THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1928. PART I. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, February, 1928. Publications Committee, 1927-28 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Chairman), A RTHU R SM iTH ELLS (President), H. C. 1, BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, W. CLAYTON, W. M, CUMMING, J. C. DRUMMOND, LEWIS EYNON, 1. M. HEILBRON, H. H. HODGSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer), A. W. KNAPP, A. G. 0. LEONARD, THOMAS MACARA, 6. G. McLELLAN, FRANK SOUTHERDEN. R. THOMAS, D. F. TWISS J. A. WATSON. Report of the Council 1927-1 928) (To be submitted at the Pijtieth Annual General Meeting of the Institute, to be held on Thursday, 1st March, 1928.) In presenting this Report, the Council expresses its satisfaction at the completion of the fiftieth year of the Institute’s existence, which has been celebrated recently in London, under the Patronage of H.R.H.the Prince of Wales, and in several other important centres. The Council records its appreciation of the messages and expressions of goodwill which were received from many kindred societies and professional and technical bodies on the occasion, as well as of the attendance at the functions, not only of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, but also of members of the Societies and Institutions who were invited to participate in the celebrations.With the continued co-operation of Fellows and Associates, the Council is encouraged to look forward with increased con- fidence to the continued and steady progress of the Institute. The Council has recorded, in its minutes, its hearty congratula- tions to the President-Professor Arthur Smithells-on the great success of the Jubilee Celebration in London and its high appreciation of the services which he has rendered to the Institute, not only by the part which he has taken in the arrangements for the Celebration, but also by receiving the Guests and by presiding at the Jubilee Banquet. The Council has also recorded its sense of obligation to Mr. Pilcher, Mr. Collett, Miss Cawston, and the staff of the Institute for the whole-hearted manner in which they carried out the onerous duties involved in the organisation of the Jubilee Celebra- tion in London.The Council feels that without their labours, readily and loyally performed, the great success which has attended the event could not have been achieved. I. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. Since the publication of the last Report, the Council has elected 79 Fellows, of whom 64 were formerly Associates, and 278 new Associates, of whom 75 were Registered Students. 4 Three Students have been readmitted, and 131 new Students admitted. The Council records with regret the death of 18 Fellows, 7 Associates, and I Student. Fellows : Thomas Thompson Best. Benjamin Arthur Burrell. Arthur William Crossley, C.B.E., C.M.G., F.R.S.William Howarth Darling. Dugald George Fletcher. Frederick Bickell Guthrie. Thomas Featherstone Harvey. James Alfred Kendall. James David Kettle. John Robinson Leebody. Archibald Liversidge, F.R.S. James Mathew Petrie. Henry Richardson Procter, F.R.S. Henry James Bawtree Rawlins. William Horace Sodeau. Charles James Waterfall. Geoffrey Weyman. William Carleton Williams. Associates : Richard Burtles. James Fletcher. Mandala1 Jekisanlas Gajjar. Edward Neville Mottram. Reginald Charles Pakes, Lauchlan Macquarie Stewart. Montague Williams. Student : Stanley Ernest Pusey. The resignations of 5 Fellows, 39 Associates and 24 Students have been accepted, and the names of 22 Associates and 77 Students have been removed from the Register in accordance with the By-laws.The Register at this date contains the names of 1819 Fellows, 3,569 Associates, and 667 Registered Students. The number of members has increased by 202, and of Students has decreased by 43. 2. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES & REPRESENTATIVES. The Council has held 11meetings; the Committees, Board of Examiners and Sub-committees have held 73 meetings. 5 COMMITTEESAND CHAIRMEN. Appointments Register .. .. E. R. Bolton, V.-P. Benevolent Fund .. *. .. The Hon. Treasurer. Finance and House .. .. The Hon. Treasurer. Legal and Parliamentary .. E. R. Bolton, V.-P. The President. Nominations, Examinations and 5Institutions Committee .... Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Vice-Chairman. Public Appointments . . .. E. R. Bolton, V.-P. Publications .. .. .. J. F. Thorpe, V.-P. Joint Advisory Committee with the Board of Education .. The President. The Institute has been represented on various occasions as follows:-The President, at the Centenary Celebration of University College, London, June, 1927. The President, on the Executive Committee appointed to inquire into the relationship of technical education to other forrns of education and to industry and commerce. The President and Mr. William Macnab, on Committees of Selection in respect of certain official appointments in India. The President, with the Honorary Treasurer and Registrar, on the Sir George Beilby Memorial Committee.Professor J. F. Thorps, Vice-president, at the Celebration of the Centenary of the birth of Marcelin Berthelot, held in Paris in October, 1927. Dr. G. C. Clayton, M.P., Member of Council, introduced the deputation from the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts received by the Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry of Health in May, 1927, regarding the conditions of appointment of public analysts. The deputation consisted of Messrs. A. Chaston Chapman, Past President; E. Richards Bolton, Vice-president; F. W. F. Arnaud, Cecil H. Cribb, Edward Hinks, the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary. Dr. G. C. Clayton and the Registrar gave evidence before the Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts at the Home Office in April regarding the title Chemist.Mr. G. Nevi11 Huntly represented the Institute on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society. Dr. J. F. Tocher has represented the Institute on the Advisory Committee of the Home Office appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act, and has continued to serve on the Consultative Council of the Scottish Board of Health. Mr. Arthur R. Smith represented the Institute at the 7th Congress of the SociM de Chimie Industrielle held in Paris in October, 1927. Dr. Ernest Vanstone represented the Institute at the Conference of the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions held at Plymouth in June, 1927. 6 The following have served as representatives of the Institute at meetings connected with the British Engineering Standards Association :-Professor J.W. Cobb, at the Conference on the desirability of standardising Coal Analysis. Mr. Ronald G. Browning, on the Aircraft Dope Ingredients Committee. Mr. Arthur J. Chapman, on the Committee for the Standard- isation of Sieves and Screens used in various industries. Professor C. H. Desch, on the Sectional Committee on Cement, and the Sectional Committee on Slag Cement. Mr. F. W. Harbord, on the Sectional Committee on Cement. Dr. J. Watson on the Sub-committee on Sand-lime Bricks and the Sub-committee on Slag Cement. The Registrar has continued to serve on the Headmasters of Secondary Schools’ Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour.The Assistant Secretary has continued to serve on the Chemical Trades Advisory Committee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes; and has acted as Secretary of the Joint Committee on the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware. 4. FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. The accounts for the year 1927 are submitted with this Report. The aggregate amount received for subscriptions is higher by E230 13s. than that received for 1926, and the amount received for dividends and interest has increased by L65 12s. 3d. On the expenditure side, increases under “Printing and Postage” are due to extra publications, including (‘The Profession of Chemistry” and lectures which have been issued as separate monographs.The Jubilee Celebration expenses were met from funds in hand, without drawing on reserves. On the recom- mendation of the Finance and House Committee, the Council has sanctioned the payment of travelling expenses of Members of Council attending all meetings. The following is an approximate comparison of the finances of the Institute, apart from the legacy of Sir Alexander Pedler, at the close of the years 1926 and 1927:-f: L. d. f: s. d Balancefrom 1986 ... ... 908 11 3 Ralanceat endof 1927 ... 29 6 6 Value of Investments Value of Investments Dec. 31. 1956... ... ... 15,927 1 6 at end of 1927 ... ... ... 17,165 0 0Redemption Fund ... 750 16 8 Redemption Fund ... ... 8$1 3 0Accounts due to the Institute 100 I 0 Accounts due ...... ... 13 0 6 17,636 10 5 18.:2? 12 0 Less Liabilities .,. ... 632 17 3 Less Liabilities ... .. 179 6 0 17.0,54 13 2 Appreciation during 1927 ... 294 12 10 SL7.349 6 0 g17.349 6 0 7 The amount due for investment during 1927 (entrance fees and life compositions) was Egm 8s. 6d., and the amount actually invested was E964 13s., to which may be added the Redemption Fund Premium, 751108s. 4d., making a total of Ero75 IS. 4d. A statement regarding the legacy of Sir Alexander Pedler, which the Council is glad to report has now been received in full, is shown separately. With one exception, the investments transferred to the Institute in this connection have been realised at slightly more than the price at the time of allotment, and the proceeds have been invested in Trustee stocks.The Council again records its sense of obligation for the kindly thought which prompted the late Sir Alexander Pedler to make this bequest to the Institute. The premises of the Institute have been maintained in good condition. 5. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE, The Benevolent Fund Committee, in submitting the state- ment of accounts for 1927,gratefully acknowledges the contribu- tions received during the year. The contributions received on Current Account amounted to E464 6s. 6d., compared with 75473 4s.8d.in 1926;but although the total was slightly less, the Annual Subscriptions showed an increase of 7548 8s. 2d. The amount received in Donations for Annuities Account, moreover, showed an increase of 7559 5s.Id., compared with that received in 1926,and the contributions of all kinds received in 1927 were E50 6s. IId. more than in 1926, apart from the legacy of &o received under the will of Mr. Alexander Watt. The total sum disbursed in grants during 1927 amounted to 75245 11s. zd., compared with E346 4s. 7d. in the previous year. The loans granted amounted to 4127,as compared with 15125,and annuitants received Ez14, compared with E52, the grants previously made to widows and dependents having been taken from the Current Account. It will be seen, therefore, that whereas the total con- tributions, including the legacy mentioned, showed an increase of EIOO 6s. IId., disbursements of all kinds showed an increase of 7563 6s.7d. It will be noted also that the assets of the Fund have improved to the extent of k386 3s. 3d. A sum of E52 has been returned on Loans Accounts. While this record cannot be regarded as unsatisfactory the 8 Benevolent Fund Committee feels that the financial position of the Fund should be on a more satisfactory basis, and has, there- fore, made an appeal that the celebration of the Jubilee of the Institute should be marked by a special effort, and has asked all Fellows and Associates-who have not already done so-to become annual subscribers of 5s. or 2s. 6d., unless they can spare more, in order that a substantial regular income may be assured. The Committee again expresses its appreciation of group collec- tions, such as have been received from Sections and from the staffs of laboratories where several members are employed.From the Annuities Account, provision is now being made for the assistance of one aged Fellow, as indicated above, and for three widows of members, and two aged sisters of a deceased Fellow. Several members who have been helped while they were without employment have now obtained appointments. In the present year the Committee hopes to be able to make allowances for the education of several children of deceased Fellows and Associates. The Council gratefully records that, subject to certain life interests, the Benevolent Fund of the Institute will eventually receive the sum of -&400under the Will of the late Professor W.Carleton Williams. 6. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE. Pending the publication of the Report of the Inter-Depart- mental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts, the Council is requested to postpone the publication of its proceedings with regard to the memorandum forwarded to the Committee, or of the evidence given before the Committee by Dr. G. C. Clayton and the Registrar, on behalf of the Institute, in April last, on the use of the title “Chemist.” In view of the possible bearing of the subject of the representation to the Committee on the question of Registration, the Council has postponed the further consideration of that matter. 7. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE. The Committee-i.e. the Council in Committee-has held 11 meetings and has dealt with 626 applications and many preliminary enquiries.In addition to the candidates examined for Associateship and Fellowship scheduled below, many 9 candidates have been interviewed and examined orally by a Sub-Committee or by Local Interviewing Committees to whom the Council is indebted for reports. Records of research, or of inventions, received in connection with applications, have been referred to special Assessors. The Council also thanks the Advisory Committee in India for reports on applications received from the Indian Empire. A summary of the applications, with the decisions of the Council thereon, is given below:- Applications for Admission to the Studentship : Accepted (including re-admitted) Declined .... .. *. .. .. .. .. .. .. 134 3 - Total . . .. .. .. .. .. 137 - Applications for Admission to Examination for the Associateship : (I.Accepted .. .. .. .* .. 65 Declined .. .. .. ** .. .. .. 2 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 -Applications for Election to the Associateship : Accepted (including those examined) .. .. 278 Declined .. .. .. *. .. .. 8 Referred for Examination .. *. .. .. 21 -Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 307 -Applications for Admission to Examination for the Fellowship : f.Accepted .. .. .. .. .. -26 Applications from Associates for Election to the Fellowship : Accepted (including those examined) .. .. 64 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9-Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 73 Applications from Non-Associates for Election to the Fellowship : Accepted (including those examined) .... 15 Declined .. .. .. *. .. .. .. 1 -Total . . *. .. *. ,. , . 16 10 EXAMINATIONS.-EXain;ttiOnS were held in April and September, 1927,and in January, 1928. SUMMARYOF RESULTS. Associateship : EXAMINED.PASSED. (Present Regulations) General Chemistry .. .. .. 6ii 23 Fellowship i Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry . . 2 2 Branch D. Biochemistry .. .. 2 2 Branch E. Chemistry( andMicroscopy) of Food and Drugs .. 23 13 Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry . . 