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THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1928. PART I. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, February, 1928. Publications Committee, 1927-28 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Chairman), A RTHU R SM iTH ELLS (President), H. C. 1, BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, W. CLAYTON, W. M, CUMMING, J. C. DRUMMOND, LEWIS EYNON, 1. M. HEILBRON, H. H. HODGSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer), A. W. KNAPP, A. G. 0. LEONARD, THOMAS MACARA, 6. G. McLELLAN, FRANK SOUTHERDEN. R. THOMAS, D. F. TWISS J. A. WATSON. Report of the Council 1927-1 928) (To be submitted at the Pijtieth Annual General Meeting of the Institute, to be held on Thursday, 1st March, 1928.) In presenting this Report, the Council expresses its satisfaction at the completion of the fiftieth year of the Institute’s existence, which has been celebrated recently in London, under the Patronage of H.R.H.the Prince of Wales, and in several other important centres. The Council records its appreciation of the messages and expressions of goodwill which were received from many kindred societies and professional and technical bodies on the occasion, as well as of the attendance at the functions, not only of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, but also of members of the Societies and Institutions who were invited to participate in the celebrations.With the continued co-operation of Fellows and Associates, the Council is encouraged to look forward with increased con- fidence to the continued and steady progress of the Institute. The Council has recorded, in its minutes, its hearty congratula- tions to the President-Professor Arthur Smithells-on the great success of the Jubilee Celebration in London and its high appreciation of the services which he has rendered to the Institute, not only by the part which he has taken in the arrangements for the Celebration, but also by receiving the Guests and by presiding at the Jubilee Banquet. The Council has also recorded its sense of obligation to Mr. Pilcher, Mr. Collett, Miss Cawston, and the staff of the Institute for the whole-hearted manner in which they carried out the onerous duties involved in the organisation of the Jubilee Celebra- tion in London.The Council feels that without their labours, readily and loyally performed, the great success which has attended the event could not have been achieved. I. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. Since the publication of the last Report, the Council has elected 79 Fellows, of whom 64 were formerly Associates, and 278 new Associates, of whom 75 were Registered Students. 4 Three Students have been readmitted, and 131 new Students admitted. The Council records with regret the death of 18 Fellows, 7 Associates, and I Student. Fellows : Thomas Thompson Best. Benjamin Arthur Burrell. Arthur William Crossley, C.B.E., C.M.G., F.R.S.William Howarth Darling. Dugald George Fletcher. Frederick Bickell Guthrie. Thomas Featherstone Harvey. James Alfred Kendall. James David Kettle. John Robinson Leebody. Archibald Liversidge, F.R.S. James Mathew Petrie. Henry Richardson Procter, F.R.S. Henry James Bawtree Rawlins. William Horace Sodeau. Charles James Waterfall. Geoffrey Weyman. William Carleton Williams. Associates : Richard Burtles. James Fletcher. Mandala1 Jekisanlas Gajjar. Edward Neville Mottram. Reginald Charles Pakes, Lauchlan Macquarie Stewart. Montague Williams. Student : Stanley Ernest Pusey. The resignations of 5 Fellows, 39 Associates and 24 Students have been accepted, and the names of 22 Associates and 77 Students have been removed from the Register in accordance with the By-laws.The Register at this date contains the names of 1819 Fellows, 3,569 Associates, and 667 Registered Students. The number of members has increased by 202, and of Students has decreased by 43. 2. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES & REPRESENTATIVES. The Council has held 11meetings; the Committees, Board of Examiners and Sub-committees have held 73 meetings. 5 COMMITTEESAND CHAIRMEN. Appointments Register .. .. E. R. Bolton, V.-P. Benevolent Fund .. *. .. The Hon. Treasurer. Finance and House .. .. The Hon. Treasurer. Legal and Parliamentary .. E. R. Bolton, V.-P. The President. Nominations, Examinations and 5Institutions Committee .... Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Vice-Chairman. Public Appointments . . .. E. R. Bolton, V.-P. Publications .. .. .. J. F. Thorpe, V.