner over which it was not possible to exercise effective control. Softeners were often idle for hours or even days together and chemicals had to be transported, stored and handled under conditions which made really accurate work impossible.At most stations the only man available is the pumper, whose initiation into the handling of a softener is a lengthy and difficult process. In these circumstances, the details of the design of the plant employed were of the utmost importance. There was no plant on the market that would meet the require- ments without a number of modifications. In the course of time the "Karroo " type plant was evolved,-a plant which works with precision and reliability under conditions which one designer at least had considered impossible. Owing to the high carbonate content of all waters treated and the large quantities of soluble salts present, the zeolite type was found to be unsuitable. All plants were therefore of the lime- soda type, but none was long in commission before unexpected variations in their performance became evident.These were eventually traced to lack of attention to certain details and were rectified. The irregularities, however, appeared again in a different form, and, after much trouble and prolonged tests rendered difficult and arduous owing to distance, were traced to variations in the strength of the chemicals used. A reliable source of soda was easily discovered, but it was some years before a source of suitable lime was found, and, in South Africa, varia- tions in the available lime contents of supplies are the chief difficulty with which the railway chemists have to contend in water softening. Each water to be treated was a study in itself; each plant had to be safely and carefully proportioned if the requirements 450 of a station were to be satisfactorily met without avoidable expense.In order to carry out this necessary survey, a travelling laboratory coach was designed and built at the Salt River workshop, the author living for many weeks at a stretch in it while investigating the requirements of out-of-the-way stations. This coach is still in use for the purpose of checking, adjusting and controlling plants in service and for other purposes. The plant, which is now adopted as standard and called the “Karroo” type softener, after the region where the most difficult problems in water treatment had to be solved, was described as follows:- It is a lime-soda softener of the continuous type with a six-hour reaction period. The chemical containers are recharged, the sludge removed and the wood fibre filters cleaned or removed without in any way interrupting the work of the plant.All the major work of preparing, measuring, mixing and handling chemicals is done in a mill-house at ground level. Chemicals are pumped to the top of the softener by the same motor that drives the mixing-mill, the manual labour being thus reduced to a minimum. On the top of the softener are the proportioning gear and stirrers, all actuated by the incoming water, so that, once the softener is set, there is no need to visit the top except for occasional cleaning and oiling at definite periods. When the chemical container is full and the mill fully charged, the softener will run for thirty hours at full load without any attention other than the operation of the chemical pump for ten minutes in each twelve-hour period, During the week-ends the softener may be allowed to operate intermittently without attention.At some stations the plant may stand idle for 36 to 50 hours, but will start up automatically when water commences to flow into it. The soda employed has been obtained from the natural deposits at Lake Magadi, in East Africa, which is guaranteed to contain not less than 95 per cent. of sodium carbonate. The lime used may be either hydrate or oxide. The hydrate is easier to handle and would be preferred if it does not vary in composition to a greater extent than the oxide.Burnt lime is therefore employed, the mixing-mills having a lime slaking basket and rollers to handle this chemical which is guaran- teed to contain not less than 65 per cent. of available lime (CaO). As, however, it frequently fallsshort of this, supplies are purchased under a penalty clause and are checked carefully and constantly for strength. Other chemicals, such as sodium aluminate, have been tried in order to increase the efficiency of the softeners, but 451 have not been found to justify the extra cost. If the hardness is required to be reduced below the ordinary capacity of a lime-soda softener, it is well to pass the softened or partly softened water through a zeolite softener, as an additional process to obtain zero hardness with the least cost and the greatest certainty .To illustrate the wide diversity in operating conditions experienced in water softening, Colonel Rose mentioned that, whereas between Touws River and Beaufort West the greatest care had to be exercised to keep all the softeners working at their maximum efficiency in order to avoid engine trouble of various kinds, yet north of Beaufort West a much lower standard of operation ensured equal satisfaction, and at Burghersdorp the best results were obtained by running the softener at about half its maximum efficiency on account of the presence of certain other waters in the section. Sludge disposal is ordinarily an easy matter where there are usually no drains to block or sewage works to be upset, while natural channels afford ample means for getting rid of sludge.In rare instances it may be led into pits or emptied into trucks; in other cases, the local demand for sludge for white-washing is very great. The result of efficient water treatment on boilers was remark- able ; leaks ceased almost immediately, scales softened and came away at each wash out. In a few weeks, old boilers were reasonably clean while new ones retained their freedom from scale indefinitely. Boiler troubles to-day are actually less in the Karroo than in other areas where the water is considered good. The softeners saved more than their total cost in their first year of working. However, when the cost of boiler main- tenance and renewals had been satisfactorily dealt with, operating conditions did not correspondingly improve : priming was as bad as ever.The greatest care was necessary to ensure that over-softening did not increase it. Anti-foam experiments were undertaken, with the result that it was found that 250 parts per IOO,OOO was the maximum of dissolved solids that could be carried in locomotive boilers without serious priming. As no engine returned to Touws River with a concentration less than 350-400 parts per IOO,OOO, it was obvious that anti-foams were needed to ensure proper operating conditions. The cost of anti- foam was about IS. 6d. per 360 miles; the saving of coal effected was not less than 10s. for the same distance. 452 The variations in the composition of the Karroo waters are mostly seasonal, and can be predicted with reasonable accuracy, but unexpected variations occasionally occur due to floods or out-of-season rains.Experiences of such a variation occurred in the waters at the important watering station at Laingsburg, which were derived from wells on the river bank, and, at the time of the occurrence, were running a hardness of about 53. It was at the beginning of the dry season and a slow rise in hardness was expected. A sudden flood occurred in one of the tributaries to the Buffels River and the main river came down in flood, washing out a contractor working on the foundations for a new railway bridge. Whilst sympathising with the contractor, satisfaction was felt by those concerned at the prospect of a good water supply for some weeks longer than usual, and a fall in hardness and total solids was expected.However, instead of a fall, there came a rise which continued at the rate of about one part of hardness per hundred thousand per day until the total hardness reached the unprecedented figure of 97. Analysis showed the increase to be all CaSO,, a very unusual constituent of Karroo waters and certainly not associated with flood waters. Subsequent investigation suggested that the water, naturally charged with carbonates, had reacted with MgSO,, which is frequently found on the surface of the Karroo and in the sands of its river beds, to form CaSO, and MgCO,. This experience enabled the Salt River Laboratory, when the floods occurred a year later in South-West Africa, to predict the probability of an increase in the saline contents and hardness of all waters in the flooded areas, which actually occurred and with such intensity that some waters became unusable and had to be temporarily abandoned.The worst case occurred at Osakos, where the hard- ness increased from a normal 56 to over 170 and the total solids from IIO to 400. Three months after the floods had ceased the waters had returned to normal. Such occurrences demonstrate the need for watchfulness and for an efficient laboratory organisa- tion to control the treatment of waters in such areas. Analyses of the waters to be treated are supplied to the makers of the softeners, who send out instructions as to the chemicals to be used, the amounts required and the setting of the head gear, but the instructions were frequently not of any real value on account of the irregular variations in the composition of the water.Analyses were made in the travelling laboratory when the softener was ready to commence work, and the plant was adjusted to the 453 figure so obtained. The persistence with which exact instructions and adjustments were sent out by makers of water softeners suggested that their chemists had not really grasped the very formidable tasks under which the chemists in the Union carried out their task of water conditioning. To control the softeners satisfactorily it has been found necessary to send in to the controlling laboratory one sample of treated and one of untreated water daily.Special tin boxes are made for the samples which are kept constantly travelling between the softener and the laboratory. Careful records are kept of all the work done from which the characteristics of each water can be studied and the probable behaviour of supplies anticipated. The most important part of the softener is the chemical measuring device. With very little modification it was found possible to make the tipping bucket supplied by the selected maker so reliable that in practice there have been only two failures in six years; these were due to broken ball races. A zeolite or base exchange type of softener is installed at Braamfontein, Johannesburg, where it serves a large laundry.Its advantages for laundry purposes are its simplicity to control the delivery of water of zero hardness and the conversion of all lime and magnesium carbonates into washing soda. Before the installation of this softener it was not possible to produce really white linen or to get the washing to smell sweet and clean. To-day white, sweet-smelling linen is produced readily and there is a saving of about 60 per cent. in the soap bill as well as a saving in time. Along the coast there were several peaty waters which damaged tubes and boilers, as did the hard waters of the Karroo, but formed no scale and caused no priming and were considered good waters by the running staff, whatever the repair staff thought of them.These waters were treated by the addition of lime. The cost was low and the result satisfactory. East from Cape Town along the coast these peaty waters undergo a change. Mag-nesium chloride, in quantities of less than one-part per IOO,OOO, caused appreciable quantities of sludge to form, the removal of which from service tanks became rather an onerous task. As a result, it is now the practice to instal a standard lime-soda softener wherever magnesium chloride is found in the waters, but the extra cost is more than saved as compared with the cost of periodically cleaning tanks and pipes. 454 The railway chemist is also required to effect the removal of mud from flood waters, both of rivers and of dams, the amount rising in some cases to as much as 2,000 parts per IOO,OOO or one short ton in 10,000gallons.Many engine failures and at least one boiler explosion were due to this mud, before it was found that the lime-soda softener extracted the mud from the dam water satisfactorily. The resulting water was not crystal clear, but the amount of mud left was negligible and the resulting water had a correct amount and kind of alkalinity to protect the boiler against corrosion. Colonel Rose emphasised that most South African waters should be treated before being used in boilers or for industrial purposes, and that the economies effected by correct conditioning were far greater than the cost of treatment. Such treatment, however, was by no means simple and the services of a chemist experienced in such work were usually necessary if the full benefits of the outlay on a softener were to be obtained.Cardiff and District.-The first meeting of the session was held at the University College, Cardiff, on 22nd October, when Dr. M. Jowett gave a lecture on ‘‘ Some Chemical Aspects of Metabolism.” The following abstract has been supplied by the 1ecturer:- The metabolism of an organism may be defined as the sum- total of the chemical reactions proceeding in its living matter. When the biochemist studies mammalian metabolism he does not necessarily work with the intact living animal, or attempt to maintain an artificial circulation through animal organs. The study of the activities of mammalian body cells in vitro demands an imitation of body conditions, particularly as regards the supply of oxygen and other metabolites.Since no circulation of blood is available, the organs must be divided up in order to enlarge the surface presented to the nutrient solutions, so that an adequate diffusion of metabolites into the cells may take place. Until recently the method of subdivision employed was mincing, which does not appear to damage the microscopic structure very seriously. In 1923 Otto Warburg of Berlin devised an alternative method of subdividing animal organs,-the preparation of tisszte-slices by the free-hand use of a razor? The slices are usually 1 0.Warburg, Biochem. Zeits., 1923, 142, 317. 455 0-2-0.5 mm. in thickness, and are prepared from freshly excised organs.They are employed usually in connection with micro- manometric methods, which allow of the study of the gaseous metabolism of 5-20 mgms. of tissue (weight when dried at 100' C.). The use of tissue-slices has been found of advantage in a number of ways. It is now clear that mincing damages many of the enzyme systems in cells, for tissue-slices have many catalytic properties which are absent, or almost absent, from minced tissue suspended in nutrient solutions. Another advan- tage of tissue-slices is that they are easily removed from the solution after an experiment, so that changes in the composition of the solution can be investigated. A variety of micro-manometric methods of analysis are available, in addition to many other micro-methods which are largely due to clinical biochemists.The tissue-slice method allows us to investigate in a much more quantitative manner than before the catalytic activities of body cells in an active living state, under conditions defined fairly exactly by the composition of the nutrient solutions in which the slices are shaken. A number of samples of the same organ can be subjected simultaneously to conditions differing in known ways, so that the method allows us to study the kinetics of chemical processes in intact body cells. One of the most striking investigations of recent years by the tissue-slice method was that of Krebs on the synthesis of urea in the b0dy.l It was found that liver-slices transform ammonia into urea, and that the process is catalysed by the addition of ornithine to the medium. It was concluded that urea is formed in the liver by the addition of ammonia and carbon dioxide to the ornithine molecule with the production of a molecule of arginine.The arginine is then hydrolysed to one molecule of ornithine and one molecule of urea. Another interesting investigation of Krebs was on the oxidative deamination of amino-acids by the kidney, which breaks down amino-acids to keto-acids and free ammonia.2 By adding arsenite to the medium, Krebs was able to arrest further breakdown of the keto-acids, and could isolate pyruvic acid as an oxidation product of alanine. More recently a contribution to the theory of the oxidation of fatty acids by the liver was made by the lecturer in con- H.A. Krebs, Zeits. physiol. Chem., 1932, 210, 33. a Ibid., 1933, 217, 191. 456 junction with Dr. Quastel, by the use of the tissue-slice meth0d.l According to the j?-oxidation theory, fatty acids breakdown by the successive loss of two carbon atoms at a time; this theory was found inadequate to account for the kinetics of production of acetoacetic acid from fatty acids. It was also found by kinetic means that acetoacetic acid is first formed, and it may then be reduced to j?-hydroxybutyric acid. The tissue-slice method is now beginning to throw fresh light on chemical mechanisms connected with transmission of nervous impulses. It has been found2 that acetylcholine and adrenaline, the chemical transmitters of nervous stimuli, increase the rate at which oxidations proceed in salivary glands.Another new finding3 is that slices of brain respiring in vitro produce definite amounts of acetylcholine. At the conclusion of the address numerous questions were asked, and Mr. P. V. Lloyd expressed the thanks of the meeting to the lecturer. On 26th November a meeting of the Section, held jointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, at the University College, Cardiff, was addressed by Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., who gave a lecture on ‘‘Toxicology,” which was greatly appreciated by a large audience. East Midlands.-A meeting of the Section was held on 19th November at the Technical College, Derby-Dr.G. Malcolm Dyson in the chair-when Dr. P. Lewis-Dale gave a lecture on 66 Chemistry and Railways.’’ of which he has kindly prepared the following summary. The lecturer considered it important that publicity should be given to the chemist’s work in industries other than chemical manufacture. The staff of almost every separate research organisation of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research included chemists, and firms dealing in various materials who quite recently did not employ chemists, had found it profitable to do so. Railways had employed chemists for 1 M. Jowett and J. H. Quastel, Biochem. Journ., 1035, 29, 2143, 2159. 2 W. Deutsch and H. S. Raper, Jounz. Physiol., 1836, 87, 275. 3 J. H. Quastel, M.Tennenbaum and A. H. M. Wheatley, Biochem. Jam., 1936, 30, 1668. 457 72 years, and during the past two decades the number of railway chemists had increased considerably. The work of the chemist concerned each department and almost every section of each department of the railway. Instances were given of the applica- tion of chemistry to the permanent way; buildings and works, to rolling stock of every kind, and to the actual conveyance of passengers and goods, the method of recruitment and the quali- fications of the railway chemist, were discussed. Dr. Lewis-Dale emphasised the importance of analysis. Accurate analysis was one of the most important parts of chemistry. Chemistry on the railway did not stop at analysis; there were many researches and investigations of very important character. Allied work of more general nature performed by research and other bodies was studied and often research of the railway chemist was mainly the application of published work to railway needs; however, in some problems peculiar to the railway fundamental research was necessary.He gave brief accounts of work already done and instances of problems awaiting investigation. Dr. G. Dyson Malcolm presided at a meeting of the Section, held in the Chemistry Theatre of University College, Nottingham, on 10th December, when Prof. M. Polanyi lectured on “Heavy Hydrogen and its Uses in Chemistry.” Professor Polanyi gave an account of the discovery of heavy hydrogen by Urey, and cited its physical properties.He explained the difference in structure between ordinary hydrogen and heavy hydrogen, showing the difference to be due to the addition of one neutron. The isotopes were chemically similar, but in this case it was a special example of isotopy, as the two types of hydrogen could be separated by chemical means. He spoke of the most common method of separation by electrolysis, explaining that the hydrogen evolved contained less deuterium than the original water, with the consequent concentration of the deterium in the residual water. Consideration of thermal velocity led to the assumption that, in mixtures of the two isotopes with iodine 42 per cent. more HI would be formed than DI. Actually it was several times more.The lecturer then proceeded to account for the discrepancy by a consideration of zero point energies, showing finally that the special case of the hydrogen isotopes was not only due to the high ratio of the mass of hydrogen and deuterium, as compared 458 with other isotopes, but to the smallness of the mass of hydrogen, because, as the mass increased, the zero point energy decreased. Hence further discoveries of isotopy would not yield similar examples. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 19th November,-Dr. A. M. Smith presiding. The Secretary’s report and the financial statements were read and approved. The Office Bearers for the ensuing session were elected as follows:-Chairman, Dr.A. M. Smith; Vice-chairman, Dr. W. G. Hiscock; Honorary Secretary, Mr. G. Elliot Dodds; Committee (to fill vacancies), Messrs. W. M. Ames, H. H. Campbell, George Grant, Dr. A. Mackie, Mr. A. C. Riddell and Dr. B. Wylam. Mr. J. W. Romanes was re-elected Honorary Auditor. The Secretary read a letter from the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, in which it was suggested that the Council should approach the Home Office with a view to getting that department to instruct Local Authorities to seek the co-operation of chemists on their “Air-Raid Precautions Committees.” It was decided to support the Glasgow Section in this matter. An Ordinary Meeting of the Section was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 19th November.Dr. A. M. Smith, Chairman of the Section, presided and introduced Dr. Burrows Moore, Head of the Research Department of the Thermal Syndicate, Ltd., who spoke on the subject of “Fused Silica and Fused Silica Ware” Dr. Moore stated that there was evidence which suggests that in fused silica the atomic groups are arranged unsym- metrically, and in crystalline silica the arrangement is symmetrical and periodic, interconnection between silicon and oxygen atoms probably being by the sharing of electrons. The chief structural difference between the transparent and the translucent forms of fused silica is due to the gas and gas cavities in the latter variety, and these cause certain properties of the two varieties to be different.The relative absence of gas and cavities in the transparent variety is due to the gas in the rock crystal, used as raw material, not being in excess of the saturation limit under the conditions of formation of the crystal, while the gas in the sand used for the translucent variety is in excess of the saturation limit. The process and importance of devitrification, and the phenomena of strain, which the lecturer attributed largely to unevenly distributed atomic linkage forces, and its removal were discussed. It was shown that fused silica has excellent properties of thermal expansion, electrical resistance, compressive strength, transmission for the ultra-violet and infra-red spectral regions, and chemical resistance, and that it can be made with a high degree of optical homogeneity.The value of these properties in connection with scientific and industrial applications was discussed. The description of recent developments included,-in labora-tory ware :-a high vacua three-stage mercury pump for use with high fore pressures, a continuous feed water still, a fluorescence unit, electrical heaters, micro-analytical apparatus, a mercury purification apparatus, and a filter with a useful transmission limit ; for therapeutic uses :-mercury vapour lamps of various characteristics which are being employed in therapy and for water and air sterilisation; in industrial plant :-a direct-fired sulphuric acid concentrating tower of high efficiency, an efficient air-lift pump, self-induced draught burners for various gaseous fuels, a fume ejector, electrostatic precipitator insulators, a synthetic hydrochloric acid plant, a cooling and condensing system for nitric acid, and a denitration plant.More than fifty slides and examples of new types of Vitreosil ware were shown. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The report of the Honorary Secretary of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section for 1935-36 showed that the Section had held ten meetings and that the membership of the Section had increased from 326 to 366 and the number of Students within the Section from 31 to 46. At a meeting of the Section, held on 20th November, Dr.P. F. Gordon, Chairman of the Section, called upon Dr. Leonard A. Sayce, of Armstrong College, Newcastle, to deliver an address on ‘‘Photography.” Dr. Sayce dealt briefly with the work of the pioneers in the subject of photography, referring particularly to the work of 460 Schultz (1727),Scheele (1877),and Wedgewood. The important contribution by Fox Talbot (1840)was mentioned, and the mechanism of the formation of the latent image, its transforma- tion into a negative, and the production of the final positive photograph were all carefully explained. He then referred to modern photographic emulsions, the use of gelatin as the supporting material, and the many improve- ments which led to the super-speed films now universally employed.Among the difficulties experienced with the earlier films were variation in speed and a greater response to blue and ultra-violet light than to red and yellow. Investigation by Dr. Shepherd showed that the addition of a minute quantity of ally1 thio- carbamide increased the sensitivity of the silver bromide emulsion. The work of Vogel (1875) resulted in the addition of a dye and the production of orthochromatic films, sensitive to green. Panchromatic films, sensitive to all colours of the spectrum, were next obtained by the use of thiocyanine and carbocyanine dyes, while infra-red plates were obtained by employing cryptocyanine and neocyanine. Slides were shown illustrating the use of infra-red photo- graphy in medical work, in cartography, in deciphering ancient documents, and in photographing distant objects even in presence of mist. The most recent development, that of colour photography, was fully dealt with, the production of the mosaic screen employed in the “Dufay” process being shown by explanatory slides.The fine grain of modern emulsions renders it possible to make very satisfactory enlargements. Dr. Sayce showed examples of such enlargements taken on an ordinary cinemato- graph film by the miniature “Leica” camera. He also stated that such a camera could be used for photomicrography and showed a special equipment for such work, developed by himself. Following the Annual General Meeting of the Section, held on 20th November, a Refresher Lecture, entitled “Analytical Chemistry,” was delivered by Dr.A. B. Crawford. Dr. Crawford stated that the ideal analytical method is both speedy and accurate. Gravimetric methods may be very accurate, as witness the determination of atomic weights, but 461 modern practice tends to speed up operations by replacing gravimetric, either wholly or partly, by volumetric methods. The now familiar organic precipitants, such as dimethyl- glyoxime or 8-hydroxyquinoline, serve for the quantitative separation and estimation of metals, the latter being particularly valuable in acetate or tartrate solutions of controlled acidity. Ignition difficulties such as decomposition and volatilisation are avoided by estimating the precipitates volumetrically.Thus, by hydrolysis of nickel dimethylglyoxime the resulting hydroxyl- mine may be titrated or an 8-hydroxyquinoline compound may be estimated bromometrically. Volumetric methods require an “indicator ’’ to show the equivalence point. The list of indicators for acidimetry has been increased by the provision of (‘mixed indicators ” whose contrasting colours render changes of $H more evident. The colour changes of indicators in weakly buffered solution, or in presence of such as protein, require care in interpretation, a point to be noted when $H is determined by comparator methods. The excitation of fluorescence at a fairly definite $H suggested the use of 7-hydroxycoumarin and quinine as fluorescence indicators in acidometric titrations particularly in coloured solutions.Indicators for use in oxidation and reduction reactions are exemplified by diphenylamine for ferrous iron, using dichromate, or for hydroquinone using ceric sulphate. With ceric sulphate iron may be estimated using xylene cyan01 FF as internal indicator. Adsorption indicators depend on colour changes of ions adsorbed on colloidal precipitates. Estimations formerly accom- plished gravimetrically may now be done volumetrically, the property of surface adsorption which introduced error in the former being successfully made use of in the latter. Electrometric methods which may be used to (‘indicate ” end points are conductometric or potentiometric. One example of the industrial application of the first is the determination of an ash of cane sugar molasses (Lever and Mazumder, Int.SugarJ., 1936,xxxvi, 214)by means of which the percentage of ash was evaluated by determining the specific conductivity of a 0.5 per cent. solution and applying the formula Ash per cent. = specific conductivity x 1.4282 + 1.028. Titrations may be followed potentiometrically by choosing a suitable indicator electrode, e.g., hydrogen, quinhydrone, glass 462 or antimony for hydrogen ion, or platinum for oxidation- reduction reactions. The circuit may be arranged for differential titrations or simplified by replacing the usual calomel reference electrode by another metal as in the bimetallic method or by using a reference solution of the same composition (and thus yielding the same potential) as that obtained at the end point of the titration.The thermionic valve finds application in oscillators for conductometric work, and is essential when the high resistance glass electrode is used. Huddersfie1d.-A joint meeting of the Section, with the Huddersfield Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the Huddersfield Textile Society was held on 20th October,- Mr. W. D. Scouller, Chairman of the Section presiding, when the President, Dr. Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., gave an address entitled 66 Textile Research.” The Chairman said how greatly the Section appreciated the honour of a visit from the President and expressed the hope that he would not let the occasion pass without a few words on Institute affairs.After some preliminary remarks regarding the aims and objects of the Institute and the newly-formed Chemical Council, Dr. Pickard said that whilst it could not be said that research on textile problems had commenced after the War, it had de- veloped to a very large extent since 1920. This development was greatly fostered by Government aid, which took the form of assistance to co-operative effort, such as that of the Research Associations of the cotton, woollen and linen industries. The knowledge of the physical and chemical characteristics of textile fibres had increased enormously since those days. One of the most important problems of textile technology was concerned with the use of mixed fabrics, which was one of the general trends of all the textile industries nowadays.To the older people in the woollen trade the term “mixed fabric” meant that the real article was adulterated by means of the “cheap and nasty” cotton; but the mixtures of fabrics now referred to were those composed of a variety of materials in which advantage was taken of the different chemical and physical characteristics of the components. This trend towards mixtures 463 in which two or more different fibres might be spun together in one thread had enormously increased the difficulties of the finishing trade and a great deal of effort had been expended on elucidating these problems. One of the problems of textile industries, particularly the cotton industry, was the prevention of damage by mildew, to which sized cotton warps were especially prone. For years zinc chloride had been used for this purpose, but, while effective in preventing mildew, it was liable to cause difficulties and damage during finishing if not completely removed.After much research, in which some 200 compounds were examined, it was found that salicylanilide had the desired properties of non-volatility, harmlessness-ease of removal, combined with effective prevention of mildew. This was a problem in which there was little to guide the workers and the successful solution was largely a matter of persistent trial. Textile researchers had to deal with colloid materials, which, especially in the case of cotton and wool are liable to very great variations in physical characteristics.In consequence, in any investigation connected with textile materials, the only method of getting reliable results was to make a large number of experiments and to deal with the results statistically. For example, in experimental weaving, in order to cut out the peculiarities of individual looms it was necessary to use a group of eight and analyse the results statistically by the Latin square method developed by agricultural chemists. A further difficulty met with by textile workers was the com- parison of properties such as “handle” or draping effects which could not as yet be expressed numerically; but considerable progress was being made in solving these problems. One interesting feature of modern research had been the discovery of the cause of periodic faults in knitted or woven cotton fabric such as the so-called “tiger bars” in stockings.These were caused during hank mercerisation, any unevenness giving rise to uneven dyeing which was reproduced in a periodic form when the yam was knitted up. The picture of the constitution of cellulose put forward by chemists, notably the Haworth School at Birmingham, while representing a tremendous advance, did not explain many of the textile properties of cotton cellulose and it was probable that the cellulose molecule was much larger than that indicated by their chemical methods. 464 By treatment of cotton with swelling agents such as caustic soda solution it had been possible to lay bare the intimate structure of a single hair, showing it to consist of fibrillae arranged in spiral form.One of the best-known methods of detecting chemical damage to cotton was the determination of the fluidity of its solution in cuprammonium hydroxide. In this way it had been possible to prove, for example, that damage to a shirt had been produced before making up and not after, by a comparison of the fluidity of the material and of the sewing cotton. One of the most important tools in the hands of the worker on cellulose fabrics was the use of differential staining with Congo red to demonstrate chemical or mechanical damage to the fibres. By combination of swelling and such staining technique it was possible to determine definitely whether damage to cotton fabric was due to chemical attack, heat treatment, attack by mildew or to mechanical abrasion.Investigations on these lines were still being carried on by the British Cotton Industries Research Association and not only had research caught up with industry but was helping the industry in the productions arising from new discoveries. Irish Free State.-Dr. R. G. Ault desires to correct a statement occurring in the summary received from the Section of his paper on “Micro Analytical Methods,” published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, page 356. Instead of “The outstanding work of Kock on the isolation and identification of the growth-producing substances, Auxin A and B, was carried out on something like 25 mgrms.of pure substance and involved a most accurate micro-technique.” It should read-“The outstanding work of KogZ on the isolation and identification of the growth-producing substances, Auxin A and B, was carried out on something like 800 mgrms. of pure substance.” The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 25th November, in Trinity College, Dublin,-Mr. B. G. Fagan presiding. The Honorary Treasurer’s Report was submitted and adopted. The Committee for the ensuing session was elected as follows: J. Bell, B. G. Fagan, G. Van B. Gilmour, A. G. G. Leonard, J. H. Millar, T. J. Nolan, A. O’Farrelly, J. W. Parkes. Professor K. C. Bailey was welcomed to the Fellowship of the Institute. 465 Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 16th November, at the University of Leeds,-Mr.R. Gawler in the Chair. Dr. F. S. Fowweather and Messrs. H. J. Hodsman, A. Hod-brooke and J. Hume were elected to serve on the Committee. Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. Woodmansey were re-elected Honorary Auditors, and Dr. H. Burton was re-elected Honorary Secretary. The Annual Report and Financial Statement were adopted. Professor R. H. Hopkins read a paper on 6b The Selective Fermentation of Sugars by Yeasts.” Professor Hopkins has kindly supplied the following summary :-The author, after distinguishing between the selective action exhibited by micro-organisms towards substances required respectively as nutrients and as sources of energy (fermentation) proceeded to make a further distinction regarding specificity.Brewers’, and most yeasts, are absolutely specific for the three hexoses, d-glucose, d-mannose, d-fructose, and in certain circum- stances (e.g., suitable culturing in the sugar) &galactose. No other hexoses, no pentoses, etc., are fermentable at all, and all other fermentable sugars or derivatives of sugars are fer- mentable only in that they first yield one or more of the above hexoses either by hydrolytic degradation or in some other way. Whilst most yeasts ferment glucose, fructose and mannose at the same rates under all “normal” conditions, a selective preference is exhibited by the yeasts for glucose over fructose in mixtures of the two, for both sugars over mannose, and for a sugars over /I sugars.There is no evidence that rates of diffusion of these respective sugars into the yeast cells exercise any controlling inff uence, although this possibility must not be overlooked. Neither sugar in the mixture is transformed into the other within the cell. No variation in external conditions so far investigated affects the relative rates of disappearance of the sugars except that of temperature. This influences the composition of fructose in solution at equilibrium and exerts a corresponding influence on its selection from mixtures with glucose. Selection is in accordance with the mathematical formulations of the kinetics of enzyme action of Michaelis and Menten. When two substrates compete for the same enzyme, 466 the relative rates of the reactions promoted are expressed by the formula:- V K', V'K,-_ In yo -In y -lnz, -lnz Where K, and K', respectively are the Michaelis constants, V and V' are the maximum velocities attainable, yo and z, are initial concentrations of substrates, y and z are the concentrations remaining at the time of measurement, respectively.Measurement of yo z, y z in a fermenting solution of glucose and fructose leads to values of the above fraction (KGIF)which remain constant within the limits of experimental error. Thus an English brewers' yeast gave the value of 2-10, varying between 2-07 and 2-13,except at the extremes of fermentation. To investigate such phenomena, quantitative kinetic work is essential and methods of measuring the rate of fermentation continuously were discussed-including methods of Harden and Young and of Slator.The last-named method, in which CO, is measured by the increase of pressure in an exhausted system at constant volume has been used by the author and his colleagues and the results were discussed. The kinetics of fermentation of the sugars in separate solutions also conform to the mathe- matical formulations of Michaelis and Menten for enzyme action. On plotting the reciprocals of velocity of fermentation (asordinates) and of sugar concentration (as abscissze), a straight line is obtained with glucose, fructose, mannose and galactose, as required by the theory. From the graphs can be read off the values of V (maximum velocity) and of 5(slope of graph)V whence the value of K, is obtained.V is approximately the same for glucose, fructose, mannose (and their a and /3 forms) when brewers' yeast is employed, so that the expression V K'm/V'K, simplifies to K',,,/Km, the inverse ratio of the Michaelis constants. Thus for glucose, fructose and mannose, the values, 0.192, 0.404 and 0.86 (expressed as concentration per cent.) were respectively obtained in agreement with KGIF= 2-10 = Ox4 for mixtures of glucose and fructose, and ( O*IJ 0.86for glucose and mannose, -= 4.5, whereas direct determin- 0.192 ation of KGIMfor a similar yeast gave the value, 3.8. 467 It seems that the yeast enzyme which is the first to combine with the substrate sugar possesses a greater affinity, eg., for glucose than for fructose.This may in its turn depend on the proportions of the specifically fermentable forms of the sugars respectively present in these sugars at equilibrium. Observa-tions on fermentation of a,18 and equilibrium glucose in separate solutions, and on fructose at different temperatures had led the author to the conclusion that the sugars specifically fermented were neither the a nor the 18 forms, but intermediate and possibly aldehydic (or ketonic) open chain forms, a conclusion also suggested by the recent work of Professor Robison who used non-living yeast preparations. Adaptation of yeast by culturing was illustrated by the case of galactose (absolute specificity), and change in selectivity constants (relative) when suitable cultural conditions were imposed.Certain yeasts, e.g. one type found in Sauterne wine, are exceptions to the above generalisations in certain respects. For example, they prefer fructose to glucose in mixtures of the two. This preference can be greatly increased by culturing in fructose. The Leeds Area Section, jointly with the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held a Dinner and Dance on 25th November, at Powolny’s Rooms, Leeds. Mr. A. H. Dodd (Chairman of the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) presided, and was supported by Mr. R. Gawler (Chairman of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute). The guests included Dr.A. E. Everest (Vice-president of the Institute), Mr. W. A. S. Calder (immediate Past President of the Society of Chemical Industry) and Mr. A. T. Wakelin (President of the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society). Mr. Calder and Dr. Everest responded to the toast of “The Guests,” proposed by Mr. Gawler. Liverpool and North-Western.