2 2 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry .. 2 2 Chemical Technology of Textiles . . 1 1 Chemistry of Foods .. .. .. 1 1 Chemistry and Microscopy of Food and Drugs ..*. .. .. *. 1 1 Oils and Fats ,. .. .. .. 1 1 Oral in General Chemistry .. .. 1 1 Fuel Technology .. .. .. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to Fellows who have acted as additional examiners or have assisted the Board of Examiners, to Assessors who have examined papers submitted in connection with applications, and also to the authorities of the Royal School of Mines, London, the Univer- sities of Manchester and Reading, Heriot-Watt College, Edin- burgh, Central Technical College, Birmingham, University College, Natal, Victoria University College, Wellington, N.Z., and to Professor W. H. Roberts, for the use of laboratories and examination rooms. The Derby Technical College and the Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle-on-Tyne, have been added to the list of institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the examinations of the Institute. The MELDOLA MEDAL for 1927 has been awarded to Juda Hirsch Quastel, DSc.(Lond.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), A.R.C.S., Associate, and will be presented at the Annual General Meeting. The SIR EDWARD MEDAL and PRIZEhas been FRANKLAND awarded to Malcolm Gillies, of the University of Glasgow. 11 8. PUBLICATIONS (AND LIBRARY) COMMITTEE. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShas been published as usual in six parts, containing Proceedings of the Council, reports of meetings of Local Sections, with abstracts of many of the papers read before them, Reports on the Examinations, and matters of professional interest. Part I included the Report of Council for 1926 with the financial statements for that year, the revised Regulations for the admission of Fellows, and the Report on the January Examinations.Part 11, the report of the Annual General Meeting, with the address of the retiring President (Professor Henderson) ; Part I11, particulars of the Deputation to the Ministry of Health regarding conditions of appoint-ments of public analysts as affected by recent legislation and regulations, particulars of official chemical appointments overseas , the British Standards Specifications and Reports likely to be of general chemical interest, and the Report on the April-May Examinations; Part IV, the Report on the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry, 1927, and the views for- warded by the Council to the Departmental Committee of the Board of Education for Examinations for part-time Students ; Part V, the Report on the September-October Examinations; and Part VI, a report on the action taken respecting the new Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act.Other publications of the Institute during the year were :-Mr. A. Chaston Chapman’s lecture on “The Growth of the Pro- fession of Chemistry during the past Half-Century,” given before the Institute in March; the sixth edition of “Official Chemical Appointments”; Mr. Alec M. Cameron’s lecture on “Fire Risks in Industry,” given before the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section in March; the second (revised edition) of “The Profession of Chemistry”; Mr.S. M. Gluckstein’s lecture on “Chemists and Dividends,” given before the London and South Eastern Coun- ties Section in October; the Tenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, delivered by Mr. 0. F. Bloch in November, before the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute and former Students of Finsbury Technical College, the subject being “The Chemist in the Photographic Industry”; and the special brochure containing the Report of the Jubilee Celebration. The Council records its appreciation of the privilege of the continued use of the Library of the Chemical Society by Fellows, Associates and Registered Students. The Council has made a 12 further contribution of i250 towards the maintenance of the Library of the Society. The Council expresses its thanks to authors, publishers and others who have presented books and journals to the Library of the Institute.Manuscripts of many of the lectures delivered before Local Sections have been filed at the Institute, with the concurrence of the lecturers, and are available for perusal by Fellows and Associates. The Institute’s collection of lantern slides has been frequently drawn upon by members desirous of giving lectures on various phases of the history of chemistry, and a considerable selection has been shown at lectures given by the Registrar before the Institution of Professional Civil Servants and before the Newcastle and North-East Coast Section. The Institute has received Mr. Alexander Watt’s bequest of a collection of photographic negatives of title-pages, pictures and portraits, from books on alchemy, chemistry and early science, from some of which further lantern slides will be prepared and added to the Institute’s collection. 9.PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. Regarding the conditions of appointments of public analysts, a full report of the deputation from the Institute received by the Rt. Hon. Sir H. Kingsley Wood, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health, on 6th April, has been published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS(Part 111, 1927, pp. 135-141). The Public Appointments Committee and the Council regret that the Ministry was unable to modify its view that it could not intervene in questions affecting the remuneration of public analysts, and are therefore taking steps, with the help of a Sub- Committee especially appointed for the purpose, to bring the matter before the Royal Commission on Local Government.A memorandum has been prepared for submission to the Royal Commission, and will be supported, if necessary, by evidence given by representatives of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts. The main points raised in the memorandum are summarised as follows:-(a) That not merely the appointment and removal, but also the terms and conditions of the appointment (including 13 specifically the terms of remuneration), of a public analyst should be subject to the approval of the Minister of Health. (These powers might be conferred on the Minister if an Exchequer grant were contributed to the remuneration of the public analyst as in the case of the medical officer of health and the sanitary inspector.) That no appointment already made or to be made should be determined without the consent of the Minister of Health, notwithstanding that certain authorities appear to have made agreements outside the terms of the Acts.That when any alteration affecting the appointment of a public analyst is proposed to be introduced by the local authority the public analyst shall be entitled to appeal direct to the Minister of Health whose decision shall be binding. That when “Regulations” are made by the Minister of Health, having the efiect of increasing the work of the public analyst, provision shall be made for a corre-sponding increase in his remuneration.That Section IZ* of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, be amended in order to provide that the balance of the fee above 10s. Gd.-for the purpose of this Section -be paid by the local authority. That public analysts who hold part-time appointments should have the opportunity of participating in the Superannuation Scheme adopted by their local au-thorities. * Any purchaser of an article of food or of a drug in any place being a district, county, city or borough where there is any analyst appointed under this or any Act hereby repealed shall be entitled, on payment to such analyst of a sum not exceeding ten shillings and sixpence, or if there be no such analyst then acting for such place, to the analyst of another place, of such sum as may be agreed upon between such person and the analyst, to have such article analysed by such analyst, and to receive from him a certificate of the result of his analysis.Particulars regarding the action taken, in view of the ney legislation provided by the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1926, with reference to the duties and remuneration of Official Agricultural Analysts, were given in the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, Part VI (pp. 25g-zG1). 14 The Committee has also made representations to the authori- ties concerned with certain other appointments and with the conditions of employment of chemists in the Beet Sugar In- dus try.10. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. An abstract of the Report of the Assessors on the Exarnina- tions for National Certificates in England and Wales, 1927,was published in Part IV of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Examinations for National Certificates have also been held in conjunction with the Scottish Education Department. No Examinations for National Certificates have yet been held under the arrangements made with the Ministry of Education for Northern Ireland. 11. LOCAL SECTIONS. The activities of the Sections have been reported in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.Many interesting discussions have been held and many papers of importance have been read at meetings arranged by the Sections both independently and in conjunction with the respective local sections of other Societies.The Jubilee Celebrations held by the Sections, at which many guests, in addition to the President or other officers of the Institute, have been entertained, have been highly successful and well reported in the press. The President has visited the Sections at Birmingham, Bristol, Glasgow, Liverpool, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and Swansea. Professor J. F. Thorpe, Vice-president ,has visited the Leeds Area Section. Dr. Harold G. Colman and Mr. Ernest M. Hawkins, Vice- Presidents, have visited the Birmingham Section. The Registrar has visited the Birmingham and Newcastle-on- Tyne and North-East Coast Sections, and has called upon officers and members of several other sections during the year. The Assistant Secretary has visited Sections at Bristol and Glasgow.The Students’ Association (London) has continued its pro- ceedings under the presidency of Professor Smithells, President of the Institute, and lately under that of Mr. E. Richards Bolton, Vice-president of the Institute. 15 12. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries for help rendered to the Institute during the year. Dr. William Arthur Hargreaves has accepted office as Honor- ary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute in South Australia, in the place of the late Professor E. H. Rennie. 13. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER. At the beginning of 1927, the profession, in common with others, was still suffering from the industrial troubles of 1926, and there was a sharp rise in the number of members of the Institute unemployed; but since Mav the number has again fallen slightly.At the date of this Report the information available shows that g Fellows and 95 Associates are without employment, as compared with 18 Fellows and 74 Associates in January, 1927. However, as the membership of the Institute has increased by 202, it appears that chemists are still being steadily absorbed, although the number of unemployed members is still a matter of serious concern. The scheme for the further advertisement of the facilities afforded by the Appointments Register has been in operation for over a year, and, although it has as yet produced little ap- parent result, will be continued in the hope that the position will improve during the coming year.30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON,W.C.l. 27th January, 1928. 16 REPORT OF AUDITORS. We hereby report that we have examined the books and accounts of the Institute of Chemistry for the year ended 31st December, 1927, and have compared with the vouchers the entries therein, and certify that the following statements are correct as shown by the books. Certificates from the Bank of England and the Westminster Bank, Ltd., for investments held by them respectively for the Institute at the above date have been produced. CHARLESE. BARRS Hon. Agditors, WALTER P. HARMSWORTH 1927-1928.1 DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accomtant, 16th JanGary, 1928. BENEVOLENT FUND.I hereby report that I have also examined the books and accounts of the Benevolent Fund and certify the statement as correct and in accordance therewith. DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered A ccowtfa&. 16th January, 1928. ~~~ 1926. 1926. 1927. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. 5 a. d. 908 11 3 Balance . . .. .. 29 6 6 Subscriptions received in 1 €3,000 Victoria 5% In-advance-2.880 0 0 scribed Stock, 193545. 2,970 0 0 75 12 0 Fellows’ €67 4 0 :::i €1,000 New Zealand 4% 67 12 3 Associates’ 67 2 0~ 1InscribedStock, 1929 .. 980 0 0 2 15 0 Students’ 1 0 0 €700 Canada 34% Regis- 135 6 0 teredstock, 1930-50 .. 574 0 0 172 14 6 Applications in abeyance 266 3 6~1 E500 Metropolitan 3% Con- Fees retained (1925-27) 405 0 0 1 solidated Stock ..367 10 0 less reduction for fees 1 €500 Great Western Railway 97 13 0 forfeited .. .. 72 9 0 250 0 0 1 29% Debenturestock .. 255 0 0 75 0 0 Rent outstanding .. 76 0 0 1 €500 London Midland and 140 10 6 Accountsrenderedanddue 46 8 3 Scottish Railway 5% Re-Jubilee Celebrations :-deemable Preference Stock Outstanding Account .. 40 0 0 470 0 0 1955 .. 440 0 0 Due to Sir Alexander €1,145 London Midland and Pedler Legacy Ac-Scottish Railway 4% count .. .. 143 19 3 847 11 6 Preference Stock .. 864 16 0 Excess of Assets over c1! €4,000 5% War Loan, 1929- Liabilities, 31st Decem- 4.1 4,020 0 0 47InscribedStock ..4,050 0 0 17,054 13 2 ber, 1927 .. .. 17,349 6 01 €500 War Savings Certifi- 0.cates .. . . 593 15 0 €1,000 National War Bonds, 1,::: 1: : 1929, Series 4 .. .. 1,050 0 0 €5,000 Conversion 3&y0 3,750 0 0 Stock .. .. ..3,850 0 0 *€ 1,000 Conversion 44 % Stock . . .. .. 967 10 0 100 1 0 Sundry Accounts due .. 73 0 6 §Redemption Fund Pre-750 16 8 mium .. .. .. 861 5 0 Streatfeild Memorial Fund : €200 5% War Loan, 1929- 201 0 0 47InscribedStock .. 202 10 0 ._~----517,686 10 5 $18,128 12 0 I 517,686 10 5 f;18,128 12 0 ~~ 18 THE lNSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 19 Founded 1877. Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1885. OF RECEIPTSAND EXPENDITURE 1927.STATEMENT FOR THE YEARENDED 31s~DECEMBER, GENERAL ACCOUNT 1926. RECEIPTS. € s. d. $ s. d. 1926. EXPENDITURE. S s. d. S s. d. € s. d. Subscriptions--$ s.d. Printing, Stationery, etc. 443 19 4 Journal, Part VI., 1926; Parts I-V., 1927 483 5 02,717 19 0 Fellows’ .. .. .. 2,733 11 6 ---‘‘The Profession of Chemistry ” . . 211 2 54,856 12 0 Associates’ .. .. 5,078 17 6 303 3 0 Other Printing, Stationery, etc. .. 445 7 7 334 5 0 Students’ .. .. 327 0 0 1,139 16 0 Postage-8,139 9 0 173 16 3 Journal .......... 200 10 2Dividends and Interest- 364 13 11 Ordinary .......... 493 4 6 (€774 I 6) Gross .. 868 0 0 623 14 7 (€103 3 8) LessTax 131 9 11 315 3 2 Register, 1927 .. .. .. ,. 315 3 2 923 18 10 Rent,Rates, Taxes, Insurance and Telephone 931 7 7 670 17 10 736 10 1 212 1 5 Official Chemical Appointments (One-third) 193 18 8 18 3 9 Sale of Publications .. .. .. .. 28 11 5 360 1 0 Repairs, House and Furniture .... 336 0 4 4,277 13 9 Salaries, Wages and Gratuities .. .. 