-P. Joint Advisory Committee with the Board of Education .. The President. The Institute has been represented on various occasions as follows:-The President, at the Centenary Celebration of University College, London, June, 1927. The President, on the Executive Committee appointed to inquire into the relationship of technical education to other forrns of education and to industry and commerce. The President and Mr. William Macnab, on Committees of Selection in respect of certain official appointments in India. The President, with the Honorary Treasurer and Registrar, on the Sir George Beilby Memorial Committee.Professor J. F. Thorps, Vice-president, at the Celebration of the Centenary of the birth of Marcelin Berthelot, held in Paris in October, 1927. Dr. G. C. Clayton, M.P., Member of Council, introduced the deputation from the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts received by the Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry of Health in May, 1927, regarding the conditions of appointment of public analysts. The deputation consisted of Messrs. A. Chaston Chapman, Past President; E. Richards Bolton, Vice-president; F. W. F. Arnaud, Cecil H. Cribb, Edward Hinks, the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary. Dr. G. C. Clayton and the Registrar gave evidence before the Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts at the Home Office in April regarding the title Chemist.Mr. G. Nevi11 Huntly represented the Institute on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society. Dr. J. F. Tocher has represented the Institute on the Advisory Committee of the Home Office appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act, and has continued to serve on the Consultative Council of the Scottish Board of Health. Mr. Arthur R. Smith represented the Institute at the 7th Congress of the SociM de Chimie Industrielle held in Paris in October, 1927. Dr. Ernest Vanstone represented the Institute at the Conference of the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions held at Plymouth in June, 1927. 6 The following have served as representatives of the Institute at meetings connected with the British Engineering Standards Association :-Professor J.W. Cobb, at the Conference on the desirability of standardising Coal Analysis. Mr. Ronald G. Browning, on the Aircraft Dope Ingredients Committee. Mr. Arthur J. Chapman, on the Committee for the Standard- isation of Sieves and Screens used in various industries. Professor C. H. Desch, on the Sectional Committee on Cement, and the Sectional Committee on Slag Cement. Mr. F. W. Harbord, on the Sectional Committee on Cement. Dr. J. Watson on the Sub-committee on Sand-lime Bricks and the Sub-committee on Slag Cement. The Registrar has continued to serve on the Headmasters of Secondary Schools’ Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour.The Assistant Secretary has continued to serve on the Chemical Trades Advisory Committee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes; and has acted as Secretary of the Joint Committee on the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware. 4. FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. The accounts for the year 1927 are submitted with this Report. The aggregate amount received for subscriptions is higher by E230 13s. than that received for 1926, and the amount received for dividends and interest has increased by L65 12s. 3d. On the expenditure side, increases under “Printing and Postage” are due to extra publications, including (‘The Profession of Chemistry” and lectures which have been issued as separate monographs.The Jubilee Celebration expenses were met from funds in hand, without drawing on reserves. On the recom- mendation of the Finance and House Committee, the Council has sanctioned the payment of travelling expenses of Members of Council attending all meetings. The following is an approximate comparison of the finances of the Institute, apart from the legacy of Sir Alexander Pedler, at the close of the years 1926 and 1927:-f: L. d. f: s. d Balancefrom 1986 ... ... 908 11 3 Ralanceat endof 1927 ... 29 6 6 Value of Investments Value of Investments Dec. 31. 1956... ... ... 15,927 1 6 at end of 1927 ... ... ... 17,165 0 0Redemption Fund ... 750 16 8 Redemption Fund ... ... 8$1 3 0Accounts due to the Institute 100 I 0 Accounts due ...... ... 13 0 6 17,636 10 5 18.:2? 12 0 Less Liabilities .,. ... 632 17 3 Less Liabilities ... .. 179 6 0 17.0,54 13 2 Appreciation during 1927 ... 