THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1931. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. I.LONDON, June, 1931. Publications Committee, 1931-32. LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. B. BROWN, W. F. BUIST, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, A. M. CAMERON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, C. S. GIBSON, F. W. HARRIS, J. HAWTHORNE, T.P. HILDITCH, L. E.HINKEL, H. H.HODGSON, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H.M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS, E.RUSSELL, F.J. WILSON. WILLIAM WARDLAW, 145 Proceedings of the Council. APRIL-MAY, 1931. Proposed Petition for a Supplemental Charter.-The report of the scrutineers, on the voting of the members on the proposal to petition H.M. the King for a Supplemental Charter with the object of securing the title ‘‘Chartered Chemist” for the exclusive use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, was announced in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, page 104, as follows:-For the proposal .. 2406 Against the proposal . . 698 (70 votes were received too late: 57 for the proposal and 13 against.) The Council decided, however, that, before presenting the petition, it would be advisable to confer, if possible, with the representatives of bodies who were inclined to demur at the proposal, and a resolution was received from the Birmingham and Midland Section urging that course.In particular, the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society had informed the Institute that in their opinion the petition was so worded as to reflect unnecessarily upon pharmacy, and they took exception to the terms in which the petition was drafted. The Council, in reply, assured the Council of the Society that in drawing up the petition, it had no thought of reflecting upon pharmacy, but, on the contrary, every desire to avoid creating any such impression, and would have been glad to consider any views which the Council of the Society might have seen fit to communicate. The Council of the Institute had, in fact, intro- duced into the petition references to pharmacy, solely in view of the existing privileges of pharmacists and of the Pharmaceutical Society.It should be mentioned, moreover, that, at the time the suggestion was made that the Institute might seek this title for its members, when representatives of the Institute were heard before the Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts, 146 representatives of the Pharmaceutical Society, who were also present, undertook to ascertain the views of the Society on the proposal; further, that the Society could not be formally approached on the matter until the wishes of the members of the Institute themselves had been ascertained. However, before the petition was issued to the Fellows and Associates, an endeavour was made, informally, to ascertain from a number of leading pharmacists what amendments, if any, should be made in the draft to meet possible objections from the Society. When the proceedings of the Annual General Meeting had been reported, a communication was received from a Fellow of the Institute, who is also a pharmacist, complaining of some of the remarks made by speakers at the Annual General Meeting, which he held to be derogatory to pharmacy.At the meeting of Council, at which the letter was submitted, the President said that he would greatly deplore any remarks which tended to reflect on the profession of pharmacy, and he was sure that the Council would readily acknowledge the assistance given to the Institute in the past by Fellows and Associates who were also pharmacists.The Council endorsed these views. It should be emphasised, however, that in drafting the petition for the Supplemental Charter references to pharmacy had been intro- duced with the intention of disclaiming any idea of entrenching on pharmacy, and it was with sincere surprise that the Council learned that the expressions used had been interpreted as derogatory to pharmacy. In submitting the motion at the Annual General Meeting, the President acknowledged that there were many pharmaceutical chemists who could rightly claim the use of the word "chemist " in the sense in which it was used by the Institute, and it was in no spirit of antagonism to pharmacy that the petition for the Supplemental Charter was contemplated.Since, however, such references have been held to be liable to misinterpretation, and the interests of pharmacy are sufficiently protected by existing legislation, it remains for the Council to consider whether such references can be omitted, except so far as it is necessary to indicate that the Institute seeks this title to differentiate its Fellows and Associates from pharmaceutical chemists who are not members of the Institute. The Council has addressed communications to other bodies interested, and conferences between representatives of the Institute and of these bodies are in progress. It is hoped, moreover, that other conferences may be arranged before the Petition is presented, in order to arrive as far as possible at mutual understandings with the bodies concerned.Pharmacy and Poisons Bill.-The Pharmacy and Poisons Bill was before the House of Lords in Committee on 26th March, when a number of amendments were introduced. Clause 5, which subsequently became clause 7, was amended by the insertion of the words “or a Member of the Pharmaceutical Society ” to read as follows :-7.-(i) It shall not be lawful for any person unless he is registered as a pharmaceutical chemist to take or use the title of chemist and druggist or of druggist or of pharmacist or of member of the Pharmaceutical Society or to take or use in connection with the sale of goods by retail the title of “chemist.” The above clause makes it clear that a chemist (other than a pharmaceutical chemist) may use the title of “chemist,” provided that he does not take or use it in connection with the sale of goods by retail.In Clause 17 (4) provision was made for certain exemptions from compliance with the regulations relating to the sale of poisons. (The Council suggested that Clause 17 should be made to include examination bodies, such as the Institute). Lord Henley (Member of Council of the Institute), moved, in paragraph (4)(c), to insert the words “or in conducting examina- tions”; but stated that if he were assured that the expression “engaged in scientific education ” would cover the case, he would withdraw the amendment.The assurance was thereupon given, and the amendment, by leave, withdrawn. (Clause 17 subse-quently became clause 19). Clause I~.-(I) Sub-clause (i) provided that the Secretary of State, after consultation with or on the recommendation of the Poisons Board, should be empowered to make rules for requiring persons in control of the manufacture of pharmaceutical prepara- tions containing poisons to be registered pharmacists or persons possessing the prescribed qualification in chemistry. (Clause 19 subsequently became clause 21). It was felt that this clause implied a measure of restriction on the practice of chemistry, and of interference with the responsibility of manufacturers, and, 148 therefore, that the sub-clause (i) might, with advantage, be deleted.The Sub-clause, however, dealt explicitly with pharm- aceutical preparations, and it was understood that the manu- facturers, if necessary, would deal with it, but it remained unaltered. First Schedule: Constitution of the Poisons Board.-In view of the provisions of Clauses 17 and 19,referred to above, and of the fact that very nearly all the appointments of public analysts are held by Fellows of the Institute, Lord Henley moved that the Poisons Board should include a representative appointed by the Institute, to which amendment, after discussion, the House agreed. Subsequently, a request was addressed to the Home Office that the amendment should read “One person appointed by the Council of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland,”-in order to make it clear that the representative was to be appointed by the CoztnciZ and not by the Institute in General Meeting.The thanks of the Council have been accorded to Lord Henley for his valuable services in watching the measure and for the action which he has kindly taken therein. ‘‘ The Carpenter Committee.”-The Report of the Committee on the Staffs of Government Scientific Establish- ments, published towards the end of 1930,dealt with the func- tions and organisation of the Research and Experimental Establishments under the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, and the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research; also, the Department of the Government Chemist, and the Establishments under the Admiralty and War Office con- cerned with chemical analyses.In clause 14 of the Report (p. 13)the necessary qualification for Temporary Assistant Chemists in the Government Laboratory is stated to be the equivalent of at least “second class honours degree in chemistry’’ ; and in clause 33 (page 30) the Committee recommends that new entrants to the proposed grade of Junior Scientific Officer should be recruited from university graduates. It appeared to the Council desirable that the qualifications of the Institute should be cited in connection with appointments of chemists, and, therefore, a letter was addressed to the Treasury asking that the Associateship of the Institute, obtained after passing the Institute’s own examination, should be accepted as at least the equivalent of a university degree with first or second class honours in chemistry, and accepted for entrance to the officer grade, where this applies to appointments for chemists. In reply, the Lords Commissioners of H.M.Treasury informed the Council that the revised regulations for the appointment of chemists in the Government Laboratory would specify the Associateship of the Institute as the recognised equivalent of a university degree with honours, and that the matter would be considered as occasion arose in connection with the appoint- ment of chemists in other Government Departments. Fumigation of Ships.-At the meeting of Council held in March, a letter was received from the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section suggesting that the Council should represent to the authorities concerned that a certificate of clearance, following the fumigation of ships, should only be given by a qualified chemist.As the result of inquiries, the attention of the Council was directed to a memorandum issued by the Ministry of Health dated February, 1928, and to circular letters sent by the Home Office to all firms using hydrocyanic acid in the fumigation of ships or buildings, in which stress is laid upon the paramount import- ance of taking full precautions with the object of reducing danger to a minimum. The Council was assured, moreover, that the matter was receiving the careful consideration of the Ministry of Health. The memorandum referred to deals comprehensively with the nature of the gas; the generation of the gas; precautions to be observed; routine to be followed; opening up and ventilation; disposal of residues ;gas masks ; symptoms of poisoning ;rescues; and instruction regarding First Aid ; artificial respiration ; administration of oxygen, etc.The Board of Trade supplied a copy of the notice to ship- masters, and the Home Office supplied a copy of the circular letter sent to firms using hydrocyanic acid for fumigation purposes. Fellows of the Institute, who had had experience of treating a large number of ships, were also consulted, and all expressed their sympathy with the suggestion that after ships or buildings had been treated with poison gases they should be examined by competent officials who should be qualified chemists, and that 160 contractors should not be allowed to certify the efficiency of their own work.The Council has therefore addressed a communication to the Ministry of Health, the Board of Trade, and the Home Office, expressing the opinion that regulations should be introduced to enable the authorities to insist that contractors who undertake this work should be responsible for the clearing of the ships and should be required, in all cases in which a poison is used, to employ a qualified chemist with the necessary experience, or other person possessing the necessary chemical knowledge, competence and experience, to give a certificate of clearance. Lecture.-On 24th April, Dr.J. F. Tocher gave a lecture before the Institute at 30, Russell Square, on “What is Probable Error.” The lecture, which was followed with great interest, and is being prepared for publication, will contain an appendix dealing with questions bearing on the subject, which have since been addressed to the lecturer. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Tocher on the motion of the President. Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs.-The Ministry of Agri-culture and Fisheries has transmitted to the Council of the Institute a Report of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Advisory Committee inviting observations thereon. Copies of the Report have been sent to a number of Official Agricultural Analysts- other than members of the Advisory Committee-whose views have been collated and forwarded to the Committee.British Engineering Standards Association.-In reply to an invitation from the British Engineering Standards Associa- tion to send representatives to a Conference in connection with Building Materials, the Council nominated Professor C. H. Desch, Mr. F. W. Harbord and Dr. James Watson, who already represent the Institute on Panels connected with the Building Industries Section, as delegates from the Institute. The opinion of the Council was also sought regarding certain specifications prepared by the National Benzole Association, which it was proposed should be accepted as British Standard Specifications. The proposal has been submitted to Fellows 151 having special cognisance of the products referred to, and its acceptance has been advised.The Chemical Society.-The Council has forwarded a con- tribution of E250 to the Library of the Chemical Society. The privileges regarding the use of the Library by Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute will be continued. Mr. G. Nevi11 Huntly, a Member of Council, has kindly con- sented to continue to represent the Institute on the Library Committee of the Society for the present year. The Federal Council for Chemistry .-The Council has forwarded a contribution of &o towards the expenses of the Federal Council for Chemistry. Robert Boy1e.-A Portrait of the Hon. Robert Boyle (1626-1691) has been recently acquired for the Institute by private subscription, and is to be seen in the Library of the Institute.The work has been attributed to Jonathan Richardson, senr., a painter described by Horace Walpole as the next best portrait painter after Kneller and Michael Dahl, and was until recently in the possession of the family of the Countess of Loudoun, at Loudoun Castle, Galston, Ayrshire. The following is the list of contributors:-Dr. G. C. Clayton (President),Messrs. W. Bacon, H. Ballantyne, F. Bascombe, A. G. Bloxam, E. R. Bolton, W. D. Borland, A. Chaston Chapman (Past President), R. L. Collett (Assistant Secretary), Dr. J. T. Dunn, Dr. B. Dyer, Messrs. John Evans, L. Eynon (Vice-Presi-dent),Dr. J. J. Fox, Messrs. A. G. Francis, F.W. Harbord, Bernard F.Howard (Vice-President),Sir Herbert Jackson (Past President), Miss D. Jordan Lloyd, Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy (Hon. Treasurer), Dr. L. H. Lampitt, Professor A. P. Laurie, Dr. P. Lewis-Dale, Mr. T. H. Lloyd, Dr. G. McGowan, Professor G. T. Morgan, Mr. R. B. Pilcher (Registrar), Professor W. H. Roberts, Messrs. F. Southerden, G. Rudd Thompson, Professor J. F. Thorpe, Dr. J. A. Voelcker, Dr. Wm. Wardlaw and Sir William H. Willcox. Official Chemical Appointments.-The seventh edition of Oficial Chemical Appointments has recently been issued. The Council is indebted to the Heads of Departments and other officials for their assistance and courtesy in making returns, 152 and especially to Mr. William Partridge for help in the com- pilation of the Summary of Legislation, Government Depart- mental Regulations, etc.(pages 323-42). The work has increased to such an extent that the Council has requested the Publications Committee to consider the advisability of reviewing its contents before the preparation of the next edition is taken in hand. A few corrections and additions have been notified and are included on a slip which is being issued with this Part of the Journal. Owing to the sudden illness of the printers’ foreman who had charge of the matter, the Index, so far as it referred to pages 234-40, was unfortunately incorrect, and it was necessary to insert errata slips, both in the index of names and in the index of places. 153 Local Sections. Aberdeen, Edinburgh and G1asgow.-The annual joint meeting of Scottish Sections was held in Aberdeen on 1st and and May, members of the Society of Chemical Industry being also invited to participate.Following the reception of visiting members and friends at Marischal College on the first day, the company adjourned to the Chemistry Department to hear an address by Professor Alexander McKenzie, of Dundee, on ‘‘The Migration of Hydrocarbon Radicles in OpticallyActive Compounds .” At the outset, and again at the conclusion of his address, Professor McKenzie emphasised how little was known of the matter, and therefore that the migrations often appeared to be arbitrary. He commenced with the well-known “Walden Inversion,” pointing out that an entering group need not go into the position of a group displaced from an optically active molecule, in order that a dextro- might become a lzvo-rotatory body. He then quoted instances of semi-pinacolinic deaminations, and suggested a possible mechanism of the reactions whereby they might be made to conform to the van’t Hoff -Le Be1 carbon atom.He quoted especially an experiment of Phillips and Kenyon, where a semi-polar bond acted as a radicle for the purposes of producing asymmetry. In considering optically active substituted ethylene glycols, he showed that suggestions as to intermediate stages of oxide or aldehyde were rendered untenable by experiments from his own laboratory. He illustrated the apparent vagaries of wandering aryl groups by comparing the wandering of phenyl and naphthyl radicles in substituted amino alcohols, where sometimes the one and sometimes the other changed position ,thus making prediction impossible.The lecture aroused keen interest, those who took part in the discussion including Dr. Cranston, Dr. Mitchell, Dr. Stevens, Mr. Craven and Dr. Martin. Professor Findlay, in proposing a vote of thanks, expressed 154 high appreciation of Professor McKenzie’s work, which, he said, was, in his opinion, pre-eminent in the realm of stereo-chemistry. Later in the evening a dinner was held in the Palace Hotel, at which Dr. Tocher, Chairman of the Aberdeen Section of the Institute, presided. Opportunity was thus provided for a dis-cussion on professional matters of present interest, including the proposed Supplemental Charter, and the suggestion to combine the three main chemical societies.A short toast list provided further opportunity for the expression of views on these topics. Dr. J. B. Orr proposed “The Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry,” to which Dr. Cranston, Chairman of the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and Mr. Guy, Chairman of the Edinburgh Section of the Institute, responded. “The Profession of Chemistry” was proposed by Mr. Dargie, of Dundee, and Professor McKenzie responded. The health of the chairman, Dr. Tocher, was proposed by Professor Hendrick, and received with musical honours. Various opinions were put forward with regard to the applica- tion for a supplemental charter to have the title “Chartered Chemist ” recognised; but while practically all the speakers agreed that it was necessary to have an adequate and exclusive title for members of the profession, there were differences of opinion as to the suitability of the proposed term. A solution was put forward by Dr.Tocher, who suggested that pharmacists, who at present are entitled to call themselves chemists, might be willing to give up their right to this title, provided that they got something in exchange-the exclusive right to dispense prescrip- tions. After all, said Dr. Tocher, the term pharmacist, or even apothecary, was one to be proud of, having a tradition behind it, and more accurately describing those who dispensed drugs.On the following morning the company motored to the Rowett Research Institute, where Dr. Orr made them welcome. The laboratories were visited under the guidance of Dr. Godden, who, with his colleagues and assistants, explained the work that was being done at the Institute in connection with animal nutrition research. From the Rowett Institute, the party proceeded to Craibstone Experimental Farm, where Professor Hendrick explained the construction of the lysimeters or rain- gauges, and outlined the results of research work which is being 155 done under his direction in connection with the effect of rain water on soil and added fertilisers (see JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS,Part I, 1931,p. 35). At the experimental plots at Craib- stone, Mr.Hill demonstrated the results of trials with various weed-killers, showing that the application of powdered copper sulphate is the,best eradicator, provided that it is applied under suitable weather conditions. The party then motored up Deeside to Aboyne, where Dr. Tocher and Professor Hendrick entertained them to lunch. The return to Aberdeen was made via the Burn O’Vat and Tarland, a magnificent view of the Cairngorms-“The Queen’s View ”-being obtained from the road overlooking Tarland. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held at Marischal College, Aberdeen, on Thursday, 23rd April, when Mr. G. B. Brook, F.I.C., Chief Chemist to the British Aluminium Company, gave an address entitled ** Romances of Industry : Aluminium-The Wonder Metal.” Professor Hendrick presided, in the unavoidable absence of the Chairman, Dr.Tocher. Mr. Brook said that, forty years ago, aluminium was almost a chemical curiosity, and only three tons a year were being pro- duced; now, over 110,000tons a year were produced in Europe, 1,000 tons a week being manufactured by the British Aluminium Company alone, and IOO,OOO tons being the annual production of North America. This rapid development and the extent to which aluminium entered into everyday use provided one of the greatest romances of industry. Dealing in some detail with the water-power development scheme at Lochaber, Mr. Brook said that, in its present state, it represented only one-third of the.complete programme. Two years ago, the opening of the Ben Nevis tunnel focussed world- wide attention on Kinlochleven; this tunnel was 15 miles long and 15 feet diameter, and probably the largest, though not the longest, tunnel in the world. It was a vast undertaking, but it was a means to an end-cheap power, without which the economic fabrication of aluminium is impossible. The manufacture of aluminium depended on the original fundamental principle of the electrolytic reduction of alumina fused with cryolite at a temperature of over 1,000’ C. The 156 process went on continuously in specially constructed furnaces, the molten metal being drawn off every few days. The silence of the furnace rooms, remarked Mr.Brook, was perhaps one of the most impressive things about an aluminium works. The molten aluminium was cast in different forms according to the use to which it was to be put; it may be in “notch bars,” a form particu- larly suitable for breaking up and re-melting for casting purposes ; “rolling slabs” of 400 lbs., weight for rolling into sheet aluminium; or “wire bars,” 3# inches square, for rolling and pressing into wire. A large number of specimens, ranging from a lady’s powder box to a Morris crank case, were on view to illustrate the varied uses of aluminium. Interesting exhibits were the first samples of cutlery made from an alloy of aluminium and copper, which, in appearance, cannot be distinguished from gold; also a tea service, apparently enamelled ware, but really aluminium coloured by a new process.This process depended on the anodic oxidation of the aluminium article, which was subsequently dipped in a suitable dye. The dye was precipitated on the fine layer of aluminium oxide on the surface of the metal, when the colour became an integral part of the metal, and not a superimposed film as in enamelled ware. The lecture was illustrated by a number of slides. On the motion of Professor Hendrick, a vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Brook. The Section is indebted to the British Aluminium Company for granting all the facilities for the lecture. Belfast and District.-On 24th March, Mr. R. T. Shepherd read a paper before the Section on bb The Absorption of Gases in Electrical Discharge Tubes.” The disappearance of the residual gas in electrical discharge tubes such as are used in X-ray and other work had beenshown by Soddy, Campbell-Swinton, and others, to be mainly due to chemical action with the electrodes or the glass, or the occlusion by metal “splashed” from the electrodes on to the walls.There was still, however, a small absorption to be noticed when the above-mentioned factors had been eliminated. This seemed to be due to the gas particles being actually driven into the walls of the tube by the discharge. Further, evidence had been forthcoming to show that gas 157 could be evolved from the walls under the influence of the discharge, making it probable that the gradual attainment of an electrical equilibrium played its part in bringing the absorption to an end.The absorption of neon and helium, although small, rendered a purely chemical theory of absorption inadequate. Bristol and South-Western Counties-Mr. Frank Southerden has been re-elected Chairman of the Committee and of the Section fo? the ensuing session, the programme for which will include a visit to the Seale-Hayne Agricultural College, Newton Abbot, on 13th June, at 3.15 p.m.; a paper by Dr. W. E. Garner, in November; a meeting in January, and the Annual Meeting in March. Cape.-In the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part VI, 1930 (pages 326-327), reference was made to a paper read by Dr. W. Pugh, Hon. Secretary of the Section, on “Artificial Ripening and Colouring of Fruit.’’ On the 24th January, 1931,members of the Local Section, by the courtesy of Mr.Appleyard, General Manager of the Rhodes Fruit Farms, Ltd., paid a visit to the farms of the Company at Groot Drakenstein, 35 miles from Cape Town. (The following report is abstracted from the Cape Times.) In welcoming the visitors, Mr. Appleyard said that a know- ledge of chemistry was necessary at every stage in fruit production. There were two distinct aspects of the fruit industry-the actual production and the subsequent marketing. In the producing stage, the trees had to be nourished to ensure healthy growth. The nature of the soil conditions and systematic manuring had a great deal to do with this. The fruit had to be protected from insect and other infesta- tions.Something like 12 tons of lead arsenate were used for spraying purposes every year. In regard to the marketing stage, he said that the artificial atmospheres which were now being used by chemists promised profoundly to affect the whole aspect of marketing. The day was not far distant when fruit would be kept the whole year round. He emphasised the need for further experiments of a funda- mental nature, where continuity could be assured and where 158 due regard would be paid to experimental error. In this connection, he paid a tribute to the efforts of the agricultural colleges, and referred to the need for greater support from fruit growers’ organisations. The marketing of South African fruit was presenting problems which were the constant study of the distributors.While fruit growers in general were suffering severely from the general depression, and from many setbacks this year, he thought that the leading salesmen in the United Kingdom, who had in the past done so much for South African growers, would come to their rescue again and find profitable outlets for the rapidly increasing quantities. The number of packages of fruit sent to overseas salesmen had increased from 11,000in 1900 to a record number of 2,500,000 last year. Thus, he said, the ambitions of those, who, like the late Cecil Rhodes, were prominently identified with the founding of the industry, were gradually being realised. Rhodes Fruit Farms, Ltd., comprise 10 adjacent farms with 300,000 deciduous trees, chiefly pear, plum, and peach, and a like number of vines.The vines alone cover an area of 300 acres, and the plum crop amounts to several thousand tons each season. The visitors were driven through mile after mile of avenues between the fruit trees, where everyone remarked upon the orderliness that was everywhere to be seen, and upon the care exercised in the choice of site for particular kinds of trees-wind breaks being provided for the more sensitive types. One problem that urgently called for solution was the scorching of some types of grapes. Twenty-five per cent. of the grapes from a large area of vines had been ruined in a single day earlier in the season; but whether by hot winds or by heat radiated from the earth or some other cause, had not been determined.The solution of this problem would undoubtedly save the vine growers enormous sums of money. Not the least interesting part of the inspection concerned old homesteads on these farms, some of these dating back to the early eighteenth century being wonderfully preserved. The Company considered it a duty they owed to future generations to do everything possible to preserve these homes in the interests of posterity. After the inspection, the visitors were entertained to tea at the Club House, when Mr. Appleyard apologised for the absence 159 of fruit. The expression “by their fruits ye shall know them,” he said, was not true of a fruit farm, but, on the contrary, the absence of fruit on an export fruit farm was a sign of good farming.Dr. Juritz, Chairman of the Section, expressed the appreciation of the visitors and their thanks to Mr. Appleyard and to the farm managers. Among those present were Dr. Juritz, Professor Newbery, Dr. W. Versfeld, Mr. G. F. Britten, Dr. W. Pugh (Hon. Secretary), Dr. B. W. Marloth, Mr. Kruger, Mr. Seath, Mr. Leslie, Mr. Beedle, Dr. Vogel, Dr. Denis-Nathan and Dr. Southwood. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The sixth ordinary meeting of the session was held, conjointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the Pharmaceutical Hall, 36, York Place, Edinburgh, on 16th March, Mr. G. F. Merson in the Chair. After formal business, the Chairman introduced the lecturer, Dr.Harry Hepworth, of Imperial Chemical Industries, who gave an address entitled ‘(Invention in Chemical Industry.” After distinguishing between invention on the one hand and discovery on the other, Dr. Hepworth proceeded to deal briefly with rationalisation as applied to modern chemical industry and its effect on invention. He referred to the effects of the present economic depression, and indicated the main factors which distinguish invention to-day from that of fifty years ago. The lecturer dealt in turn with pure research, research on existing processes, research to improve existing products, research to find new uses for old products, research on possible alternative routes to products already manufactured, and research on new processes and new products.Dr. Hepworth outlined the steps necessary to exploit com- mercially a chemical invention, and concluded by enumerating the qualities of mind required of the chemist in the research, manufacturing and administrative sides of industry. In a short discussion which followed, questions were asked by Dr. W. 0. Kermack, Messrs. W. M. Ames, A. M. Cameron, J. W. Ingham and J. Adam Watson, and were answered by the lecturer, who was accorded a vote of thanks for his interesting address. i6o Huddersfie1d.-The last meeting of the Section, for this session, was held in Field’s CafPl on Tuesday, 10th March, when Mr. H. E. Jones, of Brunner, Mond & Co., Ltd., gave an address on ‘‘ Some Aspects of Boiler Water Chemistry.” Mr. Jones said that recent developments in boiler design and operation had necessitated the study of the factors which con- trolled the occurrence of such undesirable effects as dense scale formation, corrosion and embrittlement of the metal, and priming and foaming.Conditions which were permissible in boilers of the Lancashire type could not be tolerated in modern water-tube boilers operated at high pressures and ratings. Important investigations had recently been carried out, and empirical methods were rapidly giving way to scientific methods of control. The lecturer stated that it would be impossible in the time available to consider the entire subject in detail, and he, there- fore, proposed to deal only with the problems of scale-formation and caustic embrittlement of boiler metal.The chief scale-forming substances deposited in boiler water were compounds of calcium and magnesium, and there was, therefore, a close connection between scale-formation and hard- ness. The lime-soda process of softening could reduce the hardness to 2-4 degrees, but even this low residual hardness could give rise to the formation of a sufficient amount of dense scale to cause bulging or even rupture of the tubes of modern water-tube boilers; it was important to take steps to prevent deposition in the form of a hard adherent layer on the metal surf aces. R. E. Hall and others had shown that the chief constituents of dense adherent scales were calcium sulphate, calcium and magnesium silicates, and in some cases calcium hydroxide, while sludge or soft scale usually consisted of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide.Boiler observations and laboratory experiments proved that the dense adherent scales were actually deposited in situ and did not, in the first instance, exist ac suspended solid matter which gradually became caked on the metal. It was found that those substances which were deposited as adherent scale were characterised by negative solubility co- efficients, while the sludge-forming compounds had positive solubility co-efficients. Hall concluded, therefore, that since 161 the most important scale-forming compound was calcium sulphate, it was necessary to treat the feed water in such a way that calcium compounds were deposited as carbonate and not as sulphate.From a knowledge of the solubility products of the two compounds it was possible to determine the concentration of the -CO, ion relative to the -SO, ion, which was necessary to ensure deposition of carbonate. The critical minimum value of the -CO,/-SO, ratio increased from 0.045 at an operating pressure of IOO lb. to 0.285 at 300 lb., and the maintenance of this minimum ratio was of the greatest importance in boiler water treatment. The most convenient and economical method of controlling the -CO, concentration was by the addition of sodium carbonate. When the feed water was softened by the lime-soda process it was necessary, in order to achieve the desired result, to regulate the excess of soda ash used in the softening process in relation to the total sulphate (SO,) content of the water.This method of carbonate conditioning also prevented the formation of calcium silicate scale. Although magnesium carbonate was not deposited from boiler water, sufficient of the sodium carbonate was converted to hydroxide to prevent the formation of adherent magnesium silicate scale, and the magnesium salts were precipitated as hydroxide, a compound of low solubility and positive solubility coefficient. By reason of the conversion of carbonate to hydroxide in the boiler, it followed that it was not sufficient to maintain the critical -CO,/-SO, ratio required at a particular pressure in the water entering the boiler.The relative concentrations of CO, and SO, in the feed water had to be such that the minimum ratio was maintained in the concentrated boiler water, i.e. after partial conversion of carbonate to hydroxide, and it was, therefore, necessary to control the conditioning by means of analytical tests on the blow-down water. The method outlined had proved to be of the greatest value in industrial boiler plants, but could be regarded as satisfactory only at pressures below 250 lb., because the increase with pressure in the critical -CO,/-SO, ratio, and the greater formation of hydroxide made difficult the maintenance of the minimum ratio required without giving rise to an excessive caustic alkalinity in the boiler water.Fortu-nately, a conditioning agent which was effective at high pressures was available in tri-sodium phosphate, which when used in conjunction with a small proportion of caustic soda, resulted in the deposition of calcium as phosphate and magnesium as 162 phosphate or hydroxide. Only small amounts of phosphate were required and the method had been found satisfactory up to pressures of 1000 lb. As sodium phosphate was relatively expensive, it was desirable that the residual hardness should be reduced to as low a figure as possible in the preliminary softening treatment. Sodium aluminate had been shown to be valuable from this point of view; its use in small proportions with lime and soda ash quickened the rate of settling of the precipitated solids and gave a treated water of lower residual hardness and containing less excess alkali.There was little doubt but that the adoption of these simple methods of conditioning boiler water by means of carbonate and phosphate greatly improved the efficiency of boiler operation and reduced the risk of serious damage resulting from over- heating of the plates and tubes. The lecturer also stated that modern investigations gave little support to the so-called colloidal theory of scale-prevention. Many products containing vegetable and other organic matter were sold for the internal treatment of boiler water, and extravagant claims were made for them in respect to the prevention of scales. It had been shown that they had no appreciable effect in preventing the deposition of adherent scale, and the claims that the organic matter reduced the extent of the conversion of carbonate to hydroxide in the boiler had been definitely disproved.Referring to the caustic embrittlement of boiler metal, the lecturer stated that the formation of caustic soda from car-bonate, which limited the use of the carbonate method of pre- venting scale formation, could under certain conditions, cause serious embrit tlement. Recorded cases were more numerous in America than in this country: it was found in steel of the best quality, and it had been established that there was a close con- nection between the occurrence of embrittlement and the composition of the feed water.Parr and Straub, of the Engineer- ing Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, showed that it occurred most frequently in certain districts in America where the water supply, which was derived from deep wells, showed temporary hardness only and contained considerable amounts of sodium bicarbonate in solution, the sulphate content being usually low. These waters were frequently used as boiler feed without any system of treatment and were satisfactory from the point of view of scale prevention, but they gave a boiler water of strong caustic alkalinity due to the decomposition 163 of the bicarbonate to carbonate and finally to caustic soda. Yarr and Straub concluded that two conditions must be present simultaneously to cause embrittlement :-(I) the actual stress must be above the region of the yield point of the metal, and (2) the concentration of caustic soda must be in excess of 350 gms.per litre. Laboratory experiments and the study of conditions in numerous boiler plants established the fact that sodium sulphate acted as an inhibitor of caustic embrittlement and Parr suggested the maintenance of certain concentrations of sulphate relative to alkalinity. Although it was shown that undecom- posed carbonate was an inhibitor of embrittlement, Parr con- sidered that the only safe procedure was to regard all carbonate as potential hydroxide. The recommendations were as follows :-Operating Pressure I NaZSO4 (Gauge). Alkalinity (expressed as NhCO,). Up to 150 lb.Not less than I. 150-250 lb. Not less than 2. Over 250 lb. Not less than 3. The figures were adopted by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1926, and although not entirely satisfactory, led to a reduction in the number of cases of embrittlement. The abrupt change in the minimum ratio at two arbitrary pressures, and the uncertainty of the value for high pressures were obvious defects. A revised scheme in which the ratio was calculated from the formula:- 0.014x operating pressure had been considered by the A.S.M.E., but it appeared that no definite decision had been made. Mr. Jones proceeded to discuss more recent investigations which had been concerned chiefly with determining the minimum concentration of caustic soda required to cause embrittlement.The work of Straub, who was associated with Parr in the earlier investigations, had been of the greatest value in clearing up many doubtful points. His experiments had shown that the minimum concentration of caustic soda required to cause em- brittlement was approximately IOO gms. per litre, (very much lower than the original figure of 350 grns. per litre), and further, that the inhibiting effect of sodium sulphate and sodium car- bonate was due to actual deposition of these solids on the exposed metal surfaces. He argued, therefore, if a boiler water deposited sulpliate and carbonate at a concentration of IOO gms. caustic 164 soda per litre, there would be no embrittlement, and his investigations showed that Parr’s original contention that high sulphate/alkalinity ratios were not required at high pressure, was correct.The general accuracy of Straub’s views had been confirmed by the fact that when the numerous data relating to the com- position of boiler water which had been collected during the early stages of the investigation were reconsidered in the light of the new results, it was found that, in all cases, the occurrence and non-occurrence of embrittlement were consistent with his conclusions. A further interesting development of recent investigations had been the proof that sodium phosphate was even more effective than sodium sulphate as an inhibitor of embrittlement, and in that respect its value in water treatment was enhanced.In conclusion, Mr. Jones said that there was good reason to believe that, when Straub’s investigations were published in detail, they would show that the prevention of caustic embrittle- ment was not so difficult as was formerly supposed, and that by the application of simple methods of analysis it would be possible to maintain satisfactory conditions both in high and low pressure boilers from the point of view of the prevention of embrittlement and dense scale formation. On the motion of the Chairman, Dr. A. E. Everest, the members expressed their best thanks to Mr. Jones. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held on 30th March, at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds,-Mr. C. H. Manley in the Chair. A discussion took place on the resolutions carried by the Newcastle Section in favour of “Amalgamation of all the Societies concerned with Chemistry ” (JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, Part I, 1931,pp.34-35). The discussion disclosed general support for the idea of amalgamation, but it was felt that the study of the practicability of schemes for co-operation should be left to the Joint Committee of the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute. The following resolution was carried :-“That this Section favours exploring the possibility of amalga- mating chemical organisations and recommends the resolution of the Newcastle Section to the sympathetic consideration of the Joint Committee now sitting.” 165 Professor Comber then gave an account of his impressions of applied science in Russia, gained on his recent visit to that country.London and South Eastern Counties.-On 11th March the Section visited the Lighting Service Bureau of the Electric Light Manufacturers’ Association, when a lecture was given by Mr. W. Maitland on Modern Architectural Lighting.” A large number of lantern slides were exhibited, showing the trend of exterior and interior lighting arrangements both in this country and abroad. A demonstration was given in the special studio where the different types of interior lighting could be switched on or off for comparative purposes. On 18th April, the section visited the National Institute for Research in Dairying, at Shinfield, near Reading. The scope and nature of the work were well illustrated by an inspection of the laboratories and of the experimental farm.During the day a short time was spent at the laboratories of the University of Reading, and at the horticultural experimental plots. The thanks of the Section are due to Dr. Stenhouse Williams and to Captain John Golding for the excellent arrangements made for the visit. Malaya.-At the Seventh Annual General Meeting of the Section, held at Kuala Lumpur on the 8th February, Dr. H. A. Tempany, Chairman of the Section, said that the year’s work represented a further period of successful activity. He thought that there was hardly another Crown Colony or Protectorate in which the profession of chemistry had attained such importance as it had done in Malaya. The utility of chemistry was becoming more and more fully recognised, and the part which it was capable of playing in the economics of the community was attaining steadily increasing prominence.One of the advantages of the Institute was that it definitely provided a means for tendering, in an acceptable form, advice on purely chemical problems to the administrative authorities. The r81e which it fulfilled in this connection at home was well recognised: its advice was frequently sought by Government 166 departments on many questions, and its influence was continually advancing. As an extension of this principle, local sections might anticipate a similar duty in the future, and he hoped that in the course of time the Malayan Governments would turn to the Malayan Section for advice and guidance in relation to chemical policy.Difficulties might arise owing to the multiplicity of the administrations with which they were concerned, but some sort of co-ordination of chemical service throughout Malaya was desirable. The difficulties were not insuperable, and an advance had already been achieved in that the Straits Settle- ments possessed a Government Analyst’s Department. Unification of various services on the Malayan basis was already in progress in certain directions, and they had lately seen proposals regarding the Malayan Medical Services. Unifica-tion of the public works service was, he believed, under considera- tion, and it seemed inevitable that in due course similar unifica- tion in relation to public analytical work would materialise; but while unification for the purpose of perfecting certain stand- ardised more or less routine analytical services was a desirable thing, it should also be remembered that the adjustment of research chemists to research organisations remained inevitable.The position of science in relation to the economics of the principal industry of Malaya had been recognised by the appoint- ment of Major Eaton as Director of the Rubber Research Insti- tute. Dr. Tempany thanked the members for the support which they had given him during his year of office as Chairman of the Section, and expressed the hope that, under his successor, Mr. F. L.Okell, the Section would continue to grow in strength and usefulness. The meeting discussed the tendency of authorities to employ, on occasion, members of other professions for chemical work, regarding which they felt that the Institute at headquarters might, with advantage, make representation to the authorities concerned. They felt that objections should be raised to the gazetting, as analysts, of any person who was not a qualified chemist. It was subsequently agreed that representatives of the Section, when on leave, should take the matter up at head- quarters. At the conclusion of the meeting, votes of thanks were 167 accorded to the retiring Chairman and Committee; to the Director of the Institute for Medical Research for the use of the room for the meeting; and to the Manager and Director of Bricks, Ltd., for permission accorded the members to view the works of the Company, and for the interesting explanation of.the process of manufacture. Manchester and District.-The Thirteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 20th March, at “The Manchester,” under the Chairmanship of Mr. W. D. Rogers. The Hon. Secretary presented his Annual Report and Financial Statement, which were unanimously adopted. The following were elected members of committee :-Mr. A. E. Herbert, Dr. 0.R. Howell, Dr. L. R. Ridgway, Mr. J. G. Sherratt, and Mr. W. G. N. Swann. A vote of thanks was. passed to the Hon. Auditors, Messrs. Page, Evans, and L. Thompson, who were re-elected.Dr. A. Coulthard was unanimously re-elected as Hon. Secretary. Mr. J. G. Sherratt, in congratulating the Section on its representation on the Council, enquired what measure of financial support was accorded members in connection with their attend- ance at Council Meetings. He was informed by the Chairman that, largely as a result of efforts by former Manchester members, an allowance towards travelling expenses was made in respect of attendance at all meetings of the Council and Committees. At the conclusion of the ordinary business, the Chairman introduced Prof. R. M. Caven, of Glasgow, who delivered an address on ‘‘ The Borderland of Chemical Combination,” of which the following is a brief abstract:- Organic compounds have generally been accounted for by the well-established conception of valency, and their constitution represented by conventional “bonds ”; but there are numerous inorganic compounds, such as hydrates, ammines, and double salts, commonly regarded as “molecular,” which are not so accounted for ; and, indeed, the employment of graphic formulae in inorganic chemistry has often been unjustified because constitution was unknown.168 The electrical cause of chemical union was anticipated in the electro-chemical theory of Berzelius. Thus the formation of alum was supposed to be due to residual electrical charges- positive and negative respectively-on sulphate of potash and sulphate of alumina. Werner’s theory of valency was structural, and even stereochemical, and provided a valuable means of studying ammines and allied compounds; but it offered no explanation of the qualitative difference between primary and secondary valencies.This explanation is afforded by the electronic doctrine, since ionization is ascribed to electro-valency, and co-ordination of molecules, such as those of ammonia and water, to the “semi-polar double bond,” i.e. a bond both of whose electrons are provided by the N-or 0-atom of the ammonia or water molecule. Again, the Arrhenius theory, besides failing to account for the properties of concentrated aqueous solutions, provided no explanation of the process of solution itself. This explanation is given by the Debye-Huckel theory of electrical attraction by the solvent, and the inter-ionic attractions of the constituents of the solute.Van’t Hoff’s theory of double-salt formation was based on the Arrhenius theory and the law of solubility product. It assumed that the solubility of a salt was always decreased by the presence of another salt with a common ion, whereas the opposite is often the case when separation of double salt follows. Thus the solubility of cupric sulphate in water is increased by potassium sulphate, and vice-versa, up to the triple points between which the double salt crystallizes. These increases of solubility may be due to complex ion formation in solution, particularly when the gradient of solubility of one salt in a solution of the other alters. For example, potassium sulphate added in increasing quantities first diminishes the solubility of calcium sulphate, according to the law of solubility products, but afterwards rapidly increases it; and this is believed to be due to complex ion formation previous to crystallization of the double salt.The isotherms of a number of double sulphates were shown, and the great variety in their shape, and the limits of their formation pointed out. Finally, an elementary discussion of the inter-relations of the constituents of double salts was given, and of the cause of solubility itself according to the theory of inter- ionic attraction. The paper was greatly appreciated and was followed by a 169 discussion in which Mr. G. A. Blakey, Dr. A. Coulthard, Dr.0. R. Howell, Mr. W. A. Silvester, Mr. N. Strafford and others took part. A vote of thanks, proposed by Mr. J. H. Lester and seconded by Mr. A. D. Black, was accorded to the lecturer. At a meeting held on 16th April, the new Committee of the Section unanimously elected Mr. J. H. Lester, Chairman of the Section. A vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Chairman, Mr. W. D. Rogers, for his great services to the Section during the past two years. The summer social meeting is to be held at Lawton Hall Hotel, Cheshire, on 13th June. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club on 18th March, when Dr. R. Haworth occupied the Chair, in the unavoidable absence of Dr.A. A. Hall. A paper by J. E. Christopher, D. R. Wattleworth and G. V. Carter, on the “Chemical and Physical Survey of Coal Seams,” was read by Mr. J. E. Christopher of Maryport. The subject was introduced by a review of the activities of the Fuel Research Board in this direction, the speaker arriving at the conclusion that, from a national point of view, every reasonable avenue of approach had been explored and investi- gated by them. The Cumberland area, however, possessed features peculiar to that locality, necessitating a special line of investigation, and the methods adopted by the authors were described in detail. The paper had special reference to the use of the local coals in the manufacture of coke of low phosphorus content and the segregation of individual seams and districts for this purpose.Seam sections were obtained from several districts, and the proportions of the individual bands in each section were noted as banded coal (bright), durain, fusain and dirt. A series of coloured scale diagrams was exhibited showing the sections and the analyses of the individual bands recorded. The characteris tics of the durain bands were highly interesting, and the effect of these on the physical properties of the resultant coke was shown in a series of Rose sections of coke from durain 170 alone and from various blends of durain and bright coal. The addition of durain showed a beneficial effect in this instance, the shatter index of cokes from coals of high durain content being considerably higher than the average coals of the district, On the other hand the analyses of the durain bands showed a marked increase in phosphorus content, a decrease in sulphur content and a marked diversity in specific gravity.The suitability of the individual sections for the special needs of the locality was ascertained by a series of washability tests-the respective merits of a “float and sink” test and the Henry tube system being fully discussed. For routine purposes, in the control of coal dressing systems, a special type of distribution chart was described, the charts exhibited showing at a glance the relative proportions of true coal, middlings and true dirt in the various screen sizes of the unwashed coal.The integrated washability curves indicated, in addition to ash content, the phosphorus and sulphur content which could be reasonably expected in normal washing practice. A comprehensive series of diagrams, charts, and specimens was included. The paper was followed by considerable discussion, in which Dr. R. D. Haworth, Dr. W. I. Jones, Messrs. G. C. Redpath, F. Nicholls, P. D. Scott, H. Berry, A. L. Wilks, F. H. Walker and Dr. G. P. Lishman participated. The paper has since been published in extenso in the June number of Fuel in Science and Practice. New Zealand.-The fourth Annual Conference of the New Zealand Section was held in the Entomological Laboratory of the Cawthron Institute, Nelson, on 28th and 29th January, Professor J. K.H. Inglis presiding. The annual report showed an increased membership of six, making the total number of members in the Dominion 46. During the year, a Special Committee had been appointed to collect and prepare evidence, which was submitted to the New Zealand Manufacturers’ Federation, in connection with the present condition and development of secondary industries. A statement descriptive of the profession of chemistry had been sent to the Minister of Education with a request that it might replace the paragraph under the title of “Analysts and Assayers,” in the Educational Guidance Pamphlet. It was recommended that this statement should be used when members of the general public asked for information concerning the profession in New Zealand.The Section has suffered a great loss by the death of Mr. A. M. Wright. Professor Inglis gave an address on bb The Value of a Chemical Training.” He said that it was the duty of everyone to co-operate in the endeavour to bring to an end the present state of depression. It was necessary to reduce costs and to increase efficiency. Many chemical industrial processes had proved a failure, until some small change increased their efficiency or some use was found for otherwise waste products; in these matters the chemist could be of use. In some industries the chemical side seemed to be relatively unimportant ;but the nature of a sound chemical training was such, that, even in these industries, a chemist could be of great help in controlling processes.He intended, however, to take up the broad question of the value of a chemical training to a man, who would, apparently, not need to apply his chemistry at all. Sir William Ramsay had said, many years ago, that the proper examination of a chemistry student should be designed to find out not merely what he knew, but rather what he could do; his training should develop the critical faculty as well as sound judgment and initiative; and all of these had a wider use than chemistry itself. In earlier days the chemical training was based on a course of qualitative and quantitative analysis; but with the development of knowledge there were now many other lines which the practical training must cover. Owing to limi- tations of time it was necessary to make a judicious selection from these. At one time it was felt, especially in Germany, that research work was the only thing that really counted; but it was found that men were being turned out who had done research, but who had not had a wide enough basis of chemical training.The result was that the manufacturers forced the Universities to introduce a new examination which must be passed before research work was begun. At that time only a comparatively small amount of research work was done in British Universities and students went to Germany for research training. As a development since the war, excellent facilities were now provided in Great Britain, and the sound chemical training was given as a preliminary. This training was designed to give a direct first-hand knowledge of subjects dealt with in 172 the theoretical course, and to develop manipulative skill, the power of making independent observations, and resource in dealing with difficulties.It also provided the experience that is necessary to enable a student to repeat the work of earlier investigators. It would be a mistake to think only of the economic value of the results obtained: the main value of research often lay in the training of those who carried it out; it was comparatively rarely that the research led to immediate results of scientific or industrial importance. Many great discoveries had been the result of chance, but systematic investigation of almost any problem afforded an excellent training, and might give important results.In these days when the importance of research was so much emphasised, and when a Government Department (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research) has been organised specially for its encouragement, it was important to realise that a great deal of what was really research came into ordinary analytical practice. There were many forms of analysis which were so systematised as to become a simple routine; but in many cases the devising of a scheme of analysis and the full inter- pretation of the results obtained were as much research as a great deal of what was published under that name. It was by the experience gained in these ways that the chemist was able to be of great help in the industries of the world.The Officers and Committee for 1931were elected as follows :-Chairman, Dr. J. K. H. Inglis; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. W. R. Mummery; Committee, Messrs. G. A. Lawrence, J. Scott, T. A. Glendinning, W. Donovan, and Dr. H. E. Annett; Hon. Auditor, Mr. W. Donovan. The arrangements for the next conference were left to the Committee to decide, with a recommendation that it be made to coincide with the Science Congress of the New Zealand Institute. On the afternoon of 28th January, the members visited Kirkpatrick’s Factory, and also the Cawthron Institute, where, in the evening, they attended a lecture given by Dr. H. E. Annett, Chief Advisory Officer of the Imperial Chemical Industries, New Zealand, on 6L Recent Developments in the Manufacture and Use of Chemical Fertilisers.” 