4,457 10 4831 Sundry Receipts .. .. .. .. 216 2 96 1 9 Advertisements .. .. .. .. 192 16 6 649 5 0 Hire of Laboratories and Rooms .. .. 692 19 0 352 6 10 Gas, Water, Light and Fuel .. . . 380 7 8 .. 765 9 0 568 12 4 Examiners, Assessors and Assistants (Fees 692 15 0 Examination and Assessment Fees and Expenses) .. .. .. .. 640 13 5266 9 6 Appointments Register .. .. .. 244 15 0 183 11 2 Apparatus and Materials . . .. .. 168 19 11 136 16 10 Advertisements in Journal .. .. .. 102 7 8 308 3 3 Library (including €250 to Chemical Society) 282 4 0 336 17 5 Local Sections .. .. .. .. 312 5 7 29 8 0 Donations .. .. .. .. .. 15 5 0 83 2 7 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. 70 18 4 150 18 7 Officers’ Travelling Expenses, Fares, etc... 154 14 5 36 15 0 Auditor’s Honorarium .. .. .. 31 10 0 70 4 Lectures and Lantern Slides .. .. 82 4 6 194 6 11 Members of Council Travelling Expenses 192 0 9 171 15 9 Staff Assurance . . .. .. .. 190 18 8 $10,351 7 0 ;E10,712 17 4 €9,956 14 3 $10.712 8 4 Balance 31st December 1926-36 15 6 Application Fees returned on 1926 Account 30 19 6 470 10 6 Current .. .. .. 361 5 11 110 8 4 ltedemption Fund Premium .. .. 110 8 4 Deposit .. .. .. 500 0 0 Purchase of Stock-Plus Half of Register, 1927. . 315 3 2 940 17 G $1,000 4+% Conversion Stock .. .. 964 13 0 212 1 5 PZm One-third “O.C.A.” ---17 15 0 Office Equipment . . .. .. .. 3 15 0 1,176 9 1 ---Frankland Medal (part-payment) .. .. 25 0 0 Pundsfor Investment-Jubilee Celebration Expenses .. ..822 10 3 806 8 0 Entrance Fees .. .. 858 18 0 Jubilee Honoraria to Staff .. .. .. 55 15 0 61 19 I Life Compositions .. .. 63 10 6 Balance 31st December, 1927:-143 19 I Interest on Legacy of Sir A, ’ 408 11 Current . . .. .. 29 6 6 Pedler .. .. .. --_ 500 0 Deposit .. .. .. ---922 8 6 315 3 i Half of Register, 1927 .. ---Pees on applications in abeyance- ---Two-thirds “O.C.A.,” 1928-29 387 17 498 14 I Fellowship .. .. .. 140 14 0 417 3 10 74 0 t Associateship .. .. 125 9 6 266 3 6 19 19 c Fees retained .. .. .. .. 16 16 0 25 13 1I Meldola Library Fund .. 25 13 11 21 11 5 Streatfeild Fund (Interest :$8) 29 11 5 k?8ExpeIlS0s .. .. 766 22 4 11 213,142 13 3 €12,286 4 I $13,142 13 3 Sir Alexander Pedler Legacy Account.Investment Account. Receipts. Expenditure. $ 8. d. € s. d. By Sale o -€240 Deferred Stock Peninsula and Oriental 630 6 9 184 Ordinary Shares Lungla Tea (Syhlet) Co.,LM. .. .. .. .. .. .. 290 18 0 126 Ordinary Shares Nedeem Tea Co., Ltd.. . 413 7 9 By Cash received from Executors . . .. 579 19 2 By Cash received from Executors (final settle- I.ment) .. .. .. ** 98 3 9 .(IBy Dividends . . .. .. .. 107 19 3 To Purchase of Stock-€1,200 39% Conversion Stock .. .. .. .. 921 2 0 $1,000 34% Converaion Stock .. .. .. .. 763 4 6 €290 44% Conversion Stock .. .. .. .. 279 17 6 Accountants’ Fees on settlement of legacy .. .. 45 0 0 Balance on Deposit .. .. .. .. .. .. 121 10 8 €2,120 14 8€2,120 14 8 Value of holding of Securities at 31st December, 1927-E s.d. €100 Great Western Railway 5% Consolidated Preference Stock.. .. .. .. ,. .. .. .. 99 0 0 $900 Royal &€ailSteam Packet Ordinary Stock . . .. 661 10 0 $2,350 4*% Conversion Stock .. .. .. .. 2,273 12 6 €2,200 33% Conversion Stock .. .. .. .. 1,694 0 0 $4,728 2 6 Due from Institute on 1926 Account .. .. .. 143 19 3 Balance on Deposit .. .. .. .... .. 121 10 8 €4,993 12 5 BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for the year ended 31st Dec., 1927. Account. 1926 € s. d. 290 5 7 Subscriptions .. .. .. .. 232 19 3 346 4 7 Grants . . .. *. *. .. 245 11 2 182 19 1 Annual Subscriptions .. .. .. 231 7 3 20 16 5 Printing, etc. .. .. .. .. 23 9 3 74 0 0 Balance of Loans (see below) ..75 0 0 103 7 0 Balance at 31st December, 1927 .. 30 2 1 --I 344 18 6 Transferred to Annuity Account .. 193 11 0 €889 6 6 $567 13 6 $289 6 6 $567 13 6 Loans Account. $ s. d. € s. d. 51 0 0 Loans repaid ,. .. .. .. 52 0 0 125 0 0 Loans .. .. .. .. .. 127 0 0 2 74 0 0 ' Dr. Balance deducted from Current Account .. .. .. .. 75 0 0 €125 0 0 $127 0 0 €125 0 0 €127 0 0 Annuities Account. € s. d. e 8. d. 77 8 3 Balance, 31st December, 1926 . . 51 9 10 52 0 0 Annuities .. .. .. .. 214 0 0 182 16 8 Donations .. .. .. .. 242 1 9 558 3 3 Purchase of Stock .. . . .. 386 11 6 56 9 8 Dividends and Interest . . .. 69 14 2 51 9 10 Balance, 31st December, 1927 .. 653 ---Legacy (late A. Watt) .. .. 50 0 0 344 18 6 Transi'erred from Current Account .. 193 11 0 €661 13 1 $606 16 9 €661 13 1 f606 16 9 -ir Bmevoient Fund: Statement of Assets and Liabilities, 31st Dec., 1 927. I $ s. d. I E s. d. ~450 0 0 ' Loansoutstanding .. .. .. 525 0 0 20 0 0 Printing (estimated) . . 1 Balances at Bank- 450 0 0 1 Loans .. .. .. 5iii 0 .. 0 22 0 0 18 7 0 Current . . . . .. . . 13 13 8 83 7 0 Excessof Liabilitiesover 1.85 0 0 Deposit .. .. .. ---Aasets .. 1€553 7 0 $538 13 8 $553 7 0 i '5 Loans Account: 1920-1 927. f: 8. d. E 8. d. 567 0 0 Loans .. .. .. .. .. 694 0 0 117 0 0 Loans repaid .. .. .. .. 169 0 0 450 0 0 Loans outstanding .. .. .. 525 0 0 €667 0 0 4694 0 0 $567 0 0 $694 0 0 4 Annuities 4ccou nt. ,..SSETS. IABILITIES. € 8. d. € s. d. 539 6 i €533 19s.10d. India 5+% 1932 at 1352 16 T Excess of Assets over Liabilities, 31st 1014.. .. 542 0 0 December, 1927 .. .. .. 1738 19 10 210 0 t $200 Nat. Wai'Bonds; Ssrie's.4, 1929 at 105 .. 210 0 0 212 10 I $250 4% Funding L&, 1960/90 at 88& .. *. .. 220 12 6 339 10 I €350 S. Austrek 5y0'i945/75 at 98. . 343 0 0 ---$400 44% Conversion Stock at 969. . 387 0 0 42 9 I( Balance at Bank, 31st December 1927 19 18 11 90( Balance in hand . . .. .. 16 8 5 €1352 16 €1738 19 10 €1352 16 ; €1738 19 10 23 Proceedings of the Council. DECEMBER, 1927--JANUARY, 1928. Nomination of the Council, 1 928-1 929.-The ballotinglist for the election of the Officers, Council and Censors at the Annual General Meeting on the 1st March has been prepared and issued to Fellows and Associates.Members should return their voting papers to the Secretary so that they be received at the Institute not later than 4.30 p.m. on Wednesday, 29th February. Dr. L. E. Campbell and Mr. T. W. Glass have been appointed Scrutineers for this election. Public Appointments.-The Council has represented to the Appointments Department of the Colonial Office that the remuneration offered in respect of the appointment of Govern- ment Analyst and Bacteriologist for Cyprus was not adequate for a position of such responsibility. The salary scale was ~400--~20-fT600. Although the conditions indicated that the selected candidate might be offered an initial salary at any point in the scale up to the maximum, the Council felt that the emoluments should be substantially improved in order to attract and retain the services of an officer of the right stamp and thus to ensure efficient administration. The Council has also addressed a letter to the Town Clerk of Leeds with regard to the proposed appointment of a City Analyst, at a salary of L650 per annum, to work under the administrative control of the Medical Oflicer of Health, the appointment being terminable by a month’s notice on either side.The Council of the Institute submitted for the consideration of the City Council the following views:-That the position of City Analyst was one of such importance and responsibility that the conditions attaching to it should be such as would attract candidates of the highest ability, standing and experience.In view of the fact that the candidate was required to act as City Analyst as well as Public Analyst it was clear that, over 24 and above the seven years necessary to obtain the qualifications referred to, he should have had wide experience in many matters outside the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. In these circumstances, the Council of the Institute, seeing that the City Analyst was debarred from private consulting practice, considered the proposed salary inadequate for the post. The Council observed that it was proposed that the person appointed should work under the administrative control of the Medical Officer of Health, but pointed out that the public analyst and the Medical Officer of Health were drawn from two distinct professions and that their duties were distinct in their nature. The City Council, moreover, would be advised by the City Analyst on matters relating to contracts for materials in connection with public works, etc., which would not come within the purview of a Medical Officer.The Council therefore suggested that the public analyst should not occupy a position in any sense subordinate to that of the Medical Officer, who, apart from the possibility of his being required to see that samples were taken under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, was not required to take any further part in their administration. The supervision of the taking of samples under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts might be entrusted to medical officers, sanitary inspectors or police, but since the Act declares that those who take such samples are to submit them to the public analyst if they suspect them to have been sold contrary to the Act, it was clearly not the intention that such officers should take any part in the actual analysis of such samples or be in any way responsible for the reports thereon.Further, the Council of the Institute urged that the proposal to make the appointment terminable by a month’s notice on either side was contrary to practice in the profession of chemistry, wherein notice of not less than six months for appointments of such a responsible character was usual. In the case of a public analyst the period of appointment and removal was subject to the approval of the Ministry of Health, and it would be apparent to the City Council that reasonable security of tenure was essential in the interests of the proper administration of the adulteration Acts.Finally, the Council of the Institute asked that the City Council would give further serious consideration to the terms and conditions of the proposed appointment before proceeding with the matter. 25 The Council has since been informed by the City Council of Leeds that it is proposed that, subject to the concurrence of the analyst appointed, the period of notice shall be three months. Method of Election of Council.-The Council has con- sidered the resolutions of the North-East Coast Executive Committee regarding the advisability of electing Members of Council by district alone and of making provision for the election of Associates to the Council.In view of the tenor of the majority of the communciations received from the Sections on these pro- posals, the Council does not feel called upon to recommend any alteration in the By-laws relating to the election of the Council or to support a proposal to amend the Charter in order to provide for the election of Associates to the governing body of the Institute. Pu b1ications.-The Report of the Jubilee Celebration of the Institute held in London on 14th and 15th December was issued to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students at the end of January. Mr. Bloch’s lecture on “The Chemist in the Photographic Industry” was issued at the same time.It is hoped that the new edition of the Register of the Institute will be ready for publication in April. British Engineering Standards.-The Council has for- warded a second donation of twenty-five guineas to the funds of the British Engineering Standards Association. Seventh International Congress of Photography, July, 1928.-Mr. E. R. Bolton, Vice-president, has been appointed delegate, of the Institute, on the organising Committee of the Seventh International Congress of Photography. Salary Statistics.--Fellows and Associates will recollect that in August last, a questionnaire was issued inviting them to give (in confidence) information with regard to their salaries and conditions of employment.This procedure was previously adopted in 1919 and 1920,and the summarised statistics thus rendered available were found of value both to chemists and to employers. In October last, a statement was published in the JOURNAL that about a thousand replies had been received, but that it was thought advisable to extend the time for making 26 returns. However, even now, only 1264fonns, representing only 24 per cent. of the membership, have been received. In these circumstances, the Committee does not recommend the publication of the results, as it is considered that any statement based on such an incomplete return is of very little use and is liable to be misleading. Generally speaking, it may be said that, while many of the junior members of the profession are in receipt of rather small salaries, i.e., of the order of &so-E3oo per annum, those with good experience, say between 35 and 40 years of age, have made returns showing a decided average improvement (fl50-flroo) on the figures given in 1921, for the same period of life.With regard to the conditions of employment, the information given as to restraint and the publication of papers, and the recognition of inventions and improvements, shows so great a variety of practice that it is impossible to deduce any definite generalisations, and the report published in the JOURNAL, Part I, 1921,holds good at the present time with regard to these and other matters. Chemists are engaged at definite salaries or with salaries and fluctuating bonus; some are permitted to supple- ment their incomes by undertaking other work.Many contracts contain a clause restraining chemists from practising in a similar branch of industry for a definite period, usually from one to three years, and in many such cases provision is made for compensating the chemist during a period of enforced inactivity. Some employers forbid any publication of scientific work. Others are disposed to encourage publication. The period of annual leave varies from 2 to 6 weeks, and the period of ‘‘notice ” is frequently indefinite, many chemists having been engaged without definite contracts. The Council wishes to thank Fellows and Associates who assisted the investigation by sending in replies and is considering the advisability of asking for a further return on a simpler form. 27 Local Sections.Belfast and District.-The Committee of the Section, on learning that a county authority in Northern Ireland proposed to appoint as public analyst a candidate who did not possess the qualifications hitherto recognised for such appointments, addressed the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Northern Ireland, on the matter. The Committee understands that the Ministries willuphold the standard of qualifications required for appointments of this character. At the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, on 26th January, Mr. J. Carroll Culbert gave a lecture before the Sec- tion on “The Sale of Potent Drugs.” Dr. W.H. Gibson presided. The lecturer gave a historical sketch of the development of pharmacy and the growth of the regulations governing the sale of drugs. In this country, he said, powerful drugs could be sold by persons who are not qualified pharmacists. As a means of preventing their coming into the hands of people, who might use them indiscriminately, he suggested the formu-lation of a schedule of potent drugs, the sale of which would be confined to qualified sellers, and the further restriction , in the case of toxic drugs, to the prescription of medical men only. Mr. Culbert next referred to the flooding of the country with German-made medicines, and deprecated the indiscrimi- nate advertising of drugs and patent medicines, which, he said, might lead weak-minded people to acquire the habit of using them for imaginary ills.Birmingham and Midlands.