294 12 10 SL7.349 6 0 g17.349 6 0 7 The amount due for investment during 1927 (entrance fees and life compositions) was Egm 8s. 6d., and the amount actually invested was E964 13s., to which may be added the Redemption Fund Premium, 751108s. 4d., making a total of Ero75 IS. 4d. A statement regarding the legacy of Sir Alexander Pedler, which the Council is glad to report has now been received in full, is shown separately. With one exception, the investments transferred to the Institute in this connection have been realised at slightly more than the price at the time of allotment, and the proceeds have been invested in Trustee stocks.The Council again records its sense of obligation for the kindly thought which prompted the late Sir Alexander Pedler to make this bequest to the Institute. The premises of the Institute have been maintained in good condition. 5. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE, The Benevolent Fund Committee, in submitting the state- ment of accounts for 1927,gratefully acknowledges the contribu- tions received during the year. The contributions received on Current Account amounted to E464 6s. 6d., compared with 75473 4s.8d.in 1926;but although the total was slightly less, the Annual Subscriptions showed an increase of 7548 8s. 2d. The amount received in Donations for Annuities Account, moreover, showed an increase of 7559 5s.Id., compared with that received in 1926,and the contributions of all kinds received in 1927 were E50 6s. IId. more than in 1926, apart from the legacy of &o received under the will of Mr. Alexander Watt. The total sum disbursed in grants during 1927 amounted to 75245 11s. zd., compared with E346 4s. 7d. in the previous year. The loans granted amounted to 4127,as compared with 15125,and annuitants received Ez14, compared with E52, the grants previously made to widows and dependents having been taken from the Current Account. It will be seen, therefore, that whereas the total con- tributions, including the legacy mentioned, showed an increase of EIOO 6s. IId., disbursements of all kinds showed an increase of 7563 6s.7d. It will be noted also that the assets of the Fund have improved to the extent of k386 3s. 3d. A sum of E52 has been returned on Loans Accounts. While this record cannot be regarded as unsatisfactory the 8 Benevolent Fund Committee feels that the financial position of the Fund should be on a more satisfactory basis, and has, there- fore, made an appeal that the celebration of the Jubilee of the Institute should be marked by a special effort, and has asked all Fellows and Associates-who have not already done so-to become annual subscribers of 5s. or 2s. 6d., unless they can spare more, in order that a substantial regular income may be assured. The Committee again expresses its appreciation of group collec- tions, such as have been received from Sections and from the staffs of laboratories where several members are employed.From the Annuities Account, provision is now being made for the assistance of one aged Fellow, as indicated above, and for three widows of members, and two aged sisters of a deceased Fellow. Several members who have been helped while they were without employment have now obtained appointments. In the present year the Committee hopes to be able to make allowances for the education of several children of deceased Fellows and Associates. The Council gratefully records that, subject to certain life interests, the Benevolent Fund of the Institute will eventually receive the sum of -&400under the Will of the late Professor W.Carleton Williams. 6. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE. Pending the publication of the Report of the Inter-Depart- mental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts, the Council is requested to postpone the publication of its proceedings with regard to the memorandum forwarded to the Committee, or of the evidence given before the Committee by Dr. G. C. Clayton and the Registrar, on behalf of the Institute, in April last, on the use of the title “Chemist.” In view of the possible bearing of the subject of the representation to the Committee on the question of Registration, the Council has postponed the further consideration of that matter. 7. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE. The Committee-i.e. the Council in Committee-has held 11 meetings and has dealt with 626 applications and many preliminary enquiries.In addition to the candidates examined for Associateship and Fellowship scheduled below, many 9 candidates have been interviewed and examined orally by a Sub-Committee or by Local Interviewing Committees to whom the Council is indebted for reports. Records of research, or of inventions, received in connection with applications, have been referred to special Assessors. The Council also thanks the Advisory Committee in India for reports on applications received from the Indian Empire. A summary of the applications, with the decisions of the Council thereon, is given below:- Applications for Admission to the Studentship : Accepted (including re-admitted) Declined .... .. *. .. .. .. .. .. .. 