-The opening meeting for the 1936-37 session was held at the Constitutional Club, Liverpool, on 15th October. Mr. B. D. W. Luff, who occupied the Chair for the formal opening of the meeting, expressed his pleasure in introducing Mr. L. V. Cocks as the Chairman for the new session. Mr. Cocks gave an address entitled:- ‘(Some Recent Technical Advances in Industry.” Of the two types of advance which were selected to illustrate 468 recent developments, the first was chosen to illustrate the develop- ments resulting from specialised research in connection with the detergent industry, and the second, which was of a more general character, to illustrate the great advantage which had been taken in recent years of applying fundamental scientific principles in the development of products and processes.The historical development of non-soapy detergents, by which term it was not intended to include the large range of inorganic alkali salts which are used for detergent purposes, was described from the early use of turkey red oil, or sulphonated castor oil, through the period when trials were made with the esters and amides of fatty acids, to the present-day so-called non-soapy detergents. These detergents are now represented by such bodies as the sulphates or sulphonates of fatty alcohols, by sulphonate and ester derivatives of ethylene glycol, or by the products of the partial esterification of polymerised glycerol with fatty acids.Solutions of these substances resemble solutions of soap in respect of many properties, such as surface tension, lathering and cleansing or detergent action. The special advan- tages of non-soapy detergent solutions are that they are practically unaffected by hardness or slight acidity in the water. Oneof the first of these detergent products to appear on the market was a shampoo powder, the special properties of which in respect of imparting lustre and “life” to the hair have been readily appreciated. Non-soapy products which have been specially prepared for laundries are on the market and are being employed with success in certain classes of laundry work of high quality.Quite recently a non-soapy washing preparation for domestic use has been placed on the market, and there is every reason to think that, as it can be sold at an economic price, its special features will also be appreciated. The other examples of recent advances which were chosen by the chairman related to various aspects of wrapping and “packaging,” and to air conditioning, both of which subjects were of wide and general interest to industry. For wrapping and “packaging” the developments which have taken place in respect of the improvement in transparent regenerated cellulose films of the cellophane type, and in waxed papers, were described, together with the particular difficulties with which such develop- ments have been accompanied.The production of the moisture-proof film of transparent regenerated cellulose by the coating of each side of the film as 469 produced from the viscose with an extremely thin layer of lacquer was described, and attention was directed to the necessity for the use of special printing processes and of modified adhesives for such materials. In order to obtain the necessary register for the automatic wrapping of materials with printed cellophane, use had beenmade of the selenium cell electric eye, the light from which was cut off by an opaque or metallic printed spot which accurately registered the correct position.In order to illustrate one of the recent developments in this field of “packaging,” a tobacco pouch which formed the wrapper for the tobacco as sold over the counter was exhibited. This pouch consisted of three-ply films, the outer ones being of moisture-proof regenerated cellulose, and the inner of waxed paper. Reference was made to the improvements which had taken place in the production of tin-plate and tin-box containers. Byway of illustration of such improvements, sections of empty half-pint “cans” of beer were exhibited to show the methods of lacquering and waxing which were adopted to ensure that the beer was in perfect condition when it reached the consumer.A description was given of the equipment which was necessary for the conditioning of air at temperatures and humidities which, on the one hand, were between the maximum and minimum limits of the normal atmosphere and, on the other hand, above the maximum limit of the normal atmosphere in respect of temperature. Emphasis was directed to the greater ease with which the latter air conditions could be met, as advantage was taken of the ease with which air could be saturated by means of fine sprays of water at any particular temperatures, the excess water being removed by a system of baffling. With the correct adjustment of the temperature of the air at complete saturation point, it automatically followed that on raising the temperature of such air the desired relative humidity in the conditioned air was obtained.The address was illustrated by lantern slides, and specimens connected with the subject-matter were available for inspection. Mr. A. E. Findley, in proposing a vote of thanks, con-gratulated Mr. Cocks on being elected to the Chair, and wished him a successful year of office. He said that Mr. Cocks had emphasised the value of research work, both specialised and general; he had particularly emphasised the application of 470 relatively simple scientific facts to the improvement and develop- ment of processes and their products. The Section had also to thank Mr. Cocks for his efforts to stimulate the interests of Associates by arranging evenings for experimental demonstrations.Mr. J. M. Tucker, in seconding the vote, remarked on the value of the address as consisting of the experience of a member engaged in a special phase of chemical activity. It was of interest both to the young members to whom it brought first- hand knowledge of achievement, and to older members who were afforded an opportunity of learning something of work which they had not previously been able to study. At the same meeting, Mr. B. D. W. Luff was appointed an Honorary Auditor to fill the vacancy caused by the retirement of Mr. R. B. Croad, who has left the Section to take up an appoint- ment in London. The members of the Section were the guests of the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at a meeting held at the Liverpool University, on 20th November,-Professor T.P. Hilditch in the Chair. Dr. S. H. Piper, of Bristol University, gave a lecture on “The Use of X-Rays in the Identification and Estimation of Mixtures of Aliphatic Compounds.” illustrated with lantern slides. The occurrence of aliphatic substances in series, coupled with the rod-like structure of their molecules, makes it possible to identify a particular compound by X-ray measurement of a single crystal spacing. Mixtures of members of homologous series do not in general give two spacings due to the crystals of the components, but a single spacing characteristic of the mixture. Results have been obtained for a large number of synthetic mixtures, and have made it possible to estimate the composition of naturally-occurring aliphatic substances by comparison.Such comparisons have shown that all the so-called iso-acids examined are almost certainly mixtures of n-acids, and not branched-chain compounds. The polymorphism of the crystals of aliphatic bodies introduces complications but, now that this is fairly well understood it is, on the whole, helpful to the process of identification. Assistance in quantitative estimations of mixtures is obtained from the melting-points of a large number of synthetic mixtures, both 471 binary and ternary, and it has been found possible to make satisfactory analyses of many of the complicated plant and insect waxes without attempting anything like a complete separation of the components.In all cases where a synthetic mixture has been prepared, corresponding to the composition deduced for a portion of a natural wax, the agreement between their constants has been satisfactory. It is believed that the methods described are accurate to within a few per cent. The investigations have so far shown that all naturally- occurring paraffins containing eighteen or more CH, groups have odd numbered chains, and that the chains of active group compounds in the same range are even numbered. The identi- fication of the components of a large number of the higher waxes has made it possible to suggest a consistent scheme for their metabolism. The Annual Social Evening was held at the Constitutional Club on the 10th December,-Mr.L. V. Cocks in the Chair. An entertainment, arranged by Messrs. J. Hanley and H. Jasperson, was given by Miss E. Nuttall (violinist), Miss G. Ball (contralto), Mr. F. Wotherspoon (bass), Mr. E. Peverley (entertainer), with Mr. H. Weatherall at the piano. The thanks of the meeting were accorded to the organisers and artistes for a very enjoyable programme. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Annual Dinner and Dance of the Section was held on 30th October, at the Strand Palace Hotel,-Dr. E. B. Hughes in the Chair. The Annual General Meeting was held on 18th November, at Film House, Wardour Street, London, W.C.,-Mr. F. G. Edmed in the Chair. The reports of the Treasurer and the Committee were adopted.The Officers and Committee for the ensuing year were elected as follows:-Chairman, Dr. E. B. Hughes; Vice-Chairmen, Mr. M. Bogod, Mr. F. G. Edmed; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. C. A. Adams; Hon. Secretary, Mr. R. F. Innes. Committee:-Fellows-Mr. C. A. Bassett, Mr. D. E. Davis, Mr. L. Eynon, Mr. D. M. Freeland, Dr. J. Grant, Mr. E. M. Hawkins, Mr. A. S. Houghton, Mr. H. Shankster, Mr. F. G. H. Tate, Mr. H. A. Williams, and Mr. K. A. Williams; Associates-Mr. W. H. Bennett, Mr. J. G. Maltby, Mr. W. F. Pavitt, Mr. W. C. Peck, Mr. A. W. H. Upton, and Mr. D. M. Wilson. 472 Mr. J. R. Nicholls was nominated District Member of Council. After the official business, the members enjoyed a show of industrial films illustrating the manufacture of Mazda lamps (British Thomson Houston Co., Ltd.) and the manufacture of glass (Messrs.Pilkington Bros., Ltd.). Manchester and District.-The Annual Dinner and Dance, held at “The Manchester, Ltd.”, on 3rd December, was attended by 300 members and guests under the chairmanship of Mr. C. T. J. Cronshaw. After the loyal toast Mr. Cronshaw proposed the toast of “The Guests,” at the same time taking the opportunity to deplore the view so often expressed that men of science were constantly devoting their attention to weapons of war. The toast was acknowledged by Mr. Alderman George Titt, who expressed the hope that chemists would pay more attention to tackling the question of fogs, and give the people perpetual sunshine instead of “The Manchester Special” which they had experienced a few days before.The Annual Conjoint Meeting of the Local Section of the Institute with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists, and the Man- Chester Literary and Philosophical Society, was held on 19th November, at the Constitutional Club,-Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw in the Chair. Dr. W. H. Coates (Imperial Chemical Industries) addressed a large audience on- (( Our Money.” The lecture will be published as a separate monograph. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Thirty-fifth Bedson lecture, to which members of the Institute were invited, was delivered by Professor J. C. Drummond on 20th November, at Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne, Professor G.R. Clem0 in the Chair. Professor Drummond dealt with- (( Chemical Aspects of some Modern Nutritional Problems.” He said that animals are dependent on plants for certain compounds which they cannot synthesise themselves from potentially suitable material. Such compounds can be divided 473 into two types,-tissue building stores, and what might be termed I‘ chemical lubricants,” e.g. vitamins and hormones. Cystine is a good example of the former type. Animals cannot synthesise this important amino-acid even if provided with sulphur, in various forms, and closely related non-sulphur containing compounds,-for example, serine. However, they can use methionine and dithiol-dilactic acid, but not homo-cystine and cystinearnine, to replace a cystine deficiency.Persons suffering from cystinuria who are given methionine excrete it as cystine only. Vitamins A, B,, C and D are examples of the second type. Professor Drummond dealt with the work leading to the synthesis of vitamin B,, and pointed out that alteration in the position of the methyl group in the pyrimidine ring leads to the formation of biologically inactive products. Vitamin A has been shown to be a C, compound closely related to the carotinoid pigments. Those carotinoids possessing a p-ionone ring and a suitable side-chain, act as precursors of the vitamin. p-carotene itself is probably quantitatively con- verted into it. It is remarkable that the molecule divides at the central double bond, considering that polyene chains are usually susceptible to oxidative attack at various points.Certain birds can use, xanthophylls as vitamin A precursors, whereas animals cannot. This raises the question of there being more than one vitamin A. Chemical studies of vitamin C (Z-ascorbic acid) are fairly complete, and it is interesting to compare the antiscorbutic activities of various substituted ascorbic acids. d-Ascorbic acid is quite inactive, d-arabq-ascorbic acid possesses one-twentieth the activity, while I-rhamno-ascorbic acid and dehydro- ascorbic acid are less active. The preparation of these synthetic products possessing activity raises the question of the possibility of the synthesis of compounds of greater antiscorbutic power than vitamin C.Turning to vitamin D (calciferol), Professor Drummcmd said that it is generally held that rupture of one ring of its sterol precursor takes place during irradiation with ultra-violet light. Vitamin D activity is not dependent on the presence of a double bond in the side-chain. The lecturer reviewed recent work on the antirachitic substance produced by irradiation of 7-dehydro- cholesterol, and on the products formed when 7-dehydrostigma- sterol and 22-dihydro-7-dehydrostigmasterolare similarly treated. 474 He pointed out that the relation between constitution and biological action is not yet clearly apparent. There are two views to account for the activity of the various compounds. Either it is necessary to provide substances capable of being broken down to simpler molecules, or compounds with the same C skeleton as vitamin D are required.The former gains some support from the fact that Compounds, very different in structure from those obtained from natural sources, are capable of producing oesirus. For example, keto-tetrahydrophenan- threne and certain dihydroxydibenzanthrones have some activity. A more remarkable case is that reported by Professor Dodds, who found that dihydroxydiphenyl is active. The Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry invited members of the Institute to attend the Jubilee Memorial Lecture on 27th November. The lecture was delivered by Dr. J. W. Mellor, F.R.S., and Mr. A. T. Green, on “Refractories.” Members are asked to note that the lecture by Dr.L. A. Jordan on “Topical Matters in Paint and Painting,” announced in the programme for 19th February, has been brought forward to 22nd January. On 19th February, Dr. A. E. J. Vickers, of Imperial Chemical Industries, will give a lecture on “High Temperature Chemistry. ’ ’ South Wales.-The Eighteenth Annual General Meeting of the South Wales Section was held at the Central Hall, Swansea, on the 27th November, when the following officers and committee were elected for the ensuing year :-Chairman,-Mr. George Madel; Honorary Secretary and Treasurer,-Mr. P. F. Ellis; Committee,-Messrs. E. E. Ayling, C. M. W. Grieb, L. E. Hinkel, R. H. Jones, J. 0. Samuel, E. Thornton, and Mr.E. A. Tyler, Member of Council, ex oficio. The meeting considered a letter from the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, dealing with the subject of Air Raid Pre- cautions and decided to direct the attention of the Council to the circumstance that members in the South Wales area had not been asked to render any assistance with the anti-gas scheme. Being willing to help, they felt that the Council should take the matter up with the Home Office. Mr. George Madel presided at a meeting of the Section, held at the Central Hotel, Swansea, on 4th December, when Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, O.B.E., delivered a lecture on “The Defence of the Civil Population against Gas.” 475 The meeting was attended by members of the Swansea Police Force, the St.John Ambulance Brigade, and the British Red Cross. Mr. Madel, in opening the proceedings, said that Fellows and Associates of the Institute, as trained chemists, were ready to co-operate with those who were concerned with the organisation of defence against gas attacks. Mr. Davidson Pratt stressed the importance of educating the civil population in methods of defence against gas attacks in war, more especially from the air. Defence against chemical war is particularly urgent and important, in spite of the prohibition contained in the Geneva Protocol, because in the first place a country with a well-developed air service and a strong chemical industry has the means ready to hand for a rapidly improvised gas attack on the nerve centres of its enemy.A second reason arises from the fact that gas has a devastating effect on the morale of people ignorant of its properties, and uninstructed in methods of defence, and a country’s lack of preparation to defend itself against gas might well induce an enemy who had the means of attack ready to hand, to use gas in order to secure a speedy victory. The lecturer outlined the nature of the gas menace from the air, and the various measures which have to be taken to protect the civil population against it. Reduced to its simplest elements, the scheme of gas defence requires that the general public should keep out of contact with the poison, whether as liquid or vapour, by staying in gas-pro- tected rooms till the raid is over and the area cleared up; they will be provided with gas masks as a second line of defence.There will have to be an organisation for the decontamination of the areas affected and the first-aid treatment of those who have been exposed to gas. If these measures are properly organised and carried out, much of the danger of gas will disappear. The success of the scheme will depend entirely on the behaviour of the population, as was clearly demonstrated in connection with the anti-gas training of troops during the Great War. If people panic and lose their morale, the results may well be disastrous. This they are very likely to do, if they have not been properly instructed in the scheme of defence and the nature of the menace. The education of the civil population, in order that they may acquire the proper psychological state of mind in the 476 unfortunate event of a gas attack, is therefore essential, and it is comforting to know that the Government has a full realisation of the problem and is actively taking those steps which in its opinion will best achieve the desired end.During the discussion, Mr. Evan T. Davies, of Plasmarl, demonstrated an ingenious safety device consisting of a bicycle tyre fitted into the grooves of the door and inflated so that the door became air-tight. South Yorkshire.-A large party of members and friends visited the Brigg Factory of the British Sugar Corporation. The whole process of the manufacture of beet sugar from the raw material to the refined article was seen and explained.Much interest was taken in the methods of analytical control and also in the careful lay-out of the plant. A meeting of the Section was held at the Doncaster Technical College, on 6th November, when a lecture was givm by Principal L. Orange, M.B.E., on ‘‘Chemical Warfare.” The lecturer traced the history of the development of explosives, the use of poison gas, and then dealt with poisonous vapours and powders. Among the topics raised in the discussion was the part the chemist ought to play in defensive measures, and more than one member voiced the opinion that the Institute should be represented on all local committees concerned with defence. The Second Annual Dinner and Dance was held at the Royal Victoria Station Hotel, Sheffield, on 20th November.Dr. G. Lawton, Chairman of the Section, presided. Among the guests present were Dr. Stephen Miall, Editor of Chemistry and Industry, Alderman and Miss Thraves (Deputy Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress of Sheffield) and Dr. F. A. Mason, H.M.I. The toast of “The City of Sheffield” was proposed by Dr. A. R. Brown, Honorary Treasurer of the Section, who said that the history of Sheffield was closely associated with a number of illus- trious men who were scientists. After outlining the occupation of Sheffield by the Romans, and the fact that it was a fortress even earlier still, he traced the development of the steel industry, dealing particularly with the parts played by Sir Robt. Hadfield and Mr.Brearley. He referred to the debt owed by the chemical industry as a whole to the steel manufacturers 477 of Sheffield, particularly with regard to stainless steel, which had made possible many of the high pressure chemical reactions of to-day. Alderman Thraves in reply said that, while he regretted the absence of the Lord Mayor, he was glad to be present at the Dinner of the Section once more himself. The dinner of last year had been one of the most memorable during his year of office. Relating his experiences on visits to various works, he said he realised how much the industry of Sheffield owed to chemistry. He also paid a tribute to Sir Robt. Hadfield, but for another reason: Sir Robert was the pioneer of the eight-hour day for the steel worker, which he instituted very courageously in the face of much opposition.Dr. Stephen Miall, who proposed “The Institute,” dealt with the subject of co-operation between the three main chemical societies. While, he said, co-operation was good, they should not lose sight of the fact that they should also be keen for their own particular societies: each had definite work to do. The Chairman (Dr. G. Lawton) in reply paid a tribute to the remarkable leading articles written by Dr. Miall, to which everyone looked forward week by week. He regretted the absence of senior officials of the Institute. He traced the work of the Section during the past year, and said that the success that had been achieved was mainly due to an enthusiastic committee and the untiring work of the Honorary Secretary.Much had been achieved but everything pointed to even better results this year. The toast of “The Guests” was proposed by Dr. E. Gregory. Dr. F. A. Mason, in reply, said that he had been looking up the word guest in the dictionary and wondered to which category he belonged. He hoped it was that which defined him as “one entertained at the table of another.” He was very pleased indeed to be present and to have the opportunity of replying for his fellow guests. After dinner dancing was enjoyed by the company until the “small hours.” 