-The Jubilee of the Institute was celebrated by the Section at a Dinner, held jointly with the local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists, at the Queen’s Hotel, Binning-ham, on 2rst January. 28 The Chair was occupied by Prof. A. R. Ling, and the guests included Dr. H. G. Colman and Mr. E. M. Hawkins, Vice-Presi- dents of the Institute, Sir Charles Grant Robertson, Vice-Chan- cellor of the University of Birmingham, and Sir Richard Threlfall. After the loyal Toasts had been honoured, Prof. Ling proposed the Toast of the evening-" The Institute of Chemistry." The Institute had celebrated its Jubilee in London, where the Section had been represented by Mr.A. W. Knapp, and the Birmingham Section also wished to celebrate the event. Referring briefly to the history of the Institute, he said that fifty years ago it became plain that if chemistry were to be recognised by the public and the Government as a learned profession, a registration body should be formed, and this gave rise to the birth of the Institute, which was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1885. The aim and object of the Institute had been, from the first, to effect a union between the many branches of the science; it had worked hand in hand with the Universities in ensuring that its members had secured the educational training necessary to maintain their status as professional men.Its function was that of an examining and registration body; the teaching of the science was thus left to the Universities. The Institute had most certainly justified its existence. Eleven years from its foundation there were 685 Fellows and 83 Associates on the register; to-day there were more than 5300 Fellows and Asso-ciates, in addition to 700 students. One of its founders and its first President was that great pioneer of chemistry, Prof.- afterwards Sir Edward-Frankland, and since then the office of President had been divided equally between the professorial and professional members. He concluded with an appeal that, for the common weal of the profession, any ladies and gentlemen, engaged in any branch of chemistry, who had not yet become members of the Institute, should take the necessary steps to join it; they owed it to themselves and to their fellow workers.Dr. H. G. Colman, responding, spoke of the great pioneer work of past leaders, among them some well-known Birmingham names, such as Sir William Tilden and Prof. Percy Frankland. He hoped that the fifty years now being celebrated were only the beginning of a long life; the difficulties to-day were not so great as those of our predecessors, but our best efforts were still necessary if Chemistry were to achieve the position it ought to hold in the country. There was a danger that specialisation 29 might involve a split into specialist groups.The subject was becoming so complex that each group had a language of its own; not only did the general public fail to understand the language of the chemist, but even his fellow worker in a different branch had the same difficulty. Repudiating the charge that as a professional body, chemists were selfish, he pointed out that the Institute always inculcated duty to others, and that a necessary corollary of this was the duty of the chemist to himself. Dr. D. H. Ingall, Principal of the Wednesbury Technical College, then proposed the Toast of “Kindred Societies,” and dwelt on the need for all branches of the sciences to realise their interdependence. Sir Richard Threlfall responded to thisToast in humorous vein. The toast of “The Visitors” was then proposed by Mr.W. T. Collis, Vice-chairman of the Society of Chemical Industry, and Sir Charles Grant Robertson rose in reply. He emphasised the importance of a proper realisation of the value of the work done by men of science and of a correct scale of values in the mind of the nation. He recalled an advertisement which appeared soon after the outbreak of war in 1914;fully qualified research chemists were wanted at Woolwich Arsenal at a wage of Ez 0s. 6d. per week, while mechanics were offered E.5 per week. Subsequent events showed that it would have been advantageous if some persons in high authority had known a little science; later on, when they came to the chemists to get them out of the mess, the chemists did not fail them.The function of the University was not only the provision of a proper training for entry to the professions, and to carry out original investigations, but also to show the nation what was being done in order that they might appreciate the effect on the national life. It was of primary importance that the nation should realise what the brain workers were doing for them ; without this realisation we should not make the scientific progress we ought to make, and we should not make the best of our best men. In Binning- ham, chemistry had always had an important place, and he believed that Birmingham was making a worthy contribution to the advancement of science. Musical items were contributed by Mr. Clifford Ball, Miss Miriam Palmer and Mr.D. L. Woodhouse, and at the conclusion of the proceedings, the health of the Chairman, proposed by Mr. A. W.Knapp, was accorded musical honours. 30 On 30th January, the Annual Concert, held in conjunction with the British Association of Chemists, took place at the Midland Hotel, Birmingham. The Honorary Local Secretary of the Association, Mr. J. R. Johnson was congratulated on the excellent programme provided, under his direction, by a number of artistes, all of whom had very kindly given their services. The items consisted of piano solos, songs, humorous recitals, violin solos and a one-act play-“The Little Liberty ”-by Harold Brighouse. A large audience showed appreciation of each and every item, and by common consent the concert was one of the most successful of recent years.Bpistol and South-Western.---The Section celebrated the Jubilee of the Institute on the 24th January, by a joint meeting with the Bristol University Chemical Society, held in the Univer- sity Chemical Department, where an address was given by the President, and by a Dinner held at the Royal Hotel which was attended by the Lord Mayor and Sheriff of Bristol, the President and Mrs. Smithells, and other distinguished guests and members of allied societies. Sir Ernest Cook, Chairman of the Section, presided on both occasions. In his introductory remarks at the lecture, Sir Ernest referred to the loss which the Bristol Section had suffered by the death of Mr. C. J. Waterfall, a Past Chairman of the Section, who had taken great interest in its activities and was a constant attendant at its meetings.The President, who had selected for his address the title of “What has become of Inorganic Chemistry? ” proceeded to discuss the changes which had taken place in the chemical curriculum since his own student days, and whether the sub-ordination of inorganic chemistry had not proceeded too far and given good ground for the complaints which were now frequently heard, that inorganic chemistry was being neglected. (The President proposes to revert to this theme, in a more formal address, on a future occasion.) Mr. W. E. J, Broom, President of the University Chemical Society, having expressed the thanks of the meeting for the address, the President, in the course of his reply, expressed his sympathy and regret on the death of Mr.Waterfall, who had been a fellow-student with him. He remembered his gracious and endearing qualities, which made him beloved by 31 all his fellow-students. It was a great disappointment that he had not the opportunity for the reunion with Mr. Waterfall td which he had looked forward. At the Dinner, which was held in the evening of the same day, Mr. T. Loveday, Vice-chancellor of the University of Bristol, in proposing the Toast of “The Institute,” said that it stood for all that was best in the world of chemistry. During recent years there had been an enorrnous advance in chemistry as well as in the other sciences. It might be capable of a double appli- cation.A charge brought against chemistry was that it was converted to destructive and evil purposes. That was not a true charge. The business of those engaged in chemistry was to promote knowledge. If others were so foolish as to misapply that knowledge, it was their fault, and not the fault of the chemists. One of their duties was to educate young men and women so that they might not only learn as much as possible during their university careers, but also learn what was valuable in social life, i.e. how to apply their knowledge for the benefit of society and the nation at large. He could claim that at the University of Bristol the best possible was done to promote knowledge of the sciences, including chemistry, and that they tried to inculcate some idea of the relative social values of things.They tried also to assist the progress of chemistry by teaching and by research. The President, in acknowledging the Toast, remarked that amongst the claims made by the Institute was that it went as far as possible in counteracting the injustices that were inevitable in the centralisation of national institutions in London. He had recently visited a number of Sections of the Institute, and he could say that he had never been connected with the governing body of any organisation in which he found more complete consideration given to the provincial members ; neither had he experience of a body which was more thoroughly and adequately representative. He felt that any complaints that arose in reference to neglect of local interests were -based on a lack of knowledge of the inner workings of the Council.He was afraid he could not claim to have had any important association with Bristol in the past. He had been unable to accept the post of assistant which Ramsay had offered him there soon after as- suming the Chair, but he had recommended his fellow-student, Sydney Young. He might claim, therefore, to have aided in 32 promoting a brilliant scientific partnership which had brought credit on the University College of Bristol. He had had friends -at the College from its earliest days and knew how fortunate Bristol had been in its university life in having at the outset men of great distinction and individuality like William Ramsay, Silvanus Thompson, Lloyd Morgan, and W.J. Sollas. During that day he had seen with great pleasure something of the chemical department of the University. The city of Bristol had in its history chemists outside the University who had done notable work, amongst them, the chairman of that evening and Dr. Howard Butler. In fact, the city had a record in chemistry of which it might be proud, and he felt that it was a place where chemistry was bound to prosper and have its triumphs. Speaking of the incidence of chemistry in warfare, Professor Smithells said we had been given a horrible example as to what its misuse might bring about, but the danger which related to science also existed relatively in other departments of human activities and knowledge. Any suggestion that science itself tended to evil, either morally or spiritually, could only arise from the ignorant minds of those who made it. Mr.F. Southerden, who proposed “The City of Bristol,” remarked that outsiders always connected Bristol with pleasant things, and regarded it as a sort of fairy land where the children had plenty of chocolates, and whence chocolates were sent to children all over the world. When they grew older they thought of it as the place whence they obtained their cigarettes. But they also knew it for the reputation of its docks and of its University, and for its great chemical industries. It was the great commercial gateway of the West, and Bristol University was still another gateway to the limitless ocean of knowledge.They also knew of it as a place with many beautiful natural attractions, including its Zoological Gardens. Bristol was also a city of things that had been built up by the industry and enterprise of its great men in the past, which resulted in many institutions and undertakings that were being worthily maintained to-day. It had a civic history, the traditions of which were ably sustained by the men, such as the present Lord Mayor, into whose hands they were committed to-day. The Lord Mayor, in responding, remarked that Bristol was at a disadvantage in one respect. If visitors came by water it was all right, but if they came by rail they had to pass a 33 place about which there was sometimes correspondence in the papers. However, he was told that the smell of that spot was very healthy.Apart from that, however, Bristol was a place that had many beautiful places and many attractions for visitors. Those who were privileged to live in the city, loved it, and the longer they lived in the old place the more they knew of its boundless generosity in very many directions. He was glad to know from the reports he had received that the Institute was gaining strength as the years went on, and he sincerely hoped it would continue to do so. The Sheriff, in proposing “The Chairman,” said Bristolians, without necessarily being chemists, were very glad to see Sir Ernest Cook presiding over them. He (the speaker) did not pretend to know much about Sir Ernest’s qualifications as a chemist, but he did know something of his reputation in Bristol, and citizens generally paid high regard to him for three things.Firstly, he was a man who had carried on for a large number of years his profession in the city with honour and distinction; secondly, he had filled the office of Lord Mayor with great distinction; and thirdly, he would always be honoured in Bristol for his work in connection with education. Replying, Sir Ernest Cook said that they had with them that night representatives of the hardest working, most im- portant, but worst paid profession in the country. At any rate, they were all greatly indebted to chemists, who were engaged in something of great importance to the community at large.Bristol had been remarkable for chemical work in the past. A chemist who used to live in Thomas Street had a small establishment where he made vinegar. Turning his attention to chemical experiments he invented a method of manufacturing sulphuric acid. That man was Peregrine Phillips, whose process was the basis of one used at the present time. The idea of forming the Institute arose when it was found that there were, up and down the country, people who had no qualifications pretending to be scientific chemists, and taking away the legitimate practice of those who had qualified for the profession. The Institute had done much to im-prove the status of chemists. If the leaders of manufacturing industries in this country would only realise that it was to their great advantage, they would put into positions of responsibility,and well paid responsibility at that, scientists to control their 34 interests and manufactures. That policy was growing, but there was room for its further development. The celebration of the Institute’s Jubilee was of interest not only to chemists but to the whole world.In conclusion, Sir Ernest said that they were all very much indebted to Mr. A. W. M. Wintle, their hon. secretary, for all the work he had done in connection with the celebration, and thanks were also due to the ladies and gentlemen who had contributed to the entertainment. The toast list was interspersed by songs and recitations rendered by Miss Mary Yacomeni, Miss Dorothy Boorne, Mr.E. H. Cooke, and Mr. A. L. V. Davis. The Annual Meeting will be held on 13th March at 7.30 p.m. , in the Chemical Department of Bristol University, when the officers for session 1928-1929will be elected. Cape.