摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN 63 IRELAND Founded 1877. Incorporated by Royal Charter 1885. PROPOSED PETITION FOR A SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER. To besubmitted for the approval of the Fellows and Associates at the Annual General Meet- ing, to be held on 2nd March, 1931. By Order of the Council, RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON,W.C. I (Amended 30th January, 1931.) (Proposed Petition. TO THE KING’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY IN COUNCIL. @Tip@ttmble vetitbm OF THEINSTITUTE OFOF CHEMISTRY GREATBRITAINAND IRELAND. SHEWETHas follows :-1. That Her late Majesty, Queen Victoria, did by Royal Charter of Incorporation (hereinafter called “the Original Charter ”) dated the thirteenth day of June, 1885, declare that William Odling and such other persons who were then Fellows of the Insti- tute therein mentioned or who should at any time afterwards become Fellows or Associates thereof should form one Body Politic and Corporate for the purposes recited in the Original Charter under the name of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland with perpetual Succession and a Common Seal.2. That the Institute has continuously throughout its existence of more than fifty years and for forty-five years since the grant of the Original Charter carried out the objects of the said Charter and has provided the Government and the public with means of recognising those who have been properly trained and competent to practise chemistry as a profession, and has taken steps to secure that all persons before being admitted as Corporate Members of the Institute shall possess such knowledge and skill as should be pos-sessed by such as are competent to practise such profession and shall be of good reputation.3. That the Institute places no restriction upon candidates for Membership except that of requiring appropriate preparation for and competence in the profession of chemistry and being of good reputation, and that all competent and reputable persons of British Nationality practising that profession are eligible for membership. 4. That at the time the said Charter was granted the number of members of the Institute was 430 and that the number of Cor-porate members of the Institute at the present time exceeds 5,700 practising chiefly in the British Empire.3 5. That in the Original Charter the profession which the Insti- tute was founded to promote was described as the profession of analytical and consulting chemistry in order to distinguish it from pharmacy, but that the profession of chemistry connotes activities of far wider significance and includes :-Chemists engaged as Professors and Teachers of Chemistry aird in the advancement of knowledge of chemistry in the Uni- versities, Colleges and Schools. Chemists engaged in the service of the State under Government Departments and under Local Authorities. Chemists engaged in a great variety of industries and manufac- tures, in management, in scientific investigation and in analytical chemistry, and Chemists engaged in consulting and analytical practice, and that the word “Chemist” is the only word applicable to them all.6. That Government Departments, Corporations, Public Com- panies and others requiring the assistance of persons competent to practise in chemistry look to the Institute to certify the compe- tency of such persons. 7. That by Clause 14 of the Original Charter it was provided that any person while being a Member of the Institute might use after his name the initials (if he be a Fellow of the Institute) F.I.C. or (if he be an Associate of the Institute) A.I.C. 8. That the Institute is Incorporated by Royal Charter with specific authority to grant Certificates of competency to persons engaged in the said profession of chemistry and to require of its members that they will conduct themselves honourably in the prac- tice of their profession, and that although those who practice this profession cannot be properly described except as chemists they are confused with pharmacists and are therefore at a great disadvan- tage in that they have no definite title to distinguish them from pharmacists and other persons engaged in the business of dispensingand retailing poisons, drugs and medicines.9. That the science and profession of chemistry have so close a relation to the progress of the arts manufactures industries and commerce of the British Empire and the applications of the said science are so wide and important that any obstacle which tends to discourage a proper appreciation of their influence in modern life should be removed.10. That for these and other reasons it is desirable that the Corporate Members of the Institute should be entitled to use some description of themselves which may be readily understood to denote 4 that they are duly trained and possess the special knowledge necessary for the practice of the profession of chemistry, and to distinguish them from pharmacists and persons engaged in the dispensing and retailing of poison drugs and medicines. 11. That whereas the right for their members (and none other) to use the term “Chartered,” in conjunction with the designation of their professions, has been conferred on the members of other professional bodies-including bodies representing Accountants, Architects, Civil Engineers, Patent Agents, Secretaries and others- the right to the use of this term by Fellows and Associates of the Institute would confirm them in their professional status.12. That your Petitioners being fully aware of the many advan- tages which have resulted from the Original Charter and being desirous of maintaining and confirming their professional status desire that Your Majesty may be graciously pleased to command that as and from a certain date to be fixed by Your Majesty the Fellows and Associates of the said Institute may be afforded means whereby they may be distinguished from those who practise pharmacy, and that the Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, by the grant of a Supple- mental Charter, may be entitled to the exclusive use of the term “Chartered Chemist.” YOUR PETITIONERS THEREFORE MOST HUMBLY PRAY that Your Majesty will be graciously pleased to confer upon them the powers and privileges mentioned in this Petition and in the draft Supplemental Charter submitted to Your Majesty or such other powers and privileges as to Your Majesty may seem fitand in other respects to confirm the Original Charter.AND YOUR PETITIONERS will ever pray etc. (Proposed Supplemental Charter. ) THE SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER. C!Beorge tkje &if$lj by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India.TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME GREETING: ~lpreasan Humble Petition has been presented to Us by THE OF ofINSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF GREAT BRITAINAND IRELAND Russell Square in the County of London setting forth (among other things) to the effect following:- That under or by virtue of a Charter and Letters Patent bearing date at Westminster, the thirteenth day of June in the forty-eighth year of the reign of Queen Victoria The Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland (hereinafter referred to as “the Institute”) was constituted and incorporated as one body politic and corporate with perpetual Succession and a Common Seal, and divers provisions more particularly set forth in the said Charter were made for the conduct of the Institute.That the Institute has continuously throughout its existence of more than fifty years and for more than forty-five years since the grant of the Original Charter carried out the objects of the said Charter and provided the Government and the public with means of recognising those who have been properly trained and competent to practise chemistry as a profession and has taken steps to secure that all persons before being admitted as Corporate Nembers of the Institute shall possess such knowledge and sliill as should be possessed by such as are competent to practise such profession and should be of good reputation. That the Institute places no restriction upon candidates for membership except that of requiring appropriate preparation for and competence in the profession of chemistry and good reputation, and that all competent and reputable persons of British Nationality practising that profession are eligible for membership.That at the time the said Charter was granted the number of Members of the Institute was 430 and that the number of Corporate Members of the Institute at the present time exceeds 5,700 practising chiefly in the British Empire. That in the Original Charter the profession which the Institute was founded to promote was described as the profession of ana- lytical and consulting chemistry in order to distinguish it from pharmacy, but that the profession of chemistry connotes activities of far wider significance and includes :-Chemists engaged as Professors and Teachers of Chemistry and in the advancement of knowledge of chemistry in the Universities, Colleges and Schools.6 Chemists engaged in the service of the State under Govern- ment Departments and under Local Authorities. Chemists engaged in a great variety of industries and manu- factures, in management, in scientific investigation and in analytical chemistry, and Chemists engaged in consulting and analytical practice, and that the word “Chemist” is the only word applicable to them all. That Government Departments, Corporations, Public Com- panies and others requiring the assistance of persons competent to practise in chemistry look to the Institute to certify the competency of such persons.That it was provided by the said Charter of Incorporation that any person while being a Member of the Institute might use after his name the initials (if he be a Fellow) F.I.C. or (if he be an Associate) A.I.C. That the Institute is Incorporated by Royal Charter with specific authority to grant Certificates of competency to persons engaged in the said profession of chemistry and to require of its members that they will conduct themselves honourably in the practise of their profession, and that although those who practise this profession cannot be properly described except as chemists they are confused with pharmacists and are therefore at a great disadvantage in that they have no definite title to distinguish them from pharmacists and other persons engaged in the business of dispensing and retailing poisons, drugs and medicines.That the science and profession of chemistry have so close a relation to the progress of the arts manufactures industries and commerce of the British Empire and the applications of the said science are so wide and important that any obstacle which tends to discourage a proper appreciation of their influence in modern life should be removed. That for these and other reasons it is desirable that the Corporate Members of the Institute should be entitled to use some description of themselves which may be readily understood to denote that they are duly trained and possess the special knowledge necessary for the practice of the profession of chemis- try, and to distinguish them from pharmacists and persons engaged in the dispensing and retailing of poisons drugs and medicines.That the right for their members (and none other) to use the term “Chartered,” in conjunction with the designation of their professions, has been conferred on the members of other pro- fessional bodies-including bodies representing Accountants, Architects, Civil Engineers, Patent Agents, Secretaries and others-and that the right to the use of this term by Fellows and Associates of the Institute would confirm them in their professional status. 7 That We would be graciously pleased to grant Our Royal Charter enlarging the Charter of Incorporation of the Institute for the purpose of reserving exclusively to the Corporate members of the Institute the privilege and right to describe themselves as “Chartered Chemists.” NOW THEREFORE WE having taken the said Petition into our Royal consideration and being satisfied that the intentions of the Petitioners are laudable and deserving of encouragement of Our especial Grace certain knowledge and mere motion by these Presents, for Us Our Heirs and Our Royal Successors, do constitute and appoint in manner following (that is to say) :-That every person now possessed and every person hereafter becoming possessed of the qualification required for a Fellow or Associate of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, and now or hereafter being a Corporate Member thereof, may, so long as he shall be a Corporate Member of the Institute, take and use the name and title and have in common with other Corporate Members of the said Institute the exclusive right and privilege to describe himself as “Chartered Chemist ” in addition to the name and title of Fellow or Associate as the case may be of the Institute and to use after his name the initials (if he be a Fellow) P.I.C., or (if he be an Associate) A.I.C. and Further, that this our Charter shall confirm the powers conferred by the Charter granted to the said Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland on the thirteenth June in the forty-eighth year of the reign of Queen Victoria to grant to any person admitted as a Corporate Member certificates of competencyto practise the said profession of chemistry in any or all of its branches, that is to say, in relation to scientific investigations, to legal investigations, to public health, to water supplies, to the detection and prevention of the adulteration of food, drugs, fertilisers and feeding stuffs, to agriculture, and to arts and manufactures, to technological chemistry, and in the promotion of the education of students intending to pursue the said profession.Provided always that nothing contained herein shall authorise a Corporate Member, as such, to keep open shop for the retailing compounding or dispensing of poisons, drugs or medicines or to sell or compound or dispense poisons, drugs or medicines or to use in connection with the sale of goods by retail or the com- pounding or dispensing of poisons, drugs or medicines the descrip- tion “chartered chemist,” or any name sign title or descriptionthe use of which under the Pharmacy Acts is or may be reserved to persons registered under those Acts. INWITNESS WHEREOF WE have caused these Our Letters to be made Patent. WITNESS Ourself at Westminster the day of in the year of Our Reign. BY WARRANT under the King’s Sign Manual.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG93155BA001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1931