478 Notes. The Chemical Council.-This Part includes the First Annual Report of the Chemical Council, to which the attention of Fellows and Associates is particularly directed.The Council has made definite progress in raising the fund for publications and the Chemical Library, has effected economies in the pub- lications, and has good prospects of receiving regular financial help for the chemical publications for some years to come. Air Raid Precautions.-As many Fellows and Associates are known to be interested in Air Raid Precautions, further notes on the subject may be found useful. The Air Raid Precautions Department of the Home Office is a civil organisation concerned with the defence of the civil population-quite apart from active defence by military forces. It is generally admitted that air raids will be difficult to check, seeing that bombing planes can travel at zoo to 240 miles an hour, and it will not be possible, therefore, to give more than ten minutes warning to any part of England and Wales that a raid is approaching. The element of surprise increases the necessity for preparation.Preliminary arrangements should receive attention without delay. The main dangers from air attacks are bombs which are of various weights and employed for various purposes. They may be incendiary, gas or high explosive. The majority of incendiary bombs are comparatively light. The kilo bomb is made of electron filled with thennite, ignites on percussion with any hard substance and burns for seven or eight minutes. Kilo bombs will penetrate slates, glass sheets, and corrugated iron, but will probably be resisted by five or six inches of rein-forced concrete.To keep out larger bombs of, say, 25 lbs. would require about 12 inches of reinforced concrete, and they 479 are not easily extinguished, although sand, if available, will help to check the fire. The light incendiary bombs which are able to penetrate a roof would be stopped at the top floor of a building. For this reason the accumulation of box-room ‘I junk” and inflammable material in attics, lofts, etc., is forbidden in Germany. At the same time, it must be remembered that bombs do not fall straight, but at an angle which vanes with the height from which they are dropped, and therefore, they may hit the front or the side of a building. The problem of protection against gas bombs is dealt with in a booklet-“ Personal Protection against Gas,”-issued by the Department and obtainable from H.M.Stationery Office (6d.). Gases may be non-persistent or persistent ; the non-persistent include chlorine, phosgene and the poisonous smokes from arsenical compounds ;the persistent continue to give off poison-ous vapour for much longer periods. Protection may be secured by the provision of shelters and of gas masks. Shelters will be mentioned later. People at first find some difficulty in becoming accustomed to masks. It is chiefly a matter of self-control and practice. They are of various kinds. A type known as the General Service pattern is used by the Army, Navy, Air Force and Civil Police; a second type, the civilian duty type, is intended for use by ‘‘key ” men in factories, by first-aid squads and fire brigades; and, a third, the general Civilian respirator, is designed for civilians to enable them to reach safety from a concentration of gas in the street, and to serve as a second line of protection to the gas-proof room which will be primary defence for the civil population at large.“Liquid gas” may lie for several hours where it falls, unless the weather is hot. If it is a blistering or vesicant substance, like “mustard gas,” its danger lies in the fact that the liquid has harmful effects on the skin, and casualties may be caused by contact with contaminated objects and materials. Careful examination is necessary wherever its presence is suspected.High explosive bombs may be as heavy as 4,000 lbs., but expense must limit the number of those weighing more than 1,000lbs. Those of 500 lbs., which are capable of creating a crater of g or 10 feet diameter, will probably be more usual. There are two types, one with a percussion nosecap, and the other, termed “semi armour-piercing.” The former will burst 480 on contact with a roof, or any hard surface, and may seriously damage a good modern building; the latter may penetrate deep into the earth and explode with a radius of rupture extend- ing probably to over 35 feet in every direction; so that, for im- munity, a shelter of the depth of 80 to IOO feet is necessary, unless of very thick stout materials, like concrete or rubble,-a very expensive proposition.The main object is to avoid bomb splinters and blast. Splinters from high explosive bombs will easily penetrate 2-inch mild steel plate. A type of shelter for resisting the splinters from semi- armoured bombs is known as the “cut and cover,’’ consisting of a concrete room with walls and roof of reinforced concrete. Bank buildings with modern strong-rooms, can provide something approaching the type of chamber required. Such shelters shbuld not be located below heavy machinery or in places which are likely to collapse, or near boilers or furnaces, or near stores of an inflammable character. Brickwork of 13Q inches will exclude splinters; a wall z feet thick is considered safe. Concrete of 20 inches, reinforced at 10 to 12 inches, would ordinarily be safe.Chalk quarries and the like may be used as shelters with some confidence. Where shelters are formed in houses or premises, the windows and openings of the rooms allotted to the purpose must be blocked up to exclude draughts and so prevent the entry of gas. The rooms, if large, should also have double doors or blanket screens, with a lobby in between, forming an “air-lock.” For blocking windows 3-ply wood is useful and may be screwed to the frames with felt in between, or gas-proof blinds may be made. In premises where no basement is available, a room on the first floor may be used for the purpose if the premises have two or more storeys,-to be above the gas. If the ground floor is used, the walls should be protected with sand-bags.Arrangements can be introduced for filtering incoming air. First-aid equipment should be available. Where open ground is obtainable, covered trench shelters, 7 feet deep, and z feet wide, may be constructed, and these are without the disadvantage of a building, which may collapse. Factories should have regard to their sources of supplies of water, gas and power, in order to prevent, as far as possible, the entire failure of these essential services. Special precautions should be taken in works where the manufactures relate to highly combustible material. In large 481 concerns, responsibilities and duties should be assigned to reliable members of the staff, above military age, to make such arrange- ments as may be feasible for the safety of the employees in any emergency.They must not be permitted to congregate in large numbers. Where protection cannot be obtained within the works, arrangements should be made to disperse employees as quickly as possible to places of safety, or to their homes. Where processes cannot be hindered or stopped, it may also be advisable to provide “cubby holes’’ for the protection of “key” men who may have to remain on works. Local authorities will be faced with the problem of dispersing crowds. Their officials will work generally with the police, the St. John Ambulance Association, the British Red Cross Society, Fire Brigades, Sanitary Inspectors, etc. It has been suggested that people will be obstinate about using shelters and gas masks, but they will sooner or later learn the wisdom of taking care of themselves.Camouflage may be useful in some cases. White and shiny roofs should be avoided; conspicuous roads and areas may, to some extent, be planted with trees. Khaki-coloured overalls are preferable to white ones in war-time. Lighting orders will require that means be employed to prevent lights from being visible from above, glass “sky-lights” should be painted or dis-tempered; “khaki” blinds and opaque electric-light shades will be in demand. The use of smoke as a cover appears to be a difficult pro- position. A cloud of smoke should cover nine times the size of the area to be masked. Thus a factory occupying 600 square yards requires a smoke cloud of a mile square, the production of which is estimated to cost about fl3,ooo a day.The detailed organisation is in the hands of the local authorities, to whom Fellows and Associates suitably available can offer their services. The Air Raid Precautions Department has also issued, or intends to issue, handbooks dealing with “First Aid for Gas Casualties’’ (3d., 4d. post free) ; “Medical Treatment of Gas Casualties” ; “Decontamination of Materials” (6d., 8d. post free) ; “Structural Precautions against Bombs and Gas ” ; “Air Raid Precautions in Factories and Business Premises ” (6d., 7d. post free); “Anti-Gas Precautions for Merchant Shipping ” (3d., 4d. post free). 482 The Impact of Scientific Discovery.-Lord Rutherford, in the Twelfth Annual Norman Lockyer Lecture, which he delivered before the British Science Guild on 12th November, in the Hall of the Goldsmiths’ Company, London, said that the orderly application of scientific research to industrial needs had undoubtedly been of material benefit to mankind and had not led to any serious displacement of labour in older industries, but had rather given new avenues of employment for great numbers of men and women. There had been much loose and uninformed talk of the possible dangers to the community of the unrestricted development of science and scientific invention. Science might occasionally be used for ignoble ends, but that was not the fault of the scientific mind, but rather of the community which failed to control this misuse of science.Scientific men had perhaps shown themselves unduly sensitive to criticism, although it was a natural reaction in an investigator who was conscious that his only aim in this work had been to add to the sum of human knowledge. It might be that some method of control of the rate of application of new ideas or inventions to industry was desirable in order to prevent too marked a dislocation of capital and labour. It might be an advantage to the State to know the probable changes that might be expected in industry before new inventions were actually put into operation; it would seem desirable to set up a “Prevision Committee” of an advisory nature, to form an estimate of the trend of industry as a whole and of the probable effects of new ideas and inventions as they arose, and to advise any form of control was likely to prove necessary in the public interest.British Launderers ’ Research Association.-On 1st December, Sir William Bragg, O.M., P.R.S. ,opened the extension to the laboratories of the British Launderers’ Research Associa- tion at Hendon. The original laboratories were opened by Sir William McCormick, in November, 1923,and the experimental laundry was added in 1926. The work of the Association, under the directorship of Mr. F. Courtney Hanvood, consists generally in the testing of washing equipment and of textile materials which are sent to the laundry to -be washed. It includes research on detergents and the resistance to their action of various textiles and of woollens.The Association provides its members with much information on the temperatures, on suitable waters and the conditions for 483 washing different fabrics, as well as on complaints received, which are often traced to causes other than those that may arise in the laundry. The Trustees for Beit Fellowships for Scientific Research announce that an election of Fellows will take place on or about 9th July, 1937. Not more than three Fellowships (annual value L240, tenable for two years, subject to satisfactory work) will be awarded. Candidates must be graduates or hold diplomas approved by the Trustees and be under 25 years of age on the date of election.Applications must be received on or before 8th April, 1937. Forms and further information may be obtained (by letter only) from the Rector, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. The Science Museum.-On 15th December an Electric Illumination Exhibition was opened at the Science Museum, South Kensington, by the Right Hon. L. Hore-Belisha, M.P. The Exhibition will remain open to the public until 25th April, excepting only Christmas Day and Good Friday,-on weekdays from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.; Sundays, from 2.30 p.m. to 6 p.m. Admission free. Rhodium.-The Science Museum has lately announced the exhibition in the Chemistry Collection, Gallery LXVI, of aa original tube containing Rhodium, prepared by its discoverer, William Hyde Wollaston (ca.1825). Rhodium has lately become of interest as a non-tarnishing substitute for silver in electroplating. Dyes.-Another interesting exhibit consists of dyes, on loan from the Imperial College of Science and Technology. These were prepared by A. W. Hofmann between 1858 and 1863, during his researches on “rosaniline” (magenta). This had been discovered by Natanson in 1856, in the same year that Perkin discovered mauve. The exhibits consist of rosaniline and a number of its derivatives, ranging in colour from reddish-violet to blue, and the violet dye discovered by Hofmann in 1863. There is also a specimen of alizarin, the colouring principle of madder root, prepared by Perkin in 1869. The Annual Chemical Dinner was held in the Wharnecliff Rooms, Hotel Great Central, Marylebone, on 19th November.484 Professor A. G. Green, F.R.S., presided, and Professor Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, F.R.S., was the principal guest, After the loyal toasts, Sir Gilbert Morgan proposed ‘‘Chemistry,” making special reference to the work of the Chemical Council and its endeavours to secure help for chemical publica- tions and the library of the Chemical Society. The toast was acknowledged by the Chairman. The remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing. The RamsayChemica1Dinner.-Professor G. G. Henderson presided at the Ramsay Chemical Dinner, held in the Central Hotel, Glasgow, on 4th December, which was attended by mem- bers of all scientific societies in Glasgow and the West of Scotland.Professor and Mrs. Henderson received the guests, among whom were Lord Leverhulme, Lord Provost Stewart, Dr. R. H. Pickard, Dr. R. Robertson and Professor Weigert. The loyal toasts having been honoured, Professor Henderson proposed the “Memory of Sir William Ramsay” and made reference to the recent death of Lady Ramsay and to her interest in the Ramsay Fellowship. The toast of “The Profession of Chemistry” was proposed by Lord Leverhulme, who remarked that although Nature at times gives with lavish hand, yet at others she withholds or makes difficultly accessible the raw materials so necessary for industry. This in turn has led to the stimulation of research and the promotion of synthetic processes.He added that while it was important that the young chemist should keep up to date his knowledge of chemistry, it was equally important that he should acquaint himself with the needs and trend of industry. Replying to the toast, Dr. R. H. Pickard, after commenting on some aspects of Lord Leverhulme’s speech, spoke on the work of the Chemical Council, mentioned some of the beneficial results already realised and hinted at others to come. “The Lord Provost of Glasgow ” was proposed by Professor Henderson, and the “Guests” by Mr. F. D. Miles, and acknowledged by Lord Provost Stewart and Dr. R. Robertson respectively. The toast of “The Chairman” was proposed by Mr. H. L. Watson and was received with acclamation and musical honours. Dancing followed the dinner and was continued till z a.m.485 IN PARLIAMENTSCIENCE : Nutrition.-In the House of Commons on the 6th November the Minister of Health mentioned the Advisory Committee which was dealing with the problem of nutrition. The Committee includes Sir John Orr, Professor Mellanby, Professor Sir Gowland Hopkins and Professor Cathcart. He said that the collection of family budgets as a part of the investigation of the cost of living would provide much information about dietaries. The Advisory Committee desired a number of quantitative dietary surveys to be carried out, and local authorities had been asked to make the surveys at the cost of the Ministry. Awards to Inventors.-On 12th November the Chancellor of the Exchequer, in replying to a question raised by Sir Arnold Wilson, said that he understood that the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors had dealt with all the cases before it, and that its Final Report would be submitted in the course of the next month or so, and subsequently published.Milk Pasteurisation.-On 19th November, Sir Arnold Wilson asked whether the Minister of Health had had his atten- tion called to the statement in the report of the Medical Officer of Health for Bootle that, of 13 samples of pasteurised milk taken from two licensed plants of modern design erected in the previous year, only 8 conformed to official standards, and that, of 21 samples of school milk, only 15 came up to standard; also whether, in view of the proved inefficiency of many modern pasteurising plants, as shown by the official report of Sir M.Dalrymple-Chalmers and of similar reports from other county boroughs, he would initiate fresh scientific enquiries into this matter. The Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry stated that the Minister was aware of the statement in the annual report of the Medical Officer of Health for Bootle; the Ministry had circulated, in May, 1935, a detailed memorandum of the requirements for ensuing the efficient working of pasteurisation plants and, in April of this year, a circular again directing attention to the matter. The Minister then suggested that local authorities should survey all licensed plants in their areas and cause frequent inspections to be undertaken.The Minister did not consider that any fresh scientific enquiry was immediately required on the subject, but rather continuous activity on the part of the local authorities in supervising the operation of pasteurising plants. 486 First Annual Report of the Chemical Council. 2nd DECEMBER, 1936. CONSTITUTION.-The Chemical Council was formed under a Deed of Agreement, to be in operation for seven years, between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, and the Society of Chemical Industry,-dated 1st July, 1935,-for the adminis- tration of a fund for the co-ordination of scientific and technical publications, the publication of new discoveries in chemical science and their applications to the arts and manufactures, the promotion of research, the maintenance of a library for research and education purposes, and the provision and equipment of a suitable building or buildings for all or any of the purposes aforesaid.The Council consists of twelve members, of whom three were nominated by each of the Councils of the Constituent Bodies, and three, as representatives of industry, co-opted (in the first instance) on the nomination of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. The original Council was as follows:-Representing the Chemical Society- Professor I. M. Heilbron, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S. Professor-now Sir-Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. Professor N. V. Sidgwick, C.B.E., M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S. Representing the Institute of Chemistry-F.G. Edmed, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, F.I.C. Professor J. F. Thorpe, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. RePresenting the Society of Chemical Indmtry- L. H. Lampitt, D.Sc., F.I.C. Robert H. Pickard, D.Sc., F.R.S. J. Arthur Reavell, M.I.Chem.E., M.1.Mech.E. 487 Nominated by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers- A. E. Dunstan, DSc., F.I.C. J. Davidson Pratt, O.B.E., M.A., B.Sc., F.I.C. (The late) Wm. Rintoul, O.B.E., F.I.C. Dr. Robert H. Pickard was appointed Chairman; Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, Vice-Chairman; and Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, Honorary Treasurer. These Officers have been re-appointed for the ensuing year. The Council records with deep regret the death of Mr. William Rintoul, in whose place Dr.R. E. Slade, M.C., F.I.C., has been co-opted. The Council also regrets that, for reasons of health, Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy has recently been obliged to tender his resignation from the Council. The Council of the Institute of Chemistry has appointed Mr. W. A. S. Calder, F.I.C., in the place of Mr. Kirkaldy. The Chemical Council has held twelve meetings. PoLIcY.