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Physical Chemistry Laboratories of the University of Cape Town on 28th October, when Prof. J. Smeath Thomas, chairman of the Section, gave a paper entitled, “Notes on some compounds of Germanium.” He said that he had chosen the subject because it indicated a line of work at present being followed up in the University laboratories. Although the metal germanium had not yet received any technical application, it was nevertheless a most important element, because it occupied a key position in the periodic system of the elements, and its properties were, therefore, of a typical character.The metal was first discovered by Winkler in argyrodite in 1886. It existed there as a double sulphide of silver and germanium, comprising 75 per cent. of silver, 17 per cent. of sulphur, and 6.5 per cent, of germanium. The element germanium was also found in confieldite, a mineral closely allied with argyrodite, Subsequently it was found, in smaller quantitities, in euxenite and samarskite-ores of colum-bium, tantalum, and other metals of that group. Up to about 1904 only small amounts of germanium were available for investigation, but at that time the French chemist, Urbain, began spectroscopic investigations of 64 specimens of zinc blendes, and in about one half of these specimens, found germanium to be present, although in small proportions.To-day these blendes constituted the most important source of ger- manium. Tn the United States, Buchanan subsequently found 35 that when certain American zinc blendes were retorted, the residue left behind in the retort contained relatively considerable proportions of germanium. It had also been discovered that Vichy water contained germanium to the extent of one part of the element in forty million parts of water. Zinc blendes, however, were not true germanium minerals, in the sense that they contained only mere traces of the latter metal, but at Tsumeb, in South-West Africa, a true germanium mineral occurred, namely, the mineral germanite.This was first investigated by Pufahl, a mineralogist in Berlin, who found the ore to contain about 6 per cent. of germanium. Some four years ago the mineral was first investigated in the Cape Town University laboratories, and at the Royal Observatory, about the same time, Dr. J. Lunt made a spectrographic analysis of germanite, and reported his results in the Bloemfontein (1923)Report of the South African Association for the Advance- ment of Science. High hopes were at one tirrle entertained as to the probable usefulness of this mineral. Amongst other projects, it was suggested that it might be used as a remedy for sleeping sickness, or even-possibly in a colloidal form, instead of lead, which had been thus applied, not always very advantageously-as a cure for cancer.But suddenly, after about ten tons had been taken out, the pocket-for so it proved to be-became exhausted. An important feature of this occurrence is the fact that in the South-West African mineral the very rare metal gallium (first discovered by Boisbaudran in 1875) was found associated with germanium. This fact was not detected by Pufahl, but was only subsequently discovered by Mr. Kriesel, chemist at the Tsumeb mine, and confirmed by Dr. Lunt. The germanite spectrum was very fully investigated by Lunt, who found in it a number of previously unknown lines, and discovered enormous “shifts” of some of the observed lines under the influence of change of temperature.Professor Srneath Thomas proceeded to deal with the process of extracting the metal germanium from the ore, and spoke of its properties. The metal has a high melting point, in the region of 960 degrees Centigrade, and on cooling from the liquefied state “sprouts” just as silver does under similar conditions, but from a different cause. Other physical and 36 chemical properties of the metal were briefly discussed. Neither acids, alkalies, nor water have any appreciable action on it: it is not attacked by concentrated nitric acid, nor is even hydrofluoric acid able to dissolve it. On the other hand, it is soluble in hydrogen peroxide. Various compounds of germanium with hydrogen were next referred to, as well as the interesting series of compounds which it forms with ammonium.The constitutior, of germanium compounds, and the structure of the germanium atom were next dwelt upon, and some of the anomalies revealed by a study of that constitution were commented upon. Details were given of a series of experiments undertaken in order to investigate the composition and properties of the remarkable ammonia derivatives of germanium. Several of these problems, and others of a cognate nature are still under investigation in the University laboratories in Cape Town by Professor Smeath Thomas and his staff. After some discussion, Mr. Croghan, seconded by Mr. Britten, moved a hearty vote of thanks to Prof. Smeath Thomas for his most interesting lecture.Edinburgh and East of Scotland,-On 19th January, at the North British Station Hotel, Major Robert Bruce presided at a joint meeting of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section of the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, when Dr. David Bain opened a discussion on the various methods employed in industry for the separation of solids and liquids. Dr. Bain said that the methods in use could be broadly classified into three groups-sedimentation, filtration, and separation by electrical processes. A well-known example of the first group was the reservoir of a water supply system, which acted as a sedimentation tank, the impurities, etc., in the water gradually settling to the bottom. The factors in- fluencing the successful operation of such a system were the size of the suspended particles, the density of the suspended.particles, the density of the liquid, and the viscosi'ty of the liquid. The process may be hastened by agitation just prior to settling, by the presence of electrolytes, and by the presence of sub- stances forming voluminous precipitates. The method is commonly used in purifying sludge, in washing lakes and other heavy precipitates, and in any process where large quantities of 37 solution had to be handled. Flotation is the reverse of sedi-mentation, and may be used for the separation of fats, etc., which are lighter than the mother-liquor. In this case the process can be assisted by air agitation. The second general method, filtration, consists in causing the mixture of solid and liquid to flow through some woven or fibrous material, whereby the solid is retained on the filtering medium and the liquor passes on.The filter press is probably the best known filtering device used in industry. There are a great many varieties of press, and the choice of a particular design depends on the kind of material being handled. The type of woven filtering material used also depends on the chemical nature of the liquor to be dealt with. The stream line filter is a modern development of this type of filter. A very early type of filter, which is applied in the manufacture of wines and cider, is the hydraulic press. In this case the mixture to be filtered is placed in a container, and the liquid squeezed out by the application of great pressure, leaving the solid behind in the form of a cake.Another variety of filter commonly used in industrial opera- tions, makes use of charcoal, unglazed porcelain, or similar porous material. The suspended solid collects on the surface of the filtering medium, and the liquid basses through. After the initial stage of the operation, the filtered material itself becomes the filtering medium, so that in the case of tarry substances, and anything difficult to filter, kieselguhr or fine sand may be added as an aid to filtration. In all filtering operations some means must be used to force the liquid through the filter. To meet the modern demand for a continuous filtering process, the rotary filter has been introduced.Dr. Bain also dealt shortly with the separation of solids and gases by means of dust chambers, cyclone separators, the Cottrell precipitator, etc. Centrifugal separators are now applied in many branches of chemical industry. These machines, owing to their high working speed, and the necessity of resisting chemicals, are made with an ebonite-covered iron basket. Provision is made for slow starting, care being taken to load the basket evenly. While the baskets are generally designed to withstand a peripheral velocity of zoo ft. per second at full 38 load, for each individual substance being dried, it is advisable to establish a minimum effective velocity. Centrifugals are unsuitable for highly dispersed solids, liquors low in solid content, or readily fractured crystals. In the discussion, Dr.Williamson said that when working with soils he had found difficulty in repeating results obtained with the stream line filter in the laboratory. Even when the pressure was carefully adjusted to be the same each time, various results were obtained. In the laboratory, centrifugal separation could sometimes be used to assist the collection of small quan- tities of precipitate. He had, however, tried a method of potash estimation, involving the use of a centrifugal machine, without success. Mr. Watson referred to the practical difficulties which frequently arose in the handling of certain precipitates. On filtering ferric hydroxide, for example, the filter press cake would not dissolve in acetic acid.He also dealt with certain factors influencing the separation of nitro-cotton. Mr. W. A. Williams drew attention to an interesting example of the separation of solids and liquids by means of cataphoresis, which was commercially applied in the rubber industry. The process gave a finished product of superior quality to that pro- duced by the old milling method. Messrs. Cameron, Cross, and Stewart also spoke. On the call of the Chairman, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Bain and to Mr. Wilson for having lead the discussion. On 28th January a party of members visited the Super- Power Station of the Edinburgh Corporation, situated on the Forth side at Portobello-one of the most efficient in the British Isles.Factors of chemical interest in connection with the running of the plant attracted attention. It was pointed out that problems of corrosion, due to the use of sea-water in the condensersof the turbines, had been involved. Another chemical question arose in the de-oxygenator for the feed water of the boilers. Manganese turnings were being used for this purpose. The proper running of the cooling system of the plant also required the periodical killing of the spawn of mussels and other sea residents, this being effected by allowing the condensers to overheat at intervals during the danger season, Here again the 39 scientist had been of use. A very enjoyable and instructive afternoon was provided, and the thanks of the members were heartily accorded to the staff of the Station.Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The sixth RamsayChemical Dinner, which was held on zIst December in the Trades Hall, Glasgow, was very well attended and was made the occasion for the celebration of the Jubilee of the Institute, the President occupying the chair. As in former years, however, the dinner was under the joint auspices of all organisations connected with chemistry in the West of Scotland, whose members participated in the event, including, beside the Institute, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Society of Dyers and Colourists, the Glasgow University Alchemists’ Club, the Ander- sonian Chemical Society, and the Ardeer Chemical Club-and, on the present occasion, the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow.An entertaining Menu and Toast List was provided, incor- porating apt quotations from a variety of authors. Among the apologies for absence received was one from Mr. R. R. Tatlock, a member of the first Council of the Institute, who wrote that he was unable to attend as he was go years of age and at present an invalid. Nothing, he added, would have been more gratifying to him than to assist at that interesting function, especially as the late Sir William Ramsay was a practical chemistry pupil of his 56 years ago in Glasgow. On the suggestion of the President, it was agreed that in the name of the company a message should be sent to Nr. Tatlock conveying their best wishes for his recovery.Mr. John Craig, in proposing the toast of “The Profession,” referred to the services rendered to industry by chemistry, which, he said, had enormously helped the advance of civilisation, and was destined to play an even greater part in raising it to a still higher plane. The President, in reply, said that Scotland was distinguished for its appreciation of things intellectual, and far ahead of other countries in the application of knowledge to human life in many directions, yet it had surprised him in his early days in Glasgow to observe its reluctance to apply chemistry in the measure it ought to have been applied in the development of cottish 40 industries. It was, therefore, a great satisfaction to him to learn that the position had now vastly improved.He then referred to the work of the Institute and of the Sections, by which members were enabled to participate in the life of the Institute. Professor Archibald Main, D.D., gave the toast of “The City of Glasgow,” to which Bailie Brough replied. Mr. S. H. B. Langlands proposed the toast of “The Guests,” and Professor E. C. C. Baly responded. The Toast of “The President,” proposed by Mr. F. W. Harris, Chairman of the Section, having been received with enthusiasm and briefly acknowledged, the remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing. On Friday evening, 13th January, the local Sections of the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, the members of the Glasgow University Alchemists’ Club, and the Andersonian Chemical Society, were the guests of the Ardeer Chemical Club at a smoking concert held in the Eglinton Hotel, Ardrossan.Mr. J. A. Cockburn occupied the chair. An excellent and varied programme was arranged by Dr. Jenkins, Hon. Secretary of the Ardeer Chemical Club. The Toast of “The Guests” was proposed by Mr. D. Trevor Jones, who, in the course of a humorous speech, gave an interesting account of the life and work at Ardeer Factory. Mr. S. H. B. Langlands, who replied to the Toast, expressed the thanks of the visitors for the hospitality shown to them. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Technical College, Huddersfield, on 18th January. Dr. Hodgson occupied the chair and introduced the lecturer, Dr.H. Lowery, who proceeded to address the meeting on “The Technique of the Spectrograph and its Applications.” A brief survey was given of the construction of spectrographs for use in the ultra-violet, visible and infra-red regions of the spectrum, and the relative advantages of the prism and grating instruments were discussed. Attention was drawn to the chief characteristics of line, band and absorption spectra. In particu- lar, the differences betwwen the spark and arc spectra of metals were described. 