134 3 - Total . . .. .. .. .. .. 137 - Applications for Admission to Examination for the Associateship : (I.Accepted .. .. .. .* .. 65 Declined .. .. .. ** .. .. .. 2 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 -Applications for Election to the Associateship : Accepted (including those examined) .. .. 278 Declined .. .. .. *. .. .. 8 Referred for Examination .. *. .. .. 21 -Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 307 -Applications for Admission to Examination for the Fellowship : f.Accepted .. .. .. .. .. -26 Applications from Associates for Election to the Fellowship : Accepted (including those examined) .. .. 64 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9-Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 73 Applications from Non-Associates for Election to the Fellowship : Accepted (including those examined) .... 15 Declined .. .. .. *. .. .. .. 1 -Total . . *. .. *. ,. , . 16 10 EXAMINATIONS.-EXain;ttiOnS were held in April and September, 1927,and in January, 1928. SUMMARYOF RESULTS. Associateship : EXAMINED.PASSED. (Present Regulations) General Chemistry .. .. .. 6ii 23 Fellowship i Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry . . 2 2 Branch D. Biochemistry .. .. 2 2 Branch E. Chemistry( andMicroscopy) of Food and Drugs .. 23 13 Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry . . 2 2 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry .. 2 2 Chemical Technology of Textiles . . 1 1 Chemistry of Foods .. .. .. 1 1 Chemistry and Microscopy of Food and Drugs ..*. .. .. *. 1 1 Oils and Fats ,. .. .. .. 1 1 Oral in General Chemistry .. .. 1 1 Fuel Technology .. .. .. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to Fellows who have acted as additional examiners or have assisted the Board of Examiners, to Assessors who have examined papers submitted in connection with applications, and also to the authorities of the Royal School of Mines, London, the Univer- sities of Manchester and Reading, Heriot-Watt College, Edin- burgh, Central Technical College, Birmingham, University College, Natal, Victoria University College, Wellington, N.Z., and to Professor W. H. Roberts, for the use of laboratories and examination rooms. The Derby Technical College and the Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle-on-Tyne, have been added to the list of institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the examinations of the Institute. The MELDOLA MEDAL for 1927 has been awarded to Juda Hirsch Quastel, DSc.(Lond.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), A.R.C.S., Associate, and will be presented at the Annual General Meeting. The SIR EDWARD MEDAL and PRIZEhas been FRANKLAND awarded to Malcolm Gillies, of the University of Glasgow. 11 8. PUBLICATIONS (AND LIBRARY) COMMITTEE. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShas been published as usual in six parts, containing Proceedings of the Council, reports of meetings of Local Sections, with abstracts of many of the papers read before them, Reports on the Examinations, and matters of professional interest. Part I included the Report of Council for 1926 with the financial statements for that year, the revised Regulations for the admission of Fellows, and the Report on the January Examinations.Part 11, the report of the Annual General Meeting, with the address of the retiring President (Professor Henderson) ; Part I11, particulars of the Deputation to the Ministry of Health regarding conditions of appoint-ments of public analysts as affected by recent legislation and regulations, particulars of official chemical appointments overseas , the British Standards Specifications and Reports likely to be of general chemical interest, and the Report on the April-May Examinations; Part IV, the Report on the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry, 1927, and the views for- warded by the Council to the Departmental Committee of the Board of Education for Examinations for part-time Students ; Part V, the Report on the September-October Examinations; and Part VI, a report on the action taken respecting the new Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act.Other publications of the Institute during the year were :-Mr. A. Chaston Chapman’s lecture on “The Growth of the Pro- fession of Chemistry during the past Half-Century,” given before the Institute in March; the sixth edition of “Official Chemical Appointments”; Mr. Alec M. Cameron’s lecture on “Fire Risks in Industry,” given before the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section in March; the second (revised edition) of “The Profession of Chemistry”; Mr.S. M. Gluckstein’s lecture