1'73 Dr.Annett dealt with the difficulties of the farmer, whose produce obtained in many cases less than the cost of production. It was thought that he might lower the cost in many ways, and chiefly by getting down the price of land or reducing the wages bill; but there was only one answer to the problem, and that was to increase production per acre and per man. Production would always be limited by the amount of plant food available in the soil. Great improvements in the technique of manurial experiments carried out by the Department of Agriculture in New Zealand had been made in recent times, by which reliable data had been made available for the farmers, but they would persist in using special mixtures of their own.There was so much propaganda that the farmer was bewildered, and Dr. Annett sug-gested that if the various manufacturers and merchants sold mixtures recommended by the Department of Agriculture, they would, in the end, do better business. Much valuable work was published in the Journal of the New Zealand Department of Agriculture, but he was afraid that it was not as widely read as it deserved to be. He referred to wheat experiments which had led to the conclusions:-I. That the use of I cwt. of superphosphate per acre will increase the wheat yield practically anywhere in New Zealand by an average of five bushels per acre. Since I cwt. of super cost about 5s.6d. and five bushels of wheat were worth about 25s. to 27s. 6d., this seemed an excellent investment. 2. That the addition of I cwt. of nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia to the I cwt. of super gives a further increase of an average of five bushels per acre. Nitrate of soda is dearer than sulphate of ammonia, but taking I cwt. of sulphate of ammonia costing 12s. on the farm one obtained 25s. to 27s. 6d. worth of wheat at an expenditure of 12s.; surely an excellent investment. In the case of barley even larger increases had been obtained. Probably better results still would be obtained by increasing the amount of nitrogenous manure, but no advantage appeared to be gained by increasing the amount of superphosphate beyond one cwt.per acre, Ammonium sulphate proved quite as good I74 as phosphate of soda, provided that it was used early enough- by early September, in New Zealand. Fertiliser experiments were being carried out on fruit crops, especially at the Cawthron Institute. Dr. Annett dealt with the effect of manures on seed ger- mination. When one cwt. per acre of super was sown with turnip seed it reduced the germination to 67 per cent. of that obtained when one cwt. of super had been mixed a week pre- viously with its own weight of limestone. He suggested that the reaction between superphosphate and limestone deserved detailed chemical study. Grazing experiments had been carried out in various parts of New Zealand, mainly to determine the economic aspect of nitrogenous manures as a means of increasing carrying capacity as measured by butter fat production.The use of nitrogenous manures enabled grass to be produced much earlier in the spring, and thus it was possible for farmers to bring their cows into calve earlier. Referring to pasture observational top-dressing trials, Dr. Annett said that the Department was carrying out a plot survey of New Zealand pastures to ascertain those areas which would respond to lime, phosphates, potash and nitrogen. The effect of the manures was measured by observation at different periods throughout the year. In New Zealand, liming was fundamental in their system of high butter-fat production per acre, because under conditions of free drainage and high rainfall, their lime supplies in the soil had almost entirely disappeared.The crop experimentalists had also in progress some fundamental investigations into phos- phate application. Dr. Annett dealt with recent developments of the fertiliser industry. To-day there was a large variety of synthetic nitro- genous fertilisers, and a feature of the industry was the use of fer tilisers containing both nitrogen and phosphate, or nitrogen, phosphate and potash. It was bec3ming recognised that different crops required different proportions of these con-stituents. Recently, too, much attention had been paid to the physical condition of fertilisers, many of which were now put up in granular form in excellent condition for sowing. 175 Dr.Annett mentioned the processes for the production of nitrogen from the air and the manufacture of sulphate of am-monia, with special reference to the Billingham works of Imperial Chemical Industries. The world production of combined nitrogen had increased rapidly: in 1928-29 over z,ooo,ooo pounds of combined nitrogen were produced in the form of artificial fertilisers-an increase of zzQ per cent. over the previous year. This was equivalent to about IO,OOO,OOO pounds of sulphate of ammonia. The con-sumption of nitrogen had, however, not kept pace with its production. The consumption of phosphate was increasing, though not so rapidly as in the case of nitrogenous fertilisers. About 13 million tons of superphosphate were used annually, representing about 70 per cent.of the world’s total consumption. In England to-day the consumption of fertilisers was in the proportion of I of nitrogen, 3 of phosphoric acid, and I of potash; in Germany, the proportions were I of nitrogen, 1-25of phosphoric acid, and 1-75of potash; in New Zealand, the proportions were I of nitrogen to 40 of phosphoric acid to probably I of potash. So that New Zealand would appear to have a big leeway to make up in the extended use of nitrogen and potash. On the following morning, a meeting was held to discuss the formation of a New Zealand Institute of Chemistry. Correspondence was submitted, including a letter from Dr. G. M. Moir, who thought that the New Zealand Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland should not co-operate with a New Zealand Institute of Chemistry until the latter had been established sufficiently long to show its actual policy.He compared the new body to the Australian Chemical Institute, which he thought had not demanded a sufficiently high standard of qualification, a policy which, in his opinion, would tend to lower the status of chemists in New Zealand. In the discussion, Professor Denham said that he thought that Dr. Moir had overlooked the benefit which had accrued to the profession in Australia by the existence of the Australian Chemical Institute, and showed that it would be impossible to obtain an Act of registration for chemists in New Zealand unless 176 all those earning their living in the practice of chemistry were allowed to come in. At the same time he thought that as high a standard of qualification as possible should be demanded at the outset.The status of chemists in Australia had been con- siderably improved since the formation of the Australian Chemical Institute, which had become an authoritative body. Repre-sentatives of the A.C.I. had acted on the Engineers Registration Committee, and in connection with the drawing up of Engineering Standards; also, in one State, the advice of the Institute on the teaching of chemistry in technical schools had been followed. Mr. Donovan desired to express his thanks to Dr. Moir for presenting his views and thought that all aspects should be con- sidered since the constitution of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry was not yet definitely fixed.He suggested that, in the absence of a New Zealand Institute, there was nothing to prevent unqualified men from practising chemistry, and it was just this state of affairs that the supporters of a New Zealand Institute desired to change. Mr. Glendinning thought that, in view of the strong feeling for registration, such a body as the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry must be formed with, however, due attention to safeguards. Professor Inglis expressed the opinion that the position was not one of the New Zealand Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland joining with the new body, but that members of the New Zealand Section would rather form the chief support of the proposed Institute.Mr. Fielder thought that the sooner the New Zealand Institute came into existence the better, in order that the number of unqualified men seeking admission should be restricted. Professor Easterfield stated that America, Great Britain and Germany had all considered the question of closing the profession of chemistry to people who were not properly accredited. In none of these countries had they succeeded in obtaining legisla- tion for this purpose. In Germany the opinion was that nowa- days, owing to the extension of the borders of chemical science, it was becoming increasingly difficult to get a professional bar. Professor Easterfield thought that some body should be formed which would unify all those interested in chemistry.He would have preferred that the new body should have been called the New Zealand Chemical Society in order to avoid confusion with 177 the New Zealand Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, and he doubted the possibility of obtaining registration, as the Institute of Chemistry had found it impossible to keep unqualified people from practising. He was of the opinion that all the New Zealand Section could do was to show sympathy and willingness to co-operate, or otherwise, with the new body. Mr. G. A. Lawrence thought that the N.Z. Section of the Institute and the N.Z. Institute of Chemistry might be confused and would like to have seen another name adopted for the latter. In other countries where registration had failed there were too many unqualified men to make this possible.On the motion of Mr. Donovan, and seconded by Mr. Lawrence, it was resolved : “That this meeting approves of the objects of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, is sympathetic towards the formation of this new body, and trusts that the high standard of qualification suggested will be insisted upon.” The above discussion was followed by an address by Mr. T. A. Glendinning on Chemical Advances in Industry.” Having remarked that the history of industry was the history of constant change and that the healthy life of industry was dependent upon readiness and ability to meet changing con- ditions, he reviewed some of the striking revolutions which had taken place in chemical industry,-referring particularly to sulphuric acid and alkali, chlorine, synthetic indigo, rubber, and artificial silk.From time to time, well-meaning people urged the Govern- ment of the day to establish some new industry or other in New Zealand; but to his mind this was the wrong way of setting to work. Successful new industries in the past had been, more often than not, developments of existing industries: if the in- dustrialist made it his business to do the developing himself, there was far greater probability of success, than by starting an industry de NOVO. A new industry was essentially an ex- periment. If in spite of Government assistance it did not make good within a reasonable time, it might become a permanent burden on the community.Especially was this the case where 178 the finished product was the raw material of another industry, because the cost of helping the first became a fixed charge on the second, thereby handicapping the development of what might be the more valuable industry. Utilisation of waste products afforded, of course, an in-exhaustible field for investigation. In the great fruit-growing district of Nelson some profitable method of utilising waste fruit had long been desired; the cost of collection and transport had been the chief stumbling-block. Attempts had been made to utilise waste timber, of which they might anticipate increasing quantities in the future, but they were still seeking a successful solution of the problem.In America much capital had been sunk in the manufacture of alcohol from wood waste, but, generally speaking, it had not been made at a competitive price owing to the cost of handling and transporting the raw material, the costly nature of the manufacturing process and the limited amount of available cellulose in the wood. Enormous quantities of industrial alcohol were produced in Germany from potato spirit, and it had been urged that such an industry would flourish in New Zealand; but it was difficult to prophesy success. The quantity of alcohol imported into New Zealand under the head of spirits of wine was about zoo,ooo gallons annually. An important field of investigation was the synthetic pro- duction of motor spirit and power alcohol, which had been rendered practicable by the researches of Bergius and Fischer.The Bergius process offered great possibilities in the direction of converting heavy oils, of which there was a considerable over- supply, in spite of the improvements made in engines designed to use them as fuel. Mr. Glendinning dealt at some length with the problem of producing synthetic motor fuels, and concluded by reporting on a deputation from the New Zealand Section of the Institute to the Manufacturers’ Federation, whereat attention was directed to the objects and activities of the Institute and its members, and the various kinds of work in which chemists were employed. He was confident that, given full opportunity, chemists could demonstrate their value in industry, and that if manufacturers had well-trained scientific men on their staffs the results would be mutually beneficial.178 In the afternoon of 29th January, a visit was paid to the Cawthron Institute Experimental Areas, and the members made a tour of the district. South Wales.-The Section has discussed the possibility of giving further facilities to members in the Cardiff area and, with the full concurrence of the Council, has decided that two meetings be held annually at that centre; also that, if possible, arrangements be made for joint meetings with the Local Branch of the Society of Chemical Industry. Dr. P. M. Macnair has retired from the position of Hon.Secretary on removing from the district. Prof. J. E. Coates has kindly consented to occupy the position pro tern. 180 April Examinations, 1931. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed was :-No. No. examined, PUSS&. For the Associateship- At the Institute, and at the University,Manchester :13th-18th April : General Chemistry.. .. .. .. .. *40 tl8 For the Fellowship- At the Institute :20th-24th April :Branch A : 0.Inorganic Chemistry .. .. 2 2 At the Institute :20th-24th April: Branch C : Organic Chemistry with special reference to Oils, Fats, etc.. . ,. .. .. $4 2 At the Institute, and the Laboratories of Messrs.J. Lyons & Co., Ltd.: 20th-24th April : Branch D : Biochemistry, with special reference to Industrial Micro-biology .. .. .. .. 1 1 At the Institute :20tc25th April: Branch E : The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water .. .. §13 4 At the University, Reading: 27th ApriZ- 1st May: Branch F: AgriculturalChemistry. . .. .. 1 1 At the Institute: 20tii4th April: Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, etc. .. .. 2 1 Special +aminations for the Fellowship- At the Faculty of Technology, The Univer- sity of Manchester : 20th-24th ApriGTextile Chemistry, with special reference to Bleaching, Dyeing and Finishing of Cotton Goods .. .. .. 1 1 Chemical Technology of Textile Fibres, including Artificial Silk 1 1 At the Institute : 20th-24th April':' Foods', with special reference to Chocolate and Confectionery . . .. .. .. 1 - 1 - 66 32 - - * General Chemistry : One candidate, having previously satisfied the Examiners in the practical work, completed his examination by passing in the theory papers: one candidate completed his examination by satisfying the Examiners in the translation of German technical literature. 181 EXAMINATION IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP INORGANICAND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-On the whole the questions were fairly well answered and in a few cases the answers displayed considerable detailed knowledge of the subject. Some rambling and irrelevant answers were not wanting, but guesses at facts were not so frequent as is some- times the case.It was strange that the question on the efficiency of an electrolytic process should have presented so much diffi- culty to many candidates. One answer to the question on “limiting densities ” as applied to molecular weight determina- tions was far above the average of answers usually given to physico-chemical questions. For some reason, the question dealing with the determination of atomic weights was rarely attempted, a disappointing feature in a test of chemical know- ledge. Several candidates attempted the question on viscosity; some of the answers were distinctly good, but others indicated that the candidate’s knowledge of the subject was limited to the use of the Redwood instrument.Most candidates attempted the question on the estimation of tin and antimony in white metals, but a few only gave a good account of the processes involved. It would almost appear from the answers that while the candidates generally had made the determinations in their ordinary work, few understood the principles involved in the separation of the two metals. The practical work served to bring out numerous weaknesses. Thus, the greater proportion of the candidates returned the hyposulphite as thiosulphate, despite their own observations on its behaviour in solution and with silver salts. Few candidates t One candidate satisfied the Examiners in the theoretical papers but failed to do so in his practical work and in the translation of French and German technical literature : one candidate satisfied the Examiners in all parts of the examination except in the translation of French technical literature. Branch C.One candidate failed to satisfy the Examiner in the paper in general organic chemistry. 3 Branch E. Two candidates satisfied the Examiners in all parts of the examination, except in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy. One candidate satisfied the Examiners in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy, but did not do so in the remainder of his examination. One candidate satisfied the Examiners in his practical work apart from that dealing with Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy,but did not do so in any of the written papers.182 made proper calculations of the indirect method of determining potassium bromide and iodide, although the actual titration was generally accurate. The second day’s work, involving the separation of cadmium and uranium, was onlyrmoderately well done. The better candidates did well enough, but most of the rest were altogether wide of the mark-an unexpected result, having regard to the ease of separation of these two metals and the fact that as a rule good methods were selected for use. Some of the difficulty may, no doubt, be fairly attributed to working in a strange laboratory. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-Although it offered a number of options and could not be regarded as difficult, the paper in organic chemistry appeared to give the majority of the candidates much more trouble than it should have done, and on this occasion the average replies to the questions fell far below the required standard.A striking feature was the inequality disclosed. It is of very little use to be able to give an account of Pasteur’s researches on the tartaric acids with the help of tetrahedral figures, if one has no conception of the underlying molecular structural theory. It is evident that the descriptive side of the subject is being neglected in favour of the more speculative aspects, but it is hardly necessary to add that even the latter are not adequately understood. Indeed, the work of many candidates in this examination was most disappointing, and it was clear that a number of them ought to have deferred their entry.The language test showed a parallel phenomenon, although the Examiners do not require an unduly high standard in this connection. The practical organic work was, on the other hand, carried out fairly satisfactorily by the better candidates, several of whom showed commendable originality in their methods of attack. BRANCHE. THE CHEMISTRY,INCLUDING MICROSCOPY, OF FOODAND DRUGSAND OF WATER. ’ The proportion of candidates who reached the required standard was considerably less than that attained last September. The unsuccessful candidates gave the impression that while they might be able to do routine work under direction, they lacked 183 the necessary knowledge and experience to enable them to interpret results or to report without assistance.THERAPEUTICS, ANDPHARMACOLOGY MIcRoscoPY.