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1931. PART 11. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Commit tee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secfetary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. I.LONDON, Afi~il,I93I. Publications Committee, 1931-32. LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. B. BROWN, W. F. BUIST, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, A. M. CAMERON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON. C. S. GIBSON, F. W. HARRIS, J. HAWTHORNE, T. P. HILDITCH, L. E.HINKEL, H. H. HODGSON, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS, E.RUSSELL, F.J. WILSON. WILLIAM WARDLAW, Officers and Members of Council, 1931-32. PRESIDENT : GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PH.D. VICE-PRESIDENTS : FREDERICK DANIEL CHATTAWAY, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. LEWIS -EYNON, B.Sc. GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. EDWARD HINKS, M.B.E., B.Sc. BERNARD FARMBOROUGH HOWARD. ARTHUR SMITHELLS, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S. HONORARY TREASURER : PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: EDWARD RICHARDS BOLTON : LONDON. HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc., A.R.C.S. : NEWCASTLE. HAROLD BUSH BROWN: YORE. WALTER FERGUSON BUIST, B.Sc. : LIVERPOOLAND NORTH-WEST COAST. WILLIAM JOHN ATKINSON BUTTERFIELD, M.A. : LONDON. ALEC MUNRO CAMERON, B.Sc.: EDINBURGH AND EASTOF SCOTLAND. NORMAN MEDEItSON COMBER, D.Sc, A.R.C.S.: LEEDS. ALBERT COULTHARD, PH.D. : MANCHESTER. ALBERI' EDWARD DGNSTAN, D.Sc. : LONDON. WILLIAM ROBERT FEARON, M.A., Sc.D.: IRISHFREESTATE. ARTHUR GORDON FRANCIS, B.Sc. : LONDON. CHARLES STANLEY GIBSON, O.B.E., M.A., M.Sc.: LONDON. FREDERICK WILLIAM HARRIS : GLASGOWAND WESTOF SCOTLAND. JOHN HAWTHORNE, B.A., PH.D. : NORTHERNIRELAND. ISIDOR MORRIS HETLBRON, D.S.O., PH.D., D.Sc., A.R.T.C.: LIVERPOOL. HENLEY, THE RIGHT HON. LORD, M.A.: RUGBY. THOMAS PERCY HILDITCH, D.Sc. : LIVEBPOOL. LEONARD ERIC HINKEL, D.Sc.: WALES AND THE COUNTY OF MONMOUTH. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, M.A., B.Sc., PH.D.: BRADFORD. GEORGE NEVILL MUISTLY, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : LONDON. GEORGE KING, M.Sc. : BIRMINGHAM. JAMES GRIEVE KING, PH.D., A.R.T.C.: LONDON.HERBERT LEVINSTEIN, M.Sc., PH.D. : MANCHESTER. PERCY LEWIS-DALE, PH.D. : CREWE. DOROTHY JORDAN LLOYD, M.A., D.Sc. : LONDON. HARRY MALKIN MASON, M.Sc. : NORTH-EASTCOASTAND YORKSHIRE. HAMILTON McCOMBIE, D.S.O., M.A., D.Sc.: CAMBRIDGE. WILLIAM JOHNSON SMITH NAUNTON, M.A., M.Sc., PH.D. : MANCEIESTER. GEORGE HENRY PERRY, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S.: LONDON. ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDEAL, M.B.E., B.A., PH.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.: CAMBRIDGE. BERT PUSEY RIDGE, PH.D. : NANCHESTER. WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.Sc. : LIVERPOOL. WILLIAM DAVID ROGERS, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. EDWARD RUSSELL, B.Sc. : BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERNCOUNTIES. AND SOUTH-EASTERNGEORGE STUBBS, C.B.E. : LONDON COUNTIES. WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc.: BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS. DOMINIONSEDWARD JOHN WAY: THE OVERSEAS AND ELSEWHERE ABROAD. JOHN WEIR, M.A., B.Sc., PH.D.: ARDROSSAN. FORSYTH JAMES WILSON, PH.D., D.Sc. : GLASGOW. 68 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: ~~1931: 24 APRIL. 1931: 20T~NOVEMBER. MAY.15~~ 1~THDECEMBER. 19~~ 1932: 22ND & 2 9 JANUARY.JUNE. ~ ~ 17TH JULY. 1~THFEBRUARY. 16~~OCTOBER. CENSORS: 1931-1932. THE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S., SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S., SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, K.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S, ARTHUR SMITHELLS, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1931-32. Chairman” FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE : TEE PRESIDENT, WITH E. R. BOLTON, H. B. BROWN, W. F. BUIST, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, A.G. FRANCIS, F. W. HARRIS, H. H. HODGSON, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY,* G. H. PERRY, AND G. STUBBS. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE‘: THEPRESIDENT,* WITH E. R. BOLTON, A. E. DUNSTAN, I. M. HEILBRON, LORD HENLEY, T. P. HILDITCH, B. F. HOWARD, G. N. HUNTLY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, H. LEVINSTEIN, P. LEWIS-DALE, G. H. PERRY, B. P. RIDGE, E. RUSSELL, G. STUBBS, AND W. WARDLAW. NOMINATIONS EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. (VICE-CHAIRMAN: PATRICK H. KIRKALDY.) PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE : Tm PRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. B. BROWN, W. F. BUIST, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, A. M. CAMERON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, L. EYNON,* W. R. FEARON, C. S. GIBSON, F. W. HARRIS, J.HAWTHORNE, T.P. HILDITCH,L. E. HINKEL, H. H. HODGSON, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS,E. RUSSELL, W. WARDLAW, AND F. J. WILSON. SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THB PRESIDENT, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (How. TREASURER),*THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, WITH T. COCKBURN (GLASGOW),H. G. COLMAN, A. COULTHARD (MANCHESTER),W. H. GIBSON (N. IRELAND),E. M. HAWKINS, W. McD. MACKEY (LEEDS),C. PROCTOR, G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTEWALES),J. F. THORPE, AND A. W. M. WINTLE (BRISTOL). (In the case of Section representatives, the na,mes of their respective towns or districts are inserted.) PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : THBPRESIDENT, WITH F. W. F. ARNAUD, T. L. BAILEY, E. R. BOLTON, A. CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.D. CHATTAWAY, H. E. COX, C. H. CRIBB, B. DYER, F. G. EDMED, A. V. ELSDEN, G. D. ELSDON, L. EYNON, A. G. FRANCIS, F. W. HARRIS,ERNEST M. HAWKINS, E. HINKS,* H. H. HODGSON, G. N. HUNTLY, L. H. LARIPITT, S. E. MELLING, C. A. MITCHELL, A. MORE, WM. PARTRIDGE, G. H. PERRY, W. H. ROBERTS, C. A. SEYLER, G. STUBBS, A. R. TANKARD, J. F. TOCHER,J. A. VOELCKER, AND E. J. WAY. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATINES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: THEPRESIDENT,* WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, J. E. COATES, L. EYNON, E. M. HAWKINS, J.HAWTHORNE, G. G. HENDERSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, G. T. MORGAN, R. H. PICKARD,T.SLATER PRICE, AND A. SMITHELLS. PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE: !CHE PRESIDENT,* PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (VICE-CHAIRMAN), WITH E. R. BOLTON, H.V. A. BRISCOE, H. G. COLMAN, G. D. ELSDON,J. J. FOX, C. S. GIBSON, G. G. HENDERSON, E. HINKS, L. H. LAMPITT, T. ‘MACARA, T. SLATER PRICE, F. L. PYMAN,E. K. RIDEAL, J. F. THORPE, AND F. J. WILSON. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER COMMITTEE: TEEPRESIDENT, WITH E. R. BOLTON, L. EYNON, B. F. HOWARD,*G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, AND D. JORDAN LLOYD. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT re NATIONAL CERTIFICATES : TEEPRESIDENT, WITH A. A. BOON, A. M. CAMERON, F. W. HARRIS, G. a. HENDERSON, J. WEIR, AND F. J. WILSON. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION €OR NQRTHERN IRELAND : THEPRESIDENT, WITH W. H. GIBSON, H. GRAHAM, J. HAW-THORNE, G. T. MORGAN, AND T. SLATER PRICE. 70 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1931-1932.Chirmccn :THE PRESIDENT. Three TeprMentatives of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. Examiners for the Associateship : JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., D.Sc. (LOND.). ROBERT ROBINSON, D.Sc. (MANc.), F.R.S. Examiners for the Fellowship : Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., D.Sc. (LoND.). Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: ARTHUR JOHN ALLMAND, D.Sc. (LIv.), F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: FRANK LEE PYMAN, PH.D. (BASLE),D.Sc. (VICT.), F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY : JACK CECIL DRUMMOND, D.Sc, (LoND.). Branch E .-CHEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: JOHN EVANS. THERAPEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY,AND MICROSCOPY: GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S.(LoND.),D.P.H. (ENG.). Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: HENRY ALLEN DUG-DALE NEVILLE, M.A. (CANTAB.),B.Sc. (LoND.). Branch G.-INDUSTRIAL CHEisfIsTRY (General Chemical Technology) : JOHN THOMAS DUNN, D.Sc. (DUN.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required. HON. AUDITQF.S, 1931-32: CHARLES EDWARD BARRS AND JOHN CHRISTISON WHITE, O.B.E. AUDITOR, 1931-32: DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. SOLICITORS : MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 5, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS: THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C.I. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY : RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY : RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A.(CANTAB.),F.I.C. Honorary Treasurer of The Institute, 1918-1954. 71 Fif ty-third Annual General Meeting. MONDAY, 2nd MARCH, 1931. THE53rd Annual General Meeting was held at Russell Square, London, W.C.r, on Monday, and March, 1931,at 4.30 p.m., Dr. G. C. Clayton, C.B.E., President, in the chair. THE MELDOLA MEDAL. The President said that the first item on the agenda was the presentation of the Meldola Medal, and he would like to say how pleased they all were that Mrs. Meldola was with them to witness the presentation. (Applause.) Continuing, the President said that the Meldola Medal-the gift of the Society of Maccabzeans- was awarded annually to the British chemist of not more than 30 years of age whose published work, brought to the notice of the adjudicators during the year ending 3xst December prior to the award, showed the most promise.The recipient for the year 1930 was Dr. Reginald Patrick Linstead, of the Imperial College of Science and Technology. Dr. Linstead had been engaged for some years past on an investigation dealing with the character of the equilibrium set up, and the speed with which it was attained, in a tautomeric system containing three carbon atoms activated by some polar group attached to one or other of the terminal pair. Hitherto, the problem, which was one of fundamental importance, had eluded solution owing to the very great difficulty which had attended the quantitative determination of the amounts of either individual of the tautomeric system which might be present in the equilibrium mixture at any one moment.Not only had Dr. Linstead succeeded in devising and carrying through experiments which had thrown considerable light on the principles underlying the phenomena investigated, but he had also been able to develop a quantitative method by which the movement of the mobile hydrogen atom within the system could be measured and the effect assessed. The results obtained had been published in a series of papers of high merit which had appeared, during the past three years, in the Journal of the Chemical Society. 72 He (the President) had great pleasure in presenting the medal to Dr. Linstead who, he felt sure, thoroughly deserved the award, and whom he congratulated as the Meldola Medalist for 1930.Dr. R. P. Linstead, in reply, said that he was deeply conscious of the honour which had been conferred upon him. He need hardly say how proud he was to receive the medal and thus to be associated with the great man in whose memory the award was founded, and with the distinguished chemists who had received it before him. He realised that his own work had been carried out under very favourable conditions, and with the most generous encouragement from Professor Thorpe and Dr. Kon. He also owed a great deal to the skill and enthusiasm of his collaborators. He did not intend, however, to regard the medal as a reward for anything that had been done in the past, but rather as a great incentive to further effort.He thanked the President very sincerely for his kind words, and the Institute and the Society of Maccabaeans for the award of the medal. (Applause.) FRANKLANDTHE SIR EDWARD MEDAL AND PRIZE. In presenting the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize to Mr. Geoffrey Broughton, of the Royal Technical College, Salford, a Registered Student of the Institute, the President reminded the Fellows and Associates that the Medal was awarded in memory of the first President as the result of a competition open to Registered Students of not more than 22 years of age. Mr. Broughton had gained the Medal and Prize (LIO 10s.) for an essay on “Chemical Education from the Student’s Point of View.” The President then presented the Medal and Prize to Mr.Brought on. MINUTES. The Minutes of the 52nd Annual General Meeting having been signed, the President requested the Hon. Treasurer to submit the Accounts for 1931. The Hon. Treasurer (Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy) said that, in presenting for adoption the Annual Accounts and the Auditors’ Report, he desired to pay a tribute to the memory of the late Mr. E. W. Voelcker, to whose foresight, as Treasurer of the Institute from 1918 to 1924,was due in no small degree its present position. As his successor, he ventured to express the opinion 73 that, except for the measures taken during Mr. Voelcker’s Treasurership, for providing the means to enable the Institute to carry on its work and to take its proper place among the recognised professional bodies, its activities would have been substantially curtailed and its progress seriously impeded.To Mr. Voelcker was due the adoption of the Rule that life compositions and entrance fees should be invested. Even now, when this Rule had been in force for many years, the income so derived was far short of the amount which would be derived from the annual subscriptions of Life Fellows. These investments were rightly regarded as Trust funds which could not be touched. During the later period of the war additional funds had become necessary in order to enable the Institute to pursue the policy adopted by the Extraordinary General Meeting of April, 1918; and although the funds available had since been sufficient- except temporarily in 1927 owing to the Jubilee Celebrations- the margin of income over expenditure had been comparatively small, and the Finance Committee had been obliged to scrutinise carefully any new form of expenditure.The Council felt that the time had come, however, when the entrance fees payable by Associates proceeding to Fellowship should be differentiated from the entrance fee payable by Fellows elected direct, and he would submit a proposal to that effect later. From the statement on page 6 of the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, Part I, it would be seen that the total assets had apparently improved during the year by L2,421 7s. Id., but, of that amount L981 14s. represented Life Compositions and Entrance Fees which had been invested under the Rule to which he had referred; E350 was due to increased value of securities compared with the value at the end of the previous year, and, further than that, the Institute would have to meet the cost of publication and distribution of the new edition of “Official Chemical Appointments,” which was really overdue, but which he understood was in final proof.The sixth edition of “Official Chemical Appointments” had cost just over f1600, and he believed that the new edition would be rather larger and there- fore more expensive. Taking the figure of i600, with the three sums he had mentioned-namely, the E981 life compositions and entrance fees, A350 the increased value of our investments, and the L600 the cost of “Official Chemical Appointments”- there was a total of over E~,gooaccounted for, leaving a margm 74 of income over expenditure of about ;6500, which would be reduced according to the amount that “Official Chemical Ap- pointments” costs above the sum of fl600 allowed.The actual margin, something under fl~oo,was really a small one for an institution such as this. The Council had under consideration a further development involving expenditure during the present year, namely, the provision of a meeting and examination room on the first floor, which would be formed by adapting part of the space which had become vacant at Christmas, 1930, but had previously, for some years, been occupied by the British Photographic Research Association. The receipts from that source had been looked upon as a useful offset to the rent, rates and other outgoings of the Institute; but the Council felt that the inconvenience caused by holding meetings and examinations in the Council Room and Library would be obviaked if the scheme referred to was carried out.The rooms were frequently lent for meetings of other bodies, and on all such occasions it was necessary to move chairs, tables, bookcases, and other things. The space available was obviously rather inconvenient. The “L” shape of the rooms had its disadvantages, and in addition to that, the space which was available for dispensing-he did not know whether in an assembly of chemists he ought to use the word “dispensing” -but the space available for dispensing tea and coffee-(laugh- ter) was limited.The plans for the alteration, and the estimates would be shortly before the new Council. Dealing with the Benevolent Fund, the Won. Treasurer said that a good start was made in 1930, but the start was perhaps too good; and although he was justified in adverting to it at the annual meeting last year, hoping to encourage further contributors, perhaps in view of the subsequent falling off, it would have been better if he had sounded a less optimistic note; and in that case, he was sure, that members would have taken what he said to heart, and the position would have been better. Eventually, although the number of annual subscriptions was increased by over 50, which was very satisfactory, the amount of the total subscriptions,-compared with 19q,-decreased by just over E60, which was distinctly unsatisfactory.In the early part of the year, an investment was made of some of the surplus funds, but a number of cases requiring substantial help for a prolonged period reduced the current account to such an extent that the Committee had to realise the investment-fortunately at a small profit. This was shown in the accounts, and had led to an enquiry to which he would like to refer. A Fellow had raised the question as to whether all the donations to Annuities Account were invested; because he had felt that it was wrong that there should be any possibility of the capital fund being applied to current purposes. In the early days of the Fund when the claims upon it were fewer, investments were made from time to time from the current account of the general fund.At that time, the Committee were sanguine, and they hoped that they would be able to invest money fairly up to the hilt, and that further funds would be coming in as the cases came along. So that in the early days of the Fund, investments were made from the general funds. As time had gone on, the Committee had to deal with more cases. The income was not so large relatively as it had been, and the Committee had to realise the investment referred to,-the India 5$ per cent.; but in spite of that, the Annuities Account, or the capital of the Annuities Account, now represented more than the total donations which had been given for Annuities Account.So that the fear which the Fellow had, that we were using donations for current purposes, was quite unfounded. The investments of the Annuities Account at the present time represented considerably more than the actual amount which had been received for capital account from the institution of the Fund. Donors might be quite sure that any donations would be strictly applied to their proper purpose. He hoped that he had made this quite clear, and that what he had said woiild induce members to help the Annuities Account. At the present time annuities were being provided for one Fellow, over 80 years of age, four widows with children, and an aged sister of a deceased Fellow. The total amount required for these allowhnces was i353, while the dividends and interest on the Annuities Account produced only about jtI104, so that on Annaities Account the fund was about E250 short of what was required.He (the Hon. Treasurer) appealed to the members to help with donations in order that the deficiency might become less, and in time, be completely wiped out. In conclusion, he would like to say what had become a habit, and a very pleasant one, namely, to express his thanks to the Registrar, to Mr. Collett and to Miss Causton for all the help which they had given him during the past year. He moved: “That the Financial Statement for the year rg30 be received and adopted, and that the thanks of the Fellows 76 and Associates be accorded to the Hon.Auditors, Mr. C. E. Barrs and Mr. W. P. Harmsworth.” He added that both of these gentlemen had acted for several years; they had taken the keenest interest in their work, and he was sure that the members ought to be, and were, grateful to them for the trouble they had taken. Dr. Spielmann, in seconding the motion, said that, as a past Hon. Auditor himself, he knew quite well that their thanks were due to Messrs. Barrs and Harmsworth. The motion was carried unanimously. The Hon. Treasurer then submitted the motion: “That as from 2nd March, 1931,the Entrance Fee to the Fellowship, in the case of Associates who have paid an Entrance Fee (Two Guineas) on admission to the Associateship, be reduced from Five to Three Guineas.” The Hon.Treasurer said that the Council had had under consideration a proposal, which originated with the South Wales Section, that some differentiation should be made between the Entrance Fee paid by a candidate who was elected to the Fellowship direct, and that paid by an Associate who proceeded to the Fellowship. It was felt that it was not fair that a candidate who had paid his Entrance Fee to the Associateship, and who had been an Associate for three years or more, should, when he proceeded to the Fellowship, be treated in exactly the same way as a newcomer to the Institute. After consideration the Council came to the decision that the right way to treat the matter would be to allow the entrance fee which had been paid when the candidate proceeded to the Associateship to be taken as part of the entrance fee which he paid when he went on to the Fellowship. So that in the case of candidates who had paid an Entrance Fee on becoming Associates, another Three Guineas only would be asked instead of the Five Guineas as hitherto.Dr. C. S. Gibson seconded the motion, which was carried unanimously. The Report of the Council having been taken as read, the President delivered his Address, and moved: “That the Report of the Council for the year 1930-31 be received and adopted.” Dr. H. G. Colman, in seconding, said that he did so with the more pleasure, in that having himself served for some time on the Council, he realised that the Report in itself would only 77 represent a small portion of the activities of the Council.Those who had been members of the Council in past years knew full well what a large amount of work had been done by the Council and its committees, which could not form a part of the official Report. He did not propose to take up the time of the meeting in dealing with the items of the Report, but bearing in mind that there was much more to thank the Council for than that which appeared from this Report, he was very glad to second the motion. The President invited discussion, but, there being no response, the motion was put and carried unanimously. REPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS. The President called upon the Secretary to read the Report of the Scrutineers (Messrs. J. H. Lane and J. R. Nicholls), on the voting for the election of Officers (President, Vice-presidents and Hon.Treasurer), General Members of Council, and Censors for the ensuing year. The number of valid votes cast for the Officers was 953. Those cast for the individual officers were :-President: G. C. Clayton (950). Vice-presidents: F. D. Chattaway (936), Lewis Eynon (934), G. G. Henderson (939), Edward Hinks (034), B. F. Howard (936), Arthur Smithells (945). Hon. Treasurer : Patrick H. Kirkaldy (952). The number of votes cast for General Members of Council were 953, and were cast as follows:- T. P. Hilditch (698), H. Levinstein (682), I. M. Heilbron (680), E. K. Rideal (655), A. E. Dunstan (635), H. V. A. Briscoo (608), F. J. Wilson (591), E. R. Rolton (569), P.Lewis-Dale (567), A. Coulthard (566), J. G. King (559), C. S. Gibson (553), H. B. Brown (550), J. Weir (545),H. McCombie (540), N. M. Comber (517), Lord Henley (517), H. H. Hodgeon(517),W. J. A. Butterfield (515), A. G. Francis (513),W. R. Roberts (511),B. P. Ridge (509), Miss D. J. Lloyd (504), G. N. Huntly (478), G. King(465), G. H. Perry (459), W. J. S. Naunton (455). The number of valid votes cast for the Censors was 853. The following were elected Censors :-A. Smithells (700), Sir Robert Robertson (661), A. Chaston Chapman (641), Sir Herbert Jackson (639). The President declared the Officers, Members of Council and Censors whose names had been read, duly elected, and proposed a vote of thanks to the scrutineers, Messrs. Lane and Nicholls for their services.He understood that their work occupied a day and a half of very hard work. The thanks of the Institute were due to these gentlemen for having under- taken this work. 78 Dr. L. A. Jordan seconded, and the motion was carried with acclamation. ELECTION AUDITORS.OF Messrs. C. E. Barrs and J. C. White (Mr. Harmsworth having intimated his desire to retire) were unanimously elected Honorary Auditors. Mr. David Henderson, Chartered Account- ant, was re-elected Auditor at the fee of thirty guineas. PETITION CHARTER.PROPOSED FOR A SUPPLEMENTAL Notice having been given, the President moved:- “That this meeting approve and adopt the proposed Petition for and Draft of a Supplemental Charter, now sub-mitted, and that the Seal of the Institute be affixed thereto.’’ (Copies of the proposed Petition and Supplemental Charter had been issued with the notice convening the meeting.) The President said :-We come now to consider the Proposed Petition and Supple- mental Charter.You have all had these documents before you for some time; you have been given an opportunity of considering them, and have been invited to express your views on them. I hope that you will also have read the statement on the subject which has appeared in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS(Part I, 1931, PP* 27-32) * The question had its origin in the inclusion of the word “chemist’] in the Pharmacy Act of 1868, when there was no professional organisation representing chemistry in this country to protect the rights of those who practise chemistry, as distinct from pharmacy.If, as we are told, the use of the word “chemist I’ was, in fact, debarred by the Pharmacy Act of 1868 to members of our profession, it is clear that it was not the intention of the Pharma- ceutical Society, at that time, that this should be so; for the Society agreed soon after the foundation of the Institute-more than 50 years ago-to take the first opportunity of removing this disabi1ity. You are aware, however, of the subsequent Act of 1908, which rendered still more difficult the problem of restoring the title to those whom we regard as its rightful owners, 79 Coming next to the year 1926, I would suggest to you that if the Council of the Institute had taken no action when the Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts was appointed, and had omitted to grasp the opportunity of raising the question of the use of the word “chemist,” Fellows and Associates would have had good reason to criticise the Council for neglecting to watch and defend their interests.We have had to wait a long time for that opportunity, and it is unlikely that it will occur again for a long time. We were prepared for it, and we were so far successful in our representa- tions that the Draft Bill prepared by the Departmental Committee and the Bill recently before the House of Lords prescribe that a chemist may call himself what he is, provided that he does not use the title in connection with the sale of goods by retail.could only have wished that those whose main business is the sale of goods by retail could have been debarred from calling them- selves “chemists”; but, at the moment, that is impracticable. I am quite aware that there are many pharmaceutical chemists who can rightly claim the use of the word “chemist” in our sense. I suggest, however, that without our representation to the Departmental Committee, the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill, as submitted to the House of Lords, might not only have made no provision for the removal of the disability to which I have referred, but might even have aggravated it. Up to that point our efforts, we hope, will benefit chemists, irrespective of their qualifications; but the Council considers it desirable to go a step further, so far as the Institute is concerned. It has been suggested that this is not fair.We are not desirous of injuring anybody, and if the object sought in the Proposed Petition is attained, I think it is very unlikely that it will injure anybody or produce any immediate striking result; for it would take a considerable time for the public to understand it. For that reason, I think that no one who is outside the Institute can suffer; but I would remind you that we are con- stantly working for the future, although we, of the present generation, may never realise the benefit of our work. In the years to come, however, I believe that the influence of what we contemplate to-day will be appreciated, and that the term ‘‘chartered ” will, in time, carry the same authoritative, dignified significance in chemistry as it does in other professions.I think that no better term could be chosen, arid that chemists should 80 not be behind in claiming their place among chartered professional men. The chartered bodies of civil engineers and architects have acquired the titles “chartered civil engineer ” and “chartered architect” for some years now; but the fact that these institu- tions have acquired such titles has hardly yet been grasped by other professional men, let alone by the man in the street, and it cannot be said that other engineers or architects have suffered in consequence. We are asking for a most reasonable right, namely, to possess a title which will in time become known as our own, and which will not be confused with that of others.If what we seek proves to be an advantage, surely it will encourage others to deserve it, and that will be a good thing in the public interest; if it is making ultimately for greater unity in the profession, that will be a good thing for the profession. I am sorry to say that I have heard that there may be objections from other bodies, and I cannot but deplore the idea that there should be any feeling that the Institute is seeking to do anything which may, in any way, injure the interests of other bodies. It seems to be feared that anything which may increase the prestige of the Institute will, ips0 fmfo, redound to the dis- advantage of other societies.I cannot believe that this is so, and any such idea is far from our intention or desire. Such opposition can hardly be expected to conduce to that closer co-operation in wKch the Institute is willing and anxious to participate. Nor has the Council in mind any proposal in the direction of restriction of practice. Personally, I adhere to the views expressed by my predecessors in the chair; Professor Henderson said:-“I for one would not welcome legislation which would have the effect of restricting the freedom of any man to practise any profession or craft in which he can prove himself able to earn an honest living without hurt to his fellow- citizens ” ; and Professor Smithclls said :-‘‘I consider the notion of making chemistry a closed profes- sion is entirely impracticable.” 81 At the same time, while I believe that the Council generally endorses these views, the Council also realises that it is the specific duty of the Institute to maintain a Register of competent chemists, and the Register itself bears evidence to the performance of that work.With the assurances which I have already given, and with the hope that we may be united at least within the Institute, I trust that the Council will receive the approval and support of the Fellows and Associates in this matter, because this opportunity must not be lost of endeavouring to make good our claim now that new legislation is contemplated. I submit the motion standing in my name :-“That this Meeting approve and adopt the proposed Petition for and Draft of a Supplemental Charter, now sub-mitted, and that the Seal of the Institute be affixed thereto.” I will ask Dr.Lampitt to second this motion. Dr. Lampitt said that, at the moment, he did not feel very much concerned about opposition from without. The Council had initiated the proposal for the benefit of the members of the Institute. He regarded it as a \’cry good sign, and an important step in the development of the Institute, by which the status of the chemists in this country would be still further consolidated. He knew that some members did not see why they should want to have another title, but he felt that it was not sufficient for a chemist to have degrees; he should obtain the Associateship of the Institute and qt once start working for the Fellowship, and he should have the means of indicating readiIy that he was a chemist such as the Institute represented.For that reason he had riuch pleasure in seconding the motion. The President, having invited discussion :-hlr. Claremont felt that it was rather a pity that this step should be taken at the present moment. He did not object to petitioning for the title “Chartered Chemist,” but he did not see how it was going to be of any great value, or that it would have the effect of distinguishing members of the Institute from pharmacists. He thought that he was not altogether with- out some responsibility in having drawn the attention of the Institute to the Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts, before which he had given evidence in his own interests. There must be a considerable number of members 82 who were also pharmacists and he imagined that the Council was not unaware of the official opinion of the Pharmaceutical Society, if the Society had any opinion at the moment on the matter; but many members might not know how much opposition the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill, to which the President had referred, was arousing among members of the Pharmaceutical Society.He regarded that Bill as the fom et origo of the whole matter. The Bill was divided into two parts-Pharmacy and Poisons. He thought that the Home Office was anxious to control all poisons in order to prevent their misuse, whereas little was heard about the number of deaths from the misuse of domestic gas supplies.He could see no reason for dragging in the question of dispensing and retailing of poisons, drugs and medicine in two clauses of the proposed Charter; because the Bill, in limiting the use of the title “chemist,” did not say anything about poisons and medicine: it was stated in Section 5 (i) that it should not be lawful for any person, unless he is registered as a pharmaceutical chemist, to take or use the title of pharmaceutical chemist, or pharmacist, orafor any person unless he is registered as a phar- macist to take or use the title of chemist in connection with the sale of goods by retail. That clause did not say anything about people who sold poisons.The Bill provided for allowing all sorts of people to sell poisons, if it was their business to do so, provided that the local authorities gave the necessary licence. Therefore, he could not see that the Institute was helping the Petition by referring to the question of poisons. If there were a good case for them‘to call themselves “chartered chemists,’’ the petition should rest on its merits. The object was to secure a name to distinguish them from phar- macists, but it would not prevent the public from calling the pharmacist a chemist. He regarded it as a confession of weakness on the part of the Institute and to some extent bad policy that the petition should be connected in any way with poisons and pharmacy.He would not suggest that the matter be referred back, but he felt that the members ought to know something about the poisons legislation, because the petition in its present form provoked the opposition of pharmacists. This had been shown by articles in The Chemist and Druggist, in which the Institute had been referred to as a professional body which was not representative of chemists: it was probable that there were many chemists who were not members of the Institute. Another point which occurred to him was that it was quite common for 83 companies carrying on a pharmaceutical business to include in their Articles of Association-“and to carry on the business of analytical and consulting chemist.” He supposed that there were objections to analytical chemists registering themselves as limited companies.He did not know what view the Council took on that point, but it would be regarded as unusual. The proposed Charter would not protect them against that procedure. He felt that it would not achieve the main object and, in his experience, many pharmacists did not wish to retain the title “chemist,” they preferred the title “pharmacist.” Rlr. A. W. Knapp suggested that the time allowed for members to discuss and think oxyer the matter had actually proved in practice inadequate. He knew that the Council intended to give plenty of time; in fact, the time appeared to be ample, but whereas Members of Council had been familiar with the Supplemental Charter for one, two, or even three years, to those ordinary members who had received it soon after the Christmas festivities, the matter came as a great surprise. The original Charter had been in existence for forty-five years.They regarded it naturally as the foundation on which the Institute was built, and therefore, any change in it would be an extremely important matter. He thought that any change of this kind required very full consideration by all the members and that even the overseas members ought to have a full opportunity of considering it and expressing their opinion upon it. That the time was inadequate, even in this country, was shown at a meeting at Birmingham, which the Assistant Secretary attended on 11th February: it was evident that members had tried to digest the Supplemental Charter, but those who attended that meeting exprcssed themselves as having an uneasy feeling-in other words, the digestive processes were incomplete.It appeared to be generally agreed that the addition to the proposed Charter would encounter a certain amount of opposition from the pharmacists; it was all the more essential that there should not be division within the Institute itself on the matter. In his opinion, rightly or wrongly, it was viewed unfavour- ably by members of the profession who were outside the Institute. Whether or not they could be induced to view it favourably he did not know, but, if it were for the good of the whole profession, it might be possible to show them that it was so.At any rate, he thought that some effort should be made in that direction. His feeling, which was shared by 84 a number of members, was that a matter of this importance should proceed slowly and that every possible opportunity should be given to members to ventilate their ideas and opinions. He would like to propose the following amendment:- “That the question of approving and adopting the proposed Petition for and draft of a Supplemental Charter be postponed for twelve months, in order to allow members to give the matter fuller consideration.” Dr. T. Slater Price said that he had much pleasure in seconding Mr. Knapp’s amendment. It seemed to him in the best interests of the Institute that this question of an adjectival chemist should be referred back to the Council and by them to the Local Sections for full and free consideration.The Institute was not the only Chartered body of chemists: there were the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry; and he could not see why members of one Chartered body should take unto themselves the privilege of calling themselves ‘‘Chartered Chemist.” When the word “chartered” was put in front of a professional designation-“ Chartered Accountant,” “Chartered Architect,” and so on-it was generally taken to connote that they were the accountants, or the architects. Therefore, the intention was to tell the outside world that members of the Institute were the chemists and the only chemists.However much members of the Institute might like that to be the case, they had to confess that it was not so, and that it was not likely to be so. In fact, when the question came before the Nominations, Examin- ations and Institutions Commit tee, of the admission of various candidates from Universities, who had taken first or second class honours in chemistry, to the Associateship of the Institute, in many cases the references given by those candidates (and they were the only possible references) were to members of the pro- fession who were not members of the Institute. The President had suggested that the opposition which was likely to come from other sources would not conduce to co-operation. He suggested that it would have been better first to have got that co-operation.Opposition, however, was likely to come because so many distinguished chemists, whom no member of the Insti- tute could say were not distinguished chemists, were outside the Institute; and he suggested that the Institute was not the only body which was capable of saying whether a man was a competent chemist or not. The President also referred to the duty of the Institute to maintain a regkter of competent chem- ists. Such a register should include all competent chemists; at present they were not all included in the Register of the Institute and, it seemed to him very doubtful whether, if they were to form a register of Chartered Chemists who were supposed to be competent, all chemists who were really competent would necessarily become members of the Institute. Dr.Lampitt had said something to the effect that students who took first or second class honours degrees were not necessarily chemists. He supposed that 75 per cent,-he had heard it put as high as 90 per cent.-of those who were admitted as -4ssociates to the Institute every year were admitted on the results of examinations other than those held by the Institute. He had not been able to follow very closely Dr. Lampitt’s remarks, but it seemed to follow from his statements that such ,hociates would not really be chemists, although, according to the new Charter they would be Chartered Chemists. No distinction was made in the proposed Charter regarding the use of the term “Chartered Chemist” by Fellows and Associates, but, if he understood Dr. Lampitt rightly, an Associate should not be entitled to that privilege.He had pleasure in seconding the amendment. Mr. Bacharach supported the amendment, and said that at the present day the profession of science as a whole was not making any too great progress; it was all the more necessary that men of science, in whatever branch, or whatever their qualifications, should at least show a united front in face of a potentially hostile public. It was a little disconcerting that a man in Dr. Lampitt’s position should say, in effect, “We are the chemists, and it is of no concern to us what other organisations may think.” It suggested this paradox; “We wish to call ourselves Chartered Chemists in order that the man in the street may recognise what we are, but we do not care in the least for the opinion of our scientific colleagues-pharmacists, for example.” There could be no doubt in the minds of members that the opposition to this Charter was not going to make things easier for the chemist as an individual, or for chemists collectively, or for the Institute as an organisation.There were enough battles to fight without carrying on internecine strife, and that was a strong argument for the postponement which had been suggested in the amendment. There was another consideration. It was difficult to obtain exact figures, but so far as he had been able to ascertain, there were 30,000 to 35,000 fully qualified 86 scientific workers in the country, of whom between xo,ooo and 15,000 must be fully qualified chemists.Taking the figures of membership of the Institute (5,850), it was simple to estimate how many of those chemists were not Fellows or Associates of the Institute. Why were they not? He was afraid that the question could only be answered by considering a not very respectable subject, namely, money. He supposed that there were in the country 2,000 or 3,000 chemists with honours qualifi- cations earning salaries of between L150 and L250. Most of them, no doubt, were outside the Institute, and the main reason that they were not inside was because of their lack not of qualifi- cation, but of money. The proposed Supplemental Charter would create disagreement between the Institute and the body of professional scientists and drive a wedge into the ranks of chemists themselves-the worst possible wedge that could be driven-a wedge between the older chemists who were fairly well off and the younger chemists who were less so.If the meeting thought that that was unimportant and if it thought it was also unimportant to consider the views of other bodies, then it might be well to adopt the main resolution; if, on the other hand, it desired to take at the present time some notice of other opinions, and if it considered that it was not justified in bringing to bear what amounted to little less than blackmail on the younger members of the profession-blackmail which they were unable to resist-then it would support the amendment.Dr. 0. L. Brady said that he came to the meeting with the intention of, at least, not supporting the proposal for a Supple- mental Charter, but he had been convinced firmly to vote in favour of it by the defeatist attitude taken up by the speakers in favouring the amendment. Reference had been made to the num- ber of chemists outside the Institute; they might be divided into two classes. The first included those very distinguished chemists who would not join the Institute because they could get nothing out of it; that is to say, those who had already established their positions and did not see that membership was going to benefit them and consequently would not join, but who he thought ought to help their younger brethren, to whom the former speaker had referred.For fifteen years or so, he had tried to fight the battles of the younger men. It was not always a popular position to take up, and he felt that those distinguished members who failed to participate in the work of the Institute were neglecting their duties to the profession in not helping the 87 vounger men. The other class were those qualified chemists who,it was said, were too poor to join the Institute. He did not believe that suggestion. His impression, which he had gained in connection with the work of the Institute and of another organisation of scientific workers with which he was at one time intimately concerned, was that the main trouble was not lack of money, but lack of any real enthusiasm for their profession.They, too, were not prepared to make a small sacrifice in order to help their fellows. As a matter of fact, if those who were not in the Institute were admitted, the Institute would be able to do more for them. .,As it was, the members of the Institute paid their subscriptions for ~70rk for the benefit of the profession, and what happened? Other people, those who were not members of the Institute, tried to reap the benefit. He did not feel that the Institute should take up such a defeatist attitude as to say that the time alight not COiTle when they should be able to educate other members of the profession to a cons-ciousness of a duty to their profession. As a teacher, he felt there were too many chemists who came into the profession for what they could get out of it and not for love of chemistry. In the old days, it was something unusual for a chemist to earn more than LIOO a year at the outset of his career; people went into chemistry for the love of it.To-day, too many came into it because they thought it was an easy way of earning a respectable living. He felt that a good many chemists were unwilling to join any organisation because they thought it was not quite respectable; they thought it was like joining a trade union. In a sense, other great professions had their trade unions, and their methods were every bit as autocratic as trade unions. He felt that it should be the aim of the Institute to include all members of the profession, to obtain for its members as high a place in the world as it could, and to fight their battles. He could not agree that because all chemists were not members of the Institute, therefore the members of the Institute should stand still and do nothing until all those who were outside had been so included.With regard to opposition, he felt that there might be opposition from individual pharmacists, but he was a little doubtful asto whether there would be organised opposition to a proposal such as this. The disgruntled few made the most noise and, consequently, they were more likely to be heard than the supporters. So far as other chartered chemical bodies were concerned, he did not know how far the Institute had approached 88 such bodies as the Chemical Society, but, considering the large number of members of Council of the Institute who, he imagined, were also members of the Council of the Chemical Society, the matter must have been considered, and he was doubtful whether there was any serious opposition from that quarter.Dr. L. A. Jordan said that before Dr. Brady had spoken he had felt that the discussion was rapidly degenerating; it seemed to be concerned with discussing the business and prospects of other people more than the work in hand. It was quite under- standable that some members might require a longer time to consider the matter, but, as the President had said, events had happened which spelt opportunity and they should not be behind when opportunity was about.For the rest, he supported the views of Dr. Brady. Inter-tribal dificul ties and jealousies among chemists had been given as a reason why we should do nothing. ru’othing was more absurd, because the dificulties from which so many chemists suffered at the present time were largely due to the fact that no group of chemists, in the world of professional men, was anything in particular. This proposal was a scheme for making at least some of them something in particular. Like other speakers, he was not enamoured of the phrase (‘Chartered Chemist,” and really we all wanted the simple term “Chemist,” but he thought that the matter should be Considered entirely on the basis as to whether any advantage would accrue to them from it.If so, then they should go for it. He gave the utmost support to the President and Council in continuing in the way they had indicated. Mr. W. A. S. Calder supported the amendment for more time for consideration. The remark of the President to the effect that the Institute had always been anxious for co-operation struck a response in their minds. He understood that the question of this Charter had been referred to other Societies, and that they had had the matter under consideration. If time permitted, would it not be possible, in the spirit of co-operation, to confer with such bodies, or with their Presidents and Officers, in order that opposition among chemists themselves could be removed? Then they could go forward with a united front.He was not referring to pharmacists. If the proposed Charter could be reviewed and considered in the light of the criticisms which had been made, it would serve a very useful purpose. Prof. J. C. Philip said that there were a few points which 89 he viewed, as some of those with whom he had conferred also viewed, with considerable misgiving. The first was that he did not think that, in the formal terms of the draft Charter, the Council was really carrying out what it stated to be its primary intention. From the notes which had been pub-lished in the JOURNAL, he quoted: “The intention of the Council is primarily to make a decided step towards providing means for differentiating between chemists such as are represented by the Institute and those who are entitled to sell poisonous substances by retail.” The formal terms of the Charter definitely claimed an exclusive privilege for members of the Institute.It seemed to him that the Institute was taking rather too narrow a view on this matter. It should, if possible, before taking any final steps, secure by friendly talk and co-operation the assent of other people who were interested in it. In the second para- graph of the formal Charter, a new element, he believed, had been introduced as to the duties of the Institute; the Institute was to “grant to any person admitted as a Corporate Member certificates of competency to practise the said profession of chemistry in any or all of its branches, . ..” and finally“. . . in the promotion of the education of the students intending to pursue the said profession.” There was a distinct suggestion there that the Institute was aiming at controlling, by certificates of competency, the efficiency of teachers. It seemed to him that the Institute was in danger here of making itself a little ludicrous, because it accepted to the extent of 75 per cent. or 80 per cent. of the persons whom it admitted to its membership the existing criteria as provided by the Universities. Competent chemists might be bad teachers, and it was unwise to suggest that the Institute should undertake this kind of discrimination. He intended, therefore, to vote for the amend- ment. The President said that he would like to clear up a mis-understanding which appeared to exist with regard to the Supplementary Charter. They had been advised that in apply- ing for a Charter they could only apply for a Charter which would affect the members of the Institute.The Institute could not apply for a Charter that could be made use of by other people, and they could only guarantee to keep control over their own members. Therefore, the Charter could only be applicable to chemists who remained members, and as long as they were members of the Institute, because they had to guarantee a 90 control over them. When, therefore, it was suggested that they ought to make the term “Chartered Chemist” apply to other chemists, the reply was that it could not be done. Mr.F. B. Gatehouse asked for information with regard to other Chartered bodies. When they had grades of membership similar to those of the Institute-Fellows and Associates-did the term “Chartered” apply to all, as was suggested in the present case, or to Fellows only? Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield said that he could give informa- tion with regard to four bodies relating to a cognate profession which, during the last half-a-dozen years, had acquired the right to use the word “Chartered” by particular grades of their members. He referred to engineering. About six years ago, when a number of practising engineers of not very high standing put the letters “C.E.” after their names, the Institution of Civil Engineers felt that it was time to make a distinction between their members who had submitted themselves to a definite curriculum and others who used the letters “C.E.” They applied for a Supplemental Charter on behalf of their own Members and Associate Members-not their Students or Associates, who were not practising civil engineers, but the two grades of Corporate, or fully qualified, Members.They secured the right for these members to call themselves “Chartered Civil Engineers.” It could not be pretended that they repre- sented the whole of the civil engineers, there were particularly some highly qualified exceptions in academic and professorial positions, but the Institution had an established curriculum which formed the basis of membership. The Institution of Electrical Engineers shortly af tenvards received similar powers, he believed, again in regard to its two grades of membership; about the same time, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers received similar powers for its own members, and, about a year or eighteen months ago, the In- stitution of Gas Engineers obtained similar powers.In those bodies, the members in the Corporate grades-that is the qualified members-were now entitled to call themselves ‘‘Chartered Civil Engineers,” “Chartered Mechanical Engineers,” “Chartered Electrical Engineers,” and ‘I Chartered Gas En- gineers.” In no case could they be said to represent the whole of the members of those professions, but it was clear that the Institutions could only apply for such titles on behalf of their awn 91 members.It was also clear that the opposition in the case of one or two of those bodies to their being grapted Charters or Supple- mental Charters was based on whether the standard required for membership was sufficiently high. In one case, the Charter was definitely held back for a year or two until the Privy Council had been satisfied on that account. As regards the other Chartered bodies concerned with chemistry, he was not aware that any one of them had any such curriculum as that required by the Institute of Chemistry. One body, the Society of Chemical Industry, was definitely precluded by its Charter from granting anything in the nature of a qualification. It seemed to him that they would be making a great mistake if they accepted the position that chemists who had passed through a curriculum such as the Institute required should not have the right to call themselves “Chartered Chemists,” when the members of other cognate professions found it to their benefit to have the exclusive right to the prefix “Chartered” in regard thereto.He hoped in that respect that those present would oppose the amendment, so that chemists should not be considered a more backboneless or less well-organised profession than the cognate professions in the different branches of engineering. Mr. Claremont asked to be allowed to make a personal protest against the reference to those who had ventured to offer criticism as being defeatists. He resented being told that he was a defeatist.He was anxious to do everything possible to establish the position of the Institute. The President said that he would see that Mr. Claremont’s protest was noted. Mr. E. Lester Smith said that, so far as he could judge, the attendance at the meeting represented something like two per cent. of the membership of the Institute. It seemed to him that a matter of such importance should not be decided by so small a proportion of the membership. He would like to suggest that a report of the meeting be circulated and that a Postal Vote be taken. Any delay that might be entailed would not matter very much. The President asked whether Mr. Lester Smith wished to move a further amendment. Mr. Lester Smith replied in the negative. The President said that a Postal Vote could only be demanded after a division.92 The Registrar mentioned that after a division a Postal Vote might be demanded by ten members sending up a written request to that effect. Mr. Lewis Eynon suggested that the objections which had been raised to the proposed Petition were probably such as had been raised when the original Charter was first considered, and if those who founded the Institute had given way to those objections, there might not have been an Institute at all. It was probable that this title “Chartered Chemist ” would not be of much value to the senior members of the Institute, but he hoped that it would in the future be of great value to the junior members, and he thought that they ought to consider the junior members and the members of the future, since they themselves were reaping the harvest of what had been sown by the founders over fifty years ago.Mr. Edward Hinks said that he did not entirely agree with Dr. Lampitt when he said, “Let us think of the Institute and not of other people.” He did not believe that Dr. Lampitt really meant to say that. Surely their business at that Meeting was to express their opinion as to what the Institute thought was the right thing to be done. Did they think that this was a proper move in the interests of chemistry? If they, as members of the Institute, did think so, then they should not postpone the matter. Postponing it would not help matters, and might do damage. He intended to oppose the amendment.Mr. A. Chaston Chapman said that he felt unhappy, because it was the first time in a very long connection with the Institute that he found himself out of sympathy with a proposal of the Council. He was particularly unhappy because he happened to be a Past President, and he knew very well that the Council had always done its utmost for the members, that the proposal was the result of a great amount of consideration, and that the Council thought it was a right and proper one to make. He would like to consider, for a moment, the general principle. His first reason for objecting to the proposal was that he thought it would have the opposite effect to that which was desired; that it would make confusion worse confounded. In this country the population might be divided, roughly, and for the purpose of this discussion, into four groups-(i) the Government and administrative classes; (ii) the manufacturers; (iii) the more highly educated classes; and (iv) the large mass of people who neither knew nor cared very much what chemists did or what designation they used.With regard to Government officials, nobody knew better than they what chemists were: they knew that chemists were not druggists. Manufacturers knew, when they advertised for a chemist, that they were not advertising for a druggist. A good many of the educated classes at the present time were beginning to understand that there was a difference between the chemist and the druggist.Their education had been enormously advanced and accelerated in this respect since the war, Twenty or thirty years ago the condition of affairs was entirely different: one had to make a long explanation as to what a chemist was and to explain that he did not dispense medicines or sell drugs. Now, however, it was proposed to add a third type of chemist-the Chartered Chemist. People who did not understand what a chemist was would find it uncommonly difficult to understand what a Chartered Chemist was. Therefore, he felt that the proposal was really adding to the confusion. He had heard it said that it was the younger men who were chiefly concerned and that, as regards the older men, it did not matter. It had also been admitted that it would take a long time for people to understand what “Chartered Chemist ” meant.They knew how long it had taken people to realise what a chemist was, as distinct from a druggist; how much longer would it take them to understand what a Chartered Chemist was? Bythe time they did, the young men of the present day would no longer be young, but middle-aged or more than that, and if they waited until that period, having regard to the rapidity with which education was advancing now in scientific matters, he believed that the word “Chemist ” alone would be so well understood that the need for any additional designation such as was proposed would no longer be necessary. The word “Chemist ” was a good word and one of which those who loved chemistry ought to be very proud.He did not like the word “Chartered.” Comparisons were odious, and he felt strongly that members of a scientific profession, and a wonderful profession at that, did not want to place themselves quite on the same level as some of the other professions to whom the title was applied. They were chemists, and it would be just as absurd, in his view, to speak of a “Chartered Astronomer ” or a “Chartered Physicist ” as it would be to speak of a “Chartered Chemist.” There were some in the room, no doubt, who had seen a tablet in Westminster Abbey 94 with the inscription ‘‘William Ramsay, Chemist.” He wondered what anyone would have felt if they had seen “William Ramsay, Chartered Chemist.” That was not an argument; it was a matter of feeling, and, in alluding to it, he was merely indicating his own personal feeling with regard to the expression.His second objection was that the restriction to members of the Institute of the term “Chartered,” with the implication that it denoted a special qualification to practice, would make an unfair distinction between members of the Institute and those who, though well skilled in chemical science and practice, were not within its ranks. If the younger members would exercise patience they would, he was confident, live to see the day when the present rapidly disappearing confusion between pharmacy and chemistry would have ceased to exist. In any case, he felt confident that that day would not be hastened by the adoption of the qualification ‘‘Chartered,” Miss D.Jordan-Lloyd said that she wished to oppose the amendment, partly on the ground that, if it were going to take such a long time to educate the public in the use of the new title, the sooner they started to do so the better. She would like to take a more serious stand on the functions of the Institute, as such; she did not think there was any suggestion that the Institute wished to appropriate to itself the term “Chemist,” but it differed from the other organised bodies which had the interests of chemists at heart. The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry had memberships which, very rightly and for the good of the profession, were open to all people who were interested in chemistry; and it was to the advantage of the professional chemists that those who might be called the laity should be able to take an interest in, and be members of, bodies which were interested in the promotion of chemistry.The membership of the Biochemical Society, for example, was open to many people who were certainly not practising bio- chemists, but who had a very definite desire to know what progress was being made in that branch of chemistry, and who had sympathy with the work. The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry were very rightly open to people who had sympathy with the work of chemists, as well as to those who were professional chemists. The Institute was on a very different footing; it certainly did not include all professional and practising chemists, but it included all those who had 95 gathered themselves together into one corporate body and who had submitted themselves to the authority of that body in the practice of the profession ;and by doing this voluntarily-because if it were made compulsory it would lose the whole of its value- there was a certain guarantee given to the public who wished to employ chemists that, not only had a standard of intellectual proficiency been attained, but that the man or woman, as the case might be, was pledged to maintain a very high standard of professional conduct.This was not to say that other chemists did not maintain the same standard, but in the Institute there was a definite guarantee that a pledge had been given.She felt, therefore, as a Fellow of the Institute, that it had a right to make a definite claim to a special title, and that “Chartered Chemist” was an expression which had been justified by usage in other professions which demanded a high degree of education and a high standard of professional conduct. She wished, there- fore, very strongly to oppose the amendment to the effect that a year should be allowed to pass before the Institute could proceed to consolidate the position of its own members. Dr. F. H. Can endorsed the views of Mr. Chaston Chapman. Chemists wanted the term “chemist ” for itself, solely and only for the profession of chemistry. That was the object of the Institute. To accept a qualified form of the title “chemist” was to take a retrograde step.Public opinion had so developed during his lifetime that the pharmacist’s claim to the title was rapidly approaching vanishing point : the chemists them- selves had, during the last twenty years, almost established the correct use of the name in this country; and if they did not do something which was inexpedient-and he thought this step was an inexpedient one-the claim of the pharmacist to the description ‘‘chemist ” would soon vanish altogether. It seemed to him that the proposed new title “Chartered Chemist ” was an attempt to put the pharmacist in his proper place. It would be far better for chemists to continue to develop their world- wide right to the full title “chemist,” to work for it and deserve it, than to create a spirit of opposition.Then, they would be quite sure that in generations to come there would finally dis- appear the old-fashioned idea that the apothecary or the pharma- cist was a chemist. The President, having suggested that the amendment should then be put, the Registrar drew attention to the circum- stance that Dr. Slater Price had added to it-that the matter be 96 referred to the Local Sections. He did not know whether Mr. Knapp accepted that addition. Mr. Claremont suggested that some members might be in- clined to vote for the amendment if the matter were not put back for so long a period as twelve months. The President said that the amendment had been moved and seconded that the question be referred back for twelve months.Mr. Knapp said that he was prepared to reduce the period to any reasonable time, say for a period to be determined by the Council, to allow members sufficient time to give the matter fuller consideration. Dr. Slater Price said that he would agree to that. The President then requested Mr. Knapp to read the amend- ment again. Mr. Knapp read: “That the question of approving and adopt- ing the proposed Petition for and draft of a Supplemental Charter be postponed for a period to be determined by the Council sufficient to allow members to give the matter fuller consideration.” The Hon. Treasurer suggested that another General Meeting would be required to consider the matter. The Registrar assented. The amendment was then put and lost.Mr. Knapp enquired whether he could use his proxies. The Registrar replied that if proxies were used, the President had 106, Mr. Knapp 14, Prof. C. S. Gibson 3, Dr. T. K. Walker 2, and Messrs. Edward Hinks, J. G. King, E. T. Brewis, P. H. Kirkaldy, E. Gabriel Jones, I each. The President said that he had hoped to come to a decision without the use of proxies. The original motion was, thereupon, put to the meeting:- “That this meeting approve and adopt the proposed Petition for and draft of a Supylemcntal Charter, now sub mitted, and that the Seal of the Institute be affixed thereto.” On the division 50 voted for and 17 against the motion. 97 The President announced that he had received a requisition, signed by ten members present, demanding that a Postal Vote be taken on the original motion.On a member asking whether that would involve a further General Meeting, the Registrar read By-law 11 (3):“The result of a Postal Vote shall be determined by the Council and their decision thereon shall be conclusive and such result shall be deemed to be the decision of the General Meeting at which such Postal Vote was demanded.” He added that the By-laws required that the voting papers should be sent out within seven days after the division in respect of which the vote was to be taken, and should be returnable not later than twenty-one days after such division. Prof. Smithells asked whether a report of the debate would be circulated.He considered it of the utmost importance that absent members should be informed on the discussion. The President concurred. (See p. 104.) TO THE RETIRINGTHANKS OFFICERSAND MEMBERSOF COUNCIL. Dr. Bernard Dyer proposed a very hearty vote of thanks to the retiring officers and Members of the Council. He said that only those who had served on the Council knew how stren- uous the work was. It grew more strenuous every year. He hoped that whether they agreed or not with certain recent decisions of the Council, there were no members who would not feel grateful to the retiring members of the Council for their labours on behalf of the Institute. The resolution was carried with acclamation. The President, in declaring the conclusion of the business, thanked the members for their attendance.98 The President’s Address. INmoving the adoption of the Report of the Council, I should like, in the first place, to take this opportunity of expressing my appreciation of the honour which you conferred upon me, in my absence a year ago, in electing me to the office of President. Having regard to the roll of distinguished Past Presidents of the Institute and the responsibility of the position, I could not but feel sensible of the honour and some trepidation when I rejoined my colleagues on the Council and found myself once more in immediate touch with the affairs of the Institute. The Report speaks for itself, and in view of the importance of the special business on the Agenda to-day, I will merely com- ment briefly on a few sections of it.The roll of the Institute shows a substantial increase not- withstanding the unavoidable removal of the names of Associates who have lost touch with the Institute or have not paid their dues. The Council is at all times reluctant to deprive anyone of his professional membership, but when a member neglects to reply to letters, or to notify his change of address, the Council has no alternative but to remove his name. The rather large number represents the accumulation of a number of years, but it was felt that before the new Register was published the position of these members should be carefully reviewed. Our losses by death are, fortunately, fewer than they have been for several years past, but include a number of Fellows of distinction.Among these, Professor Harold Baily Dixon will be remem- bered as a great teacher and for his original work on the explosive combustion of gases ; Dr. William Brown Davidson, who distinguished himself in the gas industry, and whose investigations on the carbonisation of coal gained for him the Murdoch Medal and a definite place in the history of that important subject; Mr. Ayerst Henham Hooker, a man of unusually versatile character, who earned the delightful title of “Emergency Hooker ” for his remarkable services in many capacities during a sojourn of nearly 50 years in Egypt; Prof. K. J. P. Orton, a teacher and chemist whose record stood high, lost to the profession while still an active worker ;and Mr.Edward Wiliam Voelcker, who will be held in honoured and grateful memory for his services to the Institute as a Member of Council, and Vice-president, and especially as Hon. Treasurer for 6 years. Few have shown keener interest than he in the affairs of the Institute and the profession. We hear much to-day on the subject of co-operation, and I would like to remark that the Report indicates no lack of readi- ness on our part to accept invitations from other bodies to co- operate with them in matters wherein our assistance is sought. I feel that it would be your wish that I should express the thanks of the members to those who have done excellent service in representing the Institute on many occasions during the past year.On the question of the means to be adopted to effect closer co-operation between Societies and Institutions concerned with chemistry, we await the Report of the Joint Committee, and perhaps this is hardly the time for me to enlarge upon this subject, but I do feel that the various bodies should encourage one another in the pursuance of their respective duties. It is definitely our own duty to encourage those who wish to follow the profession of chemistry to obtain the best course possible, according to their circumstances, to become qualified. In this we could hope for little success without the valuable collaboration of the professors and teachers. It is our duty to maintain a Register of competent chemists for the service of the community, and the more nearly this Register approximates to a complete list of the competent chemists of the country, the more completely the Institute is performing its duty in this respect.Our work does not stop at registration, however; we have to require of our members that they will conduct themselves honourably in their profession, to safeguard their honour, and we regard it as our duty to do what we can to help our members and the public in many ways. Much of this work is indicated in the Annual Report, while much, from its nature, cannot be referred to in detail. On the work of the Finance and House Committee, you have already heard the Hon. Treasurer. With regard to the General Fund, we can congratulate the Institute, especially at 100 the present time, that-thanks to the services of Mr.Kirkaldy and his colleagues-the Institute is keeping its expenditure within its income, without being unduly restricted in the pursuit of its objects, The Benevolent Fund Committee, too, deserves our thanks for the prompt and sympathetic way in which it administers the funds placed at its disposal. I have no hesitation in assuring the contributors that no reasonable appeal for help has been denied, while every endeavour has been made to afford such help as generously as possible. It ill be obvious to the Fellows and Associates that a greater effort must be made to improve the position of the Annuities Account in order that the Committee may continue theallowances to widows and children, and I trust that every member will do what he can to help the Committee in its work.The Legal and Parliamentary Committee has been unusually active; and although in some matters with which it has to deal there may be difference of opinion, I can assure you that the Committee and the Council have endeavoured to ascertain, so far as is possible, the wishes of the Fellows and Associates, and to act upon them, but not without careful consideration of the views expressed by those who may not always have entirely concurred in the action ultimately taken. With the Proposed Supplemental Charter I will deal in greater detail later. The Local Sections continue, without exception, to maintain the interest of the Fellows and Associates in professional matters and to represent the views of their members to the Council at headquarters.Our thanks are due to the Committees and Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections for their valuable help. During this winter I have had the privilege of visiting several of the Sections, and was extremely pleased to find that the value of the Institute was so highly appreciated. I heard from many members what valuable assistance they had received from the officials of the Institute. The contribution of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee to the present Report shows-compared with the previous year-an increase in the number of applica-tions considered, and an increase in the number of candidates for the examinations, and it is satisfactory to note that the 101 passes in the Examinations have improved from 54 to over 63 per cent.I would recall also that the Assessors for National Certificates in Chemistry reported in July last a considerable increase in the number of candidates for their examinations and an improvement in the number of successes. The Pedler Research Scholar, Mr. George Morrison Moir, was given a very difficult task in the investigation of the Protein Constituents of Milk. Our fundamental knowledge of this subject was, perhaps, too limited to render it reasonable to expect any epoch-making results, but in the view of the Pedler Fund Committee the papers submitted by Mr. Moir, which have been accepted for publication in The Amdyst, have very well justified his appointment. The appointment of his successor will be announced in due course.The Publications Committee, under the Chairmanship of Mr. Eynon, by means of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,has kept the members informed on the work of the Council and the proceedings of the Local Sections throughout the year, at the same time providing much useful information of professional interest. The Journal makes but little demand on the time of those who read it, and yet I am told that it is a frequent experi- ence for the office to receive requests for information already supplied by that means. It is very desirable that members should peruse the Journal and keep themselves informed upon subjects which are under discussion.The Public Appointments Committee, under the Chairman- ship of Mr. Edward Hinks, has watched the interests of chemists in various matters relating to public administration, and on the advice of the Committee the Council has taken such action as has been deemed necessary. The Appointments Register Commit tee, too, not withst anding the difficulties of the present times, has continued to assist those of our members who have been out of employment to obtain new appointments. We must regret, however, that nearly 2 per cent. of our members are known to be without appointments. We must extend to them all the sympathy and help we can, and you may 102 have noticed that the amount spent on advertising the Appoint- ments Register in 1930 was very substantially increased.It has been customary for the President of the Institute to introduce into his Address some views of his own on matters lying outside the Report, but as I have recently addressed the London and South Eastern Counties Section, and the substance of my remarks has already been published in the same part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSas the Report of Council, I hope, in the circumstances, that my humble contribution on that occasion may be accepted to-day in lieu of what may be termed “the President’s message.” I share with several of my predecessors the temptation to record the general impression of my first year of office. I can only repeat the conviction that the more intimate I become with its business the more clearly I realise the extent of its ramifica- tions.I refer not only to the regular straightforward business of the Committees and Council, but alsp to matters, perhaps more human and yet of importance to those immediately con- cerned, which are settled from day to day, even without reference to any Committee and without publicity; for I have learned that here the inexperienced and striving chemist, and even the member of standing, is welcome to seek information and advice and can do so with the knowledge that he will be received with sympathy, and generally find what he seeks, or at least be put on the right road to it. From my previous experience on the Council, and now after a year’s experience as President, I can testify to the members of the Institute that they are extremely fortunate in having such an able and enthusiastic body of officials, whose desire to promote the efficiency of the Institute is only equalled by the successful achievement of that desire.The changes in the personnel of the Council, rendered neces- sary under the provisions of the by-laws, deprive us-only temporarily, I hope-of the help of several very keen and useful members. The retiring Vice-president, Mr. Arthur Jenner Chapman, served for two periods of three years each as a Member of Council before his election as a Vice-president, and throughout all this service has been a most regular attendant at meetings, and one who has never failed to follow closely the trend of business with helpful criticism and suggestions.He has also done much for the London and South Eastern Counties Section. 