41 The classification of spectral lines into series was illustrated with reference to the spectrum of hydrogen. The lecturer then described some work which he had carried out with the interrupted arcs of various metals in air, hydrogen and oxygen.In making arc flashes, intense electric fields are set up at the beginning of the flashes and the spectra of these flashes show a broadening and resolution into components of certain lines of such an order as would be expected from con- siderations of the Stark effect. The lecture was illustrated by experiments and the projection of typical spectrograms on the lantern screen. In the discussion which followed, the lecturer contrasted the Stark and Zeeman effects. The meeting then accorded a hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Lowery. Irish Free State.-At a meeting of the Section held on 18th January, in Trinity College, Prof. Sydney Young presiding, an interesting paper upon “Tobacco” was read by Mr.P. J. Cahill, of the State Laboratory. The lecturer dealt with the history of the adulteration of tobacco from its introduction in the sixteenth century to the present day. Owing to the imposition of duties, and to the limitation of supply, the commodity, particularly snuff, was subject to a vast amount of adulteration of a kind not only unfair to the consumer, but prejudicial to the Revenue. Many Acts of Parliament were passed to cope with this evil. Owing to the inability of the authorities to detect adulterated tobacco, these Acts had to be rescinded, and were replaced in 1840 by the “Mixing Act,” which allowed anything to be added except leaves foreign to the tobacco plant. This Act encouraged the addition of molasses, treacle and such substances until the fiscal loss was so great that it became necessary to introduce, in face of great opposition from the trade, in 1842, the “Pure Tobacco Act,” allowing only water to be added.The successful working of this Act was dependent upon the power of the Excise Authorities to detect adulteration. Scientific aid had to be sought. Skilled chemists were employed by the Government for the first time to this end. From this small beginning grew the 42 present Government Laboratory. At first the laboratory met with great opposition from the manufacturers, and a considerable number of years elapsed before it succeeded in gaining the full confidence of the trade. Gladstone, by his “Manufactured Tobacco Act ” of 1863, introduced a sweeping measure of reform in tobacco legislation, and laid the foundations of the modern system of scientific payment of drawback upon exported and offal tobacco.The physiological and chemical processes occurring during the curing of the leaf were treated by the lecturer, who commented upon the greatly improved quality of the Empire grown leaf, and its largely increased use since the war. Liverpool and North-Western.-The Jubilee was cele-brated in Liverpool on 13th January, when Prof. C. 0. Bannister presided at a dinner held at the Adelphi Hotel. Over 120 members and friends were present, and the guests included the Lord Mayor of Liverpool (Miss Margaret Beavan, J.P.), the President of the Institute, Prof.L. R. Wilberforce, M.A. (repre-senting the University of Liverpool) and Mrs. Wilberforce, Alderman F. C. Wilson and Mrs. Wilson, Alderman W. Muirhead and Mrs. Muirhead, and Mr. and Mrs. John Macleay. Dr. G. C, Clayton, M.P., who proposed the Toast of “The City of Liverpool,” said that the city had been connected with chemistry and chemical industry from very early times. The first mention he could find of a chemical process in Liverpool was the burning of limestone in Limekiln Lane-now Lime Street; but the real commencement was the founding of the alkali industry by the grandfather of Sir Max Muspratt over a hundred years ago. That work had been caqied on by a magnificent band of chemical workers, using Liverpool as their port. In coupling the name of the first lady Lord Mayor with the Toast he paid a tribute to Miss Beavan’s lifelong work for children.The Lord Mayor said that she could claim some link with the Institute, because she still tried to kindle fires in Copperas Hill-the fires of enthusiasm for the welfare of the children of the city. She believed a former mayor was once prosecuted because his copper works on that spot were causing a nuisance. She had a very real vision of the part the Institute was playing and could play in the prosperity and well-being of Liverpool and 43 in the much-needed industrial revival for which scientific research was essential. It was said that owing to our smoke-laden air 60 per cent. of the sunlight was lost. Here was a problem she looked to chemists to solve and another was to provide a purer food supply-things of vital importance to her as a great lover of children.She had had opportunity recently of seeing the work done at the Shirley Institute, Manchester, on cotton research; research such as this was needed in every branch of industry. The scientist needed unusual courage; he had often to work alone and in face of great disappointments, and his work was only finished when linked up with the efforts of the whole community. Prof. L. R. Wilberforce proposed “The Institute of Chemistry” and the health of the President. The wonderful achievements of chemistry, he said, appealed to everyone; modern civilisation was dependent on it for health and safety, even for life.In the exclusion of harmful intruders it filled the r6le of policeman, while in the industrial transformation of crude materials it was a fairy godmother. He could not forget that in his obscurer moments he tried to be a professor of physics. It had been said that the physicist made accurate measurements with impure materials, while the chemist made inaccurate measurements with pure materials. To-day that had been changed, the chemist and the physicist were working not only side by side, but hand in hand. The Institute was founded in London 50 years ago. There were some people to whom institutes were names of ill-omen, but this Institute existed for the benefit of chemists, and not chemists for the benefit of the Institute.It gave him very great pleasure to see his friend Prof. SmitheUs there and to propose the Toast. Replying, the President said that he always felt at home in Liverpool, though he had a grudge against the Corporation, who had converted his native place at Rivington into a reservoir. As his friend Prof. Wilberforce had said, chemists and physicists were working together in harmony to-day, and the results were exemplified with the splendid work of Sir Ernest Rutherford and Sir William Bragg. They need have no fear for the future of the Institute-that was assured. Its efficiency and service to the profession were largely increased by the local Sections which prevented over-centralisation of its activities in London. Of the local Sections, that at Liverpool was the first to be formed, and had always been one of the most lively and healthy.44 The Toast of “Our Guests” was proposed by Prof. Heilbron (Vice-chairman of the Section), and Alderman Wilson and Mr. John Macleay replied. The proceedings concluded with the Toast of “The Chairman,” proposed by Prof. Baly, who described how an observation of Prof. Bannister’s on the rusting of iron had linked up with his own work. The evening concluded with dancing. London and South-Eastern Counties.-A well attended meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on 18th January, when the Chairman of the Section, Prof. J. C. Drummond, delivered an interesting and instructive lecture on “The Contribution of Chemical Science to the Solution of the Cancer Problem, of which the following is an epitome:- “Chemical science has played, and is playing, no small part in the attack on the cancer problem, from the standpoint of the direct cause of the disease, its manifestations, and its treat- ment.“Largely as a result of the recent work of Gye and Barnard, and the earlier studies of Fiebieger, opinion seems, within the last year or two, definitely to have veered round to favour the view, for long held by Borrel, that the true cause of the disorder is a micro-organism, probably of ultra-microscopic dimensions. The entry of this agent into the tissues, or more probably the cell proliferation which follows, seems to be influenced by certain factors, of which a number appear to be chemical.“As yet, no chemical study has been reported of the non- living, thermo-labile factor without which the virus of the Rous carcinoma fails to produce the disease, and which may also be responsible for the specificity of the tumours studied by Gye. Chemical studies, largely by Dr. E. L. Kennaway, have thrown much light on the nature of the disease known as tar cancer, which is prevalent in certain industries where tar in one form or another is handled. He has shown that the cancer- producing agent in industrial tars is present most richly in gas- works tar, and is almost entirely absent from the blast furnace product. From an exhaustive experimental investigation based on the known composition of these products he has demonstrated that none of the more important constituents has, in the pure 45 state, the power to provoke skin cancer.There are hopes, however, that he may be able to separate by fractionation the active substance from gas-works tar, or from the even more powerful carcinogenetic tar that he has produced artificially from isoprene. ‘‘Chemistry is also playing an important part in ascertaining by what characteristics the cancer cell can be differentiated from the normal cell. A great deal of work in the past has failed to reveal any significant differences between the chemical composition of normal and malignant tissues, but within the last year or two some striking facts have emerged from a com- parison of their metabolic activities.The distinguished German chemist, Otto Warburg, has shown that the malignant cell derives a greater proportion of its energy from the anaerobic reaction by which lactic acid is formed from glucose than does the normal cell, and he has demonstrated that this fact enables the cancer cell to live under conditions which would cause the death of the normal cell. “The general similarity of cancer cells to embryonic cells which has been traced by the cytologist is also apparent in that the latter approach the metabolic type of the malignant cell. “This study of the oxidative and metabolic activities of the malignant cell may throw some light on the rapid growth of tumours, and may, if Warburg’s most recent experiments are correct, lead to improvements in treatment of the disease.The rapid multiplication of cells in an organism which has arrived at maturity is one of the outstanding facts of cancer, and a large number of experiments have been carried out on the relationship between the chemical composition of foods and the growth of the tissues. For example, the growth of a young animal can be inhibited at will by withholding certain essential constituents of the diet, vitamins, certain amino-acids, etc., which the organism cannot make for itself. When, however, animals bearing tumours are fed upon these deficient diets it is found that there is no retardation of the rate of tumour growth. The malignant tissue grows at the expense of the tissues of the host. The parallel between the development of the embryo and that of the tumour mass can be drawn because under similar conditions of deprivation it can be shown that the embryo continues to grow at the expense of the mother.46 It seems unlikely, therefore, that by the imposition of any dietary restrictions retardation of growth of tumours can be achieved.” A discussion ensued, in which the following members took part:-R. H. Marriott, R. F. Innes, D. H. F. Clayson, Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones, N. Evers, E. T. Brewis, E. M. Hawkins, Dr. Schotz, C. L. L. Claxemont, and T. McLachlan. Mr. Arthur J. Chapman, acting as chairman pro tern., proposed a vote of thanks to the lecturer, which was very heartily accorded. Malaya,-On 19th November, the Singapore members of the Section and their friends visited the Sumbawa Road factory of Messrs.Tan Kah Kee, where about 4,000 Chinese employees, men and women, are engaged in the large scale manufacture of a variety of articles, such as shoes, slippers, felt hats, topees, Mahommedan headgear, confectionery, tyres and tubes. The attention and courtesy of the staff made the visit a very instructive one. Automatic and labour saving machines were particularly noticeable in the large shoe department, where stitching, cutting, softening, bevelling, nailing, etc., were carried out by mechanical means. Large numbers of sewing machines were mechanically driven, the power being supplied by electric generators, which may, however, soon have to be augmented from the Singapore Municipal Supply. A foundry and repair shop were in operation, not only for repairing and replacing machinery, but also for the construction of improved plant.Another department was devoted to the printing of posters, notices, wrappers, etc., and the manufacture of envelopes at the rate of many thousands a day. Visitors were surprised at the magnitude of this local industry and the character of its products. On leaving, the party discarded their topees for smart felt hats kindly presented by the proprietors as souvenirs of the visit. Manchester and District,-At a meeting of the Section on 9th January in “The Manchester” Limited, Mr. F. Scholefield presided, in the unavoidable absence of the Chairman. An address was given by Prof.H. S. Raper on ‘‘Some Inter-relations of Physiology and Chemistry.” 47 Prof. Raper said that the early movement of chemistry away from medicine had delayed the advance of physiology. The revival of interest in biological problems by the chemist was therefore a welcome sign. There was, however, danger that the growing importance of the subject of biochemistry might lead to its dissociation from physiology, and early history might be to some extent repeated. The study of physiology had revealed the very fundamental truth that the animal, in spite of the multiplicity of reactions which it displays, must always be regarded as a unit and the significance of detailed features of these reactions can only be fully explained in the light of the animal as a living whole.Those who wished to investigate fruitfully the chemical problems of the body must therefore have, besides their knowledge of chemistry, an adequate training in biology. Taking Michael Foster’s definition of the aim of physiologists as the attempt to explain the difference between a dead animal and a living one, the lecturer dealt in turn with the three fundamental characteristics of living organ- isms. These are the phenomena of “irritability ”;the continual occurrence of energy changes in all living material, due largely to oxidation processes; and the ability of living creatures at some stage of their existence, to grow and reproduce their kind. Examples of the contributions of chemistry in the elucidation of the processes occurring in each of these three functions of living creatures were dealt with.The discovery of adrenalin, its isolation, synthesis and the study of its mode of action, were gone into in detail and it was shown that even about this relatively simple substance and its action, there was yet much to be learnt. The mechanism of oxidation processes was dis- cussed in the light of the older ideas of oxygen activation and the more modern ones of the activation of hydrogen. Finally, reference was made to the remarkable chemical syntheses carried out during the development of the chick from the raw material present in the egg, and the almost absolute lack of any explana- tion of these based on what we know of the reactions in the material world.The lecture, which was illustrated by the lantern, was received with great interest, and was followed by a discussion in which Messrs. Paul, Walmsley, Stevenson, Turner, Brindle, Smith and Roberts, and Miss R. Robinson participated. A hearty vote of thanks, proposed by Dr. Lewis Dale, seconded by Dr. Gaunt, was accorded the lecturer. 