on “Chemists and Dividends,” given before the London and South Eastern Coun- ties Section in October; the Tenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, delivered by Mr. 0. F. Bloch in November, before the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute and former Students of Finsbury Technical College, the subject being “The Chemist in the Photographic Industry”; and the special brochure containing the Report of the Jubilee Celebration. The Council records its appreciation of the privilege of the continued use of the Library of the Chemical Society by Fellows, Associates and Registered Students. The Council has made a 12 further contribution of i250 towards the maintenance of the Library of the Society. The Council expresses its thanks to authors, publishers and others who have presented books and journals to the Library of the Institute.Manuscripts of many of the lectures delivered before Local Sections have been filed at the Institute, with the concurrence of the lecturers, and are available for perusal by Fellows and Associates. The Institute’s collection of lantern slides has been frequently drawn upon by members desirous of giving lectures on various phases of the history of chemistry, and a considerable selection has been shown at lectures given by the Registrar before the Institution of Professional Civil Servants and before the Newcastle and North-East Coast Section. The Institute has received Mr. Alexander Watt’s bequest of a collection of photographic negatives of title-pages, pictures and portraits, from books on alchemy, chemistry and early science, from some of which further lantern slides will be prepared and added to the Institute’s collection. 9.PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. Regarding the conditions of appointments of public analysts, a full report of the deputation from the Institute received by the Rt. Hon. Sir H. Kingsley Wood, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health, on 6th April, has been published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS(Part 111, 1927, pp. 135-141). The Public Appointments Committee and the Council regret that the Ministry was unable to modify its view that it could not intervene in questions affecting the remuneration of public analysts, and are therefore taking steps, with the help of a Sub- Committee especially appointed for the purpose, to bring the matter before the Royal Commission on Local Government.A memorandum has been prepared for submission to the Royal Commission, and will be supported, if necessary, by evidence given by representatives of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts. The main points raised in the memorandum are summarised as follows:-(a) That not merely the appointment and removal, but also the terms and conditions of the appointment (including 13 specifically the terms of remuneration), of a public analyst should be subject to the approval of the Minister of Health. (These powers might be conferred on the Minister if an Exchequer grant were contributed to the remuneration of the public analyst as in the case of the medical officer of health and the sanitary inspector.) That no appointment already made or to be made should be determined without the consent of the Minister of Health, notwithstanding that certain authorities appear to have made agreements outside the terms of the Acts.That when any alteration affecting the appointment of a public analyst is proposed to be introduced by the local authority the public analyst shall be entitled to appeal direct to the Minister of Health whose decision shall be binding. That when “Regulations” are made by the Minister of Health, having the efiect of increasing the work of the public analyst, provision shall be made for a corre-sponding increase in his remuneration.That Section IZ* of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, be amended in order to provide that the balance of the fee above 10s. Gd.-for the purpose of this Section -be paid by the local authority. That public analysts who hold part-time appointments should have the opportunity of participating in the Superannuation Scheme adopted by their local au-thorities. * Any purchaser of an article of food or of a drug in any place being a district, county, city or borough where there is any analyst appointed under this or any Act hereby repealed shall be entitled, on payment to such analyst of a sum not exceeding ten shillings and sixpence, or if there be no such analyst then acting for such place, to the analyst of another place, of such sum as may be agreed upon between such person and the analyst, to have such article analysed by such analyst, and to receive from him a certificate of the result of his analysis.Particulars regarding the action taken, in view of the ney legislation provided by the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1926, with reference to the duties and remuneration of Official Agricultural Analysts, were given in the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, Part VI (pp. 25g-zG1). 