103 Of the ten retiring Members of Council, perhaps I may be allowed to name Messrs. Edmed, Lampitt, Mitchell and Kintle, for good records of attendance, though few can compare with the remarkable records of others who are eligible for re-election including Messrs. Kirkaldy (Hon. Treasurer), Eynon, Howard, Hinks (Vice-presidents), and G. Stubbs. I propose, now, to move the adoption of the Report, reserving, for the present, with your permission, any further reference to the Proposed Petition for a Supplemental Charter which will be shortly open for discussion under “Special Business,” and when, as I hope, the Report has been seconded and the motion carried, we will proceed to transact the remaining ordinary business, and I will then submit the motion standing in my name. 104 Proceedings of the Council.FEBRUARY-MARCH, 1931. Council and Committees, 1930-1931.-The names of the Officers and Members of Council and of the Censors who were elected at the Annual General Meeting on 2nd March are given on pages 67-68. At the first meeting of the new Council held on 20th March, Standing and Special Committees and their Chairmen for the ensuing year were appointed (see pages 68-69). Mr. Edward John Way was elected Member of Council for District (xii), the Overseas Dominions, the Empire of India and elsewhere abroad, in the place of Colonel S.W. Bunker, whose term of office has expired. Lecture.-Dr. J. F. Tocher has kindly consented to give a lecture on “What is Probable Error” before the Institute, at 30, Russell Square, on Friday, the 24th April, at 8 p.m. An abstract of a lecture by Dr. Tocher on the same subject, given before the Aberdeen Section, on 24th October last, was published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, 1930,pages 251-53. Proposed Petition for a Supplementary Charter.- Following the proceedings at the Annual General Meeting on the 2nd March, a report of the discussion on the Proposed Petition for and Draft of a Supplemental Charter, during which the President received a requisition for a Postal Vote, was issued to the Fellows and ,4ssociates with voting cards in order to ascertain the wishes of the general body of members on the question.The Council appointed Mr. A. G. Francis and Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy to examine the votes, and authorised the publication of the result, which was ascertained by the Scrutineers on ~3rd March, as follows:- For the Proposal .. .. .. 2406 Against the Proposal . . .. 698 The report of the Scrutineers will be submitted to the Council in April. 105 Salary Statistics.-In October, 1930, Fellows and Associates were invited to make anonymous returns of their salaries and emoluments in order that the Council might be able to obtain information regarding the remuneration of the profession. Forms were issued for the purpose requiring only a single cross (X)in a space indicating the approximate age and total remunera- tion of each member.The returns have been collated and a report thereon will be published in due course. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize.-The subject selected for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for 1931 is “Why I have chosen Chemistry as a Profession.” The Medal and Prize (ten guineas) will be awarded in January, 1932, for the best Essay on the above subject not exceeding 3,000 words, contributed by a Registered Student of the Institute, who is not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the Essay. (See page 138.) Pedler Research Scholarship.-The Pedler Fund Com- mittee has had under consideration a number of applications for the Pedler Research Scholarship, and has interviewed several candidates, but has not as yet been able to make a definite recommendation to the Council.British Engineering StandardsAssociation.-Dr. James Watson was appointed as a delegate of the Institute to attend a conference of the British Engineering Standards Association on the standardisation of containers for heavy acids and solvents. Dr. Watson, who also represented the Institute in connection with the preparation of a specification for sand lime bricks, has reported that that specification has been completed. Mr. Walter C. Hancock attended as representative of the Institute a conference on the standardisation of high alumina cements, for which the British Engineering Standards Association has now decided to prepare a specification. 106 Local Sections.Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section, held in Marischal College on 27th February, Prof. Findlay delivered an address on The History of Chemical Teaching at Aberdeen Univ ersity.” Prof. Findlay said that the history of the teaching of chemistry at Aberdeen was involved, owing to the separate existence and administration of the two Universities-King’s and Marischal- the former having been established in 1494. From that date until 1816 chemistry was not taught as a separate subject at King’s College, but was dealt with under the somewhat loosely defined subject of medicine, which at that time constituted rather a cultural training than a training for the medical profession.At Marischal College, where the Department of Chemistry now is, chemical teaching had its real beginning in 1753,when it was included as part of the work of the chair of civil and natural history; but thirty years later an advertisement appeared in The Aberdeen Journal stating that Dr. George French would deliver lectures in chemistry three days a week at Marischal College. This course was of a private nature, however, and not under the administration of the University authorities. Of so little importance was chemistry considered in those early days, that its study was relegated to a laboratory established in the kitchen of the Convent of the Franciscans, a building on the site now occupied by the south wing of Marischal College.French was officially recognised when he became the first professor of chemistry in 1793by the simple expedient of present- ing himself to the Senatus for the post. This irregular procedure, later condemned by higher authorities, was justified by the fact that French’s aunt-Mrs. Blackwell, the widow of the eleventh Principal of the College-had, in her will, nominated him for the post “for the rest of his life”! French’s successor, Thomas Clark, undertook the post in 1833,under apparently equal difficulties, judging by the fact that he was allowed EI~to equip a chemical classroom. By spending ,G20 in excess of this modest sum, he earned the displeasure of his 107 superiors, and was warned that further expenditure should first of all be approved by them.It was said of Clark that he narrowly escaped being a great man, and he was unfortunate in suffering from ill-health to such an extent that, for a considerable period of his career, his work was carried on by deputy. Eventually he was superannuated in 1860, on the union of the Colleges. At King’s College, chemistry fared no better, for, between 1816 and 1839, classes of 60 were being conducted in a room only eighteen feet square and nine feet high, by the Humanist-whose main duty was the teaching of Latin. In 1839, the Senatus of King’s College transferred the old-established Chair of Medicine to the Chair of Chemistry, and appointed to the professorship Dr.William Gregory, who died in 1858. Meanwhile, Clark, of Marischal College, had had, as his deputy, James Smith Brazier, who later taught the combined classes of King’s and Marischal, from the Union of the Colleges in 1860 until 1888. Brazier was very popular with his students, but the equipment of the laboratories was inadequate, for there was no water laid on at the benches, the rooms had practically no ventilation, and no fume-cupboards. After the professorship of Thomas Carnelley-1888-90-the Faculty of Science was established at Aberdeen University, and it was during Professor Japp’s time-18go-1gq-that a real school of chemistry was established in Aberdeen. The lecture was illustrated with slides showing the old buildings of Marischal College and the rooms which were used as laboratories in the earlier days.Dr. J. F. Tocher, who presided, and Mr. J. Bruce Miller, both students of Professor Brazier, spoke reminiscently and in apprecia- tive terms of Professor Findlay’s address. A vote of thanks to Professor Findlay was accorded on the motion of Mr. W. Godden. Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Section held on 25th February, a paper on ‘‘The Effects of Air Humidity on Cellulose” was read by J. A. Matthew, of the Linen Industry Research Association. The following is a brief abstract:- It is well known that the moisture contents of materials made from cellulose, such as cotton or linen fabrics or paper, vary 108 according to the amount of water vapour in the surrounding air.Dry cellulose absorbs water vapour from the air or damp cellulose will give off water vapour to dry air. It is natural for the cellulose to hold a certain amount of absorbed water. Water in excess of this can be held if artificially added, and, in certain commercial transactions in cellulose materials, it may bc impor- tant to know whether the water held in consignments is equal or in excess of its natural moisture content or “standard regain.” The results of physical tests such as measurements of strength, extension, stiffness or rigidity, on cotton and linen materials, vary considerably according to the moisture content. This necessitates the specification of air humidity at which the tests must be carried out and provision of special means, such as constant humidity test-rooms for carrying out this work.The way in which fibres, yarns and fabrics behave, in the manu- facturing processes of preparing and spinning, weaving and finishing respectively, depends on the effects of moisture content on the various physical properties concerned. Methods of measuring the humidity of air and the moisture content of cellulose in air of different humidities, were briefly described. The results of experiments were then presented, showing how the moisture content varies with humidity, whether the equilibrium is attained from a previously drier or wetter condition and on temperature. Results were also shown illus- trating the effect of moisture content on strength, etc., of yarns and fabrics, and finally some attention was paid to the theoretical explanations of the experimental results discussed.Birmingham and Midlands.-Social activities have oc- cupied a large proportion of the programme since the beginning of the year, and have proved in all cases very popular functions. The Ladies’ Concert, held jointly with the British Association of Chemists on 26th January, was well attended. Thanks to Mr. J. R. Johnson and the excellent artistes he brought together for the occasion, the evening was a most enjoyable one. A Whist Drive and Dance, held at Derby on 28th January, and arranged jointly by the Local Sections of the British Association of Chemists, the Society of Chemcal Industry and the Institute, also proved very successful.Increasing interest in affa c s is being shown by members in the Derby area, and it is hoped that an interesting programme may be arranged for next 109 session, as a result of the activities of the provisional advisory sub-committee. The Midland Chemists’ Annual Dinner took place at the Midland Hotel, Birmingham, on 7th February. The attendance on this occasion constituted a record, and there is no doubt that this remains one of the most popular and important events of the season. Mr. W. A. S. Calder presided, and the guests included Dr. G. C. Clayton (President of the Institute) and Mr. C. S. Garland. The latter proposed the toast of the “Profession of Chemistry,” to which Dr.Clayton replied. On the 11th February, a meeting of the Section was held at the Grand Hotel, Colmore Row, Birmingham,-Dr. William Wardlaw in the Chair. Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute; opened a discussion on the proposed Petition for a Supplemental Charter. Many members took part in the discussion: there was a general feeling that, in view of the importance of the subject, it would have been better if the Council could have given the general body of members more time for its consideration before the Annual General Meeting. Dr. Wardlaw and the Assistant Secretary promised that the views expressed by members would receive consideration at headquarters. A number of members have been present at lectures given under the auspices of the University Biochemical Society.These have included: “Sucrose in Nature and in the Factory,” by Professor A. R. Ling; “Proteins in Nutrition,” by Professor H. H. A. Plimmer; and “Chemical Aspects of the Metabolism of Seaweeds,’’ by Professor P. Haas. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 11th March, at Hort’s Restaurant, Bristo1,-Mr. Frank Southerden in the Chair. The reports of the Honorary Secretary and Treasurer were received and approved. The Committee for the ensuing year was elected as follows:- Mr. Frank Southerden (Exeter), Mr. R. D. Littlefield, Mr. Edward Russell, Mr. R. H. Ellis (Gloucester), Prof. W. E. Garner, and Dr. Ernest Vanstone (Newton Abbot).Dr. H. F. 110 Dean and Mr. A. E. Jones were re-appointed Honorary Auditors and were thanked for their past services. Votes of thanks were accorded to the retiring members of Committee, Mr. H. F. Barke and Prof. W. €3. Lewis (Exeter), and to the authorities of Bristol University for facilities granted for the meetings of the Section. Members and their friends then enjoyed an informal supper, followed by a smoking concert.-Miss M. Tacomeni, Messrs. William and Stanley Ogbourne, Arthur Tucker, Geoffrey Coles and T. Penny, contributing to the programme. On 3rd March, at the invitation of the Taunton School Scientific Society, Mr. Frank Southerden (Chairman of the Section) visited the School and gave an address on “Chemistry as a Profession.” Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 19th February,-Mr.A. M. Cameron in the Chair. The Secretary presented his report for session 1930-31 and the financial statement for 1929-30,which were approved. The following Officers and Committee were elected for 1931-32:-Chairman, Mr. W. R. Guy; Vice-chairman, Mr. Adam Tait; Hon. Secretary, Dr. J. G. Mackay; Ordinary Members of Committee, Messrs. A. M. Cameron, J. W. Ingham, D. Stewart and G. E. Dodds; Auditor, Mr. J. W. Romanes. A vote of thanks to the retiring members of Committee, Messrs. S. Allen, G. H. Smith, R. Wheatley and W. P. D. Wightman, was passed, on the motion of Mr. Guy, seconded by the Secretary.The fifth ordinary meeting of the session was held jointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the North British Station Hotel on 19th February, 1931,-Mr. A. M. Cameron in the Chair. After formal business, the Chairman called on Mr. C. Parkinson to give his paper entitled 6‘ Lithographic Processes and Problems.” The lecturer gave a most interesting account of lithographic processes both old and new, laying special emphasis on the 111 need for accurate chemical work on the nature of lithography. In the discussion which followed, questions were put by Dr. Harris, Messrs. Cameron, Guy, Ingham, Stewart and Williams; these were then answered by Mr. Parkinson. On the motion of Mr.Adam Tait, a vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-On 9th January, members of the Local Section were the guests of the Ardeer Chemical Club, at a smoking concert held in the Eglinton Hotel, Ardrossan. Mr. W. W. Lumsden occupied the Chair, and an excellent programme was provided by members of both societies. The evening was a most enjoyable one, and in reply to the Chairman’s greetings, Mr. Hugh Findlay expressed the apprecia- tion of the Glasgow Section for the hospitality extended to its members. A meeting of the Section was held in the Ca’doro Restaurant, Glasgow, on 13th February, when members had an opportunity of discussing matters of professional interest. This meeting was followed by a joint meeting with all other local chemical societies, when a lecture was given on (‘Ergot and Ergotism ” by Prof.G. Barger, of Edinburgh University. An abstract of the lecture was published in Chemistry and Industry, 27th February, 1931,pp. 178-79. Prof. R. Stockman proposed a vote of thanks to the lecturer for his extremely interesting lecture, which was followed by an animated discussion. The Annual Smoking Concert, arranged jointly by the local societies interested in chemistry, was held in the Grosvenor Restaurant, Glasgow, on 6th March. The company were the guests of Mr. T. Ramsay, who presided. Messrs. Jack, Jamieson, Thomas and MacCallum, of the Local Section of the Institute, contributed to a very enjoyable programme. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held in Field’s Caf6 on 10th February,-the Chairman, Dr.A. E. Everest, presiding. 112 Prof. W. H. Roberts gave an address on “Some Aspects of the Law Relating to Food Adulteration.” He said that before 1875 there was practically no food law in this country, although in the Middle Ages people who adul- terated wine and beer were compelled to drink the stuff as a penalty. In the middle of last century the adulteration of food became a crying scandal. Owing to the influence of Dr. Arthur Hassall, a medical man, matters were brought to a head, and one bill after another was passed, until finally, in 1875, the first Food and Drugs Act which had any real force was passed. In 1879, an amending Act was passed enabling inspectors, police officers and other officials to purchase samples of food for analysis.Other Acts, including the Butter and Margarine Act, and the Milk and Dairies Act, were subsequently passed, and the Acts were consolidated in the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, which is in operation at the present time. Actually, however, there had been no very material change in the law since 1875, and there were many anomalies. For the great bulk of foodstuffs there was no definition at all, and it was only the large authorities who could afford, without having to consider the cost, to take actions to obtain definitions. Prof. Roberts considered that the time had arrived when a new Act of Parliament should be formulated to deal with these matters.The United States had defined practically all foodstuffs, and New Zealand had followed that lead. In this country, in cases where there was no standard for any article of food, the magistrates had to make one for themselves on the evidence before them. If they had definitions of these sub- stances, matters would be niuch easier, both for the public and for public analysts. With regard to the manufacture of jam, the lecturer said that the preservative regulations were extremely good, but the number of substances put in the regulations were far too few. It was quite simple to say that jam should always be made from fresh fruit and cane sugar, but they must remember that the manufacturer had to put on the market an article at a reasonable price.Fresh fruit was only available for a few weeks, and if all the jam consumed in this country had to be made in those few weeks, the amount of capital that would have to be spent in providing the necessary machinery, etc.. 113 would be enormous and non-earning for the greater part of the year. Referring to the growing use of tinned foodstuffs, he urged that it was high time that the Government insisted on all tinned foods being marked with the actual date of tinning. There ought to be a time limit on goods of this description, beyond which they should not be sold for human consumption. Prof. Roberts considered that there ought to be more power of the entry by officials of local authorities into all places where foodstuffs were prepared.He suggested that manufacturers and people with a knowledge of composition ought to get together and consider the whole question of the improvement of foodstuffs in this country. Irish Free State.-A general meeting of the Section was held on 5th February, in the Chemistry Department, Trinity College, Dublin,-Prof. W. E. Adeney presiding. Prof. E. A. Werner read a paper on “The Burification of Ether and Acetone.” He said that his first contribution to chemical research had been made, some 45 years ago, on the purification of ether. Various suggestions had been advanced since then as to the nature of the impurities commonly present in ether. In all, eleven distinct substances had been mentioned : hydrogen peroxide, ethyl peroxide, vinyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, formic acid, ethyl vinyl ether, and four compounds having a peroxide structure, namely :-a-hydroxyethyl hydrogen peroxide, di-a-hydroxyeth yl per0 xide, e t hoxyacet aldehyde hydrogen peroxide, C,H,OCH(CH,).O.OH (Clover), and an oxonium peroxide (C,H,),O :0:O (Rlilas) 1930.Dunstan, in 1890, suggested that ethyl peroxide was the first product of the oxidation of ether, and that this on hydrolysis gave hydrogen peroxide. Richardson later showed that hydrogen peroxide was formed in dry ether, that acid was simultaneously produced, and that the action was apparently due to sunlight. Berthelot, in 1.897,examined a bottle of ether which had been exposed to light for seventeen years and had been reduced to about half of its original volume.It contained very little ether and consisted largely of alcohol, acetic acid, ethyl acetate and other substances. 114 Wieland and Wingler, in 1922, found vinyl ethyl ether to be the first product of oxidation, and proposed the following scheme:-C,H5*0.CH2*CH3+02= C,H,*O.CH :CH2+ H202 C2H,-0.CH :CH2+H202 = C,H,OH+CH,CHO 2 CH3CH0 + H202= CH,.CHOH*O*O.CHOH-CH, The last product is a syrupy liquid which is said to be found in impure ether. King (1929) considered the main peroxidic constituent to be CH,.CHOH-O.OH formed from acetaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide thus :-CH3CH0 + H202= CH,.CHOH*O.OH. This view was supported by the ratio of the quantities of H202 and CH,CHO occurring in ether.Finally, in 1930,Milas suggested the following scheme :-CH3CH2*O*CH2.CH3+ 0, = CH3*CH2.0.CH2.CH3 .. 0. .. 0 the oxonium peroxide breaking up to give acetaldehyde and water CH,CH,O,CH,*CH, = 2CH3CH0 + H,O 0 .. 0 or undergoing hydrolysis to give alcohol, acetaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide CH3*CH2*02CH,*CH3+ H,O =C2H50H+ CH,CHO + H,02. 0.. 0 Many substances have been employed to remove hydrogen peroxide frDm ether, e.g. ferrous hydrate, sodium thiosulphate, ferrous chloride, lead sulphide, manganese dioxide, sodium, mercury and charcoal. Others have been used to retard its formation, e.g. the aluminium mercury couple, iron, mercury, copper, potassium permanganate in 30 per cent.caustic potash solution. To remove acetaldehyde, solid potash and mercuric sulphate in dilute sulphuric acid have been used. 115 One part of hydrogen peroxide in 400,000 parts of ether can be detected by the addition of vanadic acid solution, a red colour developing. Aldehyde can be detected by Schiff’s reagent. King found from 2.8 to 10grams of hydrogen peroxide per litre in various ether specimens. As some of the impurities mentioned previously were highly toxic in character, it was quite possible that some of the accidents occurring in the use of ether as an anzsthetic might be due to impurities and not to the ether itself. When carrying out experimental work some time ago, he had had occasion to add aqueous silver nitrate and potash solutions to ether. He noticed that the greyish silver oxide first precipitated, suddenly darkened, giving metallic silver.On thinking over the phenomenon he came to the conclusion that he had found an ideal method for the purification of ether. The silver oxide completely destroyed hydrogen peroxide and compounds of the peroxide class, the aldehyde was oxidized to acetic acid, and this, together with any free acid, was fixed by the excess of potash present. He then showed tests on an old specimen of ether which gave a strong reaction with both vanadic acid and Schiff’s reagent. After shaking with silver nitrate and excess of potash no reaction whatever was given with either reagent. Prof. Werner suggested that such a simple process of purifi-cation could easily be carried out in hospitals, as ether for anaesthetic purposes need not be dried before administration.He then referred to the purification of acetone by the bisul- phite method, which was tedious and expensive, and had been super.,eded by the sodium iodide method. The impurity commonly present in acetone was an unsaturated compound of unknown composition, and was always accompanied by a certain amount of free acid. He had found that acetone treated with silver nitrate and potash solutions was readily purified thereby, processes of oxidation and neutralisation probably taking place. Acetone once purified remained pure, the impurity being acci- dentally produced in the preparation, and not formed by autoxi- dation as in the case of ether.A discussion followed, to which Dr. Gilmour, Mr. Andrews, Mr. Fagan and Dr. Glover contributed, and the meeting termi- nated with a very hearty vote of thanks to Professor Werner for his interesting paper. 116 Liverpool and North-Western.-The Section held a meeting on the 5th February to consider the proposed Petition for a Supplemental Charter. The general feeling of the meeting was that of unanimous approval of the Council’s aim to secure a definite title for Fellows and Associates of the Institute, but a number of members were opposed to the expression “Chartered Chemist.” The difficulty of obtaining the exclusive use of the single word “Chemist” was obvious, not only on account of the number of persons practising chemistry who were not members of the Institute, but also because the word had been legally acquired by trading companies controlling pharmaceutical businesses.Several members stressed the point that the public would still use the word “chemist” when they really wanted a pharmacist, the reply to which was that the Institute was seeking a definite professional title. London and South-Eastern Counties.-A large number of members visited the bakeries of Messrs. Lyons and Co., at Cadby Hall, on 5th February. As on previous occasions, the arrangements made were excellent, and the Section’s thanks are again accorded to the Company for its kind hospitality and to all who contributed so effectively to the entertainment of the visitors.Dr. L. H. Lampitt presided at a discussion held at the Institute on Wednesday, 18th February, the subject being ‘‘Co-operation between Chemical Societies.” Notice had been given that the discussion would be introduced by Prof. J. T. Thorpe, President of the Chemical Society, Dr. H. Levinstein, Chairman of Council of the Society of Chemical Industry, Mr. J. A. Reavell, President of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, and Mr. E. M. Hawkins, a Past Vice-President of the Institute and of the Society of Public Analysts. The Chairman read a statement from Prof. Thorpe, who was unavoidably absent, in which he (Prof. Thorpe) explained that he was the Chairman of a joint committee of the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute, which was examining means of possible co-operation between the three bodies.He was an independent chairman without a vote, and was therefore to be regarded as unbiased in the matter. Having been a member of all three bodies for many years, he was glad to be in such a position. Regarding the three bodies 117 as essential to the progress of chemical science, he deplored the tendency of some people to show strong partiality for any one of these to the detriment of the others, because any act or cause leading to the weakening or inefficiency of one, struck deeply at the heart of science. Broadly speaking, the Chemical Society dealt with pure chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry with applied chemistry, and the Institute with the profession of chemistry.In the United States, these three domains were covered by one society with 18,000 members; but in this country our national individualism had led, at an early stage, to segre- gation. Whatever the wisdom or otherwise of this division, the parts covered by the three were essential to the whole. Periodi-cal conferences could do much to prevent overlapping, and every effort should be made to avoid any action which might adversely affect the membership of any of the three. For membership meant revenue and the financial margin between efficiency and non-efficiency was small. It was to be remembered that the burden of publication fell almost entirely on the two societies, the membership of which had increased during the last ten years at a very much slower rate than had the member- ship of the Institute.Clearly the young and impecunious chemist, being unable to join all three, preferred that which gave him most for the least expenditure. But the publication of original work was so essential that the important question of membership must receive the careful consideration of the Councils of the three bodies concerned. Dr. Levinstein suggested that, as many people were members of all three of the bodies which had been mentioned by Prof. Thorpe, co-operation between them meant co-operation with themselves. In view of the importance of published work it was a question of ways and means. The effect of the war, with its increase in the number of chemists, had introduced a new economic factor.In order to keep up to date, a young man found it necessary to pay at least three subscriptions. Whilst an industrial concern might provide journals for its own library it was not always possible for all the scientific staff to study them. The absence of individual copies might lead to a reluctance to read. The financing of publications would be more easily accomplished by co-operation, and a unified subscription would help both the young chemist and the societies. If a method of co-operation could be arranged for the three large bodies, the adaptation of it to the small societies would be easy. 118 Mr. Reavell expressed himself as strongly in favour of joint publications and of joint meetings.At present there were too many bodies and these might become a definite menace to science and technical work. The functions of the various bodies and the published work could not be reduced, therefore the methods at present in use must be altered. When the Institution of Chemical Engineers was being promoted, efforts were made to link it up with other bodies, but these proposals did not materialise. This was unfortunate , for no specialised branch need be isolated. The American Chemical Society tended to absorb British Colonial members because they could get from that one society as much as from three in this country. If one publishing authority could be established it would, without doubt, be profitable eventually.Mr. Hawkins said that since the Institute looked after the interests of all chemists, all should endeavour to join it. But since the Institute published little besides the Journal and Regulations, it should be made easy for young chemists to obtain the original work which was published. The character and quality of “Abstracts A and B” showed what co-operation could achieve. These abstracts and the Annual Reports should be available at a reasonable fee, for the personal use of all young chemists. Some time ago, the Institute did pioneer work in publishing a programme of forthcoming meetings, but through lack of co-operation the idea was dropped. Its revival would be welcomed by many. The question of co-operation with regard to meetings was not a burning one, as such was the brotherly feeling between societies that any member of one was welcomed at meetings of the others.Before declaring the discussion open, the Chairman invited the President and the Registrar to contribute. Dr. G. C. Clayton expressed his pleasure at being present, but confessed that, as President, he had attended because he was anxious to hear the views of other people. He had been struck by the thought that if chemists in the Dominions joined the American Chemical Society, in preference to our own Socie- ties, they would only see American advertisements, and, there- fore, we should probably lose business on that account. The advantages of joint meetings were obvious, but the question of publication was much more difficult, and he hoped that the consideration of ways and means would lead to useful results. 119 The Registrar suggested that the Societies had suffered from the existence of a greatly increased number of societies, doing useful and necessary work, which a chemist might join.He thought that many young chemists applied for the Associateship of the Institute first, and later joined one of the other bodies whose activities were in some way connected with their particular branches of work. The research chemist or the teacher joined the Chemical Society, the Biochemical Society, or the Faraday Society. If he became engaged in industry, he joined the Society of Chemical Industry, or one of the specialised societies, such as the Institution of Petroleum Technologists, the Institution of the Rubber Industry, the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association, or the Society of Dyers and Colourists.If he became engaged in the chemistry of food and drugs he would join the Society of Public Analysts. There were sixteen bodies connected with chemistry, and that he thought was the main reason why the other large Societies had not increased in membership at the same rate as the Institute had done. A general discussion followed, in which a large number of members participated. Among the points raised were the following:- Co-operation was better than competition, and was of national importance. Autonomy of societies should be preserved even with joint publication.Too high a joint subscription might defeat its own ends. In return for a subscription of Ez or E3 a chemist looked for the papers dealing with his own particular branch of work and, for smaller subsidising subscriptions, those dealing with other branches. Abstracts should be published in sections and reprints of papers should be available at cheap rates. It was to be regretted that some people wanted as much as possible for as little as possible, but they should be prepared to make a sacrifice to help publication. Since chemical research, both pure and applied, benefits industry, manufacturers might see their way to contribute more to the cost of publishing. Much of the matter now published was useless to many individuals, but they would be prepared to subscribe for sections which they required.120 Chemical prestige depended on original work, and publication affected national reputation; hence the amount of material published should not be reduced. The union of the Chemical Societies was desirable; but, on account of its different functions, the Institute should be inde- pendent. The Institute drew too large a proportion of available funds for what it did for Chemistry as a whole; its value to the teaching profession was limited. The work of the Institute as a qualifying and registration body was essential to the interests of the other Societies. If unification of abstracts was a success, why should not original work be jointly published? Abstracts might be further condensed, provided that easier facilities were available for obtaining the original papers.If advertisements were accepted for publication with the abstracts they would be interesting and profitable. The Annual Reports were essential and should be available without additional cost or at special rates to members of all these societies. The Chairman, in summing up the discussion, said that two main points had emerged. There were (I) the necessity of supporting the Institute, and (2) the necessity of some scheme for the continuance of chemical publication. This scheme should include (a) a reasonable sum for the receipt of abstracts, (b) a joint obligatory subscription, and (c) other smaller subscrip- tions for original papers of special abstracts.He stressed the need for abstracts which were not so short as to be almost unintelligible. In his opinion, browsing amongst the literature of subjects outside one’s ordinary range of chemical interest was not sufficiently indulged in, nor was its value appreciated. Malaya.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Kuala Lumpur on 7th and 8th February. Mr. F. L. Okell was elected Chairman, Mr. A. C. Brooks, Hon. Secretary, and Dr. I. A. Simpson, Assistant Hon. Secretary, for the ensuing year. Manchester and District.-On the xzth February, Dr. F. L. Pyman, F.R.S., addressed the Local Section on bb Recent Advances in Medicinal Chemistry.” Mr. W. D. Rogers, Chairman of the Section, presided.121 Dr. Pyman dealt with the preparation and therapy of various groups of medicinal substances which he classified under two headings :-(a) those occurring naturally in the body, absorbed or produced from foodstuffs by natural processes, gland secre- tions, vitamins, etc., and (b) substances artificially synthesised. Among purely artificial or synthetic therapeutic agents, Dr. Pyman dealt with the trypanocidal drugs, such as Bayer 205. He described his work on the substituted phenols which led to the production of 4-n-amyl-m-cresol-an efficient antiseptic. He also referred to the work of Professor Cohen and his collabora- tors, on anil and styryl quinoline derivatives, some of which are powerful antiseptics, others having a trypanocidal action. The preparation of insulin was touched upon, and also that of the liver extract which is now being successfully used in the treat- ment of pernicious anaemia.Professors Lapworth and Kenner, Mr. E. L. Rhead, Mr. F. Scholefield, Mr. W. A. Silvester and others participated in the ensuing discussion, which concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club on 18th February,-Prof. A. A. Hall in the Chair. Dr. R. Raper, of Armstrong College, delivered a lecture on ‘‘Some Recent Outstanding Developments in Connection with Kekulk’s Benzene Formula.” After reviewing the various structures which had been pro- posed, including those of Kekulk, Baeyer, and Armstrong, the lecturer described, with the aid of models, the recent evidence in organic chemistry which showed that Kekul6’s formula fitted best with all the facts.A vote of thanks was passed to Dr. Raper, on the motion of the Chairman. 122 Notes, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.- The fifteenth Annual Report of the Department for Scientific and Industrial Research for the year 1929-1930 has recently been published by H.M. Stationery Office, Cmd. 3789. 3s. 6d. net. The Report covers the twelve months ended on 31st July last, and is preceded as usual by the Report of the Committee of the Privy Council, which deals largely with the changes which have occurred in the personnel of the Advisory Council, the Research Boards, and Standing Committees.Sir William S. McCormick, G.B.E., who had been Adminis- trative Chairman of the Advisory Council since the inception of the Department, died in March 1930. He was succeeded for the period up to 30th September last by Professor V. H. Black-man, F.R.S., and the position has since been held by Lord Rutherford, O.M., F.R.S. The Committee of the Privy Council announces the appoint- ment, under the Chairmanship of Dr. R. H. Pickard, F.R.S., Director of the British Cotton Industry Research Association, of a Fabrics Kesearch Committee, which also includes the Directors of other research associations concerned with textiles, together with representatives of the War Office, the Admiralty and the Air Ministry.The Committee directs attention to the fact that the Depart- ment has applied for fifteen British patents, together with foreign and colonial equivalents in certain instances, and that twenty- three British and foreign patents have been abandoned or allowed to lapse. The total net expenditure of the Department was L456,517 from the Annual Vote, and @0,229 from the Million Fund, i.e. a total' of f7536,746, as compared with &85,450 in the preceding year. The Report of the Advisory Council, in its introductory remarks, emphasises the importance of science in accelerating the recovery of British industry and trade from its present depression. The Council emphasises the view that, when times are bad, it is more than ever necessary to ensure that the re- sources of science are not neglected.In this connection, it is interesting to note that chemistry again heads the list in the distribution of grants allowed to students in training in various branches of science. A review of the scientific investigation which are being carried out under the direct supervision of the Department shows how wide a view is being taken by the Advisory Council of the relation of scientific research to the daily life of the com- munity. Research is proceeding on such domestic subjects as air, water, food, fuel, and housing, and in addition, on the prob- lems of national industries, such as shipping, railways, and the radio industry. The Advisory Council has concurred in the proposal to estab- lish a locomotive experimental station under the management of an organisation analogous to a research association.A second experimental tank, the William Froude National Tank, has been constructed to deal with urgent problems connected with the design and structure of ships. The Fuel Research Board has been concerned with the provision of suitable coke ovens for the production of metal- lurgical coke, and has continued its work on low temperature carbonisation, hydrogenation, and pulverised fuel. The work of the Fuel Research Board for the year ended 31st March, 1930, had already been published. In connection with food investigation, the Council reports the extension of the Low Temperature Research Station at Cam- bridge, the beginning of work on fish at the Torry Research Station at Aberdeen, and the construction of a new station at East Malling for research on the storage of fruit.In connection with the study of meat, a definite advance has been made in the theory of freezing, by the determination of the effect of tempera- ture upon the rate of freezing of gels of gelatin. With the aid of financial assistance froni the New Zealand Meat Producers’ Board and the British Empire Marketing Board, a comprehensive survey has been undertaken of the trade in frozen mutton and lamb between New Zealand and London. At the Building Research Station at Watford research has been continued over a wide field, considerable attention being given to the question of weathering.124 The Empire Timbers Committee of the Forest Products Research Board is investigating problems relating to dry rot and decay caused by fungi and insects. The Water Pollution Research Board has made steady pro- gress, paying particular attention to beet sugar effluents, by the method of biological filtration, and is investigating difficulties arising from corrosive action on iron mains, and the plumbo- solvency of certain waters. A Report of the Water Pollution Research Board for the year ended 30th June was published separately. The Atmospheric Pollution Research Committee, assisted by the Government Chemist, has developed a simple routine method for the estimation of sulphur in the atmosphere.The Fabrics Co-ordinating Research Committee has published a report in which work was described dealing with the use of borax-boric acid mixtures for fire-proofing. The Committee has also dealt with the action of sunlight on cotton and the deteriora- tion of fabrics by micro-organisms. The Report contains an interesting reference to the work conducted by the British Museum Laboratory. The report also contains a summary of work at the National Physical Laboratory and at the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington. Annual Reports and Volumes of Collected Researches of the National Physical Laboratory are published separately. The Chemical Research Laboratory has dealt with corrosion research, high pressure research, helium from monazite sand, low temperature tar, chemotherapy, synthetic resins, water pollution, and other matters, including the investigation of organic derivatives of selenium and tellurium.The publication also includes an interesting series of sum-maries of the work of Research Associations of the organised industries, to which reference may be made. The British Cast Iron Research Association, for example, has issued reports on the mixing, treatment, and economy, in the use of moulding sands, and on the development of a new type of heat-resisting iron, high in silicon content, for which patents have been obtained. The Blast Furnace Committee of the National Federation of Iron and Steel Manufacturers Industrial Research Council is dealing with coke research and problems relating to blast furnace 125 refractories; and the Corrosion Committee of the Council, in co-operation with the Iron and Steel Institute, has continued investigations on the corrosion of iron and steel.The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association has developed the use of ternary lead alloys for cable sheathing. Service trials with aluminium brass condenser tube,-by the Admiralty, by the mercantile marine, and by electric power stations,-have proved hopeful. An inquiry has been started on the effect of frost on the bursting of water pipes of domestic installations. Railway companies are making trials of new material for locomotive firebox and stay construction, which are expected to afford a marked advance towards the solution of this important problem.The British Refractories Research Association reports the design and perfecting of apparatus for recording quantitatively the penetration and corrosion of refractory materials by molten glass, and the initiation of researches on blast furnace refractories. The British Scientific Instrument Research Association reports that the interferometer, for the study of the optical train of the microscope, has been completed and is in satisfactory use. Work has progressed on obtaining, for use in thermometers, a dye which is proof against fading; the production of a fusible cement of high tensile strength and capable of resisting con- siderable vibration, and the production of a suitable liquid for etching "stainless " steel.The British Photographic Research Association (since dis- continued, at the end of 1930) has given special attention to chemical reactions, involved in the photographic process, which are believed to follow on primary light action, and has devised an instrument suitable for use in factory laboratories for the measurement of hydrogen ion concentration. The Research Association of British Paint, Colour and Varnish Manufacturers has investigated problems concerning the dura- bility of films of paint and varnish, and the preservation of gloss. The Association has also co-operated with the Imperial Institute in the furtherance of the development of tung oil plantations and, with the aid of a grant from the Empire Marketing Board, in the study of the chemical aspects of this work.126 The British Cotton Industry Research A ssocintion has erected a technologic department to be equipped with spinning and weaving machinery. Attention has been directed to finding a method by which the spinning value of a cotton can be predicted from a laboratory examination of the raw material; and to ascertaining how the efficiency of wehving is effected by the quality of the warp yarn, the nature of the warp sizing process and machinery conditions-such as the rate of weaving and the tension on the warp threads in the loom. A new antiseptic, salicylanilide (“ Shirlan ”), has been successfully introduced, for use with the warp size, to protect cloths exported to warm, damp climates, and warps stored under damp conditions at home, from mildew development. The British Wool Research Association reported the dis-covery that when sulphur dioxide and alkali are present in the bleaching agent, in particular proportions, they assume a phase of activity which can be utilised effectively in the bleaching of wool, and in removing colours from dyed fabrics.The Associa- tion has also continued research work on wool carding and on the control of the conditions of temperature and of pressure, and in the hot press used in the finishing process. The Linen Industry Research Association has continued its researches on flax and fibre production and has developed the cultivation of heavy-yielding flax.The provision of a new experimental factory will facilitate the study of the influence of practical variations in methods of fibre production from the harvested flax straw upon the quality and yield of the fibre. New methods of control of bleaching, with a maximum of efficiency and a minimum of damage, have been introduced and adopted by the bleachers. The British Silk Research Association has been studying the conditions under which silk may deteriorate, and the methods to be adopted to prevent deterioration, and has prepared an improved silk for electrical insulating purposes. The British Launderers’ Research Association has produced a clear semi-solid spirit soap, containing 85 per cent. of active ingredients, including 30 per cent.of soap, for the treatment by hand of heavily soiled areas. The Association has also given valuable information as to the influence, on the colourof materials, 127 of traces of metals in the water used for laundry purposes, or when wet goods are left in contact with metals, causing stains which are very difficult to remove. The British Leather Manufacturers Research Association has continued the investigation of “red heat,” and has carried out experiments on the disinfection of anthrax-infected hides and skins. The warm sulphide-liming process is coming into use, in preference to the ordinary liming process, and the limits of tem- perature, time and concentration of sodium sulphide, within which disinfection is effected without damage to the hides, have been established.Particular attention has been given to water used in tanneries and its effect on the products. The British Boot, Shoe and Allied Trades Research Association has devoted attention to the distribution and frequency of occurrence of different types of feet in order to give the industry a surer guidance to the provision of the correct choice of lasts. The manipulation of patent leather has been facilitated by the introduction of plant for the tempering of the leather, whereby cracking is considerably reduced. A liquid preparation-“Satra ”-has also been produced for the treatment of patent leather enamel with the same object in view. The Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers has concentrated on the subject on standardising tests for the evaluation of raw and manufactured rubber, and on questions relating to the deterioration of rubber by ageing-the influence of air, light, strain, etc.The Association has prepared a review of literature relating to chemical dermatitis, indicating the dan- gerous substances employed in the industry and the means to be taken to protect workers. The Reseaych Association of British Flour Millers has col- laborated with the Rothamsted Experimental Station in an endeavour to increase the protein content and improve the quality of the protein of home-grown wheat. The ageing of various flours during storage has also been studied in order to determine the stages at which they are most suitable for bread-making.A physical process for improving flour quality, developed by the Association, has been patented. The British Association of Research for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar Confectionery and Jam Trades has formulated a standard 128 procedure for testing the jellifying powers of pectinous sub- stances. New and interesting facts concerning the cocoa moth have been discovered, and means for trapping the insects have been suggested. Experiments have been conducted with fumigants and sprays for destroying moths, larw and eggs. Experimental work has also been carried out to facilitate the calculation of the viscosity of syrups of known composition. The British Food Manujacturers Research Association has paid attention to the defects arising in connection with meat products packed in glass containers and closed with lacquered tin lids and rubber rings; to the colouring of cooked meats, and to the chemical composition and Fhysical characteristics of gelatins used to fill the air spaces in goods packed in glass.Safety in Mines Research Board.-The Inflammation of Coal Dusts : The Efect of the Presence of Firedam$, by T. N. Mason and R. V. Wheeler, has been published for the Safety in Mines Research Board by H.M. Stationery Office: S.N.R.B. Paper No. 64, 6d. net. The paper deals with a series of tests illustrating the fact that a small proportion of “firedamp” in the air of a mine, although harmless in itself, may render more difficult the task of extinguishing an explosion due to coal dust.Where such conditions exist a higher percentage than usual of stone dust must be mixed with the coal dust on the roads of the mine. Portrait of the late Edward William Voe1cker.-With this Part is included a portrait of the late Mr. E. W. Voelcker, Honorary Treasurer of the Institute from 1918 to 1924, which has been reproduced, with the concurrence of the Society of Public Analysts, from a photogravure by Emery Walker, Ltd. The portrait, which was the only one available, represents Mr. Voelcker at about middle age. The Dyers’ Company Gold Medal.-Dr. Herbert H. Hodgson, Member of Council, has received a Bar to the Gold Medal for Research, which was awarded to him by the Worshipful Company of Dyers in 1927.129 Obituary. ALFREDHOLTdied at Cape Town on the 15th February, in his 54th year. The son of Alfred Holt, founder of the Blue Funnel steamship line. he graduated with honours in both Parts of the Natural Science Tripos arcambridge, and while there held an Exhibition in science at Pembroke College, proceeding in due course to the degree of M.A. He worked for a year with Prof. Henri Moissan on electro-chemical prepara- tions in the Laboratoire de Chimie GknBrale, at Paris, and then became Research Student, and subsequently Fellow, of the University of Man- Chester, where, in 1909, he was appointed assistant lecturer and demon- strator, and gained tho degree of D.Sc. for research. In 1912 he was appointed reader in physical chemistry at the University of Liverpool, and in 1914 honorary lecturer and demonstrator in physical chemistry in the same University, where, during the war, he was associated with Prof.Baly in connection with the inspection of high explosives in the North-Western Area. Later, he became engaged in industry as a Director of Rlessrs. Holt, Thompson & Co. Ltd., nianufacturers of fine chemicals. He published a large number of papers, contributed to The Proceedings of the Royal Society, The Transactions of the Chemical Society, C’omptes Rendus, and other Journals, on inorganic and physical chefnistry, paying particular attention zo problems concerning gases. When the British Association met in Liverpool, in 1923, Dr. Holt was joint Hon. Secretary, and edited the handbook published for that occasion.He was an active member of the Society of Chemical Industry, having filled the positions of Chairman, Treasurer, and Hon. Secretary of the Liverpool Section. He took a prominent part in educational and charitable work in the city, was a co-opted member of the Liverpool Education Committee, and for thirteen years on the Liverpool Education Council, being Chairman of that body for five years. He also interested himself for many years in the Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital. Dr. Holt was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. ~VILLIAMSLOANMILLS died on 31st December in his 57th year. Born at h’ewry, Co. Down, and educated at Queen’s (now University) College, Galway, he graduated in the Royal University of Ireland, taking the degrees of MA., D.Sc.and B.E. Having been awarded an 1851 Exhibition Research Scholarship, he proceeded to the University of Berlin, where he worked for three years in tho Laboratory of Emil Fischer. Returning to Galway, he became Research Assistant to Alfred Senier, and, in 1906, was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry at the Woolwich Polytechnic. During the war, he was engaged on the staff of Messrs. Levinstein of Black- ley, Manchester, and in 1918 was appointed Technical Manager of the Indigo Works, which position he held until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. 130 JAMESHUGHPAULdied at Blackheath, on 21st February, at the age of 76 years. Educated at the Middle Class Schools, City Road, London, he studied chemistry from 1873-83 under Professor Barff, of the Catholic.University College, Kensington, who discovered and patented the produc- tion of rustless iron by passing steam over the metal heated to redness. In due course, Mr. Paul graduated as B.Sc. (Lond.), with honours in Chemistry, and, after a period as director of the Albion Chemical Co., at Charlton, Kent, established a practice as consulting and analytical chemist, mainly connected with engineering and water softening. He was an authority on the treatment of water for high pressure boilers, was the author of a book on Boiler Water and Feed Water Supplies (Longmans Green & Co.), which passed through two editions, and was the founder of Sofnol, Ltd., Greenwich, of which he remained Chairman until his death.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1903. ALFREDJOHNTURNERdied at Bombay, on 15th March, at the age of 66 years. He was educated at Finsbury Technical College, and after some experience in the laboratories of Messrs. Burgoyne, Burbidges & Co., the Dental Manufacturing Co., and the London County Council, during which he graduated B.Sc. (London), he became an Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in the East London Technical College. He was subsa-quently a Science Master at Giggleswick School and at Manor HOUSO, Felixstowe. In 1908 he was appointed Principal and Lecturer in Chemistry of the Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute at Bombay, which position he held until his death.He was a Justice of the Peace, a Member of the Senate of Bombay University, and of the Advisory Committee of the Institute in India. He passed the Intermediate and Final Examinations, was elected to the Associateship of the Institute in 1898, and to the Fellowship in 1905. JOHNCBAMOND died on 23rd February, in his 41st year. URQUHART Born at Grimsby; and educated at University College, Nottingliam, he graduated as B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1912, and in the following year was appointed assistant analytical chemist and lecturer at the Harper Adams Agricultural College, Newport, Salop. On the outbreak of war, he joined up im- mediately, and served continuously until February, 1919, when he returned to the College as Head of the Chemical Department.In 1921 he was appointed to 8, similar position at the East Anglian Institute of Agriculture, at Chelmsford, in which he continued until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. 131 Books and their Contents. AND PROCEEDINGS,SINCE the publication of the JOURNAL Part I, 1931, the following books have been presented by the authors orpublishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Electrochemistry, A Laboratory Manual of.” Erich Muller. Translated from the 4th edition by H. J. T. Ellingham; Volume I11 in the Twentieth Century Chemistry, edited by J. C. Philip. Pp. xiv+363. (London: George Routledge k Sons, Ltd.) 15s. net. Tho equipment of an electrochemical laboratory.Experimentalexercises :some fundamental laws; deposition of metals from their salt solutions; inorganic preparations; organic preparations; electrolysis of fused salts; electrothermal processes. Appendices : modern develop rnent of the electrolytic dissociation theory; normal electrode poten-tials; overpotential data. Index. “Faraday, A Tribute to Michael.” Rollo Appleyard. Pp. xiii+zo4. (London: Constable &Co., Ltd.) 7s. 6d. net. Parentage; the threshold of Michael’s career; the grand tour; Michael discovers himself; King William IV intervenes; life’s tale made up;advocacy of science in public schools ;experiment and mathematical analysis ; correspondence ; public services; commonplace books;the laboratory ; electricity from ordinary magnetism; note-books and diaries; the price of wisdom; index.“Reagents, Analytical: Standards and Tests ”;with an introduc- tion by J. F. Spencer. Pp. xviii. +135. (London: Hopkin & Williams, Ltd.) 1931. “Soil, The Physical Properties of the.” Bernard A. Keen. Pp. vi+380. (London: Longmans Green & Co.) 211s. net. Historical introduction ;mechanical analysis ;distribution and movement of water in the soil; soil properties at low moisture contents: the field range; soil and clay pastes and their behaviour; the properties of soil and clay suspensions ;soil constants and equilibrium points; physical properties of soil under field conditions : cultivation and cultivation implements ;soil temperature ;the soil atmosphere ;bibliography and author index; supplementary author index; subject index.132 “Torricelli Contra Mundum.” Frank L. Teed. Pp. ix+80. (London: H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd.) 5s. net. Preface; the deduction of the gaseous laws; diffusion of gases; the de- termination of the numerical value of k; the mechanical equivalent of heat; latent heat; the critical temperature of water; thermometry ; molecules and atoms; gas expanding into vacuum; conservation of energy; the kinetic theory of gases and sun storms; conclusions. The Cambridge University Press announces the publication of a book on “The Terpenes,” by Dr. J. L. Simonsen. The first volume deals with the si’rnpler acyclic and mono- cyclic terpenes and their derivatives. The Library : 19304931. SINCE the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11, 1930, the Council has had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts :-MESSRS.PHILIPALLAN& Co., LTD.: A Century of Wood Preserving. Edited by Sir Harold Boulton, Bt., C.V.O., C.B.E. London, 1930. MESSRS. G. BELL& SONS,LTD.: The Chemical Investigation of Planto. L. Rosenthaler. London, 1930. D. B. BRIGGS, EsQ.,M.A., F.I.C. The Study of Crystals. D. B. Briggs. London, 1930. CAMBRIDGE PRESSUNIVERSITY : An Introduction to Surface Chemistry. E. K. aided. Cambridge,1930. MESSRS. CHAPMAN& HALL,LTD.: A brief Introduction to the use of Beilstein’s Handbuch der Organis-chen Chemie. E. H. Huntress. London, 1930. MESSRS. CONSTABLE& Co., LTD.: Quantum Chemistry.A Short introduction in four non-mathe-matical Lectures. A. Haas. London, 1930. A Tribute to Michael Faraday. R.. Appleyard. London, 1931. 133 MESSSS. CHARLES GRIFFIN & Co., LTD.: The Quantitative Analysis of Inorganic Materials. N. Hackney. London, 1930. MESSRS. WILLIAM HEINEMANN (MEDICAL ROOKS)LTD.: Paint, Powder and Patches. A Handbook of Make-up for Stage and Carnival. H. S. Redgrove and G. A. Foan. London, 1930. MESSRS. LEONARDHILL, LTD. Rubber Information. Edited by H. R. Cronshaw. London, 1930. LIBRAIRIE ARMAND COLIN: Essences Naturelles et Parfums. R. Delange. Paris, 1930. MESSRS. LONGMANS,GREEN& Co., LTD.: A Comphehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. J. W. illellor, D.Sc., F.R.S.Vol. X. London, 1930. Enzymes. J. B. S. Haldane. London, 1930. The Measurement of Hydrogen Ion Concentration. J. Grant. London, 1930. The Physical Properties of the Soil. B. A. Keen. London, 1931. Practical Physical Chemistry. 5th Edition. A. Findlay. London, 1931. Recent Advances in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry. A. \\?. Stewart. London, 1930. The Spirit of Chemistry. A. Findlay. London, 1930. MESSRS. HUMPHREYMILFORD: The Scientific Achievements of Sir Humphry Davy. J. C. Gregory. London, 1930. THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONBENZOLE : Seventh Report of the Joint Benzole Research Cormnittee of the National Benzole Association and the University of Leeds. London 1930. SIR ISAACPITMAN& SONS: Radioactivity and Radioactive Substances.3rd edition. J . Chad-wick. London, 1931. KIBBLE JOINTCOMMITTEE: Proceedings of the Ribble Joint Committee 1929-1930. Preston, 1930. G. L. RIDDELL,EsQ.,B.Sc., A.I.C.: A Physico-Chemical Study of certain Aspects of Lithographe Printing. G. L. Riddell. London, 1929. R. T. ROLFE, EsQ., F.I.C. : Bearing Alloys. R. T. Itolfe. Munchester, 1930. MESSRS. GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, LTD.: The Materials of Life. A simple presentation of the Science of Bio- Chemistry. T. R. Parsons. London, 1930. Electrochemistry, a Laboratory Manual of. Erich Muller. Translated by H. J. T. Ellingham. London, 1931. 134 SAFETYIN MINES RESEARCHBOARD: Publications of the Safety in Mines Reeeazch Board. Vol. V. 1029. London, 1930.F. L. TEED, EsQ., D.Sc., F.I.C.: Torricelli Contra Mundwn. F. L. Teed. London, 1931. THE WELLCOME MEDICAL MUSEUM:HISTORICAL Cinchona Tercentenary Celebration and Exhibition. London, 1930. Henry Hill Hickman Centenary Exhibition 1830-1 930. London, 1930. Books Purchased. A Catalogue of British Scientific and Technical Books. 3rd edition. Compiled by Daphne Shaw. London, 1930. The Mineral Industry. Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1929. Founded by Richard P. Rothwell. Edited by G. A. Roush. Vol. XXXVIII. London, 1930. The Principles of Appied Electrochemistry. A. J. Allmand. 2nd edition revised and enlarged by the Author and H. J. T. El1ingha.m. London, 1924. A Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry. Edited by J. Newton Friend.Vol. VII, Part 11, Sulphur, Selenium, and Tellurium. Reece H. Vallance, D. F. Twiss, and Annie R. Russell. London, 1931. Vol. XI. Organometallic Compounds. Part 11, Derivatives of Arsenic. A. E. Goddard. London,, 1930. 136 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 20th February, 1931,5 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 26 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 37 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the death of 4 Fellows, I Associate and I Student. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Child, Arthur James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Heathbourne Cottage, Bushey Heath, Herts. Currie, John, M.A. (St. Andrews), 67, Grange Road, Alloa. Fancutt, Frank, 86, Lindon Drive, Alvaston, Derby.Legg, Vernon Howes, M.Sc.Tech., Ph.D. (Sheffield), Mam Tor, TorringtonRoad, North End, Portsmouth. Shaw, William Simpson, M.Sc. (Natal), Ph.D. (Birm.), Scientific Dept,., Office of the Tea Scientific Officer, Devarshola P.O., Nilgiris, India. New Associates. Balkin, Mark, MSc., Ph.D. (Manc.), Mount Pleasant, Aldwick Road, Beddington, Croydon. Bennett, William Frank, A.R.C.S., 12, Chalk Pit Hill, Chatham, Kent. Betts, Harold Frederic, M.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Nicoll Road, London, N.W.l@. Biske, Victor, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, Princes Park Avenue, London, N.W. Bywaters, Michael Fawckner, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 7, Alexandra Road, Watford, Herts. Carless, Harold Noel Powley, Titirangi, Auckland, N.Z. Cooper, Kenneth Ernest, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 24, Upland Road, Hare- hills, Leeds.Corner, Miss Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.), 10, Birch Lane, Longsight, Manchester. Cowan, Stuart Lawson, I3.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Grendon Gardens, Wembley Park. Crosse, Daniel Gray, B.Sc. (Glas.), 506, St.George's Road, Glasgow, C.3. Dickie, William Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.), Endon Villa, Victoria Avenue, Borrowash, Derby. Doxey, Gerard, M.Sc. (Manc.), 10, Spencer Avenue, Scunthorpe, Lincs. Ferguson, James Russell, A.M.I.Chem.E., 11, Lawrence Street, Partick, Glasgow.Fraser, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), 11, Chandos Road, Harrow. Hall, Douglas Alfred, B.Sc. (Bris.), 5, Newhall Grove, Radcliffe Road, W. Bridgford, Notts. Houston, John, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Sunnyville, The Mount, Belfast, N. Ireland. 136 Hughson, Walter Gordon Mackenzie, M.Sc.(N.Z.),Dominion Laboratory, Sydney Street, Wellington, N.Z. LOW,John Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Craigerne Road, London, S.E.3. 1Llaxwel1, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), 26, High Craigends, Kilsyth, Stirling- shire. Pollard, Norman, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 11, Whalley Grove, Whalley Range, Manches ter. Roberts, Charles Frederick Aked, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 24, CarlingfordStreet, Princess Park, Eismpool. Robinson, Robert George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Chester Road, London, E.7. Scott, TVillisin Errington, RI.Fe. (Dun.), Colliery Office House, Wallsend- on-Tyne, Xorthumberland. Smith, Henry Geoffrey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds),28, Chanclos Avenue, London, N.20. Sunman, Miss Josephine Alice, 6.h. (Lond.), 49, Addington Road, Reading.Wild, John Leslie.R.8c. (Lond.), ?{I, Morley Square, Uishopston, Bristol. Re-elected Associate. Valentine, Abraham Henriques, 31.h. (Vict.), 4, Clare Road, Newnharn, Cambridge. New Students. Appleby, Richard Ralph, 39, Chestnut Avenue, Heworth, York. Armitage, Miss Cecil Mary Louise, Wyndham House, Wigston Field, Leics. Bettridge, Frederick Leonard George, 83, Tottenhall Road, London, N. 13. Bradley, John Newsum, 70, Gloucester Crescent, Regents Park, London, N.W.l. Carter, Wilson, 34, Wood Street, Hapton, nr. Burnley. Charlish, George Edward, 175, Owen Road, Wolverhampton. Cleare, William John, 11, Malden Hill Gardens, New Nalden, Surrey. Cole, Horace, 22, Gamble Avenue, St. Helens. Davies, Gwyn, Maes yr Eithin, Cymer, Port Talbot, Glam.Dunkley, Frederick George, 4, Jersey Road, Wolverton, Bucks. Evans, Wilfrid James, Boxwells, Thames Street, Weybridge, Surrey. Fergusson, William Cam, 14, CIive Road, Belvedere, Kent. Frearson, Alfred Oswald, 14, Campbell Street, Belper, Derby. Garner, Philip James, Fir Cottage, Fulbourn, Cambridge. GOSS, Frederick Norman, 26, Moring Road, Tooting, London, S.W. 17. Harrissoa, George James, 17, South Eastern Avenue, London, N.9. Hart, Gerard, Hillcrest, Radcliffe New Road, Whitefield, nr. Xanchester. Hellicar, Ames Gresley, Rough Close, Hawkshead, Ambleside, Westmore- land. Hillman, Maurice Stanley, 46, St. Julians Farm Road, London, S.E.27. Hughes, Harold Dean, 26, Egerton Road, Withington, Manchester. Jenkins, John Creber, 64,Connaught Road, Harlesden, London, N.W.10.Pearson, Arthur Owen, 102, Nil1 Fold Road, Xiddleton, Manchester. Peek, Edward William, 113, Brunswick Road, Poplar, London, E.14. Simco, Samuel Edmund, 57, Warwick Street, London, S.E.8. Simmonds, George Herbert, Ambleside, Shepherds Lane, Dartford, Kent. Smith, Edwin Weedon, 18, Cambridge Road, London, W.4. Stanley, Eric, 104, Bentley Eottd, Doncaster. Stoneham, Arthur Henry, 114, Brookhouse Road, London, S.E.6. Thorpe, Edward Brian, 66, Beech Street, Paddock, Huddersfield. Turner, Stephen Harry, 12, New Heston Road, Hodow, Middx. 137 Tyermn, William, 14, Hatherley Grove, London, W.2. Walkor, Claud Lawless, 18, Chestnut Avenue, Derby. Wallington, Ernest Frederick, 99, Talbot Road, Northampton.Waterfall? Frederick David, 75, Arden Street, Earlsdon, Coventry.Williams, Albert John, 96, Fort Road, London, S.E.l. ?+%hart, George, Starlaw Cottage, Bathgate, Lidithgow. Wright, William, 13, Holmhead Crescent, Cathcart, Glasgow. DEATHS. Fellows. Alfred Holt, M.A. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Manc.). William Sloan Mills, M.A., D.Sc., B.E. (R.U.I.). James Hugh Paul, B.Sc. (Lond.).Alfred John Turner, B.Sc. (Lond.). Associate. John Cramond Urquhart, B.Sc. (Lond.). Student. John Frederick Felix Trotter. 138 General Notices. Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in September,-from the 14th to Igth, or from the z1st to 26th. The list of entries for the September Examinations will close on Monday, the 20th July.Entries for the Examination for the Fellowship in Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, must, how- ever, be received before 1st June. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3000 words, on bb Why I have chosen Chemistry as a Profession” will be awarded in January, 1932,and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides, on or before the 31st December, 1931,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be worthy of the ‘award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether 139 an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar.The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzeans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1932. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1931, to work of the character indicated, Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, being evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions.Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. The Entrance Fee to the Fellowship, in 140 the case of Associates who have paid an Entrance Fee (Two Guineas) on admission to the Associateship, has been reduced from Five to Three Guineas. The Pedler Scholarship.-See p. 105. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be "endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary.The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute's practical examinations.141 The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail-able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p,m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS.2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2 to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS theon following terms: buckram case, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s.8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.142 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates .and Students who died in the service of their country, I914-1 9I8. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, FUND, INSTITUTE BENEVOLENT OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON,W.C. I’