48 Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Jubilee of the Institute of Chemistry was celebrated by the Section on 13th January at Arrnstrong College. The members of the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Chemical Industry Club were invited to join in the celebration, and there was a large gathering of members and their friends, when the proceedings were opened in the Chemical Lecture Theatre with a lecture delivered by the Registrar of the Institute on “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature.” The lecturer was introduced by the Chairman, Prof.H. V. A. Briscoe, who referred to the general work and progress of the Institute during the last fifty years, and paid a tribute to the contribution made to that work by the Registrar. In the course of his remarks he said that although the Registrar was not a chemist himself, he understood them, and was conversant with their “boiling points ” and “relative densities.” The Registrar then delivered his lecture, which was interesting and informative, and was illustrated by a large selection of lantern slides from the Institute’s collection, including portraits and pictures of artistic as well as historic interest, many of the engravings and paintings being the work of great masters.A hearty vote of thanks, proposed by Dr. J. T. Dunn, seconded by Dr. Wm. Martin, was accorded the lecturer. The company then adjourned to the King’s Hall, where light refreshments were served and a programme of musical items was rendered. The proceedings were terminated with a vote of thanks, proposed by the Chairman, to the artistes, and to the officials, whose arrangements had resulted in the enjoyment of such a pleasant evening. South Wales.--The Section celebrated the Jubilee at a dinner held at the Hotel Central, Swansea, on zIst January, Mr.C. M. W. Grieb, Chairman of the Section, presiding. The guests included the President of the Institute ; Councillor W. J. Davies, Chairman of the Swansea Education Committee; Mr. W. Morgan, Past President of the Swansea Chamber of Commerce;Prof. L. Taverner, Chairman of the Swansea Section of the Institute of Metals; Mr. Ivor Evans, representing local collieries; and Dr. Daniel Evans, Chairman of the Swansea Branch of the British Medical Association. 49 After the loyal Toasts had been honoured, Mr. George Madel proposed the Toast of “The Town and Trade of Swansea.” Dealing with the industries of the district, he mentioned the National Oil Refineries, the Mond Nickel Works, the Tinplate Works, and the British Copper Manufacturers, Ltd.(now incorporated in Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.), and the coal industry. Chemists were active in the development of all these industries, and were becoming more and more important by reason of the assistance which they were able to render in overcoming difficulties. Reviewing the progress of the town of Swansea, Mr. Madel referred to the educational facilities now afforded to students, who enjoyed many advantages which were not available in the past. In conclusion, he pleaded for cordial co-operation between labour and capital. Replying to the Toast, Councillor Davies reviewed the many very natural advantages of Swansea, and outlined the intended extensions and developments of the Swansea Education Com- mittee. He expressed the opinion that much industrial waste was due to lack of knowledge among the workers, and agreed that industry had not taken full advantage of the assistance to be derived from science.Mr. W. Morgan also replied-in humorous vein. The Toast of “The Institute of Chemistry” was proposed by Prof. L. Taverner, who said that, in spite of its early difficulties, after an existence of only eight years, the Institute’s membership was 430, and it then secured a Royal Charter. Since then the Institute had done much to maintain the status and high pro- fessional competence of the chemist, and its work in connection with the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, although only a small section of its activities, would alone have justified its existence. During the war the Institute performed a great national service by supplying the State with thoroughly qualified chemists.The Fellowship of the Institute represented a very high standard in chemistry-a subject which was continually enlarging and overlapping other subjects; so much so that it might well come to pass that its interests might become too wide to be embraced by the Fellowship. The Institute was of the utmost importance to chemists, who were fortunate in that such a body existed. He wished that similar organisations existed in connection with all sciences. Little was heard in the general press of their work, but it went steadily forward without the public being aware of 50 it. He thought that the way in which the Institute was managed was an example to other Societies.In spite of statements to the contrary, which sometimes appeared, chemists were not un-businesslike; during the present industrial depression, the heavy chemical trades were among the few which appeared to be prosperous. He congratulated the Section on the presence of Professor Smithells, who was not only doing good work as President of the Institute, but also as Director of the Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry. The President, in reply, referred to the Jubilee celebrations in London, and gave some of his recollections of the early days of the Institute, He was particularly glad to note the activities of the local Sections, and expressed the view that they should aim not so much at the multiplication of meetings as the arrange- ment of really good meetings, dealing with important subjects, in which they might have the collaboration of other societies.Commenting on the work of University College, Swansea, he felt that it was right that there should be full representation of all liberal studies, and that all the attention should not be paid to science. All his life he had fought for the cause of chemistry in industry, fearing that only a cataclysm would awaken the country to the need for chemists. That cataclysm came in the war, but even now there was a danger of the lessons then learnt being forgotten. Englishmen had not yet learned how to invest in brains; but, he uttered the warning-“woe be to those who neglect the application of science, and woe be to those who think that they can obtain science easily or by short cuts.” The toast of “The Guests” was proposed by Mr.C. A. Seyler, who dwelt upon the close connection between the medical and chemical professions. Swansea’s basic industry was that of coal; coal was the Country’s natural source of power, and in his view it was absurd to say that it could not be obtained economic- ally. However, the industry was gradually turning to science for guidance. Mr. Ivor Evans, replying, said that this was the first dinner which he had attended as a guest of chemists, and he hoped that it would not be the last. It was true that Swansea’s prosperity was based on coal, and the industry appreciated the work done by chemists.In this connection he paid a tribute to Mr. Seyler. He also referred to the interests which the 51 coal-owners took in the promotion of education among young miners. Dr. Daniel Evans thanked the Section for the compliment paid to the medical profession by his invitation to the dinner. Both professions were modest, and their members worked hard for the benefit of the community at large. A programme of musical items was rendered during the evening. 52 January Examinations, 1928. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. An Examination in General Chemistry €or the Associateship was held at the Institute from 2nd to 7th January, inclusive. Fifteen candidates were examined; nine passed and two failed to satisfy the Examiners only in the translation of German technical literature ; three of the successful candidates com-pleted their examination by satisfying the Examiners in the translation of German technical literature.One candidate was examined for the Fellowship in the Chemistry and Microscopy of Foods and Drugs, in New Zealand and satisfied the Examiners. PASSLIST. Examination in Qeneral Chemistry for the Associatesh4p. Boudry, Cyril, B.Sc. (Lond.), Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle- on-Tyne; and Central Technical College, Birmingham. Chanmugam, Walter Raju, Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Cooksey, Arnold, B.Sc. (Lond.), Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. Lockwood, Harold Claude, B.Sc. (Lond.), Central Technical College, Birmingham.Lucas, Charles Edward Leslie, Royal College of Science ;and Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Maddocks, Charles Bernard, University College, Nottingham. Pritchett, Eric George Kemp, B.Sc. (Lond.), Central Technical College, Birmingham. Rhead, Alfred James, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Smith, Walter, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Examination for the Fellowship in The Chemistry and Microscopy of Food and Drugs, held in New Zealand in November, 1927. Gardner, Roy, M.Sc. (N.Z.). Examinationfor the Associateship in General Chemistry INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.--The theoretical papers were on the whole well answered. The answers to the question relative to the reaction between steam and carbon, however, were very inadequate, and the candidates appeared to have no knowledge of the work of Morley and subsequent workers on the gas density method of determining atomic weights.In the practical examination, the qualitative exercise was very well done, but the quantitative work was weak. The majority of the candidates did not appear to have had much experience in the quantitative separation of metals. 53 ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-The majority of the candidates answered the theoretical papers well, although none showed outstanding merit. The best answered question was that on tautomerism. Very few candidates attempted the question on the preparation of atoxyl, coumarin, saccharin and vanillin. The practical exercises were well within the scope of the stronger candidates, but a few, who had difficulties in finishing their work at the close of each day, were evidently lacking in laboratory experience of organic chemistry.The following papers and exercises were given :-MONDAY, 2nd JANUARY, 1928: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of modern methods of preparing hydrogen on the large scale, and mention the chief uses of this gas. Describe the impurities which may be expected in each case, their influence on the applications mentioned, and processes for their removal. 2. State Graham’s law of diffusion of gases and deduce it from the kinetic theory of gases. Give classical examples in which diffusion ex- periments have been used to solve chemical problems. 3.Discuss the action of steam on carbon at varying temperatures, both from the experimental and theoretical points of view. 4. Give an account of the development of the gas density method of determining atomic weights. Give a detailed account of one deter-mination. Contrast the advantages and disadvantages of this method compared with the chemical method. 5. Give an account of the sources of mercury and the methods of producing the metal from its ore. Describe the purification of the eom-mercial metal, and the preparation of two pure mercury compounds. Mention the chief applications of mercury and its compounds. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. What action has sulphur dioxide on aqueous solutions of: (a) Bromine, (b) Potassium perchlorate, (c) Hydroxylamine hydrochloride.Describe the method of isolating the reaction products. 2. Aqueous solutions of two substances are mixed and no precipitate is formed. How can it be determined if a reaction has taken place and if so to what extent? 3. Give a method for the analysis of an alloy consisting mainly of aluminium, but containing some magnesium and copper, together with the usual small proportions of carbon, silicon and iron. or Prove the relation between the lowering of the vapour pressure and of the freezing point of a solution. 54 4. Give the method of preparation, properties and reactions of three of the following: Oxydimercuriammonium iodide (NHg,I, H,O), potassiumcobalticyanide, silver sulphate, carbon oxysulphide (COS), phosphoryl chlorobromide (POCGBr), magnesium hydro- sulphide.5. Write a short essay on one of the following: (a) The more important work associated with the names of Williamson, Cannizzaro, and Berthelot. (b) Gas reactions at high temperatures and pressures. (c) The methods available for the determination of solubility of a salt which is very slightly soluble in water. TUESDAY, 3rd JANUARY, 1928: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe two methods for the preparation of acetylene. Give a concise account of the chemical and physical properties of this hydrocarbon and indicate a general method for the production of its homologues.2. What is implied by the term tautomerism? Describe two examples showing how tautomerism has been detected among carbon compounds, and in each case give a chemical explanation of the observed phenomena. 3. What is the action on camphor of the following reagents:- (a) Bromine, (b) hydroxylamine, (c) oxidising agents, (d) reducing agents. What light do these reactions throw on the chemical constitution of camphor ? 4. Write an essay of about 500 words on catalysis as applied to organic reactions with special reference to the processes of (a) hydro-genation, (b) oxidation. 5. Describe practical methods for detecting the following radicals in organic compounds:-(a) CH,OH, (b) CHO, (c) CO.NH,, (d) NH.CH,, (e) -N:N-, (j’)S0,H. 6.Outline the processes employed in the manufacture of any three of the following compounds :-(a) atoxyl, (b) coumarin, (c) guaiacol, (d) saccharin, (e) vanillin. Give graphic formulae for each of the selected compounds and state the evidence on which these formulae are based. In the afternoon the candidates were given passages for translation from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY, 4th JANUARY, 1928: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the organic compound in Solution A (chloral hydrate 2. Estimate the amount of this substance in Solution A, expressing in water; or bromal hydrate in water). the results in grams per litre. (Both exercises must be completed today.) 55 THURSDAY, 5th JANUARY, 1928: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the two components of liquid B (methylaniline in m-xylene; or ethyl aniline in toluene). 