14 The Committee has also made representations to the authori- ties concerned with certain other appointments and with the conditions of employment of chemists in the Beet Sugar In- dus try.10. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. An abstract of the Report of the Assessors on the Exarnina- tions for National Certificates in England and Wales, 1927,was published in Part IV of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Examinations for National Certificates have also been held in conjunction with the Scottish Education Department. No Examinations for National Certificates have yet been held under the arrangements made with the Ministry of Education for Northern Ireland. 11. LOCAL SECTIONS. The activities of the Sections have been reported in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.Many interesting discussions have been held and many papers of importance have been read at meetings arranged by the Sections both independently and in conjunction with the respective local sections of other Societies.The Jubilee Celebrations held by the Sections, at which many guests, in addition to the President or other officers of the Institute, have been entertained, have been highly successful and well reported in the press. The President has visited the Sections at Birmingham, Bristol, Glasgow, Liverpool, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and Swansea. Professor J. F. Thorpe, Vice-president ,has visited the Leeds Area Section. Dr. Harold G. Colman and Mr. Ernest M. Hawkins, Vice- Presidents, have visited the Birmingham Section. The Registrar has visited the Birmingham and Newcastle-on- Tyne and North-East Coast Sections, and has called upon officers and members of several other sections during the year. The Assistant Secretary has visited Sections at Bristol and Glasgow.The Students’ Association (London) has continued its pro- ceedings under the presidency of Professor Smithells, President of the Institute, and lately under that of Mr. E. Richards Bolton, Vice-president of the Institute. 15 12. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries for help rendered to the Institute during the year. Dr. William Arthur Hargreaves has accepted office as Honor- ary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute in South Australia, in the place of the late Professor E. H. Rennie. 13. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER. At the beginning of 1927, the profession, in common with others, was still suffering from the industrial troubles of 1926, and there was a sharp rise in the number of members of the Institute unemployed; but since Mav the number has again fallen slightly.At the date of this Report the information available shows that g Fellows and 95 Associates are without employment, as compared with 18 Fellows and 74 Associates in January, 1927. However, as the membership of the Institute has increased by 202, it appears that chemists are still being steadily absorbed, although the number of unemployed members is still a matter of serious concern. The scheme for the further advertisement of the facilities afforded by the Appointments Register has been in operation for over a year, and, although it has as yet produced little ap- parent result, will be continued in the hope that the position will improve during the coming year.30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON,W.C.l. 27th January, 1928. 16 REPORT OF AUDITORS. We hereby report that we have examined the books and accounts of the Institute of Chemistry for the year ended 31st December, 1927, and have compared with the vouchers the entries therein, and certify that the following statements are correct as shown by the books. Certificates from the Bank of England and the Westminster Bank, Ltd., for investments held by them respectively for the Institute at the above date have been produced. CHARLESE. BARRS Hon. Agditors, WALTER P. HARMSWORTH 1927-1928.1 DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accomtant, 16th JanGary, 1928. BENEVOLENT FUND.I hereby report that I have also examined the books and accounts of the Benevolent Fund and certify the statement as correct and in accordance therewith. DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered A ccowtfa&. 16th January, 1928. ~~~ 1926. 1926. 1927. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. 