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9315500065

出版商:RSC    

年代:1931

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1931. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. I.LONDON, June, 1931. Publications Committee, 1931-32. LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. B. BROWN, W. F. BUIST, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, A. M. CAMERON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, C. S. GIBSON, F. W. HARRIS, J. HAWTHORNE, T.P. HILDITCH, L. E.HINKEL, H. H.HODGSON, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H.M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS, E.RUSSELL, F.J. WILSON. WILLIAM WARDLAW, 145 Proceedings of the Council. APRIL-MAY, 1931. Proposed Petition for a Supplemental Charter.-The report of the scrutineers, on the voting of the members on the proposal to petition H.M. the King for a Supplemental Charter with the object of securing the title ‘‘Chartered Chemist” for the exclusive use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, was announced in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, page 104, as follows:-For the proposal .. 2406 Against the proposal . . 698 (70 votes were received too late: 57 for the proposal and 13 against.) The Council decided, however, that, before presenting the petition, it would be advisable to confer, if possible, with the representatives of bodies who were inclined to demur at the proposal, and a resolution was received from the Birmingham and Midland Section urging that course.In particular, the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society had informed the Institute that in their opinion the petition was so worded as to reflect unnecessarily upon pharmacy, and they took exception to the terms in which the petition was drafted. The Council, in reply, assured the Council of the Society that in drawing up the petition, it had no thought of reflecting upon pharmacy, but, on the contrary, every desire to avoid creating any such impression, and would have been glad to consider any views which the Council of the Society might have seen fit to communicate. The Council of the Institute had, in fact, intro- duced into the petition references to pharmacy, solely in view of the existing privileges of pharmacists and of the Pharmaceutical Society.It should be mentioned, moreover, that, at the time the suggestion was made that the Institute might seek this title for its members, when representatives of the Institute were heard before the Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts, 146 representatives of the Pharmaceutical Society, who were also present, undertook to ascertain the views of the Society on the proposal; further, that the Society could not be formally approached on the matter until the wishes of the members of the Institute themselves had been ascertained. However, before the petition was issued to the Fellows and Associates, an endeavour was made, informally, to ascertain from a number of leading pharmacists what amendments, if any, should be made in the draft to meet possible objections from the Society. When the proceedings of the Annual General Meeting had been reported, a communication was received from a Fellow of the Institute, who is also a pharmacist, complaining of some of the remarks made by speakers at the Annual General Meeting, which he held to be derogatory to pharmacy.At the meeting of Council, at which the letter was submitted, the President said that he would greatly deplore any remarks which tended to reflect on the profession of pharmacy, and he was sure that the Council would readily acknowledge the assistance given to the Institute in the past by Fellows and Associates who were also pharmacists.The Council endorsed these views. It should be emphasised, however, that in drafting the petition for the Supplemental Charter references to pharmacy had been intro- duced with the intention of disclaiming any idea of entrenching on pharmacy, and it was with sincere surprise that the Council learned that the expressions used had been interpreted as derogatory to pharmacy. In submitting the motion at the Annual General Meeting, the President acknowledged that there were many pharmaceutical chemists who could rightly claim the use of the word "chemist " in the sense in which it was used by the Institute, and it was in no spirit of antagonism to pharmacy that the petition for the Supplemental Charter was contemplated.Since, however, such references have been held to be liable to misinterpretation, and the interests of pharmacy are sufficiently protected by existing legislation, it remains for the Council to consider whether such references can be omitted, except so far as it is necessary to indicate that the Institute seeks this title to differentiate its Fellows and Associates from pharmaceutical chemists who are not members of the Institute. The Council has addressed communications to other bodies interested, and conferences between representatives of the Institute and of these bodies are in progress. It is hoped, moreover, that other conferences may be arranged before the Petition is presented, in order to arrive as far as possible at mutual understandings with the bodies concerned.Pharmacy and Poisons Bill.-The Pharmacy and Poisons Bill was before the House of Lords in Committee on 26th March, when a number of amendments were introduced. Clause 5, which subsequently became clause 7, was amended by the insertion of the words “or a Member of the Pharmaceutical Society ” to read as follows :-7.-(i) It shall not be lawful for any person unless he is registered as a pharmaceutical chemist to take or use the title of chemist and druggist or of druggist or of pharmacist or of member of the Pharmaceutical Society or to take or use in connection with the sale of goods by retail the title of “chemist.” The above clause makes it clear that a chemist (other than a pharmaceutical chemist) may use the title of “chemist,” provided that he does not take or use it in connection with the sale of goods by retail.In Clause 17 (4) provision was made for certain exemptions from compliance with the regulations relating to the sale of poisons. (The Council suggested that Clause 17 should be made to include examination bodies, such as the Institute). Lord Henley (Member of Council of the Institute), moved, in paragraph (4)(c), to insert the words “or in conducting examina- tions”; but stated that if he were assured that the expression “engaged in scientific education ” would cover the case, he would withdraw the amendment.The assurance was thereupon given, and the amendment, by leave, withdrawn. (Clause 17 subse-quently became clause 19). Clause I~.-(I) Sub-clause (i) provided that the Secretary of State, after consultation with or on the recommendation of the Poisons Board, should be empowered to make rules for requiring persons in control of the manufacture of pharmaceutical prepara- tions containing poisons to be registered pharmacists or persons possessing the prescribed qualification in chemistry. (Clause 19 subsequently became clause 21). It was felt that this clause implied a measure of restriction on the practice of chemistry, and of interference with the responsibility of manufacturers, and, 148 therefore, that the sub-clause (i) might, with advantage, be deleted.The Sub-clause, however, dealt explicitly with pharm- aceutical preparations, and it was understood that the manu- facturers, if necessary, would deal with it, but it remained unaltered. First Schedule: Constitution of the Poisons Board.-In view of the provisions of Clauses 17 and 19,referred to above, and of the fact that very nearly all the appointments of public analysts are held by Fellows of the Institute, Lord Henley moved that the Poisons Board should include a representative appointed by the Institute, to which amendment, after discussion, the House agreed. Subsequently, a request was addressed to the Home Office that the amendment should read “One person appointed by the Council of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland,”-in order to make it clear that the representative was to be appointed by the CoztnciZ and not by the Institute in General Meeting.The thanks of the Council have been accorded to Lord Henley for his valuable services in watching the measure and for the action which he has kindly taken therein. ‘‘ The Carpenter Committee.”-The Report of the Committee on the Staffs of Government Scientific Establish- ments, published towards the end of 1930,dealt with the func- tions and organisation of the Research and Experimental Establishments under the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, and the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research; also, the Department of the Government Chemist, and the Establishments under the Admiralty and War Office con- cerned with chemical analyses.In clause 14 of the Report (p. 13)the necessary qualification for Temporary Assistant Chemists in the Government Laboratory is stated to be the equivalent of at least “second class honours degree in chemistry’’ ; and in clause 33 (page 30) the Committee recommends that new entrants to the proposed grade of Junior Scientific Officer should be recruited from university graduates. It appeared to the Council desirable that the qualifications of the Institute should be cited in connection with appointments of chemists, and, therefore, a letter was addressed to the Treasury asking that the Associateship of the Institute, obtained after passing the Institute’s own examination, should be accepted as at least the equivalent of a university degree with first or second class honours in chemistry, and accepted for entrance to the officer grade, where this applies to appointments for chemists. In reply, the Lords Commissioners of H.M.Treasury informed the Council that the revised regulations for the appointment of chemists in the Government Laboratory would specify the Associateship of the Institute as the recognised equivalent of a university degree with honours, and that the matter would be considered as occasion arose in connection with the appoint- ment of chemists in other Government Departments. Fumigation of Ships.-At the meeting of Council held in March, a letter was received from the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section suggesting that the Council should represent to the authorities concerned that a certificate of clearance, following the fumigation of ships, should only be given by a qualified chemist.As the result of inquiries, the attention of the Council was directed to a memorandum issued by the Ministry of Health dated February, 1928, and to circular letters sent by the Home Office to all firms using hydrocyanic acid in the fumigation of ships or buildings, in which stress is laid upon the paramount import- ance of taking full precautions with the object of reducing danger to a minimum. The Council was assured, moreover, that the matter was receiving the careful consideration of the Ministry of Health. The memorandum referred to deals comprehensively with the nature of the gas; the generation of the gas; precautions to be observed; routine to be followed; opening up and ventilation; disposal of residues ;gas masks ; symptoms of poisoning ;rescues; and instruction regarding First Aid ; artificial respiration ; administration of oxygen, etc.The Board of Trade supplied a copy of the notice to ship- masters, and the Home Office supplied a copy of the circular letter sent to firms using hydrocyanic acid for fumigation purposes. Fellows of the Institute, who had had experience of treating a large number of ships, were also consulted, and all expressed their sympathy with the suggestion that after ships or buildings had been treated with poison gases they should be examined by competent officials who should be qualified chemists, and that 160 contractors should not be allowed to certify the efficiency of their own work.The Council has therefore addressed a communication to the Ministry of Health, the Board of Trade, and the Home Office, expressing the opinion that regulations should be introduced to enable the authorities to insist that contractors who undertake this work should be responsible for the clearing of the ships and should be required, in all cases in which a poison is used, to employ a qualified chemist with the necessary experience, or other person possessing the necessary chemical knowledge, competence and experience, to give a certificate of clearance. Lecture.-On 24th April, Dr.J. F. Tocher gave a lecture before the Institute at 30, Russell Square, on “What is Probable Error.” The lecture, which was followed with great interest, and is being prepared for publication, will contain an appendix dealing with questions bearing on the subject, which have since been addressed to the lecturer. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Tocher on the motion of the President. Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs.-The Ministry of Agri-culture and Fisheries has transmitted to the Council of the Institute a Report of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Advisory Committee inviting observations thereon. Copies of the Report have been sent to a number of Official Agricultural Analysts- other than members of the Advisory Committee-whose views have been collated and forwarded to the Committee.British Engineering Standards Association.-In reply to an invitation from the British Engineering Standards Associa- tion to send representatives to a Conference in connection with Building Materials, the Council nominated Professor C. H. Desch, Mr. F. W. Harbord and Dr. James Watson, who already represent the Institute on Panels connected with the Building Industries Section, as delegates from the Institute. The opinion of the Council was also sought regarding certain specifications prepared by the National Benzole Association, which it was proposed should be accepted as British Standard Specifications. The proposal has been submitted to Fellows 151 having special cognisance of the products referred to, and its acceptance has been advised.The Chemical Society.-The Council has forwarded a con- tribution of E250 to the Library of the Chemical Society. The privileges regarding the use of the Library by Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute will be continued. Mr. G. Nevi11 Huntly, a Member of Council, has kindly con- sented to continue to represent the Institute on the Library Committee of the Society for the present year. The Federal Council for Chemistry .-The Council has forwarded a contribution of &o towards the expenses of the Federal Council for Chemistry. Robert Boy1e.-A Portrait of the Hon. Robert Boyle (1626-1691) has been recently acquired for the Institute by private subscription, and is to be seen in the Library of the Institute.The work has been attributed to Jonathan Richardson, senr., a painter described by Horace Walpole as the next best portrait painter after Kneller and Michael Dahl, and was until recently in the possession of the family of the Countess of Loudoun, at Loudoun Castle, Galston, Ayrshire. The following is the list of contributors:-Dr. G. C. Clayton (President),Messrs. W. Bacon, H. Ballantyne, F. Bascombe, A. G. Bloxam, E. R. Bolton, W. D. Borland, A. Chaston Chapman (Past President), R. L. Collett (Assistant Secretary), Dr. J. T. Dunn, Dr. B. Dyer, Messrs. John Evans, L. Eynon (Vice-Presi-dent),Dr. J. J. Fox, Messrs. A. G. Francis, F.W. Harbord, Bernard F.Howard (Vice-President),Sir Herbert Jackson (Past President), Miss D. Jordan Lloyd, Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy (Hon. Treasurer), Dr. L. H. Lampitt, Professor A. P. Laurie, Dr. P. Lewis-Dale, Mr. T. H. Lloyd, Dr. G. McGowan, Professor G. T. Morgan, Mr. R. B. Pilcher (Registrar), Professor W. H. Roberts, Messrs. F. Southerden, G. Rudd Thompson, Professor J. F. Thorpe, Dr. J. A. Voelcker, Dr. Wm. Wardlaw and Sir William H. Willcox. Official Chemical Appointments.-The seventh edition of Oficial Chemical Appointments has recently been issued. The Council is indebted to the Heads of Departments and other officials for their assistance and courtesy in making returns, 152 and especially to Mr. William Partridge for help in the com- pilation of the Summary of Legislation, Government Depart- mental Regulations, etc.(pages 323-42). The work has increased to such an extent that the Council has requested the Publications Committee to consider the advisability of reviewing its contents before the preparation of the next edition is taken in hand. A few corrections and additions have been notified and are included on a slip which is being issued with this Part of the Journal. Owing to the sudden illness of the printers’ foreman who had charge of the matter, the Index, so far as it referred to pages 234-40, was unfortunately incorrect, and it was necessary to insert errata slips, both in the index of names and in the index of places. 153 Local Sections. Aberdeen, Edinburgh and G1asgow.-The annual joint meeting of Scottish Sections was held in Aberdeen on 1st and and May, members of the Society of Chemical Industry being also invited to participate.Following the reception of visiting members and friends at Marischal College on the first day, the company adjourned to the Chemistry Department to hear an address by Professor Alexander McKenzie, of Dundee, on ‘‘The Migration of Hydrocarbon Radicles in OpticallyActive Compounds .” At the outset, and again at the conclusion of his address, Professor McKenzie emphasised how little was known of the matter, and therefore that the migrations often appeared to be arbitrary. He commenced with the well-known “Walden Inversion,” pointing out that an entering group need not go into the position of a group displaced from an optically active molecule, in order that a dextro- might become a lzvo-rotatory body. He then quoted instances of semi-pinacolinic deaminations, and suggested a possible mechanism of the reactions whereby they might be made to conform to the van’t Hoff -Le Be1 carbon atom.He quoted especially an experiment of Phillips and Kenyon, where a semi-polar bond acted as a radicle for the purposes of producing asymmetry. In considering optically active substituted ethylene glycols, he showed that suggestions as to intermediate stages of oxide or aldehyde were rendered untenable by experiments from his own laboratory. He illustrated the apparent vagaries of wandering aryl groups by comparing the wandering of phenyl and naphthyl radicles in substituted amino alcohols, where sometimes the one and sometimes the other changed position ,thus making prediction impossible.The lecture aroused keen interest, those who took part in the discussion including Dr. Cranston, Dr. Mitchell, Dr. Stevens, Mr. Craven and Dr. Martin. Professor Findlay, in proposing a vote of thanks, expressed 154 high appreciation of Professor McKenzie’s work, which, he said, was, in his opinion, pre-eminent in the realm of stereo-chemistry. Later in the evening a dinner was held in the Palace Hotel, at which Dr. Tocher, Chairman of the Aberdeen Section of the Institute, presided. Opportunity was thus provided for a dis-cussion on professional matters of present interest, including the proposed Supplemental Charter, and the suggestion to combine the three main chemical societies.A short toast list provided further opportunity for the expression of views on these topics. Dr. J. B. Orr proposed “The Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry,” to which Dr. Cranston, Chairman of the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and Mr. Guy, Chairman of the Edinburgh Section of the Institute, responded. “The Profession of Chemistry” was proposed by Mr. Dargie, of Dundee, and Professor McKenzie responded. The health of the chairman, Dr. Tocher, was proposed by Professor Hendrick, and received with musical honours. Various opinions were put forward with regard to the applica- tion for a supplemental charter to have the title “Chartered Chemist ” recognised; but while practically all the speakers agreed that it was necessary to have an adequate and exclusive title for members of the profession, there were differences of opinion as to the suitability of the proposed term. A solution was put forward by Dr.Tocher, who suggested that pharmacists, who at present are entitled to call themselves chemists, might be willing to give up their right to this title, provided that they got something in exchange-the exclusive right to dispense prescrip- tions. After all, said Dr. Tocher, the term pharmacist, or even apothecary, was one to be proud of, having a tradition behind it, and more accurately describing those who dispensed drugs.On the following morning the company motored to the Rowett Research Institute, where Dr. Orr made them welcome. The laboratories were visited under the guidance of Dr. Godden, who, with his colleagues and assistants, explained the work that was being done at the Institute in connection with animal nutrition research. From the Rowett Institute, the party proceeded to Craibstone Experimental Farm, where Professor Hendrick explained the construction of the lysimeters or rain- gauges, and outlined the results of research work which is being 155 done under his direction in connection with the effect of rain water on soil and added fertilisers (see JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS,Part I, 1931,p. 35). At the experimental plots at Craib- stone, Mr.Hill demonstrated the results of trials with various weed-killers, showing that the application of powdered copper sulphate is the,best eradicator, provided that it is applied under suitable weather conditions. The party then motored up Deeside to Aboyne, where Dr. Tocher and Professor Hendrick entertained them to lunch. The return to Aberdeen was made via the Burn O’Vat and Tarland, a magnificent view of the Cairngorms-“The Queen’s View ”-being obtained from the road overlooking Tarland. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held at Marischal College, Aberdeen, on Thursday, 23rd April, when Mr. G. B. Brook, F.I.C., Chief Chemist to the British Aluminium Company, gave an address entitled ** Romances of Industry : Aluminium-The Wonder Metal.” Professor Hendrick presided, in the unavoidable absence of the Chairman, Dr.Tocher. Mr. Brook said that, forty years ago, aluminium was almost a chemical curiosity, and only three tons a year were being pro- duced; now, over 110,000tons a year were produced in Europe, 1,000 tons a week being manufactured by the British Aluminium Company alone, and IOO,OOO tons being the annual production of North America. This rapid development and the extent to which aluminium entered into everyday use provided one of the greatest romances of industry. Dealing in some detail with the water-power development scheme at Lochaber, Mr. Brook said that, in its present state, it represented only one-third of the.complete programme. Two years ago, the opening of the Ben Nevis tunnel focussed world- wide attention on Kinlochleven; this tunnel was 15 miles long and 15 feet diameter, and probably the largest, though not the longest, tunnel in the world. It was a vast undertaking, but it was a means to an end-cheap power, without which the economic fabrication of aluminium is impossible. The manufacture of aluminium depended on the original fundamental principle of the electrolytic reduction of alumina fused with cryolite at a temperature of over 1,000’ C. The 156 process went on continuously in specially constructed furnaces, the molten metal being drawn off every few days. The silence of the furnace rooms, remarked Mr.Brook, was perhaps one of the most impressive things about an aluminium works. The molten aluminium was cast in different forms according to the use to which it was to be put; it may be in “notch bars,” a form particu- larly suitable for breaking up and re-melting for casting purposes ; “rolling slabs” of 400 lbs., weight for rolling into sheet aluminium; or “wire bars,” 3# inches square, for rolling and pressing into wire. A large number of specimens, ranging from a lady’s powder box to a Morris crank case, were on view to illustrate the varied uses of aluminium. Interesting exhibits were the first samples of cutlery made from an alloy of aluminium and copper, which, in appearance, cannot be distinguished from gold; also a tea service, apparently enamelled ware, but really aluminium coloured by a new process.This process depended on the anodic oxidation of the aluminium article, which was subsequently dipped in a suitable dye. The dye was precipitated on the fine layer of aluminium oxide on the surface of the metal, when the colour became an integral part of the metal, and not a superimposed film as in enamelled ware. The lecture was illustrated by a number of slides. On the motion of Professor Hendrick, a vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Brook. The Section is indebted to the British Aluminium Company for granting all the facilities for the lecture. Belfast and District.-On 24th March, Mr. R. T. Shepherd read a paper before the Section on bb The Absorption of Gases in Electrical Discharge Tubes.” The disappearance of the residual gas in electrical discharge tubes such as are used in X-ray and other work had beenshown by Soddy, Campbell-Swinton, and others, to be mainly due to chemical action with the electrodes or the glass, or the occlusion by metal “splashed” from the electrodes on to the walls.There was still, however, a small absorption to be noticed when the above-mentioned factors had been eliminated. This seemed to be due to the gas particles being actually driven into the walls of the tube by the discharge. Further, evidence had been forthcoming to show that gas 157 could be evolved from the walls under the influence of the discharge, making it probable that the gradual attainment of an electrical equilibrium played its part in bringing the absorption to an end.The absorption of neon and helium, although small, rendered a purely chemical theory of absorption inadequate. Bristol and South-Western Counties-Mr. Frank Southerden has been re-elected Chairman of the Committee and of the Section fo? the ensuing session, the programme for which will include a visit to the Seale-Hayne Agricultural College, Newton Abbot, on 13th June, at 3.15 p.m.; a paper by Dr. W. E. Garner, in November; a meeting in January, and the Annual Meeting in March. Cape.-In the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part VI, 1930 (pages 326-327), reference was made to a paper read by Dr. W. Pugh, Hon. Secretary of the Section, on “Artificial Ripening and Colouring of Fruit.’’ On the 24th January, 1931,members of the Local Section, by the courtesy of Mr.Appleyard, General Manager of the Rhodes Fruit Farms, Ltd., paid a visit to the farms of the Company at Groot Drakenstein, 35 miles from Cape Town. (The following report is abstracted from the Cape Times.) In welcoming the visitors, Mr. Appleyard said that a know- ledge of chemistry was necessary at every stage in fruit production. There were two distinct aspects of the fruit industry-the actual production and the subsequent marketing. In the producing stage, the trees had to be nourished to ensure healthy growth. The nature of the soil conditions and systematic manuring had a great deal to do with this. The fruit had to be protected from insect and other infesta- tions.Something like 12 tons of lead arsenate were used for spraying purposes every year. In regard to the marketing stage, he said that the artificial atmospheres which were now being used by chemists promised profoundly to affect the whole aspect of marketing. The day was not far distant when fruit would be kept the whole year round. He emphasised the need for further experiments of a funda- mental nature, where continuity could be assured and where 158 due regard would be paid to experimental error. In this connection, he paid a tribute to the efforts of the agricultural colleges, and referred to the need for greater support from fruit growers’ organisations. The marketing of South African fruit was presenting problems which were the constant study of the distributors.While fruit growers in general were suffering severely from the general depression, and from many setbacks this year, he thought that the leading salesmen in the United Kingdom, who had in the past done so much for South African growers, would come to their rescue again and find profitable outlets for the rapidly increasing quantities. The number of packages of fruit sent to overseas salesmen had increased from 11,000in 1900 to a record number of 2,500,000 last year. Thus, he said, the ambitions of those, who, like the late Cecil Rhodes, were prominently identified with the founding of the industry, were gradually being realised. Rhodes Fruit Farms, Ltd., comprise 10 adjacent farms with 300,000 deciduous trees, chiefly pear, plum, and peach, and a like number of vines.The vines alone cover an area of 300 acres, and the plum crop amounts to several thousand tons each season. The visitors were driven through mile after mile of avenues between the fruit trees, where everyone remarked upon the orderliness that was everywhere to be seen, and upon the care exercised in the choice of site for particular kinds of trees-wind breaks being provided for the more sensitive types. One problem that urgently called for solution was the scorching of some types of grapes. Twenty-five per cent. of the grapes from a large area of vines had been ruined in a single day earlier in the season; but whether by hot winds or by heat radiated from the earth or some other cause, had not been determined.The solution of this problem would undoubtedly save the vine growers enormous sums of money. Not the least interesting part of the inspection concerned old homesteads on these farms, some of these dating back to the early eighteenth century being wonderfully preserved. The Company considered it a duty they owed to future generations to do everything possible to preserve these homes in the interests of posterity. After the inspection, the visitors were entertained to tea at the Club House, when Mr. Appleyard apologised for the absence 159 of fruit. The expression “by their fruits ye shall know them,” he said, was not true of a fruit farm, but, on the contrary, the absence of fruit on an export fruit farm was a sign of good farming.Dr. Juritz, Chairman of the Section, expressed the appreciation of the visitors and their thanks to Mr. Appleyard and to the farm managers. Among those present were Dr. Juritz, Professor Newbery, Dr. W. Versfeld, Mr. G. F. Britten, Dr. W. Pugh (Hon. Secretary), Dr. B. W. Marloth, Mr. Kruger, Mr. Seath, Mr. Leslie, Mr. Beedle, Dr. Vogel, Dr. Denis-Nathan and Dr. Southwood. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The sixth ordinary meeting of the session was held, conjointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the Pharmaceutical Hall, 36, York Place, Edinburgh, on 16th March, Mr. G. F. Merson in the Chair. After formal business, the Chairman introduced the lecturer, Dr.Harry Hepworth, of Imperial Chemical Industries, who gave an address entitled ‘(Invention in Chemical Industry.” After distinguishing between invention on the one hand and discovery on the other, Dr. Hepworth proceeded to deal briefly with rationalisation as applied to modern chemical industry and its effect on invention. He referred to the effects of the present economic depression, and indicated the main factors which distinguish invention to-day from that of fifty years ago. The lecturer dealt in turn with pure research, research on existing processes, research to improve existing products, research to find new uses for old products, research on possible alternative routes to products already manufactured, and research on new processes and new products.Dr. Hepworth outlined the steps necessary to exploit com- mercially a chemical invention, and concluded by enumerating the qualities of mind required of the chemist in the research, manufacturing and administrative sides of industry. In a short discussion which followed, questions were asked by Dr. W. 0. Kermack, Messrs. W. M. Ames, A. M. Cameron, J. W. Ingham and J. Adam Watson, and were answered by the lecturer, who was accorded a vote of thanks for his interesting address. i6o Huddersfie1d.-The last meeting of the Section, for this session, was held in Field’s CafPl on Tuesday, 10th March, when Mr. H. E. Jones, of Brunner, Mond & Co., Ltd., gave an address on ‘‘ Some Aspects of Boiler Water Chemistry.” Mr. Jones said that recent developments in boiler design and operation had necessitated the study of the factors which con- trolled the occurrence of such undesirable effects as dense scale formation, corrosion and embrittlement of the metal, and priming and foaming.Conditions which were permissible in boilers of the Lancashire type could not be tolerated in modern water-tube boilers operated at high pressures and ratings. Important investigations had recently been carried out, and empirical methods were rapidly giving way to scientific methods of control. The lecturer stated that it would be impossible in the time available to consider the entire subject in detail, and he, there- fore, proposed to deal only with the problems of scale-formation and caustic embrittlement of boiler metal.The chief scale-forming substances deposited in boiler water were compounds of calcium and magnesium, and there was, therefore, a close connection between scale-formation and hard- ness. The lime-soda process of softening could reduce the hardness to 2-4 degrees, but even this low residual hardness could give rise to the formation of a sufficient amount of dense scale to cause bulging or even rupture of the tubes of modern water-tube boilers; it was important to take steps to prevent deposition in the form of a hard adherent layer on the metal surf aces. R. E. Hall and others had shown that the chief constituents of dense adherent scales were calcium sulphate, calcium and magnesium silicates, and in some cases calcium hydroxide, while sludge or soft scale usually consisted of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide.Boiler observations and laboratory experiments proved that the dense adherent scales were actually deposited in situ and did not, in the first instance, exist ac suspended solid matter which gradually became caked on the metal. It was found that those substances which were deposited as adherent scale were characterised by negative solubility co- efficients, while the sludge-forming compounds had positive solubility co-efficients. Hall concluded, therefore, that since 161 the most important scale-forming compound was calcium sulphate, it was necessary to treat the feed water in such a way that calcium compounds were deposited as carbonate and not as sulphate.From a knowledge of the solubility products of the two compounds it was possible to determine the concentration of the -CO, ion relative to the -SO, ion, which was necessary to ensure deposition of carbonate. The critical minimum value of the -CO,/-SO, ratio increased from 0.045 at an operating pressure of IOO lb. to 0.285 at 300 lb., and the maintenance of this minimum ratio was of the greatest importance in boiler water treatment. The most convenient and economical method of controlling the -CO, concentration was by the addition of sodium carbonate. When the feed water was softened by the lime-soda process it was necessary, in order to achieve the desired result, to regulate the excess of soda ash used in the softening process in relation to the total sulphate (SO,) content of the water.This method of carbonate conditioning also prevented the formation of calcium silicate scale. Although magnesium carbonate was not deposited from boiler water, sufficient of the sodium carbonate was converted to hydroxide to prevent the formation of adherent magnesium silicate scale, and the magnesium salts were precipitated as hydroxide, a compound of low solubility and positive solubility coefficient. By reason of the conversion of carbonate to hydroxide in the boiler, it followed that it was not sufficient to maintain the critical -CO,/-SO, ratio required at a particular pressure in the water entering the boiler.The relative concentrations of CO, and SO, in the feed water had to be such that the minimum ratio was maintained in the concentrated boiler water, i.e. after partial conversion of carbonate to hydroxide, and it was, therefore, necessary to control the conditioning by means of analytical tests on the blow-down water. The method outlined had proved to be of the greatest value in industrial boiler plants, but could be regarded as satisfactory only at pressures below 250 lb., because the increase with pressure in the critical -CO,/-SO, ratio, and the greater formation of hydroxide made difficult the maintenance of the minimum ratio required without giving rise to an excessive caustic alkalinity in the boiler water.Fortu-nately, a conditioning agent which was effective at high pressures was available in tri-sodium phosphate, which when used in conjunction with a small proportion of caustic soda, resulted in the deposition of calcium as phosphate and magnesium as 162 phosphate or hydroxide. Only small amounts of phosphate were required and the method had been found satisfactory up to pressures of 1000 lb. As sodium phosphate was relatively expensive, it was desirable that the residual hardness should be reduced to as low a figure as possible in the preliminary softening treatment. Sodium aluminate had been shown to be valuable from this point of view; its use in small proportions with lime and soda ash quickened the rate of settling of the precipitated solids and gave a treated water of lower residual hardness and containing less excess alkali.There was little doubt but that the adoption of these simple methods of conditioning boiler water by means of carbonate and phosphate greatly improved the efficiency of boiler operation and reduced the risk of serious damage resulting from over- heating of the plates and tubes. The lecturer also stated that modern investigations gave little support to the so-called colloidal theory of scale-prevention. Many products containing vegetable and other organic matter were sold for the internal treatment of boiler water, and extravagant claims were made for them in respect to the prevention of scales. It had been shown that they had no appreciable effect in preventing the deposition of adherent scale, and the claims that the organic matter reduced the extent of the conversion of carbonate to hydroxide in the boiler had been definitely disproved.Referring to the caustic embrittlement of boiler metal, the lecturer stated that the formation of caustic soda from car-bonate, which limited the use of the carbonate method of pre- venting scale formation, could under certain conditions, cause serious embrit tlement. Recorded cases were more numerous in America than in this country: it was found in steel of the best quality, and it had been established that there was a close con- nection between the occurrence of embrittlement and the composition of the feed water.Parr and Straub, of the Engineer- ing Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, showed that it occurred most frequently in certain districts in America where the water supply, which was derived from deep wells, showed temporary hardness only and contained considerable amounts of sodium bicarbonate in solution, the sulphate content being usually low. These waters were frequently used as boiler feed without any system of treatment and were satisfactory from the point of view of scale prevention, but they gave a boiler water of strong caustic alkalinity due to the decomposition 163 of the bicarbonate to carbonate and finally to caustic soda. Yarr and Straub concluded that two conditions must be present simultaneously to cause embrittlement :-(I) the actual stress must be above the region of the yield point of the metal, and (2) the concentration of caustic soda must be in excess of 350 gms.per litre. Laboratory experiments and the study of conditions in numerous boiler plants established the fact that sodium sulphate acted as an inhibitor of caustic embrittlement and Parr suggested the maintenance of certain concentrations of sulphate relative to alkalinity. Although it was shown that undecom- posed carbonate was an inhibitor of embrittlement, Parr con- sidered that the only safe procedure was to regard all carbonate as potential hydroxide. The recommendations were as follows :-Operating Pressure I NaZSO4 (Gauge). Alkalinity (expressed as NhCO,). Up to 150 lb.Not less than I. 150-250 lb. Not less than 2. Over 250 lb. Not less than 3. The figures were adopted by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1926, and although not entirely satisfactory, led to a reduction in the number of cases of embrittlement. The abrupt change in the minimum ratio at two arbitrary pressures, and the uncertainty of the value for high pressures were obvious defects. A revised scheme in which the ratio was calculated from the formula:- 0.014x operating pressure had been considered by the A.S.M.E., but it appeared that no definite decision had been made. Mr. Jones proceeded to discuss more recent investigations which had been concerned chiefly with determining the minimum concentration of caustic soda required to cause embrittlement.The work of Straub, who was associated with Parr in the earlier investigations, had been of the greatest value in clearing up many doubtful points. His experiments had shown that the minimum concentration of caustic soda required to cause em- brittlement was approximately IOO gms. per litre, (very much lower than the original figure of 350 grns. per litre), and further, that the inhibiting effect of sodium sulphate and sodium car- bonate was due to actual deposition of these solids on the exposed metal surfaces. He argued, therefore, if a boiler water deposited sulpliate and carbonate at a concentration of IOO gms. caustic 164 soda per litre, there would be no embrittlement, and his investigations showed that Parr’s original contention that high sulphate/alkalinity ratios were not required at high pressure, was correct.The general accuracy of Straub’s views had been confirmed by the fact that when the numerous data relating to the com- position of boiler water which had been collected during the early stages of the investigation were reconsidered in the light of the new results, it was found that, in all cases, the occurrence and non-occurrence of embrittlement were consistent with his conclusions. A further interesting development of recent investigations had been the proof that sodium phosphate was even more effective than sodium sulphate as an inhibitor of embrittlement, and in that respect its value in water treatment was enhanced.In conclusion, Mr. Jones said that there was good reason to believe that, when Straub’s investigations were published in detail, they would show that the prevention of caustic embrittle- ment was not so difficult as was formerly supposed, and that by the application of simple methods of analysis it would be possible to maintain satisfactory conditions both in high and low pressure boilers from the point of view of the prevention of embrittlement and dense scale formation. On the motion of the Chairman, Dr. A. E. Everest, the members expressed their best thanks to Mr. Jones. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held on 30th March, at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds,-Mr. C. H. Manley in the Chair. A discussion took place on the resolutions carried by the Newcastle Section in favour of “Amalgamation of all the Societies concerned with Chemistry ” (JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, Part I, 1931,pp.34-35). The discussion disclosed general support for the idea of amalgamation, but it was felt that the study of the practicability of schemes for co-operation should be left to the Joint Committee of the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute. The following resolution was carried :-“That this Section favours exploring the possibility of amalga- mating chemical organisations and recommends the resolution of the Newcastle Section to the sympathetic consideration of the Joint Committee now sitting.” 165 Professor Comber then gave an account of his impressions of applied science in Russia, gained on his recent visit to that country.London and South Eastern Counties.-On 11th March the Section visited the Lighting Service Bureau of the Electric Light Manufacturers’ Association, when a lecture was given by Mr. W. Maitland on Modern Architectural Lighting.” A large number of lantern slides were exhibited, showing the trend of exterior and interior lighting arrangements both in this country and abroad. A demonstration was given in the special studio where the different types of interior lighting could be switched on or off for comparative purposes. On 18th April, the section visited the National Institute for Research in Dairying, at Shinfield, near Reading. The scope and nature of the work were well illustrated by an inspection of the laboratories and of the experimental farm.During the day a short time was spent at the laboratories of the University of Reading, and at the horticultural experimental plots. The thanks of the Section are due to Dr. Stenhouse Williams and to Captain John Golding for the excellent arrangements made for the visit. Malaya.-At the Seventh Annual General Meeting of the Section, held at Kuala Lumpur on the 8th February, Dr. H. A. Tempany, Chairman of the Section, said that the year’s work represented a further period of successful activity. He thought that there was hardly another Crown Colony or Protectorate in which the profession of chemistry had attained such importance as it had done in Malaya. The utility of chemistry was becoming more and more fully recognised, and the part which it was capable of playing in the economics of the community was attaining steadily increasing prominence.One of the advantages of the Institute was that it definitely provided a means for tendering, in an acceptable form, advice on purely chemical problems to the administrative authorities. The r81e which it fulfilled in this connection at home was well recognised: its advice was frequently sought by Government 166 departments on many questions, and its influence was continually advancing. As an extension of this principle, local sections might anticipate a similar duty in the future, and he hoped that in the course of time the Malayan Governments would turn to the Malayan Section for advice and guidance in relation to chemical policy.Difficulties might arise owing to the multiplicity of the administrations with which they were concerned, but some sort of co-ordination of chemical service throughout Malaya was desirable. The difficulties were not insuperable, and an advance had already been achieved in that the Straits Settle- ments possessed a Government Analyst’s Department. Unification of various services on the Malayan basis was already in progress in certain directions, and they had lately seen proposals regarding the Malayan Medical Services. Unifica-tion of the public works service was, he believed, under considera- tion, and it seemed inevitable that in due course similar unifica- tion in relation to public analytical work would materialise; but while unification for the purpose of perfecting certain stand- ardised more or less routine analytical services was a desirable thing, it should also be remembered that the adjustment of research chemists to research organisations remained inevitable.The position of science in relation to the economics of the principal industry of Malaya had been recognised by the appoint- ment of Major Eaton as Director of the Rubber Research Insti- tute. Dr. Tempany thanked the members for the support which they had given him during his year of office as Chairman of the Section, and expressed the hope that, under his successor, Mr. F. L.Okell, the Section would continue to grow in strength and usefulness. The meeting discussed the tendency of authorities to employ, on occasion, members of other professions for chemical work, regarding which they felt that the Institute at headquarters might, with advantage, make representation to the authorities concerned. They felt that objections should be raised to the gazetting, as analysts, of any person who was not a qualified chemist. It was subsequently agreed that representatives of the Section, when on leave, should take the matter up at head- quarters. At the conclusion of the meeting, votes of thanks were 167 accorded to the retiring Chairman and Committee; to the Director of the Institute for Medical Research for the use of the room for the meeting; and to the Manager and Director of Bricks, Ltd., for permission accorded the members to view the works of the Company, and for the interesting explanation of.the process of manufacture. Manchester and District.-The Thirteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 20th March, at “The Manchester,” under the Chairmanship of Mr. W. D. Rogers. The Hon. Secretary presented his Annual Report and Financial Statement, which were unanimously adopted. The following were elected members of committee :-Mr. A. E. Herbert, Dr. 0.R. Howell, Dr. L. R. Ridgway, Mr. J. G. Sherratt, and Mr. W. G. N. Swann. A vote of thanks was. passed to the Hon. Auditors, Messrs. Page, Evans, and L. Thompson, who were re-elected.Dr. A. Coulthard was unanimously re-elected as Hon. Secretary. Mr. J. G. Sherratt, in congratulating the Section on its representation on the Council, enquired what measure of financial support was accorded members in connection with their attend- ance at Council Meetings. He was informed by the Chairman that, largely as a result of efforts by former Manchester members, an allowance towards travelling expenses was made in respect of attendance at all meetings of the Council and Committees. At the conclusion of the ordinary business, the Chairman introduced Prof. R. M. Caven, of Glasgow, who delivered an address on ‘‘ The Borderland of Chemical Combination,” of which the following is a brief abstract:- Organic compounds have generally been accounted for by the well-established conception of valency, and their constitution represented by conventional “bonds ”; but there are numerous inorganic compounds, such as hydrates, ammines, and double salts, commonly regarded as “molecular,” which are not so accounted for ; and, indeed, the employment of graphic formulae in inorganic chemistry has often been unjustified because constitution was unknown.168 The electrical cause of chemical union was anticipated in the electro-chemical theory of Berzelius. Thus the formation of alum was supposed to be due to residual electrical charges- positive and negative respectively-on sulphate of potash and sulphate of alumina. Werner’s theory of valency was structural, and even stereochemical, and provided a valuable means of studying ammines and allied compounds; but it offered no explanation of the qualitative difference between primary and secondary valencies.This explanation is afforded by the electronic doctrine, since ionization is ascribed to electro-valency, and co-ordination of molecules, such as those of ammonia and water, to the “semi-polar double bond,” i.e. a bond both of whose electrons are provided by the N-or 0-atom of the ammonia or water molecule. Again, the Arrhenius theory, besides failing to account for the properties of concentrated aqueous solutions, provided no explanation of the process of solution itself. This explanation is given by the Debye-Huckel theory of electrical attraction by the solvent, and the inter-ionic attractions of the constituents of the solute.Van’t Hoff’s theory of double-salt formation was based on the Arrhenius theory and the law of solubility product. It assumed that the solubility of a salt was always decreased by the presence of another salt with a common ion, whereas the opposite is often the case when separation of double salt follows. Thus the solubility of cupric sulphate in water is increased by potassium sulphate, and vice-versa, up to the triple points between which the double salt crystallizes. These increases of solubility may be due to complex ion formation in solution, particularly when the gradient of solubility of one salt in a solution of the other alters. For example, potassium sulphate added in increasing quantities first diminishes the solubility of calcium sulphate, according to the law of solubility products, but afterwards rapidly increases it; and this is believed to be due to complex ion formation previous to crystallization of the double salt.The isotherms of a number of double sulphates were shown, and the great variety in their shape, and the limits of their formation pointed out. Finally, an elementary discussion of the inter-relations of the constituents of double salts was given, and of the cause of solubility itself according to the theory of inter- ionic attraction. The paper was greatly appreciated and was followed by a 169 discussion in which Mr. G. A. Blakey, Dr. A. Coulthard, Dr.0. R. Howell, Mr. W. A. Silvester, Mr. N. Strafford and others took part. A vote of thanks, proposed by Mr. J. H. Lester and seconded by Mr. A. D. Black, was accorded to the lecturer. At a meeting held on 16th April, the new Committee of the Section unanimously elected Mr. J. H. Lester, Chairman of the Section. A vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Chairman, Mr. W. D. Rogers, for his great services to the Section during the past two years. The summer social meeting is to be held at Lawton Hall Hotel, Cheshire, on 13th June. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club on 18th March, when Dr. R. Haworth occupied the Chair, in the unavoidable absence of Dr.A. A. Hall. A paper by J. E. Christopher, D. R. Wattleworth and G. V. Carter, on the “Chemical and Physical Survey of Coal Seams,” was read by Mr. J. E. Christopher of Maryport. The subject was introduced by a review of the activities of the Fuel Research Board in this direction, the speaker arriving at the conclusion that, from a national point of view, every reasonable avenue of approach had been explored and investi- gated by them. The Cumberland area, however, possessed features peculiar to that locality, necessitating a special line of investigation, and the methods adopted by the authors were described in detail. The paper had special reference to the use of the local coals in the manufacture of coke of low phosphorus content and the segregation of individual seams and districts for this purpose.Seam sections were obtained from several districts, and the proportions of the individual bands in each section were noted as banded coal (bright), durain, fusain and dirt. A series of coloured scale diagrams was exhibited showing the sections and the analyses of the individual bands recorded. The characteris tics of the durain bands were highly interesting, and the effect of these on the physical properties of the resultant coke was shown in a series of Rose sections of coke from durain 170 alone and from various blends of durain and bright coal. The addition of durain showed a beneficial effect in this instance, the shatter index of cokes from coals of high durain content being considerably higher than the average coals of the district, On the other hand the analyses of the durain bands showed a marked increase in phosphorus content, a decrease in sulphur content and a marked diversity in specific gravity.The suitability of the individual sections for the special needs of the locality was ascertained by a series of washability tests-the respective merits of a “float and sink” test and the Henry tube system being fully discussed. For routine purposes, in the control of coal dressing systems, a special type of distribution chart was described, the charts exhibited showing at a glance the relative proportions of true coal, middlings and true dirt in the various screen sizes of the unwashed coal.The integrated washability curves indicated, in addition to ash content, the phosphorus and sulphur content which could be reasonably expected in normal washing practice. A comprehensive series of diagrams, charts, and specimens was included. The paper was followed by considerable discussion, in which Dr. R. D. Haworth, Dr. W. I. Jones, Messrs. G. C. Redpath, F. Nicholls, P. D. Scott, H. Berry, A. L. Wilks, F. H. Walker and Dr. G. P. Lishman participated. The paper has since been published in extenso in the June number of Fuel in Science and Practice. New Zealand.-The fourth Annual Conference of the New Zealand Section was held in the Entomological Laboratory of the Cawthron Institute, Nelson, on 28th and 29th January, Professor J. K.H. Inglis presiding. The annual report showed an increased membership of six, making the total number of members in the Dominion 46. During the year, a Special Committee had been appointed to collect and prepare evidence, which was submitted to the New Zealand Manufacturers’ Federation, in connection with the present condition and development of secondary industries. A statement descriptive of the profession of chemistry had been sent to the Minister of Education with a request that it might replace the paragraph under the title of “Analysts and Assayers,” in the Educational Guidance Pamphlet. It was recommended that this statement should be used when members of the general public asked for information concerning the profession in New Zealand.The Section has suffered a great loss by the death of Mr. A. M. Wright. Professor Inglis gave an address on bb The Value of a Chemical Training.” He said that it was the duty of everyone to co-operate in the endeavour to bring to an end the present state of depression. It was necessary to reduce costs and to increase efficiency. Many chemical industrial processes had proved a failure, until some small change increased their efficiency or some use was found for otherwise waste products; in these matters the chemist could be of use. In some industries the chemical side seemed to be relatively unimportant ;but the nature of a sound chemical training was such, that, even in these industries, a chemist could be of great help in controlling processes.He intended, however, to take up the broad question of the value of a chemical training to a man, who would, apparently, not need to apply his chemistry at all. Sir William Ramsay had said, many years ago, that the proper examination of a chemistry student should be designed to find out not merely what he knew, but rather what he could do; his training should develop the critical faculty as well as sound judgment and initiative; and all of these had a wider use than chemistry itself. In earlier days the chemical training was based on a course of qualitative and quantitative analysis; but with the development of knowledge there were now many other lines which the practical training must cover. Owing to limi- tations of time it was necessary to make a judicious selection from these. At one time it was felt, especially in Germany, that research work was the only thing that really counted; but it was found that men were being turned out who had done research, but who had not had a wide enough basis of chemical training.The result was that the manufacturers forced the Universities to introduce a new examination which must be passed before research work was begun. At that time only a comparatively small amount of research work was done in British Universities and students went to Germany for research training. As a development since the war, excellent facilities were now provided in Great Britain, and the sound chemical training was given as a preliminary. This training was designed to give a direct first-hand knowledge of subjects dealt with in 172 the theoretical course, and to develop manipulative skill, the power of making independent observations, and resource in dealing with difficulties.It also provided the experience that is necessary to enable a student to repeat the work of earlier investigators. It would be a mistake to think only of the economic value of the results obtained: the main value of research often lay in the training of those who carried it out; it was comparatively rarely that the research led to immediate results of scientific or industrial importance. Many great discoveries had been the result of chance, but systematic investigation of almost any problem afforded an excellent training, and might give important results.In these days when the importance of research was so much emphasised, and when a Government Department (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research) has been organised specially for its encouragement, it was important to realise that a great deal of what was really research came into ordinary analytical practice. There were many forms of analysis which were so systematised as to become a simple routine; but in many cases the devising of a scheme of analysis and the full inter- pretation of the results obtained were as much research as a great deal of what was published under that name. It was by the experience gained in these ways that the chemist was able to be of great help in the industries of the world.The Officers and Committee for 1931were elected as follows :-Chairman, Dr. J. K. H. Inglis; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. W. R. Mummery; Committee, Messrs. G. A. Lawrence, J. Scott, T. A. Glendinning, W. Donovan, and Dr. H. E. Annett; Hon. Auditor, Mr. W. Donovan. The arrangements for the next conference were left to the Committee to decide, with a recommendation that it be made to coincide with the Science Congress of the New Zealand Institute. On the afternoon of 28th January, the members visited Kirkpatrick’s Factory, and also the Cawthron Institute, where, in the evening, they attended a lecture given by Dr. H. E. Annett, Chief Advisory Officer of the Imperial Chemical Industries, New Zealand, on 6L Recent Developments in the Manufacture and Use of Chemical Fertilisers.” 1'73 Dr.Annett dealt with the difficulties of the farmer, whose produce obtained in many cases less than the cost of production. It was thought that he might lower the cost in many ways, and chiefly by getting down the price of land or reducing the wages bill; but there was only one answer to the problem, and that was to increase production per acre and per man. Production would always be limited by the amount of plant food available in the soil. Great improvements in the technique of manurial experiments carried out by the Department of Agriculture in New Zealand had been made in recent times, by which reliable data had been made available for the farmers, but they would persist in using special mixtures of their own.There was so much propaganda that the farmer was bewildered, and Dr. Annett sug-gested that if the various manufacturers and merchants sold mixtures recommended by the Department of Agriculture, they would, in the end, do better business. Much valuable work was published in the Journal of the New Zealand Department of Agriculture, but he was afraid that it was not as widely read as it deserved to be. He referred to wheat experiments which had led to the conclusions:-I. That the use of I cwt. of superphosphate per acre will increase the wheat yield practically anywhere in New Zealand by an average of five bushels per acre. Since I cwt. of super cost about 5s.6d. and five bushels of wheat were worth about 25s. to 27s. 6d., this seemed an excellent investment. 2. That the addition of I cwt. of nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia to the I cwt. of super gives a further increase of an average of five bushels per acre. Nitrate of soda is dearer than sulphate of ammonia, but taking I cwt. of sulphate of ammonia costing 12s. on the farm one obtained 25s. to 27s. 6d. worth of wheat at an expenditure of 12s.; surely an excellent investment. In the case of barley even larger increases had been obtained. Probably better results still would be obtained by increasing the amount of nitrogenous manure, but no advantage appeared to be gained by increasing the amount of superphosphate beyond one cwt.per acre, Ammonium sulphate proved quite as good I74 as phosphate of soda, provided that it was used early enough- by early September, in New Zealand. Fertiliser experiments were being carried out on fruit crops, especially at the Cawthron Institute. Dr. Annett dealt with the effect of manures on seed ger- mination. When one cwt. per acre of super was sown with turnip seed it reduced the germination to 67 per cent. of that obtained when one cwt. of super had been mixed a week pre- viously with its own weight of limestone. He suggested that the reaction between superphosphate and limestone deserved detailed chemical study. Grazing experiments had been carried out in various parts of New Zealand, mainly to determine the economic aspect of nitrogenous manures as a means of increasing carrying capacity as measured by butter fat production.The use of nitrogenous manures enabled grass to be produced much earlier in the spring, and thus it was possible for farmers to bring their cows into calve earlier. Referring to pasture observational top-dressing trials, Dr. Annett said that the Department was carrying out a plot survey of New Zealand pastures to ascertain those areas which would respond to lime, phosphates, potash and nitrogen. The effect of the manures was measured by observation at different periods throughout the year. In New Zealand, liming was fundamental in their system of high butter-fat production per acre, because under conditions of free drainage and high rainfall, their lime supplies in the soil had almost entirely disappeared.The crop experimentalists had also in progress some fundamental investigations into phos- phate application. Dr. Annett dealt with recent developments of the fertiliser industry. To-day there was a large variety of synthetic nitro- genous fertilisers, and a feature of the industry was the use of fer tilisers containing both nitrogen and phosphate, or nitrogen, phosphate and potash. It was bec3ming recognised that different crops required different proportions of these con-stituents. Recently, too, much attention had been paid to the physical condition of fertilisers, many of which were now put up in granular form in excellent condition for sowing. 175 Dr.Annett mentioned the processes for the production of nitrogen from the air and the manufacture of sulphate of am-monia, with special reference to the Billingham works of Imperial Chemical Industries. The world production of combined nitrogen had increased rapidly: in 1928-29 over z,ooo,ooo pounds of combined nitrogen were produced in the form of artificial fertilisers-an increase of zzQ per cent. over the previous year. This was equivalent to about IO,OOO,OOO pounds of sulphate of ammonia. The con-sumption of nitrogen had, however, not kept pace with its production. The consumption of phosphate was increasing, though not so rapidly as in the case of nitrogenous fertilisers. About 13 million tons of superphosphate were used annually, representing about 70 per cent.of the world’s total consumption. In England to-day the consumption of fertilisers was in the proportion of I of nitrogen, 3 of phosphoric acid, and I of potash; in Germany, the proportions were I of nitrogen, 1-25of phosphoric acid, and 1-75of potash; in New Zealand, the proportions were I of nitrogen to 40 of phosphoric acid to probably I of potash. So that New Zealand would appear to have a big leeway to make up in the extended use of nitrogen and potash. On the following morning, a meeting was held to discuss the formation of a New Zealand Institute of Chemistry. Correspondence was submitted, including a letter from Dr. G. M. Moir, who thought that the New Zealand Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland should not co-operate with a New Zealand Institute of Chemistry until the latter had been established sufficiently long to show its actual policy.He compared the new body to the Australian Chemical Institute, which he thought had not demanded a sufficiently high standard of qualification, a policy which, in his opinion, would tend to lower the status of chemists in New Zealand. In the discussion, Professor Denham said that he thought that Dr. Moir had overlooked the benefit which had accrued to the profession in Australia by the existence of the Australian Chemical Institute, and showed that it would be impossible to obtain an Act of registration for chemists in New Zealand unless 176 all those earning their living in the practice of chemistry were allowed to come in. At the same time he thought that as high a standard of qualification as possible should be demanded at the outset.The status of chemists in Australia had been con- siderably improved since the formation of the Australian Chemical Institute, which had become an authoritative body. Repre-sentatives of the A.C.I. had acted on the Engineers Registration Committee, and in connection with the drawing up of Engineering Standards; also, in one State, the advice of the Institute on the teaching of chemistry in technical schools had been followed. Mr. Donovan desired to express his thanks to Dr. Moir for presenting his views and thought that all aspects should be con- sidered since the constitution of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry was not yet definitely fixed.He suggested that, in the absence of a New Zealand Institute, there was nothing to prevent unqualified men from practising chemistry, and it was just this state of affairs that the supporters of a New Zealand Institute desired to change. Mr. Glendinning thought that, in view of the strong feeling for registration, such a body as the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry must be formed with, however, due attention to safeguards. Professor Inglis expressed the opinion that the position was not one of the New Zealand Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland joining with the new body, but that members of the New Zealand Section would rather form the chief support of the proposed Institute.Mr. Fielder thought that the sooner the New Zealand Institute came into existence the better, in order that the number of unqualified men seeking admission should be restricted. Professor Easterfield stated that America, Great Britain and Germany had all considered the question of closing the profession of chemistry to people who were not properly accredited. In none of these countries had they succeeded in obtaining legisla- tion for this purpose. In Germany the opinion was that nowa- days, owing to the extension of the borders of chemical science, it was becoming increasingly difficult to get a professional bar. Professor Easterfield thought that some body should be formed which would unify all those interested in chemistry.He would have preferred that the new body should have been called the New Zealand Chemical Society in order to avoid confusion with 177 the New Zealand Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, and he doubted the possibility of obtaining registration, as the Institute of Chemistry had found it impossible to keep unqualified people from practising. He was of the opinion that all the New Zealand Section could do was to show sympathy and willingness to co-operate, or otherwise, with the new body. Mr. G. A. Lawrence thought that the N.Z. Section of the Institute and the N.Z. Institute of Chemistry might be confused and would like to have seen another name adopted for the latter. In other countries where registration had failed there were too many unqualified men to make this possible.On the motion of Mr. Donovan, and seconded by Mr. Lawrence, it was resolved : “That this meeting approves of the objects of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, is sympathetic towards the formation of this new body, and trusts that the high standard of qualification suggested will be insisted upon.” The above discussion was followed by an address by Mr. T. A. Glendinning on Chemical Advances in Industry.” Having remarked that the history of industry was the history of constant change and that the healthy life of industry was dependent upon readiness and ability to meet changing con- ditions, he reviewed some of the striking revolutions which had taken place in chemical industry,-referring particularly to sulphuric acid and alkali, chlorine, synthetic indigo, rubber, and artificial silk.From time to time, well-meaning people urged the Govern- ment of the day to establish some new industry or other in New Zealand; but to his mind this was the wrong way of setting to work. Successful new industries in the past had been, more often than not, developments of existing industries: if the in- dustrialist made it his business to do the developing himself, there was far greater probability of success, than by starting an industry de NOVO. A new industry was essentially an ex- periment. If in spite of Government assistance it did not make good within a reasonable time, it might become a permanent burden on the community.Especially was this the case where 178 the finished product was the raw material of another industry, because the cost of helping the first became a fixed charge on the second, thereby handicapping the development of what might be the more valuable industry. Utilisation of waste products afforded, of course, an in-exhaustible field for investigation. In the great fruit-growing district of Nelson some profitable method of utilising waste fruit had long been desired; the cost of collection and transport had been the chief stumbling-block. Attempts had been made to utilise waste timber, of which they might anticipate increasing quantities in the future, but they were still seeking a successful solution of the problem.In America much capital had been sunk in the manufacture of alcohol from wood waste, but, generally speaking, it had not been made at a competitive price owing to the cost of handling and transporting the raw material, the costly nature of the manufacturing process and the limited amount of available cellulose in the wood. Enormous quantities of industrial alcohol were produced in Germany from potato spirit, and it had been urged that such an industry would flourish in New Zealand; but it was difficult to prophesy success. The quantity of alcohol imported into New Zealand under the head of spirits of wine was about zoo,ooo gallons annually. An important field of investigation was the synthetic pro- duction of motor spirit and power alcohol, which had been rendered practicable by the researches of Bergius and Fischer.The Bergius process offered great possibilities in the direction of converting heavy oils, of which there was a considerable over- supply, in spite of the improvements made in engines designed to use them as fuel. Mr. Glendinning dealt at some length with the problem of producing synthetic motor fuels, and concluded by reporting on a deputation from the New Zealand Section of the Institute to the Manufacturers’ Federation, whereat attention was directed to the objects and activities of the Institute and its members, and the various kinds of work in which chemists were employed. He was confident that, given full opportunity, chemists could demonstrate their value in industry, and that if manufacturers had well-trained scientific men on their staffs the results would be mutually beneficial.178 In the afternoon of 29th January, a visit was paid to the Cawthron Institute Experimental Areas, and the members made a tour of the district. South Wales.-The Section has discussed the possibility of giving further facilities to members in the Cardiff area and, with the full concurrence of the Council, has decided that two meetings be held annually at that centre; also that, if possible, arrangements be made for joint meetings with the Local Branch of the Society of Chemical Industry. Dr. P. M. Macnair has retired from the position of Hon.Secretary on removing from the district. Prof. J. E. Coates has kindly consented to occupy the position pro tern. 180 April Examinations, 1931. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed was :-No. No. examined, PUSS&. For the Associateship- At the Institute, and at the University,Manchester :13th-18th April : General Chemistry.. .. .. .. .. *40 tl8 For the Fellowship- At the Institute :20th-24th April :Branch A : 0.Inorganic Chemistry .. .. 2 2 At the Institute :20th-24th April: Branch C : Organic Chemistry with special reference to Oils, Fats, etc.. . ,. .. .. $4 2 At the Institute, and the Laboratories of Messrs.J. Lyons & Co., Ltd.: 20th-24th April : Branch D : Biochemistry, with special reference to Industrial Micro-biology .. .. .. .. 1 1 At the Institute :20tc25th April: Branch E : The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water .. .. §13 4 At the University, Reading: 27th ApriZ- 1st May: Branch F: AgriculturalChemistry. . .. .. 1 1 At the Institute: 20tii4th April: Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, etc. .. .. 2 1 Special +aminations for the Fellowship- At the Faculty of Technology, The Univer- sity of Manchester : 20th-24th ApriGTextile Chemistry, with special reference to Bleaching, Dyeing and Finishing of Cotton Goods .. .. .. 1 1 Chemical Technology of Textile Fibres, including Artificial Silk 1 1 At the Institute : 20th-24th April':' Foods', with special reference to Chocolate and Confectionery . . .. .. .. 1 - 1 - 66 32 - - * General Chemistry : One candidate, having previously satisfied the Examiners in the practical work, completed his examination by passing in the theory papers: one candidate completed his examination by satisfying the Examiners in the translation of German technical literature. 181 EXAMINATION IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP INORGANICAND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-On the whole the questions were fairly well answered and in a few cases the answers displayed considerable detailed knowledge of the subject. Some rambling and irrelevant answers were not wanting, but guesses at facts were not so frequent as is some- times the case.It was strange that the question on the efficiency of an electrolytic process should have presented so much diffi- culty to many candidates. One answer to the question on “limiting densities ” as applied to molecular weight determina- tions was far above the average of answers usually given to physico-chemical questions. For some reason, the question dealing with the determination of atomic weights was rarely attempted, a disappointing feature in a test of chemical know- ledge. Several candidates attempted the question on viscosity; some of the answers were distinctly good, but others indicated that the candidate’s knowledge of the subject was limited to the use of the Redwood instrument.Most candidates attempted the question on the estimation of tin and antimony in white metals, but a few only gave a good account of the processes involved. It would almost appear from the answers that while the candidates generally had made the determinations in their ordinary work, few understood the principles involved in the separation of the two metals. The practical work served to bring out numerous weaknesses. Thus, the greater proportion of the candidates returned the hyposulphite as thiosulphate, despite their own observations on its behaviour in solution and with silver salts. Few candidates t One candidate satisfied the Examiners in the theoretical papers but failed to do so in his practical work and in the translation of French and German technical literature : one candidate satisfied the Examiners in all parts of the examination except in the translation of French technical literature. Branch C.One candidate failed to satisfy the Examiner in the paper in general organic chemistry. 3 Branch E. Two candidates satisfied the Examiners in all parts of the examination, except in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy. One candidate satisfied the Examiners in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy, but did not do so in the remainder of his examination. One candidate satisfied the Examiners in his practical work apart from that dealing with Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy,but did not do so in any of the written papers.182 made proper calculations of the indirect method of determining potassium bromide and iodide, although the actual titration was generally accurate. The second day’s work, involving the separation of cadmium and uranium, was onlyrmoderately well done. The better candidates did well enough, but most of the rest were altogether wide of the mark-an unexpected result, having regard to the ease of separation of these two metals and the fact that as a rule good methods were selected for use. Some of the difficulty may, no doubt, be fairly attributed to working in a strange laboratory. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-Although it offered a number of options and could not be regarded as difficult, the paper in organic chemistry appeared to give the majority of the candidates much more trouble than it should have done, and on this occasion the average replies to the questions fell far below the required standard.A striking feature was the inequality disclosed. It is of very little use to be able to give an account of Pasteur’s researches on the tartaric acids with the help of tetrahedral figures, if one has no conception of the underlying molecular structural theory. It is evident that the descriptive side of the subject is being neglected in favour of the more speculative aspects, but it is hardly necessary to add that even the latter are not adequately understood. Indeed, the work of many candidates in this examination was most disappointing, and it was clear that a number of them ought to have deferred their entry.The language test showed a parallel phenomenon, although the Examiners do not require an unduly high standard in this connection. The practical organic work was, on the other hand, carried out fairly satisfactorily by the better candidates, several of whom showed commendable originality in their methods of attack. BRANCHE. THE CHEMISTRY,INCLUDING MICROSCOPY, OF FOODAND DRUGSAND OF WATER. ’ The proportion of candidates who reached the required standard was considerably less than that attained last September. The unsuccessful candidates gave the impression that while they might be able to do routine work under direction, they lacked 183 the necessary knowledge and experience to enable them to interpret results or to report without assistance.THERAPEUTICS, ANDPHARMACOLOGY MIcRoscoPY.