-The Council, having appointed Officers and having framed Standing Orders for the conduct of its business, proceeded to determine its policy. The Council aims at promoting co-operation between the three Chartered Chemical Organisations, with a view to effecting economies in administration and in publications, in furthering the science of chemistry for the public good, in extending the publication of new knowledge and abstracts, and in the mainten- ance of the Chemical Library.For these objects the Council is endeavouring to raise a fund, and looks for the sympathetic and active support of all industries which employ chemists, and of universities and institutions, as well as of chemists themselves. All are urged to support the Council and the societies in order that they may be in a position to provide the publications, library and premises necessary for the furtherance of the science, and that British chemistry may be placed on a sound foundation. LIBRARY.-The Council has appointed a Committee for Library Organisation which has determined the amounts to be contributed by each of the Constituent Bodies to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society, and,in consultation with 488 the Council of the Chemical Society, has determined the composi- tion of the Joint Library Committee, on which the three Con- stituent Bodies and other contributing societies are represented, the Chairman being appointed by the Joint Library Committee. PUBLICATIONS.-The Council has appointed a Publications Committee which has investigated the cost of production of the publications of the Constituent Bodies, has obtained estimates for printing and paper, and, as a result, hopes to show that economies may be effected in production, and, in due course, in distribution.Mr. F. P. Dunn has kindly acted as Chairman. FINANCE.-An Appeal Committee was appointed to prepare an appeal addressed to those who appreciate the value of chemistry in its practical applications to industry and commerce.Before issuing the appeal, however, the Council deemed it advisable to secure a list of preliminary contributions and promises, and was very fortunate in obtaining a generous promise of fsg,ooo from Sir Robert Mond. The Honorary Treasurer, Professor Thorpe, then addressed personal letters to many members of the Constituent Bodies, with the result that a sum of fs5,640 has been promised from this source. The appeal pamphlet was issued in June to a large number of industrial concerns and other organisations who were thought likely to take advantage of an opportunity of recognising the importance of science and the benefits to be derived from the encouragement of research, with the result that the Council at present has in view contributions and promises from this source amounting to &4,148.It is understood that several important companies have the matter under consideration. On the winding-up of the Association of Scientific and Technical Institutions, a further sum of fs2,128 was transferred to the funds of the Council. The contributions promised to date, together with Income Tax recoverable under Deeds of Covenant, amount to an estimated total of @3,410 4s. 8d., of which a sum of f18,71z 13s. rd. has actually been received. The expenses to date amount to fs147 7s. zd. Audited Accounts to 30th September and a Summary to 4th December are attached.489 PmMIsEs.-Preliminary consideration has been given to the question of premises. The offices at present occupied by the Society of Chemical Industry are very inadequate, and the lease thereof will expire early in 1937. There is now no available accommodation at Burlington House for the increasing Library of the Chemical Society. The Registrar and Secretary of the Institute of Chemistry has acted as Honorary Secretary, and the Council has had the advantage of the services of the staff of the Institute. ROBERTH. PICKARD, Chairman. 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON,W.C.l. THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS ACCOUNT for the fifteen months from 1st July, 1935, to 30th September, 1936.RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS. Dr. CT. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € 8. d. To Contributions-By Printing and Stationery .. .. 85 18 1 Under Deeds of Covenant 539 6 11 Postages . . .. .. .. 35 10 0 LeasIncomeTax .. 127 10 11 Bank Charges . . .. .. 4 12 6 411 16 0 Stamp Duty on Deeds of Covenant 18 9 6 Not under Deeds of Covenant .. 93 5 3 Sundry Expenses . . .. .. 2 17 2 147 7 2 505 1 3 Balance at Bankers-Donations .. .. .. .. 6,153 3 7 Deposit Account . . .. ..6,314 1 1 6,658 4 10 Current Account . . .. .. 212 11 0 Deposit Interest .. .. .. 20 14 2 6,526 12 1 Cash in Hmd .. .. .. 4 19 9 6,531 11 10 ~p 8€6,678 19 0 €6,678 19 0 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT for the Afteen months from 1st July, 1935,to 30th September, 1936.EXPENDITURE. INCOME. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. To Printing and Stationery .. .. 85 18 1 By Contributions-Postages .. .. .. .. 35 10 0 Under Deed of Covenant .. .. 539 6 11 Stamp Duty on Deeds of Covenant 18 9 6 Not under Deed .. .. .. 93 5 3 Bank Charges .. .. .. 4 12 5 Donations . . .. .. .. 6,153 3 7 Sundry Expenses . . .. .. 2 17 2 6,785 15 9 147 7 2 Deposit Interest .. .. .. 20 14 2 Balance-Excess of Income over Expenditure for fifteen months .. 6,659 2 9 €6,806 9 11 €6,806 9 11 (Signed)J. Y. FINLAY,C.A. 23rd October, 1936. (J. Y.Finlay & Co., Ltd.). 491 SUMMARY to 4th December, 1936. E 8. d. Total of Deeds: as per Audited Statement .. .. 14,267 2 4 Add: Deeds executed after 3019136 .... .. 183 15 0 €14,450 17 4 Add :Dowths-Paid in full . . .. .. ..$7,226 9 7 Promised over varying periods, some partly paid .. .. .. .. 1,732 17 9 -8,959 7 4 Total of Deeds and promises to 4/12/36 .. .. ..€23,410 4 8 492 Obituary. HENRYREGINALDHIRSTdied suddenly on 10th December, 1936, in his 61st year. Educated at the Wheelwright Grammar School, Dewsbury, he received his technical training at the Yorkshire College (now Leeds University), where he graduated B.Sc. (Vict.) with honours in 1895. He passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in the same year. Later he proceeded to M.Sc. (Leeds). After leaving the Uni- versity, he was appointed chemist-in-charge of dyeing and woollen manufacture for the firm of Geo.H. Hirst & Co., Ltd., and was for some years a Director. During the War he was engaged with the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, and subsequently joined the Wool Industries Research Association, with which he was chief technologist at the time of his death. He wm elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. SIRHERBERT JACKSON(SAMUEL) died on 10th December in his 74th year. He studied chemistry under Charles Loudon Bloxam and later under John Millar Thomson at King’s College, London, where he was subsequently Demonstrator and Lecturer and, in 1902, Assistant Professor of Chemistry. In 1905 he was promoted to Professor of Organic Chemistry and in 1914 became Daniel1 Professor of Chemistry, which position he held until 1918, when he retired with the title of Emeritus Professor.During the war he was intimately connected with the work of the Institute, particularly in the production of glass for laboratory, optical and many other purposes, and in 1918 left King’s College to accept the appointment of Director of the British Scientific Instruments Research Association, which position he held until his retirement in 1933. Having been one of the pioneer workers on the X-rays, he was President of the Rontgen Society from 1901 to 1903. In 1896 he designed improvements in X-ray tubes which resulted in a sharpening of the image on the screen and also of photo-graphs. He was elected a Fellow of King’s College in 1907. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1917 and received the honour of K.B.E.in recognition of his work in connection with the production of glass in the same year. In 1919 he delivered the Sir Henry Trueman Wood Lecture at the Royal Society of Arts on “Glass and some of its Problems.’’ He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887; he was an Examiner for the Intermediate Examination and in General Chemistry from 1908 to 1912, and in Mineral Chemistry in the Final Examination for the Fellowship from 1911 to 1915. He was a member of Council from 1904 to 1907; a Vice-president from 1907 to 1908, 1916 to 1918, and 1921 to 1924; he was President from 1918 to 1921, and a Censor from 1918 to 1935. Sir Herbert was elected President of the Institute in March, 1918, and shortly afterwards the Council revised the general policy of the Institute. He was thus called upon to guide its affairs in times of unusual difficulty and responsibility, and during a period of reconstruction and re-settlement following upon the termination of the war.At his funeral at Hampstead Parish Church on 15th December the Institute was represented by Professor Samuel Smiles, F.R.S., Member of Council. A tribute of flowers was sent in the name of the President, Council, Fellows and Associates of the Institute. 493 THOMASMARTINLOWRY died at Cambridge, on 2nd November, in his 63rd year. Educated at Kingswood School, Bath, he proceeded to the Central Technical College, South Kensington, of which he was lat,er awarded the Fellowship. In 1899 he obtained the degree of D.Sc.of London University. In 1896 he was appointed assistant to Professor H. E. Amstrong, and, in 1904, lecturer in chemistry at the Westminster Training College. In 1913 he relinquished these posts on appointment as head of the chemical department of Guy’s Hospital Medical School, a position which he held until 1920, when he became first Professor of Physical Chemistry at Cambridge University. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1914. During the war he devoted his attention to high explosives and, in 1917, was appointed director of shell-filling. He served on the Trench Warfare Committee and the Chemical Warfare Committee. For his services in this connection he was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1918, a Commander of the same Order in 1918, and an Officer of the Order of St.Maurice and St. Lazarus in 1919. He was the author of ,4n Historical Introduction to Chemistry (1915), Inorganic Chemistry (1922), a Class Book of Physical Chemistry; Part V of a Class Book of Chernistry-with P. C. Austin (1925); and of Memoir on the Scientific Work of Spencer Pickering-with Sir John Russell (1927) ;he also read numerous pa,pers before the Royal Society, the Chemical Society, the Faraday Society, and kindred Societies. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919 and served asa Member of Council during 1923-24. COLIN HENRYLUMSDENdied at St. Andrew’s Hospital, Dollis Hill, following an operation, on 21st November, at the age of forty-three years.Educated at Erith County School, he obtained his professional training at East London College, and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry in 1915, passing the Final Examination in organic chemistry for the Associateship of the Institute in the same year. He was subsequently engaged on post-graduate research work with Professor J. T. Hewitt, F.R.S., jointly with whom he published a paper in the Journd OJ the Society of ChemicaZ Industry in 191G on comparison of methods for the commercial production of acetic anhydride. From 1915 to 1919 he served as chemist under the Directorate of Chemical Inspection at Woolwich Arsenal, for the last year as a senior assistant chemist in charge of a section.In February, 1919, he joined the staff of the research department of the British Dyestuffs Corporation under Prof. A. G. Green, F.R.S., working first at the University of Manchester and afterwards at Blackley. For some years he was engaged chiefly in research on the anthraquinone vat dyes and, in 1930, his abilities were recognised by appointment as section leader in charge of research on vat colours at Blackley. In this field he made valuable contributions to recent progress. Numerous patent specifications stand in his name, particularly for dyestuffs of the anthraquinone or thioindigoid type, especially relating to anthraquinone derivatives of the o-aminothioglycollic acid series, capable of lactamisation, and other anthraquinone derivatives containing sulphide groups or long chain aliphatic radicals.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1915 and a Fellow in 1919. The funeral was attended by Mr. M. Barrowcliff and Mr. F. W. Linch. FRANCISGRIMSHAW MARTIN died at Wallasey, Cheshire, on 23rd October, in his 59th year. He received his scientific training at the University of Birmingham, and was admitted to the degree of B.Sc. in the School of Chemistry in 1907. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in the same year. He became chief science master at the Liverpool Collegiate School, 494 which position he held until 1916, when he was appointed to organise and supervise the laboratories of Messrs. Alfred Holt & Co. in connection with the Blue Funnel Line. During recent years he carried on an independent practice as Con- sulting chemist and metallurgist, in which he was concerned largely with shipbuilding problems.He was a well-known member of the Liverpool Engineering Society, and read papers dealing with metallurgical problems of particular interest to engineers. His most important scientific work was carried out in connection with the heat-treatment of mild steel for the production of steel plate specially suitable for shipbuilding purposes. As a Member of the Institute of Metals he took a leading part in the organisation of the Annual Autumn Meeting of that Institute, held in Liverpool in 1928, when his lecture on “Non-Ferrous Metals in the Shipping Industry” was a special feature of the meeting.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1910 and a Fellow in 1913. JOHNMAY HERBERTMUNRO died at Kingswood, near Bristol, on 6th November, in his 82nd year. On obtaining an Exhibition in chemistry in 1872, he studied at the Royal College of Science for Ireland, Dublin. He obtained an appointment as a science master at the Trades School, Bristol, andgraduated D.Sc. (Lond.) in 1877. In the following year, he obtained an examinership in the Patent Office. In 1880, with John Wrightson and William Fream, he founded the Downton Agricultural College in Wiltshire, where he lectured in agricultural chemistry. There he carried out a long series of research experiments with Wrightson, resulting in the use of basic slag as a valuable fertiliser.Subsequently, with Mr. E. S. Beaven, he conducted investigations on the improvement in quality of English malting barley, the results of which were published in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society. After the closing of the Downton AgriculturalCollege he qualified in medicine (1900), and studied bacteriology under Sir Almoth Wright. He was honorary pathologist to the Royal Mineral Water Hospital, Bath, and was also on the staff of Bristol Royal Infirmary. He published numerous papers in the medical press. He was Official Agricultural Analyst for the County of Wiltshire and the City of Bath. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. STANLEY PEACHEYJOHN died at Beckenham, Kent, on 10th October, 1936, in his 60th year.Educated at the Central Foundation School, London, he studied for three years under Meldola at the City and Guilds Technical College, Finsbury, and gained the Certificate of the College in 1895. In the same year he was appointed assistant to the late W. A. Shenstone, F.R.S., at Clifton College, Bristol. In the following year, he proceeded to an appointment under Mr. A. G. Bloxam at Goldsmiths’ Institute, New Cross, where, in 1897, he became chief demonstrator under Professor-now Sir-William J. Pope, F.R.S. In 1902 he was appointed lecturer in chemistry at the College of Technology, Manchester, and, in 1908, assistant lecturer in the Faculty of Technology of the Victoria University. From 1911 he had been specially interested in rubber. He had worked on oxidation on accelerators and on a mixture with chlorine, and in 1920 he left the College of Technology to become chemist to the Peachey Process Co., which had been formed to promote his method of vulcanising by the gas process,--& mixture of hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide.He published numerous papers in the Transactions of the Chemical Society, the Proceedings of the Royal Society and the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. 495 HERBERT RIVETT died at Zagreb, Jugoslavia, on 19th June, WILLIAM 1936, in his 29th year. He received his training at University College, London, graduating B.Sc. with honours in chemistry, in 1931. He then entered the firm of Pendle and Rivett, Ltd., and was manager of branches in Greece and Austria, a position which he held until his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1935. GUSTAFADOLFOTTO SCHACK-SOMMERdied in London, in October, in his 83rd year. He received his early education in Hamburg and Leu- beck, and, in 1872, proceeded to the University of Heidelberg, where he studied chemistry for three years under Bunsen, Kopp, Landolt and Classen. Ee graduated D.Phil. imigni cum Zuude, in 1875, and after experience in various chemical works on the Continent, came to England as a volunteer worker at the Newcastle Chemical Co. In 1878 he wts appointed manager of the sugar refinery of Crosfield, Barrow and Co., in Liverpool, becoming a partner in the same year.In 1895 he founded, with William Martineau, the firm of Martineaus, Ltd., of which he was Managing Director and Chairman until his retirement in 1926. He ww closely connected with the introduction of the sugar-beet industry into England and published many papers on this subject, including a reportto Government in 1890. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900. SUTHERLANDDAVID ALEXANDER died at Twickenham, on 8th December, in his 75th year. He was educated at Edinburgh Academy, and studied chemistry under Dr. Drinkwater at the Edinburgh School of Medicine, where he was subsequently engaged as demonstrator in chemistry and pharmacy, before he became assistant to Professor E. J. Mills, F.R.S., at Glasgow. Subsequently he held appointments as assistant to Dr.Wallace, of the firm of Wallace, Tatlock & Clark, City Analysts of Glasgow, as chemist to Clippens Oil Co., Ltd., and with the Burntisland Oil Co., Ltd., where he became manager. In 1890, he joined Mr. G. Snelus, F.R.S., as partner in a consulting practice in London, concerned mainly with the iron and steel industry. During the late 'nineties, however, he turned his special attention to the petroleum industry, and became engaged in prospecting work in many parts of the world, including Russia, Roumania, Galicia, Canada, United States and South America,. He also investigated oil shale deposits in New South Wales, and copper and gold mining propositions in other parts of Australia. He developed the first successful wells of the Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields, Ltd., and in 1913 and 1914 devoted a considerable period to petroleum and coal deposits in Central Asia and Russian Turkestan.From 1918 to 1924, he was engagedon petroleum development in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecquador, Peru and Costa Rica. In recent years, he had again been specially interested in prospecting work in the Red Sea area and in the basin of the Dead Sea. Mr. Sutherland was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, and served as a Member of the Council from 1904 to 1907. 496 Books and their Contents. The following books have recently been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Biochemistry, Applied, A Text Book of.” Frank Wokes.Pp. ix + 522. (London: Balliitre, Tindall & Cox.) 15s. net. The biochemical importance of water; hydrogen ion concentration; surface phenomena and colloids ; spectroscopy ; sources and properties of ultra-violet light; carbohydrates; fats; proteins and other nitrogenous compounds ; enzymes and respiration; bacteria; hormones; vitamins. Appendix. International biologica.1 standards. References and index of authors. General index. “Chimie G6nitrale.” A. Bouzat. Pp. 224. (Paris: Librairie Armand Colin.) 1050 francs. MBlanges H6t6rogenes; MBlanges Homogbnes ;Corps Purs;Corps Simples;Lois des combinaisons en poids; constitution de la matiere; notation chimique ; DBtermination des poids molBculaires par les m6thodes physiques ; thBorie des ions ; formules de constitution ; valence ;isomBrie, co-ordinence; classification periodique des dements ; dhcharge Blectrique dam les gaz rarBfiBs; spectres de rayons X radioactivit6; constitution de l’atome ; isotopes ; dBsirit6gration et synthese d’6lBments thBorie Blectronique de la valence ; cinhtique chimique ; catalyse ; statiquechimique ; Bibliographie Sommaire ; Table des Matihres.“Ions in Solution.” R. W. Gurney. Pp. vi+206. (Cambridge University Press.) 