5 a. d. 908 11 3 Balance . . .. .. 29 6 6 Subscriptions received in 1 €3,000 Victoria 5% In-advance-2.880 0 0 scribed Stock, 193545. 2,970 0 0 75 12 0 Fellows’ €67 4 0 :::i €1,000 New Zealand 4% 67 12 3 Associates’ 67 2 0~ 1InscribedStock, 1929 .. 980 0 0 2 15 0 Students’ 1 0 0 €700 Canada 34% Regis- 135 6 0 teredstock, 1930-50 .. 574 0 0 172 14 6 Applications in abeyance 266 3 6~1 E500 Metropolitan 3% Con- Fees retained (1925-27) 405 0 0 1 solidated Stock ..367 10 0 less reduction for fees 1 €500 Great Western Railway 97 13 0 forfeited .. .. 72 9 0 250 0 0 1 29% Debenturestock .. 255 0 0 75 0 0 Rent outstanding .. 76 0 0 1 €500 London Midland and 140 10 6 Accountsrenderedanddue 46 8 3 Scottish Railway 5% Re-Jubilee Celebrations :-deemable Preference Stock Outstanding Account .. 40 0 0 470 0 0 1955 .. 440 0 0 Due to Sir Alexander €1,145 London Midland and Pedler Legacy Ac-Scottish Railway 4% count .. .. 143 19 3 847 11 6 Preference Stock .. 864 16 0 Excess of Assets over c1! €4,000 5% War Loan, 1929- Liabilities, 31st Decem- 4.1 4,020 0 0 47InscribedStock ..4,050 0 0 17,054 13 2 ber, 1927 .. .. 17,349 6 01 €500 War Savings Certifi- 0.cates .. . . 593 15 0 €1,000 National War Bonds, 1,::: 1: : 1929, Series 4 .. .. 1,050 0 0 €5,000 Conversion 3&y0 3,750 0 0 Stock .. .. ..3,850 0 0 *€ 1,000 Conversion 44 % Stock . . .. .. 967 10 0 100 1 0 Sundry Accounts due .. 73 0 6 §Redemption Fund Pre-750 16 8 mium .. .. .. 861 5 0 Streatfeild Memorial Fund : €200 5% War Loan, 1929- 201 0 0 47InscribedStock .. 202 10 0 ._~----517,686 10 5 $18,128 12 0 I 517,686 10 5 f;18,128 12 0 ~~ 18 THE lNSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 19 Founded 1877. Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1885. OF RECEIPTSAND EXPENDITURE 1927.STATEMENT FOR THE YEARENDED 31s~DECEMBER, GENERAL ACCOUNT 1926. RECEIPTS. € s. d. $ s. d. 1926. EXPENDITURE. S s. d. S s. d. € s. d. Subscriptions--$ s.d. Printing, Stationery, etc. 443 19 4 Journal, Part VI., 1926; Parts I-V., 1927 483 5 02,717 19 0 Fellows’ .. .. .. 2,733 11 6 ---‘‘The Profession of Chemistry ” . . 211 2 54,856 12 0 Associates’ .. .. 5,078 17 6 303 3 0 Other Printing, Stationery, etc. .. 445 7 7 334 5 0 Students’ .. .. 327 0 0 1,139 16 0 Postage-8,139 9 0 173 16 3 Journal .......... 200 10 2Dividends and Interest- 364 13 11 Ordinary .......... 493 4 6 (€774 I 6) Gross .. 868 0 0 623 14 7 (€103 3 8) LessTax 131 9 11 315 3 2 Register, 1927 .. .. .. ,. 315 3 2 923 18 10 Rent,Rates, Taxes, Insurance and Telephone 931 7 7 670 17 10 736 10 1 212 1 5 Official Chemical Appointments (One-third) 193 18 8 18 3 9 Sale of Publications .. .. .. .. 28 11 5 360 1 0 Repairs, House and Furniture .... 336 0 4 4,277 13 9 Salaries, Wages and Gratuities .. .. 4,457 10 4831 Sundry Receipts .. .. .. .. 216 2 96 1 9 Advertisements .. .. .. .. 192 16 6 649 5 0 Hire of Laboratories and Rooms .. .. 692 19 0 352 6 10 Gas, Water, Light and Fuel .. . . 380 7 8 .. 765 9 0 568 12 4 Examiners, Assessors and Assistants (Fees 692 15 0 Examination and Assessment Fees and Expenses) .. .. .. .. 640 13 5266 9 6 Appointments Register .. .. .. 244 15 0 183 11 2 Apparatus and Materials . . .. .. 168 19 11 136 16 10 Advertisements in Journal .. .. .. 102 7 8 308 3 3 Library (including €250 to Chemical Society) 282 4 0 336 17 5 Local Sections .. .. .. .. 312 5 7 29 8 0 Donations .. .. .. .. .. 15 5 0 83 2 7 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. 70 18 4 150 18 7 Officers’ Travelling Expenses, Fares, etc... 154 14 5 36 15 0 Auditor’s Honorarium .. .. .. 31 10 0 70 4 Lectures and Lantern Slides .. .. 82 4 6 194 6 11 Members of Council Travelling Expenses 192 0 9 171 15 9 Staff Assurance . . .. .. .. 190 18 8 $10,351 7 0 ;E10,712 17 4 €9,956 14 3 $10.712 8 4 Balance 31st December 1926-36 15 6 Application Fees returned on 1926 Account 30 19 6 470 10 6 Current .. .. .. 361 5 11 110 8 4 ltedemption Fund Premium .. .. 110 8 4 Deposit .. .. .. 500 0 0 Purchase of Stock-Plus Half of Register, 1927. . 315 3 2 940 17 G $1,000 4+% Conversion Stock .. .. 964 13 0 212 1 5 PZm One-third “O.C.A.” ---17 15 0 Office Equipment . . .. .. .. 3 15 0 1,176 9 1 ---Frankland Medal (part-payment) .. .. 25 0 0 Pundsfor Investment-Jubilee Celebration Expenses .. ..822 10 3 806 8 0 Entrance Fees .. .. 858 18 0 Jubilee Honoraria to Staff .. .. .. 55 15 0 61 19 I Life Compositions .. .. 63 10 6 Balance 31st December, 1927:-143 19 I Interest on Legacy of Sir A, ’ 408 11 Current . . .. .. 29 6 6 Pedler .. .. .. --_ 500 0 Deposit .. .. .. ---922 8 6 315 3 i Half of Register, 1927 .. ---Pees on applications in abeyance- ---Two-thirds “O.C.A.,” 1928-29 387 17 498 14 I Fellowship .. .. .. 140 14 0 417 3 10 74 0 t Associateship .. .. 