-The papers were, on the whole, well done, except that some candidates had very little idea of how to tackle the analysis in the case of phosphorus poisoning. The practical work was disappointing ; very few candidates showed knowledge of how to extract strych- nine from beer in a reasonably pure state. In the examination of urine there was some lack of systematic work. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Bagg, Douglas Gordon, Birkbeck College, London. Berry, Wallace, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Brown, James, Royal Technical College, Glasgow.Buckley, Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Central Technical School, Liverpool. Craimer, Harris, B.Sc. (Lond.), Technical College, Cardiff. Edwards, Gerald Harry, University College, Leicester. Glass, Norman, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Gordon, Joseph, Rutherf ord Technical College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Leslie, Robert Edward, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Minifie, Bernard Whitley Elliott, The University, and Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol. Morton, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), Wigan and District Mining and Technical College ; and Technical College, Birmingham. Prescott, George Frederic, Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. Sleep, William Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Central Technical School, Liverpool. Stephens, Robert Charles Parquhar, trained under G.Rudd Thompson, F.I.C. 9 Stroud, Hubert Henry, West Ham Municipal College ; and Birkbeck College, London. Templeton, William Hugh, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Vizofsky, Abraham, Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Webb, William Denis Lucking, East Ham Technical College; and West Ham Municipal College. Examination for the Fellowship. In Branch A :Inorganic Chemistry. Gaskin, John George Noel, B.Sc. (Lond.). Reeve, Walter William, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch C : Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, etc. Elwes, Eric Vincent. Mackinney, Herbert William. In Branch D :Biochemistry, with special reference to Indwtrial Microbiology. Clayson, Donald Herbert Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C.184 In Branch E : The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs,and of Water. Brindle, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Martin, Nicholas Henry, B.Sc. (Dun.).MeGregor, Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.). Paterson, Colin, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch P : Agricultural Chemistry. Greens treet, Victor Robert, A.C.G.F.C. In Branch Q! : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Pats, etc. Joseph, Douglas Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.). InlThe Chemistry of Textiles, etc. Blakeley, John Dyson, B.Sc. (Lond.).Payne, Reginald William, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Foods, with special reference to Chocolate and Confectionery. Avent, Alfred George. The following papers and exercises were set :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry.MONDAY, 13th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. What are the chief sources of phosphorus? Give an account of the preparation of the element, of pure P,O, and of commercial hypophos- phites. 2. In order to ascertain whether a process for the electrolytic deposition of copper was economical the electrolytic cell was placed in series with a voltameter. What is the current efficiency, given the following data? One gram of copper deposited while 723 C.C. of moist hydrogen at 14’ C. and 765 mm. Hg pressure was collected. (At. Wts. Cu = 63.57, H = 1.008. Tension of water vapour at 14’ = 11.9 mm.) 3. Give an account of the method of “limiting density” as applied 4. Describe the preparation, reactions and properties of FOUR to the determination of molecular weights of gases.of the following substances : sodium perborate, lead tetrachloride, silver acetylide, sulphur hexafluoride, tellurium tetriodide, boron nitride. 5. Write a short essay on EITHER (a) radioactive elements, OR (b) methods of determining atomic weights, with special reference to recent work. 6. Give an account of the work of EITHER (a)Berzelius and Arrhenius OR (b) Berthelot and Ramsay. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe in some detail, methods for the estimation of tin and antimony in white metal alloys, and of alumina and silica in silicates. 2. Write an essay on the effect of change of pressure and tempera- ture on chemical equilibrium, devoting special attention to the change of the equilibrium constant.185 3. Define the term viscosity. How would you proceed to determine the viscosity of a liquid ? What use is made in practice of the determina- tion of relative viscosity of liquids? 4. In what manner may metals be separated from mixtures and purified by the use of organic compounds? Illustrate your answer by describing at least one case each of the separation, purification and detec- tion of a metallic element. 5. Discuss the types of isomerism of co-ordination compounds with special reference to the methods whereby the isomerism has been demon- strated. 6. Describe in detail how PURE specimens of THREE of the following substances may be prepared :phosphine, selenic acid, silicon tetrachloride, titanium trichloride.What are the most likely impurities in each case? TUESDAY, 14th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Trace the development of our knowledge of the phenomenon of isomerism, giving examples of historical importance in each category. 2. Give the possible structures of all the substances of the formula, C,H,O and devise a scheme of investigation with the object of distinguishing between them. 3. Write a brief account of the unsaturated acids, aliphatic and aromatic, and include in your answer EITHER (a) a description of Baeyer’s researches on the reduction of the phthalic acids, OR (b) a description of the naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids.4. How has the tautomerism of ethyl acetoacetate been studied, and with what results ? Discuss the phenomenon more generally and attempt a classification of the processes involved. 5. Show how any FOUR of the following transformations may be effected: (a) acetylene to propyl alcohol, (b).benzene to m-dichlorobenzene, (c) anthraquinone to purpurine, (d) pinene to camphor, (e) berberine to hydrastinine, (f) palmitic acid to stearic acid, (9)d-glucose to d-galactose. 6. Briefly describe the chemistry of EITHER (a)the indole group and indigo, OR (b)the isoquinolino group of the alkaloids, OR (c)the monocyclic terpenes. 7. Mention all the essential practical details of the preparations of (a)acetophenone by the Friedel Crafts reaction, AND (b) phenylhydrazine.WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, 15th and 16th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day. 1. Separate and identify the constituents of the binary mixture (A);make an estimate of the composition of the mixture and leave for inspec- tion any specimens obtained in the course of your work. (This exercise must be completed to-day.) 2. Purify and characterise (but do not attempt to identify) the given crude products (B), (C) and (D). (This exercise to be completed to-morrow.) (A = Hippuric and phthalic acids; or Succinic acid and resorcinol; B = Commercial carbolic acid; C = Crude pyridineg D = Crude a-naphthylamine.) 186 FRIDAY, 17th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. Identify the substance (E). (One hour allowed for this.) 2.Determine volumetrically the proportions of ferric oxalate and potassium oxalate in the mixture supplied (F). (Both iron and oxalic acid are to be determined.) 3. The powder supplied (G) is a mixture of potassium bromide and iodide. Ascertain the proportions by volumetric determination of the total halogen. [E = Sodium hyposulphite (“hydrosulphite.”)] SATURDAY, 18th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. In the solution supplied (H), determine the concentration of cadmium and uranium, setting out the results as grams per litre of anhydrous cadmium chloride and uranyl chloride. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1.How may metallic halides be prepared from the oxides ? Details of various methods are to be given, with special reference to the production of halides of quinquevalent and hexavalent metals. 2. On what chemical and physical grounds is the classification of N, P, As, Sb and Bi into one group based? 3. Two classes of tungstates are known. Give a description of their preparation and chemical behaviour, and of the acids derived from them. 4. Write an essay on the amides of sulphuric acid dealing more especially with their structure . 5. What position do the rare earths occupy in the periodic table of elements? How is this explained in modern views of the structure of the elements? Describe two methods which are used in the separation of rare earths from each other.2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions mly to be attempted.) 1. How would you proceed to analyse a sample of bauxite in order to ascertain its suitability for the manufacture of aluminium? What impurities would you look for specially ? 2. What is known of the constitution and properties of halogen 3. What are the sources of vanadium? Describe the preparation azides? How are they formed? of vanadates and give some account of the various polyvanadates which are stated to exist. 4. How may beryllium hydroxide be prepared from beryl? Give an account of salts of beryllium, discussing more especially the structure of basic beryllium acetate. 5. Write an essay on the persulphides of hydrogen. 187 TUESDAY, 21st APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the constituents of the mixture (A)and prepare a crystal- line salt of the metal with the greater atomic weight. 2. Identify the two salts in the mixture (B). (A = Ferric oxide and thallous oxide; B = Lead molybdate and mercuric chromate.) WEDNESDAY, 22nd APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the proportions of chromium oxide and iron oxide in the sample of chrome iron ore (C). Return the results as percentages of Cr,O, and FqO,. THURSDAY, 23rd APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The solid supplied (D) is a mixture of thorium and cerium nitrates. Estimate the proportion of each oxide, returning the results as percentages of Tho, and CeO,. (Thisexercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 24th APRIL, 1931:’ 10 a.m.tox5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the acids present in the solution (E) and determine them. Express the results as grams of acid per litre. (E = Phosphoric and phosphorus acids.) Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, Soap, etc. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Give examples of oxidising agents commonly employed in organic chemistry, with instances of their use. 2. How would you prepare from a normal fatty acid of the formula CnH2n+l*COOH, the higher and lower homologues Cn+lH2n+3’COOH and Cn-1H2n- 1-COOH respectively ? Give full experimental details. 3. Describe fully the method which you would employ to diagnose the presence of the following groups in an organic compound : (a)a methoxy group, (b) a primary alcoholic group, and (c) a cyano-group. 4.What atoms or groups may be substituted for the amino-group of aromatic amines by way of diazonium salts? State the method em- ployed in each case. 5. What products may be obtained by the reduction of nitrobenzene ? State the conditions of the reduction in each case, and write a few lines on each product, showing that you are acquainted with its characteristic proper ties. 6. Write an essay of about 500 words on either:-(a) Catalytic hydrogenation, OT (b) Tautomerism. 7. Give an account of the occurrence, properties and constitution of either (1) the fatty acids of the chaulmoogric acid series, or (2) the alcohols of the sebchyl alcohol group.188 2 to 5 p.m. (SIX questions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe briefly how you would proceed in order to determine the nature and proportions of the fatty acids present in linseed oil. 2. What do you know of the constitution and properties of carotin, lecithin, ricine? In what materials do they occur? 3. Give a short account of the production of cottonseed oil byexpression, and of its subsequent refinement. What by-products are obtained ? 4. Describe some of the more important methods for determining the halogen-absorption of oils, and give some examples of the utility of the figure obtained. 5. Describe fully any one process (other than actual soap making) for the commercial hydrolysis of a fat or oil.6. Give the constitution and properties of (1) arachidic acid, (2)ricinoleic acid, (3) elaeostearic acid, and (4) erucic acid. How are their properties utilised in oil analysis ? 7. Discuss the effects of heat on linseed oil and castor oil, and explain the industrial applications of such treatment. 8. Give examples of the use of catalysts in THREE different industrial processes connected with oils and fats, and explain your views as to the function of the catalyst in each case. 9. What fatty materials would you recommend for the production of (1) cold process soap, (2) high-class toilet soap, (3) mottled soap con- taining 30 per cent. fatty acids, (4)good class household soap, (5) highgrade soft soap, and (6) shaving soap ? State the reasons for their selection.10. Give a brief outline of th0 process of boiling soap, explaining the theory and practical importance of each operation in the process. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 21st to 24th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the proportion of saponifiable matter in the sample of cod oil (A). 2. Identify the fat (B). 3. Analyse the sample of “Taper” oil (C). 4. Test the sample of soap for free alkali and unsaponified fat, and report on the composition of the fatty matter from which it is made. (B = Hydrogenated castor oil; C = Solution of palm oil in kerosene.) Branch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to Industrial Microbiology. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe the preparation and biochemical significance of THBEE of the following substances :-(a) glutathione, (b) xylose, (c) thyroxine,(d) caffeine, (e)histidine. 2. Write a general account of recent work on photosynthesis. 3. Give a critical description of the work which has led to the 4. What do you understand by the terms pH and rH? How are conception of the “protein-sparing aotion of carbohydrata.” 189 they determined, and what is their biochemical signifkance? 5. Write a short essay on carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the animal body, indicating especially how they are related. 6. Write a short essay on the state of our knowledge on the relation- ship between chemical structure and physiological action.MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1931: 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. What steps would you take to detect and eradicate “dry rot” in a dwelling house? 2. Describe and discuss the different methods used for the sterilisa- tion of culture media, indicating the particular advantages of each method. 3. What steps would you take to identify any three of the following organisms? (a)Bact. paratyphosum B.; (b)C1. Botulinum; (c) Aspergillusglaucus; (d) Penicillium digitatum; (e) Saccharomyces ellipsoideus;(A Lactobacillus bulgaricus. 4. Discuss the butyl alcohol-acetone fermentation from the point of view of (a)theoretical considerations, (b)manufacture, (c) economics.5. Describe the equipment and organisation of a technical micro- biological laboratory. 6. Write a critical essay on the subject “Fermentation is life without oxygen.” TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 21st to 24th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Specimen (A) contains a mixture of three micro-organisms. Prepare a pure culture of each of two of these organisms, and identify them as far as possible. 2. Determine for the culture (B), (a)the thermal death point after 30 minutes’ incubation in 0.9%aqueous sodium chloride; (b)the optimum growth temperature on any solid medium you choose. 3. Determine the phenol coefficient of the disinfectant (C) for the organism (D) by two Werent methods. Discuss the simcance of the results you obtain.4. You are provided with a pure culture of an organism (E),which you are required to examine as fully as possible. Solution (F) is a sterilised culture of this organism, grown for 48 hours at 37” C. in the following medium :-Microcosmic salt .. .. .. .. 4.921 g.KHPO, .. .. .. *. .. .. 1.0 g.KC1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.5 g.MgSO,, 7-0 .. .. .. .. .. 0.5 g.FeSO,, 7&0 .. .. .. .. .. 0.01 g.CaCO, .. .. .. .. .. .. 28.0 g.Glucose .. .. .. .. .. .. 50.0 g.Water .. .. .. .. .. .. 1000 C.C. Isolate and identify the glucose metabolic products present in solution (F). 190 Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. What is the dietetic significance of Vitamin A? How would you compare, without recourse to biological experiments, the Vitamin A contents of two samples of cod liver oil ? 2.Describe the Stas-Otto process for the extraction of strychnine from viscera. What alterations would you make in your procedure if the alkaloidal substance present was suspected to be (a)morphine hydro- chloride, (b)opium? State what reactions you would employ to identify each of these three substances. 3. What process would you suggest for the continuous purification, both chemically and bacteriologically, of water circulating through a swimming bath? State what chemicals you would use, and in what proportions. How would you verify the satisfactory working of the process ? (Answer in a separate notebook.) 4.What are the main provisions of the “Poisons and Pharmacy Act, 1908” ? 5. Describe the symptoms observed in a case of phosphorus poisoning. Discuss the methods of analysis for the presence of phosphorus. What deduction would you draw from an analysis which gave negative results ? 6. What do you understand by the following:-Lotiones, decocta, suppositoria, lamellae, vina, emplastra, linimenta ? Give two examples of each, with composition and use. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Give a brief account of the manufacture of dried milk. Outline briefly the method you would adopt for the complete analysis of a full- cream dried milk powder, giving approximately the amount you would expect to find of each constituent. What legal enactments control the sale of dried milk ? 2.Describe, with all essential details, the Reichert-Meissl-Polenske- Kirschner process for the examination of butter fat. Explain as far as possible the theoretical considerations underlying each stage of the process. 3. In analysing a vegetable foodstuff, it is usual to determine the following:--“ Fat,” “Proteins,” “Mineral matter,” “Crude fibre,” “Carbohydrates ’’ (by -nee). What substances are included in the terms “Proteins” and Carbohydrates,” and what do you know of their dietetic value ? 4. Describe the chemical structure and properties of lecithin. Mention one natural foodstuff in which it occurs, and state how you would determine it in this foodstuff. 5. Explain briefly how you would examine a vegetable powder microscopically in order to determine from which part of the plant it is derived.TUUESDAY, 21st APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the sample of margarine (A), and from the analytical 2. Examine qualitatively the sample of paregoric (B) and report data obtained, ascertain aa far as possible the nature of the fats used in its manufacture. 191 upon its genuineness or otherwise. (A = Margarine containing 15% butter fat, and cocoa nut oil; B = Opium or benzoic acid absent.) WEDNESDAY, 22nd APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The powders (C)are supposed to have been dispensed in accordance with the following prescription:- Caffeine .. .. gr. 2. Phenacetin .. .. gr. 5. Mitte VI. Analyse, and report upon the accuracy of the dispensing.2. Examine the sample of compound liquorice powder (D) micro-scopically and report upon it. (C = Caffeine citrate substituted for caffeine; D = devoid of senna and fennel, and containing ailanthus leaves, and anise.) THURSDAY, 23rd APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the percentage of “Carbolic acid and/or its homologues” in the sample of disinfectant (E)and ascertain as far as possible the other constituents. 2. Examine microscopically the specimens (a), (b) and (c). (a)Powdered ailanthus leaves; (b) Sweet potato; (c) Bead moss (Batrachospermum). FRIDAY, 24th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Det,ermine Vieth’s ratio on the sample of milk (F). What do you infer from the ratio you find? (F = Normal milk watered.) SATURDAY, 25th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the constituents of the pill (H). 2. Examine qualitatively the urine (I)for the presence of abnormal 3. It is suspected that the sample of beer has been tampered with. constituents. Examine the sample for the presence of a noxious substance and identify and estimate any noxious substance found. (Arsenic need not be tested for.) Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Discuss the relationship between. the analysis of a soil and its fertility. What is meant by the available phosphate and potash of a soil, and what methods have been proposed for determining these ? 2.Write a short essay on the assimilation and utilisation of nitrogen3. Discuss the question of the relationship between the composition 4. To what extent do you think the effective use of soluble fertilisers by plants. of a crop and its manurial treatment. 192 is influenced by the risk of loss by drainage? To what extent does such risk arise in the use of insoluble organic manures? 5. Describe the different varieties of pans formed in soils. Suggestexplanations of their formation where the causes are probably chemical. 6. Describe the manufacture, properties and use of superphosphateand the changes which may occur in this product during storage. 7. Define, with explanatory notes, the following terms used in the newer classification of soils:-Soil profile, eluvial and illuvial horizons, laterite, podsol and zonal soil.2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe the animal calorimeter and its use in determining the energy value of feeding stuffs. 2. Discuss the accuracy of the following statements, when used in connection with animal feeding stuffs, (a)“nitrogen content of food x 6.25 = protein”; (b) “the fibre constituent is the indigestible portion of a food.” 3. Write brief notes on the origin, composition and use of the following substances :-Fish meal, molasses, bran, brewers’ grains, maize gluten feed, barley meal, straw, mangolds. 4. In what form and under what circumstances does hydrocyanic acid appear in animal foods? How would you estimate the amount present ? 5.Discuss the use of starch equivalents and net energy values in the evaluation of feeding stuffs. To what extent can the value of a food be adequately defined by the statement of either? 6. Describe the preparation, properties and use of THREE important insecticides or fungicides. The examples given should not be closely related to one another. 7. How may the composition of cows’ milk vary with (a) breed, (b) period of lactation, (c) external conditions, and (d) feeding? If a herd of twenty animals is proved to be giving milk below standard, what steps would you take to rectify the trouble ? TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 28th and 29th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine qualitatively the substance (A),sold as a mineral mixture for adding to cattle foods, and estimate one constituent.(This must be reported at the end of thejrst day.) 2. Make a complete analysis of the fertiliser (B). (Thh exercke may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 30th APRIL and 1st MAY, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. The sample of nicotine (C) was sold for spray purposes. Report on its purity. (This exerckezmust beycompleted OR Thursday.) 2. Analyae and report on the feeding std (D) (Thb exercise may be completed on Fay.) 193 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special referenc?to Oils (excluding Mineral and Essential Oils), Fats and Soaps. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1.In a projected new process, what items would you have to take into account in endeavouring to estimate beforehand the cost of productionof the substance to be manufactured? 2. What arrangements of plant would you make for an operation needing to be carried out at a temperature of, say, 150” C., and in which the temperature must be kept constant within narrow limits? 3. How would you best separate suspended solid matter from a liquid, where the object is to obtain and deal with the clear liquid? Illustrate your answer by a description of some suitable plant. 4. Discuss the conditions necessary for the economical working of a steam boiler, enumerating carefully the different directions in which loss may occur, and the steps necessary to avoid or minimise loss in each.5. Many industrial chemical operations now have to be carried out at very high pressures. Indicate generally the sort of plant needed for this work, and the precautions necessary in it. 2 to 5 p.m. As for Branch C, Organic Chemistry (p. 188). TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 21st to 24th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. For Practical Work, see Branch C, Organic Chemistry (p. 188). Special Examinations in the Chemistry of Textiles, etc. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe some form of apparatus for ascertaining the nature of the light reflected from a coloured fabric. 2. Show how the results of X-ray analysis of cellulose fibres have been used to explain (a)the dyeing of cellulosic substances with direct cotton colours, (b) the changes occurring in cellulose during mercerisation. 3.Discuss the principal methods now available for testing the extent of “oxycellulose ” formation in the industrial treatment of cotton yarns. 4. Give some account of recent work on the effect on insoluble azo colours on the fibre of boiling caustic alkali. 5. Explain that action of caustic soda on cotton, in technical mercerisation, which results in increases in lustre, strength and dye affinity of the cotton. 6. Describe a modern method of weighting silk crepe-de-chine fabric. How are the properties of the silk modified by the weighting process you describe ? 7. Write an essay on the application of vat dyestuffs of the anthra- quinonoid group to viscose yarns. How is it possible to apply these colours to acetate yarn? 194 8.Textile fabrics may be dyed in the jigger dyeing machine or the winch machine. Describe and sketch the types of these machines suitable for dyeing viscose-cotton or viscose-acetate piece goods. State the considerations which would influence your choice of a machine for dyeing different fabrics of these kinds. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be answered.) 1. What are the principal difficulties involved in the sizing of warp yarns of (a) cotton, (b) viscose, (c) acetate cellulose? How have these difficulties been wholly or partly overcome ? 2. Cotton yarns for the knitting industry are sometimes mercerised in the warp form.What advantages would you expect to be obtained by this method as compared with that of hank mercerisation? 3. A cotton fabric dyed sulphur black is alleged to have become tender after storing. How would you ascertain the nature and degree of the tendering, if any? 4. How may the so-called “dull lustre effects” be obtained in (a) viscose yarn, (b) acetate cellulose fabrics? A fabric of dull acetate silk retains its dullness after being dyed to a pale shade. A further length of the same material, after being dyed black, appears to have recovered its lustre. What is the probable explanation of this change? 5. Describe a technical method for the bleaching of kier-boiled cotton cloth with a solution of bleaching powder. What are the factors which determine the optimum conditions for bleaching ? 6.Give some account of the methods by which it has been sought to obtain improved fastness to light of coloured textiles. 7. You are asked to advise upon the installation of bleaching and dyeing plant for a coloured goods weaving mill. What are the factors which would influence your selection of plant for bleaching and dyeing (a)in the hank only, or (b) in the ball warp only, or (c) on the beam and on the cheese? 8. What do you understand by the “plasticity” of cellulose fibres? Describe how the plasticity of cotton, for example, may be modified, and how use may be made of this modification to produce technically valuable effects. 9. Describe any recent advance in the chemistry of colouring matters which has resulted in novel methods of colouring textiles.TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 21st to 24th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The sample (A) is offered as a scouring and cleansing agent for 2. The stocking (B) is said to dye unevenly. Make an investigation textiles. Report upon its character and properties. of the nature of this fault and show, if possible, how to minimise or obviate it. 3. Make a complete analysis of the given sample of tracing cloth (C). 4. Find the class of colouring matters used in the dyed and printed pattarns 1-10. 5. The striped poplin (D) supplied has undergone a process of “permanent finishing.” By a careful examination of its properties, try to suggest the probable nature of the process.195 6. The skeins of white and dyed cotton (E)and (F)are to be treated with the given bleach liquor for three hours at room temperature. Corn pare the extent of chemical attack on the cellulose in the two cases. 7. Examine the materials (G), (H), (I)and (K), and report on the cause of the defects observed. 8. Identify and estimate the purity of the given substance (L). Special Examination in Foods,with special reference to Chocolate and Confectionery. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of recent discoveries and current views on the vitamins. State what you know of methods of establishing the presence and effect of these factors.2. Describe recent work on the determination of the nature of mixed glycerides. Discuss the properties of cocoa butter in the light of this work, and contrast them with those of other hard fats. 3. Describe, in considerable detail, modern methods for manu-facture of either (a) commercial glucose, OT (b) edible gelatine. Discuss choice of raw materials and the economic disposal of by-products. 4. Outline a method for the complete analysis of an article of confectionery supposed to contain cane sugar, liquid glucose, malt extract and condensed milk, with added acid and flavouring material. 5. What are the chief factors governing the rate of heat transfer from a vapour condensing on the surface of a metal wall to a liquid flowing in contact with the other side ? It is desired to heat a solution Sp.Gr. 1.2, Sp. Ht. 0.8 at the rate of 30 gallons per minute from 20” C. to its boiling point (102’ C.), the medium being saturated steam at 80 lb. pressure per sq. in. (324”F.). The solution passes through a nest of tubes in a shell and is surrounded by the steam. The co-efficient of heat transfer may be taken as 60 B.Th.Us/sq. ft./hr./’ F. What amount of heating surface is necessary; and how would you arrange this? 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe the construction and operation of a modern continuous installation for the manufacture of confectioners’ cream. Give full details of essential features of control. What factors are involved in the consistency of confectioners’ cream ? 2. What are the principles involved in the construction of modern installations for the purifying and “conditioning” of air for workrooms ? Describe a typical installation.In what circumstances would you recom- mend the use of such plant in a confectionery works? 3. Write a short description of the cultivation and preparation of cacao. Give a classification of commercial cacaos and describe how you would proceed to the evaluation of a sample submitted to you. 4. What organic acids are used in the foods industries? Give their constitution and natural sources. What would guide you in the choice of acids for confectionery work ? 196 6. What kind of packing would you recommend for the following types of confectionery for general retail sale:- Toffee, hard boiled acid drops, crystallised fondant, assorted chocolates and cocoa powder ? Give full reasons for your choice, and state what modifications, if any, you would suggest for the export trade.TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 21st to 24th APRIL, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each hy. 1. Examine the sample of chocolate (A). From your results give a recipe for the ingredients to be used for, and draw up a scheme for the manufacture of, a product to resemble the sample. 2. You are given five samples of flavouring material (B 1-5). Identifythe solvents used in each case, and state for what purpose you would consider each sample suitable or desirable in confectionery. 3. Examine the sample of milk powder (C) and report fully upon its 4.Make a full examination of the sample of gelatine (D). Evaluate 5. Examine and report upon the two samples of sugar (E 1-2).quality, and its suitability for chocolate or confectionery manufacture. it for use in foods of various classes, and for laboratory use. State what restrictions, if any, you would put on the use of these sugars in a confectionery works, and why. 6. Examine and identify the colloidal substances (F 1-5). In what types of confectionery would you use each of these substances? 197 Salary Statistics, 1930. IN November, all Fellows and Associates were asked to return cards indicating the total annual remuneration they received in the exercise of their profession, and their approximate age.On previous occasions attempts had been made to obtain from members much fuller information as to the conditions of their employment, but in 1927 the number of members making the return was so disappointingly small that it was thought that a simpler form of return might be more useful. On this occasion, 3,828 cards have been received; of these eight have not been included in the statistics as the entries upon them were ambiguous or unsuitable for inclusion. It should be noted that the total number of members who actually returned cards indicating that they were unemployed was 96. The number out of the whole membership of the Institute (about 5,800) known by the executive officers to be unemployed in December, 1930, was 110, and, at the present moment, is 124.The cards have been divided into four categories, as follows:-(i) Fellows resident in the British Isles .. 1084returns (ii) Associates ,) 9) ,I J) .. 221s ,) (iii) Fellows resident abroad .. .. 210 ,, (iv) Associates ,, J9 .. **3''JJ The following tables show the numbers of members who placed their X in each of the sections on the cards. 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 tnder to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to Age 250 299 349 399 449 499 599 699 799 899 999 1099 1199 1299 1399 1500 21-25 _-----------------~______-----~-~---25-30 1512 2 8 6 13-------1 30-35 1 2 7 916 72312 9 4 5 2-------___----~-----___-35-40 2-14 813302518 9 7 9 4 2 13 -_-______-----------40-45 -1 2 210 62823142113 9 6 3 3 5 ......................45-50 1-2 18 6 41320 913 8 3 5 6 4 -~-~____-~--~-~-__-50-55 2-6 12 415201215 911 4 5 3 4 ----------~-----Over 55 -2 1 2 2 310181613 716 611 4 3 - ASSOCIATES RESIDENT IN THE BRITISH ISLES. REMUNERATION(IN % PERANXUM). 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 11001 12001 1300 1400 under to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to Age 250 299 349 399 449 499 599 699 799 899 999 1099 1199 1299 1399 1500 -----_____-----21-25 73 90 23 9 1 1 _---------______--~---25-30 72 157 171 119 79362412 6 1 2 3---1 ---__ ---______-_____~--~ 30-35 17 39 86 100 98 70 71 38 15 10 2 4 1 1 1 4 -_____-_______-___----c1W35-40 5 7 20 28 46 44 70 41 23 1 3 9 6 2 6 1 2 W ....................40-45 2 4 6 7 23 22 51 22 16 12 7 6 7 1 3 8 -_________________________--45-50 5 7 81713 8 5--12 2--__---50-55 4 210 9 6 2-1 -________-_I_ 2-72 _--------I--Employer, Private Practice or Total Emoluments exceeding &1500 p.a., 50 (Q) Retired 19 (R) Unemployed 68 (U) FELLOWS RESIDENT ABROAD. RENUNERATION(IN $ PERANNUM). 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 under to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to 250 299 349 399 449 499 599 699 799 899 999 1099 1199 1299 1399 1500Age ________-_ ------------21-25 -----l-l-l-l-l-1-1-1----40-45 -1____--~1 I I 1--1-/-1------ABCD NOP Employer, Private Practice or Total Emoluments exceeding $1500 p.a., 65 (Q) Retired, 14 (R) Unemployed, 3 (U) ASSOCIATES RESIDENT ABROAD.-TOTALREMUNERATION(IN!2PERANNUM). -250 300 350 400 450 500 ! 600 700 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 under to to to to to to to to to to to to to Age 250 299 349 399 449 499 599 699 799 1099 1199 1299 1399 1500 --___ ---------1------21-25 3 144 22 2-------__--___-----9 --25-30 2 4 2 12 5 12 17 13 14 3 6 2 2 ___-_I-------d -30-35 4 13 11 14 13 6 5 3 3 2 1 35-40 475 12 7 -2 2 2 1 -l-l-----5 2 21 21 41 11 II 1 140-45 -I-I-45-50 -I-I--1-1--11 50-55 -1-Over 55 -I_/--I--I I/-BCD EF GHI JKLMNO Employer, Private Practice OT Total Emoluments exceeding €1500 p.a., 18 (Q) Retired, 1 (R) Unemployed, 6 (U) 202 In view of the fact that members who are employers, and those who are in private practice, or whose total emoluments exceed fI1500 p.a.have been placed in a separate category (Q), tables or curves showing the average remuneration of Fellows and Associates at particular ages cannot be compiled from the data available. The following tables, however, show the numbers of Fellows and Associates of all ages making returns and the percentages for the various categories as regards remuneration :-RESIDENTFELLOWS IN THE BRITISHISEES. % on total yo on total actgivemembers. active mornbers. A 7 0.7 Below $250 7 = 0.7 B 10 C 31 Between D 21 &250-500 161 = 17.1 E 54 5.7 F 45 4.8 G 111 11.8 H 114 12.1 Between I 89 $500-1000 439 = 46.7 J 71 7.6 K 54 5.8 L 55 M 23 Between N aE 1000- 1200 141 = 15.0 0 17 1.8 P 20 2.1 Q 192 20.5 “Q *’ 192 = 20.6 -Total “Active” 940 940 100.0 Retired 125 Unemployed 19 Not included 2 203 (ii) ASSOCIATESRESIDENTIN THE BRITISHISLES.% on total % on total active members. active members. A 171 8-0 Below S250 171 = 8.0 B 299 C 308 Between D 271 €250-500 1321 = 62.0 E 260 12.2 F 183 8.6 G 260 H 137 Between I 74 S500-1000 524 = 24.6 J 43 2.0 K 20 1.0 L 21 M 11 Between N 10 S1000-1500 65 = 3.1 0 7 0.3 P 16 0.8 Q 50 - 2-3 “ Q ” 50 - = 2.3 Total “Active ” 2 13 1 2131 100.0 Retired 19 UnemployedNot included 68 5 - 2223 (iii) FELLOWSRESIDENT ABROAD.C 1 D 1 Below €500 4 = 2.1 E 2 G 10 H 14 Between I 19 €500-1000 69 = 35-7 J 11 5.7 K 15 7.7 L 9 M 11 Between N 13 €1000-1500 55 --28.5 0 9 4.7 P 13 6.7 Q 65 ‘‘Q ” 65 = 33.7 Total c‘Active” 19 3 193 100.0 Retired 14 Unemployed 3 Not included 1 -211- 204 (iv) ASSOCIATESRESIDENTABROAD. yo on total active members. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N 0 P Q Total “Active” Retired Unemployed 9 3.0 11 3.6 18 6-0 13 4.3 21 7-0 36 12.0 39 13-0 36 12.0 31 10.1 21 7.0 12 4.0 5 5 1*6(5)1*6(5) 18 6.0 30 1 1 6 - 308 Below €250 Between €250-500 Between $500- 1000 Be tween €1000-1500 “ Q ” yo on total active members.9 = 3.0 72 = 23.9 163 = 54.1 39 = 13.0 18 = 6.0 _- 301 100.0 205 British Patent System. INMay, 1929,the President of the Board of Trade appointed a Committee “to consider and report whether any, and if so what, amendments in the Patents and Designs Acts, or changes in the practice of the Patent Office are desirable.” (The Committee included Sir Herbert Jackson, a Past President of the Institute, and Mr. H. Ballantyne, a Past Vice-president of the Institute.) The Federal Council for Chemistry invited various Chemical Bodies, including the Institute, to send expressions of opinion and suggestions to a Joint Chemical Committee (of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, and other Chemical Bodies), who, in due course, produced a report which was forwarded to the Board of Trade Committee.The Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute, with the sanction of the Council, forwarded its views to the Joint Committee, on which the Institute was represented by Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, who gave evidence, with other representatives of interested Chemical Bodies, before the Board of Trade Committee. The Report of the Committee, which was presented to Parliament in March and has now been published (H.M. Stationery Office, Cmd. 3829: IS. 6d. net) is divided into three Parts:-I. Patents, 11. Designs, 111. General, followed by three Appendices. The Minutes of Evidence are to be published separately.The Committee found no general demand for any alteration of the basic principles underlying the existing law in relation to patents or designs, but expressed the opinion that some of the amendments which they proposed were such as to justify early legislation. They have not, as a rule, formulated the actual wording of the amendments, but have indicated the substance of the changes which they regard as desirable. A matter of special interest to chemists is that the first and true inventor should get credit for his work, even though he may be required by his contract to assign his invention to his employers. The Committee received a proposal that an assignee uf ;LII iiiveiitor should be permitted to apply for a patent without joining the inventor. The Committee were unable to recommend this alteration, but paragraph 78 of the Report suggests that Section 12 be amended, so as generally to enable the assignee to continue the application.Section 2 (5) of the principal Act provides that an applicant for a chemical invention may be required by the Comptroller to furnish typical samples and specimens of his invention. It was suggested that applicants should be entitled to furnish chemical samples subject to the Comptroller’s discretion, and the Committee has recommended that Section 2 (5) be amended accordingly. The evidence given, on behalf of industrial interests, was in favour of an extension of the time for leaving the complete specification.In the case of chemical inventions it was urged that the present maximum period of 10months was often too short to allow a process to be worked out in sufficient detail to permit of filing the complete specification in time. The Committee has recommended that the limit of time for filing the complete specification be increased from g months (with extension to 10 months) to 12 months (with extension to 13 months), and that the period for obtaining acceptance of the complete speci- fication be increased from 15 months (with extension to 18 months) to 18 months (with extension to 21 months). The Committee also recommends an extension of the area of the official search as to novelty, in order that the search should not be necessarily restricted to prior British specifications published within the previous fifty years, but should be extended under the Comptroller’s directions to documents including foreign specifications or books which might offer any prospect of containing anticipations of the invention.The Commit tee recommends for serious consideration a scheme put forward for opening specifications to public inspection and criticism apart from, or additionally to, facilities for opposition. The Committee recommends that the disconformity between a specification filed under the International Convention and the relevant foreign specification, with intervening publication of the disconforming matter, should be made a fresh ground of opposition to the grant of a patent.The limit of time for giving notice of opposition is two months from the date of the advertise- ment in the official JournaL (Patents) of the acceptance of the complete specification. The Committee recommends that the 207 Comptroller be empowered to extend the period by one month upon application made within the two months’ period. The Committee has not recommended any alteration in the period of the duration of a patent, but recommends that the question whether a patent of addition should be extended or not, should be left entirely in the hands of the Court. The Committee recommends that Section 20 be amplified in order to empower the Comptroller to insist that documents affecting title should be entered on the Register of Patents before he makes an order for the restoration of a patent which has lapsed owing to the failure of the patentee to pay the prescribed renewal fee within the prescribed time.The Committee recommends that Section 25 (2) should be amended to state directly and as exhaustively as possible the grounds on which a patent can be revoked. With regard to the power of the Court to grant relief in respect of particular claims, the Committee recommended that Section 32 (a)should be amended in order to provide (I) that the patentee, as a condition of recovering damages and costs, should have the onus cast on him of establishing to the satisfaction of the Court that his original claims were framed in good faith and with reasonable skill and knowledge; and (2) that the discretion of the Court as to granting relief should be extended so as to cover all relief, including an injunction, so that in very gross cases of excessively wide claims, the patentee should fail altogether; also, that Section 32 should be amended so that the defendant should be expressly empowered to counterclaim for the revocation of the patent in suit, without having to obtain the fiat of the Attorney General; and that the Acts should make it clear that, in an infringement action, the Court has power to make such order or orders in the action or counterclaim as will enable the Court to exercise the discretion given to it by Section 32 (a),and at the same time enable it to make both the relief to the patentee, and the possible stay of the Order for Revocation, contingent on the due performance of such terms as to the amendment of the specification or otherwise as the Court may think fit to impose.The Committee recommended that the proviso to Section 36 should be repealed and that the remaining provisions of the section should be amended in order to provide that where a threat of legal proceedings for infringement of a patent is made (and that whether there is a patent actually in existence or not) > 208 the person threatened or the person affected by the threat should be entitled to bring an action either for an injunction or for a declaration that the threat is unjustifiable, on the ground that there is no patent, or that the patent is invalid, or that there has been no infringement of the patent and should also be entitled, if successful, to recover damages against the person making the threat.Further, that the defendant in the threats action, if himself the owner of the patent in respect of which the threats have been made, should be entitled to counterclaim for infringement of his patent. In connection with Section 37, the Committee recommends that in all cases of dispute between co-owners of patents as to the development thereof (except where the dispute is between joint owners holding in a representative capacity as legal personal representatives or trustees, in which case any dispute would naturally be determinable by the ordinary equitable tribunals) power should be given to a tribunal to determine how such development should be carried out, whether by exclusive or other licence, sale or otherwise.The tribunal for this purpose should be the Comptroller, whose decision should be subject to an appeal to the Court. Prior to the Act of 1919,it was customary for British speci- fications dealing with the manufacture of new chemical sub- stances to include claims for the substances themselves inde- pendently of the actual process of manufacture. Although the weight of authority may have been against the validity of such claims, there was not any reported Decision to that effect, and the subject was not free from doubts, which it was very desirable to remove, particularly in view of the numerous claims of this class made in the British specifications of German inventions in relation to dye-stuffs. Section 38 (a)provided that in the case of inventions relating to the substances prepared or produced by chemical processes or intended for food or medicine, the specification should not include claims for the substance itself, except when prepared or produced by the special methods or processes of manufacture described and claimed, or by their obvious chemical equivalents. The principal object of this clause was to prevent an inventor, who had found a way of preparing a new chemical substance, from claiming the substance when prepared in other ways.Difficulties had arisen from the interpretation placed in a decision of the Law Officer on the word “special.’’ He held that 209 the word did not mean merely “particular,” but “a method or process which has such attributes that it is the proper subject of a claim for letters patent, one that has some intrinsic charac- teristics which are the invention of the inventor, and for which a patent may be properly and legitimately claimed and granted.” On this section, which is of peculiar interest to chemists, the Committee recommends that the word “particular ” be substi- tuted for the word “special” and that a proviso be added that in respect of substances intended for food or medicine, a mere admixture resulting only in an aggregation of the known proper- ties of the respective ingredients shall not be deemed to be a particular process of manufacture.No question before the Committee attracted more attention or was the subject of more conflicting evidence, than the suggested scheme for the compulsory dedication of medical patents. The Committee came to a definite conclusion that no sufficient case had been made out for any compulsory dedication and that such alteration of the law would operate adversely to the British fine chemical industry, and discriminate unfairly against research workers in this country. The Committee recommends no amendment in respect of the provisions whereby prior publication of his invention by a patentee renders the patent invalid for want of novelty. It is very advisable, however, that chemists should recognise that disclosure of an invention made in ignorance of the law or through failure to recognise the commercial importance of the invention may jeopardise the validity of the grant of a patent.A valid patent can only be obtained for an invention which is a “manufacture ” within Section 6 of the Statute of Monopolies, and the Committee is unable to recommend any new or broader definition of the “invention” for which a patent may be granted. In considering the suggestion that the interpretation of the word “manufacture” in section 93 should be extended so as to permit of the patenting of a wider range of biological inventions, the Committee is of opinion that biological developments in- volving invention are already capable of protection under the existing law.This appears to be involved in the judgment of Mr. Justice Romer in the case of Commercial Solvents Corporation v. Synthetic Products Comparcy, Ltd. (43 R.P.C. 185), where he held that a process involving the selection and the use with particular raw material of some particular bacillus or a culture containing some particular bacillus that would produce butyl 210 alcohol and acetone in commercial quantities better than any other known bacillus of its class or type, constituted patentable sub ject-ma t ter . Regarding the tribunal for appeals from the decision of the Comptroller in patent cases, the Committee recommends that such appeals should be heard by a judge of the High Court selected by the Lord Chancellor. On the subject of prior secret user of an invention by a person other than the patentee, it is held that such a user invali- dates, and the Committee concludes that the prior secret user by the patentee himself, except by way of reasonable trial or experiment, should invalidate the patent.The Committee is also of opinion that there is no foundation for the fear which was stated to exist in the minds of some research workers that the validity of patents for research inven- tions may be imperilled by the circumstances of their origin, though, of course, where an invention is due to the combined work of several workers, the result obtained should be granted to them jointly. 211 Notes. Institute of Fuel.-The Institute of Fuel is arranging a joint meeting of all societies interested in low temperature carbonisation and hydrogenation of coal to be held at the Institu- tion of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, Victoria Embankment , W.C.1, on Wednesday, the 7th October, 1931, at 7 p.m.Sir David Milne Watson, President of the Institute of Fuel, will preside, and the discussion will be opened with a paper on the present position and future prospects of the conversion of coal into oil and smokeless fuel, by Dr. W. R. Ormandy. Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry are invited to participate in this meeting and to join in the discussion. All who are desirous of attending are invited to notify the Registrar not later than Monday, the 14th September, in order that they may be supplied with advance copies of Dr.Ormandy's paper. Research and Income Tax.-The following abstract from Hansard, Volume 252, No. 115, 14th May, 1931, will be of interest to chemists engaged in Industrial Research :-"63. Lieutenant-Commander Kenworthy asked the Chan- cellor of the Exchequer if he is aware that when a manufacturer pays for scientific research to improve his methods the expense thus incurred is not allowed to be deducted in calculating taxable profits, whereas the expenditure on routine testing of material or control of processes is so allowed; and whether, as this system puts a tax on research, he will state what would be the probable immediate cost of a concession designed to remove this difficulty? Mr.Pethick-Lawrence : "My hon. and gallant friend would not be correct in assuming that in no circumstances would expenditure incurred by a manufacturer on research for the purposes of his business be admissible as a deduction in comput- ing his profits for Income Tax purposes. If he has any particular case in mind, and will let me know the facts, I will gladly look into it and communicate to him the result of my inquiries. 212 Lieutenant-Commander Kenworthy : "I am much obliged to my hon. friend. Can he let me have an answer, not necessarily now, to the last part of the question as to the cost of the full concession ? " Ministry of Health: Food.-The Ministry of Health and the Secretary of State for Scotland have appointed a Committee to enquire into the working of the law as to the composition and description of articles of food other than milk, and to report what alterations, if any, in the law or its administration appear to be desirable.The members of the Committee are Sir Frederick J. Willis, (Chairman),Mrs. J. L. Adamson, Mr. W. Barratt, Mrs. E. Beck, Messrs. J. N. Beckett, G. A. Birse, H. F. Carlill, Mrs. M. E. Cottrell, Messrs. A. T. A. Dobson, H. E. Goodby, Dr. J. M. Hamill, Mrs. Jean Roberts, Messrs. R. A. Robinson, H. Shaw, and George Stubbs. The Secretary is Mr. W. J. Peete, to whom all communications on the subject should be addressed. Pharmacopceia Commission.-The Secretary of the Phar- macopceia Commission has forwarded to the Institute a copy of a booklet containing the second and third reports of the Pharmaceutical Chemistry Sub-Committees, and the Cod Liver Oil Colour Test Sub-Committee.These reports are published in the hope that those who are interested will comment on the standards and tests suggested, and the Commission will welcome criticisms directed to the improvement of the proposals contained therein. The publication is obtainable from the General Medical Council, 3s. World Power Conference, 1930.-The Institute has received some notes on the 2nd Plenary Meeting of the World Power Conference, held in Berlin, between 16th and 25th June, 1930, which was attended by nearly 4,000 representatives from about 50 different countries, the attendance from Great Britain -217-being the largest from any country other than Germany.The German National Committee extended very generous hospitality to their foreign guests. At the opening meeting, the Earl of Derby, who had held the presidency since the First World Power Conference in 1924, retired from the office in favour of His Excellency Dr. Oskar von Miller. 213 Forty-six papers were presented from Great Britain. The Transactions of the Conference were published in Febru- ary, 1931, occupying 15 volumes and an index volume. The British National Committee has adopted a constitutim as a permanent organisation.-Dr. H. G. Colman, the representa- tive of the Institute being the Hon. Treasurer. The Sub-committee on Bibliographies, appointed in May, 1930, supervises the preparation of the British Power and Fuel Bulletin, of which Colonel Sir Frederick L.Nathan is the editor. The second edition of Technical Data on Fuel was published by the British National Committee, in June, 1930. The Third Plenary Meeting will be held in the United States in 1936. Bituminous Coal.-The Third International Conference on Bituminous Coal will be held under the auspices of the Carnegie Institute of Technology, from 16th to zIst November, 1931, to present for discussion the results of recent studies of coal, emphasising improved methods of utilisation and their economic value. An invitation is extended to chemists of all countries to take part in this Conference. Those who desire to submit papers are requested to notify the Secretary of the Conference (Mr.Thomas R. Alexander, 3rd International Conference on Bituminous Coal, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, USA.), as soon as possible. 214 Obituary. ALDERTONGILBERTJOHN died at Eltham, on 10th March, in his 52nd year. Educated at King’s College School and King’s College, London, he passed the Intermediate and Final Examination of the Institute in 1902, and the Final Examination in the Analysis of Food and Drugs, etc. in the same year, and, subsequently graduated B.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry in the University of London. After acting for several months as a Research Assistant to Professor-now Sir Herbert-Jackson, he joined the staff of the late Mr.Bertram Hlount at Westminster, where he remained until 1917, when he obtained an appointment as a Technical Adviser with the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, a position which he occupied until 1925. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1905. MEREDITH WYNTER BLYTH died at Tankersley, near Barnsley, on 23rd March, in his 60th year. The son of the late Dr. W. A. Blyth, a Fellow, he was educated at King’s College School, London, and St. John’s College, Cambridge, where he gained a Double First in the Natural Science Tripos, subsequently graduating as B.Sc. in the University of London. He passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1896. He was appointed a Gas Examinor for the London County Council, a,nd later worked as an Assistant to Klein at St.Bartholomew’s Hospital, before he established a private practice as a consulting chemist and bacteriologist. He was also for several years lecturer in chemistry at the Crystal Palace School of Engineering. For over 20 years he was public analyst for Brighton and Eastbourne, but in 1905 he joined the staff of Nowton Chambers & Co., Ltd., near Sheffield, with whom he remained as Chief Chemist until his death, devoting particular attention to disinfectants. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1899. JAMESCAMERONdied at Bognor Regis on 12th April, in his 90th year. Educated at the Grammar School, Aberdeen, and the High School, Edin- burgh, he entered Edinburgh University in 1868 as a student in medicine, taking chemistry under Lyon Playfair.Following his father’s earlydea.th, however, he abandoned medicine and removed to London, where he worked under Frankland, at the College of Chemistry. In 1865, he entered the Government Laboratory (then the Inland Revenue Labora- tory), where he attained the position of Superintending Analyst, retiring in 1903. He was the author of Oils and Varnishes, and Soap and Candles in Churchill’s Technological Series. He wa,s elected a Fellow in 1878, and served as a Member of Council from 1902 to 1905. 215 GEORGE died at Widnes, on 26th April, in his 80th year. FITZBROWN After serving an apprenticeship with the London & North Western Railway Carriage Works at Wolvertdn, he studied at the Wigan Mining School and, in 1871, proceeded to the Royal School of Mines, London, where he gained the Diploma of Associateship in Mining and Metallurgy and the De La Beche Medal, in 1875.In the same year, he obtained an appoint- ment in the Metallurgical Department of the Broughton Copper Company, Ltd., Manchester, where he worked under the late Dr. David Watson. In 1887, after a period on the commercial sido, he was appointed Manager of the Company’s Smelting Works at Ditton, Widnes, and, in 1900, became a Director of the Company. He was a keen naturalist, and a Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society. He also interested himself in public work in the neighbourhood of Widnes, but although he was requested several times to become a magistrate, he declined that office.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. HAROLD GOLDINGDAVID EDMUND died at Tooting, on 4th April, in his 27th year. Educated at Strand Secondary School, at Battersea Polytechnic and at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute, he graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with first class honours in chemistry. In 1923 he became an assistant in the laboratories of the British Drug Houses, Ltd.; in the following year was assistant to Mr. H. F. Stephenson, Fellow, and, in 1928, became an assistant chemist with H. C. Stephens, Ltd., ink manufacturers, where he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in January of this year. THOMAS who died recently at the age of 27 years, was LEISHMAN, educated at Airdrie and Larkhall Academies and at the University of Glasgow, where he graduated M.A.and B.Sc. with 1st Class Honours in Chemistry. From 1927, he was a science teacher at Coatbridge Secondary School under the Lanark Education Authority. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930. LEO SPENCER died, after a short illness, at Salisbury, on 5th April, in his 39th year. Educated at St. Francis Xavier’s Secondary School and the University, Liverpool, he won the Sir John 7i5Tillox Scholarship in Chemistry as an undergraduate, and in 1912 graduated as B.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry, gaining the Le Blanc Medal in applied electro- chemistry. During the session 1912-13, he carried out research under Professor Donnan in the Muspratt Laboratory, and was awarded the M.Sc.degree for a thesis on “The Determination of the Velocity of DBu- sion of Oxygen through Silver at Various Pressures.” In the following session, he worked with Professor Lewis at Liverpool, and from 1914 to 1919 was an Assistant Chemist in the Research Department at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. In 1919, he received an appointment as Chief Assis- tant Chemist in the Research Department of Tootal Broadhurst Lee Co., Ltd., Manchester. In 1925, he was engaged for a while in the cement industry. In 1929, he obtained an appointment on the staff of the Chemical Defence Research Department at the Experimental Station at Porton, where he remained until his death.His papers were published between 1914 and 1923 in the Journal of the Chemical Society and the Journal of the Textile Institute. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924. 216 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11, 1931,the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Chemical Analysis, Technical Methods of.” Edited by C. A. Keane and P. C. L. Thorne. Vol. 111, and edition. Pp. xx+ 678. (London: Gurney & Jackson). 7tT3 3s. Clays; ceramics; glass; cement; drinking water and feed water for boilers; sewage and effluents ; fertilisers, feeding stuffs, soils and air. “Chemical Change.” D. B. Briggs.Pp. 166. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.). 5s. Introduction; more advanced work on chemistry for senior pupils in schools. “Chemical Microscopy, Handbook of.” E. M. Chamot and C. W. Mason. Vol. 11: Chemical Methods and Inorganic Qualitative Analysis. Pp. ix.$-411. (London : Chapman & Hall, Ltd.). 22s. 6d. Manipulative methods ; methods of applying reagents in microscopical qualitative analysis ; detection of metals and anions ; special reagents ; qualitative analysis. “Cytology, A Text-book of Experimental.’’ J. Gray. Pp. 516. (Cambridge: The University Press). 25s. An account of recent experimental research ; an attempt to correlate the living structure of the living cell and its biological properties; the cell as a unit of life, as a physical unit and as a colloidal system; cell dynamics ; membranes and intercellular matrices ; the physical state of protoplasm; the nucleus ; mitosis ; cell division and growth; the equili- brium between a living cell and water; permeability and nature of the cell surface ; germ cells ; contractile cells; phagocytosis; indices and references.“Hydrates de Carbone (Glucides), Rapports sur les.” Union Internationale de Chimie. (London: Hachette & Co.; H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd.; David Nutt). gs. “Lavoisier.” J. A. Cochrane. Pp. xiii+z64. (London: Con-stable & Co., Ltd.). 7s. 6d. Biography. 217 “Makers of Chemistry.” E. J. Holmyard. Pp. 16 + 314. (Oxford: Clarendon Press). 7s. 6d. net. The story of chemistry from its remote beginnings up to the establish- ment of the modern science by Dalton, Lavoisier, Avogadro, and their contemporaries, followed by brief sketches of subsequent developments during the 19th and 20th centuries.“Organic Chemistry, for Medical, Intermediate Science and Pharmaceutical Students.” A. K. Macbeth. 2nd edition. Pp. xiv+zg6. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.). 6s. 6d. “Organic Syntheses.” An Annual Publication of satisfactory methods for the preparation of organic chemicals. Editor-in-Chief, C. s. Marvel. Vol. XI. Pp. vii+106. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.). 8s. 6d. ‘I Pktroles, Naturels et Artificiels.” J. J. Chartron. Pp. 8+206. (Paris: Librairie Armand Colin). 10fr. 50. Composition; properties; geology ; transport ; refinery ; analysis and control ; uses ; production ; dangers.‘I Soies Artificielles et Matiitres Plastiques.” R. Gabillion. Pp. 8+204. (Paris: Librairie Armand Colin). 10 fr. 50. Cellulose and its esters; study of various silks; properties and uses; plastic materials. “Textiles on Test.’’ J. G. Williams. Pp. viii+1g4. (London: Chapman & Hall Ltd.). 7s. 6d. A study for distributor and consumer of the wearing and washing properties of fabrics and garments : general facts concerning fabrics ; textiles and their colour in wear and wash; washing, laundering and dry cleaning. National Physical Laboratory.-The Report of the National Physical Laboratory for the year 1930, which was published recently (H.M. Stationery Office: 12s.6d.net), contains inter alia the Report on the Metallurgical Department, including General Research, on the physical structure of metals, single crystals, pure metals, surface tension of liquid metals, and refractories ; Government Research, on light alloys, surface condi- tions and fatigue of steel, minor metals, beryllium, cadmium, titanium, failure of lifting gear, alloys for high temperature use, steels for high temperature use, gases in steels, the cracking of boiler plates, and fabrics ;Special investigations, on alloys of irons, impurities in copper, dental alloys and amalgams ;Maintenance of Standards, etc. 218 Water Pollution Research.-The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has published a Summary of Current Literature, Vol.IV, April, 1931. H.M. Stationery Office, IS. 3d. net. Abstracts Nos. 372-501 deal with Water Supplies, Analysis and Examination of Water, Sewage, Trade Waste Waters, Pollution of Natural Water, Miscellaneous. Imperial Institute.-The Annual Report of the Imperial Institute for 1930 by the Director to the Board of Governors has recently been published (2s. net). A number of important questions relating to the utilisation of Empire raw materials have received the attention of the Advisory Council and its Technical Committees during the year, and the Report includes records of the work of Committees on Silk, Timbers, Vegetable and Animal Fibres, Oils and Oil Seeds, Essential Oils and Resins, Tanning Materials, Hides and Skins, Rubber, Wool, Tobacco, etc.The Safety in Mines Research Board is extending the engineering side of its researches and has recently published a Report containing a brief analysis of the incidence of accidents from haulage operations. H.M. Stationery Office: (S.M.R.B. Paper No. 66. 6d.) Alkali, etc., Works.-“ The 67th Annual Report on Alkali, etc., Works, by the Chief Inspectors : Proceedings during the year 1930,” has recently been published (H.M. Stationery Office, 9d. net.). Chemical Industry Legislation.-An Index to Acts of Parliament and Statutory Rules and Orders affecting the chemical industry has been published by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. Copies can be obtained from the General Manager and Secretary, A.B.C.M., 166, Piccadilly, London, W.1, 2s.Criticisms and/or suggestions for its im- provement are invited. The Association proposes to publish supplementary lists at the end of every year, 219 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 24th April, and 15th May, 1931, I new Fellow was elected, 22 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 57 new Associates were elected, and 31 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the death of 4 Fellows and 3 Associates. New Fellow. Haskew, Richard Selwyn, A.C.G.I., Southcote, Belswains, nr. Heme1 Hempstead, Herts. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Avent, Alfred George, 79, George Borrow Road, Norwich. Bride, Cyril, M.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc.(Lond.), 100, Station Road, London, N.W.4. Brindle, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond,), 44, College Drive, Whalley Range, Man- Chester. Clayson, Donald Herbert Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 20, Sefton Avenue, Mill Hill, London, N.W.7. Dickinson, Robert, Ph.D. (Liv.), Heimberg, Ulverston, Lancs. Ellington, Oscar Charles, B.A. (Oxon.), 110, Well Hall Road, London, S.E.9. Gaskin, John George Noel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Woodside Lane, London, N.12. Graham, Joseph Ivon, M.A. (Cantab.), M.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.C.Sc.I., Research Section, Mining Department, The University, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Greenstreet, Victor Robert, A.C.G.F.C., 56, Clifton Road, London, N.3. Harrison, Harold Ainsworth, Ph.D. (Vict.), c/o Messrs. Cooke & Nuttall, Vale Paper Works, Horwich, nr. Bolton.Jones, Griffith William, 101, Hungerford Road, Crewe. Joseph, Douglas Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 73, Oxford Gardens, London, W.10. Levy, Joseph Frederick, Ferrocarril Central Del Peru, Casilla 128, Callao, Peru. Lewis, Frederick Donald, B.Sc. (Lond.), Visco-Seda, Metarazzo Ltd., Sao Caetano, Sao Paulo, Brazil. McGregor, Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Conville Boulevard, Higher Bebington, Cheshire. Owens, William Morgan, Ph.D. (Liv.), Rhianva, Hilltop Road, Childwall, Liverpool.Paterson, Colin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Rannoch Road, London, W.6. Payne, Reginald William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Reginald Street, Derby. Reeve, Walter William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 69, Beaconsfield Villas, Brighton. Smith, Frank James, BSc. Vict. (Liv.), 24, Park Way, Gt.Meols, Cheshire. 220 Stoyle, Francis Wilbert, B.Sc. (Oxon. & Q.U.B.), M.Sc., Ph.D. (Q.U.B.), British Acetate Silk Corpn., Stowmarket. Sword, James, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.), The Laboratory, S.C.W.S., Ltd., Regent Mills, Glasgow. New Associates. Anderson, John, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews), 80, Bishop Street, Moss Side, Manchester. Ault, Robert Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Birm.), 99, Bratt Street, West Bromwich, Staffs. Bagg, Douglas Gordon, 34, Granville Road, London, N.12. Bal, Dattatraya Viswanath, Agricultural Research Institute, Nagpur, C.P. India. Barker, James Harald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Eastcote Road, South Harrow. Beale, Colin Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, South Street, Dorchester, Dorset. Berry, Wallace, 4, Rowena Avenue, Knightswood, Glasgow, W .3.Bishop, Laurence Walter Edwin, A.C.G.F.C., 14, East Heath Road, London, N.W.3. Booth, Norman Joseph, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), Mayfield, Queen’s Road, Accrington.Brearley, George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Rostherne, Spital Park, Bromborough, Cheshire. Brown, James, Nobel Lodge, Ardeer, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Buckley, Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Brampton Grove, Kenton, Harrow. Burgoine, Edward, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 23, Heywood Street, Bury, Lancs. Clarke, George Henry Vernon, B.A. (Cantab.), Boultibrooke, Presteign, Radnorshire. Craimer, Harris, B.Sc. (Lond.), 62, Lower Cathedral Road, Cardiff. Davies, Stanley James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 45, Harefield Road, London, S.E.4. Glass, Norman, 180, Strand Road, Bootle, Lancs.Gordon, Joseph, 6, Tinklers Terrace, Fence Houses, Co. Durham. Galinsky, Miss Ada, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 151, Amhurst Road, London, E.8. Hastings, John James Hunter, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 44, Morland Road, Old Trafford, Manchester. Hay, Thomas William, B.Sc. (Wales), 21, Belle Vue Crescent, Llandaff North, Cardiff. Hudson, David Arnold, Crambe Lodge, Priory Crescent, Portsmouth. (Elected on attaining his majority in February). Inman, Herbert, Pettistree, Parkside, Mill Hill, London, N.W.7. Jackson, Frank, B.Sc. (Mane.), Glencoyne, Woodland Grove, Penwortham Hill, Preston. Johnson, William, A.M.C.T., 14, Castelnau Gardens, London, S.W. 13. Jones, Robert, B.Sc. (Liv.), 25, Robarts Road, Anfield, Liverpool. Knight, Edwin Coulthard, M.Sc.Tech.(Mane.), Seaxfield, Wythenshawe Road, Northenden, Cheshire. Koller, Rupert Hugo Edward, 98, Ainslie Wood Road, London, E.4. Leslie, Robert Edward, 11 1, Broughton Road, Edinburgh. Levin, Barnett, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 61, Albert Street, London, N.W.l. Linnell, Maurice, B.Sc. (Mane.), Beechwood, Hooley Range, Heaton Moor, Stockport. Mayhook, John Langton, B.Sc. (Liv.), Carlton, Highfield Grove, Great Crosby, Lancs. McMechan, Miss Ida Clare, B.Sc. (Lond.), A,R.C.S., 143, Stanley Park Avenue, Anfield, Liverpool. 221 Menon, Kottiazath Narayana, KSc. (Birm.), Dyson Perrins Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford. Minifie, Bernard Whitley Elliott, 2 1 , Wellington Avenue, Montpelier, Rristol. Morton, Frank, B.Sc.(Lond.), 114, Alcester Road, Moseley, Birmingham. O’Mahony, Miss Moireen ImmaculBe, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), 306, Camden Road, London, N.7. Owen, Charles Thomas James, B.Sc. (Bris.), Mansfield Lodge, Raffles College, Singapore, S.S. Philip, George Gilmour, A.H.-TV.C., 15, James Street, Portobello, Edin- burgh.Prescott, George Frederic, West House, Edge Green Lane, Golborne, nr. Warrington, Lancs. Raymond, Walter Desmond, B.Xc. (Lond.), Royal College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq. Robinson, Robert, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), University College, Exeter. Robinson, Robert, 66, Eastbourne Gardens, Monkseaton, Northumberland. ROSS,Ronald Gabriel, B.Xc. (Lond.), 92, Granville Road, London, N.12. Ryder, Eric Allitt, M.Sc. (Lond.), Risingholme, Clay Hill, Bushey.Sleep, William Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Parkfield Road, Bebington, Wirral, Cheshire. Steel, Arnold Kirk, 18, Golf Close, Stanmore, Middlesex. Stephens, Robert Charles Farquhar, “Kimberley,” Greenhill Road, Griffithstown, Mon. Stroud, Hubert Henry, 17, Priory Avenue, Walthamstow, London, E.17. Suthers, Arthur James, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 29, Albany Avenue, Higher Openshaw, Manchester. Stratton, Miss Jean Mitchell, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., Druimchoille, Fochabers, Morayshire. Taylor, Frank Martin Hussey, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Clevedon, College Road, Isleworth. Templeton, William Hugh, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, Emperor’s Gate, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Todd, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), 44, Shottskirk Road, Dykehead, Shotts, Lanark- shire.Webb, William Denis Lucking, 35, Sherfield Road, Grays, Esses. Wentzel, Lodewyk Marthinus, M.Sc. (Cape), 36, Warren Street, Cape Town, S. Africa. Whelan, Lawrence Andrew, i\l.Sc. (N.Z.), Dairy Research Institute, Bllussey Agricultural College, Palmerston North, N.Z. Wildman, Harry, B.Sc. (Manc.), Elmstead, Limes Avenue, Waddon, Surrey New Students. Barton, Leonard Henry Greenwood, 130, Upper Kennington Lane, London, S.E.ll. Bowcott, Harold Joseph, 527, Fox Hollies Road, Hall Green, Birmingham. Carter, Eric George Hemphill, 183, Twickenham Road, London, E.11. Carter, William Albert, 71, Price Street, Smethwick, Staffs. Chambers, Victor Horace, 66, Highfield Road, Luton. Cogan, George Matthew, 15, Glencairn Street, Motherwell, Lanarkshire.Collis, Miss Kathleen May, 39, James Lane, Leytonstone, London, E.ll. Cullen, Miss Maisie Ursula, 302, Holloway Road, London, N.7. Davy, Anthony Daniel, Fore Street, Moretonhampstead, Devon. Dixon, Maurice Charles, 39, Richmond Hill, Langley Green, Birmingham. Edwards, Wilfred Thomas, 96, Dean Road, Erdington, Birmingham. Fenner, George Price, 60, Burnbank Terrace, Glasgow. Francis, John Leslie, 105, Cape1 Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7. 222 Garrett, Kenneth Rupert, 10, Chatsworth Road, Chiswick, London, W.4. Gilmore, Montague Albert, Monica, Manor Road, Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. Hewett, Leonard Jonathan, 37, Royal Park, Clifton, Bristol. Honick, Kenneth Robert, 41, Daniels Road, Little Bromwich, Birmingham. Livingston, Charles Sinclair, 24, Mansfield Road, Prestwick, Ayrshire.Macdonald, Frederick James, 19, Petworth Street, Battersea, London, S.W.11. Marke, Douglas John Burrows, 2, Birch Grove, Taunton. North, Albert Victor, 120, Vale Street, Upper Gornal, nr. Dudley. Pearson, Leslie, 48, Runnymede Road, Hall Green, Birmingham. Prentice, Walter Haston, Allanpark, Melbourne Road, Broxburn, W. Lothian. Preston, William, Brixworth, Northants. Shutter, Frank Charles, 203, Cotterills Lane, Alum Rock, Birmingham. Stuart, Inn Balfour, 149, Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh. Styles, Harold Eciwin, 45, Thornbury Road, Brixton, London, S.TV.2. Ward, Harry, 21, Horse Market, Barnard Castle, Co. Durham. Wheeler, Denis Edward, 57, Elindale Road, Chessels, Bristol. White, Douglas Shaw, 243, Jockey Road, Sutton Coldfield, nr.Birmingham.Worms, Charles Georgo Maurice de, Milton Park, Egham, Surrey. CHANGE OF NAME-By Deed Poll. (Miss) Ada Galinsky, Associate, to Ada Glynn. Reuben Solomons, Amociate, to Ronald Sef ton. DEATHS. Fellows. Gilbert John Alderton, B.Sc. (Lond.).Meredith Wynter Blyth, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond. . James Cameron. George Fitz-Brown, A.R.S.M. Associates. Harold David Edmund Golding, B.Sc. (Lond.).Thomas Leishman, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.). Leo Spencer, M.Sc. (Liv.). 223 General Notices. Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in September,-from the 14th to Igth, or from the zIst to 26th. The list of entries for the September Examinations will close on Monday, the 20th July.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3000 words, on 6b Why I have chosen Chemistry as a Profession” will be awarded in January, 1932, and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than ’ 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides, on or before the 31st December, 1931,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1932. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 3rst December, 1931, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, being evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. The Entrance Fee to the Fellowship, in the case of Associates who have paid an Entrance Fee (Two Guineas) on admission to the Associateship, has been reduced from Five to Three Guineas. 225 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail-able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.ni.), except during August and the early part of September when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL.Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2 to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms: buckram case, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides €or Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to,give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are' requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registrat ion.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9315500143