10s. 6d. net. Solvation energy of an ion; atomic ions; the lattice energy of ionic crystals ; removal and deposition of metallic ions ; assemblies of ions; experimental methods available ; inter-ionic forces ; cells and half-cells; successive degrees of ionisation ; equilibrium in any half-cell ; the degree of dissociation into ions; an assembly of dipoles; dissociation of mole- cules; the evaluation of Y;restrictions on the species of ions; the electro- chemical series; Tables; Index.“Organic Chemistry, Essential Principles of.” Charles S. Gibson. Pp. viiit-548. (Cambridge University Press.) 18s. net. Introductory ; the aliphatic hydrocarbons ; benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons ; monohydroxy -derivatives of the paraffins, of homolopesof benzene, and of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons ; hydroxyderivatives of cyclic hydrocarbons ; ethers; aldehydes and ketones ; simple monobasic acids; homologues of acetic acid and unsaturated acids ; aromatic acids and their derivatives ; organic bases ; amino acids ; stereoisomerism and optical activity ; dihydric alcohols or glycols and their derivatives; glycerol, erythritol and the tartaric acids; higher 497 polyhydric alcohols and the carbohydrates; fermentation; aldohexoses and ketohexoses or monosaccharides;glycosides;disaccharides;polysac-charides; estimation of sugars; derivatives of carbonic acid; urea; purines ;organo-metallic compounds.Appendix:isolation and purifica- tion of organic compounds ;identification and determination of physicalconstants of organic compounds; typical apparatus used in the prepara- tion of organic compounds. Symbols, atomic numbers, etc. References. Index. “Organic Chemistry, Practical.” F. G. Mann and B. C. Saunders. Foreword by Sir William J.Pope, K.B.E., F.R.S. Pp. xiv. + 404. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 8s. 6d. net. Methods and manipulation; preparations ; reactions and identification of organic compounds ; quantitative analysis ; simple enzyme reactions ; Appendix; preparation of reagents; &st-aid, treatment of fires, etc. ; tables. Index. A textbook intended for first and second year students at universities and technical colleges. The descriptions of most of the experiments (and particularly of the preparations) are preceded by short accounts of the theoretical considerations involved. The experimental work throughout the book has been carefully checked to ensure accuracy of detail and to effect the utmost economy, not only in the student’s time, but also in the cost of apparatus and chemicals. Dr.G. H. Lunge has kindly presented the Institute with a copy of-(‘FABRICATION L’ACIDE SULFURIQUE.” Sorel: Atlas DE E. (27 planches). (Paris: Vve. C. H. Dunod, Editeur.) 1887. The International Tin Research and Development Council has published a paper by H. J. Taffs, on the Prepara- tion of Tin and Tin Alloys for Microscopic Examination. (Technical Publications: Series A, No. 47.) The International Tin Research and Development Council (Manfield House, 358, Strand, London, W.C.2) has also published Bulletin 4 dealing with Tin Plate and Tin Cans in theunited States. Pp. 144. Numerous illustrations. Tin plate and the canning industry; development of the tin-plate industry in the United States; Statistical Review of the American tin-plate industry; manufacture of tin-plate; rolling steel to sheet for tin-plate; annealing and normalizing ; pickling ; tinning; terne plate ; general applications of tin-plate; tin-plate containers and closures; the manufacture of tin cans; steps in the manufacture of tin-plate containers; cans for home packing; general line cans; compounds for sealing can ends; the coating and decoration of tin-plate; bottle caps and closures; the future of the tin-plate industry in the United States; supplement.498 The World Power Conference has published “A Survey of the Present Organisation and Standardisation-National and International,” obtainable from the Central Office, 36, Kingsway, London, W.C.2.3s. 6d. net. The Survey contains an account of the organisation of standardisation in thirty-three different countries and also deals with the two international standardising bodies, viz., the International Electrotechnical Com-mission (I.E.C.) and the International Federation of the National Standardising Associations (I.S.A.) with notes on the International Association for Testing Materials and the International Commission for Testing Electrical Installation and Equipment. Five Appendices contain respectiveIy a list of the Advisory Committees of the I.E.C., publications issued by the I.E.C., Technical Committees of the I.E.C., summary of the present organisation of national stan-dardisation, and abbreviated designations of international and national organisations described in the Survey. The Copper Development Association has published a monograph on the use of copper for electrical bus-bars and connections.A bus-bar is defined by the British Standards Institution as “a conductor joining a common junction between two or more circuits, each separately connected thereto, and through which current is transferred with negligible loss over relatively short distances.” The Copper Development Association has also published a brochure entitled “Copper in Chemical Plant,” reviewing briefly the physical, mechanical and corrosion-resisting properties upon which the use of copper depends. The British Standards Institution has lately issued- No. 614-1936. Graduated Receivers for Dean and Stark Apparatus.No. 701-1936. Brewers’ Flasks. No. 705-1936. Method for the Determination of the Agglutinating Value of Coal. The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has issued- (‘Water Pollution Research: Summary of Current Literature.” Vol. IX, No. 12, December, 1936. Abstracts Nos. 1324-1451 and Index to Vol. IX. (London: H.M. Stationery Office.) 2s. net. 499 Early in the new year the Cambridge University Press will publish the Henry Sidgwick Memorial Lecture, entitled “Modern Alchemy, ’‘recently delivered by Lord Rutherford at Newnham College. The sixth volume of the Annual Review of Biochemistry will be published in May, 1937. Enquiries to be addressed to the Editor, Stanford University P.O., California, U.S.A.“Sands, Clays and Minerals.”-Mr. A. L. Curtis, of Chatteris, has reorganised his magazine, which is devoted to all matters concerning the production and use of economic minerals. The November number,-No. I of Volume 1114s published in quarto and includes, inter alia, articles by Dr. R. M. Woodward, on pure silica sand as a basis for phosphate-deficiency tests on lettuce; Dr. G. F. New, on the application of titanium oxide in industry; Mr. W. P. Harmsworth, on precious metals as materials for decorating pottery and glass, and Mr. A. H. A. Robinson, on nickel in Canada; also reviews of books on minerals, patent abstract, and particulars of British sand and aggregate deposits. REVIEWS ‘‘Inorganic Chemistry.” A Survey of Modern Developments; by Sir Gilbert T.Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., and F. H. Burstall, of the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington (D.S.I.R.). Pp. x +462. (Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.) 15s. net. In May, 1933, Professor Morgan delivered before the Institute of Chemistry a remarkable series of three lectures entitled, “A Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry,” in which after dealing briefly but thoroughly with the current theories of atomic and molecular structure, he reviewed in th& light some of the more curious and important facts of general chemistry. These lectures were an event of real importance to those who heard them and to the much larger body of chemists who have subsequently read them. It is a matter for gratitude and con- gratulation that the lecturer and Mr.Burstall in collaboration have now given us a greatly extended review of the field of inorganic chemistry in the same sane and luminous style. This book is indeed, as the authors correctly describe it, a recapitulatorytreatise on inorganic chemistry, regarded as the chemistry of the elements other than carbon, but including organic derivatives of such elements where these are of interest from the standpoint of general Chemistry. This is a good, broad view and should do something towards removing the complaint heard not infrequently in these days that “the mania for specialisation is leading to the creation of armies of adjectival chemists.” These adjectival chemists are really the product of despair: despair in themselves and in their teachers at the impossible task of reading and comprehending the sprawling literature of chemistry.For this reason, authors such as these, who give to chemists a conspectus of a substantial field of chemistry, do us an incalculable service. The book is admittedlyonly an outline of inorganic chemistry, but it is an outline so well and clearly conceived and so firmly drawn that it gives a true picture of the whole. It would be easy, and cheap, to cavil because this or that has been omitted: let us rather give thanks that this is not a Germanic treatise dragging its unending way from alpha to omega but rather an anthology of chemistry; a string of chosen gems co-ordinately linked.Because the hypotheses concerning co-ordinate linkage are “a generalisa- tion of far-reaching signseance ” whose elegance and utility are less appreciated by chemists as a whole than is good for chemistry, the authors have paid special attention to the properties and structure of co-ordinated compounds. Generous use is made of graphic formulae, which are of great value in making complex structures readily compre- hensible, yet the book has been kept to a handy, readable size by careful selection of matter combined with admirably tight and clear writing and a system of giving references by citing merely the author’s name and the year of publication. The last device is so obviously sound that one feels it might well be more widely employed: with the abstract indexes always at hand the convenient brevity of such a reference costs but a few seconds extra time in turning to the original paper.A short introductory section (36 pp.) gives an outline of current atomic and molecular theory, including an accOunt of isotopes, leading up to a consideration of the electronic idea of valency and the hypotheses of the co-ordinate link. The major part of the book (some 220 pp.)deals with the chemistry of the elements group by group. Here, as might be expected, the authors are quite unconventional in the matter of space devoted to each element: the inert gases and hydrogen, dealt with as key elements, are briofly dismissed, while deuterium and heavy water are much more thoroughly discussed, in accordance with the view that the discovery of these substances is the “most outstanding scientific advance of recent years.” Special mention may be made of the treatment of such important and interesting matters as the boron hydrides, the silanes, germanium, heteropolybasic acids and rhenium ; but these are merely examples of innumerable points which arrest atten- tion.As is natural and proper in a work designed to expound especially the utility of the conception of covalency, a good deal of space is devoted to Group VIII. Throughout tho Group survey, where obviously the greater part of the matter ordinarily included in the text-books is omitted, it is really remarkable how tho authors manage to deal with most of the more interesting and significant points regarding each element, including many interesting or little-known technical applications.The remainder of the book is devoted to various special topics. . A very valuable chapter deals with natural and induced radioactivity, and here the section on artificial transmutation may be specially com- mended as a reliable outline of this fascinating new development. Some twenty pages on co-ordination compounds in nature and the arts serve for the discussion of various complex bodies, such as the silicates, hasmin, chlorophyll, and the phthalocyanins, and the use of co-ordination compounds in metallurgy and in analysis. A chapter on the corrosion of metals (slightly blemished by one or two untidy diagrams) gives a very useful survey of this important field, and a discussion of intermetallic compounds in the light of the Hume-Rothery rule and its extensions shows up very well the difEculties of this subject and the need for some fresh generalisation to reconcile the composition of these bodies with tjhe current valency hypotheses.After three further chapters dealing respectively with the carbides, the carbonyls and the nitrosyl compounds, the book concludes with 501 an account of the organic derivatives of the metals and metalloids, which is particularly valuable because, as the authors remark, this subject is very apt to fall between two Chairs. There are good name and subject indexes, and the volume is well printed and bound, light to handle, and remarkably free from errors of any sort.In a few odd cases the brevity of a description results in lack of precision, as in the statements that molybdenum is used “m the production of filaments in electric lamps,” and that expansion in the new Wilson cloud chamber is produced by air pressure on the diaphragm; but such slips are rare and being generally self evident are of no importance. The book should be read and possessed by every chemist : it is a kind of chemical Switzerland, an assemblage of peaks. While it is no doubt true that examiners and examinees will delight to chase each other over the most difficult and dangerous of them, their real function is to refresh the soul of the chemist who scans them from his arm-chair. H. V. A. BRISCOE.‘‘Prelude to Chemistry.” An Outline to Alchemy, its Literature and Relationships. John Read, F.R.S. Pp. xxiv + 328. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. net. For chemists who find it pleasing to recall the early history of their science and profession, Professor John Read has provided a volume, not only of learned research but delightful entertainment. He has dealt with the old theme of alchemy in easy-running style and with the method and care which marks his more serious academical work. An-cient history must perforce be gathered primarily from early manuscript and tradition, where truth and fiction too often merge into one another. Modern writers have done much to discount or have entirely refuted the alchemical reputations of adepts who had been accepted throughout the ages, such, for example, as Raymond Lully.Alchemical writings attributed to him are held to be spurious. We can no longer speak corroctlly of the “Lullian Art,” nor is it quite unobjectionable to refer to the association of St. Thomas Aquinas with t8he subject. Had it been possihlc so to control the craft of printing that only the truth could be reproduced we should know what to accept and what to reject. Those who write of the past must look into the past, distant, dark and obscure, with the aid of such new light as they can bring to bear upon it. They are happy if they can make a discovery, suggest a new interpreta- tion or advance an alluring speculation. Professor Read deals with an old theme in a new way ;he is scrupulously attentive to the acknowledg- men5 of the authorities, and his book includes a copious bibliography.The Proheme tells how the book came to be written; then folllow-an outline of the nature and origin of alchemy; a general review of its literature (82 pp.); next, a discourse on the origin and nature of the quest for the philosopher’s stone, the elixir of life and the dkahest ; and a more particular and critical reference to the writings of Michael Maier, to Norton’s Ordinall, and to the works attributed to the mysterious Basil Valentine. Indeed, Basilius and Maier aro specially favoured. The book contains over 100 reproductions of interesting old prints, an appendix by F. A. Sawyer on the music in Maier’s Atalanta Fugiensand a glossary of obsolete words and forms.It is well-produced, with a good index and has an attractive dust-cover which is too good to throw away. The picture of Berthold Schwarz which it bears is not reproduced in the book. R. B. P. 502 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 20th November, and 18th December, 1936, 12 Associates were elected to the Fellow- ship, 74 Associates were elected, and 63 Students were admitted. The Council has been notified of the deaths of g Fellows and I Associate. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Barnes, Thomas Walden, M.Sc. (Lond.), Woburn Experimental Station, Aspley Guise, Bletchley. Bird, John Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 216, Montclair Avenue, Montclair, N.J., U.S.A. Blenkinsop, John Clifford, 22, Cambrian Road, Billingham-on-Tees, Co.Durham. Cole, Louis Wilfrid Leyland, M.Sc. (Lond.), S.E. Agricultural College, Wye, Ashford, Kent. Loveluck, Rhys Jenkin, M.Sc. (Wales), Kerse View, Dalgrain Road, Grangemouth, Stirlingshire. Patrick, William Leonard, M.A. (Toronto), Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 26, Hartley Avenue, Monkseaton, Northumberland. Percival, Edmund George Vincent, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), Chemistry Department, The University, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh. Rowden, Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 3, Pilkington Avenue, Westlands, Newcastle, Staffs. Rumford, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.I.Chem.E., 134, Camphill Avenue, Langside, Glasgow, S.1. Shiels, Douglas Oswald, D.Sc., M.B., B.S. (Melbourne), Ph.D.(Lond.),c/oA. K. Jack, Esq., 49,Aroona Road, Caulfield, Melbourne, Australia. St. Johnston, James Hallewell, M.A. (Cantab.), Whitethorn, Repton,Derbyshire.Urquhart, Alexander Robert, D.Sc. (Edin.), 13, Parrswood Avenue, Didsbury, Manchester. New Associates. Allcott, Ernest Stewart, B.Sc. (Birm.), Corporation Arms Hotel, New Street, Burt on -on-Trent . Bance, Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 52, Kyrle Road, London, S.W.ll. Barraclough, Jack Kennith, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Oddy Street, Dudley Hill, Bradford. Boorman, Edward James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 6, Purbeck Road, Chatham, Kent. Bowron, Herbert William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Station Road, Sunbury-on- Thames. Breckon, Clifford, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1,Foster Street, Morley, Lee&.Brightwell, Stanley Thomas Patrick, A.R.C.S., 2, Queen’s Avenue, Stan- more, Middlesex. 503 Broadbent, Arthur Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 77, Dalmeny Avenue, London, S.W.16. Bryant, Frederick James, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 33, Ashcroft Avenue, Sidcup.Bunting, Miss Marjorie, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 14, Bawnmore Road, Belfest. Carter, Alan John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Claremont, Charnwood Drive, Leicester Forest East, Leicester. Crook, Joseph Harold, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Beaumont, Sharphill Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Crossfield, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 13, Brooklyn Avenue, Calderbrook Road, Littleborough, Lancs. Dyson, Watson Harold, M.A. (Cantab.), c/o African Explosives & Industries, Ltd., Umbogintwini, Natal, S. Africa. Eden, Alfred, B.A.(Cantab.), The Veterinary Laboratory, New Ham, Weybridge.Ellam, Kenneth James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 56, Mount Road, Marsden, nr. Huddersfield. Ettle, Gilbert William, B.Sc. (Bris.), 30, Fisher Road, Kingswood, Bristol. Fels, Miss Margaret, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Marlborough Hill, London, N.W.8. Francis-Carter, Charles Francis Jack, Heathfield, Heathfield Road, Bushey, Herts. Frost, Henry Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Boyne Avenue, London, N.W.4. Gray, Robert Morton, A.H.-W.C., 35, Clarendon Road, Whalley Range, Manchester, 16. Hadley, David James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 81, Wilsthorpe Road,Chaddesden, Derby.Hall, William Leslie, B.Sc.Eng. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., Greycot, Raby Road, Neston, Wirral. Ham, Albert John, B.Sc. (Bris.), 2, Chantry Road, Clifton, Bristol.Harrison, Thomas Sydney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Nort,h Marsh Road, Gains- borough, Lincs. Herington, Ernest Frederick George, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 7, Arnold Gardens, London, N. 13. Hull, Charles, B.A. (Cantab.), Sydney Sussex College, Cambridge. Ignatieff, Vladimir, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), M.Sc. (Alberta), Soils Depart- ment, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Jones, John Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales), 10a, Vaughan Terrace, Penrhiwceiber, Mountain Ash, Glain. Lorimer, Miss Annie Elizabeth, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 231, Edgware Road, St. Albans, Christchurch, New Zealnnd. Lyons, Charles George, M.A. (Cantab.), Ph.D., 36, High Park Crescent, Bradford. Mahal, Harbhajan Singh, M.Sc. (Punjab), Royal Institute of Science, Bombay, India.Mart'in, John Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 62, Bridgewater Road, Alperton, Middx. Mason, Albsrt Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 87, Belgrave Drive, Hull. May, Alan Barrett, B.A. (Oxon.), 177, Claremont Road, Pendleton, Salford, 6. McKellar, Miss Ailsa Anderson, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.T.C., Imperial College Union, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. McMillan, Eric Archibald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Bartram Road, London, S.E.4. Medlock, Reginald Stuart, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, South Drive, Gidea Park, Essex. Melville, James Hannan, B.Sc. (Edin.), 22, Cadogan Road, Liberton, Edinburgh.Merrett, Frank Mark, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Ashview Gardens, Ashford, Middx. Millar, James, A.H.