-The papers were, on the whole, well done, except that some candidates had very little idea of how to tackle the analysis in the case of phosphorus poisoning. The practical work was disappointing ; very few candidates showed knowledge of how to extract strych- nine from beer in a reasonably pure state. In the examination of urine there was some lack of systematic work. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Bagg, Douglas Gordon, Birkbeck College, London. Berry, Wallace, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Brown, James, Royal Technical College, Glasgow.Buckley, Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Central Technical School, Liverpool. Craimer, Harris, B.Sc. (Lond.), Technical College, Cardiff. Edwards, Gerald Harry, University College, Leicester. Glass, Norman, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Gordon, Joseph, Rutherf ord Technical College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Leslie, Robert Edward, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Minifie, Bernard Whitley Elliott, The University, and Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol. Morton, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), Wigan and District Mining and Technical College ; and Technical College, Birmingham. Prescott, George Frederic, Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. Sleep, William Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Central Technical School, Liverpool. Stephens, Robert Charles Parquhar, trained under G.Rudd Thompson, F.I.C. 9 Stroud, Hubert Henry, West Ham Municipal College ; and Birkbeck College, London. Templeton, William Hugh, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Vizofsky, Abraham, Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Webb, William Denis Lucking, East Ham Technical College; and West Ham Municipal College. Examination for the Fellowship. In Branch A :Inorganic Chemistry. Gaskin, John George Noel, B.Sc. (Lond.). Reeve, Walter William, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch C : Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, etc. Elwes, Eric Vincent. Mackinney, Herbert William. In Branch D :Biochemistry, with special reference to Indwtrial Microbiology. Clayson, Donald Herbert Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C.184 In Branch E : The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs,and of Water. Brindle, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Martin, Nicholas Henry, B.Sc. (Dun.).MeGregor, Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.). Paterson, Colin, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch P : Agricultural Chemistry. Greens treet, Victor Robert, A.C.G.F.C. In Branch Q! : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Pats, etc. Joseph, Douglas Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.). InlThe Chemistry of Textiles, etc. Blakeley, John Dyson, B.Sc. (Lond.).Payne, Reginald William, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Foods, with special reference to Chocolate and Confectionery. Avent, Alfred George. The following papers and exercises were set :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry.MONDAY, 13th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. What are the chief sources of phosphorus? Give an account of the preparation of the element, of pure P,O, and of commercial hypophos- phites. 2. In order to ascertain whether a process for the electrolytic deposition of copper was economical the electrolytic cell was placed in series with a voltameter. What is the current efficiency, given the following data? One gram of copper deposited while 723 C.C. of moist hydrogen at 14’ C. and 765 mm. Hg pressure was collected. (At. Wts. Cu = 63.57, H = 1.008. Tension of water vapour at 14’ = 11.9 mm.) 3. Give an account of the method of “limiting density” as applied 4. Describe the preparation, reactions and properties of FOUR to the determination of molecular weights of gases.of the following substances : sodium perborate, lead tetrachloride, silver acetylide, sulphur hexafluoride, tellurium tetriodide, boron nitride. 5. Write a short essay on EITHER (a) radioactive elements, OR (b) methods of determining atomic weights, with special reference to recent work. 6. Give an account of the work of EITHER (a)Berzelius and Arrhenius OR (b) Berthelot and Ramsay. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe in some detail, methods for the estimation of tin and antimony in white metal alloys, and of alumina and silica in silicates. 2. Write an essay on the effect of change of pressure and tempera- ture on chemical equilibrium, devoting special attention to the change of the equilibrium constant.185 3. Define the term viscosity. How would you proceed to determine the viscosity of a liquid ? What use is made in practice of the determina- tion of relative viscosity of liquids? 4. In what manner may metals be separated from mixtures and purified by the use of organic compounds? Illustrate your answer by describing at least one case each of the separation, purification and detec- tion of a metallic element. 5. Discuss the types of isomerism of co-ordination compounds with special reference to the methods whereby the isomerism has been demon- strated. 6. Describe in detail how PURE specimens of THREE of the following substances may be prepared :phosphine, selenic acid, silicon tetrachloride, titanium trichloride.What are the most likely impurities in each case? TUESDAY, 14th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Trace the development of our knowledge of the phenomenon of isomerism, giving examples of historical importance in each category. 2. Give the possible structures of all the substances of the formula, C,H,O and devise a scheme of investigation with the object of distinguishing between them. 3. Write a brief account of the unsaturated acids, aliphatic and aromatic, and include in your answer EITHER (a) a description of Baeyer’s researches on the reduction of the phthalic acids, OR (b) a description of the naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids.4. How has the tautomerism of ethyl acetoacetate been studied, and with what results ? Discuss the phenomenon more generally and attempt a classification of the processes involved. 5. Show how any FOUR of the following transformations may be effected: (a) acetylene to propyl alcohol, (b).benzene to m-dichlorobenzene, (c) anthraquinone to purpurine, (d) pinene to camphor, (e) berberine to hydrastinine, (f) palmitic acid to stearic acid, (9)d-glucose to d-galactose. 6. Briefly describe the chemistry of EITHER (a)the indole group and indigo, OR (b)the isoquinolino group of the alkaloids, OR (c)the monocyclic terpenes. 7. Mention all the essential practical details of the preparations of (a)acetophenone by the Friedel Crafts reaction, AND (b) phenylhydrazine.WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, 15th and 16th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day. 1. Separate and identify the constituents of the binary mixture (A);make an estimate of the composition of the mixture and leave for inspec- tion any specimens obtained in the course of your work. (This exercise must be completed to-day.) 2. Purify and characterise (but do not attempt to identify) the given crude products (B), (C) and (D). (This exercise to be completed to-morrow.) (A = Hippuric and phthalic acids; or Succinic acid and resorcinol; B = Commercial carbolic acid; C = Crude pyridineg D = Crude a-naphthylamine.) 186 FRIDAY, 17th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. Identify the substance (E). (One hour allowed for this.) 2.Determine volumetrically the proportions of ferric oxalate and potassium oxalate in the mixture supplied (F). (Both iron and oxalic acid are to be determined.) 3. The powder supplied (G) is a mixture of potassium bromide and iodide. Ascertain the proportions by volumetric determination of the total halogen. [E = Sodium hyposulphite (“hydrosulphite.”)] SATURDAY, 18th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. In the solution supplied (H), determine the concentration of cadmium and uranium, setting out the results as grams per litre of anhydrous cadmium chloride and uranyl chloride. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1.How may metallic halides be prepared from the oxides ? Details of various methods are to be given, with special reference to the production of halides of quinquevalent and hexavalent metals. 2. On what chemical and physical grounds is the classification of N, P, As, Sb and Bi into one group based? 3. Two classes of tungstates are known. Give a description of their preparation and chemical behaviour, and of the acids derived from them. 4. Write an essay on the amides of sulphuric acid dealing more especially with their structure . 5. What position do the rare earths occupy in the periodic table of elements? How is this explained in modern views of the structure of the elements? Describe two methods which are used in the separation of rare earths from each other.2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions mly to be attempted.) 1. How would you proceed to analyse a sample of bauxite in order to ascertain its suitability for the manufacture of aluminium? What impurities would you look for specially ? 2. What is known of the constitution and properties of halogen 3. What are the sources of vanadium? Describe the preparation azides? How are they formed? of vanadates and give some account of the various polyvanadates which are stated to exist. 4. How may beryllium hydroxide be prepared from beryl? Give an account of salts of beryllium, discussing more especially the structure of basic beryllium acetate. 5. Write an essay on the persulphides of hydrogen. 187 TUESDAY, 21st APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the constituents of the mixture (A)and prepare a crystal- line salt of the metal with the greater atomic weight. 2. Identify the two salts in the mixture (B). (A = Ferric oxide and thallous oxide; B = Lead molybdate and mercuric chromate.) WEDNESDAY, 22nd APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the proportions of chromium oxide and iron oxide in the sample of chrome iron ore (C). Return the results as percentages of Cr,O, and FqO,. THURSDAY, 23rd APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The solid supplied (D) is a mixture of thorium and cerium nitrates. Estimate the proportion of each oxide, returning the results as percentages of Tho, and CeO,. (Thisexercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 24th APRIL, 1931:’ 10 a.m.tox5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the acids present in the solution (E) and determine them. Express the results as grams of acid per litre. (E = Phosphoric and phosphorus acids.) Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, Soap, etc. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Give examples of oxidising agents commonly employed in organic chemistry, with instances of their use. 2. How would you prepare from a normal fatty acid of the formula CnH2n+l*COOH, the higher and lower homologues Cn+lH2n+3’COOH and Cn-1H2n- 1-COOH respectively ? Give full experimental details. 3. Describe fully the method which you would employ to diagnose the presence of the following groups in an organic compound : (a)a methoxy group, (b) a primary alcoholic group, and (c) a cyano-group. 4.What atoms or groups may be substituted for the amino-group of aromatic amines by way of diazonium salts? State the method em- ployed in each case. 5. What products may be obtained by the reduction of nitrobenzene ? State the conditions of the reduction in each case, and write a few lines on each product, showing that you are acquainted with its characteristic proper ties. 6. Write an essay of about 500 words on either:-(a) Catalytic hydrogenation, OT (b) Tautomerism. 7. Give an account of the occurrence, properties and constitution of either (1) the fatty acids of the chaulmoogric acid series, or (2) the alcohols of the sebchyl alcohol group.188 2 to 5 p.m. (SIX questions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe briefly how you would proceed in order to determine the nature and proportions of the fatty acids present in linseed oil. 2. What do you know of the constitution and properties of carotin, lecithin, ricine? In what materials do they occur? 3. Give a short account of the production of cottonseed oil byexpression, and of its subsequent refinement. What by-products are obtained ? 4. Describe some of the more important methods for determining the halogen-absorption of oils, and give some examples of the utility of the figure obtained. 5. Describe fully any one process (other than actual soap making) for the commercial hydrolysis of a fat or oil.6. Give the constitution and properties of (1) arachidic acid, (2)ricinoleic acid, (3) elaeostearic acid, and (4) erucic acid. How are their properties utilised in oil analysis ? 7. Discuss the effects of heat on linseed oil and castor oil, and explain the industrial applications of such treatment. 8. Give examples of the use of catalysts in THREE different industrial processes connected with oils and fats, and explain your views as to the function of the catalyst in each case. 9. What fatty materials would you recommend for the production of (1) cold process soap, (2) high-class toilet soap, (3) mottled soap con- taining 30 per cent. fatty acids, (4)good class household soap, (5) highgrade soft soap, and (6) shaving soap ? State the reasons for their selection.10. Give a brief outline of th0 process of boiling soap, explaining the theory and practical importance of each operation in the process. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 21st to 24th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the proportion of saponifiable matter in the sample of cod oil (A). 2. Identify the fat (B). 3. Analyse the sample of “Taper” oil (C). 4. Test the sample of soap for free alkali and unsaponified fat, and report on the composition of the fatty matter from which it is made. (B = Hydrogenated castor oil; C = Solution of palm oil in kerosene.) Branch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to Industrial Microbiology. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe the preparation and biochemical significance of THBEE of the following substances :-(a) glutathione, (b) xylose, (c) thyroxine,(d) caffeine, (e)histidine. 2. Write a general account of recent work on photosynthesis. 3. Give a critical description of the work which has led to the 4. What do you understand by the terms pH and rH? How are conception of the “protein-sparing aotion of carbohydrata.” 189 they determined, and what is their biochemical signifkance? 5. Write a short essay on carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the animal body, indicating especially how they are related. 6. Write a short essay on the state of our knowledge on the relation- ship between chemical structure and physiological action.MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1931: 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. What steps would you take to detect and eradicate “dry rot” in a dwelling house? 2. Describe and discuss the different methods used for the sterilisa- tion of culture media, indicating the particular advantages of each method. 3. What steps would you take to identify any three of the following organisms? (a)Bact. paratyphosum B.; (b)C1. Botulinum; (c) Aspergillusglaucus; (d) Penicillium digitatum; (e) Saccharomyces ellipsoideus;(A Lactobacillus bulgaricus. 4. Discuss the butyl alcohol-acetone fermentation from the point of view of (a)theoretical considerations, (b)manufacture, (c) economics.5. Describe the equipment and organisation of a technical micro- biological laboratory. 6. Write a critical essay on the subject “Fermentation is life without oxygen.” TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 21st to 24th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Specimen (A) contains a mixture of three micro-organisms. Prepare a pure culture of each of two of these organisms, and identify them as far as possible. 2. Determine for the culture (B), (a)the thermal death point after 30 minutes’ incubation in 0.9%aqueous sodium chloride; (b)the optimum growth temperature on any solid medium you choose. 3. Determine the phenol coefficient of the disinfectant (C) for the organism (D) by two Werent methods. Discuss the simcance of the results you obtain.4. You are provided with a pure culture of an organism (E),which you are required to examine as fully as possible. Solution (F) is a sterilised culture of this organism, grown for 48 hours at 37” C. in the following medium :-Microcosmic salt .. .. .. .. 4.921 g.KHPO, .. .. .. *. .. .. 1.0 g.KC1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.5 g.MgSO,, 7-0 .. .. .. .. .. 0.5 g.FeSO,, 7&0 .. .. .. .. .. 0.01 g.CaCO, .. .. .. .. .. .. 28.0 g.Glucose .. .. .. .. .. .. 50.0 g.Water .. .. .. .. .. .. 1000 C.C. Isolate and identify the glucose metabolic products present in solution (F). 190 Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. What is the dietetic significance of Vitamin A? How would you compare, without recourse to biological experiments, the Vitamin A contents of two samples of cod liver oil ? 2.Describe the Stas-Otto process for the extraction of strychnine from viscera. What alterations would you make in your procedure if the alkaloidal substance present was suspected to be (a)morphine hydro- chloride, (b)opium? State what reactions you would employ to identify each of these three substances. 3. What process would you suggest for the continuous purification, both chemically and bacteriologically, of water circulating through a swimming bath? State what chemicals you would use, and in what proportions. How would you verify the satisfactory working of the process ? (Answer in a separate notebook.) 4.What are the main provisions of the “Poisons and Pharmacy Act, 1908” ? 5. Describe the symptoms observed in a case of phosphorus poisoning. Discuss the methods of analysis for the presence of phosphorus. What deduction would you draw from an analysis which gave negative results ? 6. What do you understand by the following:-Lotiones, decocta, suppositoria, lamellae, vina, emplastra, linimenta ? Give two examples of each, with composition and use. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Give a brief account of the manufacture of dried milk. Outline briefly the method you would adopt for the complete analysis of a full- cream dried milk powder, giving approximately the amount you would expect to find of each constituent. What legal enactments control the sale of dried milk ? 2.Describe, with all essential details, the Reichert-Meissl-Polenske- Kirschner process for the examination of butter fat. Explain as far as possible the theoretical considerations underlying each stage of the process. 3. In analysing a vegetable foodstuff, it is usual to determine the following:--“ Fat,” “Proteins,” “Mineral matter,” “Crude fibre,” “Carbohydrates ’’ (by -nee). What substances are included in the terms “Proteins” and Carbohydrates,” and what do you know of their dietetic value ? 4. Describe the chemical structure and properties of lecithin. Mention one natural foodstuff in which it occurs, and state how you would determine it in this foodstuff. 5. Explain briefly how you would examine a vegetable powder microscopically in order to determine from which part of the plant it is derived.TUUESDAY, 21st APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the sample of margarine (A), and from the analytical 2. Examine qualitatively the sample of paregoric (B) and report data obtained, ascertain aa far as possible the nature of the fats used in its manufacture. 191 upon its genuineness or otherwise. (A = Margarine containing 15% butter fat, and cocoa nut oil; B = Opium or benzoic acid absent.) WEDNESDAY, 22nd APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The powders (C)are supposed to have been dispensed in accordance with the following prescription:- Caffeine .. .. gr. 2. Phenacetin .. .. gr. 5. Mitte VI. Analyse, and report upon the accuracy of the dispensing.2. Examine the sample of compound liquorice powder (D) micro-scopically and report upon it. (C = Caffeine citrate substituted for caffeine; D = devoid of senna and fennel, and containing ailanthus leaves, and anise.) THURSDAY, 23rd APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the percentage of “Carbolic acid and/or its homologues” in the sample of disinfectant (E)and ascertain as far as possible the other constituents. 