出版商:RSC    

年代:1931

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

TEE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1931. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Commit tee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELL LONDON,SQUARE, W.C. I. August, 1931. Publications Committee, 1931-32. LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. B. BROWN, W. F. BUIST, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, A. M. C-RON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, C. S. GIBSON, F. W. -IS, J. HAWTHORNE, T. P. HILDITCH, L. E. HINICEL, H. H.HODGSON, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Tveasuver), D. JORDAN LLOYD, €I.M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS, E. RUSSELL, WILLIAM WARDLAW, F.J. WILSON. 229 Proceedings of the Council. JUNE-JULY, 1931. Society of Chemical Industry.-On the occasion of the Jubilee Celebrations of the Society of Chemical Industry, held from the 13th-18th July, the following Address of congratulation from the Institute was forwarded to the Society THEINSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELANDOF to THE SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY. The President and Council of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland desire to convey their cordial con- gratulations to the Society of Chemical Industry on the occasion of the Celebrations of the Jubilee of the Society. The period of fifty years since the foundation of the Society has been marked with an unprecedented advance in the practical application of the science of chemistry in all branches of manufacture .The Society of Chemical Industry has contributed in great measure to the encouragement of the invention of plant and processes, and the introduction of new and useful products for the benefit of mankind, the knowledge of so much of which has been made known to the world through the publications of the Society. The Institute of Chemistry, the majority of whose Fellows and Associates are directly concerned with chemical industry, gladly takes this opportunity of wishing the Society continued prosperity and success in all its endeavours. By Order of the Council, this 19th day of June, 1931. G. C. CLAYTON,President. PATRICK Hon.Treasurer.H. KIRKALDY, RICHARDB. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. An appreciative acknowledgment has since been received from the Council of the Society. 230 Proposed Supplemental Charter.-As the result of con-ferences between representatives of the Institute and other bodies interested in the proposed petition for a Supplemental Charter, the Council proposes, in due course, to submit certain amendments to the draft which was under consideration at the Annual General Meeting in March last, and subsequently adopted by the postal vote. The purpose of these amendments is to eliminate phrases which have led to misunderstandings with other bodies, without affecting the main objective. The matter, however, remains in abeyance pending further comments which have been invited from certain objectors.Contracts of Service.-The draft Form of Contract for Chemists in industry, which was prepared by the Legal and Parliamentary Committee and mentioned in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, 1930,was referred to a Joint Committee of the Institute and the Association of British Chemical Manu- facturers. The Joint Committee amended the draft, and it has since received the general approval of the Councils of both bodies, subject to certain reservations. The Committee, in its report, emphasised the fact that there were many appointments of chemists wherein such contracts were unnecessary, and the Committee felt that it would be impossible to formulate a contract which would be generally applicable to all cases.The Committee suggested, however, that, where a contract was necessary, the form which has now been prepared, will be found to cover fairly comprehensively the terms and conditions which might be incorporated, having regard to the interests both of chemists and employers. The Committee, therefore, in presenting this form of Contract, recommended that the Councils of the Institute and of the Association should consider how far and in what manner it was advisable to publish it. Both Councils came to the conclusion that, since it could not be adopted as a model but could only be regarded as a form which includes clauses which might or might not be adopted in any particular case, it should not be published in full, but should be available to chemists or employers seeking information or guidance upon such matters.Communications on this subject should be addressed to the Registrar. Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee regrets to report that the calls on the fund are increasing. The 231 Committee anticipates difficulty in meeting the estimated expenditure for the present year unless further help is forth- coming from Fellows and Associates. The total subscriptions received for Current Account amount to k607 13s. 4d., while the total disbursements to date amount to A724 2s. The dividends on the investments of Annuities Account amount to only l114 a year, while the commitments on this account for the year 1931already amount to L452.While all Donations ” are invested for the benefit of Annuities Account and applied solely for the purposes for which that account was formed, it is necessary to draw heavily on the Current Account in order to make up the deficiency and thus supply the needs of the annuitants, widows, and children. A form of subscription is being issued with this Part in the hope that members who have not already subscribed during the present year will do what they can to help, and that others who have alrc.ady subscribed may be encouraged to supplement their contrib itions in the present emergency. New Meeting and Examination Hall.-In the Report of Courcil for 1930-31, mention was made of the proposal to utilise the space on the first floor of the premises of the Institute which had previously been occupied by the British Photographic Research Association for the formation of a new meeting and examination hall.The work has been put in hand under the gtiidance of Messrs. Sir John Burnet, Tait & Lorne, Architects of the Institute, and is being carried out by Messrs. Samuel Illiott & Sons (Reading) Ltd., with Messrs. W. C. Davey & Co., Electrical Engineers. It may be recalled that these rooms were originally intended f:o be used as laboratories for examinations in biochemistry, physical chemistry, and metallurgy, but owing to their being required for use by the Ministry of Munitions, the walls were left unfinished and the equipment was postponed. It has since been found more convenient to hold examinations, in the special branches referred to, in the laboratories of other Institutions \ vhich are fully equipped for the purpose, and having regard to the somewhat inadequate accommodation for general meetings and mt3etings of the London Section, which have been hitherto held in the Council Room and Library, the Council has deemed it desikable to utilise the accommodation for such meetings and for written examinations.It is anticipated that the hall will be re.ady for use during the coming session. The work has entailed a certain amount of unexpected structural alteration in order to provide a suitable vestibule and entry, and to meet certain requirements of the London County Council.The walls, to the height of 8 ft. g in., and the floor have been covered with oak. A platform and chairman’s desk have been provided, and arrangements made for projection from an optical lantern in an adjoining laboratory. Although much of the alteration may be regarded as work postponed on account of the Building Fund, the Finance and House Committee hope to be able to find the greater part of the cost from the current income of the general funds of the Institute. Pedler Scholarship.-Dr. Barnett Levin, B.Sc., an Associate of the Institute, has been appointed as the Second Pedler Scholar. He will work under the supervision of Dr. C. Stanton Gibson, O.B.E., F.R.S., at Guy’s Hospital Medical School, London, on “The accurate determination of very small quantities of calcium and magnesium under varying conditions .” Departmental Committee on Food.-The Depart1 qental Committee on Food, to which reference was made in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111, page 212, has invited evicence from the Institute on the subject matter of their enquiry.The Public Appointments Committee has prepared the following Memorandum, which, with the approval of the Council, has been forwarded to the Departmental Committee, with ;in intimation that Mr. S. E. Melling and Prof. W. H. Roberts have been appointed to supplement the Memorandum by oral evidence, if so desired. MEMORANDUM FOR THE COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND SECRETARY OF STATE FOR SCOTLAND:-“To enquire into the working of the law as to the composi- tion and description of articles of food, other than milk, and to report what alterations, if any, in the law or its administra- tion appear to be desirable.” I.The Council of the Institute of Chemistry desires to direct attention to certain difficulties arising in connectior.I with the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, the remov a1 of which would tend to greater efficiency in administration. 2. The Council of the Institute understands that the Council of the Society of Public Analysts will deal with quest ions 233 relating to the composition and description of articles of food, with standards and definitions, and to a less extent with questions of administration . 3. The Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland was founded in 1877 and incorporated by Royal Charter in 1885, with authority to promote the better education of persons desirous of practising the profession of chemistry, to hold examinations, to grant certificates of competency, and to main- tain a register of such as have been found to be competent.The Register comprises approximately 2,000 Fellows and 4,000 Associates, who are engaged in all branches of practice in Great Britain and Ireland, in the Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad. 4. QualiJications for Associateship (A.I.C.) and Fellowship (F.I.C.). A candidate for the Associateship is required to produce satisfactory evidence of preliminary general education and to have completed a four years systematic day course of study, or its equivalent, in chemistry and allied sciences; he then presents himself for the Institute’s examination in general chemistry for the Associateship.He may claim exemption from this examination, however, provided that he holds an approved University degree with first or second class honours in chemistry, and has complied with the Regulations in allother respects. An Associate of not less than three years standing who desires to become a candidate for the Fellowship is required to produce evidence that, since his admission to the Associateship, he has been engaged in the study and practice of chemistry, in a manner satisfactory to the Council. The examination for the Fellowship may be taken in one of the following branches- Inorganic ; Physical ; Organic; Biochemistry ; the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water; Agricultural Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry.An Associate may be exempted from examination for the Fellowship on producing evidence satisfactory to the Council that he has carried out original research of sufficient merit or that he has devised processes or inventions of sufficient merit, or that, having been engaged in important analytical, industrial, consulting or other work of a general or specialised character, he is, in the opinion of the Council, possessed of sufficient knowledge and ability. 234 The Institute thus covers a wide field, and its members are engaged in all branches of the profession-academic, analytical and consulting, and industrial.Men and women are equally eligible for the Institute’s qualifi- cations. 5. QualiJcatioszs of Public Analysts. The branch which particularly concerns the Committee is Branch E,-the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water-since it is the duty of the Minister of Health to satisfy himself as to the competency of a Public Analyst appointed under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, and this examination is specifically recognised in the Regulations as to competency of Public Analysts. It is of interest to recall that the first Adulteration Act, of 1860, was practically inoperative ;and the second, passed in 1872, was not satisfactory in administration.That it was only partially enforced was due in some measure to the scarcity of analysts capable of carrying out its provisions. Twenty-seven Counties neglected to appoint Public Analysts, and these Authorities only gradually fell into line under the encouragement of the Local Government Boards. It may be said that later, in 1875, when the Sale of Food and Drugs Act (which, with amending Acts, was consolidated in the Act of 1928) was passed, there was still an insufficient supply of persons competent to carry out the chemical analyses required. (This is not surprising, since the chemistry of food and drugs was in its infancy and the requisite knowledge was not available.) The Select Committee of the House of Commons on Food Products Adulteration (1894) reported that the method of assessing the qualifications of candidates was not wholly satis- factory and suggested that the production of a recognised diploma or certificate should be required.In order to meet this urgent necessity, the Council of the Institute of Chemistry established a special exmination in the Chemistry (and Micro- scopy) of Food and Drugs and Water, including an examination in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy, for which a separate certificate was granted. These examinations, instituted thirty years ago, have been conducted on lines approved by the Local Government Boards of England and Wales, of Scotland, and of Ireland, and up to the present time, the Associateship or 235 Fellowship of the Institute, together with a certificate granted by the Institute after this examination, has been accepted by the Ministry of Health as satisfactory evidence of competency.* Since 1919 this certificate has only been obtainable by those who take Branch E in the Fellowship examination.No other body conducts an examination which ensures the necessary knowledge, skill and experience. The Fellowship, taken in any branch, necessitates a minimum of seven years professional education and experience, but candi- dates who qualify in Branch E-(the Chemistry (including Microscopy)of Food and Drugs and Water)-are required to have worked for at least three years in an approved laboratory devoted to the chemistry of food and drugs, and, as stated above, must gain, in addition, the special certificate in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy.The Institute has thus created and maintained a high standard of attainment on the part of those qualified for these appointments, and all except three out of over 240 appointments as Public Analyst in Great Britain are held by its Members. The Ministry of Health has also prescribed* that : “where a registered medical practitioner is appointed as a Public Analyst his medical diploma is ordinarily accepted as sufficient evidence of competence in therapeutics and microscopy, but he is required to furnish evidence of competence in analytical chemistry” ; and further, “where a candidate for the office of Public Analyst does not possess the specific evidences of competence mentioned above, it is necessary for him to produce documentary evidence that he has attained an equivalent standard of compe-tence in each of the three specified subjects. A personal testi- monial is of no value as evidence of competence unless it is given by a person who is himself a recognised expert of high standing in the subjects in question and testifies to his personal knowledge of the proficiency of the candidate in these subjects.” However, in reply to an enquiry addressed to the Ministry, by the Council of the Institute on the 28th January, 1927,the Council was assured that the Ministry would require the same standard of competence in analytical chemistry from a medical practitioner so appointed as from any other person.* Memo. 36/Foods : January, 1929.-Ministry of Health. 236 It will be seen, therefore, that the Ministry requires the same standard of evidence of competence from all candidates for appointment as Public Analyst as that which has been main- tained by the Institute for this purpose. At the present time, one Public Analyst is a registered medical practitioner, but not a member of the Institute; and one is neither a member of the Institute, nor a medical practitioner. In view of the present position of the profession of chemistry, it would seem to be no longe: desirable to suggest that medical practitioners, as such, should become candidates for appoint- ments as Public Analysts, since they are not trained as chemists and their professional education does not cover the knowledge of and skill in chemistry necessary for these appointments.In these circumstances, the Institute recommends that the reference to medical practitioners in the Memorandum should be eliminated. 6. Conditio?as and terms of Appointment of Public Analysts. Following upon this review of the education and qualification of Public Analysts, the attention of the Committee is directed to the conditions of appointment of these officers. Public Analysts are appointed under Section 15 of the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, which provides that every Food and Drugs Authority (Counties, County Boroughs, and certain designated Boroughs) is required to appoint one or more persons as analysts of food and drugs within its area, and may remove any such person from office; but every such appointment and removal is at all times subject to the approval of the Minister of Health, who may give his approval absolutely or with modifica- tions as to the period of the appointment, removal, or otherwise.Every person so appointed is required to furnish proof of competency under regulations framed by the Minister of Health (referred to above*) and no person may be appointed as Public Analyst for any place who is engaged directly or indirectly in any trade or business connected with the sale of food or drugs in that place. The Food and Drugs Authority is required to pay to every Public Analyst appointed by it such remuneration as may be mutually agreed upon.* Memo. 36/Foods : January, 1929.-Ministry of Health. 237 The foregoing are the provisions of the Act. In practice, the Public Analyst is appointed by the Local Authority either as a whole-time oficer, in which case he is paid a salary and devotes his whole time to the Local Authority (in a few cases several Local Authorities acting jointly) ap-pointing him: his laboratory, staff, equipment, and whole working expenses being paid for by the Authority. as a part-time oficer, in which case the analyst provides his own laboratory, and pays his own staff and all working expenses. He may, and often does, serve more than one Authority. The part-time analyst may engage in private practice in addition to his official work.The part-time Public Analyst is paid by retaining fee covering a specified number of analyses, or simply by a fee per sample, or by a combination of these two methods. The number of samples submitted to the Public Analyst varies considerably for different appointments. The larger Authorities may submit thousands of samples per annum: the smaller as few as 30 samples per annum; but this does not affect the efficiency of the actual analytical work, as might be inferred from evidence given before the Royal Commission on Local Government (Final Report: par. 36, p. 11). It is clear, however, that the smaller Authorities must employ analysts who are either in general practice or who also act for other Authorities.The Authorities which have appointed whole-time analysts and staffs and have provided laboratories are in a minority-less than 20 out of over 240. The period of appointment of Public Analysts, particularly of part-time analysts, may also vary: some have been appointed without reference to the period of appointment; some during the pleasure of the appointing Authority, the appointment being terminable on notice being given by either side; but some are appointed annually-for a period of one year only. Many Public Analysts are called upon to conduct, for their own Authorities, analytical and consulting work unconnected with the Food and Drugs Act. As a rule, the whole-time analyst is also Official Agricultural Analyst, and is entrusted 238 with water and sewage analysis, atmospheric pollution tests, analysis of road-making materials, and of contract samples of various kinds-foods, building materials, paints, disinfect ants , soaps, boiler waters, and so forth.Part-time analysts also may do such work for their Authorities, though naturally they are less regularly employed in this way. For instance, the part-time Public Analyst for Authority A may be the Official Agricultural Analyst for Authority B; while the Public Analyst for Auth- ority B may be the Official Agricultural Analyst for Authority A. Similarly, . such appointments as Water Examiner, Gas Examiner (under the Gas Regulation Act), and Analyst to Rivers Boards, may or may not be held by the Public Analyst.A very responsible duty which at times devolves upon the Public Analyst is the investigation of cases for coroners and the police. Such investigations involve the analysis of viscera and other materials for poisons, the examination of materials for the presence of blood, and a variety of analytical work. Criminal charges of the most serious character may at any time depend upon such work. It is customary to make the undertaking of this type of work a condition of the appointment of whole-time Public Analysts, and there are few Public Analysts, either whole-time or part-time, who have not in the course of years had to undertake, from time to time, the onerous responsibility of investigations of this nature. The Institute, therefore, covers this field also in its Branch E Examination. There is thus great diversity in the character of the appoint- ments of Public Analysts and in the nature of the work which they are called upon to do; in this respect the Public Analyst seems to be unique in the Local Government Service.It is manifest that the duties of Public Analysts extend, in the majority of cases, beyond those required under the Food and Drugs Act. They are stated here, not with the view of advocating a change or a reform, but with the object of demon- strating a position which does, in fact, exist, and in view of the importance in the public interest of securing the services of the most competent and experienced candidates for such appoint- ments. A further condition to which reference should be made is that the remuneration of a part-time analyst for analyses under 239 the Act is almost invariably on the basis of a “flat-rate” fee, i.e.the most simple and the most complicated analyses are paid for at the same rate. The first care of the Institute has always been the education and qualification of professional chemists. In regard to the qualifi- cation of Public Analysts, it can claim to have done work of special importance and, following upon that, it feels that it may venture to ask that consideration should be given to the conditions and terms attaching to these appointments, 7. Status and Control of Analysis. It is clearly the intention of the Act that the Public Analyst shall be the person to analyse all samples taken in pursuance of the Act.Section 17 (i), how- ever, says, “Where a sampling officer procures a sample of food or of a drug, he shall, if he suspects the sample or the article from which the sample is taken to have been sold contrary to any provision of this Act, submit it to be analysed by the public analyst.” It is also clear that a sampling officer should not be restricted to taking samples only in cases where he has definite cause for suspicion. These words “if he suspects . . .” etc., could with advantage be deleted. A practice has grown up in connection with informal sampling by which samples are subjected to certain tests by persons other than the Public Analyst, the sampling officer himself frequently performing these tests.The Institute approves of the principle of taking informal samples (i.e. samples taken without the formalities of the Act). Such procedure is very valuable, especially when a difficult point has to be investigated, a formal sample being subsequently taken or not, according as it is shown to be required or not required by the investigation. The Institute is strongly of the opinion, however, that the sampling officer should not be entrusted with duties which are essentially those of the Public Analyst. It is true that certain so-called “sorting tests’’ can be carried out under supervision by unqualified persons who have been given a little training, but such tests should be per- formed under the control of the Public Analyst, who alone is competent to judge as to their sufficiency. Moreover, under such a system, samples must obviously escape full examination, and adulteration may thereby remain undetected, 240 There is another aspect of this question which cannot with safety be neglected. If the system were to become general the Public Analyst would receive few, if any, but adulterated samples ; on this basis the part-time Public Analyst (see under 6) could not carry on his work, simply on account of financial considerations.The Public Analyst should, whatever system is adopted, be in control of the analysis of all samples taken for the purpose of detecting adulteration. He should work in close co-operation with the sampling officers, and upon this co-operation the success- ful administration of the Act largely depends.Whether the sampling officers be Sanitary Inspectors, Inspectors of Weights and Measures or Police Officers, the Public Analyst is an inde- pendent officer, appointed under an Act of Parliament for special duties, and should not, as, unfortunately, at times has been the case, be put in the position practically of an assistant officer in the department of the Medical Officer of Health. 8. Security of Tenure. As stated above, no appointment to the office of Public Analyst can be made without the approval of the Minister, “who may give his approval absolutely or with modifications as to the period of the appointment, removal, or otherwise” [Section 15 (z)].It is the opinion of Counsel, con- sulted by the Institute, that the discretion of the Minister is un- qualified; that he may fix the period for which the appointment is to be made, and modify any other term of the appointment which he may regard as being contrary to public policy or to the public interest. The Institute has been informed, however, that the Law Officers of the Crown disagree with this view, and the Ministry has disclaimed any power to intervene in questions concerning remuneration. The Institute is also advised by Counsel that if an appoint- ment is made for a fixed period, the analyst ceases to hold office at the end of that period, and it is necessary to make a new appointment of the same or of another competent person, subject to the approval of the Minister.The Local Authority cannot be required to re-appoint the same analyst. Also, since by Section 15 (i) of the Act it is the duty of the Authority to appoint “one or more persons as analysts of food 241 and drugs,” it is within the power of the Authority to appoint an additional analyst, to submit the samples to him, and to cease submitting them to the first appointed analyst, though he retain the appointment of Public Analyst. It is submitted that, though it is desirable that provision should be made for the carrying on of the duties of the Public Analyst during his necessary absence (see under IO), this should not be capable of being used virtually to deprive him of office whilst, in form, he retains it. Further, the Institute urges that a Local Authority should not be permitted to make the appointment of Public Analyst an annual one.The duties of the Public Analyst are such that they may render him unpopular or bring him into conflict with a member of his Authority if he reports adversely upon an article in which that member is interested. Moreover, a part-time analyst has to provide laboratory and staff sufficient to deal with the anticipated number of samples ;considerable capital expenditure is necessary. He should not be subjected to the uncertainty attaching to an annual appointment. The same argument applies to appointments subject to not ice. The Public Analyst looks to the Minister, who sanctions his appointment, to protect him alike from capricious dismissal and unreasonable alterations in the terms of his appointment.The Institute submits, therefore, that provision should be made whereby Public Analysts should have reasonable security of tenure. 9. Remuneration. The Institute also feels that the terms of remuneration should be subject to the approval of the Minister of Health. Section 12 of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, provided that a member of the public should be entitled to obtain an analysis for 10s. 6d.; but from official reports of the proceedings in the House of Commons at the time that the Bill was under discussion, it was evident that such a fee was not regarded as adequate, and that the intention was that it should be supple- mented from the rates. The Member for Leicestershire, Mr.Pell, in referring to this clause, suggested that the charge was too low. Professor 242 Playfair (later Lord Playfair) said that a consumer would have a right to obtain an analysis at the expense of the ratepayers, that is to say, that he would pay his 10s. 6d., but the difference would be paid out of the rates. This view was immediately endorsed by Mr. Sclater-Booth (afterwards Lord Basing), then President of the Local Government Board, who said: “I cannot help thinking that if any charge on the rates is reasonable, it is a charge of this nature.” The Act was passed on the understanding that the fee of 10s. 6d. was a nominal fee, and that the rates should be called upon for the proper payment of the Public Analyst.In the course of time the fee of 10s.6d. per sample, mentioned in 1875, came to be regarded by some authorities as the total remuneration to be paid to the Analyst for his services under the Act. Some Authorities are continuing to pay this rate, although the work and its incidental expenses and the responsibility attaching to it have steadily increased. Many Authorities have given no consideration to the increased cost of living, or to the increased cost of assistants, chemicals, apparatus, or rent, or to the additional work imposed upon the analyst by recent legisla- tion and by official regulations issued by the Ministry of Health. Owing to the growth of knowledge and the improvement of methods of analysis of food and drugs-largely due to the investigations conducted by the Public Analysts themselves, and arising in large measure from the necessity of meeting increasing ingenuity on the part of the unscrupulous trader-the work of the analyst on the majority of articles has been greatly extended, and he has been compelled to use increasingly complex methods and to provide more costly equipment for the practice of his profession.It might be thought that, with advancing knowledge, the task of the analyst has been rendered more simple. With some exceptions, precisely the reverse is the case. On the one hand, advance in knowledge enables an Analyst to do what he could not do before, not to do more simply what before was complicated: his work thus, even without any change in the material he analyses, becomes more extended.On the other hand, crude methods of adulteration, which would in these days be comparatively easy of detection, have been replaced 243 by carefully controlled sophistication, necessitating the employ- ment of refined methods of analysis. Moreover, the introduction of new raw materials, not previously utilised in the manufacture of food products, and the employment of new methods of pre- paring foods for the market, have greatly increased the difficulties of analysis. Further, it must be remembered that the Public Analyst is not merely applying established methods of analysis : it is as necessary that continual research should be proceeding in the laboratory of a Public Analyst as it is in the laboratories of research associations and of industrial concerns. The result of expansion in these various directions is that the space, equipment and staff of a Public Analyst’s laboratory have to be as different now from what they were fifty years ago, as has a modern hospital to be different from its predecessor of that date.Within the last few years certain Statutory Regulations with regard to food have been made by the Minister of Health; it is to be anticipated that similar action will be found to be desirable to a greater extent. While the Ministry has the power to make and enforce such regulations, it is advised that it has not the power to require the authorities to remunerate the analyst for the extra work involved.The rate of remuneration is fixed by the Local Authorities, but it is based on no general principles. Particularly where a part-time Public Analyst is appointed, the members of Local Authorities rarely know anything about the actual details of the professional duties of the analyst or of the cost of equipping and maintaining a laboratory, and receive no guidance from the Ministry of Health on such matters. Manufacturers of foodstuffs, in common with many other manufacturers, realise the importance of scientific control in the works, and chemists with special qualifications and experience in the chemistry of food and drugs are being attracted to the food industry. It is essential, therefore, that the Local Government service should be made equally attractive.The Institute is of opinion that the question of remuneration, specifically referred to in the existing Food and Drugs Act, 244 requires reconsideration and amendment ; a recommendation is included in the conclusions of this Memorandum. 10. The Institute understands that the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists advocates that provision be made for the appointment of Deputy Public Analysts, to act in the event of absence of the Public Analyst through sickness or leave. The Institute supports this recommendation as a reasonable provision for ensuring the proper administration of the Act. Similar provision is made under the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1926.11. The Institute also supports the suggestion that an Advisory Committee be constituted (similar to the Advisory Committee under the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act) to deal with all matters arising under the administration of the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act. CONCLUSIONS. I. Qualifications foy appointment. The Institute suggests that the time has come for the elimination of the reference to medical practitioners in the Regulations as to competency of Public Analysts. Since the Examinations for the Certificate of the Institute in the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water, including Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Micro- scopy, has been accepted by the Ministry of Health for over 30 years, it should be sufficient that these quaIifications and no other be mentioned in the Regulations as to competency of Public Analysts.11. Status and Control ofAnaZysis. The Institute recommends that, since the official position of the Public Analyst relative to other officials is not clearly defined, it should be made evident that he is an independent officer appointed for duties involving highly specialised training and experience, and his status as an independent officer, answerable directly to his Authority, should be so defined. The Institute also recommends that the Public Analyst should be in control of all samples taken by Local Authorities for the purpose of detecting adulteration, whether or not such samples be taken with the formalities of the Act.245 111. Security of Tenuure. In the opinion of the Institute, not merely the appointment and removal, but also the terms and conditions of the appointments (including specifically the terms of remuneration) should be subject to the approval of the Minister of Health. (Such powers might be definitely conferred on the Minister if an Exchequer grant were contributed to the remuneration of the Public Analyst as in the case of the Medical Officer of Health and the Sanitary Inspector.) It is urged that no appointment of Public Analyst already made or hereafter made should be determined without the con- sent of the Minister, and that when any alteration affecting the appointment of a Public Analyst is proposed to be introduced by the Local Authority, the Public Analyst shall be entitled to appeal direct to the Minister of Health, whose decision shall be binding; Further, that provision be made for compensating Public Analysts, both whole-time and part-time, for loss of office conse- quent on new legislation, as in the case of officers under the Local Government Act, 1929.As a result of the Local Government (Scotland) Act, some Public Analysts have lost their positions without compensation or allowance of any kind. If the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Local Government are followed in England and Wales, it it quite possible that other Public Analysts may suffer in the same way. IV. Remuneration. The Institute recommends that Section 17 (ii) of the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, be amended in order to eliminate all mention of a fee of 10s.6d., and that the fee for analysis under this Section be that agreed between the Public Analyst and his Authority. Also, that when fresh legislation is introduced or regulations are made by the Minister of Health, which have the effect of increasing the work of the Public Analyst, provision shall be made for the revision of his remuneration. Gift.-At the meeting of Council held in July, the Finance and House Committee reported that Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treasurer, had presented the Institute with a valuable 246 Chippendale book-case, which has been placed in the Council Room. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the Hon.Treasurer for this gift, with an expression of appreciation of his kind thought for the interests of the Institute. British Engineering Standards Associatiom.-Dr. Leslie Aitchison has kindly consented to serve as the representative of the Institute on the Technical Committee CH/6, Chemicals and Chemical Plant for Electro-plating, and Dr. J. J. Fox as the representative of the Institute to advise on the analysis of chemicals and materials used in electro-plating; and Dr. C. J. J. Fox, on the Technical Committee ME/Ig Manila Ropes for the preparation of a Specification of Fibre Cores for Wire Ropes. A draft Specification for High Alumina Cements which has been prepared by a Committee, including Professor C.H. Desch, Mr. F. W. Harbord, and Dr. James Watson, as representatives of the Institute, has been received, and submitted to other members, whose opinions thereon have been forwarded to the Association for consideration. The President, Dr. G. C. Clayton, C.B.E., will represent the In- stitute at the Faraday Celebrations (mst September3rd October) and at the Centenary Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (z3rd-3oth September). Dr. A. E. Dunstan will represent the Institute at the Eleventh Congress of Industrial Chemistry organised by the Soci6tk de Chimie Industrielle, to be held in Paris from 27th September to 4th October. Dr. C. R. Austin will attend, as representative of the Institute, the Third International Conference on Bituminous Coal, to be held at the Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburg, Penn- sylvania, from the 16th to 2Ist November.Mr. Trenham H. Reeks, Fellow, has kindly presented the Institute with a portrait (framed with autograph) of Michael Faraday,-a lithograph by Bosley published by Claudet in 1849; and also a photographic group of Faraday, Huxley, Wheatstone, Brewster, and Tyndall, enlarged from a photograph taken about 1860. 247 Local Sections. Birmingham and Midlands,-On 3rd March, Mr. H. H. Bagnall, City Analyst for Birmingham, gave a lecture before the Section on 6‘ Proprietary Medicines.” Mr. Bagnall dealt chiefly with that class of medicines which may best be described as quack remedies, and gave many examples of fraudulent descriptions and of claims made on behalf of worthless, but frequently expensive, nostrums.In this connection, he stressed the need for immediate and drastic legislation, in order that the public should be adequately pro- tect ed. The lecture was followed by a spirited discussion, at the conclusion of which the lecturer made it clear that he did not attack those firnis who produced pure drugs of known therapeutic value and high quality. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 27th March. The Secretary and Treasurer were both able to present very favourable reports, which were adopted. The result of the election of Officers and Committee for the coming session was as follows :-Chairman, Dr.W. Wardlaw; Vice-chairman, Mr. A. W. Knapp; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. A. G. R. Whitehouse ; Hon. Secretary, Dr. F. W. Norris; Committee- Fellows: Messrs. H. H. Bagnall, F. C. Bullock, J. R. Johnson, G. King, D. W. Parkes; Associates: Dr. W. M. Hampton, Messrs. H. Berry, R. W. Payne, G. Thomas. On zand April, a joint meeting of the British Association of Chemists, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute was held in Derby. A detailed account of the lecture delivered by Dr. A. Bramley, of Loughborough College, on (( Diffusion and Solids,” was published in Chemistry and Industry for 8th May, p. 392. The lecture was well attended, and it is hoped that, now there is a sub-committee of this Section of the Institute in Derby, including representatives on a joint committee of the three above-named Societies, there may be increased activities in the Derby area during the coming session.The programme for the coming session is almost complete, and provisional dates will shortly be announced in a circular letter. The opening social was so successful last year that it is proposed to repeat this event early in October. An attractive programme of lectures and discussions and social meetings will be arranged. Last session showed a marked increase in general interest in the affairs of the Section, as indicated by considerably larger attendances at meetings, and it is hoped that this satis- factory condition will be maintained. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-On 13th June, about 30 members and friends paid a visit to the Seale-Hayne Agricultural College, Newton Abbot, where they were received by the Principal, Lieut-Col.D. R. Edwardes-Ker, who, in a short address of welcome, outlined the work of the college. The party was afterwards placed in charge of Dr. E. Vanstone, a member of the Section Committee, who had arranged the programme and visited the small holding which is under intensive nitrogenous manuring. Mr. Johnson, the Head of the agricul- tural department, having explained the nature of the investiga- tions which were being carried out, the visitors were entertained to tea. Visits were also made to the laboratories-chemical, botanical, agricultural and physical-and to the farm buildings, where the farm manager, Mr.J. F. Codd, described the production of certified T.T. milk. Under the guidance of Mr. F. R. Horne and Mr. H. McClelland, the visitors then inspected the forestry and plant-breeding nurseries. Mr. Frank Southerden, Chairman of the Section, on behalf of the visitors, expressed their thanks to the Principal and the College authorities for their courtesy in entertaining them, and their appreciation of the facilities afforded for the visit. Cape.-On the 15th May, by the courtesy of Dr. J. Gutsche, Works Manager of the Cape Explosives Works, members of the Cape Section of the Institute and of the Cape Chemical Society visited the Dynamite Factory at Somerset West, where they were received and conducted over the works by Mr.G. C. Scully. A visit was also made to the fertiliser works and to the acid works, and great interest was shown in the improvements 249 introduced in the burners and in the contact chambers of the sulphuric acid plant, as well as in the new synthetic nitric acid plant which is in course of erection. In the evening, the members were entertained to dinner. The Annual General Meeting of the Cape Section of the Institute followed, when the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer submitted their reports, which were received and adopted. The membership roll of the Cape Section now consists of 32 Fellows and Associates. The activities of the Section and the publicity which has been given to their work have done much to foster a better realisation of the importance of the profession and the applications of chemistry in industry.The Section passed a vote of sympathy with Dr. B. W. Marloth on the death of his distinguished father, Dr. R. Marloth. In conjunction with the Cape Chemical Society, the Section has under consideration a scheme for making arrangements with the Cape University for the use of its library by members of both bodies. Thanks were accorded to the office bearers for the past year, and the following were elected for the ensuing session : Chairman : Dr. C. F. Juritz; Vice-Chairman :Prof. E. Newbery ; Secretary : Dr. W. Pugh; Treasurer: Mr. G. F. Britten; Auditors: Messrs. E. H. Croghan and L. Denis-Nathan. Mr. Scully was also elected a member of the Committee. The following papers were read and discussed : “Recent Work on Superphosphate Manufacture,” by J.Malan ; “Observations on the Accurate Determination of Phosphoric Oxide,’’ by J. Malan and A. C. Bilbrough; and “The Phenomenon of the Setting of Mixed Fertilisers,” by J. Malan and G. G. Malan. Manchester and District.-A large contingent of members of the Section met at the beautiful grounds of Lawton Hall, South Cheshire, on 13th June. After tea had been served the members and guests took part in the various sports which had been arranged. A mixed cricket match, between sides captained by the chairman, Mr. J. H. Lester, and the vice-chairman, Mr. W. D. Rogers, proved a great attraction, and much amusement was caused by the subtle decisions of the umpires, Messrs.Brazier and Stocks. There was a golf competition, for a prize presented by the Dunlop Sports Co,; also a putting competition and clock golf. 250 Prizes for these were kindly given by the Chairman and the Macinlop Rubber Co. Messrs. Butler, Herbert, Stocks and Swann acted as stewards and recorders in the competitions. In the evening, after dinner, the chairman expressed his pleasure in welcoming so many members and guests, who included members of other Manchester Scientific Societies. Dr. Schedler replied on behalf of the guests. Mr. W. D. Rogers warmly congratulated the Honorary Secretary and the Stewards on the arrangements, and after the prizes had been kindly presented by Mrs.Lester, the party adjourned to the lounge for dancing. Arrangements have been made to open the session by a conjoint meeting with the Institution of the Rubber Industry on 8th October, when a paper will be given by Mr. Maitland, of the British Xylonite Co. New Zealand.-The Hon. Secretary for New Zealand reports that the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry has been constituted, and branches are being formed in the four main centres : Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin and Wellington. The principal objects are stated to be the advancement of the science and the application of chemistry in all its branches, and of the interests of those engaged therein, the promotion of honour- able practice, and the decision of questions of professional usage and etiquette.The first President of the Institute is Professor (Emeritus) W. P. Evans. The Council consists of Professor F. P. Worley, Mr. G. A. Lawrence, Professor H. G. Denham, Dr. R. Gardner, and the Hon. Secretary, Mr. W. A. Joiner, of the Dominion Laboratory. 251 Notes. Institute of Fuel.-As reported in Part 111, the Institute of Fuel is arranging a joint meeting of societies interested in low temperature carbonisation and hydrogenation of coal to be held at the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, Victoria Embankment, W.C.1, on Wednesday, the 7th October, 1931, at 7 p.m., when a discussion on the present position and future prospects of the conversion of coal into oil and smokeless fuel will be opened by Dr.W. R. Ormandy. Fellows and Associates are invited to participate in this meeting and to join in the discussion. All who are desirous of attending are invited to notify the Registrar not later than Monday, the 14th September, in order that they may be supplied with advance copies of Dr. Ormandy’s paper. Faraday Centenary.-The Faraday Centenary Celcbra-tions will be held in London from zIst September to 3rd October. The celebrations are being arranged under the auspices of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, in co-operation with the Institution of Electrical Engineers, the Federal Council for Chemistry and other Bodies. The principal feature of the celebrations will be a comprehen- sive Exhibition at the Royal Albert Hall, Kensington, to be opened on 23rd September, devoted to the demonstration of the results of Faraday’s work.The exhibits will be classified in nine sections:-(I) Electric Generation, (2) Electric Transmission and Distribution, (3)Trans-formation, (4) Electric Transport, (5) Electrical Power for Industry, (6) Electric Industrial Heating, (7) Domestic Applica- tions of Electricity, (8) Chemistry and Electro-Chemistry, (9) Communications, Engineering and Radiology. The Exhibition will be open daily from 11 a.m. to 10 p.m. Admission, IS.; children under 14years of age, 6d. British Association.-The Centenary Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science will be held in London from 23rd to 30th September, 1931. Brig.-General Sir Harold B.Hartley, C.B.E., F.R.S., will be President of Section B.-Chemistry. “Aslib.”-A Conferenceof the Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux will be held at Lady Margaret Hall, 252 Oxford, from September 18th-21st. Full particulars may be obtained from S. S. Bullock, General Secretary, Aslib, 16, Russell Square, London, W.C. I. Impersonation.-A man who has described himself as Mr. William Alfred Caldwell, a Fellow of the Institute, has been appealing to members of the Institute in various districts, notably Nonvich and Manchester, for financial assistance. He is an impostor, and should be given in charge. Action, in a matter of this kind, is taken by the police in the district in which the offence has been committed.Mr. Caldwell would be very glad to have any information which would prevent a continuance of this use of his name. Criticism.-An anonymous, but kindly, letter has been received from “A Fellow,’’ who suggests that the salary statistics recently obtained and published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111, involved an unwarrantable expense, and would not make an iota of difference to the remuneration of any industrial or academic chemist. When similar returns were published in the years 1920 and 1921,the average salaries of Fellows and Associates showed a very marked appreciation for the latter year. The average increase in emoluments at the age of 30 was about EIOO. The statistics should afford the chemist an indication of his economic position in the profession, and they have proved useful not only to chemists, but to employers of the staffs of industrial under- takings, as well as to educational authorities, who are thereby enabled to indicate the prospects of students contemplating careers in chemistry.The anonymous correspondent also refers to the printing of documents, reports, etc., on the proposed Supplemental Charter. Such a movement involves expense owing to the procedure which the Institute is called upon to adopt in accordance with its Charter and Bylaws, and the requirements of the Privy Council. If, however, a distinctive title is generally admitted to be desirable, and the movement is supported by the general body of members, a certain amount of expenditure cannot be avoided.Sugar Beet Industry.-The Report on the Sugar Beet Industry at Home and Abroad, recently issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (H.M. Stationery Office, price 6d.1, contains surveys of the subject from the historical, agricultural, industrial and commercial points of view. 253 A general account is given of the method of manufacture of sugar from the raw material, but little information is given as to the methods of chemical control. Reference is made to the importance of technical education and research, and a list of colleges and institutions at which such research is being undertaken is given. The report states that the employment of alien labour in the British factories was necessary in the early stages of the industry, because the factory processes were unfamiliar both to the British managerial staffs and to the factory workers.Licences for the importation of aliens have been granted under guarantees (a)that no British labour is displaced, and (b) that the alien is charged with the duty of training British staffs. It would appear that there was an increase in the employment of aliens up to 1927-8, but that these have been gradually superseded. The number of alien chemists employed is stated to have been six in 1927 and three in 1930-1. There is no information to show how many alien chemists may have become naturalised. The number of British chemists employed is not given, although figures are given indicating the number of British and alien “skilled workers.’’ No information is given as to whether the facilities offered by British colleges for the special training of chemists for the needs of the industry have been utilised.Dr. G. M. Bennett, Fellow, has been appointed Firth Professor of Chemistry in the University of Sheffield in succession to Professor W. Palmer Wynne, F.R.S., who has retired. Dr. T. J. Drakeley, Head of the Department of Chemistry at the Northern Polytechnic, London, has been appointed Principal of the Polytechnic in succession to Dr. R. S. Clay. Mr. A. V. Elsden, M.B.E., has been appointed War Depart- ment Chemist, in succession to Mr. G. H. Perry, O.B.E., who has retired from that office. Professor C. S. Gibson, O.B.E., and Professor I.M. Heilbron, D.S.O., Members of Council of the Institute, have been elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society. Dr. R. H. Hopkins, Lecturer in Biochemistry in the Heriot- Watt College, Edinburgh, has been appointed to succeed Professor A. R. Ling, as Adrian Brown Professor of Biochemistry of Fermentation in the University of Birmingham. 254 Major Francis Martin Potter, M.B.E., 12th London Regiment (Rangers) has been appointed an Officer of the Military Division of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. Professional Institutions and Income Tax.-The Institu-tion of Civil Engineers, which was founded in 1818 and incor- porated by Royal Charter in 1828, for the purpose of advancing mechanical science, appealed to the Special Commissioners against an assessment of income tax, on the ground that it was a body of persons established for charitable purposes only.The Commissioners held that the Institution could not be so described, because a substantial part of its objects was directed to the benefit of its members. Mr. Justice Rowlatt took the same view. The Institution appealed, and the Master of the Rolls (Lord Handworth), in giving judgment, said that he could not attach the same weight as Mr. Justice Rowlatt had done to the fact that members of the Institution were entitled to attach letters or suffixes to their names. That did not appear to be an advan- tage amounting to a collateral purpose not strictly charitable. Full publicity was given to the researches made by members, a not unimportant feature, and no profit was distributed to members.He referred to other cases in which the Institution had been concerned, wherein it was held that it was not entitled to exemption from liability to rates, and to another case, relating to the property of the Institution. The Queen’s Bench Division held that the Institute was not exempt from the duty imposed on the annual value, but the Court of Appeal had taken a different view, which was confirmed by the majority of the House of Lords. In that case, Lord Macnaghten had stated that, although member- ship of the Institution was undoubtedly an advantage to a civil engineer, such advantage must be regarded as entirely incidental to the main purpose of the Institution.Moreover, in the case of the Savoy Overseers v. Art Union of London, 1896, Lord Macnaghten had drawn an important distinction between the purpose of a Society, as defined by its Charter, and the objects of the individual members in joining it. The House of Lords held that the Institution was exempted from income tax and the Court of Appeal gave effect to that opinion. The appeal, therefore, was allowed and the assessment discharged. 255 National Certificates in Chemistry, 1931. The Council has received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute on National Certificates in Chemistry. A ssessors.-Professor G. T. Morgan, 0.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Dr.T. Slater Price, O.B.E., F.R.S., and Professor J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc. I. 1ntrodwtory.-During the present session, one school has submitted candidates for the first time in the senior grade and two in the advanced grade. The number of entries in the senior grade was 193,of whom 107*passed. In 1930,there were 216 candidates, of whom 109 passed. In the advanced grade there were 71 candidates, of whom 45* passed. In 1930,there were 54 candidates, of whom 35 passed. Of the 71 candidates, 44 had previously obtained the ordinary certificate, and of the 45 successful candidates, 31 had previously obtained the ordinary certificate. 11. General Remarks.-The Assessors have found it necessary to repeat two general comments which have appeared in previous Reports.Internal Examiners still tend to be too severe in marking strong candidates and to be too lenient in marking the weaker students. In practical examinations skill and accuracy should be regarded as of great importance; however carefully candidates may describe their methods and present their calculations, they cannot expect to pass unless they attain to a reasonable standard as regards the accuracy of the results. Practical tests are costly in time and material, and are not worth the expense unless they discriminate between those who are skilled in the laboratory arts and those who fail in this respect. It might be urged that examination conditions are abnormal, but it must be remembered that a chemist’s compe- tence in his career will be gauged by his capacity to cope with the unexpected.* Not including the results from one school. 256 I1I. Inorganic Chemistry, Theory.-There has undoubtedly been a general improvement in the knowledge of inorganic chemistry shown by candidates, but there is still room for advance. The chief failing is a lack in accuracy of knowledge, statements often being made which show that the candidate does not think for himself. For example, a common error was to state that carbon electrodes are used in the arc process for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Again, many candidates evidently do their practical work without thinking much about the solutions they use or the reactions they employ. It was frequently stated in written answers that a standard solution of iodine is made simply by dissolving iodine in water.Again, answers to questions on the action of aqueous ammonia on solutions of silver, copper and chromium salts were very poor. Candidates should be encouraged to draw accurate diagrams of apparatus, and to give equations for the reactions they describe. In the advanced grade, the work of the candidates was satisfactory, although there was a tendency to make mistakes in elementary chemistry. IV. Inorganic Chemistry, Practical.-The standard attained in the practical work was generally higher than that in the theoretical. Some time was wasted in qualitative work by doing tests for substances which observations had already shown could not possibly be present.Having once learned a table of analysis, some candidates think that in an examination this must be followed in every detail. It was curious to note that in cases where a salt was to be examined by dry tests only, the action of dilute and concentrated sulphuric acid was included. In the case of qualitative analysis it should be emphasised that it is as much an error to find radicals present which are not there as to miss the presence of radicals, and due notice is taken of this in the marking. The Assessors suggest that it should not be possible to pass in the practical examination on qualitative analysis only. The candidate should also show some acquaintance with volumetric analysis. In the advanced grade the work was again very satisfactory.V. Physical Chemistry .-The Assessors have noticed an improvement in the standard reached by the candidates. Weak-ness is still shown, however, by candidates from institutions where there is evidently comparatively little done in the way of practical demonstratdons. There is a tendency to rely too much on a formula, without a proper understanding of the basis on which it is built up, and to give descriptions which have evidently been memorised from text-books. The principles underlying the process of fractional distillation were not well understood, nor was there a proper appreciation of the meaning of a eutectic mixture. Answers on the polarimeter were better than last year, but improvement is still necessary.The work in the advanced grade was satisfactory. VI. Organic Chemistry, Theory.-The papers in this section displayed a judicious selection of questions dealing adequately with the syllabuses of instruction in organic chemistry so that it was readily possible to utilise this selection in the choice of compulsory questions which were of a general character such as the differences between aliphatic and aromatic compounds, the cyclic structure of aromatic substances and stereoisomerism among carbon compounds. The distinctions between aliphatic and aromatic compounds were generally given quite fully by the stronger candidates, but even these were much less successful in regard to instances of the conversion of aliphatic into aromatic substances and the reverse process.The production of benzene and mesitylene from acetylene and acetone respectively were the stock examples of the former chemical change. The latter was scarcely ever attempted. A simple example which might be considered by teachers is the production of maleic anhydride by the aerial oxidation of benzene vapour in presence of vanadium oxide catalyst, a process which is not only of considerable structural significance, but also of industrial importance. Stereoisomerism was often illustrated solely by reference to the asymmetric carbon atoms of lactic and tartaric acids, although in a few schools reference was made to the cis- and trans-isomerism manifested by maleic and fumaric acids. The answers to questions on diazotisation and diazo-compounds were satisfactory, although many candidates assumed that cuprous iodide was necessary for the replacement of the diazonium group by iodine. The properties of quinones were not always clearly under- stood.Acetophenone and benzophenone were sometimes included in this group of compounds. In the higher grade a general question on quinones led to good answers, sometimes 258 given in tabular form, of the differences between ortho- and para-quinones. Modern processes such as the Gattermann synthesis were mentioned for the production of aldehydes, but sometimes his carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride method was cited without reference to the essential catalysts (aluminium and cuprous chlorides).It was a pleasant change to find that the constitution of naphthalene rests on other proofs besides that enunciated by Erlenmeyer and the evidence based on o-xylylene dibromide, phenylbutylene or phenylvinylace tic acid was also adduced. In the advanced grade weaker candidates misunderstood the phenomenon of tautomerism, and gave as examples maleic and fumaric acids, although the stronger candidates supplied good answers instancing cyanic and isocyanic acids, isatin, e thylace toace t a te, quinones and nitroso phenols. Graphic formulae were sometimes given without any regard to the valencies of component elements, and answers often consisted of rows of formulations without any connecting narra tiv e. Although the majority of candidates in the advanced grade gave adequate answers, yet there was still a substantial minority whose replies showed that they were not up to the higher standard required at this stage.VII. Organic Chemistry, Practical.-It again becomes neces- sary to insist on the necessity of returning detailed keys to the distribution of materials in the practical exercises. In the flurry of examination, candidates frequently omit to record the distinctive letters and numbers of their tests. The simplest way of overcoming this difficulty would be for examiners to indicate on each script a precise record of the exercises distributed to the candidate, and in the case of the quantitative problems the correct answer which is expected. Reference was made in last year’s Report to the failures which sometimes attend Lassaigne’s test for nitrogen in organic substances.The fusion with sodium has again failed occasion- ally to reveal nitrogen in acetanilide. For a similar reason diphenylamine was returned as acetophenone. Several schools presented a few candidates who showed great competence in their respective grades, who were successful in such exercises as the identification of all the elements in chloramine T and in the separation of mixtures containing naphthols and 259 naphthylamines, and obtained accurate results in their quantita- tive exercises. VIII. Technological Subjects.-In considering a candidate’s experience of chemical technology as contributing to his claims for a National Certificate in Chemistry the Assessors look for evidence of sound knowledge of the fundamental principles underlying his special industry.In many instances satisfactory evidence was revealed of this grounding in chemical theory, but in others this foundation was not discernible. In connection with cotton dyeing, candidates were asked to discuss hardness of water and its removal. Although some answers were quite satisfactory with reference to various methods of softening (lime-soda and base-exchange processes) , yet in others there was confusion concerning permanent and temporary hardness. The chemical nature of bleaching agents (bleaching powder and electrolytic bleach) was clearly discussed, and candidates drew on their practical experience for their examples of reducing agents such as hydrosulphites for vat dyes and sodium sulphide for sulphide colours. An excellent paper was contributed on paints, pigments and varnishes, in which the diverse chemical characters of ultra-marine, Prussian blue and iron oxide pigments were well con- trasted, and satisfactory answers were also returned on rosin and tung oil.In the practical tests on oils, fats and waxes, accurate determinations of saponification and acid values were obtained, while mixtures of waxes and oils were identified correctly. In the theoretical paper, candidates were less happy with the questions on the hydrogenation of oleic and erucic acids. The chemical differences between mineral, vegetable and animal waxes were, however, correctly defined.Certain comparatively new developments in dyeing such as Neolan dyes appealed strongly to candidates interested in this branch of chemical technology, who described fairly accurately the chemical composition and application of these soluble lakes. The same candidates, however, were apt to be either thoughtless or forgetful in regard to older dyes. Alizarin was said to be applied as a direct dye with acetic acid and sodium sulphate and fixed by after-chroming. The latter treatment was also advo- cated for rhodamine, described, on this occasion, as an acid colour . 260 Acid dyes were described as the acid esters of aromatic organic compounds. In a question on artificial silks comparatively few candidates described all the main industrial varieties.A question set in earlier years recurred in the paper on technical chemistry: the production in quantity of any two chemicals employed in the candidate’s works. The answers were satisfactory, and included caustic soda and carbon di- sulphide, both utilised in the manufacture of viscose. A question on wetting-out agents led to fairly comprehensive answers, but in many cases the names of proprietary articles were given without any reference to the chemical nature of these materials. Mercerol was either mentioned without description or stated to be a mixture of cresylic acid and organic substances. IX. Physics.-The general standard of performance was not quite so good this year. It is noteworthy that questions which had a chemical bearing were frequently answered poorly, e.g.questions on primary and secondary cells, Faraday’s Laws and electrolytic conduction. The general criticisms on the examinations in Chemistry apply equally to those in Physics. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY, SCOTLAND, 1931. The Council has also received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Scottish Education Department and the Institute on National Certificates in Chemistry. Assessor.-Dr. Norman Picton. One candidate has been awarded the Ordinary Certificate and five candidates awarded the Higher Certificate. The Robert Gordon’s College, Aberdeen, has been approved under the scheme for the award of National Certificates. Obituary.ETHELBERT BLAIR was killed in an explosion which occurred WILLIAM at Holton Heath, Dorset, on 23rd June, in his 37th year. Educated at Tottenham County School, at East London College, and at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, he gained the Neil Arnott Scholarship, graduated B.Sc. with Honours in Chemistry in 1913, and was awarded the Diploma of the Imperial College in 191 5. In the same year he was engaged on the staff of the Royal Naval Cordite Factory, where he was largely entrusted with experimental research of technological importance, in which he was very successful, and in 1921 was appointed Chemist-in-charge of the main laboratory. From 1922 onwards he contributed a number of papers to the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry and to The Analyst.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918, and a Fellow in 1924. GEORGECRAIG died at Glasgow on the 5th May, in his 71st year. Educated at the High School, Glasgow, he studied chemistry under Dittmar, at Anderson’s College, and with Dr. John Clark from 1875 until 1881, when he was appointed technical chemist at the Lugar Iron Works, Cumnock. He contributed papers on the estimation of sulphur in iron, steel, slag and pyrites to the Chemical News in 1882, and again in 1891, and for several years devoted particular attention to the manufacture of potash from blast furnace gases and to the improvement of methods of treating blast furnace gases. In 1888 he designed an automatic benzole recovery plant for coke ovens, which w-as worked with success for many years.Later, he established a practice as a consulting chemical engineer in Glasgow. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1895. WILLIAMCRRLAWGRAY died at Hall Green, Birmingham, after a short illness, on the 14th April, in his 41st year. He was educated at Albert Road Academy, Pollokshields, and at tho Royal Technical College, Glasgow, where he gained the Diploma of Associateship in 1912. Before tho war he continued for some time in the College as a lecturer in metal- lurgy, and obtained some works experience in America, Canada and Scotland. He was first attached to the Cameron Highlanders, and later held the rank of Captain in the 3rd Battalion, Highland Light Infantry attached as Intelligence Officer to the 157th Infantry Brigade, and served in Egypt, Palestine and France.After his return he became Graham Young Lecturer in the University of Glasgow and the Royal Technical College. In 1923 he joined the staff of Henry Wiggin & Co., Ltd., Birmingham, where he occupied the position of works manager at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. CHARLES THOMAS died at Cambridge on the 3rd June, in HEYCOCE his 73rd year. The younger son of Frederick Heycock, of Braunston, Oakham, he received his early education at the Grammar Schools of Bedford and Oakham, entered King’s College, Cambridge, as an Exhi- bitioner in 1877, and, having obtained an open Vintners’ Scholarship, graduated with first class honours in Part I1 of the Natural Science Tripos in 1880, later procoeding to 3I.A.He continued in the university as a, 262 teacher of chemistry, physics and mineralogy, and in 1895 was elected to a Fellowship of his College. In the following year he was appointed a college lecturer and natural science tutor. In 1895 he was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society for his work, in conjunction with the late F. H. Neville, F.R.S., on metallic alloys, which was largely conducted in the small laboratory at Sidney Sussex College, and was not only of original character but of world-wide importance. His work with Neville, who died in 1915, was largely contributed to the Transactions of the Chemical Society and the Royal Society. He delivered the Bakerian Lecture before the Royal Society in 1903.In 1908, he was appointed the first Goldsmith’s Reader in Metallurgy in the University, which post he held until his retirement in 1928. He was a Member of the Council of the Royal Society from 1907-9, and was awarded the Davy Medal in 1920. He served as a Vice-president and as a Member of Council of the Chemical Society, and was President of Section B of the British Association in 1920, He was a Deputy Lieutenant for Cambridgeshire,and a keen Volunteer, holding the rank of Colonel successively with the Cambridgeshire V. B. Suffolk Regiment, the Infantry Regiment of the C.U.0.T.C., and 21 1st Battn. , Cambridgeshire Regiment.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. JOHN died on 13th August at the Freemasons’ WILLIAMHINCHLEY Hospital, London, in his 6lst year. Educated at Lincoln Grammar School, he became apprentice to Messrs. Ruston Proctor & Co., Ltd., and attended classes at tho Lincoln School of Science, where he subsequently taught metallurgy under the Science and Art Department. Obtaining a National Scholarship in 1893, he proceeded to the Royal College of Science. In 1894 and 1896, respectively, he gained a Whitworth Exhibition and Scholarship and, in the latter year, the Diploma of A.R.S.M. in metallurgy with first class in all subjects. He then collaborated in colour-photography with Professor Joly, of Trinity College, Dublin, and for about two years held an appointment as manager of the National Colour Photography Co.Ltd. In 1899 he became assistant to the late Mr. Oscar Guttmann, and from 1903 to 1906 was Technical head and Chief Assayer of the Royal Siamese Mint, Bangkok. In 1907 he established a practice as a consultingchemical engineer ;from 1909 to 19 15 he was lecturer in chemical engineer- ing at the Battersea Polytechnic, and from 1911 to 1917, at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, where he subsequently became the first professor in that department. He was interested in the foundation, during the war, of the Association of Chemical Technologists, and, later, of the British Association of Chemists. He was the first chairman of the Chemical Engineering Group of the Society of Chemical Industry and the establishment of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, of which he was Hon.Secretary up to the time of his death, was largely due to his initiative. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. At the funeral at Golders Green, on 17th August, the Institute was represented by Mr. H. W. Cremer. EDWARD JONES(TOWYN) died early in July, at the age of 50 years. He was educated at Towyn County School and at University College of North Wales, Bangor, where he graduated with first class honours in chemistry in 1904, subsequently proceeding to the degree of M.Sc. In 1905, he was appointed lecturer and demonstrator in chemistry and physics at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society, and in 1907 passed the Final Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in Organic Chemistry.He was then appointed Science Master at the Intermediate School for Boys, Newport, Mon., which position he held until 1913, also 263 holding the appointment of lecturer in chemistry at the h’ewport Tech- nical Institute from 1910 to 1913, when he was appointed Headmaster of the Festiniog County School, where he remained until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. Professor T. Campbell James represented the Institute at the funeral at Festiniog, on 9th July. HAROLDRAYMOND KELSALLPETOdied as the result of an accident while climbing the Jungfrau, near Geneva. Born at Lyndhurst in 1897, he was educated at Winchester College, and proceeded to the Imperial Collego of Science, where he obtained the diploma of A.R.C.S.in 1919. In the following year he graduated as B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry. He pursued a post-graduate course in chemical engineering, and, subse- quently, from 1920- 22, was engaged in research under Professor G. I.Finch. Later, he was associated with hTessrs. C. H. Cribb and W. C. Hancock, and, at the time of his death, was engaged as research chemist at the Gezira Research Farm in the Sudan. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1925. THOMASMERCERdied suddenly on the 5th July at Eastbourne in his 64th year. He was educated at Newchurch Grammar School, and studied chemistry under Roscoe and Schorlemmer at Owens College, Manchester, passing the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1888.He was engaged as brewer and chemist in his father’s brewery at Ededeld, near Bury, until 1899. At that time, being a 2nd Lieutenant in the 3rd East Lanes. Volunteer Battalion, he joined a troop of Yeomanry to serve in the Boer War until 1901. In the following year he became a pupil at Messrs. Abbey’s Brewery at Brighton, and from there proceeded to the post of brewer and manager at the Lion Brewery, Eastbourne. In 1909, however, he returned to Lancashire as managing director of Edenfield Brewery Company until November, 1914, when he proceeded to Mullingar as 1st Lieutenant in the 10th Hampshire R,egiment. In July, 1915, ho joined the 2nd Hampshires in Gallipoli, but after being invalided, served in various camps and dep6ts at home until February, 1917, when he proceeded to France with the 170th Labour Company, with whom he served until June, 1919, being promoted temporary Captain.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1892. GROVEPALMERFREDERICK died, following an operation, on 10th June, at the age of 52 years. Educated at Alleyn’s School, Dulwich, he was engaged from 1894-6 as a junior chemist with the Cotton Powder Co. at Faversham, Kent, before proceeding to Hartley University College, Southampton, where he studied for three years. He held an appointment with Messrs. J. B. White & Sons, of Swanscombe, until 1902, when he proceeded to Guy’s Hospital as Assistant to the late Dr.John Wade, Fellow. In 1904 he returned to the Cotton Powder Co., with whom he remained until 1911. In that year he obtained an appointment with the Japanese Explosives Co., which he held until the outbreak of war, when he returned to England,and was appointed Superintendent of the Guncotton Department of Messrs. Curtiss & Harvey, Ltd., at Cliffe-at-Hoo, until 1919. After the war, he held appointments as chief chemist to Messrs. Grout & Co. Ltd., of Great Yarmouth, with whom he remained until 1924, and as chemist in charge of the Nitrocellulose Department of Messrs. Berger & Sons, at Homerton, with whom he remained until 1927. He subsequently devoted himself successfully to scientific and technical journalism. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1927. 264 HENRY died at Nottingham on 27th August, in his DROOP RICHMOND 64th year.He studied chemistry under Temple Orme at UniversityCollege School, and subsequently at Finsbury Technical College under Professors H. E. Armstrong and R. Meldola. After some experience as assistant with the late Mr. Otto Hehner, he was for several years engaged in the Khedival laboratory at Cairo and then for many years chemist to the Aylesbury Dairy Company. In 1916, he joined the staff of Boots’ Pure Drug Co., Ltd., at Nottingham, where he held the post of chief analyst until his death. He was the author of a book on Dairy Chemistry (3rd edn. 1920), a Laboratory Book of Dairy Analysis (2nd edn. 1925), and of numerous papers contributed to The Analyst and other journals.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1587, and served on the Council from 1906 to 1909, and again from 1910 to 1013. Professor F. L. Pyman and Major S. R. Trotman represented the Institute at the funeral at Wilford Cemetery on 29th August. JAMESSLATE, who died recently at Rochdale, in his 33rd year, was educated at Oldham Municipal Secondary School and at the University of Manchester, where, his course having been interrupted by two years’ military service, he graduated with honours in chemistry in 1921, and gained the Le Blanc Medal in the final examination. Later, he joined Mr. F. C. Lee in practice at Oldham, and held several appointments as Gas Examiner in Cheshire, Lancashire and Yorkshire.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. HUBERT died on 5th April, at West Ealing, in his 37th year. TAYLOR Educated at King Edward’s Grammar School, Five Ways, Birmingha,m, he proceeded to the University and graduated B.Sc., with honours, in 1914, and after some experience in the laboratory of the late Alexander E. Tucker, Fellow, was engaged during the war as a works chemist at H.M. Factory, Oldbury. In 1919, he obtained an appointment in a ma.rga,rine factory at Bromboro. In 1924, he moved to London, and became chomist to Virol, Ltd., where he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. PAULGEORGEWILLIAMTYPKE died at the Lawn House, New Malden, on 17th July, in his 75th year.Educated at the Philological School-now the St. Marylebone Grammar School,-London, the Royal College of Science, and the University of Berlin. He was associated early in his career with the firm of RZessrs. Williams, Thomas and Dower, Aniline Dye Manufacturers, at Brentford, and later with Messrs. Foster and Gregory, of Streatham. In 1883, he was joint founder, with Mr. W. R. King, of the firm of Typke and King, Ltd., of Mitcham Common, manufacturers of chemicals for the india- rubber and allied industries, of which he was governing director until his death. His published work included papers on diazo benzol derivatives and the nitro-derivatives of resorcin. Ho was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. Dr. Leonard Temple Thorne represented the Institute at the funeral at Norbiton Cemetery, on 21stj July.265 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111,the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Wavelength Tables for Spectrum Analysis.” F. Twyman and D. M. Smith. 2nd edition. Pp. ix + 180. (London: Adam Hilger, Ltd.) 14s. 6d. Wave-lengths and wave-numbers and standards ; various types of spectrum ; distinctive lines in the spark spectra of solutions ; sensitive arc lines of 50 elements; quantitative analysis by means of flame spectra; characteristics and use in spectrum and analysis of sensitive lines in arc and spark spectra; appendix and references.“Organic Chemistry, An Introduction to.” J. Read. Pp. viii + 365. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 6s. 6d. Purification of organic substances ; elementary analysis and empirical formula ; molecular weight and formula ; saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons ; ethyl alcohol; monohydric alcohols ; aliphatic hydro- carbons;ethers ;aldehydes and ketones ; monobasic aliphatic acids ;acid derivatives ; fats and oils ; dibasic and hydroxy-acids ;stereochemistry; polyhydric alcohols ;carbohydrates ; nitrogenous aliphatic types ; amino-acids and proteins ;aromatic acids and amines ;alicyclic and heterocyclic compounds;index, and table of atomic weights. “Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, A Comprehensive Treatise on.” J.W. Mellor. Vol. XI. Pp. xii + 909. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) k3 3s. od. Tellurium ;chromium; molybdenum; tungsten. 22 1 diagrams and index. “The Modern Soap and Detergent Industry.” Vol. 11. G. Martin. Pp. xii + 372. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son) EI 16s. od. Toilet soaps and preparations; soaps and soap preparations used in pharmacy ; textile, powdered, soft and potassium soaps; saponification; organic and inorganic soap substitutes; analyses of soap; statistics of the industry ; indexes. The Board of Education has recently published a “Report by H.M. Inspectors on the Provision of Instruction in Applied Chemistry in Technical Schools and Colleges in England and Wales ” (H.M. Stationery Office : Educational Pamphlets, No.85, Industry Series No. 10, price IS. net). The Report should be of assistance to local education authorities, governing bodies, teachers, and others interested in the provision of instruction in applied chemistry. 266 Toxic Jaundice.-Sir William Willcox has kindly presen tecl the Institute with a copy of his Lumleian Lectures on Toxic Jaundice, which were delivered before the Royal College of Physicians, London, in March last. Safety in Mines Research Board.-The Ninth Annual Report of the S.M.R.B. (1930) has been issued by the Mines Department. (H.M. Stationery Office :-41-34-0-30 : 2s. net.) Pharmacopoeia Commission.-The Secretary of the Pharmacopceia Commission has forwarded copies of the following reports :-Report No. 4.Report of Sub-committee on Digitalis and Strophanthus, May, 1931. Price IS. 6d. Report No. 5. Report of Sub-committee on the Preparation of Sterile Solutions for Injection, May, 1931. Price IS. Report No. 6. Second Report of Pharmacy Sub-committee, May, 1931. Price IS. 6d. Report No. 7. Report of Sub-committee on Ampoule Glass, June, 1931. Price IS. These reports are published in the hope that suggestions and criticisms will be forthcoming, and the Commission will be glad to give consideration to all comments, which may be sent to them at 44, Hallam Street, Portland Place, London, W.I. The Cambridge University Press has announced that on zznd September, General Smuts will open an Exhibition representing publications of the Cambridge University Press, in the Old Court House at Messrs.J. & E. Bumpus’s bookshop in Oxford Street, London. About 4,000 volumes will be shown, illustrating the history of this Press since 1521. Library. The following books aye apparently missing from the Library of the Institute :-Qualitative Analysis. D. B. Briggs. Practical Organic Chemistry. J. B. Cohen. An Introduction to Modern Organic Chemistry. L. A. Coles. A Text-Book of Physical Chemistry. R. A. Lehfeldt. Scent, and all about it. H. S. Redgrove. Analytical Microscopy, its Aims and Methods. T. E. Wallis. Chemistry in its Application to Agricdtwe. Liebig. 4th edn. Chemical Examination of Water. J. E. Purvis. and edn. 267 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 19th June, and 17th July, 1931,I new Fellow was elected, 14Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 42 new Associates were elected, and 14 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the death of 7 Fellows and 5 Associates. New Fellow.Cavanegh, Bernard Michael, M.A. (Oxon.), D.Sc. (Lond.), The University, Melbourne, N.3, Australia. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Chaumeton, Philibert Camille, B.Sc. (Leeds), Cellulose Acetate Silk CO., Ltd., Caton Road, Lancaster. Child, Reginald, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 33, Dunlop Avenue, Lenton, Nottingham. Clark, James Frederick, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 358, River Valley Road, Singapore, Straits Settlements. Gregory, Edwin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Ranmoor Road, Ranmoor, Sheffield.Haddon, Cuthbert Leslie, M.Sc. (Dunelm), A.Inst.P., c/o. Gotham Co., Ltd., Star Brick Works, Dale Road, Carlton Hill, Nottingham. Henderson, James, B.Sc. (Wales), c/o Anglo-Persian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Persian Gulf. Jenkins, Samuel Harry, M.Sc.Tech. (Vict.), Ph.D. (Lond.), Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden. Martin, Nicholas Henry, B.Sc. (Dunelm), c/o Brady & Martin, Ltd., Northumberland Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne. O’Brien, Thomas Edwin Hughes, M.Sc. (Liv.), “Rhoscolyn,” Nebodrt, Ceylon.Phillips, Cyril Henry John Vezey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, North Road, Baldock, Herts. Redgrove, Herbert Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Saxon Road, London, S.E.25. Rigden, Harold Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Anglo-Persian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Persian Gulf.Smith, Douglas Gordon, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Anglo-Persian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Persian Gulf. Stiff, Philip Alfred, B.A. (Cantab.), All Soul’s Vicarage, Kemp Town, Brighton. New Associates. Abbott, Gordon Henry, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 10, Elliscombe Road, London, S.E.7. Bailey, Kenneth, B.Sc. (Birm.), 301, Woodland Terrace, Alsagers Bank, nr. Stoke-on-Trent. Bell, Arthur Ernest, B.Sc. (Dun.), 8, Holywell Avenue, Monkseaton, Northumberland. 268 Bird, Charles Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Wrottesley Road, London, N.W.lO. Bodycote, Edward William, B.Sc. (Birm.), Southfield, Priesthills, Hinckley, Leicester. Brundrit, Dennis, B.Sc. (Liv.), 74, Elm Hall Drive, Mossley Hill, Liverpool. Carolan, Robert James, M.Sc.(X.U.I.), 96, Sandford Road, Clonskea, Dublin. Challinor, Sydney William, B.Sc. (Birm.), 12, Stanley Road, Pleck, Walsall. Cross, James Basil Tom, B.Sc. (Lond.), 225, Union Street, London, S.E.l. Cunningham, Robert Neil, M.Sc. (Lond.), 62, Blenheim Gardens, London, N.W.2. Dhingra, Das Ram, B.Sc. (Punjab), M.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), Dept. of Industrial Chemistry, The University, Liverpool. Edwards, Gerald Harry, 51, Tichbourne Street, Leicester. Farrar, Eric John, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 15, Meech Street, Openshaw, Manchester. Fryd, Charles Frederick Maxwell, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Bletchley,Common Road, Claygate, Surrey. German, William Leslie, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 10, Shaftesbury Road, Ilfracombe. Goodwin, Harold Walter, B.Sc.(Glas.), 2, Mary Street, Paisley. Gray, Cecil Gifford, A.H.-W.C., 21, Park Place, Kinghorn, Fife. Griffiths, Albert Edward, A.H-W.C., 112, Terrace Road, Plaistow, London, E.13. Head, Frank Samuel Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Killowen Road, London, E.9. Hickson, James Arthur Durham, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Tragasol Products, Ltd., Hooton, Cheshire. Johnson, Erie Ian, B.Sc. (Lond.), Hillside, Fordham, Cambs. Kirkpatrick, William Ford, A.H-W.C., 1, Springvalley Terrace, Edinburgh. Lemon, John Tregerthen, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 6, St. Luke’s Road South, Maidenhead. Mayne, John Edwin Oakley, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 21, Lansdowne Road, Luton. Meek, Fleetwood Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Foliot Road, North Prospect, Plymouth.Mitter, Canes Chandra, M.Sc.(Calcutta), Deputy Assay Master, H.M. Mint, Bombay, India. Mullinger, Leslie Wallace, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Lynholmes, Matlock, Derby. Packman, Percival Gilbert, M.Sc. (Lond.), 69, Dunstan Road, London, N.W.ll. Rangaramanujam, Pundi, M.A. (Madras), 5, Old Munsifs Court Street, Vellore, S. India. Roberts, David Idwal, M.Sc. (Wales), 77, Peckwater Street, London, N.W.5. Sapiro, Reuben Hillel, M.Sc. (S.A.), Ph.D. (Lond.), 5, Alexandra Road, London, N.W.8. Sawyer, Edward William, B.Sc. (Bris.), 1, Dinsdale Terrace, Stockton- on-Tees. Scott, John Peutherer, A.H-W.C., 4, Royston Terrace, Goldenacre, Edinburgh.Seth, Ralla Ram, B.Sc. (Punjab), Ph.D. (Lee&), c!o Prof. R. B. Seth, Intermediate College, Lyallpur, Punjab, India.Sharp, James Gordon, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), 25a, Hamilton Place, Aberdeen. Stubbs, Alfred Eric, M.Sc. (Manc.), 27, Lunt Avenue, Crewe. Tarboton, Gerald Stott, B.Sc. (S.A.), Forestal Land Timber & RailwaysCo., Ltd., Central Laboratories, Harpenden, Herb. 269 Thomas, Harry Augustus, B.Sc. (Birm.), 42, Cole Valley Road, Hall Green, Birmingham.Westcott, Oliver Brentwood, B.Sc. (Lond.), Kendor, Matford Avenue, Exeter. Wishart, George, A.H-W.C., Starlaw Cottage, Bathgate, Linlithgow. Wilson, Miss Edith Gertrude, M.Sc. (T.C.D.), 23, Herbert Place, Dublin. Woolvin, Clarence Sydney, M.Sc. (Birm.), 35, Wyley Road, Radford, Coventry. New Students. Bidgood, Eric, 58, Broadgate, Beeston, Notts. Galloway, Alfred Scott, Oldmanse, Brechin, Angus.Humphriss, Eric Lewis Enoch, 21, Church Road, Woolton, Liverpool. Kinnear, Alan Macpherson, 6, Clarendon Crescent, Eccles, Manchester. Lovell, James Knight, 22, Gladstone Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Maloney, James, 395, Poolstock Lane, Wigan. Mansell, George Frederick John, 7, Claughton Firs, Oxtqn, Birkenhead. Miller, David, 14, Alberon Gardens, Finchley Road, London, N.W.lO. Parker, Alexis Laird, 20, Glenville Avenue, Giffnock, Glasgow. Paton, John, 7, Woodburn Cottages, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Patterson, Ronald Seamark, 58, Bryant Road, Strood, Kent. Shingleston, Alfred George, 227, London Road, Dover. Stobbs, George Gerald, 136, Thurlow Park Road, Dulwich, London, S.E,21. Vincent, Maurice Arthur, 154, Winchester Road, London, E.4. CHANGE OF NAIMES.Sarah Eleanor Raven, Associate, to Sarah Eleanor Masterton-on her marriage.Tillie Sellman, Associate, to Till ie Zeidenfe1d-n her marriage. Laurence Frederick Smith, FeEZow, to Laurence Frederick Addis-Smith- by Deed. DEATHS. Fellows. Ethelbert William Blair, B.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C. George Craig. John William Hinchley, A.R.S.M. Edward Towyn Jones, M.Sc. (Wales). Thomas Mercer. Henry Droop Richmond. Paul George William Typke. Associates. William Carlaw Gray, A.R.T.C. Frederick Grove Palmer. Raymond Harold Kelsall Peto, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. James Slate, B.Sc. (Vict.).Hubert Taylor, B.Sc. (Birm.). 270 General Notices. The Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 1931.-Dr. J. Vargas Eyre, Fellow, has consented to give the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture for 1931, on Friday, 20th November. The S.M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Sir Frank E. Smith, K.C.B., C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., has consented to give the next Gluckstein Memorial Lecture on Friday, 18th December. Further particulars of the above lectures will be announced in due course. Both lectures will be open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute, and the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will be open to former Students of Finsbury Technical College. Tickets of admission may also be obtained by persons other than Members and Students of the Institute on application to the Registrar. Annual Chemical Dinner, 1931.-The Annual Chemical Dinner will be held on Thursday, the 10th December, at the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C.2., at 7 for 7.30 p.m.This will be a social event in which members of the various societies and institutions interested in chemistry are invited to participate. The dinner will be followed by music and dancing. Tickets, price 15s. each-for lady or gentleman-including gratuities, but not wine-will be obtainable in October and November, from Mr. F. A. Greene, The Chemical Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.I. Further particulars will be announced in due course. Examinations in 1932.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1932 will be as follows:- Dates of Examinations. Entries close. 4th to 9th January. Monday, 9th November, 1931. or 11th to 16th January.} (Notebooks: 18th December.) 4th to 9th April. }Monday, 8th February, 1932. or 11th to 16th April. (Notebooks : 18th March.) 12th to 17th September. Monday, 11th July, 1932. or 19th to 24th September. (Notebooks: 2nd September.) 271 Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and .prize (EIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, on 6b Why I have chosen Chemistry as a Profession” will be awarded in January, 1932, and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides, on Qr before the 31st December, 1931, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council.On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1932. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1931, to work of the character indicated.272 Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in' science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir Gewge Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, being evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. The Entrance Fee to the Fellowship, in the case of Associates who have paid an Entrance Fee (Two Guineas) on admission to the Associateship, has been reduced from Five to Three Guineas. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months And are in the last term of their training for the Associateship nl;ts7 receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates 273 who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books.Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of 274 the 8000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. 2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2., to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms: buckram case, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. gd. ;postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s.8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, I9I4-1 9I8.Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon.*Treasurer, BENEVOLENT OFFUND,INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON, W.C. I. 275 Official Chemical Appointments. (7th Edition.) CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA. The following further corrections, alterations and additions have been notified to the Registrar :-Page64. Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine : insert mb-headkg Department of Biochemistry. Head of Department :-Robert Robison, Ph.D. (Leipzig), D.Sc. (Lond.), F.I.C., F.R.S. Assistants:-J. M. Gulland, M.A. (Oxon.), Ph.D. (St. Andrews), D.Sc. (Edin.); Miss M. G.Macfarlane, B.Sc. (St.Andrews), Ph.D. (Lond.). Hon. Assistant :-Mrs. I. S. MacLean, D.Sc. (Lond.), F.I.C.Research Scholar :-Miss A. H. Rosenheim, B.A. (Cantab.). Department for the Preparation and Study of Antitoxic Sera (Elstree, Horts.). Biochemist :-W. T. J. Morgan, Ph.D. (Lond.), F.I.C. 101. Lancashire and Cheshire Coal Research Association : Address, read 7, Park Street, Cheetham, Manchester. 125. Cambridge University : add H. 0. Jones Lecturer in Physical Chemistry :-R. G. W. Norrish, B.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), A.I.C. 140. Sir John Cass Technical Institute : add Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator :-F. H. Trim, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.I.C. 224. Government Test House, Alipore :for 19 Laboratory Assistants read 19 Chemical Assistants. 224. Indian Ordnance Department : add Superintendent :-G. S. Butler, B.A. (Oxon.), F.I.C. ; under Assistant Works Manaqers,delete A. S.Sinclair, and add L. Nickels, Ph.D. (Lond.),A.I.C.; C. C. M. Broughton, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. 235. Allahabad, The University: delete A. P. Sircar and S. C. Dele. After K. P. Chatberjee add M.A. (Allahabad), A.I.C. Add S. B. Dutt, D.Sc. 237. Harcourt Butler Institute of Public Health, Rangoon : for G. C. Moitra, B.A., read G. C. Moitra, B.Sc. 239. Cmmm.-lntroductory matter should be revised as follows :-The principal Government appointments are made by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. The Government Agricultural Chemist carries out Research on soils, manures and agricultural products. Research on rubber is carried out by the Rubber Growers Association. The rubber research Chemist is concerned with the investigation of rubber, latex and its manufacture.Research on tea is carried out by the Planters’ Association with regard to soils, crops, and factory practice. 276 Page239-continued 240. 244. 280. 382. 303. The Government Analyst’s work covers the analyticalwork for all Government Departments, other than the Agri- cultural Department and Municipalities, the latter boingdealt with by the Municipal Analyst. It includes the examination of foods, prohibited drugs, water, liquors, etc., and all scientific work in connection with criminal cases. The appointments under the Department of Agriculture,Rubber Research Scheme, Tea Research Institute, and Qovern-ment Analyst’s Department should then follow. After Government Analyst, for Assistant Government Analyst read Deputy Government Analyst.The remainder of the staff consists of Sub-Assistants. Under Municipal and General-transfer from page 239 City Analyst : A. Bruce, B.Sc. (Edin.), F.I.C. ; Assistant Chemist : A. E. Purves, B.Sc. (Edin.), A.I.C. Mr. W. E. do B. Diamond, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), A.I.C., has resigned from the position of Director of the Coconut Research Scheme. Gold Coast Colony: add Achimota College. Teachers :-F. E. Joselin, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.I.C. ; Miss M. J. Field, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.I.C. NEWZEALAND: Department of Agriculture: B. C. Aston, F.I.C., should be described as Chief Chemist. Delete F. T. Leighton,and Research Agricultural Chemist. Add Assistant Analysts :-I. J. Cunningham, M.Sc. (N.Z.),A.I.C.; D. Waters, M.Sc.; E.B. Davies, M.Sc. Christchurch Technical School : substitute C. V. Ferriss, B.Sc. (Sydney), A.I.C., for R. M. Bruce. Wanganui Technical School: substitute W. L. Walton for J. Nicol and E. Hudson. Fiji : read, The Government Chemist is required primarily to undertake research and routine work for the Agricultural Department, but performs also the duties of State Chemist and makes such investigations as are required by the Medical, Police, Customs and other Departments of the Government. Director of Agriculture :-A. C. BarneS, B.Sc. (Vict.),F.I.C. (also holds appointment of Government Chemist conjointly). Government Chemist :-W. J. Blackie, M.Sc. (N.Z.),A.I.C. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Pharmacological Laboratories: read, J. H. Burn, M.A., M.D., Director ;Miss K.H. Coward, D.Sc., in charge of Nutrition Department ; F. J. Dyer, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.I.C. ; Miss K. M. Key, M.A. ; Miss B. G. E.Morgan; Frank Wokes, B.Sc. (Liv.),F.I.C. -4ttnched:-G. K. Elphick (Rammell Scholar).