2. Ascertain the amount of the less volatile constituent present in 1,000 C.C. of liquid B. (Both exercises must be completed to-day.) FRIDAY and SATURDAY, 6th and 7th JANUARY, 1928: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the solution C (calcium phosphate and uranyl nitrate in nitric acid solution). (This exercise must be completed to-day.) 2. Determine the copper, zinc and aluminium in the alloy D. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 56 Notes. Election of District Member of Council.-Mr. A. W. M. Wintle has been elected District Member of Council for the Bristol and South-Western Counties District in the place of Mr.Frank Southerden, who will retire on the 1st March on the completion of three years’ service. Professional Certificates.-In the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, Part IV, 1926 (p. 184),reference was made to the unauthorised use, in the prospectus of the Chalk, Fuel, Power Gas and Bye-Products Corporation, Ltd., of a portion of a certificate which had been given by a Fellow of the Institute. On 18th January, at the Central Criminal Court, before the Common Sergeant, certain members of the board of the company referred to were tried on the indictment charging them with conspiring together and with other persons to defraud such persons as might receive prospectuses or pamphlets issued by the company and to obtain money from them by falsely pretending that certain reports were true and genuine reports upon the fuel.At the conclusion of the trial, which occupied several days, the Common Sergeant, on the finding of the jury, sentenced one defendant to four years penal servitude, and two other defendants to six months in the second division. Safety in Mines Research Board.-Three reports have already been issued by the Safety in Mines Research Board, describing research on devices which will afford release of pressure of a firedamp explosion within the casing of an electric apparatus, yet will not allow the passing of flame to the outside atmosphere. Apart from the pressure produced by the explosion of any firedamp-air mixture that may exist within the casing, it ap- peared possible that high pressures might arise due to arcing during switching operations or through the blowing of fusible cut-outs.An account of research regarding the probable magnitude of such pressure, and the conditions of its production, forms the subject of two papers by G. Allsop and R. V. Wheeler, entitled “ The pressures produced on blowing electric fuse links ” and “The pressures produced by electric arcs in closed vessels.” Reading University,-At Reading, on 3rd February, the Registrar gave his lecture on “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature,” illustrated by lantern slides, before “Kosmos,” the Chemical Society of the University. 57 Obituary. THOMAS BEST died recently at St. Helens in his 61st year.THOMPSON Educated at Liverpool College from 1874 to 1883, he proceeded to Owens College, Manchester, where he studied under Roscoe and Schorlemmer until 1886. He obtained awards in connection with the examinations in alkali manufacture of the City and Guilds of London Institute and the Claisen prize of $25 for a research conducted under Schuster on The Spectroscopic Determination of the permanent gases in each other.” He then went to the University of Erlangen, where he worked under Professor Otto Fischer and obtained the degree of Ph.D. in 1888 for a thesis on Orthoanisidin and Paranitrosoguaiacol. On his return he was appointed a lecturer in organic and applied chemistry at the Manchester College of Technology, and, in the following year, became chief chemist to Messrs.J. C. Gamble & Son, at St. Helens, From 1892 he was chief chemist and manager of the Hardshaw Brook Works of the United Alkali Co., where he devised several valuable manu- facturing processes, six of which were patented. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. ALEXANDERWALKERFYFE,whose death, at the age of 36, occurred recenlily at a Leeds nursing home, was educated at North Links School, Montrose, and at Montrose Academy, before proceeding to St. Andrews University, where he graduated as M.A., and B.Sc. with first class honours in mathematics, natural philosophy and chemistry. He remamed at St. Andrews for four further years as a Carnegie Scholar from 1912 to 1914, and as a Carnegie Fellow from 1914 to 191 6, proving himself to be an original worker of marked ability.His papers were contributed to the Journal of the Chemical Society. On leaving St. Andrews, he joined the research staff of British Dyes, Ltd., and worked at different periods under Prof. Robinson at Liverpool, at Huddersfield and Rlackley, until 1924, when he was appointed Assistant Works Manager of the Huddersfield Works of the British Dyestuffs Corporation. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. WATERFALLCHARLES JAMES died on 28th December at Clifton, Bristol, in his 69th year. Educated at the Friends’ Brookfield School, Wigton, and at Sidcot School, Weston-super-Mare, he continued his education under private tutors at Plymouth before proceeding to Owens College, Manchester, where he studied chemistry under Roscoe and Schorlemmer from 1877 to 1879.He acquitted himself with distinction and about the year 1881 established a practice, mainly in agricultural chemistry, in Queen Square, Bristol, in which he was joined in partnershipby Mr. Frederick O’Brien in 1907. He was a Past Chairman of the Bristoland South Western Counties Section of the Institute, and took an active part in connection with educational and benevolent institutions in the district. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1894. Mr. A. W. M. Wintle, honorary secretary of the local section, Mr. F. O’Brien, Mr. H. F. Barke and Mr. Edward Russell attended the funeral at the Friends’ Burial Ground, Kingsweston.58 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Affinity, Chemical.” L. J. Hudleston. Pp. vii + 138. (Lon-don: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 7s. 6d. Energy and its transformations; entropy; free energy; solutions; Nernst heat theorem and third law of thermodynamics ;applications. “Analysis, Qualitative.” W. Wardlaw and F. W. Pinkard. Pp. vii + 166. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 3s. 6d. Dry-way reactions ; reactions of the metals ; modifications necessary in the presence of phosphates, borates, fluorides, or non-volatile organic acids; reactions of the acid radicals; systematic analysis of inorganic substances;table of solubilities; concentration of reagents.“Biochemical Laboratory Methods for Students of the Biological Sciences.” C. A. Morrow. Pp. xvii + 350. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 18s. 6d. The colloidal state : dialysis, diffusion and osmosis ; suspensoid sols; emulsions;amulsoids;optical and electrical properties; diffusion in gels ; ultrafiltration ; protective colloids; surface tension; surface energy and adsorption.Physical chemical constants of plant saps. Hydrogen ion concentration and buffer action. Proteins : precipitation and coagulation ; reactions, isolation and pre- paration; synthesis and estimation of amino acids; analysis of proteins. Carbohydrates: preparations, reactions, tests and identification. Glucosides.Fats and allied substances. Enzymes.Plant pigments. ‘‘Mhmento du Chimiste.” I1: Partie Industrielle. Revised under the direction 0f.M. Boll and P. Baud. Pp. vi + 686. (Paris: Dunod). A book of tables, constants, etc., in French. “Organic Syntheses.” An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals. Vol. VII. Edited by F. C. Whitmore. Pp. vii + 105. (Lon-don: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 7s. 6d. “Poems.” By “Opifex.” Pp. 106. (London: The Chemical News, Ltd.) 5s. A small volume of poems, serious and humorous, including “Intelli- gence,” a serious poem giving the outlook of the scientific man on the Universe; also “The Atom,” “The Chemist’s Encomium,” “Sine Nemine,” “Alma Mater,” etc. 59 “Silk, Acetate, and its Dyes.” C.E. Mullin. Pp. 473. (Lon-don: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 26s. ‘‘Silk, The Manufacture of Artificial,” with special reference to the Viscose Process. E. Wheeler, with a foreword by Sir William J. Pope. One of a series of monographs on Applied Chemistry under the editorship of E. H. Tripp. Pp. xv + 150. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Introductory and historical; chemistry of artificial silk manufacture ; viscose ; cuprammonium, nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate processes ; miscellaneous processes ;properties and uses of artificial silk; production of miscellaneous artificial fibres; economics of artificial silk production; laboratory methods for controlling manufacture of viscose ;physical tests; chemical tests .60 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 20th January, 1928, I new Fellow was elected, 4 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 27 new Associates were elected and g Students were admitted. The Institute has lost four Fellows and one Associate by death. New Fellow. Lynch, Gerald Roche, O.B.E., M.B., B.S., D.P.H., Department of Chemical Pathology, St. Mary’s Hospital, Paddington, London, W.2. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Chapman, Arthur William, D.Se. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Chemistry Depart- ment, The University, Sheffield. Gardner, Roy, M.Sc. (N.Z.), King Edward Technical College, Dunedin, New Zealand. Gordon, Peter Ferguson, Ph.D. (Glas.), A.H.W.C., Chemistry Department, Royal Technical College, Glasgow.Lay, Douglas, A.R.S.M., Resident Engineer’s Office, Hazelton, B.C., Canada. New Associates. Blayden, Herbert Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Shelmerdine Street, Wigan. Boudry, Cyril, B.Sc. (Lond.), 99, Holly Lane, Smethwick, Staffs. Bramhall, Randle James, M.Sc. (Vict.), 274, Manchester Road, Rochdale. Bull, Ronald Leno, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, King’s Road, Windsor. Chanmugam, Walter Raju, Gcvernment Analyst’s Offioe, Colombo, Ceylon. Cooksey, Arnold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Weston Street, Wigan. Diamond, Jacob, M.Sc. (Sheff .), Stoke Ferry, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. Evans, Norman Leslie, B.Sc. (Birm.), Salem, Burton Green, Kenilworth. Harrison, Charles Frederick Reed, Ph.D. (Birm.), Norton Hall, Norton- on-Tees, Co. Durham. Hey, Donald Holroyde, B.Sc.(Lond. and Wales), 14, Grosvenor Road, Sketty, Swansea, Glam. Leggett, Thomas Stephen Lewis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 10, Tyneview Terrace, Fellside, Hexham-on-Tyne, Northumberland. Lockwood, Harold Claude, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Hawthorne Road, Kings Norton, Birmingham. Lucas, Charles Edward Leslie, 27, Park Hill, Ealing, London, W.5. Maddocks, Charles Bernard, 102, Moor Street, Burton-on-Trent. Mitchell, William Brockie, c/o Mrs. Campbell, 82, Marchmont Crescent, Edinburgh.McKenna, Charles Beuno, B.A., M.Sc. (Dub.), 1, Killeen Terrace, Malahide, Co. Dublin. Phillips, Roy, B.Sc. (Bris.), 1, Northlands, Rohars Road, Guernsey. Pollard, Frederick Henry, B.Sc. (Bris.), 6, Birch Street, Swindon. 61 Pritchett, Eric George Kemp, B.Sc.(Lond.), 5, Willows Crescent, Cannon Hill, Birmingham. Rhead, Alfred James, 2, Grove Street, New Ferry, Birkenhead. Romney, Judah, B.Sc. (Lond.), 62, Whitehorse Lane, London, E.l. Smith, Walter, 69, Montpelier Park, Edinburgh. Veale, Percival Oliver, B.A., M.Sc. (N.Z.), 5, Disraeli Street, Hawera, New Zealand. Vogel, Israel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Wellclose Square, Leman Street, London, E.l. Walsh, George, B.Sc. (Leeds), Savile Green, Halifax. White, Colin McLuckie, 2, Hopetoun Place, Winchburgh, West Lothian, Scotland. Williams, John, Ph.D. (Liv.), Research Laboratory, Carrow Works, Norwich. New Students. Chapman, Anthony Charters, 12, Hovelands, Taunton. Cook, Laurence Ernest, 20, Dovercourt Road, Dulwich, London, S.E.22. Cowan, Stuart Lawson, 18, Grendon Gardens, Wembley Park, Middx.Horsley, Albert, 1, Range Terrace, Range Bank, Halifax. Isaacs, Jacob, 53, Heathland Road, London, N. 16. Park, William Edward, 29, Willis Street, Poplar, London, E.14. Porter, Frank Leslie, 80, Lefevre Road, Bow, London, E.3. Prior, John Axel, 76, Richmond Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Walters, Thomas Morgan, Gwalia, Victoria Road, Waunarlwydd, Swanses. Change of Name. (Miss) Jane Babiak, Associate-on her marriage-to Mrs. #:iZZbe. (MISS)Antoinette Nellie Cosson, Associate-on her marriage-to Mrs. Gibby. DEATHS. Fellows. Thornas Thompson Best, Ph.D. (Erlangen) . William Howarth Darling. Henry Smith. Charles James Waterfall. Associate. Alexander Walker Fyfe, M.A., B.Sc. (St.Andrews) 62 General Notices. Annual General Meeting.-The Annual General Meeting will be held at the Institute on Thursday, 1st March, at 4.30 p.m. Examinations,-The next Examinations will commence on 16th April. Candidates will be examined for the Associateship and for the Fellowship from the 17th to zznd, and from 24th to 29th September. The list of entries for the September Examinations will close on Monday, the 16th July. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possible. The attention of Associates elected prior to February, 1925, who have since been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry, is directed to the revised syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 63 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their application for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their position, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary.The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library,-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive library of the Chemical Society is avail-able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. 64 Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL.Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms: Buckram case, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. Changes of Add ress.-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.Register, 1928.-Corrections for the new edition of the Register should be forwarded immediately to the Registrar. 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Report to the manufacturers. JAMES A. JOBLING & CO. LTD WEAR GLASS WORKS SUNDERLAND -J. & A. CHUKCHILL-Just Published 30s. Bet (Postage 9d.) 12 Plates and 34 Text Figures OILS, FATS AND FATTY FOODS THEIR PRACTICAL EXAMINATION A HANDBOOK FOR THE USE OF ANALYTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHEMISTS AND MANUFACTURERS BY E.RICHARDS BOLTON, F.I.C., F.C.S. WITH A CHAPTER ON VITAMINS By J. C. DRUMMOND, D.Sc., F.I.C. Being a Second Edition of “FATTY FOODS ” by E. RICHARDS BOLTON and CECIL REVIS A TEXT-BOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY: For Students of Medicine and Science By A. T. CAMERON, D.Sc., F.I.C., F.R.S.C. With Preface by Professor SWALE VINCENT, LL.D., M.D., DSc., F.R.S.E., F.R.S.C. With 2 Plates and 12Text Figures. 15s. (Postage 9d.) RECENT ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMISTRY By J. PRYDE, BSc., MSc. Second Edition. 38 Illustrations. 12s. 6d. (Postage 6d.) THE THEORY OF EXMULSIONS AND THEIR TECHNICAL TREATMENT By W. CLAYTON, DSc., F.I.C. Foreword by Professor F. G. DONNAN, F.R.S. Second Edition. 42 Illustrations. 15s. 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