2. Examine microscopically the specimens (a), (b) and (c). (a)Powdered ailanthus leaves; (b) Sweet potato; (c) Bead moss (Batrachospermum). FRIDAY, 24th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Det,ermine Vieth’s ratio on the sample of milk (F). What do you infer from the ratio you find? (F = Normal milk watered.) SATURDAY, 25th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the constituents of the pill (H). 2. Examine qualitatively the urine (I)for the presence of abnormal 3. It is suspected that the sample of beer has been tampered with. constituents. Examine the sample for the presence of a noxious substance and identify and estimate any noxious substance found. (Arsenic need not be tested for.) Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Discuss the relationship between. the analysis of a soil and its fertility. What is meant by the available phosphate and potash of a soil, and what methods have been proposed for determining these ? 2.Write a short essay on the assimilation and utilisation of nitrogen3. Discuss the question of the relationship between the composition 4. To what extent do you think the effective use of soluble fertilisers by plants. of a crop and its manurial treatment. 192 is influenced by the risk of loss by drainage? To what extent does such risk arise in the use of insoluble organic manures? 5. Describe the different varieties of pans formed in soils. Suggestexplanations of their formation where the causes are probably chemical. 6. Describe the manufacture, properties and use of superphosphateand the changes which may occur in this product during storage. 7. Define, with explanatory notes, the following terms used in the newer classification of soils:-Soil profile, eluvial and illuvial horizons, laterite, podsol and zonal soil.2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe the animal calorimeter and its use in determining the energy value of feeding stuffs. 2. Discuss the accuracy of the following statements, when used in connection with animal feeding stuffs, (a)“nitrogen content of food x 6.25 = protein”; (b) “the fibre constituent is the indigestible portion of a food.” 3. Write brief notes on the origin, composition and use of the following substances :-Fish meal, molasses, bran, brewers’ grains, maize gluten feed, barley meal, straw, mangolds. 4. In what form and under what circumstances does hydrocyanic acid appear in animal foods? How would you estimate the amount present ? 5.Discuss the use of starch equivalents and net energy values in the evaluation of feeding stuffs. To what extent can the value of a food be adequately defined by the statement of either? 6. Describe the preparation, properties and use of THREE important insecticides or fungicides. The examples given should not be closely related to one another. 7. How may the composition of cows’ milk vary with (a) breed, (b) period of lactation, (c) external conditions, and (d) feeding? If a herd of twenty animals is proved to be giving milk below standard, what steps would you take to rectify the trouble ? TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 28th and 29th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine qualitatively the substance (A),sold as a mineral mixture for adding to cattle foods, and estimate one constituent.(This must be reported at the end of thejrst day.) 2. Make a complete analysis of the fertiliser (B). (Thh exercke may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 30th APRIL and 1st MAY, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. The sample of nicotine (C) was sold for spray purposes. Report on its purity. (This exerckezmust beycompleted OR Thursday.) 2. Analyae and report on the feeding std (D) (Thb exercise may be completed on Fay.) 193 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special referenc?to Oils (excluding Mineral and Essential Oils), Fats and Soaps. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1.In a projected new process, what items would you have to take into account in endeavouring to estimate beforehand the cost of productionof the substance to be manufactured? 2. What arrangements of plant would you make for an operation needing to be carried out at a temperature of, say, 150” C., and in which the temperature must be kept constant within narrow limits? 3. How would you best separate suspended solid matter from a liquid, where the object is to obtain and deal with the clear liquid? Illustrate your answer by a description of some suitable plant. 4. Discuss the conditions necessary for the economical working of a steam boiler, enumerating carefully the different directions in which loss may occur, and the steps necessary to avoid or minimise loss in each.5. Many industrial chemical operations now have to be carried out at very high pressures. Indicate generally the sort of plant needed for this work, and the precautions necessary in it. 2 to 5 p.m. As for Branch C, Organic Chemistry (p. 188). TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 21st to 24th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. For Practical Work, see Branch C, Organic Chemistry (p. 188). Special Examinations in the Chemistry of Textiles, etc. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe some form of apparatus for ascertaining the nature of the light reflected from a coloured fabric. 2. Show how the results of X-ray analysis of cellulose fibres have been used to explain (a)the dyeing of cellulosic substances with direct cotton colours, (b) the changes occurring in cellulose during mercerisation. 3.Discuss the principal methods now available for testing the extent of “oxycellulose ” formation in the industrial treatment of cotton yarns. 4. Give some account of recent work on the effect on insoluble azo colours on the fibre of boiling caustic alkali. 5. Explain that action of caustic soda on cotton, in technical mercerisation, which results in increases in lustre, strength and dye affinity of the cotton. 6. Describe a modern method of weighting silk crepe-de-chine fabric. How are the properties of the silk modified by the weighting process you describe ? 7. Write an essay on the application of vat dyestuffs of the anthra- quinonoid group to viscose yarns. How is it possible to apply these colours to acetate yarn? 194 8.Textile fabrics may be dyed in the jigger dyeing machine or the winch machine. Describe and sketch the types of these machines suitable for dyeing viscose-cotton or viscose-acetate piece goods. State the considerations which would influence your choice of a machine for dyeing different fabrics of these kinds. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be answered.) 1. What are the principal difficulties involved in the sizing of warp yarns of (a) cotton, (b) viscose, (c) acetate cellulose? How have these difficulties been wholly or partly overcome ? 2. Cotton yarns for the knitting industry are sometimes mercerised in the warp form.What advantages would you expect to be obtained by this method as compared with that of hank mercerisation? 3. A cotton fabric dyed sulphur black is alleged to have become tender after storing. How would you ascertain the nature and degree of the tendering, if any? 4. How may the so-called “dull lustre effects” be obtained in (a) viscose yarn, (b) acetate cellulose fabrics? A fabric of dull acetate silk retains its dullness after being dyed to a pale shade. A further length of the same material, after being dyed black, appears to have recovered its lustre. What is the probable explanation of this change? 5. Describe a technical method for the bleaching of kier-boiled cotton cloth with a solution of bleaching powder. What are the factors which determine the optimum conditions for bleaching ? 6.Give some account of the methods by which it has been sought to obtain improved fastness to light of coloured textiles. 7. You are asked to advise upon the installation of bleaching and dyeing plant for a coloured goods weaving mill. What are the factors which would influence your selection of plant for bleaching and dyeing (a)in the hank only, or (b) in the ball warp only, or (c) on the beam and on the cheese? 8. What do you understand by the “plasticity” of cellulose fibres? Describe how the plasticity of cotton, for example, may be modified, and how use may be made of this modification to produce technically valuable effects. 9. Describe any recent advance in the chemistry of colouring matters which has resulted in novel methods of colouring textiles.TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 21st to 24th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The sample (A) is offered as a scouring and cleansing agent for 2. The stocking (B) is said to dye unevenly. Make an investigation textiles. Report upon its character and properties. of the nature of this fault and show, if possible, how to minimise or obviate it. 3. Make a complete analysis of the given sample of tracing cloth (C). 4. Find the class of colouring matters used in the dyed and printed pattarns 1-10. 5. The striped poplin (D) supplied has undergone a process of “permanent finishing.” By a careful examination of its properties, try to suggest the probable nature of the process.195 6. The skeins of white and dyed cotton (E)and (F)are to be treated with the given bleach liquor for three hours at room temperature. Corn pare the extent of chemical attack on the cellulose in the two cases. 7. Examine the materials (G), (H), (I)and (K), and report on the cause of the defects observed. 8. Identify and estimate the purity of the given substance (L). Special Examination in Foods,with special reference to Chocolate and Confectionery. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of recent discoveries and current views on the vitamins. State what you know of methods of establishing the presence and effect of these factors.2. Describe recent work on the determination of the nature of mixed glycerides. Discuss the properties of cocoa butter in the light of this work, and contrast them with those of other hard fats. 3. Describe, in considerable detail, modern methods for manu-facture of either (a) commercial glucose, OT (b) edible gelatine. Discuss choice of raw materials and the economic disposal of by-products. 4. Outline a method for the complete analysis of an article of confectionery supposed to contain cane sugar, liquid glucose, malt extract and condensed milk, with added acid and flavouring material. 5. What are the chief factors governing the rate of heat transfer from a vapour condensing on the surface of a metal wall to a liquid flowing in contact with the other side ? It is desired to heat a solution Sp.Gr. 1.2, Sp. Ht. 0.8 at the rate of 30 gallons per minute from 20” C. to its boiling point (102’ C.), the medium being saturated steam at 80 lb. pressure per sq. in. (324”F.). The solution passes through a nest of tubes in a shell and is surrounded by the steam. The co-efficient of heat transfer may be taken as 60 B.Th.Us/sq. ft./hr./’ F. What amount of heating surface is necessary; and how would you arrange this? 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe the construction and operation of a modern continuous installation for the manufacture of confectioners’ cream. Give full details of essential features of control. What factors are involved in the consistency of confectioners’ cream ? 2. What are the principles involved in the construction of modern installations for the purifying and “conditioning” of air for workrooms ? Describe a typical installation.In what circumstances would you recom- mend the use of such plant in a confectionery works? 3. Write a short description of the cultivation and preparation of cacao. Give a classification of commercial cacaos and describe how you would proceed to the evaluation of a sample submitted to you. 4. What organic acids are used in the foods industries? Give their constitution and natural sources. What would guide you in the choice of acids for confectionery work ? 196 6. What kind of packing would you recommend for the following types of confectionery for general retail sale:- Toffee, hard boiled acid drops, crystallised fondant, assorted chocolates and cocoa powder ? Give full reasons for your choice, and state what modifications, if any, you would suggest for the export trade.TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 21st to 24th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each hy. 1. Examine the sample of chocolate (A). From your results give a recipe for the ingredients to be used for, and draw up a scheme for the manufacture of, a product to resemble the sample. 2. You are given five samples of flavouring material (B 1-5). Identifythe solvents used in each case, and state for what purpose you would consider each sample suitable or desirable in confectionery. 3. Examine the sample of milk powder (C) and report fully upon its 4.Make a full examination of the sample of gelatine (D). Evaluate 5. Examine and report upon the two samples of sugar (E 1-2).quality, and its suitability for chocolate or confectionery manufacture. it for use in foods of various classes, and for laboratory use. State what restrictions, if any, you would put on the use of these sugars in a confectionery works, and why. 6. Examine and identify the colloidal substances (F 1-5). In what types of confectionery would you use each of these substances? 197 Salary Statistics, 1930. IN November, all Fellows and Associates were asked to return cards indicating the total annual remuneration they received in the exercise of their profession, and their approximate age.On previous occasions attempts had been made to obtain from members much fuller information as to the conditions of their employment, but in 1927 the number of members making the return was so disappointingly small that it was thought that a simpler form of return might be more useful. On this occasion, 3,828 cards have been received; of these eight have not been included in the statistics as the entries upon them were ambiguous or unsuitable for inclusion. It should be noted that the total number of members who actually returned cards indicating that they were unemployed was 96. The number out of the whole membership of the Institute (about 5,800) known by the executive officers to be unemployed in December, 1930, was 110, and, at the present moment, is 124.The cards have been divided into four categories, as follows:-(i) Fellows resident in the British Isles .. 1084returns (ii) Associates ,) 9) ,I J) .. 221s ,) (iii) Fellows resident abroad .. .. 210 ,, (iv) Associates ,, J9 .. **3''JJ The following tables show the numbers of members who placed their X in each of the sections on the cards. 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 tnder to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to Age 250 299 349 399 449 499 599 699 799 899 999 1099 1199 1299 1399 1500 21-25 _-----------------~______-----~-~---25-30 1512 2 8 6 13-------1 30-35 1 2 7 916 72312 9 4 5 2-------___----~-----___-35-40 2-14 813302518 9 7 9 4 2 13 -_-______-----------40-45 -1 2 210 62823142113 9 6 3 3 5 ......................45-50 1-2 18 6 41320 913 8 3 5 6 4 -~-~____-~--~-~-__-50-55 2-6 12 415201215 911 4 5 3 4 ----------~-----Over 55 -2 1 2 2 310181613 716 611 4 3 - ASSOCIATES RESIDENT IN THE BRITISH ISLES. REMUNERATION(IN % PERANXUM). 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 11001 12001 1300 1400 under to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to Age 250 299 349 399 449 499 599 699 799 899 999 1099 1199 1299 1399 1500 -----_____-----21-25 73 90 23 9 1 1 _---------______--~---25-30 72 157 171 119 79362412 6 1 2 3---1 ---__ ---______-_____~--~ 30-35 17 39 86 100 98 70 71 38 15 10 2 4 1 1 1 4 -_____-_______-___----c1W35-40 5 7 20 28 46 44 70 41 23 1 3 9 6 2 6 1 2 W ....................40-45 2 4 6 7 23 22 51 22 16 12 7 6 7 1 3 8 -_________________________--45-50 5 7 81713 8 5--12 2--__---50-55 4 210 9 6 2-1 -________-_I_ 2-72 _--------I--Employer, Private Practice or Total Emoluments exceeding &1500 p.a., 50 (Q) Retired 19 (R) Unemployed 68 (U) FELLOWS RESIDENT ABROAD. RENUNERATION(IN $ PERANNUM). 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 under to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to 250 299 349 399 449 499 599 699 799 899 999 1099 1199 1299 1399 1500Age ________-_ ------------21-25 -----l-l-l-l-l-1-1-1----40-45 -1____--~1 I I 1--1-/-1------ABCD NOP Employer, Private Practice or Total Emoluments exceeding $1500 p.a., 65 (Q) Retired, 14 (R) Unemployed, 3 (U) ASSOCIATES RESIDENT ABROAD.-TOTALREMUNERATION(IN!2PERANNUM). -250 300 350 400 450 500 ! 600 700 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 under to to to to to to to to to to to to to Age 250 299 349 399 449 499 599 699 799 1099 1199 1299 1399 1500 --___ ---------1------21-25 3 144 22 2-------__--___-----9 --25-30 2 4 2 12 5 12 17 13 14 3 6 2 2 ___-_I-------d -30-35 4 13 11 14 13 6 5 3 3 2 1 35-40 475 12 7 -2 2 2 1 -l-l-----5 2 21 21 41 11 II 1 140-45 -I-I-45-50 -I-I--1-1--11 50-55 -1-Over 55 -I_/--I--I I/-BCD EF GHI JKLMNO Employer, Private Practice OT Total Emoluments exceeding €1500 p.a., 18 (Q) Retired, 1 (R) Unemployed, 6 (U) 202 In view of the fact that members who are employers, and those who are in private practice, or whose total emoluments exceed fI1500 p.a.have been placed in a separate category (Q), tables or curves showing the average remuneration of Fellows and Associates at particular ages cannot be compiled from the data available. The following tables, however, show the numbers of Fellows and Associates of all ages making returns and the percentages for the various categories as regards remuneration :-RESIDENTFELLOWS IN THE BRITISHISEES. % on total yo on total actgivemembers. active mornbers. A 7 0.7 Below $250 7 = 0.7 B 10 C 31 Between D 21 &250-500 161 = 17.1 E 54 5.7 F 45 4.8 G 111 11.8 H 114 12.1 Between I 89 $500-1000 439 = 46.7 J 71 7.6 K 54 5.8 L 55 M 23 Between N aE 1000- 1200 141 = 15.0 0 17 1.8 P 20 2.1 Q 192 20.5 “Q *’ 192 = 20.6 -Total “Active” 940 940 100.0 Retired 125 Unemployed 19 Not included 2 203 (ii) ASSOCIATESRESIDENTIN THE BRITISHISLES.% on total % on total active members. active members. A 171 8-0 Below S250 171 = 8.0 B 299 C 308 Between D 271 €250-500 1321 = 62.0 E 260 12.2 F 183 8.6 G 260 H 137 Between I 74 S500-1000 524 = 24.6 J 43 2.0 K 20 1.0 L 21 M 11 Between N 10 S1000-1500 65 = 3.1 0 7 0.3 P 16 0.8 Q 50 - 2-3 “ Q ” 50 - = 2.3 Total “Active ” 2 13 1 2131 100.0 Retired 19 UnemployedNot included 68 5 - 2223 (iii) FELLOWSRESIDENT ABROAD.C 1 D 1 Below €500 4 = 2.1 E 2 G 10 H 14 Between I 19 €500-1000 69 = 35-7 J 11 5.7 K 15 7.7 L 9 M 11 Between N 13 €1000-1500 55 --28.5 0 9 4.7 P 13 6.7 Q 65 ‘‘Q ” 65 = 33.7 Total c‘Active” 19 3 193 100.0 Retired 14 Unemployed 3 Not included 1 -211- 204 (iv) ASSOCIATESRESIDENTABROAD. yo on total active members. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N 0 P Q Total “Active” Retired Unemployed 9 3.0 11 3.6 18 6-0 13 4.3 21 7-0 36 12.0 39 13-0 36 12.0 31 10.1 21 7.0 12 4.0 5 5 1*6(5)1*6(5) 18 6.0 30 1 1 6 - 308 Below €250 Between €250-500 Between $500- 1000 Be tween €1000-1500 “ Q ” yo on total active members.9 = 3.0 72 = 23.9 163 = 54.1 39 = 13.0 18 = 6.0 _- 301 100.0 205 British Patent System. INMay, 1929,the President of the Board of Trade appointed a Committee “to consider and report whether any, and if so what, amendments in the Patents and Designs Acts, or changes in the practice of the Patent Office are desirable.” (The Committee included Sir Herbert Jackson, a Past President of the Institute, and Mr. H. Ballantyne, a Past Vice-president of the Institute.) The Federal Council for Chemistry invited various Chemical Bodies, including the Institute, to send expressions of opinion and suggestions to a Joint Chemical Committee (of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, and other Chemical Bodies), who, in due course, produced a report which was forwarded to the Board of Trade Committee.The Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute, with the sanction of the Council, forwarded its views to the Joint Committee, on which the Institute was represented by Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, who gave evidence, with other representatives of interested Chemical Bodies, before the Board of Trade Committee. The Report of the Committee, which was presented to Parliament in March and has now been published (H.M. Stationery Office, Cmd. 3829: IS. 6d. net) is divided into three Parts:-I. Patents, 11. Designs, 111. General, followed by three Appendices. The Minutes of Evidence are to be published separately.The Committee found no general demand for any alteration of the basic principles underlying the existing law in relation to patents or designs, but expressed the opinion that some of the amendments which they proposed were such as to justify early legislation. They have not, as a rule, formulated the actual wording of the amendments, but have indicated the substance of the changes which they regard as desirable. A matter of special interest to chemists is that the first and true inventor should get credit for his work, even though he may be required by his contract to assign his invention to his employers. The Committee received a proposal that an assignee uf ;LII iiiveiitor should be permitted to apply for a patent without joining the inventor. The Committee were unable to recommend this alteration, but paragraph 78 of the Report suggests that Section 12 be amended, so as generally to enable the assignee to continue the application.Section 2 (5) of the principal Act provides that an applicant for a chemical invention may be required by the Comptroller to furnish typical samples and specimens of his invention. It was suggested that applicants should be entitled to furnish chemical samples subject to the Comptroller’s discretion, and the Committee has recommended that Section 2 (5) be amended accordingly. The evidence given, on behalf of industrial interests, was in favour of an extension of the time for leaving the complete specification.In the case of chemical inventions it was urged that the present maximum period of 10months was often too short to allow a process to be worked out in sufficient detail to permit of filing the complete specification in time. The Committee has recommended that the limit of time for filing the complete specification be increased from g months (with extension to 10 months) to 12 months (with extension to 13 months), and that the period for obtaining acceptance of the complete speci- fication be increased from 15 months (with extension to 18 months) to 18 months (with extension to 21 months). The Committee also recommends an extension of the area of the official search as to novelty, in order that the search should not be necessarily restricted to prior British specifications published within the previous fifty years, but should be extended under the Comptroller’s directions to documents including foreign specifications or books which might offer any prospect of containing anticipations of the invention.The Commit tee recommends for serious consideration a scheme put forward for opening specifications to public inspection and criticism apart from, or additionally to, facilities for opposition. The Committee recommends that the disconformity between a specification filed under the International Convention and the relevant foreign specification, with intervening publication of the disconforming matter, should be made a fresh ground of opposition to the grant of a patent.The limit of time for giving notice of opposition is two months from the date of the advertise- ment in the official JournaL (Patents) of the acceptance of the complete specification. The Committee recommends that the 207 Comptroller be empowered to extend the period by one month upon application made within the two months’ period. The Committee has not recommended any alteration in the period of the duration of a patent, but recommends that the question whether a patent of addition should be extended or not, should be left entirely in the hands of the Court. The Committee recommends that Section 20 be amplified in order to empower the Comptroller to insist that documents affecting title should be entered on the Register of Patents before he makes an order for the restoration of a patent which has lapsed owing to the failure of the patentee to pay the prescribed renewal fee within the prescribed time.The Committee recommends that Section 25 (2) should be amended to state directly and as exhaustively as possible the grounds on which a patent can be revoked. With regard to the power of the Court to grant relief in respect of particular claims, the Committee recommended that Section 32 (a)should be amended in order to provide (I) that the patentee, as a condition of recovering damages and costs, should have the onus cast on him of establishing to the satisfaction of the Court that his original claims were framed in good faith and with reasonable skill and knowledge; and (2) that the discretion of the Court as to granting relief should be extended so as to cover all relief, including an injunction, so that in very gross cases of excessively wide claims, the patentee should fail altogether; also, that Section 32 should be amended so that the defendant should be expressly empowered to counterclaim for the revocation of the patent in suit, without having to obtain the fiat of the Attorney General; and that the Acts should make it clear that, in an infringement action, the Court has power to make such order or orders in the action or counterclaim as will enable the Court to exercise the discretion given to it by Section 32 (a),and at the same time enable it to make both the relief to the patentee, and the possible stay of the Order for Revocation, contingent on the due performance of such terms as to the amendment of the specification or otherwise as the Court may think fit to impose.The Committee recommended that the proviso to Section 36 should be repealed and that the remaining provisions of the section should be amended in order to provide that where a threat of legal proceedings for infringement of a patent is made (and that whether there is a patent actually in existence or not) > 208 the person threatened or the person affected by the threat should be entitled to bring an action either for an injunction or for a declaration that the threat is unjustifiable, on the ground that there is no patent, or that the patent is invalid, or that there has been no infringement of the patent and should also be entitled, if successful, to recover damages against the person making the threat.Further, that the defendant in the threats action, if himself the owner of the patent in respect of which the threats have been made, should be entitled to counterclaim for infringement of his patent. In connection with Section 37, the Committee recommends that in all cases of dispute between co-owners of patents as to the development thereof (except where the dispute is between joint owners holding in a representative capacity as legal personal representatives or trustees, in which case any dispute would naturally be determinable by the ordinary equitable tribunals) power should be given to a tribunal to determine how such development should be carried out, whether by exclusive or other licence, sale or otherwise.The tribunal for this purpose should be the Comptroller, whose decision should be subject to an appeal to the Court. Prior to the Act of 1919,it was customary for British speci- fications dealing with the manufacture of new chemical sub- stances to include claims for the substances themselves inde- pendently of the actual process of manufacture. Although the weight of authority may have been against the validity of such claims, there was not any reported Decision to that effect, and the subject was not free from doubts, which it was very desirable to remove, particularly in view of the numerous claims of this class made in the British specifications of German inventions in relation to dye-stuffs. Section 38 (a)provided that in the case of inventions relating to the substances prepared or produced by chemical processes or intended for food or medicine, the specification should not include claims for the substance itself, except when prepared or produced by the special methods or processes of manufacture described and claimed, or by their obvious chemical equivalents. The principal object of this clause was to prevent an inventor, who had found a way of preparing a new chemical substance, from claiming the substance when prepared in other ways.Difficulties had arisen from the interpretation placed in a decision of the Law Officer on the word “special.’’ He held that 209 the word did not mean merely “particular,” but “a method or process which has such attributes that it is the proper subject of a claim for letters patent, one that has some intrinsic charac- teristics which are the invention of the inventor, and for which a patent may be properly and legitimately claimed and granted.” On this section, which is of peculiar interest to chemists, the Committee recommends that the word “particular ” be substi- tuted for the word “special” and that a proviso be added that in respect of substances intended for food or medicine, a mere admixture resulting only in an aggregation of the known proper- ties of the respective ingredients shall not be deemed to be a particular process of manufacture.No question before the Committee attracted more attention or was the subject of more conflicting evidence, than the suggested scheme for the compulsory dedication of medical patents. The Committee came to a definite conclusion that no sufficient case had been made out for any compulsory dedication and that such alteration of the law would operate adversely to the British fine chemical industry, and discriminate unfairly against research workers in this country. The Committee recommends no amendment in respect of the provisions whereby prior publication of his invention by a patentee renders the patent invalid for want of novelty. It is very advisable, however, that chemists should recognise that disclosure of an invention made in ignorance of the law or through failure to recognise the commercial importance of the invention may jeopardise the validity of the grant of a patent.A valid patent can only be obtained for an invention which is a “manufacture ” within Section 6 of the Statute of Monopolies, and the Committee is unable to recommend any new or broader definition of the “invention” for which a patent may be granted. In considering the suggestion that the interpretation of the word “manufacture” in section 93 should be extended so as to permit of the patenting of a wider range of biological inventions, the Committee is of opinion that biological developments in- volving invention are already capable of protection under the existing law.This appears to be involved in the judgment of Mr. Justice Romer in the case of Commercial Solvents Corporation v. Synthetic Products Comparcy, Ltd. (43 R.P.C. 185), where he held that a process involving the selection and the use with particular raw material of some particular bacillus or a culture containing some particular bacillus that would produce butyl 210 alcohol and acetone in commercial quantities better than any other known bacillus of its class or type, constituted patentable sub ject-ma t ter . Regarding the tribunal for appeals from the decision of the Comptroller in patent cases, the Committee recommends that such appeals should be heard by a judge of the High Court selected by the Lord Chancellor. On the subject of prior secret user of an invention by a person other than the patentee, it is held that such a user invali- dates, and the Committee concludes that the prior secret user by the patentee himself, except by way of reasonable trial or experiment, should invalidate the patent.The Committee is also of opinion that there is no foundation for the fear which was stated to exist in the minds of some research workers that the validity of patents for research inven- tions may be imperilled by the circumstances of their origin, though, of course, where an invention is due to the combined work of several workers, the result obtained should be granted to them jointly. 211 Notes. Institute of Fuel.-The Institute of Fuel is arranging a joint meeting of all societies interested in low temperature carbonisation and hydrogenation of coal to be held at the Institu- tion of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, Victoria Embankment , W.C.1, on Wednesday, the 7th October, 1931, at 7 p.m.Sir David Milne Watson, President of the Institute of Fuel, will preside, and the discussion will be opened with a paper on the present position and future prospects of the conversion of coal into oil and smokeless fuel, by Dr. W. R. Ormandy. Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry are invited to participate in this meeting and to join in the discussion. All who are desirous of attending are invited to notify the Registrar not later than Monday, the 14th September, in order that they may be supplied with advance copies of Dr.Ormandy's paper. Research and Income Tax.-The following abstract from Hansard, Volume 252, No. 115, 14th May, 1931, will be of interest to chemists engaged in Industrial Research :-"63. Lieutenant-Commander Kenworthy asked the Chan- cellor of the Exchequer if he is aware that when a manufacturer pays for scientific research to improve his methods the expense thus incurred is not allowed to be deducted in calculating taxable profits, whereas the expenditure on routine testing of material or control of processes is so allowed; and whether, as this system puts a tax on research, he will state what would be the probable immediate cost of a concession designed to remove this difficulty? Mr.Pethick-Lawrence : "My hon. and gallant friend would not be correct in assuming that in no circumstances would expenditure incurred by a manufacturer on research for the purposes of his business be admissible as a deduction in comput- ing his profits for Income Tax purposes. If he has any particular case in mind, and will let me know the facts, I will gladly look into it and communicate to him the result of my inquiries. 212 Lieutenant-Commander Kenworthy : "I am much obliged to my hon. friend. Can he let me have an answer, not necessarily now, to the last part of the question as to the cost of the full concession ? " Ministry of Health: Food.-The Ministry of Health and the Secretary of State for Scotland have appointed a Committee to enquire into the working of the law as to the composition and description of articles of food other than milk, and to report what alterations, if any, in the law or its administration appear to be desirable.The members of the Committee are Sir Frederick J. Willis, (Chairman),Mrs. J. L. Adamson, Mr. W. Barratt, Mrs. E. Beck, Messrs. J. N. Beckett, G. A. Birse, H. F. Carlill, Mrs. M. E. Cottrell, Messrs. A. T. A. Dobson, H. E. Goodby, Dr. J. M. Hamill, Mrs. Jean Roberts, Messrs. R. A. Robinson, H. Shaw, and George Stubbs. The Secretary is Mr. W. J. Peete, to whom all communications on the subject should be addressed. Pharmacopceia Commission.-The Secretary of the Phar- macopceia Commission has forwarded to the Institute a copy of a booklet containing the second and third reports of the Pharmaceutical Chemistry Sub-Committees, and the Cod Liver Oil Colour Test Sub-Committee.These reports are published in the hope that those who are interested will comment on the standards and tests suggested, and the Commission will welcome criticisms directed to the improvement of the proposals contained therein. The publication is obtainable from the General Medical Council, 3s. World Power Conference, 1930.-The Institute has received some notes on the 2nd Plenary Meeting of the World Power Conference, held in Berlin, between 16th and 25th June, 1930, which was attended by nearly 4,000 representatives from about 50 different countries, the attendance from Great Britain -217-being the largest from any country other than Germany.The German National Committee extended very generous hospitality to their foreign guests. At the opening meeting, the Earl of Derby, who had held the presidency since the First World Power Conference in 1924, retired from the office in favour of His Excellency Dr. Oskar von Miller. 213 Forty-six papers were presented from Great Britain. The Transactions of the Conference were published in Febru- ary, 1931, occupying 15 volumes and an index volume. The British National Committee has adopted a constitutim as a permanent organisation.-Dr. H. G. Colman, the representa- tive of the Institute being the Hon. Treasurer. The Sub-committee on Bibliographies, appointed in May, 1930, supervises the preparation of the British Power and Fuel Bulletin, of which Colonel Sir Frederick L.Nathan is the editor. The second edition of Technical Data on Fuel was published by the British National Committee, in June, 1930. The Third Plenary Meeting will be held in the United States in 1936. Bituminous Coal.-The Third International Conference on Bituminous Coal will be held under the auspices of the Carnegie Institute of Technology, from 16th to zIst November, 1931, to present for discussion the results of recent studies of coal, emphasising improved methods of utilisation and their economic value. An invitation is extended to chemists of all countries to take part in this Conference. Those who desire to submit papers are requested to notify the Secretary of the Conference (Mr.Thomas R. Alexander, 3rd International Conference on Bituminous Coal, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, USA.), as soon as possible. 214 Obituary. ALDERTONGILBERTJOHN died at Eltham, on 10th March, in his 52nd year. Educated at King’s College School and King’s College, London, he passed the Intermediate and Final Examination of the Institute in 1902, and the Final Examination in the Analysis of Food and Drugs, etc. in the same year, and, subsequently graduated B.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry in the University of London. After acting for several months as a Research Assistant to Professor-now Sir Herbert-Jackson, he joined the staff of the late Mr.Bertram Hlount at Westminster, where he remained until 1917, when he obtained an appointment as a Technical Adviser with the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, a position which he occupied until 1925. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1905. MEREDITH WYNTER BLYTH died at Tankersley, near Barnsley, on 23rd March, in his 60th year. The son of the late Dr. W. A. Blyth, a Fellow, he was educated at King’s College School, London, and St. John’s College, Cambridge, where he gained a Double First in the Natural Science Tripos, subsequently graduating as B.Sc. in the University of London. He passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1896. He was appointed a Gas Examinor for the London County Council, a,nd later worked as an Assistant to Klein at St.Bartholomew’s Hospital, before he established a private practice as a consulting chemist and bacteriologist. He was also for several years lecturer in chemistry at the Crystal Palace School of Engineering. For over 20 years he was public analyst for Brighton and Eastbourne, but in 1905 he joined the staff of Nowton Chambers & Co., Ltd., near Sheffield, with whom he remained as Chief Chemist until his death, devoting particular attention to disinfectants. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1899. JAMESCAMERONdied at Bognor Regis on 12th April, in his 90th year. Educated at the Grammar School, Aberdeen, and the High School, Edin- burgh, he entered Edinburgh University in 1868 as a student in medicine, taking chemistry under Lyon Playfair.Following his father’s earlydea.th, however, he abandoned medicine and removed to London, where he worked under Frankland, at the College of Chemistry. In 1865, he entered the Government Laboratory (then the Inland Revenue Labora- tory), where he attained the position of Superintending Analyst, retiring in 1903. He was the author of Oils and Varnishes, and Soap and Candles in Churchill’s Technological Series. He wa,s elected a Fellow in 1878, and served as a Member of Council from 1902 to 1905. 215 GEORGE died at Widnes, on 26th April, in his 80th year. FITZBROWN After serving an apprenticeship with the London & North Western Railway Carriage Works at Wolvertdn, he studied at the Wigan Mining School and, in 1871, proceeded to the Royal School of Mines, London, where he gained the Diploma of Associateship in Mining and Metallurgy and the De La Beche Medal, in 1875.In the same year, he obtained an appoint- ment in the Metallurgical Department of the Broughton Copper Company, Ltd., Manchester, where he worked under the late Dr. David Watson. In 1887, after a period on the commercial sido, he was appointed Manager of the Company’s Smelting Works at Ditton, Widnes, and, in 1900, became a Director of the Company. He was a keen naturalist, and a Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society. He also interested himself in public work in the neighbourhood of Widnes, but although he was requested several times to become a magistrate, he declined that office.