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9315500227

出版商:RSC    

年代:1931

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1931. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B.PILCHER Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. I.LONDON, Qctobey, 1931. Publications Committee, 1931132. LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. B. BROWN, W. F. BUIST, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, A. M. CAMERON, E. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. EEARON, C. S. GIBSON, F. W. HARRIS, J. HAWTHORNE, T. P. HILDITCH, L. E.HINKEL, H. H. HODGSON, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, W. I). ROGERS, E. RUSSELL, WILLIAM WARDLAW, F.J. WILSON, 279 Proceedings of the Council. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1931. Proposed Supplemental Charter.-As reported in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV, page 230, the Council has prepared certain amendments of the proposed supplemental Charter, with a view to eliminating expressions which have led to misunderstanding with other bodies. The Council is advised that it is desirable that these amendments, although of the nature of drafting alterations, should be approved by the Institute in General Meeting before the petition is actually submitted. In view, however, of the dissolution of Parliament. and the fact that the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill, in which inter alia the position with regard to the use of the word “chemist ” would have been simplified, to some extent, has not become law, it is deemed inadvisable for the present to proceed with the matter.Departmental Committee on Food Law.-The Ministry of Health has intimated that in connection with measures of economy arising out of the financial situation, it has been decided that the work of the above Committee is to be suspended. The question of the future resumption of the work of the Committee will be considered at a suitable opportunity. The Council has received a letter of thanks for the co-operation so far extended by the Institute, with an intimation that the Committee will count on the further assistance of the Institute in the event of it being decided to resume the inquiry.Faraday Centenary.-On the occasion of the celebration of the Centenary of the discovery of Electro-Magnetic Induction by Michael Faraday, an address of greetings and good wishes was presented, in the name of the Institute, to the President and Managers of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. The celebrations, which were held throughout the week commencing the 21st September, included the reception of British and foreign delegates and guests at the Royal Institution and a commemorative meeting at the Queen’s Hall, when addresses were delivered by the Prime Minister and by distin- guished men of science. Conversaziones were arranged by the Institution of Electrical Engineers and by the Royal Institution. 280 At the latter, -Professor Sir William Bragg, O.M., F.R.S., de- livered lectures, during which he repeated some of Faraday’s experiments.Visits and excursions were made to places of interest in London and the surrounding country. Wreaths were laid on the tomb of Michael Faraday at Highgate Cemetery. A Garden Party was given at the National Physical Labora- tory, by invitation of the Director (Sir Joseph Petavel), and a Conversazione, at the Royal Society, by the invitation of the President (Sir F. Gowland Hopkins) and the Council of the Society.H.M. Government entertained representative delegates and guests to dinner at the Dorchester Hotel. The Faraday Exhibition, of which the opening ceremony was performed by the Right Hon. J. C. Smuts, C.H., F.R.S., remained open until 3rd October.British Association.-On the occasion of the Centenary Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, an address of greetings and congratulations was pre- sented, on behalf of the Institute, to the President and Council of the Association. The Proceedings of the Chemistry Section will shortly be obtainable (5s. post free) on application to Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, c!Io Messrs. W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., 104,Hills Road, Cambridge (see end of this Part). Appointments Register.-The Appointments Register Committee has reported that during the twelve months ending 30th September, 1931,the total number of vacancies notified was 490, as against 746 during the previous corresponding period.There was a marked falling off in the number of such notifications during the last three months. The following table gives a rough analysis of the vacancies :-University and Technical College appointments :professors, lecturers and demonstrators . . .. .. . . 56 Schools .. .. .. .. .. 1. .. 68 Appointments with Educational Authorities . . .. 2 Scholarships and Research Grants .. .. .. 17 Government Appointments .. .. .. .. .. 18 Appointments with other public bodies, including Public Analysts, Research Associations .. .. .. 27 Industrial chemists .. .. .. .. .. .. 220 281 Chemical engineers .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 Technical salesmen .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Junior appointments .... .. .. .. 11 Appointments for women Temporary appointments .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. *. .. 55 7 490 Of the above, 33 were abroad, compared with 78 in the previous corresponding period. Salaries.-In many of the vacancies prospective employers asked candidates to state the salary they required. Where the salaries offered were definitely mentioned, these, including vacancies for juniors, may be classified as follows:- Under Ezoo p.a. .. .. .. I0 Between &00--&50 . . .. .. 30 J> E250--fT500 '* .. .. 64 ,, ~500--fT1,000.. .. .. I2 Over EI,000 .. .. .. 5 The total number of members using the Appointments Register was 310in October, 1930,and has since risen to 424. Unemployment.-The following table shows the number of members who have informed the Institute that they were un- employed at the stated times.Figures for the previous corre- sponding period are given in brackets: F.I.C. A.I.C. Total. October, 1930 . . 15 (11) 76 (51) 91(62) November, December, January, February, March, April, May,June July,August, September, October, 282 It willbe seen that there was a, sharp rise towards the end of 1930;this was followed by a period when unemployment did not increase, but from May, 1931,onwards there has been a rapid increase. Of the total unemployed list of 160, including 8 women, 45 have apparently been unemployed for three months or less; 77 for from three months to one year; and 38 for over one year. The Ages of the Members at present unemployed are as follows : 21-25 .... .. .. 37 25-30 . . .. .. .. 40 30-35 ** .. .. .. 29 35-40 *. .. .. .. I9 4-45 .’ .. .. .. I3 45-50 .* .. .. .. I0 50 and over .. .. .. I2 The total membership of the Institute in January, 1931, was 5,847, and at the date of the Committee’s report was about 5,950,of whom 192 were women. The percentage of unem-ployed has, therefore, increased from 1-5per cent. to nearly 2.7 per cent. Register of Laboratory Assistants.-This list now contains IOO names, a large proportion having been added since July. The number of vacancies has been very few-only 22 since the 1st October, 1930. “What is Probable Error 3“-Dr. J. F. Tocher’s lecture on “What is Probable Error? ” which was delivered before the Institute in April last, is now in the hands of the printers, with a view to publication in November.New Meeting and Examination Hall.-The new meeting and examination hall has been completed, and was used for the first time for a meeting of the London Section held on 21st October, when Dr. James Watson gave a lecture on “The Preservation of Stone and Timber.” (A report of the meeting will appear in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI,) 283 Local Sections. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Through the hospitality of a member of the Section, Dr. Alfred C. Fryer, a conversazione was held at his residence in Clifton on the 24th October, when, after tea, he showed and described an interest- ing selection of lantern slides.The members’ thanks and appreciation were cordially expressed to Dr. Fryer for his kindness. The next meeting will be held in Bristol University on Friday, 20th November, at 7.30 p.m., when a lecture on “Detonating Substances” will be given by Professor W. E. Garner. On 22nd January, 1932, Dr. A. C. Monkhouse will read a paper on “The recovery of phenols in the Ruhr district.” The Annual General Meeting will be held on 16th March, 1932. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The first meeting of the session was held jointly with the members of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on 26th October, when Mr. W. R. Guy gave an address entitled “Housing the Industrial Chemist.” A report will be published in due course.Glasgow and West of Scotland-Couper Centenary.-The inaugural meeting of the session was held at Kirkintilloch on 9th October, when members of the Section joined with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Magistrates and Town Council of Kirkintilloch in commemorating the centenary of the birth of Archibald Scott Couper. Members of the Edinburgh and Aberdeen Sections were also invited to attend. In the afternoon, Prof. G. G. Henderson, at a public meeting, presided over by Provost Rutherford, of Kirkintilloch, unveiled a memorial plaque which had been erected by public subscription over the doorway of the house where Archibald Scott Couper was born at 25, Townhead, Kirkintilloch, on 3rst March, 1831. For three generations his forefathers owned a business in the town which employed nearly 700 weavers. After his brief career, Couper returned to Kirkintilloch 72 years ago, where he resided, a semi-invalid, for more than 30 years, and died at Laurelbank, built specially for his needs, on 11th March, 1892, at the age of 61.284 Prof. Henderson expressed his pleasure in taking part in the ceremony, and, in the name of the chemical profession, congratu- lated the citizens of the ancient town of Kirkintilloch on the steps they had taken to commemorate the achievements of one of her most illustrious sons-Archibald Scott Couper. As, however, they were looking forward to an address from Sir James Irvine, Prof. Henderson said that he would restrict his speech to a very few words.The story of Couper’s life was nothing less than a tragedy-the story of a scientific career of brilliant promise brought to an untimely end, in a most unfortunate manner. It was abundantly clear that when he became a student of chemistry, he had found his true vocation, for after a remarkably short course of training he had acquired so complete a mastery of the subject that he was able to carry out original research work of high merit. Moreover, he was possessed of that invaluable quality of mind, the scientific imagination, which he employed to such effect that, at the age of 27, he produced his historic paper “On a New Chemical Theory,” originally published in French. In this paper he subjected the existing theories of chemistry to a searching criticism, and propounded a new theory concerning the chemical character of carbon, which soon found general acceptance, and which in fact formed the foundation upon which the imposing structure of modem organic chemistry had been erected.Prof. Henderson added that he had no doubt that had Couper retained his health, he would have continued to make contributions of first rate importance to science, but the fates were unkind. Nevertheless, his name was writ large in the history of chemistry as one of the pioneers, one of the original thinkers, who open out new paths for their less gifted brethren to follow. Prof. Henderson then unveiled the memorial, which he confided to the care of the Provost and his successors in office.The Provost (Mr. James R. Rutherford) said there must be many in Kirkintilloch who had recollections of Archibald Scott Couper. It was now realised that Couper was a man of genius who played an important part in the scientific world. After the unveiling ceremony, representatives of the Institute, of the Society of Chemical Industry, and of the Chemical Society were invited to dine with the Magistrates and Council of the town. Letters were read from well-known chemists who were unable to be present, and Dr. Leonard Dobbin, who had made a close 285 investigation of Couper’s life and work, showed some interesting photographs. During the evening, at the Town Hall, Principal Sir James Irvine delivered a panegyric on Couper.Ex-Provost David Perry presided, and was supported by Provost Rutherford, Prof. Henderson, Dr. Dobbin, Mr. Hugh Findlay (Chairman of the Glasgow Section of the Institute), Dr. J. A. Cranston (Chair- man of the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry), and Bailie Alexander, of Falkirk, a relative of Couper. There was a large attendance of chemists and of the general public. Sir James Irvine said that 1931would long be remembered as a period of anxiety and gloom; but it was also rich in memories of IOO years ago. After referring to the centenary meeting of the British Association, the centenary of the discovery of electro-magnetic induction by Michael Faraday, and the centenary of the birth of James Clerk Maxwell, Sir James said that Couper came into the world in good company and at a good time, for 1831 was indeed a great year for science.The discoveries then being made and the men then being born were destined in our time to effect some of the most profound changes civilisation had ever known. He asked them now to recognise how great was the contribu- tion then made by Kirkintilloch to that select band of men endowed with genius. Even the scientific world was scarcely conscious of the fact. Sir James invited his hearers to go back with him a space of 25 years and consider how Couper was then regarded and in what esteem he was held by scientific men. Had they asked even the most eminent and learned chemist for information regarding Couper probably he would have begged for a little time to inquire into the facts, and even then he would only have been able to tell how in the year 1857 scientific papers were published under the name of A.S. Couper, a student then working in the Paris laboratory. Shortly afterwards appeared the complete paper, in which a new theory was advanced to explain how carbon atoms could become attached to each other and to other atoms so as to form compounds of infinite variety. This paper aroused intense interest, particularly as only a few weeks earlier a theory in similar terms had been put forward by the eminent German chemist, August Kekulk. There the brief record came to an end. With the exception of a few stray references in the older text-books, Couper’s name, for the time being, passed into oblivion. His very nationality was uncertain, and he was claimed as a Frenchman ;no one seemed 286 to know, no one seemed to care.That was all that could have been told of Couper, and it remained for Prof. Richard Anschiitz, of Bonn, to reconstruct so recently as 1908 the details of Couper’s story and to claim for his memory the recognition denied him in his sorely tried life. It happened that Anschutz, in the course of his own researches, had occasion to repeat Couper’s experi- ments on salicylic acid. At every stage, he found the work reliable and faithfully accurate, so that he felt himself compelled to the task of tracing the career of this unknown man. Couper attended classes in literature and philosophy at Glasgow, went a-roving on the Continent, and ultimately exchanged the University of Glasgow for that of Edinburgh. He was attracted to science by an acquaintanceship made in Berlin, went, at twenty-five years of age, to Paris to study under Wurtz, and in a few months made much progress in the labora- tory.This brought them, Sir James said, to the point where Couper published his first papers, and equally to the summit of his brief working life. The youthful Couper was more than a brilliant experimenter; he was also a thinker, a philosopher, a visionary gifted with the rare power of seeing order in the midst of disorder. At that time the new science of organic chemistry, which concerned itself mainly with the chemistry of living things, was growing with incredible speed.Every day new compounds were being discovered, while men groped vaguely for some master theory which would make clear the baffling and perplexing properties of these substances. Couper, in a flash of inspiration, saw how carbon atoms and those of its fellow-elements could be marshalled together to form molecules of infinite variety. Couper’s masterpiece, a publication entitled “On a New Chemical Theory,” brought no reward or recognition. The student handed the paper to his professor to be presented to the French Academy, but Wurtz seemed to have hesitated to act as sponsor for ideas so daring and far-reaching that he regarded them as fantastic, and he took no action. In May, 1858, there appeared the classical paper by August Kekulk outlining a theory virtually identical with that of Couper.The work was at once acclaimed and applauded by the scientific world. Thus, Couper was forestalled, through no fault of his own. An abstract of his paper was at once presented to the Academy under the dis- tinguished patronage of Dumas, but it was too late. No question of personal honour or plagiarism was involved, for, as was often the case, the same idea must have come simultaneously to both men. 287 Looking back in the light of experience, it would be generally urged that Couper’s theory, although identical in principle, was a distinct advance on that of Kekulk. There was a scholarly precision both in the thinking and in the writing which made it almost incredible that it was the product of a student of less than four years’ standing.No wonder that to-day it was his system, in the form he expressed it, rather than that of Kekulk, which enabled the organic chemist to work his will among the molecules. Couper made no effort to share the honours with his older rival; he made no reply to the critics of his theories and experi- ments; no further writing came from his pen. They had only to look at his sensitive face, at his vision-haunted eyes, to under- stand the reason why, and to share the bitter disappointment of the youth who returned to Kirkintilloch 72 years ago. For a short time he held a position, under Playfair, in the University of Edinburgh, but ill-health dogged his footsteps and caused him to abandon the post.How much of this breakdown was due to disappointment it was impossible to say, but it must have played its part. An attack of sunstroke prostrated him and left him enfeebled for the rest of his life. What did Couper think about in his placid, fragile retirement ? Did he reflect on the fact that in every University in the world his theory was being taught to generation after generation of students to whom his name was unknown? Did the smoky cloud hanging over distant Glasgow bring to mind the busy factories engaged in the building up and breaking down of organic molecules in processes controlled by the theory he had brought out years before? He was sure that Couper had no such thoughts, for to him chemistry was a philosophy the end of which was theory, and he had no concern with the busy world of industry.He could not for a moment imagine that the reflec- tions of so pure a soul were tinged with bitterness or with regret. “In praising famous men,” Sir James concluded, “let us now do justice to Archibald Scott Couper, who, in no less measure than August Kekul6, laid the foundations of modern organic chemistry.” Bailie Alexander thanked Sir James on behalf of the relatives of Couper for his inspiring address. (An appreciation of Alexander Scott Couper was published in Chemistry and Industry, 8th May, 1g31,-p. 383.) Mr. A. R. Jamieson has been elected Honorary Secretary of the Section, in succession to Dr.P. F. Gordon, who has retired from the office after several years of very valuable service. 288 Huddersfie1d.-The eleventh Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Field’s Caf6 on 13th October, when Dr. A. E. Everest presided over a good attendance. The financial statement was approved, and the report of the Secretary showed that interest in the meetings of the Section during session 1930-31 had been well maintained. Mr. E. W. Holmes and Mr. H. W. Moss were elected to the Committee in succession to Mr. P. Calam and Dr. Everest, who retired by rule. Mr. C. E. Randoph was appointed Hon. Auditor. In the course of his remarks, Dr. Everest referred to the very happy meetings which had been held during the last few years and assured the members that he had greatly enjoyed his period of office as chairman.At the conclusion of the business meeting, Prof. F. M. Rowe, of Leeds University, gave the opening lecture, entitled : ‘(Some Properties of Insoluble Azo Colours.” In his opening remarks, he said that it was not inappropriate that he should be speaking on that subject in Huddersfield, where, 51 years ago, Holliday had discovered the method of applying insoluble azo colours to the fabric. During the past twelve years a very large amount of work had been carried out on the azo derivatives of @-naphthol and naphthol AS (the anilide of j3-hydroxynaphthoic acid). These pigments could be extracted from the fibre by treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid and were reprecipitated on dilution. Their identification was relatively simple, as they crystallised easily and had definite melting-points.Proceeding to the more recent work, the lecturer described in some detail the effect of soaping viscose which had been dyed with these colours. At high temperatures] crystallisation of the colouring matter occurred and the dyeing could be completely destroyed; in certain cases, the change might not be apparent, but the microscope revealed that a certain amount of crystallisa- tion always took place. Treatment of dyed viscose to remove lustre often had a serious effect on the shade. So, in spite of the insoluble nature of the colours, hot after-treatment influenced the state of aggregation in various degrees, and the colour might either be removed or appreciably altered in shade.Different shades were sometimes produced on cotton and viscose; that was partly due to the different physical condition of the colour in the two fibres, and possibly also to the different chemical nature of the fibres themselves. 289 Prof. Rowe referred to the recent patent action against I.G. Farbenindustrie A.-G., who claimed that they had correlated fastness to kier-boiling with chemical constitution. It has been successfully shown that at the present time it was impossible to substantiate that claim. In that connection a large number of kier-boiling tests had been made, and recently the investigation had been conducted on a quantitative basis. When fabric dyed with the colour 9-anisidide of b-hydroxynaphthoic acid -3 o-chloroaniline was boiled with dilute caustic soda, the azo group was broken to some extent.Although three-fifths of the colour remained in the fibre, the surface layer was removed and the dyeing completely destroyed. One-fifth was obtained unaltered in the liquor, but the remaining one-fifth was decomposed, as shown by the presence of o-chloroaniline. With a nitro-group present in the para position, there was also complete destruction of the dyeing ;three-fifths remained in the fibre and one-fifth formed the amino-compound by some process of reduction. The simpler case of Para Red also showed decomposition, two-fifths being obtained as the amino compound and one-fifth as 9-nitroaniline.When the nitro-group was in the meta position, one-fifth was obtained as amino-azo and one-fifth as the bis-azoazoxy compound. The worst decomposition resulted when the nitro group was in the ortho-position; only one-tenth remained in the fibre, and about four-fifths was converted to a complex colourless product. The main chemical change which occurred was some form of reduction. It had been suggested that the reducing agent might be glucose, produced from impurities in the unbleached cotton; actually, however, there was very little glucose, and the results were almost identical on bleached cotton. It appeared that the reducing agent was merely cellulose in caustic soda solution. Further evi dence showed that, under suitable conditions, it was possible to hydrolyse an azo group by boiling with sulphuric acid of certain strength.The formation of the amino-group was therefore due to hydrolysis. A short discussion followed. At a meeting of the newly-elected Committee, Mr. H. W. Moss was appointed Chairman of the Section, and Mr. F. J. Corby was re-elected Hon. Treasurer. Leeds Area.-A joint programme of meetings has been arranged with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. 290 The Society has arranged with the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society for a discussion on Emulsions, to be held at the Station Hotel, York, on 2nd November, at 6.45 p.m. The Annual General Meeting of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute will be held on 16th November, and will be followed by an ordinary meeting, at which Mr.A. R. Tankard will read a paper on “The Food and Drugs Act, 1928.” Manchester and District.-The Annual Dinner and Dance will be held at “The Manchester,” Ltd., on Thursday, 3rd December. Students’ Sectiout.-In the New Lecture Hall at the College of Technology, Manchester, on 16th October, Mr. S. Weir, Chairman of the Students’ Section, presided over a meeting to which members of the Chemical Societies of recognised schools and colleges in the district were invited, when Mr. J. H. Lester, Chairman of the Manchester and District Section of the Institute, and President-elect of the Students’ Section, gave an address on bb Some things that matter,” in which he dealt with scientific careers in general and with the textile industry in particular.Mr. Lester said that they must realise that the life of the chemist was one of unending study; he continued a student, and it rested largely with himself to get what interest and enjoy- ment he could out of it. Mr. Lester dealt with the value of classical study and of a command of spelling and language; he stressed the need for men and women of wide knowledge, quoting from “Some possible Worlds,” by J. B. S. Haldane, and “A Pathfinder,,’ by Acheson. Systematic study led to systematic thinking; while the value of carefully recording facts, figures and processes, in some permanent form should be emphasised, the use of complicated systems, such as elaborate card indexes, was generally inadvisable.In dealing with the dangers of specialisa-tion, Mr. Lester showed that even in routine work there were plenty of opportunities for simple research, and advised the student to cultivate the habit of reflecting on fundamental principles. In the textile branch of technology, chemical training had to be backed by a wide knowledge of machines and processes and of the action of these on the material concerned, while the student was advised constantly to keep an eye on current literature, particularly German textile literature. He also touched on a variety of subjects, giving useful hints regarding service agreements, the functions of trade unions, publicity, abstracting, and the reading of papers before scientific societies.291 A discussion followed, in which Messrs. J. R. Maddocks, F. Sowerbutts and S. Weir participated. Fellows and Associates in the Manchester district are invited to become Honorary Members of the Students' Section. Particu-lars may be obtained from Mr. Frank Sowerbutts, B.Sc., 244, Wellington Road South, Stockport, the Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, or from Mr. J. R. Maddocks, A.I.C., 6, Peduzzi Street, Queen's Park, Manchester, the Honorary Members' represen ta- tive on the Students' Section Committee. South Wales.-At a Joint Meeting of the South Wales Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, held on 16th October, Messrs. C. M. W. Grieb and R. H. Jones submitted a paper on "The Influence of Sulphur Compounds on the Extraction of Nickel by the Carbonyl Process.The authors, after a brief description of the carbonyl process, as worked at Clydach, gave details showing the effect of a number of representative solid, liquid and gaseous sulphur compounds on the rate of extraction of nickel, as nickel carbonyl, from nickel- containing mattes. The improvements due to the presence of active sulphur in different amounts were shown by means of graphs, and the probable reactions which occurred in the various cases were explained. It was found that an active nickel sulphide was a very efficient promoter of the rate of nickel extraction, and it was shown that all substances which react to introduce such nickel sulphide into the matte are suitable. Chemical and physical theories were presented to explain the action of this nickel sulphide.Values which had been determined for the adsorption capacity of CO by nickel sulphide, prepared in various ways, showed that there is a striking parallelism between catalytic activity and adsorption,-those which showed the highest ad- sorption being the best catalysts. Among several novel re-actions described were-that reduced nickel is attacked by thionyl chloride vapour even at 5ooC., and that if CO is also present, the heat of reaction is very high. Further, it was shown that certain sulphides prepared in a special manner were slowly but surely reduced by CO even at 50" C. A discussion followed, in which the Chairman, Messrs.Peek and Thornton, Dr. N. H. Hartshorne and Prof. J. E. Coates participated. Professor Coates remarked that the South Wales Section were to be congratulated on having the paper presented to them. 292 September Examinations, 1931, Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned. The numbers of candidates examined and of those who passed were :- NO. No. For the Associateship- examined. passed. At the Institute: 14th-19th Sept. . . .. "16 9 For the Fellowship- Branch G : Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, etc. At the Institute: 22nd-25th Sept. . . .. 2 2 Branch E :The Chemistry, including Micro- scopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water.At the Institute: 21st-26th Xept. .. t13 8 Brancfi. G : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Petroleum. At the Institute and at the Laboratories of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company : 2lst-25th Xept. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 The Chemistry of Foods, with special reference to Jams and Jellies. At the Institute and the Laboratories of the British Food Manufacturers' Research Association : 5th-9th October .. .. .. .. The above Schedule includes ten candidates who had not satisfied the Examiners in all parts of the Examinations at previous entries, who took those papers in which they had not hitherto been successful. * Two candidates for the Associateship satisfied the Examiners in their practical work, and will be required to take only the theory and translation papers when they present themselves again, and one other candidate for the Associateship will be required to repeat only the paper in the trans- lation of German technical literature.t One candidate for the Fellowship in Branch E will be exempted from all the written papers and from the practical work in Therapeutics, Pharma- cology and Microscopy when he presents himself again; and two other candidates will be exempted from the work in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy, both written and practical, when they present themselves again. NOTE-Candidates are warned that they cannot rely on receiving con- cessions such as the above, which are made only in exceptional circum- stances. They must be prepared to take the whole examination.293 FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIPEXAMIP~ATION IN GENERALCHEMISTRY. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The papers in general chemistry did not appear to present great difficulty to the majority of candidates, and the answers were, on the whole, fairly good. The compulsory question on an application of the solubility product was well treated, except that the arithmetic was faulty in several instances. Few candidates attempted the essay on X-ray methods, and those who presumably had studied the matter did not show that they had any real understanding of how the methods have been applied for the detection of new elements. The inorganic practical work was only moderately well done. For some reason the hydrazine in copper hydrazine sulphate was missed entirely, except by one candidate.The quantitative test appeared to be searching, since no really good results were presented. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-The answers to the questions in the theory paper and the performance in the laboratory showed a marked improvement as compared with recent examinations, and this not merely in the memorisation of detail, but also in the grasp of fundamental principle which was displayed. The question on dyestuffs was not the stumbling block which it was feared it might be on account of its specialised character, but it transpired that few students were well acquainted with recent developments in the field of organic solvents. The question asking for the composition of an Introduction to a text-book of Organic Chemistry presented a challenge which was accepted with enthusiasm.The other questions were also answered in excellent style and it was gratifying to observe a diminution in irrelevancy, although this failing has not yet been eradicated. The practical work was carried out to the entire satisfaction of the Board; very few, if any, of the candidates fell below the required standard in this section of their work. The language test again disclosed a good knowledge of French, but, in most cases, a very slight acquaintance with German. EXAMINATION THE FELLOWSHIPFOR IN BRANCHE. There was some tendency to draw hasty conclusions from insufficient data. The work involving a knowledge of histology was well done.The analysis of the medicine seemed to present some difficulty, 294 although this should have been quite a simple exercise. On the other hand, the examination of the humanised infant food, which was much more difficult, was performed in a satisfactory manner, Candidates engaged in food and drug work should realise the importance of satisfying themselves as to the composition of a sample qualitatively before they proceed with quantitative work. The exercise on the calibration of the micrometer eye-piece showed that the majority of the candidates had a clear under- standing of physical instruments, and ability to make the necessary calculations. THERAPEUTICS,PHARMACOLOGY AND MIcRoscopy.-The questions on chloral in urine and impurities in chloroform were done rather badly, but the answers to the question on carbon monoxide poisoning showed that all the candidates had been reading recent literature.The practical work was, on the whole, well done. All the candidates, except one, identified the alkaloid and the lead plaster, although the reasons for their conclusions were often inadequate. The majority dealt very well with the culture of Staphylococcus aureus. The standard in this part of the ex-aminations was definitely good. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Botham, George Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Technical College, Hull; and Technical College, Birmingham. Coates, Harold Vincent, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester.Comrie, Alan Arthur Douglas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Battersea Polytechnic, London. Haddock, Leonard Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical In- stitute, London. Healey, Arthur Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chelsea Polytechnic, London. McColl, Ada Frances, Technical College, Paisley. Porter, Ronald Francis, West Ham Municipal College; and Birkbeck College, London. Sims, Rupert Charles, Technical College, Birmingham. Worms, Charles George Maurice de, M.A. (Cantab.), The University, Cambridge; and King’s College, London. Examination for the Fellowship. In Branch C : Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, etc. Fenner, Joseph. Fletcher, Albert Edward. 295 In Branch E : The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water.Bagchi, Kumar Nath, B.Sc., M.B. (Calcutta). Dixon, Frederick, B.Sc. (Leeds). Freeland, David Michael. Lunt, James Gilbert, B.Sc. (Liv.). Richardson, Robert William. Scarlett, Claude Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.). Fellows examined for the Certi&xzte in Branch E. Hogan, George. McLachlan, Thomas, A.C.G.F.C. In Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Petroleum. Gait, Alban James, M.Sc. (Lond.). In The Chemistry of Foods, with special reference to Jams and Jellies. Robinson, Adeline Joan, B.Sc. (Lond.). The following papers and exercises were set:- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 14th SEPTEMBER, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be answered ; question No.1 must be attempted by all candidates. 1. Show how the “solubility product” may be applied theoretically to the separation of zinc from iron, nickel and cobalt by way of the sulphide. In a saturated solution of sulphuretted hydrogen [H+la x [S--1 = 1.1 x louz3is stated to hold. Assuming that a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid is completely ionised and that the solubility product of ferrous sulphide is 1.5 x lO-lS, calculate the minimum concentration of hydrogen chloride required to prevent the precipitation of ferrous sulphide from a solution containing 0.112 g. Fe++per litre (At. wt. Fe = 56). The method of calculation must be set out clearly. 2. Write an essay on EITHER hydrolysis OR the theory of indicators.3. Describe the preparation and properties of the hypo-halogen acids, devoting special attention to the reactions resulting from their oxidising powers. 4. Give an account of the sulphur compounds of the fifth group (Vb) elements. The properties of the sulphides of element At. No. 7 should be given as fully as possible. 6. What do you understand by monotropy? Illustrate youranswer by reference to phosphorus, arsenic and antimony. 6. By what methods may the existence of complex salts in solutions be investigated ? Each method described should be illustrated by examples. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Draw up a scheme for the quantitative examination of a glassconsisting of barium, calcium, zinc and potassium silicates with borates and in which a small proportion of arsenious oxide has been incorporated.296 2. Derive the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and illustrate its use in physic0-chemical problems. 3. How may pure ammonia, phosphine, arsine and stibine be pre- pared in quantity? What impurities are present in the substances as usually prepared ? Your answer should indicate the manner in which the impurities are removed or avoided during preparation. 4. Give an account of EITHER liquefaction of gases and its com-mercial application OR applications of reactions at high temperatures and pressures with special reference to two industrial uses, OR industrial processes for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. 5. Describe hydrogen overvoltage of metals, its variation with the method of preparing the metal and how hydrogen overvoltage may be utilised practically in electrolytic processes.6. Give an account of the preparation of titania from the minerals in which it occurs. Describe fully the preparation of a pure titanium salt for use as a standard in analysis. How are titanium compounds utilised in analytical practice ? 7. Write a short essay on the application of X-ray methods (a)to the determination of the structure of crystalline substances, and (b)for the detection of new elements. TUESDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Classify the dyestuffs (a)according to their constitution, and (b) according to their method of application to textile fibres.Discuss any relations that may exist between the constitution of a dyestuff and its ability to dye cotton directly. 2. Give an account of some modern developments in the field of organic solvents. 3. Write a brief introduction to a text-book of elementary organic chemistry and take the opportunity to express your views on the trend of the science. 4. Describe the acids with one carbon atom and with two carbon atoms in the molecule. 5. Justify the accepted constitutional formula for benzoic acid. 6. How are the following substances prepared in the laboratory or isolated from natural sources ? Methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl cyanoacetate, H-acid, camphor, lactose, lactic acid, terpineol, tristearin, n-hexane.TUESDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, 1931: 2 to 3.30 p.na. Translation from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, 16th and 17th SEPTEMBER, 1931 : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the binary mixture (A), separat.e the constituents and 2. Identify the two substances (B)and (C) and prepare characteristic determine the percentage composition. derivatives of each. = Oxamide and salol, or oxanilide and aspirin; B = Sodium none-2-sulphonate, or Sodium 2-naphthol-6-sulphonate; C = ylmalonate, or ethyl butylmalonate.) 297 FRIDAY and SATURDAY, 18th and 19th SEPTEMBER, 1931: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day. 1. Identify the compound (D). 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the substance (E).(Exercises 1 and 2 must be completed on Friday.) 3. Determine the metals, ammonia and chlorine in the mixture of cobalt, manganese and ammonium chlorides (F). Return the results as percentages of metals, NH, and chlorine and also as percentages of the three chlorides. (D = Copper hydrazine sulphate, or copper ammonio-chloride ; E = Magnesium pyrophosphate and lithium phosphate.) Examination for the Fellowship, Branch C.* Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils and Fats (excluding Mineral and Essential Oils). TUESDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions are to be attempted.) 1. Give typical instances of the uses of different reducing agents commonly employed for the reduction of organic compounds. 2.Describe in detail the methods which are employed for the quantitative estimation of methoxy, methylimino, acetoxy, and primary amino-groups in organic compounds. 3. Illustrate the uses of EITHER the Grignard reagents OR ethyl acetoacetate in organic synthesis. 4. Describe the manufacture of ethylene glycol, and give an outline of the methods which have been used for the synthesis of glycerol. 5. Outline the method of manufacture of FOUR of the following compounds from constituents of coal tar: (a) salicylic acid; (b) dimethyl-aniline ; (c) p-naphthol ; (d) a-naphthylamine; (e) alizarin. 6. Give an account of recent work on the stereoisomerism of EITHER derivatives of diphenyl OR sulphoxides and allied compounds. 7. Given EITHER an unknown alkaloid, OR an unknown terpene,what steps would you take to characterise it, and to attempt to gain evidence regarding its constitution ? Branch C.* Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Edible Oils and Fats. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 22nd to 25th SEPTEMBER, 1931: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the proportion of saponifiable matter in the sample 2. Report on the composition of the salad oil (B). (Olive oil con- of oleine (A) and report on its quality. taining coconut oil and mineral oil.) 3. Analyse the “Hydraulic Fluid” (C). (Castor oil in alcohol.) 4. Analyse the confectionery fat (D). (Hydrogenated palm kernel oil and arachis oil.) 5. Examine the sample of oil (E) for rancidity. * For other papel’s set in connection with these Examinations see September, 1930, and April, 1931. 298 Branch E.The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. State briefly the provisions of the Milk Special Designations Order, 1922. Give an outline of the method by which you would examine a sample of Grade A milk to determine whether it conforms with the Order. 2. The following are the diagnostic microscopical characters of two powdered vegetable drugs :-(a) The stomata are bordered by two cells with their long axes parallel to the ostioZe;the hairs, many of which are curved, are unicellular, thick walled and warty; the pericyclic fibres have moderately thick walls, and are associated with cells containing single prismatic crystals.Fragments show iso-bilateral structure and some of the palisade cells have wavy walls. The epidermal cells are polygonal. (b) Cork absent; stone cells fairly abundant, often thinner on one side than on the others; numerous small rounded starch grains up to lop in diameter, slender isolated fibres up to 20p in diameter. Vessels absent ; parenchymatous cells contain minute needles of calcium oxalate crystals. Name the plant organs from which these drugs are derived, giving your reasons. Explain the terms in italics. 3. State the forms in which nitrogen compounds occur in drinking water. Discuss the significance of tho presence of each form and describe one method for the determination of each.(Answer in a separate notebook.) 4. What is the effect of inhaling coal gas ? How would you identify and estimate the concentration of carbon monoxide in a sample of blood ? 5. How would you confirm a diagnosis of poisoning by chloral hydrate by an examination of the urine? 6. A sample of chloroform prepared for anesthetic purposes is suspected to have caused symptoms in patients after its use. How would you examine the sample? 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Give a brief account of the sources and nature of the following:- (a) suet; (b) “Premier Jus”; (c) oleo-oil; (d) stearine; (e) neutral lard; (f) oleo-margarine. 2. Discuss the use of gelatin as a thickening agent in various manu- factured foodstuffs and describe in outline the manufacture of gelatin for edible purposes.3. What is a glucoside? Mention some of the naturally occurring glucosides and state their principal properties. 4, Describe with all essential details how you would determine the amount of farinaceous matter in a sample of sausage. 5. Describe in detail how you would proceed to determine the amount of arsenic in a synthetic organic dyestuff which had been suggested as suitable as a colouring matter for foodstuffs. 299 TUESDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine and report on the sample of humanised infant food (A). WEDNESDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1931: 10 a.m to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse the medicine (B) and ascertain if it has been dispensed in accordance with the following prescription :-Quin.sulph.. . .. . . grs. xxx Acid Hydrobrom dil. . . 3 iv Tinct. Gelsem. .. .. 3ii Aq. ad. .. .. 5viii Comment upon any discrepancy you may find. 2. Examine microscopically and report on the sample of powdered gentian. THURSDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine microscopically the lozenge (C) and identify as far as possible the vegetable constituents. 2. Examine and report Bn the sample of zinc ointment (D). PBIDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Report on the sample of lemon squash (E). 2. Calibrate the micrometer eye-piece provided to measure microns. Make a preparation of the leaf provided for the examination of tho upper epidermis and determine the size of its cells.SATURDAY, 26th SEPTEMBER, 1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify so far as it is possible the miero-organism in the culture (F). (Candidates must assume that the culture is pathogenic and handle wit,h due caution.) 2. Identify the constituents of the powder (G) and estimate the amount of the alkaloid present. (Cocaine 2, boric acid 3, lactose 5.) 3. Identify the substance (H). (Emplastrum plumbi.) Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Petroleum. MONDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Answer any FOUR (but not more than four) questions.] 1. What classes of instruments can be used to ascertain and to control temperature in chemical operations, and on what principles does each class depend for its working ? What circumstances would determine your choice of one or other of these classes in any given chemical process ? 2.What principles underlie the separation of liquids by fractional distillation, and how far is it possible to effect complete separation by its means? Give a general description of the large scale plant necessary for this operation. 3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of silica ware, lead, glass, platinum, and the various “incorrodible ” metallic alloys in designing chemical plant. What considerations would lead you to choose one or other of them for a particular process ? 300 4. What means are there for raising a liquid to a height, and how will the nature of the liquid influence the method and the plant that you would employ for the purpose? 5.How can you separate a suspended solid from a liquid? Would your choice of means depend in any way on whether the pure solid or the pure liquid was the valuable product to be obtained ? 2 to 5 p.m. (SIX questions only to be attempted.) 1. What is meant by the Octane Number of a motor spirit 2 Describe in detail how this value is determined experimentally. 2. What tests would you apply to determine if a given sample of (a) cracked motor spirit, and (b) aviation spirit were suitable for use as fuels? Indicate the minimum limits which you would consider satis-factory in each case. 3. Give some account of the phenomenon of Diesel Shock, explaining how it is measured and how it is related to the chemical nature of the fuel employed.4. Give a brief description of the processes used in making “stable natural gasoline” from natural gas. How would you determine the composition of the natural gas employed ? 5. Outline the refinery operations involved in the manufacture from a topped residuum of :--(a) Motor engine oil. (b) Transformer oil. (c) Petroleum jelly. State the chief tests which these products should pass to be considered satisfactory. 6. Give an outline of the recent developments of “Hydrogenation”as applied to petroleum oils. To what types of oil is it particularly applied, and with what objects ? 7. “Inadequately refined cracked spirit is liable to develop a high gum test on storage.” Comment on this statement and on the chemical reactions involved.How may such a tendency be restrained? 8. How are lead tetra-ethyl and ethyl fluid prepared? What advantages and disadvantages are attached to the use of lead in motor fuels? How can the lead content of a motor fuel be determined quanti- tatively ? TUESDAY to FBIDAY, 22nd to 25th SEPTEMBER, 1831: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the petrol (A)and report on its suitability as an aviation spirit. (A lead doped aviation spirit, coloured purple, and containing corrosive sulphur.) 2, Determine the percentage dilution of the given sample (B)of used motor cycle lubricating oil. If the diluent were removed, would you consider the resultant oil suitable for use again in the same engine? (Aused oil containing 5 per cent.of kerosine and with Q viscosity too low for re-usage.) 301 3. Report on the nature and chief analytical characteristics of the given oil (C) and comment on its suitability for:- (a) Furnace fuel. (b) Diesel fuel. (A tar produced by low temperature carbonisation of coal, not dehydrated and rich in phenols.) 4. The material (D) has been proposed as a motor spirit of high anti- knock value. Prepare a report on its qualitative and quantitative composi- tion. (A mixture containing methanol, benzole, petrol and 3 per cent. of aniline.) Special Examination in the Chemistry of Foods, with specialreference to Jams and Jellies. MONDAY, 5th OCTOBER, 1931: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1.What are the various types of defects which may be found in jams ? In what way does the method of closure influence the occurrence of some of these defects? Describe what steps should be taken in the factory to prevent their occurrence. 2. In what directions is hydrogen-ion concentration of interesl in jam manufacture ? Describe briefly the method and apparatus you would use for the determination of the pH value of a jam or jelly. 3. Describe briefly the modern process of canning fruit. In what respects does this process differ from that used for canning vegetables? Give the reasons for this difference. Discuss the latest theories with reference to “hydrogen swells” in canned fruits, and state what steps you would take to prevent, as far as possible, their occurrence.4. Describe the plant required for jam boiling, indicating the means adopted for obtaining the maximum efficiency in steam raising and in its utilisation. 5. Discuss one of the latest theories as to the constitution of pectin. State the general properties of pectin. Have purified pectins, obtained from different fruits, identical properties ? 6. Describe the various methods in use in this country and abroad for preserving fruit in bulk for subsequent use in the manufacture of jam. Discuss (a) the advantages and disadvantages of each method; (b) the relative merits of the different sulphurous acid compounds in the preserva- tion of fruit pulps. 7. Given a raw cane sugar of 96” polarisation, how would you produce a syrup? on a large scale, suitable for the manufacture of jams and jellies ? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using such a purified syrup for jam manufacture.8. Outline a scheme for the complete analysis of a table jelly. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Give in some detail an account of the manufacture of malt vinegar. What figures would you expect such a vinegar to show on analysis ? How would you distinguish a true malt vinegar from other vinegars made by fermentation processes ? 302 2. Define the following terms in relation to oils and fats: (a) Acid value; (b)saponification value; (c) unsaponifiable matter; (d) iodine value; (e) acetyl value. Describe with full practical details how you would determine any TWO of them.3. Name the ingredients used in the preparation of baking powders. What impurities are liable to occur ? How would you compare the relative efficiencies of two samples? 4. How would you proceed to examine a sample of milk taken under the Food Adulteration Act? What are the legal requirements as to its composition? What is meant by grade A milk? 5. Describe the occurrence, properties and chemical structure of lecithin. How would you determine it in a foodstuff? TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 6th to 9th OCTOBER,1931: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. You are required to report on the sample of jam (A), stating whether you consider it suitable for sale in (i) this country, (ii) Canada, referring particularly to its keeping qualities, and to the requirements of the Acts dealing with Food and Drugs in both countries.(The Canadian Regulations will be available.) 2. Examine the sample of lemon oil (B), and report on its suit- ability for use in flavouring table jellies. 3. Determine the carboxyl content of the sample of pectin (C). 4. Identify the dye, sample (D), and determine the arsenic in it. 5. Examine the sample of mincemeat (E)for preservatives, and state whether it meets the requirements of the Preservatives Regulations. 303 Scholarships. In 1929,JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V, particulars of Scholarships and Fellowships, largely abstracted from the Year Book of the Universities of the Empire, were published for the benefit of students and others desiring such information.The particulars are repeated in this Part, with certain additions :-Any student who is seeking assistance in the form of a Scholarship to enable him to pursue a course in higher education may apply for his Local Education Authority’s Scholarship Handbook. The Scholarship Handbook of the London County Council is published by Messrs. P. S. King & Son, Ltd., 14, Great Smith Street, Westminster, S.W.1, price 3d.) Many “Open” scholarships are awarded by the Universities and their individual colleges. About 300 State Scholarships are awarded annually by the Board of Education to pupils in full-time attendance at grant-aided secondary schools, on the recommendation of Bodies conducting the Higher Certificate Examinations.Leaving Scholarships and Exhibitions are awarded by endowed schools and by other schools which are recognised as efficient by the Board of Education, but are not on the grant list. In some cases, the holder of a Major Scholarship of a Local Education Authority may also hold a State Scholarship or college award. In Scotland, in addition to the Carnegie Trust Benefactions (Secretary: James Robb, Esq., LL.B., Merchants’ Hall, 22, Hanover Street, Edinburgh), numerous Bursaries are awarded by the Universities and by the Trustees of unattached educational endowments. Scottish Education Authorities have made pro- vision in their Bursary Schemes for assisting duly qualified persons resident in their areas who need assistance to attend the Universities.Science Scholarships, from funds administered by the Board of Education, tenable at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. (The Syllabus of Examination is ob-tainable from H.M. Stationery Office, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, 3d.) 304 Science Research Scholarships, value Lzoo to L250 per annuni, offered to Overseas Universities by the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 for British subjects under 26 years of age who have completed a full university course. Also five senior Studentships each of L400 per annum, open to British subjects of not more than 40 years of age, on recommendation by pro- fessors and heads of departments through the executive authorities of such institutious as may be invited by the Commissioners to nominate candidates.(Offices, I, Lowther Gardens, Exhibition Road, London, S.W.7.) Beit Fellowships for Scientific Research, of E250 per annum for two years, tenable at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, open to candidates under 25 years of age, of European descent by both parents, who have taken a degree in any university in the British Empire, or any diploma or scholarship of any college approved by the Trustees. Elections, advertised three months in advance, are made annually in July. (Enquiries to be addressed to the Rector of the Imperial College.) Robert Blair Fellowships, of the value of L450, tenable for one year, are awarded for advanced study or research in applied science and technology, and may be held in the Dominions, or the United States, or other foreign countries.Candidates must be British subjects, not less than 21 years of age. Particulars are obtainable from the Education Officer (T.3), The County Hall, London, S.E.I. (Stamped addressed envelope should be enclosed.) The Sir Richard Stapley Educational Trust administers a fund to assist necessitous students. (Particulars may be obtained from the Bursar of the Trust, Percy Alden, Esq., M.A., 32, Gordon Square, London, W.C.1.) Funds are administered by The Royal Society (Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. I), including-The Moseley Research Studentship, E3oo per annum, for the furtherance of Experimental Research in Pathology, Physics and Chemistry, or other branches of science, but not in Pure Mathematics, As-tronomy, or any branch which aims merely at describing, cata- loguing and systematising : the Mackinnon Research Studentship +300 per annum-for furthering natural and physical science, including geology and astronomy, and for original research and 305 investigation in pathology ;and the Sorby Research Fellowship- k600 per annum-tenable ordinarily in the University of Sheffield. These are advertised from time to time.The Royal Society also awards Government grants for scientific investigations the con- ditions of which are notified annually in time for applications (from British subjects only) to be received by 31st March. The Trustees of the Ramsay Memorial Fellowships award, from time to time, Fellowships of the value, normally, of k300 per annum for two years for chemical research, which can be held in any university or other place in the United Kingdom, possessing the requisite facilities, or, in exceptional circumstances, in any other part of the British Empire. (Secretary, C.0. G. Douie, Esq., University College, Gower Street, London, W.C.I.) The Johnston Chemical Scholarship and Prize of the value of k150 for one year, tenable at Armstrong College, Newcastle- upon-Tyne, is awarded on the results of an examination in chemistry with crystallography or mineralogy, and is open to Bachelors of Science of any University of not more than three years’ standing from graduation, who produce satisfactory evidence of previous training and ability to conduct original chemical investigation. The Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry offers Fellowships, normally &250-&300, to chemists of graduate standing to enable them to undergo further special training for careers in chemical industry.(Particulars may be had from the Director of the Institute, Salters’ Hall, St. Swithin’s Lane, London, E.C.4.) Scholarships for the Fellowship of the British Empire Exhibi- tion are provided to help research scholars from the Overseas Dominions to continue their investigations in the mother country. American University and College Scholarships for British Students include 20 Commonwealth Fund Fellowships (about L60o each p.a.) tenable in one of the Institutions belonging to the Association of American Universities.Candidates must be unmarried, and not over 30 years of age, nominated by Universities in Great Britain and Ireland, the final selections being made by a Committee of Award. (Offices of the Associa- tion: 50, Russell Square, London, W.C.1.) Kitchener Scholarships are awarded to the sons of officers and men, or sons of ex-officers and men, of H.M. Forces to enable selected candidates to follow an advanced course of study 01‘ 306 training at a University or other Institution approved for the purpose. Candidates must be over 17 and under 20 years of age on the first day of January preceding their application. Applications are also considered from candidates over the age of 20 who have already begun an approved course of study.Particu- lars may be obtained from the Lord Kitchener National Memorial Fund, 34-35, Norfolk Street, Strand, London, W.C.2. The Department of ScientiJic and Industrial Research awards grants to individual research workers on recommendations by individual professors, and allowances to students for training in research in universities and colleges. (Particulars can be obtained from “Notes on the Grants to Research Workers and Students,’’ published by H.M. Stationery Office, 2d.) The Weavers’ Company has instituted a Scholarship of the annual value of LIOO for post-graduate research on wool, to be carried out in the laboratories of the Wool Industries Research Association, Torridon, Headingley, Leeds. The Ministry of Agricultwe and Fisheries awards Research Scholarships (&zoo per annum) to assist promising students, usually honours graduates in science, to qualify as research workers.Colonial Agricztltural Service.-About 20 scholarships, usually tenable for two years, of the value of fI250 per annum, are offered for (a) agricultural research and (b) general agriculture, the first being available to candidates with honours degrees in pure science. Part of the course is taken at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture in Trinidad, or other similar institution. (Particulars are obtainable from the Private Secretary, Ap-pointments Department, Colonial Office, 2, Richmond Terrace, Whitehall, S.W.I .) The Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland (Merchants’ Hall, 22, Hanover Street, Edinburgh) awards scholarships in science-Lz50 per annum plus special expenses allowance for two years, with possible extension to three years-to British graduates of Scottish Universities who have shown capacity for original research; nominations to be made by a Professor or other Head of a University Department.The Imtitution of Mining Engineers (Cleveland House, 225, City Road, London, E.C.1) awards, from time to time, a 307 grant of EZIO from the Arthur S. Dwight Fund to enable a graduate in metallurgy to visit metallurgical plants in the United States of America. Institute of Chemistry .-The Pedler Research Scholarship derived from the income of a legacy bequeathed to the Institute by the late Sir Alexander Pedler; value L300 per annum.The Scholar is required to work on a problem or problems suggested by the Council of the Institute, having regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest. The scholarship is tenable for a year, but may be extended at the discretion of the Council. The present scholar was appointed on 1st October, 1931. (Par-ticulars are obtainable from the Registrar, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I.) 308 Notes. The Regularisation of the Analysis of Medicinal Waters. -The International Society of Medical Hydrology, which was founded in 1921,to encourage in all countries the clinical and experimental study of hydrology and to make known the scope and nature of treatment by water and baths in the prevention and cure of disease, is taking steps to regularise the manner in which analytical and other data relative to medicinal waters are expressed.In order to achieve this object, the Society has published a document entitled ‘‘International Register of Spas and Medicinal Waters,” embodying approved directions for exhibiting chemical analysis, physical properties, medicinal classification and other data concerning spas, wherein an effort has been made towards regularising the analysis of natural waters, whether for spas or for public water supplies throughout the world. The Register is obtainable from the International Society of Medical Hydrology, 55, Wellington Road, London, N.W.8.Annual Chemical Dinner, 1931.-The Annual Chemical Dinner will be held on Thursday, the 10th December, at the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C.z, at 7 for 7.30 p.m. This will be a social event in which members of the various societies and institutions interested in chemistry are invited to participate. The dinner will be followed by music and dancing. Tickets, price 15s. each-for lady or gentleman-including gratuities, but not wine-will be obtainable in October and November, from Mr. F. A. Greene, The Chemical Club, 2, White-hall Court, London, S.W.I. Further particulars will be announced in due course. Dr. George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., President of the Institute, has been elected Member of Parliament for Wirral, Cheshire.309 Lieut.-Col. Bertie James Eaton, O.B.E., has been appointed Director of the Rubber Research Institute of Malaya. Lieut.-Col. Eaton has also been appointed Officer Commanding State Troops, Selangor, and Officer Commanding, Selangor Battalion, F.M.S. Volunteer Forces. Dr. T. Slater Price, O.B.E., F.R.S., has been appointed to the Chair of Chemistry at Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh, on the retirement of Professor A. A. Boon. Mr. Emile S. Mond has been appointed Hon. Treasurer of the Chemical Society, on the retirement from that office of Professor T. Slater Price. Dr. T. S. Wheeler has been appointed Principal and Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Royal Institute of Science, Bombay. Mr.H. W. Cremer has been appointed Honorary Secretary of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, in succession to the late Prof. J. W. Hinchley. Mr. Donald McDonald has been appointed Honorary Secretary of the Chemical Engineering Group in succession to Mr. W. F. Darke. British Engineering Standards Association.-The British Engineering Standards Association has issued a draft specification for Identification of Chemical Pipe Lines, and invites comments thereon. Members interested in the subject should communicate with the Director and Secretary, B.E.S.A., 28, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W.I. Warning.-Further cases of impersonation of members of the Institute have occurred in various parts of the country. Appeals for charity from persons claiming to be members of the Institute should be referred to the Registrar.Another form of imposture is being practised by men endeavouring to sell rugs who have visited members of the Institute on the pretence that they have been introduced by officers or members of the Institute. 310 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV, 1931, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Chemistry in the Service of Man.” Alexander Findlay. Fourth edition. Pp. xviii + 355. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 6s. A book intended to emphasise the dependence of social and national prosperity on a knowledge of the principles of chemistry and their application to industry.Introduction; radioactivity and atomic structure; the gases of the atmosphere; combustion; fuels and illuminants; matter, energy and explosives; cellulose ;metals; alloys ;velocity of reactions and catalysis ; fertilisers; glass, soda, soap and lime ; electricity and chemistry; the colloidal state ; molecular strength ; synthetic chemistry; coal-tar dyes etc.; fermentation, enzymes and micro-organisms. “Fertilisers, The Use of, in Tropical and Sub-tropical Agri- culture.” A. Jacob and V. Coyle. Pp. 272. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 10s.6d. Part I:Fertilisers and their relation to plant growth and soil conditions; functions of fertiliser constituents in the plant; composition of tropical soils; applications ;conduct of manurial experiments in plantations. Part 11: Manuring of Tropical and Sub-tropical crops: grain, root and leguminous crops; green manuring; oil and fibre plants; sugar cane; tobacco; tea; coffee; cacao; rubber; palm trees; fruit crops; vegetables.I‘ Organic Chemistry.” Perkin and Kipping. Entirely new edition by F. S. Kipping and F. B. Kipping. Part I. Pp. xi + 614+ xxix. (London: W. & R. Chambers, Ltd.) 4s. 6d. A Text-book intended as an introduction to the study of organicchemistry. Part I-dealing mainly with the aliphatic compounds. “Organic Chemistry, Recent Advances in.” A. W. Stewart. Sixth edition. Vol. I, pp. xii + 429;Vol. 11, pp. xii -t 432. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) EI IS.od.each volume. Vol. I contains a summary of numerous fundamental problems and deals mainly with subjects upon which general agreement has now been reached. Some main currents in organic chemistry; sundry modern reagents; addition reactions ; polymethylenes and some large carbon rings ; aliphatic diazene compounds ;ketens ;polyketides and their allies ;cyclic monoterpenes ; dicyclic terpenes ;olefinic terpenes ; pyrrol, pyridine and 311 tropine alkaloids ;quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids ;the purine group ; polypeptides ;trivalent carbon ;unsaturation ;orienting influences in the benzene system. Vol. I1 contains an account of the development in some of the newer fields of organic chemistry. Organic chemistry in the twentieth century; some carbohydrate constitu- tions ; sesquiterpene group ; diterpenes and triterpenes ; rubber ; recent work on the alkaloids ;anthocyanins; the chlorophyll problem ;depsides;some theories of the natural syntheses of vital products; some cases of isomerism in cyclic compounds; diphenyl problem; new organo-alkali compounds; other cases of abnormal valency ; structural formulae and their failings ;some applications of electronics to organic chemistry :some unsolved problems.‘r Power Sources in Poland and their Utilization,” published by the Polish National Committee of the World Power Conference. (Warsaw: 1931.) Power sources: coal; brown coal; crude oil; natural gas; peat; timber; water ; wind. Utilization of power sources :-transport facilities ; state and develop- ment of the gas industry; electrification policy in Poland.RBsum6 francais. Deutsche Zusammenfassung. Bibliography. Maps. M. Albert Brkmant has presented a copy of “La Vie et l’CEuvre Scientifique de F-V. Raspail,” par Mme. Xavier Raspail. (Paris: Vigot Fritres, Editeurs, 1926.) “Foundry Work and Metallurgy.” Parts I and I1 have been received of a comprehensive work on Foundry Work and Metallurgy, which is in course of publication, in about 26 Parts, edited by R. T. Rolfe. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., each Part, containing 64 pages, IS. od.) The Report of the Rothamsted Experimental Station for the year 1930is obtainable from the Secretary, Lawes Agricultural Trust, Harpenden, Herts., 2s.6d. net. The Report contains a record of the experimental work carried out at Rothamsted and outside centres and of the papers pub- lished in connection therewith. 312 Obituary. PETERAUCHINACHIEdied at Hampstead on 5th September. After qualifying as a pharmaceutical chemist, he was engaged for about a yearwith Messrs. Burroughs Wellcomo & Co. at Dartford, and, from 1890 to 1892, as assistant to Mr. C. H. Cribb. From 1892-1902 he was in private practice independently; from 1902 to 1907 he was research chemist to the Silicate of Limestone Co., and from 1907 to 1911, works manager and director of the British Vanadium Co., Ltd. He then devoted himself to private research for about four years, and from 1915 to 1920 was chemist to Day & Martin, Ltd., after which he resumed private practice.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1899. JOSEPHBARNES died at Accrington, on the 8th September, in his 78th year. He studied chemistry under Roscoe and Schorlemmer, at Owens College, Manchester, for three years (1870-1873), and then proceeded to the University of Bonn for a year. On his return to Lancashire he was, for a while, partner in the firm of Burghardt, Grimshaw and Barnes, before establishing a practice as an analytical and consulting chemist, at Accrington, where he continued for the remainder of his professional career. For 45 years he was public analyst for the Borough of Accrington; for about 20 years, chemist to Messrs.Kearns Allen, Turkey red dyers, of Baxenden, and for some years until his death, a director of Messrs. Thomas Welch & Co., of Greenvale Print Works, at West Houghton, Bolton. He was the first to draw att,ention to the interesting properties of titanium dioxide as a mordant. So far back as 1885, he contributed a note on the subject to the Manchester Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. The technical applications of this oxide in the dyeing and staining of leather, in later years, resulted from his researches on titanium salts. He was one of the original Members of the Society of Chemical Industry, and took a close interest in its work and development. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. BERTRAMHUNT died recently at San Francisco, California, in his 71st year.He studied chemistry under Dittmar and Mills, at Anderson’s College, Glasgow, and under Roscoe at Owens College, Manchester. In the early years of his professional life he was for two years lecture assistant to Professor Mills before he obtained an appointment as research chemist to W. L. Jackson, M.P.--sometime Financial Secretary to the Treasury- tanner and currier, at Leeds. Later he devoted himself to prospecting and mining, and held appointments successively with the Gold and Silver Extraction Company of America, Ltd., at Denver, Colorado ; the Eureka Gold Mines, Ltd., in South Australia; and at the Tres Amigos Mine, at Costa Rica. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. 313 CHARLESALEXANDERKEANE died at Canterbury, on 18th September, in his 67th year.Educated at Mount Vernon High School, Nottingham, he entered Owens College, Manchest,er, in 1880, where he studied under Roscoe and Schorlemmer, for four sessions. He graduated as R.Sc. (Vict.), obtaining a first class, was awarded the First Prize in the City and Guilds of London Examination in Coal Tar Distillation, and the Associateship of Owens College. In 1883 he worked for a while at University College, Nottingham, and then spent three semesters at Erlangen, under Emil and Otto Fischer, working during vacations with R. Fresenius at Wiesbaden, and in 1886, was awarded the degree of PhD., having presented a dis-sertation on Derivatives of Kairin. In October, 1886, he was appointed domonstrator in chemistry at University College, Liverpool, where he was subsequently lecturer on organic chemistry. In 1901 he was appointedPrincipal of the Sir John Cass Technical Institute, Aldgate, which position he held until his retirement in 1926.He was Chairman of the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry from 1917 to 1919. He was the author of Modern Organic Chemistry (1909), translator and editor of Lunge’s Technical Methods of Chemical Analysis (1924), and contributed a number of papers to the Transactions of the Chemical Society and to the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. JOHNWARDLE SLATER died, suddenly, at Portsmouth, on 16th September, at the age of 38 years.He was educated at the Hulme Grammar School, Oldham, -and the University of Manchester, and gradu- ated as B.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry in 1914. After some experience as a science master at Cork Grammar School and at the Liverpool Collegiate School, he was appointed lecturer and research assistant in the chemical department at the Royal Technical Institute, Salford, which position he held for about eighteen months, and in June, 1917, was appointed an assistant inspector of cordite in the Department of the Chief Inspector of Naval Ordnance. After the war he was appointed as chemist in the new Naval Ordnance Inspection Laboratory, then in course of erection at Holton Heath. He was established in that post by the Civil Service Commissioners in 1920 and, on the re-organisation of the staff of that Department in 1924, was given the rank of Chemist, Class 11.In 1928 he was promoted to an Assistant Analyst, Grade I, in the Department of the Admiralty Chemist at Portsmouth, in which capacity he was serving at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918, and a Fellow in 1928. SYDNEY STROUDHARTNETT died at Sydney, New South Wales, on the 21st August, in his 41st year. Born at Leicester, where he was educated at Alderman Newton’s School, he was engaged in the business of Messrs. John Richardson & Co., pharmacists, of Leicester, before proceeding to the School of the Pharmaceutical Society in 1910, where he gained the Hewlett Exhibition, in 1911, and the Pereira Medal, in 1912.Havingpassed the major examination, he was demonstrator for two years in the School, and passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1913. He was engaged for about two years in research under Professor A. W. Crossley, before proceeding to an appointment as analyst in the Government Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland. In 19 18 he was appointed lecturer in practical materia medica and pharmacy at the University of Sydney, where he was subsequently director of the pharma- ceutical laboratories until 1927. He contributed a number of papers to the Pharmaceutical Journal and to the Australasian Pharmaceutical Journal. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. 314 The Register.At the meeting of Council held on 16th October, 1931,z new Fellows were elected, 19 Associates were elected to the Fellow- ship, 51 new Associates were elected, z Associates were re-elected, and 26 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the death of 6 Fellows. New Fellows. Bagchi, Kumar Nath, B.Sc., M.B. (Calcutta), Medical College, Patna. Wilton, John Boswell, Fumigation Services, Ltd., 20-21, St. Dunstan’s Hill, London, E.C.3. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Abbott, Walter Edgar, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.Sc.I., c/o Chief Sanitation Chemist, Shanghai Municipal Council, Shanghai, China. Barker, Francis George, 61, Crimicar Lano, Fulwood, Sheffield. Bowden, Sydney Thomas, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Wales), University College,Cardiff. Dixon, Frederick, B.Sc. (Leeds), Edwina, Eccleshall Road, Creswell, Stafford. Fletcher, Albert Edward, 1, Staf€ord Place, Boulevard, Weston-super- Mare. Freeland, David Michael, 8, Friars Place Lane, Acton, London, W.3. Gait, Alban James, M.Sc. (Lond.), 43, Elm Grove Road, London, S.W.13. Greenhill, Alee Walter, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Beech- wood, Harrow Lane, Maidenhead. Hagues, George, M.Sc. (Leeds), 30, Barrowby Avenue, Whitkirk, Leeds. Harwood, Frank Courtney, B.Sc. (Lond.), Moor Croft, Grange Road, Saltford, nr. Bristol. Jones, John Edward, B.Sc. (Wales), 5, Derby Road, Spondon, Derby. Lewis, Philip Stacey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), Delamere, St. Andrew’s Road, Avonmouth, Bristol.Lunt, James Gilbert, B.Sc. (Liv.), Public Health Department, Grey Friars, Leicester. Meyer, Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 200, McLeod Road, Abbey Wood, London, S.E.2. Richardson, Robert William, 23, Wayside Avenue, Hornchurch, Essex. Robinson, Miss Adeline Joan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Park Terrace, Cambridge. Scarlett, Claude Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.), 108, Belper Road, Derby. Wilson, Herbert Newton, Glenthorne, Connaught Road, Nunthorpe,Yorks. Wiltshire, John Laurence, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 62, Eden Way, Eden Park, Beckenham. 315 New Associates. Addingley, Charles Gordon, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 55, Station Road, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. Angell, Frederick George, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 32, Pinner Road, Harrow. Attwood, Cyril William, B.Sc.(Lond.), 9, Elm Tree Road, Harborne, Birmingham.Barr, William Lyall, M.Sc. (N.Z.), The Laboratory, Shell Oil Company’s Installation, Freeman’s Bay, Auckland, N.Z. Bavin, Eric Morrison, €3.53~. (Lond.), 125, Morley Avenue, Mapperley, Not tingham. Bleloch, William, M.Sc. (Witwatersrand), Ph.D. (Lond.), c/oRoyal Empire Society, Northumberland Avenue, London, W.C.2. Booley, Frank, M.Sc. (Sheff.), 11, King Edward Road, Doncaster. Botham, George Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Harper Adams Agricultural College, Newport, Salop. Boyce, Ernest George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Morden Road, London, S.E.3. Caldwell, Walter Anderson, B.Sc. (Glas.), 653, Shields Road, Glasgow,S.l. Caney, Richard John Trewhitt, A.R.S.M., 19, Womersley Road, London, N.8.Champion, Frederick Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Woodcraft, Malden Road, Cheam, Surrey. Coates, Harold Vjncent, A.M.C.T., 27, Catterick Road, Didsbury, Man- ches ter . Cohen, Louis Nathan, B.A., B.Sc. (Cape), 15, Breda Street Gardens, Cape Town, South Africa. Comrie, Alan Arthur Douglas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Springfield Road, London, s.w.20. Coste, Miss Joan Gertrude Margaret, Utopia, Gloucester Road, Teddington. Cox, Carlton Ingham, B.Sc. (Adelaide), 24, Stephen Terrace, Gilberton, Adelaide, South Australia. Crighton, David Andrew, B.Sc. (Edin.), 51, Dalmeny Road, London, N.7. Cross, John, 107, Machon Bank, Nether Edge, Sheffield. Eccott, Eustace Nevill, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Crofton Acre, Orpington, Kent.Ednionds, John Vernon, B.Sc. (Leeds), 169, High Street, Royston, nr. Barnsley.Farrington, Franklin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 57, Higher Swan Lane, Bolton. Galinsky, Ephraim, B.Sc. (Lond.), 151, Amhurst Road, London, E.8. Groves, Ronald, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 10, Beechwood Avenue, Wibsey, Bradford. Haddock, Leonard Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Station Road, Enfield. Hardwick, John Farrar, B.Sc. (Liv.), The Nook, Huyton, Liverpool. Harvey, Ernest Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 313, Castle Boulevard, Nottingham. Healey, Arthur Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Glazbury Road, London, W.14. Hoather, Roy Colin, B.Sc. (Lond.), High Road, Bushey Heath, Herts. Hunt, Leslie Bernard, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 128, Alexandra Avenue, Luton, Beds. Jackson, William Walmsley Wood, M.Sc.(Q.U.B.), 120, Balmoral Avenue, Belfast. Johnson, John Metcalfe, B.Sc. (Liv.), 22, Aglionby Street, Carlisle. Jones, William Owen, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), 16, Water Street, Penmaen- mawr, North Wales. Lindsay, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), Glenburn, Ardrishaig, Argyll. McClelland, John Arnold Camden, B.Sc. (Lond.), Widford, Ware, Herts. McColl, Ada Frances, 97, Lockfield Road, Paisley, Scotland. Miles, Edward Jollasse, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Grosvenor Road, London, S.W.1. 316 Munns, Dennis Johnstone, B.Sc. (Lond.), 13, Sandford Road, Moseley, Birmingham. Porter, Ronald Francis, 153, Ruskin Avenue, London, E.12. Price, David Hermon Andrew, B.Sc. (Birm.), The Stores, New Road, Rubery, nr. Birmingham.Rowland, Samuel John, B.Sc. (Reading), Department of AgriculturalChemistry, The University, Reading. Ryder, Samuel Edward Allan, B.Sc.(Birm.), Leasowe, Leyland Avenue, M701verhampton.Sims, Rupert Charles, 113, Blackpool Street, Burton-on-Trent. Stern, Miss Margaret Ida, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Dollis Hill Lane, London, N.W.2. Taylor, Alexander Eric Robertson, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Messrs. John Dickinson & Co., Ltd., Croxley Mills, Watford. Thompson, Ralph Herbert, B.A. (Cantab.), 175, Palgrave Road, Great Yarmouth. Vallender, Raymond Bruce, B.Sc. (Lond. and Wales), Ph.D. (Wales),29, Balaclava Road, Roath Park, Cardiff. Waller, Arthur William, 115, Hope Road, Brooklands, Cheshire. Wallington, Hubert Trevor, B.Sc. (Lond.), c!o 8, Leyburn Grove, Shipley, Bradford. Worms, Charles George Maurice de, M.A.(Cantab.), Milton Park, Egham, Surrey.Yudkin, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 60, Sandringham Road, London, E.8. Reelected Associates. Brazier, William Ernest, c!o The Banks, Bingham, Nottingham. Rait, Patrick Walker, 22, King Edward Road, Gla,sgow, W.3. New Students. Bacon, Cyril Godfray, Mont Orgueil, Sclsdon Road, South Croydon. Bell, Archibald William Longstaff, 15, Ainger Road, London, N.W.3. Blackmore, Richard Lye, 62, Lamb’s Conduit Street, London, W.C.l. Bryce, William Wallace, 14, Belgrave Road, Crumpsall, Manchester. Chapman, Norman Albert, 224, Monton Road, Monton, Eccles, Manchester. Cook, Robert William Howard, 76, Sibley Grove, Manor Park, London, E.12. Coutts, David Ian, 58, Cambridge Avenue, Gt.Crosby, nr. Liverpool.Dent, Charles Enrique, 161, Lauderdale Road, London, MT.9. Fowkes, Ernest Alexander, 77, Saltley Road, Saltley, Birmingham. Howell, Walter Ford Stretton, 37, Crompton Road, Levenshulme, Man- Chester. Macarthur, Arthur, 27, Belbeck Street, Elton, Bury. Milne, George Robert, 1222, Springburn Road, Glasgow, N. Morris, Ernest Devereux, 3, Church Road, Ashtead, Epsom, Surrey. Rowland, George Henry, 30, Falkland Road, London, N.8. Rule, John Macfarlane, 11, Aberfeldy Street, Dennistoun, Glasgow. Sagar, Harold, 13, Albert Street, Whitworth, Rochdale. Scott, Miss Winifred, 3, Shelgate Road, Battersea, London, S.W.11. Shaw, Richard Elliott, 66, Cranes Park, Surbiton. Simpson, Francis Lazenby, 3, Bridge Terrace, Tadcaster. Stead, Walter Ronald, 6, Brownberrie Avenue, Horsforth, nr.Leeds. Stutchbury, Thomas, 16, Sandringham Road, London, E. 10. Todd, George McMillan, 126, West Princes Street, Glasgow, C.4. 317 Underwood, Ernest Philip, 123, Hodgson Street, Sheffield. Watson, Robert Sinclair, 18, Fintry Drive, King's Park, Glasgow. White, Ellyia, 103, Goldhurst Terrace, London, N.W.6. Wordsworth, Charles Harcourt, 83, Jefferson Road, Sheerness, Kent. CHANGE OF NAME. Alexandra Jean Robson Kern, BSc. (Aberd.), Associate, to Alexandra Joan Robson Campbell-on her marriage. DEATHS. Fellows. Yet€?r Aucninachie. Joseph Barnes. Bertram Hunt. Charles Aloxandor Koane, Ph.D. (Erlangen), D.Sc. (Vict.). John Wardlo Slator, B.Sc. (Manc.). Sidney Hartne tt Stroud.Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT INSTITUTE QF CHEMISTRY,FUND, 30, RUSSELL LONDON,SQUARE, W.C.I. General Notices. The 14th Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will be delivered by Dr. J. Vargas Eyre, Fellow, at the Institute, on Friday, the 20th November, at 8 p.m. Subject: “Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries.” The President, Dr. G. C. Clayton, C.B.E., will take the chair. The lecture will be open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute and former Students of Finsbury Technical College. Tickets of admission, gratis, may be obtained by persons other than members and students of the Institute on application to the Registrar.S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Sir Frank E. Smith, K.C.B., C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., will deliver the third Gluckstein Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Friday, the 18th December, at 8 p.m. Subject: ‘6 The Chemist and the Community.” The President will take the chair. The lecture will be open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute, and to others who may be interested. Tickets of admission, gratis, may be obtained, by persons other than ‘members and students of the Institute, on application to the Registrar. Examinations in 1932.The arrangements for examina- tions during 1932 are as follows:- Dates of Examinations.Entries close. 4th to 9th January Monday, 9th November, 1931. or 11th to 16th January } (Note-books: 18th December.) 4th to 9th April Monday, 8th February, 1932. or 11th to 16th April (Note-books: 18th March.) 1 xzth to 17th September Monday, 11th July, xg3z. or 19th to 24th September } (Note-books: 2nd September.) Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. 319 Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of Council, to take office from 1st March, 1932, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 14th December, 1931.I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting, held on 7th 1921, and amended on 1st March, 1923:: Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham,Leicester, Lincoln, Rutland and Northampton. Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Liverpool and North- West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line.The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Hunting- don, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. North-East Coast and Yorkshire, including the Counties of Northumberland, Durham and York. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Nairn, Elgin, Bad€, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Bemick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh.Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Caith-ness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Inverness, Argyll, Dum- barton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. Wales (excluding the County of Flint, see iii). The County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act,. 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad.320 The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council :-11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a)may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B.,of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XI1 should be received not later than 31st August. 111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xii) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Momber shall vote for more than one such candidate.(b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting lists shall, on the third Thursday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose (2).The balloting list of any member who on the third Thursday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payabIe byhim tia the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed.321 (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the third Friday in January, specially convened for thst purpose. (4)The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shell decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise hare been elected has died or has with- drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section, in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District.If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. The names of those who have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council and retire in accordance with By-Law 23 are printed in italics. Birmingham and Midlands : William Wardlaw, D.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Edward Russell, B.Sc. Liverpool and North-West Coast: Walter Ferguson Buist, B.Sc.. London and South-Eastern Counties : George Stubbs, C.B.E. Manchester and District: William David Rogers, B.Sc., A.R.C.S.North-East Coast and Yorkshire : Harry Malkjn Mason, M.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Alee Munro Cameron, B.Sc. Glasgow and West of Scotland : Frederick William Harris. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Leonard Eric Hinkel, D.Sc. Northern Ireland: John Hawthorne, B.A., Ph.D. Irish Free State: William Robert Fearon, M.A., Sc.D. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : Edward John Way. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, on 4b Why I have chosen Chemistry as a Profession ’’ will be awarded in January, 1932, and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay.Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of this PARTof the Journal) on or before the 31st December, 1931, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award.The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person.The next award will be made in January, 1932. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1931, to work of the character indicated. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. 323 Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary.The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m.to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, 324 to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL.Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, onto bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSthe following terms: buckram case, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Monday, 1st March, 1932.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9315500277