-W.C., 25, Pitt Street, Edinburgh. 604 Murphy, James Charles, M.A., B.Sc.(Liv.), 67, Fountains Road, Liver- pool, 4. Owen, Geoffrey Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.K.C., 13, Bournewood Road, Orpington. Pairman, John Graham, B.Sc. (Glas.), 22, Bank Street, Hillhead, Glasgow, w.2. Patrick, Karl, B.A.Sc. (Toronto), 163, Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Patterson, Henry Basil Wilbarforce, B.Sc. (Dun.), 31, Race Street, New- castle-on-Tyne. Phillips, Edgar Oliver, M.Sc. (Wales), 15, Gelli Crescent, Risca, Newport, Mon. Pitkethly, Robert Chalmers, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 163, Tudor Avenue, Hampton, Middx. Pollard, Arthur George, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 134, Green Lane, Edgware, Middx. Proudfoot, William Bryce, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., 41, East Haddon Road, Dundee. Robertson, George Gray, B.Sc.(Glas.), A.R.T.C., 7, River View Terrace, Bo’ness, W. Lothian. Rose, Bernard Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 6, Hillcrest Road, London, E.17. Rossi, Peter, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 21, Great Western Road, Glasgow, C.4. Rothwell, Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 135, Burnleg Lane, Chadderton, Oldham. Rutter, Evan Guy, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 62, New Barnes Avenue, Mitcham, Surrey. Smith, Edwin Weedon, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, St. Paul’s Close, Hounslow West, Middx. Textiles, Ltd., &, WoolpacksN.Z.c/o(N.Z.),Smith, Gordon Maskill, M.Sc. Box 44, Foxton, New Zealand. Sowler, James, 71, Myers Road East, Liverpool, 23. Stainsby, William John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 14, Ferme Park Road, London, N.4. Subramanian, Toppur Suthapathy, B.A. (Madras), M.Sc.(Benares), 12, Harmion Road, Sefton Park, Liverpool, 17. Sutton, William George, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Massey Agricultural College, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Taylor, Charles Walter Selldg, B.Sc. (Edin.), 17, Tennyson Mansions, Queen’s Club Gardens, London, W.14. Thomas, William Kelman Burr, BSc. (St. Andrews), c/o Ziss, Flat 55, Windsor HOUSO, Cumberland Market, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 1. Thomson, Alan Kenneth Graham, M.Sc. (Lond.), 62, Holdenhurst Avenue, London, N. 12. Urie, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 86, Rosslyn Avenue, Rutherglen, Glaegow. Topps, James Edward Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chemistry Department, University College, Southampton. Venter, Jacob, D.Sc. (S.A.), c/o Pretoria Technical College, Church Street East, Pretoria, S.Africa. Weatherhead, Miss Alison Patterson, A.H.-W.C., 10, Gosford Road, Port Seton, Cockenzie, E. Lothian. Wells, Norman Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Greystoke Gardens, EIlfield West, Middx. Werner, Alfred Emil, B.A., M.Sc. (T.C.D.), 1, Fairfield Park, Rathgar,Dublin, I.F.S. Whalley, William Clarence Roy, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 52, Annandale Road, London, S.E.lO. 505 Whettern, Stephen Matthew Austin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Rydal Avenue, Acklam, Middlesbrough. &'hitfield, George William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 51, Ritchie House, Hazellville Road, London, N.19. Woolman, Harold George, B.Sc. (Vict.), 6, The Oval, Garden Village, Hull. New Students. Allen, Frank John, 22, Hugh Road, Small Heath, Birmingham, 10. Archer, Frederick Stanley, 36, Grosvenor Street, Wallasey.Armitage, Edward Raymond, 2, Rhoda Leigh, Bir6eld Road, Bracknell, Berks. Bristow, James Stephen, Hillside, Park Road, Birstall, Leicester. Brown, Arthur Dolby, 6, Imperial Avenue, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. Chater, Charles William, 32, Milson Road, London, W. 14. Cooper, George, 265, Devonshire Street, New Houghton, nr. Mansfield, Notts. Cox, Sidney Ronald, Roseneath, Field Road, Ilkeston. Crabtree, George Edward, 7, Cedar Crescent, Low Fell, Gateshead, 9. Crowhurst, Basil, 10, Lewes Road, London, N.12. Dean, William Thomas, 88, Wensley Street, Blackburn. Dent, Ronnie Wilson, 7, Jesmond Square, Raby Estate, West Hartlepool.Dunning, Harry William James, 5.3, Whitehall Road, Grays, Essex. Ferguson, William Grossart, 106, Carleith Quadrant, Glasgow, S.W.l.Ford, Harold, 11 7, Morsey Road, Wiclnes. Fraser, Donald Geen, Southcroft, Grove Hill, Middlesbrough. Gillham, Edgar Bertram, 131, Brewer Street, London, S.E.18. Goodrick, Cecil Edward Maurice, 15, Gloucestor Road, London, E.ll. Grayson, Harry, Morton Lane, Beverley, E. Yorks. Greenland, George Arthur Neal, 4, Maywyn Drive, Hornchurch, Essex. Grove, John Frederick, 6, Harrington Gardens, London, S.W.7. Guest, Walton Loveday, 133, Grafton Street, St. Helens. Haigh, Donald, 1 15, Croft Bank, Calderbrook Road, Littleborough, Manchester. Hill, Stanloy Thomas, 11, City Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 16. Horsburgh, William Wilson, 8, Brougham Street, Hartlepool. Jacobs, John Martin, 6, Donningtoii Road, London, N.W.lO.Jenkins, Thomas Wyndham, 3, Solon New Road, London, S.lV.4. King, Raymond Cecil, 55, Ealing Village, London, W.5. Knight, Hilclred, 6 1, Roy& Avenue, Linthwaito, Huddersfield. Kressman, Theodore Roger Ernest, 43, Stockport Road, London, S.W. 16. Leigh, William Robert, Lpndale, Delph, nr. Oldham. Mackenzie, Alfred Ronald, 12, Armley Road, Anfield, Liverpool, 4. MacPherson, David Archibald Whyte, 30, Strathmore Road, North Gos-forth, Newcastle-on-Tyne. McLean, Robert Foster, 43, College Street, Buckhaven, Fife. McQuillan, Basil, 4, Central Avenue, Billingham, Co. Durham. Meldrum, Robert Scott, 4, Campbell Street, Greenock. Morgan, Thomas David, 77, Dumfries Street, Treorchy, Glam. Oldershaw, Gordon Alan, Trinity College, Cambridge.Penny, George Frederick, 29, Gordonbrock Road, London, S.E.4. Petzoldt, Oscar Wilfrod, 15, Shirley Park Road, Addiscombe, Croydon. Platt, Bertie Cecil, 14, St. John's Hill, London, S.W.ll. Posner, Arnold Harold, Flat 9, 45, Jubilee Street, London, E.1. Primavesi, Giulio Richard, The Groon Lodge, Newport Pagnell, Bucks. Pybus, Wilfred, 49, Lambton Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester. Rocca, Joseph Escott, 30, Greenbank Drive, Edinburgh, 10. 606 Sambidge, Frederick Watson, 18, Bodenham Road, NorthGeld, Birming-ham. Sayer, Laurence John, 2, Sheridan Road, Belvedere, Kent. Shamash, Ezra, 7, Esplanade, Bridlington. Smith, Albert, 50, Millham Street, Blackburn. Smith, Harold Hughes, Elm Bank, Rectory Lane, Clewer, Windsor.Smith, Philip Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 52, Harrow View, Harrow, Middx. Smith, Robert Charles Morris, 258, Staines Road, Ilford. Stark, George William Verdun, 48, Neville Road, London, E.7. Stock, John Thomas, 116, Wellfield Road, London, S.W.16. Stock, Roger Neville Graham, Corner House, Cleasby, nr. Darlington. Sutton, Robert Arthur, 88, Chapel Street, St. Helens. Tebbett, Robert Wilson, 21, Hotel Street, Coalville, Leks. Tee, Frederick William, 112, Longford Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy,Manchester. Thorne, Wilfred Lewis, 43, Llanfair Road, Penygraig, Rhondda, Glam. Trafford, Douglas James, 90, Ash Road, Sutton, Surrey. Wilkinson, Peter Alfred, Innisfree, Pine Walk, Carshalton Beeches. Wince, Walter Hugh Dowling, 70, Warham Road, Harrow Weald, Middx.M7right, Arthur Desmond, B.Sc. (Leeds),Wesley Place, Snaith, Goole, Yorks. DEATHS. Fellows. Henry Reginald Hirst, M.Sc. (Leeds), M.1.Chem.E. Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S., Past President. Thomas Martin Lowry, C.B.E., M.A., D.Sc., F.C.G.I., F.R.S. Colin Henry Lumsden, B.Sc. (Lond.).Francis Grimshaw Martin, B.Sc. (Birm.).John May Herbert Munro, D.Sc., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Stanley John Peachey, M.Sc.Tech. (Vict.). Gustaf Adolf Otto Schack-Sommer, Ph.D. (Heid.). David Alexander Sutherland. Associate. Herbert William Rivett, B.Sc. (Lond.). CHANGE OF NAMEL Armand Henri Joseph Houssa, Associate, to Armand Henri JosephHouston-by Deed Poll. Frank Levy,FeWow, to Frank Stephenson-by Deed Poll.Register.-Erratum-In JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, 1936 (page 4oz)--see Cox, Richard Gerald,-for B.Sc. (Cardifl) read MSc. (Wales). 507 Coming Events. 1937 January OF INDUSTRY4 INSTITUTETHE PLASTICS : “Flow Testing Methods for Synthetic Resin Moulding Materials.” Mr. C. Wainwright, at the College of Technology, Manchester. SOCIETY (London Section) :Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY with the Chemical Engineering Group. “The Zinc Industry.” Mr. S. Robson, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 5 Hum CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY: “Colours and Memurement of Colours.” Mr. John A. Stokes, at the Lecture Room (Room 57), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section) : “Aluminium as a Bond for Refractory Concretes.” Mr.A. V. Hussey, at University Buildings, Edmund Street, Birmingham. 5-7 PHYSICAL : Annual Exhibition of Scientific Instruments. SOCIETY Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, S.W.7. January 5th, 2-30 p.m. to 9 p.m.; January 6th, 4 p.m. to 9 p.m.; January 7th, 2.30 p.m. to 9 p.m. OF INDUSTRY:8 INSTITUTETHE PLASTICS “Plastics.” Mr. A. R. Dunton, at Manchester. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Manchester Section) :Joint Meeting with the Manchester Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists. “Reaction of Diazo-sulphonates derived from PNapthol- l-sulphonic Acid.” Professor F. M. Rowe, at the Constitutional Club, St.Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (Scottish Section) : “Problems connected with the Modern Developments in Printing Inks.” H. A. Idle, at the St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow. 9 INSTITUTE (South Wales, Cardiff Section) : ScientscOF CHEMISTRY Conversazione at the Assembly Hall of the Technical College, Cardiff, 4.0 to 10 p.m. LITERARY AND PEULOSOPPHICALSOCIETY (Chemical Section) : Soiree, at 36, George Street, Manchester. 11 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Newcwtle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section): Joint Meeting with Institute of Metals. “Ship-yard Metals.” M. A. W. Brown. 12 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Road and Building Matorials Group) : “The Grading of Aggregates for Concrete.” Professor H.H. Walsh, in the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, vS7.1, at 8 p.m. 608 1937 January 12 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETYOF ULSTER: Vice-presidential Address. Hon. D. A., C. Gould, in the Large Lecture Theatre, Chemical Department, Queen’s University, Belfast, at 4.30 p.m. 13 IRON Joint Meeting with the Electro- AND STEELINSTITUTE: depositors’ Technical Society: “The Tinning of Steel Strip byElectrodepositing.” Mr. D. J. Macnaughton and Mr. W. H. Tait, at British Industries House, Marble Arch, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS: “Applications of Photography to Scientific and Technical Problems,” illustrated by lantern slides. Mr. 0. F. Bloch, at John Street, Adelphi, W.C.2, at 8 p.m.THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF ULSTER: “Explosives.’’ Rt. Hon. B. A. Toms, in the Large Lecture Theatre, Chemical Department, Queen’s University, Belfast, at 4.30 pm. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of ScotlandOF Section): “The Renaissance of Analysis.” Dr. A. D. Mitchell, at the North British Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at BurlingtonHouse, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. THE CHEMICALSOCIETYOF ULSTER: “Radio.” Rt. Hon. J. B. Parke, in the Large Lecture Theatre, Chemical Department,Queens’ University, Belfast, at 4.30 p.m. ROYALSOCIETYOF ARTS: “Luminescent Materials and their Industrial Applications.’’ Mr. J. J. Randall, at John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2, at 8 p.m.14 INSTITUTEOF CEEMISTRY(Liverpool and North-Western Section) : “Cupellation and the Detection of Platinum Metals in Bullion.” Prof. C. 0. Bannister (Liverpool University). INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Manchester Section) : “ScientificOF Identifications in Criminology.” Dr. Ainsworth Mitchell, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. JOINT OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYMEETING OF THE SOCIETY AND THE OFINSTITUTEFEEL: “Applications of Practical Thermo-dynamics.” Dr. J. s. Clarke, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (London Section) :Joint Meeting with The Incorporated Institute of British Decorators. “Defects in Painting.” At 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l.16 OIL AND COLOURCREMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : “Zinc Oxide.” Mr. L. McNaughton, at Reynolds Hall, at 7 p.m. OF THE PLASTICSINDUSTRYINSTITUTE : “Everyday Problems in the Moulding Shop.” Mr. C. H. Cooper: (a)Urea Powders; Mr. N. W.Sabin: (b)Phenol Powders. At James Watt Memorial Institute, Birmingham. 18 INSTITUTION (Manchester Section): OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY “An Informal Discourse on the Life of Rubber Goods.” Mr. Herbert Rogers, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 509 1937 January 18 INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section): “Properties of OB CHE~STRY Dyestuffs in Relation to Fastness t,o Light and to Potting.” Dr. L. L. Lloyd, at Bradford Technical College. 19 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section): “Ancient Remedies and Cures for Farm Animals.” Mr.W. Kerr, at the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, at 7.30 p.m. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Huddersfield Section): “Mode? Advances in the Technology of Explosives Manufacture. Mr. W. R. Moore. LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL : “ShortMANCHESTER SOCIETY Communications,” by members, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. HULLCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY: “Modern Aero-dynamic Apparatus.” Dr. W. J. Duncan, at the Lecture Room (Room 57), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. 20 INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties OF CHEMISTRY Section): Lecture by Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY: “Modern Detergents.’’ Prof.T. Y. Hilditch, at Technical College, Derby, at 7.30 p.m. Informal Dinner, St. James’ Restaurant, 6.45 p.m. SOCIETY :At the College of Technology, OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLEUM (Manchester Section) : “Kerosene : Its Glorious Past and Future Prospects.” Mr. J. Kewley, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTION : “SuperphosphateOF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS Manufacture.” Mr. Walter G. T. Packard, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. THEINSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section) : “Some Recent Advances in the Scientific Examination of Documents.” Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C., at 8 p.m.21 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): “Butter Fat.” Mr. E. B. Anderson, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at. 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTIONOF MININGAND METALLURGY, at the Rooms of the Geological Society, Burlington Rouse, Piccadilly, London, W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. THECHEMICAL SOCIETY:Ordinary ScientiGc Meeting. At Burling- ton House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. THE CHEMICALSOCIETY(North Wales) : “The Quantitative Study of some Gas Reactions.” Professor M. W. Travers, F.R.S., to be held jointly with the University College Chemical Society in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of University College, Bangor, at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Edinburgh Section) : “The Renaissance of Analysis.” Dr.A. D. Mitchell, at the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 510 1937 January22 MANCHESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY(ChemicalSection): “Recent Progress in Rayon Manufacture.” Mr. R. Owen-Jones, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 27 LEICESTERLITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY (Chemistry Section): “Some Developments in the Tanning Industry.” L. B. Priestley, at the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. 28 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section) :Joint Meeting with Society of Chemical Industry. “Colloids.” Prof. H. L. Riley, at Armstrong College, Newcastle- upon Tyne.THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Leeds Section) : “Silicates.” Prof. W. L. Bragg, O.B.E., F.R.S., in the Lecture Theatre of the new Chemistry Building of the University of Leeds, at 7 p.m. 28-29 INSTITTJTE INDUSTRY:OF THE PLASTICS “The Importance of the Plastics Industry to the Nation”:-(i) Brief synopsis of its raw materials and fields of manufacture; (ii) Its raw materials position in time of National Emergency; (iii) Some possible uses for its products in time of National Emergency; at British Industries House Club, London at 2.15 p.m. 29 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Liverpool Section) : ‘‘SesquiterpeneKetones, their Structure and Synthesis.” Prof. J. L. Simonsen, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University, Liverpool, at 6 p.m.CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Recent Progress in Inorganic Chemistry.” Dr. Wm. Wardlaw, at Swansea. INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of ScotlandOF Section): “Scientific Control in Papermaking.” Mr. Stephen R. H. Edge, in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College Aberdeen, at 5.15 p.m. February 1 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section) : “Infra-red Photography and its Field of Application.’’ Mr. E. R. Davies, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. THECHEMICALSOCIETY(Newcastle and Durham): “The Catalytic Activation of Hydrogen.” Professor M. Polanyi, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Armstrong College, at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTE INDUSTRYOF THE PLASTICS :“The Continuous Moulding of Thermo-Setting Compounds.” Mr.P. A. Delafield, at the College of Technology, Manchester. AND PHILOSOPHICAL2 MANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETY:“Alloys.”Professor W. L. Bragg, F.R.S., at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 5.30 p.m. TEE CHEMICALSOCIETYOF ULSTER: “Why?” Rt. Hon. L. K. Bell, in the Large Lecture Theatre, Chemical Department, Queen’s University, Belfast, 4.30 p.m. OF PUBLICANALYSTS OF CHEMIC~~L3 SOCIETY AND SOCIETY IN-DUSTRY (Food Group): “The Lesser Known Constituents of Milk and Their Examination.” At the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 5.15 p.m. and 8 p.m. 511 1937 February OF4 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section), SOCIETY OF CHEMI~L (Bristol Section), INDUSTRY and THE CHEMICALSOCIETY: Chemistry of Ascorbic Acid and its Analogues.” Professor E.L. Hirst, F.R.S., in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section): “A Symposium on the Determination and Identification of Fats.” Mr. E. Richards Bolton, Mr. F. C. Bullock, and Mr. A. D. Powell, at Loughborough College, Loughborough, at 7.15 p.m. Tea at the College at 6.45 p.m. THE CHEMICALSOCIETY:Discussion on “The Transition State in Reaction Kinetics.” To be opened by Prof. M. Polanyi, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 5 p.m. 5 SOCIETY (Joint Meeting of the Chemical OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Engineering Group and the Liverpool and Manchester Sections) : Conference on ‘‘Atmospheric Corrosion,” at Manchester.SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Edinburgh and GlasgowSections):“The Service of Science to Industry.” Dr. J. T. Dunn. OF 6th Annual Dinner and INSTITUTETHE PLASTICSINDUSTRY: Dance of the Institute, at the Cafe Royal, London. OF CHEMISTRY and SOCIETY 8 INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections): “Vat Dyes in Practice.” Mr. J. I. M. Jones, at the Anthraquinone Club, Scottish Dyes, Grangemouth. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Huddersfield Section) :“Control of the Chemical Composition of Cows’ Milk.” Dr. H. D. Kay. INSTITUTETHE PLASTICSINDUSTRYOF (Joint Meeting with Representative Motor Manufacturers and Traders) : “Plastics in the Motor Trade,” at the British Industries House Club, London.THE CHEMICALSOCIETYOF ULSTER: “Radio.” Rt. Hon. J. B. Parke, in the Large Lecture Theatre, Chemical Department, Queen’s University, Bdfast, at 4.30 p.m. 9 SOCIETY (Road and Building MaterialsOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Group): “Road Plant.” Mr. J. M. Collie, at the Chemical Society, Burlington Home, Piccadilly, London, W.l. at 8 p.m. 10 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to the Battersea Power Station. 11 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Manchester Section) : “As Others See US.” Mr. B. D. W. Luff, at the Constitutional Club, Man- Chester, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Liverpool and North-Western Section) : “The Function of the Analyst in the Detection of Crime.” Professor W.H. Roberts. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ “The Study of PrintingASSOCIATION: Inks and Their Relationship to Printing Processes.” Dr. G. L. Riddell, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m. 612 1937 February OF12 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section): “From Boyle to Priestley.” Illustrated by lantern slides. The Registrar and Secretary, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (South Wales-SwameeSection) :OF “Flocculation in Theory and Practice.” Mr. J. 0. Samuel. OF15 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Leeds Area Section): “Scientific Preparation of Food.” Dr. L. H. Lampitt. HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING :“The Formation of aSOCIETY Viscose Thread.” Mr.A. P. Backshell and Mr. F. A. Parish, at the Lecture Room (57), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. INSTITUTION “TheOF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY: Oxidation of Rubber.” Dr. Van Rossem, at the Constitutional Club, Man- Chester, at 7.0 p.m. 16 THE CHEMIC~LSOCIETY (Joint Meeting with the Manchester University Chemical Society): Prof. R. A. Peters, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University, Manchester, at 4.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS: “Activated Oxidation by Hypochlorite.” Mr. H. A. Turner, at the Technical College, Derby, at 7.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group) : “Casein Materials as applied to Plastics.” Mr. Robert Dodd, at The Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 7.30 p.m. THE CHEMIC~LSOCIETYOF ULSTER: “Chemistry and Bugs.”Dr. G. Tinsdale, in the Large Lecture Theatre, Chemical Depmt- ment, Queen’s University, Belfast, at 4.30 p.m. 17 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): “The Past and Future of the Institute.” Professor Joselyn F. Thorp, F.R.S. INSTITUTION :‘‘Symposium on Chemical OF CHEMICALENGINEERS Methods of Treating Sewage.” British Practice: Mr. J. H. Garner; American Practice: Mr. H. I. Hendon; German Practice: Mr. Karl Imhoff; at the Chemical Society, Burlington HOW,Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. 18 INSTITUTIONOF MINING AND METALLURGY:General Meeting, at the Rooms of the Geological Society, Burlington Home, London, W.1, at 5.30 p.m.SOCIETYOF CBEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midlands Section): “Present-day Purine Chemistry.” Prof. J. M. Gulland, at Nottingham. THE CHEMICALSOCIETY:Ordinary Scientsc Meeting, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 19 INSTITUTE (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East OF CHEMISTRY Coast Section) and SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CIIE~CAL (NewcastleSection): Dr. L. A. Jordan. 613 1937 February 19 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Glasgow Section) : “Ionic Migration.” Prof. J. Kendall, F.R.S., at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. THECHEMICALSOCIETY(Sheffield Section) : “The Unravelling of Complex Reactions.” Prof. H. M. Dawson, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University, at 5.30 p.m.SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Manchester Section) : “Ph Control in Textile Works Practice.” Mr. John Muir, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 24 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Irish Free State Section): Exhibits and Demonstrations. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Livorpool Section): “Some Aspects of Modern Analytical Chemistry.” Dr. J. J. Fox, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University, Liverpool, at 6 p.m. LEICESTERLITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY(ChemistrySection) and the INSTITUTION OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY (Leicester Section) : “The Correct Use of Anti-oxidants.” Mr. Maldwyn Jones, at the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) :OF CHEMISTRY “Chemical Investigations as an Aid to Diagnosis of Cancer.” Dr.D. L. Woodhouse, at the University Buildings, Edmund Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS:“Alloys.” Prof. W. L. Bragg, F.R.S., at John Street, Adelphi, W.C.2, at 8 p.m. 25 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Birmingham and Midlands Section): “Topical Matters on Paint and Painting.” Dr. L. A. Jordan, at the University Buildings, Edmund Street, Birming- ham, at 7.30 p.m. 26 INSTITUTION : 15th Annual Corporate OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS Meeting: “Leaching in Theory and Practice.” Mr. M. B. Donald, at the Hotel Victoria, Northumberland Avenue, London, W.C.2, at 11 a.m. AND PHILOSOPHICALMANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETY(ChemicalSection): “Finance and Organisation in the Small. Factory.” Mr.F. C. Lawrence, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ TECHNICAL SOCIETY : ElectrodepositionConference in London. March 1 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Annual General Meeting. May 12 CORONATIONOF H.M. KING GEORGEVI. JUlY 2-1 1 ACHEMAVIII : Chemical Engineering Exhibition, Frankfort-on- the -Main. 514 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Monday, 1st March, 1937, at 8 p.m. Nomination of General Members of the Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council:-By-law 26. (1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow.(2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form: “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registeredaddress) ,a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to bs a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24 (2). No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy. The Officers and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, 1st March, 1937,in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election to the same offices respectively, are as follows:- Vice-President.Herbert Henry Hodgson, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. 515 Members of Council. Frederic SutclBe Aumonier, B.Sc. Thomas Callan, M.Sc., Ph.D. Frederick Daniel Chattaway, M.A., Ph.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. Herbert William Cremer, M.Sc., M.1.Chem.E. John Evans, M.Sc. Lewis Eynon, B.Sc. Leslie Herbert Lampitt, D.Sc. Herbert Levinstein, M.Sc., Ph.D. Dorothy Jordan Lloyd, M.A., D.Sc. Charles Ainsworth Mitchell, M.A., D.Sc. Thomas Fred Eric Rhead, M.Sc. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 4.30 p.m. on 18th January, 1937. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:-Birmingham and Midlands : William Alexander Skeen Calder.Bristol and South-Western Counties : Edgar Lewis, M.1.Chem.E. Liverpool and North-West Coast : Albert Edward Findley,M.Eng., B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties : John Ralph Nicholls, B.Sc. Manchester and District: Cecil John Turrell Cronshaw, B.Sc. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast: Percy Lucock Robinson, D.Sc. Yorkshire: Harold Burton, D.Sc., Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Adam Tait. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: Alexander Findlag, D.Sc. Glasgow and West of Scotland : Forsyth James Wilson, Ph.D., D.Sc. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Ernest Albert Tyler, M.A. Northern Ireland : William Honneyman, B.Sc., Ph.D. Irish Free State : James Bell, M.A., M.D., Sc.D. *The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : James Irviiie Orme Masson, M.B.E., D.Sc.* ProfessorMasson's term of office expires in April, 1937. Examinations.-The arrangements for Fellowship and Associateship Examinations after January, r937, will be as follows:-FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. Last Date for Entries. Period of Examination.* Monday, 8th February, 1937. 12th to 17th April, 1937. (The list for Branch G and special subjects will close on 11th January, 1937.)Monday, 5th July, 1937. 13th to 18th September, 1937. (The list for Branch G and special subjects will close on 7th June, 1937.) 616 FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Last Date for Entries. Period of Examination.* 9th November, 1936. 4th to 9th January, 1937. 8th February, 1937. 5th to 10th April, 1937. 5th July, 1937.13th to 18th September, 1937. * When the number of Candidates renders it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week. Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three par- ticipating Institutions. The administrators, who will meet early in the new year, will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work, of the nature indicated, not later than 10th January, 1937. Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, W.C.I. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to urge all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship.Copiesof the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 517 Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m.to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, 518 whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library cmtains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots' Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, current subscriptions will expire on 1st March. All who wish to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe de novo, should obtain application forms from the Registrar of the Institute. Members who do not immediately renew their subscriptions to the Library should return to the most convenient branch Library any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their membership tokens.Lewis 's Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and Technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides, mainly of historical interest, is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 519 As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.The Profession of Chemistry' ' (Third Edition, 1935), will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar. ~ Patent Office.--The education and training of professional chemists is such as to render them, in many cases, suitable candidates for appointment as assistant examiners in the Patent Office. The Secretary of the Civil Service Commission has asked that attention be directed to the approaching examination for appointments as assistant examiners. Full particulars and forms may be obtained from the Secretary, Civil Service Commission, 6 Burlington Gardens , London, W.I., and must be completed and delivered on or before 3rd June, 1937. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT OFFUND,INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON, W.C.1. 520 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES, ~NDMARCH TO 21ST DECEMBER, 1936. Council in Council Committee Committees R. H. Pickard, Pres. .. .. .. 8 7 31 11 H. D. Elkington, V.-P. .. .. 5 3 5 41 A. E. Everest, V.-P. .. .. .. 5 6 22 6 J. J. FOX,V.-P. .. .. .. 6 7 65 H. H. Hodgson, V.-P. . . .. .. 8 7 19 18 R. Robinson, V.-P... .. .. 5 0 80 J. F. Thorpe, V.-P. .. .. .. 2 0 16 8 P. H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treas. (to 16th Oct., 1936) .. .. .. .. 3 2 28 92 B. F. Howard, Hon. Treas. (from 16th Oct., 1936) .. .. .. .. 7 7 14 82 F. S. Aumonier .. .. .. .. 8 5 14 12 4 J. Bell .. .. .. .. .. 3 0 50 S. A. Brazier .. .. .. .. 0 0 00 H. IT.A. Briscoe .. .. .. 1 1 9 24 H. Burton .. .. .. .. 7 6 11 4 W. A. S. Calder .. .. .. 6 3 14 10 T. Callan .. .. .. .. .. 4 2 00 F. D. Chattaway .. .. .. 3 4 00 G. R. Clerno .. .. .. .. 5 2 61 A. Coulthard . . .. .. .. 5 0 11 0 H. W. Cremer . . .. .. .. 4 4 14 72 C. J. T. Cronshaw .. .. .. 2 1 20 W. M. Cumming .. .. .. 0 2 70 B. S. Evans .. .. .. .. 8 7 6 41 J. Evans .. .. .. .. .. 4 3 74 L. Eynon .. .. .. .. 8 7 22 21 4 A. Findlay .. .. .... 5 2 51 A. E. Findley .. .. .. .. 8 7 50 J. B. Firth (from 16th Oct., 1936) .. 2* 2* 0 0 I. M. Heilbron .. .. .. .. 2 0 00 T. P. Hilditch .. .. .. .. 5 2 13 0 W. Honneyman .. .. .. .. 4 0 11 0 D. Jordan-Lloyd .. .. .. 6 2 6 11 L. H. Lampjtt .. .. .. .. 2 2 10 H. Levinstein .. .. .. .. 2 1 14 0 P. Lewis-Dale .. .. .. .. 5 7 2 21 G. Roclie Lynch .. .. .. 5 6 31 J. Macleod .. .. .. .. 0 0 00 J. I. 0. Masson.. .. .. .. 1 0 00 C. A. Mitchell . . .. .. .. 5 5 7 42 J. R. Nicholls .. .. .. .. 6 7 7 63 H. J. Page (to May, 1936) .. .. 2** o* 0 0 1 T. F. E. ahead.. .. .. .. 4 0 50 P. L. Robinson .. .. .. .. 3 0 00 S. Smiles . . .. .. .. .. 3 5 00 A. Tait .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 505 50E. A. Tyler . . ... .. .. 7 E. Vanstone .. .. .. .. 7 2 61 J. Weir .... .. .. .. 0 0 00 J. C. White .. .. .. .. 7 4 13 13 F. J. Wilson .. .. .. .. 2 2 11 * Of a possible 2. ** Of a possible 3.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9366000425

出版商:RSC    

年代:1936

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

521 Index: 1936. Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section, 12, 13, 212, 301, 443 Accounts (1935), 24, et seq 119. Address to H.M. The King, 3, 111 Agricultural Bibliography, 177 Air Raid Precautions, 7, 363, 391 437, 474, 478 Alcohol, Determination of, 223 Aliens, Employment of, 250 “Aliphatic Compounds, The Use of X-Rays in the Identification and Estimation of,” 470 “Analyses, Unusual,” 148 “Analysis, Renaissance of, ” 176 “Analytical Chemistry,” 460 Annual Chemical Dinner, 423, 483 Annual General Meeting, 118 Appointments Register, 21, 101, 287, 438 Aquatic Realm, Chemistry inthe, 443 Arbitrations, 427 Attendances, Council, etc., 520 Auditors, 23, 110, 124 Bacteriology, 116 Bankers, 110 Beet Sugar, 250 Beilby Memorial Awards, 7, 100, 329, 516 Beit Fellowships, 483 Belfast and District Section, 13, 35, 142, 213, 444 Benevolent Fund, 11, 209, 442 “Biochemistry, Industrial, in N.Ireland,” 2 13 Birmingham and Midlands Section, 13, 35, 214, 318 Books and their Contents, 91, 180, 260, 318, 398, 496 Boots Booklovers’ Library, 102, 331 “Boyle to Priestley, From,” 160 Bristol and South-Western Counties’ Section, 13, 37, 142, 302, 349, 446 British Launderers’ Research As-sociation, 482 British Standards Institution, 8, 92, 181, 211, 262, 319, 346, 498 “Cancer Enigma, A Chemical Con- tribution to the,” 56 Cape Section, 13, 351, 448 Carbohydrates, 151, 351 Cardiff Section, 16, 38, 146, 214, 454 “Cellulose and Related Carbo-hydrates,” 351 “Cellulose Acetate in Modern Plastics, R61e of,” 174 Censors, 108 Chemical Council, 4, 7, 121, 288,435, 478, 486 Chemical Nomenclature, 194, 21 1 “Chemical Reactions, Mechanism of,” 146 Chemical Trades Advisory Com-mittee, 8 Chemical Trade Marks Committee, 8 “Chemical Warfare,’ ’ 476 “Chemist, Education of,” 351 “Chemist and Safety in Industry,’’ 38 “Chemist, Training of,” 215 “Chemist and Transport,” 359 “Chemistry and Business,” 226 “Chemistry and Local Government Administration,” 64 “Chemistry and Medicine,” 167 “Chemistry and Railways,” 456 “Chemistry in the Aquatic Realm,” 443 Chemistry of Essential Oils, 415, 44 1 “Chemistry of Solids,” 61 “Coking Plant and Practice, Modern,” 364 “Colouring Matters, Natural and Synthetic,” 175 Coming Events, 96, 189, 270, 325, 405, 507 Comments on Editorials, 113, 199, 339 Committees, 7, 108 Co-operation (Chemical Societies), 4, 9 Cotton Industry Research, 178,415, 440 522 Council, 107 Council Attendances, 520 Council, Committees and Repre-sentatives, 7 Council, Nomination of the, 515 Council Proceedings, 32, 139, 207, 286, 345, 435 Council, Report of, 5, 121 Conference of Local Section Secre- taries, 17, 291.Crystallography and Organic Chemistry, 173 Courses, Short, for Teachers, 81 Deaths, 5,95, 188,269,324,404,434, 506 Decimal System, 335, 340, 429 “Defence of the Civil Population Against Gas,” 474 Distressed Areas, 314 District Members of Council, 4 17 “Dyed Fabrics in Light, Fading of,” DY-, 483 East Midlands Section, 13, 39, 146, 217, 306, 350,456 Economist in the Modern World, 229 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 13, 14, 40, 147, 301, 351, 458 Editorial, 4, 113, 199, 281, 335, 427 Education, Board of, 21, 383 Education, Scottish Dept., 289 “Electrolytic Refining of Silver Bullion,” 46 cc Electrometric Methods of Analysis and Investigation,” 446 “Emulsification, Technical,” 37 “Essential Oils, Chemistry of,’’ 415, 441 “Everyday Science,” 32, 139 Examinations, 18, 76, 100, 232, 328, 366, 515 Examiners, Board of, 7,110,437 Explosions from Di-isopropyl Ether, 247, 309 Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, 152 Federal Council, 7 (‘Fermentations of Sugars,” 465 Finance and House Committee, 10 Fire-Walks, Report on, 92 Food Chemistry, 214 Food Legislation, 161 Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 20, 119, 272 “Fuel Oil, Sources of,” 62 Fumigation, 309, 390 “Function of the Specialist in Society,” 58 Furnaces, Laboratory, 176 “Fused Silica and Fused Silica Ware,” 458 Gas Defence, 474 “Gases and Solids, Interaction of,” 147 Geological Survey, 8 Gifts, 346 Glasgow and West of Scotland Sec- tion, 13, 14, 41, 150, 218, 301, 354, 459 Glass Convention, 8 Gluckstein, S.M., Memorial Lec- ture, 290,415,440 Government Laboratory, 349 Headmasters’ Employment Com-mittee, 8 “Heavy Hydrogen,’’ 158, 457 Honorary Secretaries, Conference of, 17, 291 Honours, 80, 309 Huddersfield Section, 14, 44, 151, 462 Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation) Bill, 309, 390 Imperial Institute, 92 India, Empire of, Section, 14, 46, 221,354 Indian Advisory Committee, 17 Indicators, 350 “Industry and the Profession of Chemistry,” 190, 201 “Industry, Some Recent Technical Advances in,” 467 Institute and Training, 217 “Institute, The,” 444 International Congress of Chemis-try, Brussels, 8 Inventors, Awards to, 485 Irish Free State Section, 14,47, 152, 356, 464 “IS Commercialism a Menace to Industry ?” 129 Jackson, Sir Herbert, 434 Jubilee of Institute Charter, 5 Lantern Slides, 103 “Leather Industry, The Scientist in the,” 52 Leeds Area Section, 15, 49, 158, 465 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 11 Library, Boots Booklovers’, 102, 331 Library, Chemical Society, 4, 8, 101, 139, 274, 435 Library, Science Museum, 101, 331 Library, The, 101, 183 Liverpool and North-Western Sec- tion, 15, 51, 160, 222, 467 Local Sections, 8, 35, 63, 143, 212, 301, 349, 443 London and South-Eastern Coun- ties’ Section, 12, 15, 52, 163, 224, 306, 471 “Looking Backwards,” 51 “Malaria, Chemotherapy of,” 163 Malaya Section, 15, 225 Manchester and District Section, 15, 165, 225, 359, 472 Manchester and District Students’ Section, 16, 55, 308 Manchester Chemical Club, 58 “Medicinal Chemicals,” 142 Meldola Medal, 19, 118, 328 “Metabolism, Chemical Aspects of,” 454 Metallic Corrosion, 171 Metric Reform, 335, 340, 429 “Micro-analytical Methods,” 356 Microchemical Analysis, 229 “Milk as a Foodstuff,” 35 “Milk, Chemistry of,” 146 Milk Pasteurisation, 485 Mining Research, 92 Muscle Metabolism, 302 National Certificates in Chemistry, 21, 383, 435 “Nerve Transmission, Chemical Aspects of,” 35 Newcastle Chemical Society, 60 Newcastle upon Tyne and North- East Coast Section, 16, 58, 171, 228, 362, 472 New Zealand Section, 16, 229, 308 “Nitrogen, Some New Industrial Uses of,” 49 Nomenclature, Chemical, 194, 21 1 Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 17 Nomination of General Members of Council, 515 Northern Ireland, Ministry of Edu-cation, 347 Notes, 80, 177, 247, 309, 390, 478 Notices, General, 100, 191, 271, 328, 415, 514 “Nuclear Chemistry,” 304 Nutrition, 472, 485 Obituary, 89, 179,257,316,396,492 Officers and Council, List of, 107 “Our Money,’’ 441, 472 Oxidation-Reduction Potentials, 306 “Paper Mill, The Chemist in the,” 53 Parliamentary Science Committee, 7, 210, 230, 311 Patents, 83, 165 Patronage, 207, 427 Pedler Scholarship, 21 Petroleum, 143, 160 Pharmacopeia, British, 181 Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 8 ‘‘Photography,” 459 Poisons Law, 254, 395 President, Retiring, 22, 124 President’s Address, 126 “Profession of Chemistry,” 103 Public Appointments Committee, 20 Publications and Library Com-mittee, 20 Ramsay Chemical Dinner, 484 “Recollections of an AnalyticalChemist,” 41 Register, 93, 186, 265, 322, 401, 502 Regulations, 19 Research Associations, 85 Reviews, 499 Rhodium, 483 Roll of the Institute, The, 5 Royal Engineers, Special Brigade, 177 Rubber, 47 Science and War, 113, 199, 313, 354 Science, Impact of, on Society, 335 Science Museum, 483 Scientific and Industrial Research, Report of Department, 7, 85 “Scientific Discovery, Impact of ” 482 Scientific Management Congress,7, 8, 139, 435 Scrutineers, 33, 123 “Selective Fermentation of Sugarsby Yeasts,” 465 “Sewage as a Partially Dispersed System,” 39 Silica, 458 624 Society of Chemical Industry, 4 Sodium Hexame tap hosp hate, Use of, 176 Solicitors, 110 “Some Chemical Aspects of Meta-bolism,” 454 “Some Modern Nutritional Prob- lem, Chemical Aspects of,” 472 South Wales (Swansea) Section, 16, 174, 474 South Yorkshire Section, 17, 61, 176,230, 364, 476 Specialists, 58 “Spectroscopic Analysis by the Lundegardh Method,” 212 Spectrum Analysis, 218 Standards, British, 8, 92, 181, 211, 262, 319, 346, 498 Steel, Iodometric Method for Esti-mation of Inorganic Inclusions, 176 Steels, Stainless, 174 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 290, 415, 441 Students, Registered, 19 Sugars, 465 Surface Action, 150 Textile Institute, 8 Textile Research, 178, 415,440,462 Therapeutic Substances Act, 8 Toxic Gases in Industry, 163, 393 Toxicology, 145, 456 Treasurer, 345, 347, 442 Vocational Suitability, 281, 339 Water Softening in S.Africa, 350, 448 “Water Supplies,” 447 “Wool Industry, The Chemist’s Aid to the,” 54 “Works Hygiene and Accident Prevention,” 41 World Power Conference, 8, 255 PRINTED BY W. HEFFER & SONS LTD.. CAMBRIDGE. ENGLAND

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9366000521

出版商:RSC    

年代:1936

数据来源: RSC