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. HAROLD GOLDINGDAVID EDMUND died at Tooting, on 4th April, in his 27th year. Educated at Strand Secondary School, at Battersea Polytechnic and at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute, he graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with first class honours in chemistry. In 1923 he became an assistant in the laboratories of the British Drug Houses, Ltd.; in the following year was assistant to Mr. H. F. Stephenson, Fellow, and, in 1928, became an assistant chemist with H. C. Stephens, Ltd., ink manufacturers, where he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in January of this year. THOMAS who died recently at the age of 27 years, was LEISHMAN, educated at Airdrie and Larkhall Academies and at the University of Glasgow, where he graduated M.A.and B.Sc. with 1st Class Honours in Chemistry. From 1927, he was a science teacher at Coatbridge Secondary School under the Lanark Education Authority. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930. LEO SPENCER died, after a short illness, at Salisbury, on 5th April, in his 39th year. Educated at St. Francis Xavier’s Secondary School and the University, Liverpool, he won the Sir John 7i5Tillox Scholarship in Chemistry as an undergraduate, and in 1912 graduated as B.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry, gaining the Le Blanc Medal in applied electro- chemistry. During the session 1912-13, he carried out research under Professor Donnan in the Muspratt Laboratory, and was awarded the M.Sc.degree for a thesis on “The Determination of the Velocity of DBu- sion of Oxygen through Silver at Various Pressures.” In the following session, he worked with Professor Lewis at Liverpool, and from 1914 to 1919 was an Assistant Chemist in the Research Department at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. In 1919, he received an appointment as Chief Assis- tant Chemist in the Research Department of Tootal Broadhurst Lee Co., Ltd., Manchester. In 1925, he was engaged for a while in the cement industry. In 1929, he obtained an appointment on the staff of the Chemical Defence Research Department at the Experimental Station at Porton, where he remained until his death.His papers were published between 1914 and 1923 in the Journal of the Chemical Society and the Journal of the Textile Institute. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924. 216 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11, 1931,the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Chemical Analysis, Technical Methods of.” Edited by C. A. Keane and P. C. L. Thorne. Vol. 111, and edition. Pp. xx+ 678. (London: Gurney & Jackson). 7tT3 3s. Clays; ceramics; glass; cement; drinking water and feed water for boilers; sewage and effluents ; fertilisers, feeding stuffs, soils and air. “Chemical Change.” D. B. Briggs.Pp. 166. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.). 5s. Introduction; more advanced work on chemistry for senior pupils in schools. “Chemical Microscopy, Handbook of.” E. M. Chamot and C. W. Mason. Vol. 11: Chemical Methods and Inorganic Qualitative Analysis. Pp. ix.$-411. (London : Chapman & Hall, Ltd.). 22s. 6d. Manipulative methods ; methods of applying reagents in microscopical qualitative analysis ; detection of metals and anions ; special reagents ; qualitative analysis. “Cytology, A Text-book of Experimental.’’ J. Gray. Pp. 516. (Cambridge: The University Press). 25s. An account of recent experimental research ; an attempt to correlate the living structure of the living cell and its biological properties; the cell as a unit of life, as a physical unit and as a colloidal system; cell dynamics ; membranes and intercellular matrices ; the physical state of protoplasm; the nucleus ; mitosis ; cell division and growth; the equili- brium between a living cell and water; permeability and nature of the cell surface ; germ cells ; contractile cells; phagocytosis; indices and references.“Hydrates de Carbone (Glucides), Rapports sur les.” Union Internationale de Chimie. (London: Hachette & Co.; H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd.; David Nutt). gs. “Lavoisier.” J. A. Cochrane. Pp. xiii+z64. (London: Con-stable & Co., Ltd.). 7s. 6d. Biography. 217 “Makers of Chemistry.” E. J. Holmyard. Pp. 16 + 314. (Oxford: Clarendon Press). 7s. 6d. net. The story of chemistry from its remote beginnings up to the establish- ment of the modern science by Dalton, Lavoisier, Avogadro, and their contemporaries, followed by brief sketches of subsequent developments during the 19th and 20th centuries.“Organic Chemistry, for Medical, Intermediate Science and Pharmaceutical Students.” A. K. Macbeth. 2nd edition. Pp. xiv+zg6. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.). 6s. 6d. “Organic Syntheses.” An Annual Publication of satisfactory methods for the preparation of organic chemicals. Editor-in-Chief, C. s. Marvel. Vol. XI. Pp. vii+106. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.). 8s. 6d. ‘I Pktroles, Naturels et Artificiels.” J. J. Chartron. Pp. 8+206. (Paris: Librairie Armand Colin). 10fr. 50. Composition; properties; geology ; transport ; refinery ; analysis and control ; uses ; production ; dangers.‘I Soies Artificielles et Matiitres Plastiques.” R. Gabillion. Pp. 8+204. (Paris: Librairie Armand Colin). 10 fr. 50. Cellulose and its esters; study of various silks; properties and uses; plastic materials. “Textiles on Test.’’ J. G. Williams. Pp. viii+1g4. (London: Chapman & Hall Ltd.). 7s. 6d. A study for distributor and consumer of the wearing and washing properties of fabrics and garments : general facts concerning fabrics ; textiles and their colour in wear and wash; washing, laundering and dry cleaning. National Physical Laboratory.-The Report of the National Physical Laboratory for the year 1930, which was published recently (H.M. Stationery Office: 12s.6d.net), contains inter alia the Report on the Metallurgical Department, including General Research, on the physical structure of metals, single crystals, pure metals, surface tension of liquid metals, and refractories ; Government Research, on light alloys, surface condi- tions and fatigue of steel, minor metals, beryllium, cadmium, titanium, failure of lifting gear, alloys for high temperature use, steels for high temperature use, gases in steels, the cracking of boiler plates, and fabrics ;Special investigations, on alloys of irons, impurities in copper, dental alloys and amalgams ;Maintenance of Standards, etc. 218 Water Pollution Research.-The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has published a Summary of Current Literature, Vol.IV, April, 1931. H.M. Stationery Office, IS. 3d. net. Abstracts Nos. 372-501 deal with Water Supplies, Analysis and Examination of Water, Sewage, Trade Waste Waters, Pollution of Natural Water, Miscellaneous. Imperial Institute.-The Annual Report of the Imperial Institute for 1930 by the Director to the Board of Governors has recently been published (2s. net). A number of important questions relating to the utilisation of Empire raw materials have received the attention of the Advisory Council and its Technical Committees during the year, and the Report includes records of the work of Committees on Silk, Timbers, Vegetable and Animal Fibres, Oils and Oil Seeds, Essential Oils and Resins, Tanning Materials, Hides and Skins, Rubber, Wool, Tobacco, etc.The Safety in Mines Research Board is extending the engineering side of its researches and has recently published a Report containing a brief analysis of the incidence of accidents from haulage operations. H.M. Stationery Office: (S.M.R.B. Paper No. 66. 6d.) Alkali, etc., Works.-“ The 67th Annual Report on Alkali, etc., Works, by the Chief Inspectors : Proceedings during the year 1930,” has recently been published (H.M. Stationery Office, 9d. net.). Chemical Industry Legislation.-An Index to Acts of Parliament and Statutory Rules and Orders affecting the chemical industry has been published by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. Copies can be obtained from the General Manager and Secretary, A.B.C.M., 166, Piccadilly, London, W.1, 2s.Criticisms and/or suggestions for its im- provement are invited. The Association proposes to publish supplementary lists at the end of every year, 219 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 24th April, and 15th May, 1931, I new Fellow was elected, 22 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 57 new Associates were elected, and 31 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the death of 4 Fellows and 3 Associates. New Fellow. Haskew, Richard Selwyn, A.C.G.I., Southcote, Belswains, nr. Heme1 Hempstead, Herts. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Avent, Alfred George, 79, George Borrow Road, Norwich. Bride, Cyril, M.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc.(Lond.), 100, Station Road, London, N.W.4. Brindle, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond,), 44, College Drive, Whalley Range, Man- Chester. Clayson, Donald Herbert Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 20, Sefton Avenue, Mill Hill, London, N.W.7. Dickinson, Robert, Ph.D. (Liv.), Heimberg, Ulverston, Lancs. Ellington, Oscar Charles, B.A. (Oxon.), 110, Well Hall Road, London, S.E.9. Gaskin, John George Noel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Woodside Lane, London, N.12. Graham, Joseph Ivon, M.A. (Cantab.), M.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.C.Sc.I., Research Section, Mining Department, The University, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Greenstreet, Victor Robert, A.C.G.F.C., 56, Clifton Road, London, N.3. Harrison, Harold Ainsworth, Ph.D. (Vict.), c/o Messrs. Cooke & Nuttall, Vale Paper Works, Horwich, nr. Bolton.Jones, Griffith William, 101, Hungerford Road, Crewe. Joseph, Douglas Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 73, Oxford Gardens, London, W.10. Levy, Joseph Frederick, Ferrocarril Central Del Peru, Casilla 128, Callao, Peru. Lewis, Frederick Donald, B.Sc. (Lond.), Visco-Seda, Metarazzo Ltd., Sao Caetano, Sao Paulo, Brazil. McGregor, Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Conville Boulevard, Higher Bebington, Cheshire. Owens, William Morgan, Ph.D. (Liv.), Rhianva, Hilltop Road, Childwall, Liverpool.Paterson, Colin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Rannoch Road, London, W.6. Payne, Reginald William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Reginald Street, Derby. Reeve, Walter William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 69, Beaconsfield Villas, Brighton. Smith, Frank James, BSc. Vict. (Liv.), 24, Park Way, Gt.Meols, Cheshire. 220 Stoyle, Francis Wilbert, B.Sc. (Oxon. & Q.U.B.), M.Sc., Ph.D. (Q.U.B.), British Acetate Silk Corpn., Stowmarket. Sword, James, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.), The Laboratory, S.C.W.S., Ltd., Regent Mills, Glasgow. New Associates. Anderson, John, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews), 80, Bishop Street, Moss Side, Manchester. Ault, Robert Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Birm.), 99, Bratt Street, West Bromwich, Staffs. Bagg, Douglas Gordon, 34, Granville Road, London, N.12. Bal, Dattatraya Viswanath, Agricultural Research Institute, Nagpur, C.P. India. Barker, James Harald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Eastcote Road, South Harrow. Beale, Colin Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, South Street, Dorchester, Dorset. Berry, Wallace, 4, Rowena Avenue, Knightswood, Glasgow, W .3.Bishop, Laurence Walter Edwin, A.C.G.F.C., 14, East Heath Road, London, N.W.3. Booth, Norman Joseph, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), Mayfield, Queen’s Road, Accrington.Brearley, George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Rostherne, Spital Park, Bromborough, Cheshire. Brown, James, Nobel Lodge, Ardeer, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Buckley, Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Brampton Grove, Kenton, Harrow. Burgoine, Edward, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 23, Heywood Street, Bury, Lancs. Clarke, George Henry Vernon, B.A. (Cantab.), Boultibrooke, Presteign, Radnorshire. Craimer, Harris, B.Sc. (Lond.), 62, Lower Cathedral Road, Cardiff. Davies, Stanley James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 45, Harefield Road, London, S.E.4. Glass, Norman, 180, Strand Road, Bootle, Lancs.Gordon, Joseph, 6, Tinklers Terrace, Fence Houses, Co. Durham. Galinsky, Miss Ada, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 151, Amhurst Road, London, E.8. Hastings, John James Hunter, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 44, Morland Road, Old Trafford, Manchester. Hay, Thomas William, B.Sc. (Wales), 21, Belle Vue Crescent, Llandaff North, Cardiff. Hudson, David Arnold, Crambe Lodge, Priory Crescent, Portsmouth. (Elected on attaining his majority in February). Inman, Herbert, Pettistree, Parkside, Mill Hill, London, N.W.7. Jackson, Frank, B.Sc. (Mane.), Glencoyne, Woodland Grove, Penwortham Hill, Preston. Johnson, William, A.M.C.T., 14, Castelnau Gardens, London, S.W. 13. Jones, Robert, B.Sc. (Liv.), 25, Robarts Road, Anfield, Liverpool. Knight, Edwin Coulthard, M.Sc.Tech.(Mane.), Seaxfield, Wythenshawe Road, Northenden, Cheshire. Koller, Rupert Hugo Edward, 98, Ainslie Wood Road, London, E.4. Leslie, Robert Edward, 11 1, Broughton Road, Edinburgh. Levin, Barnett, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 61, Albert Street, London, N.W.l. Linnell, Maurice, B.Sc. (Mane.), Beechwood, Hooley Range, Heaton Moor, Stockport. Mayhook, John Langton, B.Sc. (Liv.), Carlton, Highfield Grove, Great Crosby, Lancs. McMechan, Miss Ida Clare, B.Sc. (Lond.), A,R.C.S., 143, Stanley Park Avenue, Anfield, Liverpool. 221 Menon, Kottiazath Narayana, KSc. (Birm.), Dyson Perrins Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford. Minifie, Bernard Whitley Elliott, 2 1 , Wellington Avenue, Montpelier, Rristol. Morton, Frank, B.Sc.(Lond.), 114, Alcester Road, Moseley, Birmingham. O’Mahony, Miss Moireen ImmaculBe, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), 306, Camden Road, London, N.7. Owen, Charles Thomas James, B.Sc. (Bris.), Mansfield Lodge, Raffles College, Singapore, S.S. Philip, George Gilmour, A.H.-TV.C., 15, James Street, Portobello, Edin- burgh.Prescott, George Frederic, West House, Edge Green Lane, Golborne, nr. Warrington, Lancs. Raymond, Walter Desmond, B.Xc. (Lond.), Royal College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq. Robinson, Robert, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), University College, Exeter. Robinson, Robert, 66, Eastbourne Gardens, Monkseaton, Northumberland. ROSS,Ronald Gabriel, B.Xc. (Lond.), 92, Granville Road, London, N.12. Ryder, Eric Allitt, M.Sc. (Lond.), Risingholme, Clay Hill, Bushey.Sleep, William Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Parkfield Road, Bebington, Wirral, Cheshire. Steel, Arnold Kirk, 18, Golf Close, Stanmore, Middlesex. Stephens, Robert Charles Farquhar, “Kimberley,” Greenhill Road, Griffithstown, Mon. Stroud, Hubert Henry, 17, Priory Avenue, Walthamstow, London, E.17. Suthers, Arthur James, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 29, Albany Avenue, Higher Openshaw, Manchester. Stratton, Miss Jean Mitchell, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., Druimchoille, Fochabers, Morayshire. Taylor, Frank Martin Hussey, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Clevedon, College Road, Isleworth. Templeton, William Hugh, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, Emperor’s Gate, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Todd, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), 44, Shottskirk Road, Dykehead, Shotts, Lanark- shire.Webb, William Denis Lucking, 35, Sherfield Road, Grays, Esses. Wentzel, Lodewyk Marthinus, M.Sc. (Cape), 36, Warren Street, Cape Town, S. Africa. Whelan, Lawrence Andrew, i\l.Sc. (N.Z.), Dairy Research Institute, Bllussey Agricultural College, Palmerston North, N.Z. Wildman, Harry, B.Sc. (Manc.), Elmstead, Limes Avenue, Waddon, Surrey New Students. Barton, Leonard Henry Greenwood, 130, Upper Kennington Lane, London, S.E.ll. Bowcott, Harold Joseph, 527, Fox Hollies Road, Hall Green, Birmingham. Carter, Eric George Hemphill, 183, Twickenham Road, London, E.11. Carter, William Albert, 71, Price Street, Smethwick, Staffs. Chambers, Victor Horace, 66, Highfield Road, Luton. Cogan, George Matthew, 15, Glencairn Street, Motherwell, Lanarkshire.Collis, Miss Kathleen May, 39, James Lane, Leytonstone, London, E.ll. Cullen, Miss Maisie Ursula, 302, Holloway Road, London, N.7. Davy, Anthony Daniel, Fore Street, Moretonhampstead, Devon. Dixon, Maurice Charles, 39, Richmond Hill, Langley Green, Birmingham. Edwards, Wilfred Thomas, 96, Dean Road, Erdington, Birmingham. Fenner, George Price, 60, Burnbank Terrace, Glasgow. Francis, John Leslie, 105, Cape1 Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7. 222 Garrett, Kenneth Rupert, 10, Chatsworth Road, Chiswick, London, W.4. Gilmore, Montague Albert, Monica, Manor Road, Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. Hewett, Leonard Jonathan, 37, Royal Park, Clifton, Bristol. Honick, Kenneth Robert, 41, Daniels Road, Little Bromwich, Birmingham. Livingston, Charles Sinclair, 24, Mansfield Road, Prestwick, Ayrshire.Macdonald, Frederick James, 19, Petworth Street, Battersea, London, S.W.11. Marke, Douglas John Burrows, 2, Birch Grove, Taunton. North, Albert Victor, 120, Vale Street, Upper Gornal, nr. Dudley. Pearson, Leslie, 48, Runnymede Road, Hall Green, Birmingham. Prentice, Walter Haston, Allanpark, Melbourne Road, Broxburn, W. Lothian. Preston, William, Brixworth, Northants. Shutter, Frank Charles, 203, Cotterills Lane, Alum Rock, Birmingham. Stuart, Inn Balfour, 149, Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh. Styles, Harold Eciwin, 45, Thornbury Road, Brixton, London, S.TV.2. Ward, Harry, 21, Horse Market, Barnard Castle, Co. Durham. Wheeler, Denis Edward, 57, Elindale Road, Chessels, Bristol. White, Douglas Shaw, 243, Jockey Road, Sutton Coldfield, nr.Birmingham.Worms, Charles Georgo Maurice de, Milton Park, Egham, Surrey. CHANGE OF NAME-By Deed Poll. (Miss) Ada Galinsky, Associate, to Ada Glynn. Reuben Solomons, Amociate, to Ronald Sef ton. DEATHS. Fellows. Gilbert John Alderton, B.Sc. (Lond.).Meredith Wynter Blyth, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond. . James Cameron. George Fitz-Brown, A.R.S.M. Associates. Harold David Edmund Golding, B.Sc. (Lond.).Thomas Leishman, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.). Leo Spencer, M.Sc. (Liv.). 223 General Notices. Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in September,-from the 14th to Igth, or from the zIst to 26th. The list of entries for the September Examinations will close on Monday, the 20th July.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3000 words, on 6b Why I have chosen Chemistry as a Profession” will be awarded in January, 1932, and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than ’ 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides, on or before the 31st December, 1931,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1932. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 3rst December, 1931, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, being evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. The Entrance Fee to the Fellowship, in the case of Associates who have paid an Entrance Fee (Two Guineas) on admission to the Associateship, has been reduced from Five to Three Guineas. 225 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail-able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.ni.), except during August and the early part of September when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL.Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2 to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms: buckram case, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides €or Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to,give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are' requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registrat ion.