出版商:RSC    

年代:1931

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1931. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER. Regisfrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. I.LONDON, December, 1931 Publications Committee, 1931132. LEWIS EYNON (Chairnaaaa), G. C. CLAYTON (Presidertt), H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. B. BROWN, W. F. BUIST, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, A. M. CAMERON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, C. S. GIBSON, F. W. HARRIS, J. HAWTHORNE, T. P. WILDITCH, L. E. HINKEL, H. H. HODGSON. J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hoe. Treaszrver), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS, E.RUSSELL, F.J. WILSON, WILLIAM WARDLAW, 327 Proceedings of the Council. NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1931. Benevolent Fund.-At the meeting of Council held on 20th November, the Benevolent Fund Committee reported that the total amount of contributions received for the Fund for the year 1931 showed a decrease of fl13, while the disbursements in annuities, grants, loans, etc., were increased by LZIO. The Council, therefore, decided that the help of Fellows in control of staffs should be secured, if possible, in order to promote further “group contributions” to the Fund, and accordingly a letter was sent to a considerable number of such Fellows early in December, when the receipts showed an increase of Ez3 on those received at the corresponding period in X930; but the disbursements had increased by L274. The Committee felt that at the present time many members found it difficult to subscribe substantial sums individually, and it was thought that they would like to subscribe small sums periodically towards such “group contributions.” The replies were, in the main, sympathetic, but not altogether encouraging, owing to the circumstances that many salaries had been decreased and income tax would be due in the near future, while many members had made arrangements for the payment of an annual subscription by their banks, or preferred to subscribe individually.The Committee feels diffidence in making a special appeal at a time when other claims are so pressing, but hopes that all Fellows and Associates who are able, will do what they can to assist in relieving the distress of those who are in urgent need.Professional Interests.-The Council has represented to the Colonial Office that administrations under its jurisdiction should be advised to refrain from the employment of officers unqualified in chemistry to carry out work of a chemico-legal nature in places where properly qualified officers are available. The Council recognises that, in certain partly developed countries where the appointment of a whole-time chemical officer is not justified, it may be necessary for administrative purposes to appoint officers, not being properly qualified chemists, 328 to perform , locally and temporarily, certain functions under specific ordinances.The attention of the Council has been directed, however, to cases in which chemical investigations have been entrusted to medical men and others who have not received the training and experience in chemistry necessary for the proper performance of such work. The Council has suggested, therefore, that it would further the interests of efficient administration if such arrangements were discontinued, and the work entrusted to professional chemists possessing the necessary qualifications, skill and experience. Public Analysts and Official Agricultural Analysts.- In common with other Local Government Officers, some Public Analysts and Official Agricultural Analysts, have been asked by their Local Authorities to agree to a percentage reduction in their emoluments.It is felt, however, that as part-time officers who have to bear overhead and other expenses which are not also subject to reduction, the rate of the “cut,” if any, should be modified, otherwise they would be penalised to a greater * extent than whole-time salaried officers. Australian Chemical Institute.-The Council has been informed by H.M. Privy Council that His Majesty the King has been pleased to approve the grant of a Charter to the Australian Chemical Institut e. The Council has conveyed to the Australian Chemical Institute the congratulations and best wishes of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland on this occasion, together with an assurance that the Institute will be glad at all times to co-operate with the Australian Chemical Institute in the furtherance of the interests of the profession of chemistry throughout the British Empire.The Fourteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture was given at the Institute, on 18th November, by Dr. J. Vargas Eyre, who selected as his subject ‘(Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries.” Professor G. G. Henderson, F.R.S., who presided, in the unavoidable absence of the President, reminded the meeting that the Lecture was inaugurated to keep alive the memory of Frederick William Streatfeild, to whom was entrusted so much of the chemical education of students at Finsbury Technical 329 College, and that when the College was closed the Institute was asked to ensure the continuance of the scheme under which the lecture was delivered.The Publications Committee hopes to be able to publish Dr. Vargas Eyre’s lecture as a separate monograph early in 1932. At the conclusion of the lecture, a vote of thanks was passed to Dr. Vargas Eyre, on the motion of Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, seconded by Mr. Julian Baker, both “old students” of the College, and Dr. Vargas Eyre was presented with the Medal (the gift of the City and Guilds of London Institute), and a portrait of Streatfeild. The Third S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture was given at the Institute on 18th December by Sir Frank E. Smith, K.C.B., C.B.E., F.R.S., Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, who dealt with ‘‘The Chemist and the Community.” Professor Henderson, Vice-president, who occupied the Chair on this occasion, reminded the members that the lecture was given under a scheme inaugurated by the chief chemist and laboratory staff of Messrs.J. Lyons & Co., to keep alive the memory of the late Mr. Samuel M. Gluckstein, who delivered, before the London Section of the Institute in 1927,a valuable lecture entitled “Chemists and Dividends,” which was sub-sequently widely circulated, and has since served as a type of lecture, much needed and appreciated in these times, whereby the place and value of the chemist in industry and commerce might be more fully realised. The lecture will shortly be published and issued to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, as a separate monograph.Sir Robert Robertson, in moving a vote of thanks, said that it had been his privilege to occupy the Chair when Mr. Gluckstein had given his lecture, and he had been greatly interested in the lectures given by Dr. Lampitt and Dr. Dunstan under the scheme. Sir Frank had given them a most inspiring lecture based on his wide experience. He had feared that he was intending to compliment chemists too much on what they had done in the past, but he had also indicated various lines on which they still had much to do. He was especially glad that the importance of fundamental work had been emphasised, because he felt that 330 few young chemists took full advantage of the opportunities afforded them of keeping in touch with the latest developments of pure research, by attending the meetings of societies devoted to that object.When the lecture was printed they would all give it that careful study which it so much deserved. Dr. Lampitt, in seconding, said that he felt sure that, if Mr. Gluckstein had still been with them, he would have urged the continuance of fundamental work even in times of industrial depression, feeling sure that the ultimate result would be for the benefit of the community; he would also have been much gratified to think that he had been the means of suggesting the delivery of lectures such as that to which they had just listened. Professor Henderson, at the conclusion of the proceedings, endorsed the view of Sir Robert Robertson that the lecture would afford pleasure to a much larger circle when it was published, and expressed the hope that Sir Frank would be successful in using his influence to secure the adoption of his views in high places.Gift.-The thanks of the Council have been accorded to Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treasurer, for his generous gift of an oak pedestal writing table, which has been placed in the Library of the Institute, 331 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 11th December, when Dr. A. R. Martin delivered a paper entitled ‘‘The Significance to Chemists of the Dielectric Constant of a Substance.” Dr.J. F. Tocher, Chairman of the Section, presided over a good attendance. Dr. Martin gave a lucid exposition of the theoretical con-siderations in relation to the determination of the dielectric constant of substances. He showed how the ability of dielectrics to increase the quantity of electricity required to charge a condenser to a given potential is explained on the assumption that, under the influence of the electric field, the material forming the dielectric takes up an electric moment, which, per unit volume, is proportional to the field acting. He also dealt with the inter- pretation of this hypothesis from the molecular standpoint, discussing the two types of molecules-polar and non-polar. Measurements of permanent di-pole moments, Dr.Martin said, could be applied to the determination of the structure of simple molecules and also to some problems in organic chemistry. For example, the space relationships of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms inthe water molecule could be diagrammatically represented by joining each of the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom by straight lines at an acute angle to each other, and not as might be thought by having a straight chain H-0-H. Similarly, the tetrahedral form of the ammonia molecule with the nitrogen atom at the apex could be confirmed. Dr. Martin also demon- strated how the manner of attachment to the benzene ring of simple groups like methyl and nitro radicles could be found. It was of interest to note also that the problem of electrical saturation threw some light on the state of the solvent in the immediate neighbourhood of an ion, eg., the question of hydration. On the motion of Dr.Tocher, Dr. Martin was warmly thanked for his address. 332 Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Local Section, held in the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, on 30th October, Mr. R. G. Baskett, Lecturer on Agricultural Chemistry, Queen’s University, read a paper on ‘‘Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition,” illustrated with lantern slides. Mr. Baskett outlined briefly the early work on the science of animal nutrition, directing particular attention to the researches of Thaer, Kellner and Armsby. He said that upon the findings of these workers the present-day standards for rationing were based. During recent years there had been a great advance in the development of all classes of livestock and intensity of production had increased enormously. This speeding up of production had brought to light certain deficiencies in rations, which under older methods of production had proved satisfactory. The two main factors responsible for these deficiencies were the possible lack of vitamins and inadequate supply of inorganic constituents.The lecturer described the main symptoms of vitamin deficiency and quoted results of recent work on the relationship of carotene to vitamin A. An account was then given of experi-ments, carried out in Northern Ireland, on the feeding of mineral supplements to pigs and poultry.The results of these experiments emphasised the importance of the inorganic ingredients of rations for rapid growth or heavy production. Modern research had shown that there was a close relationship between disease and nutrition. This point was illustrated by an outline of the work of Theiler and his colleagues on the deficiency of phosphorus in the diet of South African cattle. In conclusion, Mr. Baskett drew attention to the recent work on the composition of pasture, and pointed out that as the result of this work it was now known that a well-managed pasture had a much higher food value than had been hitherto realised. Bristol and South Western Counties.-Mr. Frank Southerden presided over a numerous attendance at the meeting held in Bristol University, on 20th November, when Professor W’.E.Garner gave a lecture on “Detonating Substances.” 333 The lecturer gave an account of experiments carried out on the decomposition of lead azide and mercury fulminate. In these experiments the rates of decomposition of single crystals with known area were measured in a vacuum. Decomposition of solids always occurs on the surface of the unchanged material and at a rate dependent on the area. From the rates of decomposition at several temperatures it was shown how the critical increments of the reactions in the cases of lead azide and mercury fulminate could be obtained. These were 47.6 and 29.4 Kg.Cal. per mol.of substance respectively. Since the heats of decomposition were considerably greater than these quantities, the decomposing molecules liberate sufficient energy to set up an energy chain. Methods of calculating the length of the reaction chain were discussed, and the conclusion was reached that the chain length was made up of, roughly, a million steps, in the case of lead azide and of a thousand steps in the case of mercury fulminate. These reaction chains on the surface of the solid were examples of line detonation. The conditions under which the thermal decomposition passed into detonation were dealt with, and it was shown that azide and fulminate crystals exhibit considerable points of difference. The fulminate crystals, after being heated for a period of time, the length of which decreased with increase in temperature, began to crack, and the rate of decomposition accelerated.Detonation always occurred while the cracks were being formed. In the case of azide, however, there was no evidence of crack formation. From the temperature coefficient of the time required for detonation, it was deduced that in the case of azide, detonation set in when four adjacent azide groups decomposed simultaneously. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and experiments. A discussion ensued, in which Messrs. E. Lewis, A. W. M. Wintle, J. Wilson, N. J. Hassid and others took part, and a successful meeting was closed by Mr. Wintle, who occupied the Chair at the conclusion of the meeting, and proposed the vote of thanks accorded to Professor Garner.The next meeting will be held on Friday, zand January, at 7.30 p.m., in the Chemical Department of Bristol University, when Dr. A. C. Monkhouse will give a paper on “The recovery of phenols in the Ruhr district.” 334 Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 26th October,-Mr. W. R. Guy in the Chair. The Chairman having intimated that Dr. J. G. Mackay had been obliged to resign the Honorary Secretaryship of the Section, the meeting accorded him a vote of thanks for his work. Mr. Walter Smith was appointed as his successor.Mr. W. R. Guy then vacated the Chair in favour of Mr. Adam Tait, who invited Mr. Guy to read a paper entitled (( Housing the Industrial Chemist.” Mr. Guy dealt with the design and equipment of industrial laboratories. The general principles of construction, both indoor and outdoor, were discussed, and an account was given of the laying-on of water, gas, steam, compressed air, etc. The design of laboratories for teaching industrial chemistry was considered, and stress was laid on the superiority of methods of teaching involving a general study of the fundamental processes of industrial chemistry on the semi-works scale. A brief historic sketch was then given of the development of the chemical laboratory in industry to the present high level required by modern industrial research work.Emphasis was given to the improved attitude of present-day manufacturers towards progressive process development. The lecturer concluded by advising students to aim at obtaining a sound knowledge of chemistry, physics and physical chemistry while in training; he suggested that the requisite knowledge of engineering could be gradually acquired during works practice. The paper was followed by a discussion, in which Dr. Kermack, Dr. Harris, Messrs. Merson, Williams, Rutherford Hill, and Elder, and Major Bruce took part. The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to Mr. Guy for his address, and to Mr. Tait for taking the Chair during the latter part of the meeting. The second meeting of the session was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Photo- graphic Society and the Royal Scottish Society of Arts, in the rooms of the last-named Society, at Royal Terrace, on 26th and 27th November, when an exhibition was arranged of laboratory and electrical apparatus, research chemicals and products of local industries. 335 A display of fire extinguishing appliances suitable for dealing with outbreaks of fire due to various causes was also given, and films, kindly lent by Scottish Oils, Ltd., Highways Construction, Ltd., and Bakelite, Ltd., were shown on both evenings.Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 23rd October, when the Committee of the Section was elected:-Mr. Hugh Findlay (Chairman), Mr.F. W. Harris (Vice-chairman), Mr. A. R. Jamieson (Hon. Secretary), Dr. Stotherd T. R. S. Mitchell (Hon. Treasurer), Messrs. J. G. Duncan and H. L. Watson. The Chairman expressed the regret of the Section that Dr. Gordon had decided to retire from the post of Honorary Secretary, and thanked him very sincerely for all he had done during the past five years that he had held that office. He was glad that Dr. Gordon had accepted nomination as District Member of Council, and hoped that the Local Section would thus still have the benefit of his guidance and experience. The thanks of the Section were also accorded to Mr. J. C. MacCallum for his services in connection with the proposed 1931Ramsay Chemical Dinner.While it had been decided to postpone the Dinner, they hoped that the arrangements would hold good for next year. By the courtesy of Messrs. Courtaulds, Ltd., Coventry, a cinematograph film depicting the manufacture of Rayon was shown at the conclusion of the business meeting, and the Physics Department of the Royal Technical College kindly gave a Radio- Gramophone Recital during the exhibition of the film. On 20th November, the Section held a joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and local Fellows of the Chemical Society, at St. Enoch’s Hotel, when Professor J. C. Philip, F.R.S., Chairman of the Bureau of Chemical Abstracts, gave an interesting address on the Abstracting of Chemical Literature.A report of this meeting was published in Chemistry mad Industry, 27th November, 193-1, pages 976-977. On 4th December, at the Ca’doro Restaurant, Glasgow, the members of the Section were invited to participate in a discussion on professional matters. Mr. Hugh Findlay, Chairman of the 336 Section, presided, and the Registrar of the Institute attended by invitation. Dr. P. F. Gordon opened a discussion 011 ‘‘Co-operation with regard to Chemical Literature.” Dr. Gordon appealed for further support for the work of the publishing societies, as being of national importance. He referred to the great scope and variety of chemical work, and suggested that the Society of Chemical Industry should control the publication of all papers read before specialised industrial chemical bodies, and that the Chemical Society should deal with the purely scientific and academic work.Professor R. M. Caven agreed that the Chemical Society should deal with pure science, and the Society of Chemical Industry with applied chemistry generally. Professor F. J. Wilson suggested that difficulty would arise, because certain papers of interest to industrial chemists, which were read before the Society of Chemical Industry, really came within the domain of pure science. Dr. Stotherd T. R. S. Mitchell raised the question of the cost of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSOF THE INSTITUTE,and referred to the somewhat meagre reports of the proceedings of Local Sections.The Registrar reminded the meeting that a Joint Committee of the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute had been looking into the question of “co-opera- tion,”-especially in connection with the question of the cost of publication. He understood that the Joint Committee had directed its attention to the question whether the business of the societies concerned was conducted on economic lines, and particularly whether one of them had funds to spare for the others; but he was not in possession of any information regarding recent proceedings of the Committee. The net cost of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSTHE INSTITUTEOF was about L400,-a sum that would be of little use to the publishing societies.THE JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS the meanswas whereby the Fellows and Associates were kept in touch with headquarters throughout the year. If the reports of meetings of Local Sections were meagre in some cases, he could only say that the Publications Committee printed what was received from the Local Sections themselves; but that, in general, it was understood that, when the papers given before Local Sections dealt with technical matters, they should be offered, in the first place, to the recognised technical journals. The Institute endeavoured to encourage its members to support the work of the other Bodies, but there were no less than sixteen societies and institutions connected with chemistry, all doing useful and necessary work, which a chemist might join, according to the nature of the branch of work in which he himself was engaged.He (the Registrar) believed that all the Bodies concerned were doing good work, and that they were ready at all times to co-operate for the common good. Mr. A. K. Jamieson opened a discussion on “The Formation of a Science Party in Parliament,” on the lines suggested by the League of Science, of which the Hon. Secretary is Mr. W. P. Dreaper, a Fellow of the Institute, and asked whether the Council had considered the matter. The Registrar said that he was aware that Mr. Dreaper had been advocating the formation of a Science Party for about 20 years. Mr. Dreaper’s aim was to attempt to increase the number of Members of Parliament who were interested in the advance of scientific thought and enterprise, in order that such members should form themselves into a Committee to consider matters which might be the subject of legislation involving scientific interests.In time, the party might have direct representation and become a power in the land. The Registrar said that, personally, he felt some sympathy with the movement, although he had heard the view expressed that men of science, as such, would rarely make satisfactory Cabinet Ministers. He recalled that Lord Playfair and Sir Henry Roscoe had been Members of the Privy Council, and that there had been Cabinet Ministers who were indirectly interested in chemistry, and others who took a pride in the fact that they studied a little chemistry in their youth. However, there had always been a small number of representatives who could be appointed Chair- men of Committees of the House of Commons, when legislation involving scientific interests was under consideration.He knew that the President, Dr. Clayton, during his previous seven years” experience in the House of Commons, had served on such Committees. Lately, the British Science Guild and the Associa- tion of Scientific Workers had suggested that they should secure representation of science in the House of Commons, and he 338 thought that the Universities frequently returned members who possessed a broad scientific outlook, while occasionally a leader of industry, with some knowledge of science, was elected to represent an industrial centre.Among other professional men -medical, legal and engineering-there were usually some Members of Parliament who had had scientific training. The fnstitute was fortunate, at the present time, in that Lord Henley was a member of its Council, and had recently represented the views of the Institute on the Poisons and Pharmacy Bill in the House of Lords; while Dr. Clayton would, he felt sure, do what he could to represent the views of chemists, when necessary, in the House of Commons. The League of Science was anxious that professional bodies, such as the Institute, should endeavour to encourage other members to stand for Parliament, and the subject would shortly come under the consideration of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee.It was not easy, however, to find men who had the inclination to relinquish the pursuit of their science in favour of a career in Parliament; but, if any Local Section had such a man in view, he felt sure that it was desirable to ensure, so far as possible, that the profession of chemistry was always represented in the House. The meeting proceeded to consider the question as to “What Interpretation should be put on the Salary Statistics,” recently issued by the Institute. Dr. Mitchell suggested that certain returns should be excluded from such statistics,--such as scholarships and grants to members who were working as research students. Mr. A. E. Caunce felt that some of the returns had been reported on a scale higher than had been anticipated.He thought that the returns were valuable and should be obtained fairly frequently . Professor F. J. Wilson enquired what percentage of the members had made such returns. Mr. T. Cockburn thought that it would be useful to obtain some idea of the average earnings of other professions. The Chairman and other members were in favour of showing the return for various branches of work-academic, industrial, governmental-as had been done in 1920 and 1921, and reference was made to the university scale for lecturers and demonstrators, and to the report of the “Carpenter” Committee, which dealt with the salaries of professional Civil Servants. 339 The Registrar said that about 65 per cent.of the members had made returns. He said that it was difficult to obtain returns of salary statistics if the questionnaire was too elaborate. He suggested that the figures should be regarded as affording a general indication, and nothing more than a general indication, of the earning capacity of members. In considering the returns, it was only fair to exclude the few low figures, at the beginning, and the unusually high figures, at the end, of each series. It was reasonable to suppose that a Fellow earning less than L300 a year was only occupied either in part-time employment or that he had had exceptionally bad luck and was, likely enough, in some temporary employment, “marking time” until he could improve his position.The percentage of Associates earning less than L500 a year (62 per cent.) might be regarded as rather high; but many members who had done well and had deserved well proceeded to the Fellowship, and the returns received from the Fellows were decidedly better. They indicated, at least, that there were prospects for the highest and most enterprising talents. He thought that the ultimate earnings of a professional man consti- tuted the important measure of his success, although many men of science were actuated rather by the desire for success in their scientific work than by material gain. It was fairly satisfactory to be able to show that over 46 per cent. of the Fellows who made returns were earning between L~OOand LI,OOO a year, and that a further 35 per cent.were either their own masters or in positions carrying salaries of over LI,OOO a year. It was not easy to obtain statistics with regard to other professions. The British Medical Association had specified certain minimum scales for certain appointments, but medical men had frequently an uphill fight, because people were less inclined to employ them while they were young. Barristers usually had to work as juniors for many years before they were really successful, and a large proportion of solicitors and accountants never became principals. The main object of the salary statistics was to ascertain the earning power of the profession, as well for the guidance of the members as for that of the prospective chemist, his parents, and those who were responsible for his education.The statistics enabled a Fellow or Associate to ascertain how he stood in comparison with the general run of his professional brethren of the same age and grade. The publication of the figures had acted as a spur to 340 those who had found themselves at a disadvantage, and this should be for the good of the profession as a whole. There was, perhaps, a tendency on the part of some to neglect opportunities of improving their positions while they were young. bb Local Examinations.” Mr. Sorley was invited to open a discussion on the subject of holding examinations of the Institute locally. He felt that the Council should endeavour to arrange examinations in Scotland, especially on account of the expense incurred by Scottish candidates.Those who could not secure admission to the Associateship by reason of high academic qualifications were largely those who had to comply with the requirements of the Institute by means of evening classes. Such candidates could not afford the expense involved. He had made enquiries, and he found that there were about 35 candidates who would be ready to take the examinations in the next two years if Local Examinations could be arranged. Professors Henderson, Caven, and Wilson, and Dr. Gordon supported the proposal. The Registrar said that the general policy of the Council in the past had been to encourage the system of holding local examinations, provided that a reasonzble number-say about 10 -candidates were willing to present themselves at a centre, and that satisfactory supervision could be ensured.He knew that such supervision could be ensured in Glasgow. Those who had had personal experience of the examinations of the Institute knew how important the examiners considered the practical work of the candidates. If the Council was not able to send a member of the Board of Examiners to a local examination, the Board looked for a detailed report of the actual performance of the candidates in the laboratory. He felt that a good case had been made out, and that it would be well for the Local Section to address a representation to the Council on the matter. He ought to make one reservation, however, namely, that in the examination in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs and Water, candidates should present themselves in London, because of the importance placed on the examination in therapeutics, phar- macologv, and microscopy by the Ministry of Health.‘‘ Supplemental Charter.” The Registrar, having been asked to report on the present position regarding the proposal to petition the Crown for a 341 Supplemental Charter, said that the Council obtained the views of the members by postal vote, with the result that a considerable majority was in favour of proceeding with the petition. Since then, conferences had taken place between representatives of the Institute and other bodies, which, for one reason or another, had intimated that they objected to the proposal.Then, the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill, which would, in some measure, have cleared the way for the proposal, had not passed into law owing to the change in Government ;so that the matter was in abeyance. He dealt briefly with the history of the proposal and the argu- ments for and against it, expressing his own view that if the petition were granted, the public in time would come to under- stand what was meant by the term “Chartered Chemist” and the present confusion, between those who were practising chemistry and those practising pharmacy, would be eliminated. The Council did not want to go forward unless there was a reasonable chance of success or, at any rate, a reasonable chance of making progress. “&Lectures.” Finally, Professor Wilson, supported by Dr.Hopper, suggested that special lectures given under the auspices of the Institute should occasionally be given before Local Sections. The Registrar said that the Council arranged annually for three lectures to be given at headquarters,-the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, the S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, and one other. It was left to the Local Sections to make their own arrangements for lectures. Headquarters was sometimes asked to suggest the names of lecturers, and when lectures of unusual importance were read, the Council was asked that they might be published as separate monographs. It should be understood, however, that such proposals were subject to the concurrence of the Council. The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the speakers.On 15th December, in the Burlington House, the Local Section held a dance which was thoroughly enjoyed by all present. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held on 10th November in the Technical College, Huddersfield, when Mr. H. W. Moss, Chairman of the Section, presided over a well-attended meeting of members, students and friends, and the 342 Registrar of the Institute delivered his lccturc on “Alchemists in Art and Literature.” A vote of thanks was passed to the Registrar, on the motion of Dr. J. Bruce, seconded by Mr. G. R. Jones. Irish Free State.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Trinity College, Dublin, on 25th November, Professor W.E. Adeney presiding. The Committee for the session 1931-32 was elected:-Professor W. E. Adeney, Dr. J. Bell, Mr. B. G. Fagan, Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Dr. J. H. Millar, Professor A. O’Farrelly, and Mr. J. W. Parkes. Mr. George Brownlee and Mr. P. O’Callaghan were elected Hon. Auditors. Mr. B. G. Fagan delivered an address on “Water in its Relation to Public Health.” Rain water, collected under suitable conditions, is the purest natural water we have, but is, nevertheless, contaminated with impurities varying with the locality of collection. Rain falling on the sea far away from land is much purer than that collected on land. In the proximity of towns, atmospheric impurities cause a corresponding rise in the impurities of rain water. Pure rain water, owing to its soft character, has a marked tendency to act on leaden pipes and cisterns, the introduction of this poisonous metal rendering the water dangerous to health owing to the cumulative poisonous action of lead on the human system.Alkaline silicate added to such water prevents oxidation of lead, iron and aluminium. Rain water falling on calcareous land takes up calcium and magnesium as bicarbonates, and also as sulphates and chlorides; these salts render the water hard, temporary hardness being produced by the former salts, permanent by the latter. By filtration through sodium silico-aluminate (permutit) the water is completely deprived of its hardness, and the permutit can be regenerated by treatment with a solution of common salt.Hardness may also be removed by treatments with lime and sodium carbonate, but such treatment necessitates subsequent filtration to remove the sludge formed. In this respect the pennutit process has the advantage, there being no sludge, and the total hardness being reduced to zero. Impurities derived from animal sources are most objectionable in a drinking water ;besides introducing intestinal bacteria, they 343 can yield poisonous chemical products in certain stages of their decomposition. Decaying vegetation gives rise to soluble vegetable contami- nation, a class of impurity which is not very serious per se, but which, if present in excess, may give rise to gastric disorders. It is undesirable in a potable water as it constitutes food for the growth of micro-organisms and low forms of aquatic life. An instance of this occurred in Dublin about fifteen months after the opening of the new reservoir at Roundwood.A certain amount of vegetation was submerged when the reservoir was being filled, and this gradually decayed, giving rise to soluble organic matter in the water-quite noticeable in the increased colour of the water. Simultaneously, large numbers of daphniz, a form of crustacean, made their appearance in the supply, feeding on the vegetable organic matter. In time the excess of organic matter gradually fell off, and the daphniz disappeared. The City of Dublin water supply is an upland surface water of very soft character; the chlorides are low and the form of the nitrogenous matter indicates vegetable contamination only.The catchment area of the supply lies in a mountainous region of the lower Cambrian formation, situated twenty-six miles from the city. The lower reservoir, which has a capacity of two thousand million gallons, was completed in 1865; the upper, which holds thirteen hundred million gallons, in 1923. The Vartry river enters the upper reservoir at a point five miles from the outlet to the lower reservoir. The water, therefore, has ample time for mixing and storage before passing to the lower reservoir, where it undergoes further storage before delivery to the sand filters. About 16.5 million gallons are filtered daily, and this is conveyed by pipe line to Stillorgan, where a ten-days’ supply is stored.Rivers are principally fed from surface waters, and are often contaminated by domestic and industrial sewage. As inland towns increased in size the pollution of rivers became so serious that limits had to be laid down for the effluents which could be discharged into them. Professor Adeney, in his evidence before the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal, stated that “the most important change which occurs in an unpolluted water, when it is mixed with sewage or other water-borne refuse, is the more or less rapid absorption of its dissolved oxygen.” It is obvious, then, that a river water can be of a very impure nature, and should on no account be used as a drinking supply unless 344 carefully treated by storage and filtration, or filtration followed by chlorination.Water derived from deep wells is usually remarkably free from organic impurity owing to natural purification by filtration. It may, however, have acquired considerable hardness. The Metropolitan Water Board, London, obtains daily some 40 million gallons of such water from wells,and borings. Shallow wells frequently constitute the source of supply to villages and country houses. These are extremely liable to pollution, particularly during periods of heavy rainfall. Unless far removed from manured land and habitation they must always be regarded with suspicion. It is the duty of the sanitary authority to ensure that the community has at its command a supply of wholesome drinking water.While this was generally the case in large towns, in the lecturer’s experience, it was quite otherwise in rural districts. Some years ago he had occasion to condemn 15 out of 17 public wells in one district. A community may develop a certain tolerance to a polluted water which does not actually contain disease-carrying bacteria ; but if an individual in the community contracts a disease such as typhoid, an epidemic ensues, and such a danger always accompanies the use of a water which, although it may have been drunk with impunity for a considerable time, has been found on examination to be polluted. The lecturer dealt with the methods of purification of water supplies by storage, filtration and chlorination, as well as the methods of examination necessary to keep a constant check on the purity of a public water supply.Mr. Stringer, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Fagan, said that he had himself experienced harmful effects from a drinking water which was used with impunity by residents in the locality. Mr. Arup, in seconding, said that he would like Mr. Fagan’s opinion on the relative merits of bacteriological and chemical testing of water. Professor O’Farrelly, Dr. Gilmour, Mr. Callaghan, Mr. O’Sullivan and the Chairman participated in the discussion. In replying to points raised in the discussion, Mr. Fagan said that the colour in the Rathmines water supply was due to colloidal clay carried in when the river Dodder burst its bank 345 and flowed into the reservoir; the sand filters did not remove the clay, but the colour was gradually falling off.In his opinion, chemical examination of water gave more information than bacteriological; in the latter case the taking of samples should be very carefully supervised. It was possible to detect the presence of one part of lead in a million, and one part of copper in one hundred million parts of water. Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on a3rd November at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds,-Mr. H. M. Mason in the Chair. Messrs. A. C. Francis, T. Hayes, H. J. Hodsman and A. T. King were elected to serve on the Committee for three years; Mr. G. Hagues was elected to serve on the Committee for two years.Dr. H. Burton was elected Honorary Secretary in the place of Mr. H. J. Hodsman on his retirement from that office. Messrs. J. T. Thompson and J. N. Wishart were elected Honorary Auditors. The thanks of the Section were accorded to Mr. H. J. Hodsman for his valuable services as Honorary Secretary and Treasurer. Mr. Arnold R. Tankard read a paper on “The Food and Drugs Act, 1928.” Mr. Tankard said that if every interested person were allowed to interpret the Act in his own way, each could say that the Act was a good one; but many terms and phrases were capable of more than one interpretation. He therefore advocated the establishment of a statutory authority to decide interpretations, and thus obviate costly and unsatisfactory legal proceedings.Speaking generally, public analysts found the Act faulty in many particulars. Dealing with Section I-Sub-sections (I) and (2): “No person shall mix, colour, stain or powder . . . any food or drug so as to render it injurious to health,” and “no person shall sell” an article so mixed, etc., Mr. Tankard asked: What exactly was meant by the term “injurious to health”? He thought that it was nonsense to hold that the legal mind must be satisfied regarding “injury” before a case could be said to have been made out. It should not be possible for anyone manufacturing foodstuffs to make additions which may, even doubtfully, have 346 deleterious properties. All mixings and colourings should be prohibited unless specifically allowed.If anyone thought that the danger was unreal, let him consider the chemical substances which have been advocated, with many others, for adding to flour to “improve” it:- Phosphorus disulphide, Phosphorus penta-sulphide, Phosphorus tri-chloride, Phosphorus penta-chloride, Phosphorus pentoxide, Sulphur dioxide, Sulphur trioxide, Sulphur dichloride, and Chlorine. The public was not adequately protected by an Act which did nothing to stop this interference with our staple foodstuffs until it was proved in Court beyond all legal doubt that a substance had been added which was injurious to health in the quantities found in the food. Mr. Tankard also wanted to get rid of the costly business of employing experts on both sides, each convinced that his own view only was right.A Standing Advisory Committee or competent Court of Enquiry should decide such questions. Under Section z : No person shall sell to the prejudice of the‘I purchaser any article of food or any drug which is not of the nature, or not of the substance, or not of the quality, of the article demanded by the purchaser.” Everything hinged on the interpretation of natzwe, substance and quality. In nature and substance a food should obviously be of the type indicated by the name under which it was sold; but what “quality” of food or drug does a purchaser demand when asking for a particular article? He submitted that the article should be- (I) Of normal composition; (2) Natural in character, and free from chemical additions and other forms of unnecessary interference; and (3) Truthfully described on labels and in advertisements.There were four provisos in part z of Section z :-No offence shall have been deemed to have been committed ‘I (a)where any ingredient has been added to the food because it is required for the production or preparation thereof . . . in a 347 state fit for carriage or consumption, and not fraudulently to increase the bulk or conceal the inferior quality thereof .,’ If such proviso were necessary, there should be definite regulations for its application, but in his-Mr. Tankard’s-opinion the proviso was out of date. No public authority could hope to get a conviction in the case of artificially coloured jams, sugar, mustard, or pepper, although it was unquestionable that in some of these cases the colour was added to conceal inferior quality. The proviso (c) “where the food .. . is unavoidably mixed with some extraneous matter in the process of collection or preparation” is dangerous as it is, since any allowance of such a nature should be definite and not left to legal minds to decide whether the admixture was unavoidable. The presence of dirt (in the form of manure) in milk had on occasion been held to be unavoidable in this sense. Proviso (d) allowed water to be added to spirits up to the point where they were diluted to 35 degrees under proof; but if a notice were exhibited on the premises where such spirits were sold, stating that a larger dilution had been practised, it was held that no offence had been committed.This was clearly contrary to the intention of the Act. Section 4exonerated a vendor of food if he supplied a mixed article, provided that it was duly labelled as a mixture. Whyshould this be so? A vendor should supply what was demanded, and only supply the mixture if it was agreeable to the purchaser. This section might be expanded in order to require the vendor to declare faithfully the composition of all mixed or compounded foods in accordance with standards approved by the proposed Standing Advisory Committee. Section 5 might usefully be incorporated in Section z (I). This provided that a person was guilty of an offence, if he abstracted any part of an article so as to affect injuriously its nature, substance, or quality, unless he made disclosure of the alteration.The Section permitted an act which injuriously affected the quality of a food, provided the purchaser was told what had been done. An intelligent purchaser would probably object, but the less intelligent should be protected. Section 6 perpetuated the existence of substances which had largely ceased to exist-such as milk-blended butter or margarine- cheese. Butter and margarine should be definitely standardised with a water-content of not more than 15per cent. for the former and 12 per cent. for the latter. Cheese should be milk-cheese 348 only, and labelled clearly if it was prepared from skimmed milk.If not, it should conform to the 45 per cent. fat standard on the dry matter of the cheese. Section 7 (I) empowered the Minister of Agriculture to make regulations as to certain foodstuffs, and Sub-section z empowered the Minister of Health to make regulations as to other foods. All such powers should be placed in the hands of one authority- the Minister of Health-and he should make standards and regulations on the recommendation of the proposed Standing Advisory Committee. Section g should be enlarged, or a new section should be inserted in order to provide that all factories and other places where foods were made, handled or stored, or in any way dealt with, should be required to be registered with the Local Authority of the district and regularly inspected. Hotels and restaurants should not be excluded from the provisions of this section.Some authorities had already obtained powers for the registration of potted meat factories and places where ice crearn was made and sold. Section 30, which dealt with the warranty clauses, should be simplified, and in all cases where warranty was pleaded the warrantor should attend the Court. It should be in the power of the Court to dismiss the summons against the retailer, and to convict the warrantor forthwith in cases where the food had been packed and the retailer could not have tampered with it. A Local Authority should have power to send its inspectors into the area of any other Authority, and by arrangement to take samples of food which may be in transit to the area of the first Authority, and, if on analysis the food were found unsatisfactory, it should be possible for proceedings to be taken by that Authority.There should be a clearer definition of the place of delivery, and provision should be made for the appearance in court of any wholesaler or middleman concerned. Section z had been so weakened, by the interpretation of the provisos referred to and by the case-law built up under this section, that many foods might be seriously altered in quality with impunity, if the vendor or maker cared to uphold his contention in court. Even where there were standards, as in the case of milk, it could be contended successfully that a poor sample was as it came from the cow, and even if it did not faith- fully represent the product of the herd of cows in question, it was 349 pure milk within the meaning of the Act.The purchaser had a right to obtain a normal article of the type asked for-un- adulterated, and without misleading labels. The purchaser was not necessarily a person who knew what was satisfactory, nor one who was able to decide whether he was prejudiced or not. The criterion should be that of the quality expected by the intelligent buyer. Mr. Tankard then dealt with the conditions with which he contended food offered for sale should comply- (I) Normal Composition. (a) Milk. Over 10,000 samples of milk analysed during the last twenty years in the City of Hull had the following average composition :-Fat, 3.66 per cent. ; Non-Fatty Solids, 8-81per cent.These figures included all samples, whether regarded as adulterated or genuine. In the light of such figures, which could be matched in the case of other large areas, what justification had a man with a good herd of cows for selling milk of the minimum legal composition-3.0 per cent. fat and 8.5 per cent. of other solids? The great majority of milk producers never sold milk of the minimum composition; they took care of their herds, and, with good milking stock, produced milk of good quality by observing reasonable milking hours and by efficient milking. The Courts heard stories of bad weather, time of the year, period of lactation, and so on, but it would usually be found that a neighbouring farmer had no difficulty in producing good milk at the same time.The truth was that cow’s milk, in our climate, was usually good, if the farmer knew his business and was an honest man-as most were. He suggested that a standard for milk should be at least 3-25 per cent. fat in summer and 3.5 per cent. in winter, and 8.7 per cent. of other solids at all seasons. It was regrettable that the recently appointed Com- mittee of Enquiry into the working of the Law relating to Foods did not include milk in its terns of reference. (b) Cheese. Cheese containing less than 10 per cent. of fat in the dry matter of the cheese had been sold without any qualification, and Local Authorities were in most instances unable to prosecute the vendors.Cheese of normal composition con- tained a minimum of 45 per cent. of fat in the dry matter, and this minimum standard had actually been fixed by the Cheshire cheese makers, who had asked Local Authorities to prosecute when 350 Cheshire cheese makers fell below that standard. It was notorious that so-called cream cheeses, which normally contained at least 70 per cent. of fat in the dry matter, frequently fell below the standard for fat which good milk cheese showed, but as there was no official standard for the article it was difficult for Local Authorities to take action. Cream provides a similar case. There was no standard for potted meats 01-for sausages, and although some Local Authorities had been successful in stopping the addition of starchy material to these foods, unless properly described, others had hesitated to take the matter into the Courts in the absence of a standard.Potted meats should have no extraneous addition. There should be legal standards for milk, cream, cheese, chocolate, jam, ice-cream, cocoa, potted meat, vinegar, and for all mixtures and compounded foods-pastes, sausages, shredded suet, etc., and these standards should be set up by the Ministry of Health, after due enquiry by a competent Advisory Committee, in order to protect the consumer. (2) Natuyal in Character. During the last 20 years there had been a tendency to interfere unnecessarily with the natural purity of foodstuffs. The addition of bleaching agents and so-called “improvers” to flour, the facing, oiling and colouring of rice and pearl barley, the blueing of sugar with ultramarine, the colouring of “smoked” fish, the bleaching of dried fruits with sulphur dioxide, and similar processes had become trade customs which seemed to be im- possible to eradicate ;yet all this bleaching, colouring, polishing, facing, sterilising, oiling, preserving, and “improving ’’ of our foods could not benefit the consumer.In many cases these practices did great harm, and parts of edible material which contained valuable constituents were removed. The abolition of the practice of adding chemical preservatives was a step in the right direction. (3) Tmthfully described. Misdescription was one of the greatest evils connected with foods at the present time-“lemonade powder,” made from lemon essence and sweetened coloured tartaric acid, advertised as “made entirely from fresh lemons ’’ ;egg powder, with illustra- tions of baskets of eggs, the composition of the powder being that of an acid phosphate or cream of tartar baking powder, with a large excess of maize or rice-flour, together with colouring- matter; tinned cream, containing less than 25 per cent.fat, labelled “Pure Thick Rich Cream”; and shredded suet, labelled “with a little rice-flour,” when the addition was sometimes over 20 per cent. He, Mr. Tankard, had seen a sample of sweetened coloured maize flour labelled “Table Cream,” with the words “Does not contain milk or cream” in smaller type.This was merely a blancmange powder. In order that the Act of 1928 should be made to conform with modern requirements, there should be a Statutory Advisory Committee to lay down standards and definitions; there should be clauses enabling a prosecuting authority to bring to Court all concerned in the manufacture and sale of an unsatisfactory foodstuff; and Local Authorities should have power to follow up foods which were made outside their own areas, but imported into their areas. The Act should include all such things as meat extracts, infants’ foods, diabetic foods and proprietary foods of all kinds, as well as patent medicines and disinfectants. The Chairman (Mr. H. M. Mason) pointed out that many sections of the public were concerned in food legislation- administrators, manufacturers, retailers and consumers, and each sought the incorporation of provisos to safeguard its own interest.The Acts thus became complicated, vague, weakened and ineffective when applied. If penalties were made very severe the proof should be very explicit. As the penalties became more serious, the Courts tended to look for the more complete proof before conviction. He asked how Mr. Tankard would deal with a new addition not contained in his suggested official schedule ? Professor N. M. Comber said that scientific agriculturalists would agree that Mr. Tankard’s suggested standard of quality of milk was reasonable. It would be difficult at present to enforce it universally, owing to the ignorance of many dairy farmers as to the relation between soil characteristics and quality of milk.Thus defaults occurred, of which the farmer was unaware. Much educational work was needed before such farmers would be able to deal with the difficulty. Mr. T. W. Evans agreed that the casein content of milk was dependent on the phosphate content of the soil. Mr. E. Goodson drew attention to the existence of standards of food in Australia fifteen years ago. 362 Mr. A. C. Francis held that some additions to foodstuffs actually increased the value or palatability of the product. Dr. R. B. Forster advocated the compulsory and accurate labelling of materials, but feared the hostility of the Press, which derived much revenue from advertisements of proprietary goods.Dr. H. W. Bywaters thought that Mr. Tankards proposals would not meet the difficulty owing to the divergence of expert opinion. Different standards existed, and the cheaper articles might be good and nutritious. He held that in some cases, e.g. the use of potash in cocoa manufacture, the addition was bene- ficial rather than injurious. Care would be necessary in fixing standards if injustice were to be avoided. Mr. C. H. Manley supported Mr. Tankard’s contentions and cited several examples of foods where standards were called for and easy to define. He commented on the smallness of the scientific element on the Ministry of Health Committee recently set up and suggested that at present the diet of cattle and poultry received more consideration from the law than that of men and women.Mr. H. B. Marston pointed out that, although it might be desirable to use cocoa butter only in the manufacture of chocolate, yet actually there was insufficient cocoa grown to supply the needs of the chocolate industry. Again, glad cherries could not be produced if washing with sulphurous acid was forbidden. Mr. E. C. Craven pointed out that the fixing of standards would be useless unless accompanied by standardisation of analytical methods. He envisaged the need for a greatly increased body of inspectors and analysts. Mr. J. A. Craven said that the colour manufacturers would welcome standards of colouring matters. Natural colours were not always purer and less injurious than artificial colours.Mr. H. W. Watson felt that standards might in some cases favour unscrupulous makers, and labelling might be used to defeat the arm of the law. Another speaker said that the knowledge of vitamins and catalyst poisons, showing the profound physiological effects of small quantities of substances, pointed to the folly of tampering with foodstuffs. Diseases of civilisation might really be un-wittingly caused by the cumulative effects of such additions. Professor Challenger enquired as to the attitude of the 353 Institute towards food legislation. * He thought the discussion showed that British legislation was behind that of some of the Dominions and foreign countries.Perhaps we were too individualistic, but it seemed that there was a clear case for dealing with flagrant cases of adulteration. The Chairman, in closing the discussion, enquired whether any beneficial effect could be traced to the suppression of the use of boric acid in foodstuffs. He suggested that as regards standards of quality, the attitude of manufacturers depended on their class of trade. Makers of low class products were hostile, because their business might be destroyed. Makers of medium class goods would favour standardisation, because standards were usually fixed on a moderate basis, and such manufacturers could make a virtue of their attainment. Makers of high-class goods would be indifferent, or even hostile, because they were placed on a level with their competitors in the lower grades. Mr.Tankard, in reply, said that the question of new and unknown additions would not arise. The standards he contem- plated would not provide for the use of any additions without previous express authorisation. He accepted the contention of Professor Comber regarding the farmer’s difficulty, but thought that the law was too considerate to the producer. The consumer should be the first consideration. He was sure that standards of quality were necessary, and existing experience, e.g. with condensed milk, had shown that their establishment produced beneficial results. Methods of analysis could be worked out. He dissented from the opinion given in favour of the addition of potash and glucose to confectionery and jam.Makers ceased to find glucose essential as soon as it became dearer than cane sugar. He felt sure that the suppression of boric preservatives was a good thing. As regards the attitude of the Institute, it would entrust technical matters to such a body as the Society of Public Analysts, while urging the importance of the adequate training of those concerned with manufacture and the administration of the law.* * The Institute has not officially expressed opinions on technical points, such as are the subject of this paper and discussion, but a Memorandum recently addressed to the Departmental Committee on Food deals with matters of administration, and was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, pages 232-245.364 On the motion of the Chair, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Tankard for his paper. Liverpool and North-Western.-The 104th Ordinary Meeting of the Section was held at St. George’s Restaurant, Redcross Street, Liverpool, on 8th October, when Mr. E. Gabriel Jones retired from the chair in favour of Professor T. P. Hilditch, who then delivered an address on 6b Catalysis and Faraday, or Cleanliness and Godliness.” He said that the recent centenary celebrations in connection with Faraday’s electrical work recalled his many discoveries in other fields. The following words from his conclusions upon catalytic action were considered in the light of their meaning at the present time: “The only essential condition appears to be a perfectly clean and metallic surface .. . the gases cannot produce any effect unless the condition of a clean pure metallic surface be fulfilled.” The literal truth of these assertions was exemplified by instances from modern industrial catalytic processes and, it was pointed out that, in his views on catalysis as upon other matters, Faraday was, in Tyndall’s words, “more than philosopher, he was a prophet.” Some reference was made, in a digression, to other attractive phases of Faraday’s personality than those strictly connected with his scientific work, and the remaining portion of the address was devoted to considering the use which had so far been made of the services placed at the disposal of the manufacturer by discoveries in the field of catalysis.The criticism was expressed that the results to date of the application of these and other scientific improvements were not so beneficial, from the widest social standpoint, as they ought to be. The view was expressed that it was by no means sufficient to invent a new process or introduce improvements: it was also urgent to see that scientific advances were utilised for the general good. Members were urged to make it their business to study, not only the improvement of chemical processes, but also the wider questions of the many economic and social factors con- nected with the wise utilisation of new knowledge. It was suggested that chemists owed to science and to the community the duty of seeing that the applications of science contributed in the fullest sense to the well-being of all.The matter was summed up by a paraphrase, or parody, of Faraday’s dicta on catalysis, as follows :-“The essential condition appears to be a perfectly clean social outlook. Catalytic processes, applied chemistry, or any other scientific discoveries, cannot produce any good effect unless the condition of a clean pure social outlook be fulfilled.” (It is hoped that arrangements may be made for a discussion on the paper at a future meeting.) At the same meeting, Mr. F. Robertson Dodd suggested that members should be supplied with badges bearing their names. The meeting generally approved the idea: it was believed that it would enable new members to become known more rapidly to members of the Section.The matter is under consideration. A meeting of the Section was held on 12th November, at St. George’s Restaurant, Red Cross Street,-Professor T. P. Hilditch in the Chair. Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, delivered an address entitled “Some Lines of Advance.” and opened a discussion. In dealing with the subject of co-operation, Mr. Collett said that, side by side with the movement towards closer union between the Societies, there was another movement leading to the formation of new bodies. It seemed to him to be strange that among those who lamented the multiplicity of societies were often to be found the most enthusiastic supporters of the more recently formed bodies.He hoped that all would agree that the field of work of each Society or Institution should be clearly recognised, so that each should be left as free as possible to develop towards the full attainment of the objects for which it was founded and existed. After briefly reminding the meeting of the history and present position of the Institute, and the reason for its foundation, Mr. Collett summed up what appeared to him to be arguments which had been put forward for and against the Proposed Petition for a Supplemental Charter. He also dealt with the Council’s attitude towards chemical education and training, both in the Universities and in the 366 Technical Colleges ; with National Certificates ; with the recent agreement with the Association of British Chemical Manu- facturers regarding contracts of service, and with the results of the recently published Salary Statistics.He suggested that it was better policy to point to the fact, which was shown by the report, that over 35 per cent. of the Fellows of the Institute seemed to be receiving remuneration exceeding LI,OOO per annum, than to lay public stress on bad cases of under-payment. It was desirable that the public should be made to realise that the services of a really good chemist could not be obtained cheaply. Dr. Brislee expressed the hope that steps would be taken towards uniformity of chemical literature, and also spoke on the question of employers giving facilities for the continuance of study both to students and also to fully qualified chemists.Professor Heilbron and Mr. Hanley also took part in the discussion. A vote of thanks to Mr. Collett was proposed by the Chairman and seconded by Professor Roberts. The Chairman suggested that the discussion should be con- tinued at a future meeting. On the afternoon of the same day, Mr. Collett addressed a meeting of the Liverpool University Chemical Society, on “The Professional Spirit .” On 10th December, the members of the Section enjoyed a social evening, with vocal and instrumental music rendered by members and friends. Messrs. J. Hanley and F. J. Smith were responsible for the arrangements. London and South Eastern Counties.-On zIst October a lecture was given by Dr.J. Watson on ‘‘Preservation of Stone and Timber.” Dr. L. H. Lampitt presided. In his opening remarks, Dr. Watson outlined the amount of serious damage which has been done to our cathedrals, churches and public buildings by the decay of the stonework and timber. He gave a summary of the remedial measures which had been tried in past years, and showed in what respects they had failed. The causes of decay then came under review and were dealt with fully, such as atmospheric pollution by dust, carbonic acid gas, sulphurous gases, soot, etc. Attention was also called to the 357 fact that disintegration had been going on concomitantly in the insides of the stone columns, as was exemplified in St. Paul’s Cathedral and the Church of St.Bartholomew the Great, showing that more than one factor was at work to cause dis-integration, and that there was more reason to think that the internal circulation of water in the stonework, carrying with it chlorides, nitrates, and sulphates dissolved from the soil under and around the building, had more to do with the decomposition of the cementitious film which binds the siliceous particles of sandstone, than the intrusion of sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere. Sulphate of lime had been found at a depth of some inches in the stone which would not have occurred with gaseous action, as the surface would have been attacked first and the interstices thereby filled. Timber was also dealt with, and the author’s experiences were given as to how the work was being carried out in the restoration of many churches.He suggested that more damage was being done owing to lack of technical supervision. Figures were given showing the amount of atmospheric pollution, both particulate and gaseous, which was going on in all our large cities and towns through the proximity of industrial concerns and electric power stations, and the difficulty of dealing with this satisfactorily on a purely physical basis. The aid of the chemist was required to find a reliable method of overcoming this in order to safeguard the health of the people and the permanence of our public buildings. As so many of our buildings were now being erected in re-inforced concrete, the author reviewed the failures due to the lack of chemical knowledge in the use of right materials in construction.He suggested that some system of classifying the concretes made from different cements and aggregates should be adopted for future guidance. This had been done for stone, and they had now detailed facts to work on, with at least 140 different kinds even of the various strata in the same quarry. The classification for concretes would in future be of inestimable benefit to all engaged in the building industry. In conclusion, an outline of the tests to which stone, concrete, etc., should be submitted, was proposed as a basis for obtaining more definite and reliable information as to the lasting qualities of various building materials. A very interesting discussion followed.358 The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on 18th November, when the following Officers and Committee were elected:-Chairman, Dr. L. H. Lampitt ; Vice-Chairmen, Mr. E. B. Hughes and Professor J. C. Drummond; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. C. A. Adams; Hon. Secretary, Mr. J. R. Nicholls ; Committee, Messrs. L. Balmforth, A. W. Barratt, M. Bogod, A. J. C. Cosbie, F. G. Edmed, F. R. Ennos, L. Eynon, F. B. Gatehouse, E. Hinks, C. L. Hinton, A. C. Hoare, A. S. Houghton, H. T. Islip, Miss D. Jordan Lloyd, Messrs. W. Partridge, C. E. Sage, Dr. J. Watson and Miss W. Wright. The business of the meeting was followed by an enjoyable smoking concert, to which the following contributed:-Mrs.Boseley, Miss Boseley, Messrs. L. K. Boseley, H. E. J. Cory, R. N. Cunningham, Miss Elson, Messrs. W. Harmsworth, J. G. Maltby and J. Netherway. Manchester and District.-The Annual Conjoint Meeting of the Manchester Sections of the Institute, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Society of Dyers and Colourists, together with the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, was held on 6th November at the College of Technology. The meeting, on this occasion, was arranged by the Society of Dyers and Colourists, whose Chairman, Mr. F. Scholefield, presided. An unusually large audience assembled to hear Dr. Hermann Mark, of Ludwigshaven, give an address on '' Modern Conceptions of the Cellulose Molecule and their significance in relation to the technical and dyeing properties of the fibre.Dr. Mark stated that our knowledge of the structure of cellulose, in a purely scientific sense, had advanced considerably in recent years. He showed that by a combination of chemical and X-ray data a cellulose model had been developed which agrees well with the reactions known up to the present. He stated that the model had certainly not been developed to its ultimate degree of perfection and that doubtless certain alterna- tions would be made in it during the next few years. Nevertheless, it appeared to afford an explanation of the more important technical problems. The lecturer showed how the high absolute value of the tenacity of natural cellulose and alterations in its plastic deformation could be explained by his model, as well as its 359 relation to dyeing properties and changes during manufacturing processes.The lecture was illustrated by models and by numerous X-ray photographs. A lengthy discussion followed, and the lecturer replied to the points raised. A vote of thanks, proposed by the Chairman of the Manchester Section of the Institute, Mr. J. H. Lester, and seconded by Dr. T. Callan, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, was accorded to Dr. Mark. The Sixth Annual Dinner and Dance took place on 3rd December, at “The Manchester” Ltd. About 240 members of the Institute and of other Manchester scientific societies were present, including the Chairmen of the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical. Industry, the Oil and Colour Chemists, and the British Association of Chemists. The Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, Mr.J. H. Lester, read a letter from Dr. G. C. Clayton, President of the Institute, in which he expressed his regret at his inability to be present, The Toast of “The Guests” was acknowledged by Professor H. J. Creighton of Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. The duties of M.C. were carried out by Mr. W. D. Rogers and Dr. W. J. S. Naunton, while Messrs. E. N. Marchant, J. G. Sherratt, N. Stratford, H. Swann, and Drs. W. Hubball and B. P. Ridge acted as stewards. Professor T. M. Lowry will read a paper before the Section on 11th March, 1932, instead of 10th March as previously announced.Manchester and District Students’ Section.-The Annual General Meeting of the Students’ Section will be held in the Clarion Cafk, 50a, Market Street, Manchester, on 5th January, 1932, and will be followed by a smoking concert and social evening. Ordinary and Honorary Members are reminded that sub- scriptions (5s.) for I932 are due. Newcastle and North-East Coast.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 18th November, at the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club-Dr. A. A. Hall presiding. The Committee’s Report and a programme for the ensuing 360 session, including two joint meetings with the Society of Chemical Industry, were approved. Professor Clemo was elected to the Committee, and Mr.N. J. Ivison was appointed Honorary Secretary, on the retirement of Mr. F. H. Walker from that office. With these alterations, the Committee was elected as follows:-Dr. A. A. Hall (Chairman), Mr. M. A. W. Brown, Dr. R. D. Haworth, Mr. F. Nicholls, Professor G. R. Clemo, Messrs. N. Dawson (Hon. Treasurer) and N. J. Ivison (Hon. Secretary). One vacancy remains to be filled at a later date. On the motion of Mr. Bloxam, seconded by Dr. Hall, a vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Walker for his invaluable services as Honorary Secretary during the past seven years. South Wales.-The following lectures- have been delivered before Joint Meetings of the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry :-On 30th October, at the Technical College, Cardiff, Mr.R. D. Owen, A.I.C., read a paper on:- ‘‘ The Chemistry of Dairy Products.” The lecture, illustrated by lantern slides, dealt with the chemical properties of milk, and the manufacture of cream, butter, cheese and condensed milk. The necessity for cleanliness and scientific control was emphasised. On 6th November, at Thomas’ Cafe, Swansea, Dr. A. F. S. Sladden lectured on :-“Chemistry in the Service of the Doctor.” The lecturer restricted his remarks to the subject of physiological chemistry, and the service which the biocfiemist rendered in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, taken in conjunction with clinical examination. Typical analyses and methods of analysis of the normal constituents of urine and blood were given, and the variations found in certain pathological cases were indicated.The application of colorimetric methods in this field of work is noteworthy. A keen discussion followed in which Professor Coates and Drs. Hartshorne and Edwards participated. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Sladden. On 20th November, at the Mayfair Caf6, Cardiff, Dr. J. H. 361 Quastel, Director of Research, Cardiff City Mental Hispital, read a paper on:- (‘Dyestuffs and Biological Action.” The work of Ehrlich and Baeyer was outlined, and an account given of the directive action of acid and basic dyestuffs on enzymic biochemical reactions such as the oxidation and reduc- tion products of fumaric acid. The lecturer speculated on the probable enzymic character of certain little known disorders, such as mental diseases, and indicated that the present methods of pathological investigation of dead tissue in these cases failed to shed any light on the enzymic activity of the living subject.Dr. Quastel indicated the great difficulties to be faced in this branch of biochemical research, and gave some account of the methods adopted in dealing with the subject. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Thomas’ Cafk, Swansea, on 27th November,-Dr. L. E. Hinkel in the Chair. The Annual Report and Financial Statement having been received and adopted, the Officers and Committee were elected for the ensuing session. Professor J. E. Coates was elected Chairman; Mr.R. H. Jones, Hon. Secretary; and Mr. E. A. Rudge, Assistant Hon. Secretary. Committee : (Swansea) Messrs. J. W. Adye, E. Anderson, E. E. Ayling, C. M. W. Grieb, G. Made1 and E. A. Tyler; (Cardiff) Mr. T. Evans, Dr. J. H. Quastel and Dr. H. B. Watson. The Chairman, having intimated that the Registrar, who was present, would be glad to hear the views of members on any matter which they wished to discuss, Mr. Grieb referred to the desirability of encouraging Associates to proceed to the Fellow- ship, and inquired what inducements could be offered to those who contemplated applying for the Fellowship. The Registrar said that he thought it was natural that most professional men should aim at the higher grade of membership in their professional institutions.Service on the Council of the Institute was restricted to Fellows, who were also entitled to register students. Generally speaking, a perusal of the salary statistics showed that Fellows derived more substantial recogni- tion than Associates for their services. The meeting was followed by an informal dinner, at which Professor J. E. Coates presided. 362 The toasts of “The King” and “The Guests” having been honoured, Mr. W. C. Mitchell, B.Sc.Eng., M.Inst.C.E., Director and Manager of the National Oil Refineries, Ltd., at Skewen, proposed the toast of “The Institute.” Mr. Mitchell said that, as an engineering student, he had had training in chemistry under Professors Armstrong and Meldola, and, speaking as a Civil Engineer, he was glad to know that the Institute was seeking to obtain for its Fellows and Associates the title of “Chartered Chemist,” which would bring chemists into line with engineers- Civil, Mechanical and Electrical-and other professional men.He claimed for engineering a greater antiquity than that of chemistry. He rejoiced in the excellent relations which existed between chemists and engineers, and wished the Institute continued prosperity and success in its good work. The Registrar, in acknowledging the toast, referred briefly to the history and growth of the Institute, and defended the claim of chemistry to greater antiquity than engineering. He suggested that chemistry was a science; engineering was an art, which could not be practised without science.An excellent instrumental and vocal entertainment was provided by members of the Section. 363 Notes. British Standards Institution.-During recent years the British Engineering Standards Association has prepared British Standard Specifications and established British Standards not only for use in the engineering field, but also for a growing range of materials in the building, chemical and textile industries. The need for regularising the extension of the original functions of the Association has been under consideration from time to time, and became imperative when representatives of chemical industry, as a result of a conference convened by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, invited the Association to widen its scope to include chemical standardisation generally.The building industry also desired a substantial extension of the work of standardisation within that industry, and urged that the title of the Association should be more in conformity with its wider scope. At the Imperial Conference, held in October, 1930,the desire was expressed that there should be a single centralised national standardising body in each of the countries forming the British Empire. It was therefore decided to re-organise the work of the Association into four main divisions of equal standing responsible for the preparation of British Standard Specifications in the engineering, chemical, building and textile industries, each of the divisions being under the control of a representative Divisional Council.The Council of the Association, therefore, after securing the approval of the members, applied for, and was granted, a Supplemental Royal Charter authorising these changes. In future the name of the Association will be the “British Standards Institution,” and its activities will be under the control of a General Council with four subsidiary Divisional Councils. The work of the Engineering Division will, as hitherto, be delegated to Industry Committees dealing with the main branches of the engineering industry, such as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, etc., and will represent the larger portion of the Institution’s activities. 364 The development in the standardising movement which has taken place since the first Committee was set up, in 1901,as the Engineering Standards Committee, by the Institution of Civil Engineers, is a clear indication that industry as a whole has increasingly recognised the economic value of the work.There are now 600 Committees and over 400 published British Standard Specifications. The term "British Standard " has been registered by the Institution as its standardisation mark. The Institution is not a profit making concern, and, apart from the grants received from the Government and the amount derived from the sale of its publications, it has to look to the associated industries and other Institutions for the funds necessary to carry on the work.Beit Fellowships.-The Trustees for Beit Fellowships for Scientific Research have given notice that the Nineteenth Election of Fellows will take place on or about the 12th day of July, 1932. Candidates must be under 25 years of age. Not more than three Fellowships will be awarded. The Beit Fellowships were founded and endowed by Mr. Otto Beit to promote the advancement of science by means or' research. The annual value of every Fellowship is E250; the tenure of the Fellowship is for two years, subject to a favourable report from the Trustees at the end of the first year by the supervising professor. Every Fellow (man or woman) must be of European descent by both parents, and shall have taken a degree in any Faculty in any University in the British Empire approved by the Trustees, or have passed the examinations which would have entitled him or her to have taken any such degree or shall be in possession of any Diploma or Associateship of any college approved by the Trustees.Further particulars can be obtained from the Rector, Imperial College, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. TheWellcomeResearch Institution.-On 25th November, Lord Moynihan, President of the Royal College of Surgeons, laid the Corner Stone of the New Wellcome Research Institution, which is in course of erection at the junction of Gordon Street and Euston Road, London. The Institution will embrace a Bureau of Scientific Research, Physiological and Chemical Research Laboratories, provided with the most modern scientific equipment, and Museums of Medical Science.365 The Ramsay Memorial Laboratory of Chemical Engi-neering, at University College, London, was formally opened by H.R.H. Prince George, on 26th November, the ceremony being attended by a large number of representatives of profes-sional and technical institutions. The Ramsay Laboratory of Chemical Engineering was insti- tuted at University College, London, in 1923, as a tribute to the memxy of Sir William Ramsay, who held the chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry at the College from 1887 to 1913. The new laboratory, towards the cost of which leading firms in chemical industry have contributed a capital sum of over fla6,ooo, and have guaranteed an income of E4000 for a number of years, is equipped with plant and machinery presented by manufacturers of chemical plant, and provides accommodation for about fifty students and research workers.The department provides post-graduate courses in chemical engineering, dealing primarily with the scientific principles underlying the operation of processes on an industrial scale and with the influence of economic factors on production, including training in engineering drawing and in workshop practice, with research on problems connected with the transference of pro- cesses from the laboratory to the industrial scale. The Science Museum Children's Gallery .-A new Gallery in the Science Museum has recently been opened, the general aim of which is to exemplify as simply as possible the development of applied science and its influence on social progress, thus providing a general elementary introduction to the main collections in the Museum.The Gallery contains a series of working models illustrating the conversion of energy, a succession of dioramas illustrating the evolution of transport, and a series of scenes demonstrating the evolution of methods of artificial lighting, and tableaux of craftsmen,-the potter, the flint-knapper, and the nail-maker,- supplemented by an exhibition of films of present-day craftsmen at work. Many of the exhibits can be set in motion by the visitors pressing a button or turning a handle. The Annual Chemical Dinner, in which nearly all British institutions and societies interested in chemistry participated, was held at the Connaught Rooms, on 10th December,-Mr.Eric Macfadyen, President of the Institution of Rubber Industry, in the Chair. 366 Sir Frank E. Smith, K.C.B., C.B.E., F.R.S., Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, was the guest of the evening. After the loyal toasts, Sir Frank Smith proposed the toast of “Chemistry,” which was acknowledged by the Chairman. The 22nd Annual Exhibition of Scientific Instruments and Apparatus will be held from Tuesday, the 5th, until Thursday, the 7th January, 1932,from 3 p.m. to 6 p.m., and from 7 p.m. to 10 p.m. on each day at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, S.W.7. Tickets are obtainable from the Secretary, I, Lowther Gardens, Exhibition Road, London, S.W.7. During the Exhibition, discourses will be delivered on 5th January at 8 p.m., by Mr.C. C. Paterson, O.B.E., on “Photocells: The Valves which Operate by Light”; on 6th January at 8 p.m., by Mr. T. Smith, on “Photographic Shutters and their Properties”; and on 7th January at 8 p.m. “Reminiscences,” by Sir Oliver Lodge. Professor W. Palmer Wynne, F.R.S., has been appointed Emeritus Professor of Chemistry in the University of Sheffield. Professor J. H. Andrew has been appointed Professor of Metallurgy in the University of Sheffield in the place of Professor Cecil H. Desch, F.R.S., who has succeeded Dr. Walter Rosenhain, F.R.S., as Superintendent of the Department of Metallurgy at the National Physical Laboratory.Professor Arthur Lapworth, F.R.S., has been awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society. Mr. George Herbert Frank, Fellow, who received the Edward Medal in recognition of his attempt at rescue on the occasion of the explosion at the chemical works of Messrs. Hickson & Partners, at Castleford, in July, has also received an award from the Carnegie Hero Fund Trustees. North Wales.-A local group of Fellows and Associates in North Wales is making arrangements for periodical social meetings, possibly with other scientific men. Members who are desirous of participating in such meetings should communicate with Mr. J. B. C. Kershaw, F.I.C., “Oaklands,” Conway Road, Colwyn Bay.367 Obituary. KENNETHVERNONCHRISTIE, who died on 22nd November, at Carshalton, Surrey, in his 27th year, was educated at Swindon and North Wilts. Secondary School, and proceeded on a County Scholarship to Manchester University, where he graduated, in 1937, with honours in chemistry. He continued at the University under Professor F. C. Thompson, and presented a thesis on “The Influence of the Replacement of Silica by Tungstic Oxide upon the Tin Content of Tin, Calcium, Iron Silicate, Slags and the Retal Product from Smelting” on which he was awarded the degree of M.Sc. Shortly after, he was appointed Assistant Works Chemist to the Straits Trading Company, where he continued until 1930. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1928.WILLIAM SMITH HANNAH died at Beddington, Surrey, on 7th November. Born at Paisley in 1873, he was educated at the Allan Glen’s School, Glasgow, studied chemistry at the Anderson College-now the Royal Technical College--under Professors Dittimar and Henderson, and passed the examination €or the Associateship of the Institute in 1894. In 1895 he was appointed chemist to the Sussex Portland Cement Co., Ltd., Newhaven, eventually becoming manager. On the closing of the Newhaven works, in 1915, he was appointed manager of the Beddington factory of the British Portland Cement Manufacturers, Ltd. From 1916 to 1918, with the consent of the Company, he was employed in the Trench Warfare Depart,ment of the Ministry of Munitions, spending the greater part of the time as manager of the shell filling factory at Selby, Yorkshire.At the end of the war he resumed his duties as cement works manager at Beddington, and during the last four years was engaged in investigations which culminated in the first production, on a commercial scale in Great Britain, of white Portland cement, for the invention of which he was a joint patentee. He was elected an Associate in 1894 and a Fellow in 1902. SIRTHOMAS HILLdied recently at Parkstone, Dorset, in his EUSTACE 66th year. The son of the late Dr. Alfred Hill, F.I.C., he was educated at King Edward’s School and Mason College, Birmingham, and at the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated M.B. in 1887 and B.Sc. (P.H.)in 1888. Having worked for several years as assistant to his father he held appointments as medical ofTicer, Birmingham Isolation Hospital, and Deputy Medical OEcer of Health for the City; Medical Officer of Health, South Shields (1890-1893) ; County Medical Officer of Health for Durham, and professor of Public Health in the University of Durham ( 1911-1920), from which University he received the honorary degree of M.A.in 1921. During the war-he served as Lieutenant-Colonel, Officer Commanding Durham R.A.X.C. (V.), and mas appointed an O.B.E. in recognition of his services. He was a rnember of the Consultative Council of Medical and Allied Services to the Ministry of Health, and President of the Society of AXedicalOfficers of Health (1921-1922). He was the author of many papers on chemical and public health subjects. On his retirement in 1330 hs received the honour of knighthood.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888,and a Fellow in 1899.PHILIPHOLLANDdied in London on 9th November, aged ninety years. He studied chemistry at the Government School of Mines, London, from 1861 under Hofmann, with whom he remained as honoraryassistant for two years, being engaged in research work on urea and ethylmine, but, owing to an accident while preparing phosphorustrichloride, he wm obliged to relinquish this work in 1864, and went to Natal. Two years later, however, he returned and became an assistant in Dr. AngusSmith’s laboratory, where he was largely engaged on water analysis. From 1872 until 1882 he conducted an independent practice, and was for some time Public Analyst for Southport.Later, he continued practice in London. He was the author of various papers contributed to the Chemical News arid other journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. WILLIAM LOWE died at Heswall, Cheshire, on 12th November, FOULKES in his 82nd year. He studied at the Royal School of Mines from 1871 until 1875, obtaining the Associateship of the School in Metallurgy. In 1877 he was appointed Assayer to the Chester Goldsmiths Company, and, in 1914, Assay Master to the Chester Assay Office. In 1878 he was appointed public analyst for the City and County Borough of Chester; in 1879, for the County of Flint; in 1880, for the County of Ctaernarvon; and in 1883, for the Counties of Anglesea md Denbigh. At the time of his death he held these appointments, and also the appointments of Official Agri- cultural Analyst to the same Local Authorities.He was the aiithor of “Hall-marking arid Assaying at the Chester Assay Office,” and of various paper,+contributed to il’l~eAnalyst. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. WALTER FRANCISREID died at Kingston-on-Thames, on 18th November, at the age of eighty-one years. The son of a Leeds manu- facturer, he studied at the Royal School of Mines, Berlin, where he graduated about the year 1879. After some experience in prospecting for the Argentine Government, he devoted his inveiitive geriius to technical problems bearing on the corrosion of iron, the result of which was the preparation from nitrocellulose of a smokeless sporting powder, which was afterwards produced by the E.C.Powder Go. Later he was engaged in the manufacture of mirrors, and was associated with improvements in silvering by a process for the reduction of an alkaline silver solution by an organic reagent. An original member of the Society of Chemical Industry, he was Chairman of the London Section, 1903-04; he was a Member of the Council for many years and President of the Society, 1910-11. He was awarded the Medal of the Society in 1925. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1885. JOHN died at Edinburgh on 18th November in BALDWINSHOESMITH his thirty-sixth year. Educated at Burnley Grammar School, he worked for three years under Mr.Raymond St. George ROSS,Public Analyst for Burnley, before proceeding to the Victoria University, Manchester, where he graduated with first-class honours in chemistry in 1919. He continued at the University, and was engaged on research work under Professor Lapworth for two years, and in 1921 joined the staff of the Chemical Department of the University of Edinburgh. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. THOMAS died at Redcar, as the rcsult of an accident, on the TWYNAM 29th November, in his 73rd year. Educated alj Bedford Modern School, and subsequently in France and Belgium, where he devoted specialattention to chemistry, physics and metallurgy, he joined the firm of Jones and Aldred, analytical chemists in the City of London, with whom he remained for three years.He then became technical assistant to Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, and later to Percy C. Gilchrist, F.K.S. During this period-l87%189O--his work was mainly devoted to metallurgical investigations with special reference to the manufacture of steel and copper. After some months in the laboratory of Mr. Edward Riley he was appointed assistant analytical chemist to the Indian Government, in the Chemical Department of the Royal Engineering College, at Cooper’s Hill, Staines, under Professor Herbert ILlcLeod, F.R.S. In 1901, he went to Leeds, as Secretary to Mr. Benjamin Talbot of the Talbot Continuous Steel Processes, Ltd. In 1906, the Company was transferred to Middles- brough, under the name of Steel Developments, Ltd., of which Company Mr.Twynam was Director and Secretary until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1897. 369 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V, 1931, the following books have been presented by the authors and publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Bacteriological Technique , The Essentials of .” R. F. Hunwicke, with an Introduction by W. G. Savage. Pp. 108. (London: Williams & Norgate, Ltd.). 10s. 6d. Laboratory equipment and apparatus; culture media ; methods of cultivation and study of micro-organisms; anaerobes; microscopy;examination of milk and milk products, water, meat and canned foods; vaccines; diagnosis of certain diseases ; testing disinfectants ; animal inoculations.“Chemical Analysis by the Emission Spectrum, Foundations and Methods of.” W. Gerlach and E. Schweitzer. Pp. 123. (London: Adam Hilger Ltd.). 12s. 6d. Nature, application and foundations of chemical spectrum analysis ; analytical sensitivity and the practicability of identifying a spectrum-line; electrical and optical apparatus ; qualitative and quantitative analysis ; experiments on the refinement of the method by photometric intensity measurements; special problems. “Chemistry, Life and Civilisation.” A popular account of modern advance in chemistry. H. T. S. Britton. Pp. vi+248. (London: Chapman & Hall Ltd.).10s. 6d. An outline of the many applications of chemistry, intended to be read before commencing systematic study of the subject: general ideas of matter, energy, elements and compounds ; the sun, atmosphere ; chem-istry of the human body ; vitamins, hormones, anaesthetics ; clothingand paper; agriculture, fertilisers and the nitrogen industry; metals and alloys ; the generation of power. “Glycosides, The.” E. F. Armstrong and K. F. Armstrong. Monographs on Biochemistry, edited by R. H. A. Plimmer and Sir F. G. Hopkins. Pp. vii+123. (London: Longmans Green & Co.). 12s. 6d. Natural glycosides: phenols, hydroxyanthraquinones and hydroxy -coumarins; mustard oils, cyanophoric glycosides, nucleosides, indican, pentosides;glycosides of the soluble plant pigments : anthoxanthins and anthocyanins ; glycosides with physiological action : digitalis, stro-phanthin, saponin; uronic acids; function of glycosides in plants;utilisation of carbohydrates in plants ; bibliography.370 ‘I Safety in Mines Research Board, Publications of the.’’ Vol. VI. Pp. 510. (London: H. M. Stationery Office.) Report and papers relating to research into coal dust, firedamp and other sources of danger in coal mines. “Surgical Practice, The Laboratory in.” E. C. Dodds and L. E. H. Whitby. Pp. ix+187. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.). 8s. 6d. General investigations and treatment ; blood transfusion; specifictherapy ; operations associated with various pathological conditions ; genito-urinary infections ; renal function; investigations in diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract; biochemical investigations on the pancreas and liver ; the thyroid; exudates, transudates, body fluids, pus ; notes on various tests and on the collection of specimens for examination; laboratory techniques.Mr. Arthur R. Warnes, Fellow, has kindly presented to the Library a copy of his book on “ Building Stones, their Properties, Decay and Preservation,” published by Messrs. Ernest Benn Ltd., London, 1926. Portland Cement. .-The British Engineering Standards Association-now the British Standards Institution-has pub-lished Specification No. 12-1931 Portland Cement (Superseding No. IZ-I~Z~),which has been prepared by Technical Committee of the Public Works Industry Committee (upon which the Institute was represented) and is recommended for adoption.Manholes for Chemical Plant.-The Technical Committee of the Chemical Division of the British Standards Institutioii has prepared a draft B.S. Specification for Manholes for Chemical Plant for Pressures up to 250 lbs. per square inch, on which criticism is invited. Copies of the draft can be obtained on application to the Registrar of the Institute. Pharmacopoeia Commission.-The Commission has re- ceived a report from the Sub-committee on Ergot with a request that it be published. Although but a short time remains in which it will be possible for the Commission to deal with any suggestion regarding the‘ Pharmacopceia, the Commission will be glad to receive criticisms of the report and to give them careful consideration.The conclusions reached by the Sub-committee concerning the principal questions which have occupied their attention are as follows:- 371 (I) That ergotoxine is to be regarded as the active principle for which ergot preparations are administered, and that all preparations should be standardised from this view-point. (2) That the colorimetric method carried out as recom-mended permits an accurate estimation of total alkaloid in ergot and in liquid extract of ergot. (3) That the colorimetric method has advantages over gravi- metric methods, in that smaller amounts of material suffice, and the assay is more quickly completed. (4) That the biological methods are subject to a considerable margin of error, and the evidence is that this margin is at least as great as that due to the variation in the relative proportion of ergotoxine and ergotinine in the total alkaloid. (5) That there is a very wide variation in the alkaloidal content of Ergot of Rye, and it is therefore additionally important to fix a standard for the alkaloidal content of Liquid Extract of Ergot and prepared Ergot. (6) That the following standards should be adopted:- Extractum Ergotae Liquidurn 0.05 per cent.of total alkaloid & 0.01per cent. Ergota Praeparata 0.10 per cent. of total alkaloid & 0.02 per cent. 372 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 20th November and 18th December, 1931, z new Fellows were elected, 14 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 43 new Associates were elected, and 41 Students were admitted.New Fellows. Francis, Wilfrid, M.Sc.Tech., Ph.D. (Sheff .), 16, Walnut Avenue, Hartford, Northwich, Cheshire. Watts, Gordon Edward, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, RoyalCrescent, Brighton. Associates elected to a Fellowship. Aiyar, Swaminatha Subrahmanya, B.A. (Madras), M.Sc., Ph.D. (TVis-consin), Chemical Examiner, Bombay Customs, Bombay, India. Ayling, Ernest Edward, M.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Singleton Park, Swansea. Burrage, Leslie James, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 32, Emerson Road, Ilford. Callendar, Leslie Hugh, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 10, West Lodge Avenue, London, W.3.Clark, William Samuel, O.B.E., 8, Lichfield Road, London, E.6. Downs, Edmund, M.Sc. (Vict.), 32, Alundi Road, London, S.E.3. EMOS,Frederick Raine, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 10, Whitehorn Gardens, Addiscombe. Frederick, Robert Charles, R.N. Medical School, R.N. College, Greenwich, London, S.E.lO. Mackinney, Herbert William, c/o Canadian International Paper Co., Hawkesbury, Ontario, Canada. Pugh, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Cape), The University, Cape Town. Spearing, Colin Everett, M.A. (Cantab.), A.C.G.F.C., Anglo Persian Oil Co., Britannic House, Finsbury Circus, London, E.C.2. Strafford, Norman, hI.Sc. (Lond.), The Woodlands, Crescent Road, Crumpsall, Manchester. Vogel, Arthur Israel, D.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C., Chemistry Department, University College, Southampton.West, Professor Ralph Winton, D.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Chemistry Depart- ment, Northern Polytechnic, London, N. 7. New Associates. Amstell, Simon Victor, M.Sc. (Lond.), Carmelite House, Swaffham, Norfolk. Ashcroft, Ralph, A.R.T.C., 18, McKellar Avenue, Ardrossan, Ayrshire. Budgen, Mrs. May Louise, B.Sc. (Lond.), 43, St. Andrews Avenue, Sudbury, Middx. Carrington, John Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Greenway Road, Timperley, Cheshire. Cordingley, Harold, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), Hawkesworth Avenue, Guiseley, Leeds. Dalvi, Prabhakar Dattaram, M.Sc. (Bombay),c/oSuperintending Engineer, Jaipur State, Jaipur, India. 373 Davies, Miss Christina, B.Sc. (Glas.), The Croft, Carmyle Avenue, Carmyle, nr. Glasgow.Davies, Edwin Braithwaite, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 71, Fairlie Terrace, Kelburn, Wellington, N.Z. Dear, Cecil William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 26, Petherton Road, London, N.S. Douglas, Gordon Watson, B.Sc. (Leeds), State Laboratory, Bhopal,Central India. Flsegel, Albert Victor Louis George, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), 34, Parade Mansions, Hendon Central, London, N.W.4. Freeman, John Albert, B.Sc. (London), 40, King’s Avenue, Hounslow. Gillies, George Denholm, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Bernard Avenue, London, W.13. Goldberg, Alan August, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 99A, Hornsey Lane, London, N.6. Hancock, Eric Gray, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 46, Beclands Road, London, S.W.17. Hanway, Kevin James, B.Sc. (N.U.I.), Santry Lodge, Santry, Co. Dublin.Harris, Walter Bevan, B.Sc. (Leeds), 20, Barrowby Avenue, Austhorpe, Leeds. Harvey, Frank Emery, B.Sc. (Bris.), Three Tunnys, Paulton, Nr. Bristol. Hooper, Miss Olive Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.), Alfreda, Roydon, Ware, Herts. Jarman, Maurice Bevan, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 53, Norton Avenue, Norton- on-Tees. Jelley, Edwin Ernest., B.Sc. (Lond.),c/oResearch Laboratory, Kodak Ltd., Wealds tone. Kefford, George William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 77, Broomwood Road, London, S.W. 1 1. Kerr, Finlay Donald, A.H-W.C., 74, Restalrig Road, Leith. Little, Andrew Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Princo’s Avenue, Old Trafford, Manches ter. Lumb, Clarence, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Green Lane, Burnley Road, Halifax. McGowan, Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 18, Park View Road, Welling, Kent.McHugh, Miss Dorothy Alicia, B.A. (T.C.D.), 24, North Circular Road, Dublin. McLean, Hector Murray, A.H-W.C., 58, Hallgarth Street, Durham. Mehta, Thakorbhai Naranji, B.A., B.Sc. (Bombay), D.I.C., OrganicChemistry Research Laboratory, Imperial College, London, S.W. 7. Morris, Colin John Owen Rhonabwi, B.Sc. (Wales), 20, Llanbleddian Gardens, Cardiff. Noble, Ernest Gilbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 7, Marine Parade, Sheerness. Pickup, Richard, B.Sc. (Mane.), c/o The Eastern Smelting Co., Penang,Straits Settlements. Pinches, Leonard Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 228, Abbey Hey Lane, Gorton, Manchester. Prentice, Walter Haston, A.H.-W.C., 27, Melbourne Road, Broxburn, W.Lo thian. Spinks, John William Tranter, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.Staynes, Miss Gertrude Margaret, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Highfield Street, Leicester. Steiner, Ernest Rudolf, B.A. (Oxon.), 60, The Drive, Ilford. Thrasher, Eric George, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 8, Rugby Road, St. Thomas, Exeter, Devon. Walters, William Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 80, Gwyddon Road, Abercarn, Newport, Mon. 374 Watson, Douglas Irvine, B.Sc. (Lond.), Mandora, Effingham Road, Surbiton. Wickham, Cyril George, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 10, Lismore Road, London, N.17. Wilkinson, Donald Graham, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), Rirkby, Liverpool Road, Gt. Crosby, Liverpool. Young, Robert Lees, A.H-W.C., 39, Woodburn Terrace, Edinburgh. New Students. Beynon, John Henry, Fairwood House, Three Crosses, Dunvant, Swansea.Brews, Miss Vera Annie Lawson, 15, Inman Road, London, S.W.18. Denny, James Leslie, 64, Gloucester Road, Kew Gardens, Surrey. Dugdale, Hugo James, Merlyn, The Street, Fetcham, Surrey. Duke, John Reginald Claude, 130, Bath Road, Hounslow, hliddx. Dunkin, Miss Florence, 335, James Reckitt Avenue, Hull. Etches, Kenneth Charles, 1, Cayton Road, Hull. Gartshore, John Ferguson Cockburn, 12, Clouston Street, Glasgow, N.W. Grove, Walter Patrick, 77, Surbiton Hill Park, Surbiton, Surrey. Hargreaves, Leonard Charles, 22, Palmerston Road, Sparkbrook, Birmingham.Harper, Stanley Hugh, 32, St. Luke’s Road, Brighton. Hewitt, Charles Harold, 86, Morris Road, Washwood Heath, Birmingham. Howells, Daniel Clifford, 45, Pinged Hill, Kidwelly, Carm.Loftus, William Robert, 119, Upper Meadow Street, Belfast. Manson, Thomas, 25, Kilmaurs Road, Edinburgh. Marshall, Alan Thompson, 48,Hurstbourne Gardens, Barking. hlcGeckie, William Thornhill Barrie, 10, Cavendish Avenue, London, N.3. McGill, John Heron, Mochrum, Mill Road, Irvine, Ayrshire. McGregor, John Fulton, 12, Barfillan Drive, Glasgow, S.W.2. McKim, Thomas, 134, Glasgow Road, Paisley. Morrison, Angus Reid, 77, Ibrox Street, Glasgow, S.W.l. Muir, Andrew, Grasmere, Dynamite Road, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Philpot, Stanley Hope, Gaika, Red Lion Lane, Shooters Hill, London, S.E.18. Porter, Hubert Thomas, 29, Fillebrook Road, London, E.1 1. Robinson, Rupert Eardley, 17, Albany Terrace, Runcorn.Royds, John Arthur Lindsay, The Lawn, Gills Hill Road, Radlett. Salkeld, Charles Edward, 306, Clapham Road, London, S.W.9. Schollick, Francis, 118, New Bank Road, Blackburn. Smith, Douglas Gregory, 8, Normandy Road, Birchfield, Birmingham. Taylor, Neil James, 69, Bridge Lane, London, N.W.ll. Todd, William, 63, Grey Mare Lane, Ashton New Road, Manchester. Trickey, William Thomas, 124, Haydon Park Road, London, S.W.19. Watson, Edward Henry, 55, Wiverton Road, London, S.E.26. Webb, John, Vincent Cottage, Stapleton Street, New Wortley, Leeds. Whiteley, Sidney, 27, Bute Avenue, North Shore, Blackpool. Wild, Richard, Inglenook, Sipson, Yiewsley, Middx. Wilkinson, William Rouning, 45, Selby Road, London, E.13. Westmoreland-White, Miss Beryl, 61, Moyser Road, London, S.W.16.Wise, Frank Edward, 31, George Street, London, W.l. Woods, Sidney Charles, 49, Tennyson Road, Small Heath, Birmingham. Woodhouse, George, 109, Plymouth Grove, C-onM. Manchester. CHANGE OF NAME. Ephraim Galinsky, Associate, to Harry Ephraim Glynn-by Deed Poll. 375 Fellows. William Smith Hannah. Sir Thomas Eustace Hill, O.B.E., M.B., Ph.D. (Edin.). Philip Holland. William Foulkes Lowe, A.R.S.M. Walter Francis Reid. Thomas Twynam. Associates. Kenneth Vernon Christie, M.Sc. (Manc.).John Baldwin Shoesmith, B.Sc. (Vict.). 376 General Notices. Nomination of General Members of Council.-At tention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council:-By-law 26.!1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form: “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Councilof the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24 (2). No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy. The General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, 1st March, 1932, in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election, are as follows:- Members of Council. Edward Richards Bolton.Harold Bush Brown. Charles Stanley Gibson, O.B.E., M.A., M.Sc., F.R.S. Thomas Percy Hilditch, D.Sc. George Nevi11 Huntly, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. James Grieve King, Ph.D., A.R.T.C. Herbert Levinstein, M.Sc., Ph.D. Hamilton McCombie, D.S.O., M.C., M.A., D.Sc. Forsyth James Wilson, Ph.D., D.Sc. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 4.30 p.m. on Tuesday, 19th January, 1932. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Tuesday, 1st March, 1932. 377 District Members of Council,-The District Members of Council who will continue in office are as follows :-(i) Birmingham and Midlands : Joseph Robert Johnson.(ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties : Edward Russell, B.Sc. (+) Liverpool and North-Western : Walter Ferguson Buist, B.Sc. (IV) London and South-Eastern Counties : George Stubbs, C.B.E. (v) Manchester and District : William David Rogers, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (vi) North-East Coast and Yorkshire : Harry Malkin Mason, M.Se. (vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Robert Bruce. (viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland : Peter Ferguson Gordon, Ph.D. (Glas.). (ix) Wales and the County of Monmouth: Leonard Eric Hinkel, D.Sc. (x) Northern Ireland : Jesse Carl Albert Brierley, M.Sc. (Mane.). (x!) Irish Free State: William Robert Fearon, M.A., Sc.D. (xu) The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : Edward John Way. Examinations for 1932.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1932 are as follows:- Dates of Examinations.Entries close. 4th to 9th April Monday, 8th February, 1932. or 11th to 16th April } (Note-books: 18th March.) 12th to 17th September Monday, 11th July, 1932. or 19th to 24th September} (Note-books: 2nd September.) Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments , or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. 378 Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Libraryof the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of 379 the 8,000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere. Covers €or Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS.zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides €or Lecturers-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. The Chemical Club.-The Chemical Club provides a pleasant and useful social centre for gentlemen engaged in, or connected with, the profession of chemistry or chemical industry. The Club is conveniently situated in Westminster, and in addition to the usual restaurant, billiard and card rooms, bedroom accommodation is available on the premises of Whitehall Court.The attention of members resident in the provinces is particularly directed to the usefulness of the Club to those who visit London on business. The annual subscription is very low for a Club of this kind, being, for Town Members E3 3s., for Country Members (those having no residence or place of business within 20 miles of Charing Cross) &? zs., and for Overseas Members, LI IS. Candidates for membership must be proposed by one and seconded by two members of the Club who know them per- sonally. Full particulars and forms of application can be obtained from the Secretary, Chemical Club, 2 Whitehall Court, London, S.W.1, or from the Assistant Secretary of the Institute.ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES, 1sT MARCH TO 20~~DECEMBER, 1931. Council Council in Committees Committee A G. C. Clayton, Pres.* F. D. Chattaway, V.P. L. Eynon, V.P. .. G. G. Henderson, V.P. E. Hinks, V.P. .. B. F. Howard, V.P. A. Smithells, V.P. .. P. H. Kirkaldy, Trens. E. R. Bolton .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 0 ..61 .. 8 8 ..40 . . 8 7 . . 6 7 . . I 0 . . 7 7 .. 6 0 40 7 28 3 4 3 6 30 21 2 0 26 0 3 3 1 25 0 3 8 5 5 1 10 H. V. A. Rriscoe . . .. .. . . 2 0 8 0 H. B. Brown .. .. .. .. 3 4 19 3 W. F. Buist . . .. .. .. .. 0 0 19 0 W. J. A. Butterfield .. .. . . 7 6 5 3 3 A.M. Cameron .. .. .. . . 0 2 5 0 N. M. Comber . . .. .. ..11 0 0 A. Coulthard .. .. .. .. 5 1 12 0 A. E. Dunstan .. .. .. .. 1 2 16 0 2 W. R. Fearon .. .. .. . . l o 5 0 A. G. Francis C. S. Gibson .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 8 l 8 o 16 7 16 1 5 F. if'. Harris .. .. .. .. 0 0 21 1 J. Hawthorne .. .. .. . . 2 0 6 1 I. M. Heilbron .. .. .. ..40 2 0 Lord Henley T. P. Hilditch L. E. Hinkel .. .. .. .. .. *. .. .. .. ..00 ..40 . . 2 2 2 7 5 1 0 0 G. N. HuntrlyG. King. .. J. G. King .. H. Levinstein H. H. Hodgson .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 7 2 ..43 .. 2 4 . . 0 0 .. 8 8 4 1 19 2 21 2 0 0 0 12 1 1 P. Lewis-Dale .. .. .. . . 5 5 2 0 3 H.M. Mason D. Jordan Lloyd .. .. .. .. .. .. ..40 ..4 4 6 6 0 2 H. McCombie . . .. .. ..00 0 0 1 W. J. S. Naunton . . .. .. . . 1 1 0 0 G. H. PerryE. K. Rideal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 5 1 4 1 18 2 4 1 B. P. Ridge . . W. H. Roberts ,. . . .. .. .. .. ..41 ..11 2 2 1 1 W. D. Rogers E. Russell . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . o o ..88 5 7 0 3 G. Stubbs .. .. .. .. _. 4 1 18 1 2 W. Wardlaw .. .. .. . . 5 1 7 0 E. J. WayJ. Weir .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . 4l 7 o 2 0 1 0 F. J. Wilson .. .. .. . . 3 0 * Ex-oficio member of all Committees. 7 0

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9315500325

出版商:RSC    

年代:1931

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

381 Index: 1931. Aberdeen and North of Scotland Seotioii, 33, 36, 106, 153, 155, 331 Aberdeen University, 106 Accounts (1930), 21 et seq., 72 Agricultural Analysts, 328 ‘‘Aluminium,” 155 American Institute of Chemists, 5 Animal Nutrition, 332 Annual Chemical Dinner, The, 365 Annual General Meeting, 71 Appointments Register, 4, 19, 140, 280, 377 Architectural Lighting, Modern, 165 “Artificial Silk,” 38 A.S.L.I.B., 251 Attendances, Council, etc., 380 Auditors, 20, 70, 78 Australian Chemical Institute, 8, 328 Azo Colours, Some Properties of Insoluble, 288 Bankers, 70 Beilby Memorial Awards, 4, 139, 224, 272 Heit Fellowships, 364 Belfast and District Section, 33, 37, 107, 156, 332 Benevolent Fund, 4, 7, 230, 327 Birmingham and Midlands Section, 33, 108, 247 Boiler Water Chemistry, 160 Books and their Contents, 58, 131, 216, 265, 310, 369 Boyle, Robert, 161 Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, 33, 37, 109, 157, 248,283, 332 British Association, 251, 280 British Standards Institution, 363 Cape Section, 32, 54, 157, 248 “Careers,” 37, 290 “Carpenter ” Committee, 18, 148 “Catalysts and Faraday, or Clean-liness and Godliness,” 354 “Cellulose, Effects of Air Humidityon,” 107 Cellulose Molecule, 358 Censors, 68 Charter, Supplemental, 11, 27, 46, 78, 104, 145, 230, 279, 340 Chemical Club, The, 379 Chemical Combination, Borderland of, 167 Chemical Examinations Board, 6 Chemical Industry, 41, 159, 177 Chemical Society Library, 5, 18, 151 Chemical Trades Advisory Com-mittee, 5 Chemical Training, 17 1 Chemist and the Community, 318, 329 “Chemist;? in the Service of the Doctor, 360 Chemists, Chartered, 11, 27, 46, 78, 104, 145, 230, 279, 340 Chimie Industrielle, Sociktk de, 5, 246 City and Guilds of London Institute, 5, 329 Coal, 47, 169, 213 Committees, 68 Contracts of Service, 9, 230 Co-operation, 33, 116, 164 “C’o-operation with regard to Chern-ical Literature,” 336 Council, 67 Council Attendances, 380 Council, Committees and Repre-sentatives, 4 Council, District IbTembers of, 319 Council, Nominations of the, 27 Council, Report of, 3, 76 Couper Centenary, 283 Customs and Excise, 19 Dairy Products, 349, 360 Deaths, 3, 60, 137, 222, 269, 308, 317, 375 Detonating Substances, 332 Dielectric Constant, 331 Diffusion and Solids, 247 Dinner, Annual Chemical, 270, 365 D.0.R.A.’s Grandmother, 37 Dyestuffs, 9 Dyestuffs and Biological Action, 361 382 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 34, 38, 110, 153,159,283, 4‘ Electrical Discharge Tubes, Ab- sorption of Gases in,” 156 Entrance Fees, 76 “Ergot and Ergotism,” 111 “Ether and Acetone, Purification of,” 113 Examinations, 15, 49, 180, 270, 292, 318 Examiners, Board of, 16, 70 Exhibition of Scientific Instru-ments and Apparatus, The 2nd Annual, 366 Faraday Centenary Celebrations, 251, 279 Federal Council, 4, 151 Fermentation Industries, Recent Advances in, 318, 328 Fertilisers, 172 Pertilisers and Feeding Stuffs, 150 Finance and House Committee, 4, Food Adulteration, Law relating to, 112 “Food and Drugs Act, The, 1928,” 345 Food, Departmental Committee on, 232, 279 Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 16, 71, 105, 138, 223, 271, 322.Fuel, Institute of, 251 Fumigation of Ships, 149. Gifts, 245, 330 Glasgow and West of Scotland’ Section, 111, 153, 283, 335 Glassware, Scientific, 5 Gluckstein, S. M., Memorial Lecture, 270, 318, 329 Government Laboratory, 4 Government Scientific Establish-ments, Report on, 18, 148 Hall, Meeting and Examination, 231, 282 Headmasters’ Employment Com-mittee, 5 Health, Ministry, 232, 279 Honorary Corresponding Secre- taries, 18 “Housing the Industrial Chemist,” 334 Huddersfield Section, 34, 38, 111, 160, 288, 341 Income Tax, 211, 254 Industrial Chemist, 334 Institute, Roll of, 3 Institutions, Recognition of, 16 Inventions in Chemical Industry, 159 Irish Free State Section, 113, 342 Journal and Proceedings, 17 KekulB’s Benzene Formula, 121 Lantern Slides, 18, 324 Lcctures, 11, 17, 104, 150, 379 Leeds Area Section, 34, 40,164,289, 345 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 4, 8 Legal Notes, 53 Library, The, 18, 132, 266 Linen Research, 5 “Lithographic Processes and Prob- lems,” 110 Liverpool and North-Western Sec- tion, 116, 354 ‘‘Local Examinations,” 340 Local Sections, 11, 32, 33, 106, 153, 247, 283, 331 London and South-Eastern Coun- ties’ Section, 41, 116, 165, 356 Malaya Section, 34, 120, 165 Manchester and District Section, 34, 46, 120, 167, 249, 290, 358 .‘Mttnchester and District Students’ Section,” 359 Manholes for Chemical Plant, 370 Medicinal .Chemistry, Recent Ad-vances EL, 120 Medicinal Waters, 308 Medicines Proprietary, 247 Meldola Medal, 16, 71, 139, 224, 271, 322 Methylated Spirits, 9 “Mineral Resources,” 53 “Modern Conceptions of the Cellu- lose Molecule and their Signifi- cance in Relation to the Technical and Dyeing Properties of the Fibre,” 358 National Certificates in Chemistry, 4, 17, 255 383 Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-Regulations, 16 East Coast Section, 34, 121, 169, Roll of the Institute, The, 3 359 New Zealand Section, 170 Salary Statistics, 32, 105, 197, 338 New Zealand Institute of Chemis-fjcholarships, 303 try, 54,250 Science Party,” 337 Nickel, Extraction of, 291 Science Museum, 63, 365, 378 Nominations, Examinations and Scientific and Industrial Research, Institutions Committee, 4, 14 Report of Department, 122 North Wales, 366 Scientific Instruments, 366 Notes, 53, 122, 211, 251, 308, 363 Scottish Board of Health, 232 Notices, General, 61, 138, 223, 270, Scrutineers, Report of, 77 318, 376 Ships, Fumigation of, 149 Soci6t6 de Chimie Industrielle, 5, 246Obituary, 56, 129, 214, 261, 312, 367 Society of Chemical Industry, 229 Officers and Council, List of, 67 “Official Chemical Appointments,” Solicitors, 70 151, 275 “Some Lines of Advance,” 355 South Wales Section, 35, 46, 179, ‘‘ Optically Active Compounds, Mi- 291, 360 gration of HydrocarbonRadicles,” 153 Standards, British Chemical, 4 Standards, British, 5, 105, 160, 246, 309, 370Parliament (Science in), 337 Stono, 356 Patents, 5, 8, 205 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 270, Pedler Scholarship, 17, 105, 232 318, 328 Pharmacopeia Commission, 2 12, Students’ Section (Manchester), 290,370 359Poisons and Pharmacy Acts, 10, 27, Students, Registered, 14 147 Portland Cement, 370 “The Chemistry of Dairy Pro-Power Conference, World, 5, 212 ducts,” 360 Preservation of Stone and Timber, “The Formation of a Science Party 356 in Parliament,” 337President’s Address, 98 “The Significance to Chemists of Printing Industry, Science in, 53 the /Dielectric Constant of a“Probable Error, What is,” 104, Substance,” 331150, 232 Therapeutic Substances Act, 5 Professional Interests, 327 Public Analysis and Official Agri- Timber, 356 cultural Analysts, 4, 18, 328 Public Appointments Committee, 18 Voelcker, The late E. W., portrait,128Publications and Library Com-mittee, 4, 17 Water, 35, 342 “Water in its Relation to Public Ramsay Memorial Laboratory, 366 Health,” 342 .“Recent Advances in Animal Nu- Wellcome Research Institution, 364 trition,” 332 “What Chemical Industry to-day “Recent Advances in the Fermen- demands of its Chemists,” 41 tation Industries,” 328 “What Interpretation should be “Recent Improvements in Coal put on the Salary Statistics?” 338 Cleaning,” 47 “What is Probable Error ? ” 104, Register, 4, 59, 135, 219, 277, 314, 150, 282 372 World Power Conference, 5, 212

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9315500381

出版商:RSC    

年代:1931

数据来源: RSC