125 9 6 266 3 6 19 19 c Fees retained .. .. .. .. 16 16 0 25 13 1I Meldola Library Fund .. 25 13 11 21 11 5 Streatfeild Fund (Interest :$8) 29 11 5 k?8ExpeIlS0s .. .. 766 22 4 11 213,142 13 3 €12,286 4 I $13,142 13 3 Sir Alexander Pedler Legacy Account.Investment Account. Receipts. Expenditure. $ 8. d. € s. d. By Sale o -€240 Deferred Stock Peninsula and Oriental 630 6 9 184 Ordinary Shares Lungla Tea (Syhlet) Co.,LM. .. .. .. .. .. .. 290 18 0 126 Ordinary Shares Nedeem Tea Co., Ltd.. . 413 7 9 By Cash received from Executors . . .. 579 19 2 By Cash received from Executors (final settle- I.ment) .. .. .. ** 98 3 9 .(IBy Dividends . . .. .. .. 107 19 3 To Purchase of Stock-€1,200 39% Conversion Stock .. .. .. .. 921 2 0 $1,000 34% Converaion Stock .. .. .. .. 763 4 6 €290 44% Conversion Stock .. .. .. .. 279 17 6 Accountants’ Fees on settlement of legacy .. .. 45 0 0 Balance on Deposit .. .. .. .. .. .. 121 10 8 €2,120 14 8€2,120 14 8 Value of holding of Securities at 31st December, 1927-E s.d. €100 Great Western Railway 5% Consolidated Preference Stock.. .. .. .. ,. .. .. .. 99 0 0 $900 Royal &€ailSteam Packet Ordinary Stock . . .. 661 10 0 $2,350 4*% Conversion Stock .. .. .. .. 2,273 12 6 €2,200 33% Conversion Stock .. .. .. .. 1,694 0 0 $4,728 2 6 Due from Institute on 1926 Account .. .. .. 143 19 3 Balance on Deposit .. .. .. .... .. 121 10 8 €4,993 12 5 BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for the year ended 31st Dec., 1927. Account. 1926 € s. d. 290 5 7 Subscriptions .. .. .. .. 232 19 3 346 4 7 Grants . . .. *. *. .. 245 11 2 182 19 1 Annual Subscriptions .. .. .. 231 7 3 20 16 5 Printing, etc. .. .. .. .. 23 9 3 74 0 0 Balance of Loans (see below) ..75 0 0 103 7 0 Balance at 31st December, 1927 .. 30 2 1 --I 344 18 6 Transferred to Annuity Account .. 193 11 0 €889 6 6 $567 13 6 $289 6 6 $567 13 6 Loans Account. $ s. d. € s. d. 51 0 0 Loans repaid ,. .. .. .. 52 0 0 125 0 0 Loans .. .. .. .. .. 127 0 0 2 74 0 0 ' Dr. Balance deducted from Current Account .. .. .. .. 75 0 0 €125 0 0 $127 0 0 €125 0 0 €127 0 0 Annuities Account. € s. d. e 8. d. 77 8 3 Balance, 31st December, 1926 . . 51 9 10 52 0 0 Annuities .. .. .. .. 214 0 0 182 16 8 Donations .. .. .. .. 242 1 9 558 3 3 Purchase of Stock .. . . .. 386 11 6 56 9 8 Dividends and Interest . . .. 69 14 2 51 9 10 Balance, 31st December, 1927 .. 653 ---Legacy (late A. Watt) .. .. 50 0 0 344 18 6 Transi'erred from Current Account .. 193 11 0 €661 13 1 $606 16 9 €661 13 1 f606 16 9 -ir Bmevoient Fund: Statement of Assets and Liabilities, 31st Dec., 1 927. I $ s. d. I E s. d. ~450 0 0 ' Loansoutstanding .. .. .. 525 0 0 20 0 0 Printing (estimated) . . 1 Balances at Bank- 450 0 0 1 Loans .. .. .. 5iii 0 .. 0 22 0 0 18 7 0 Current . . . . .. . . 13 13 8 83 7 0 Excessof Liabilitiesover 1.85 0 0 Deposit .. .. .. ---Aasets .. 1€553 7 0 $538 13 8 $553 7 0 i '5 Loans Account: 1920-1 927. f: 8. d. E 8. d. 567 0 0 Loans .. .. .. .. .. 694 0 0 117 0 0 Loans repaid .. .. .. .. 169 0 0 450 0 0 Loans outstanding .. .. .. 525 0 0 €667 0 0 4694 0 0 $567 0 0 $694 0 0 4 Annuities 4ccou nt. ,..SSETS. IABILITIES. € 8. d. € s. d. 539 6 i €533 19s.10d. India 5+% 1932 at 1352 16 T Excess of Assets over Liabilities, 31st 1014.. .. 542 0 0 December, 1927 .. .. .. 1738 19 10 210 0 t $200 Nat. Wai'Bonds; Ssrie's.4, 1929 at 105 .. 210 0 0 212 10 I $250 4% Funding L&, 1960/90 at 88& .. *. .. 220 12 6 339 10 I €350 S. Austrek 5y0'i945/75 at 98. . 343 0 0 ---$400 44% Conversion Stock at 969. . 387 0 0 42 9 I( Balance at Bank, 31st December 1927 19 18 11 90( Balance in hand . . .. .. 16 8 5 €1352 16 €1738 19 10 €1352 16 ; €1738 19 10 23 Proceedings of the Council. DECEMBER, 1927--JANUARY, 1928. Nomination of the Council, 1 928-1 929.-The ballotinglist for the election of the Officers, Council and Censors at the Annual General Meeting on the 1st March has been prepared and issued to Fellows and Associates.Members should return their voting papers to the Secretary so that they be received at the Institute not later than 4.30 p.m. on Wednesday, 29th February. Dr. L. E. Campbell and Mr. T. W. Glass have been appointed Scrutineers for this election. Public Appointments.-The Council has represented to the Appointments Department of the Colonial Office that the remuneration offered in respect of the appointment of Govern- ment Analyst and Bacteriologist for Cyprus was not adequate for a position of such responsibility. The salary scale was ~400--~20-fT600. Although the conditions indicated that the selected candidate might be offered an initial salary at any point in the scale up to the maximum, the Council felt that the emoluments should be substantially improved in order to attract and retain the services of an officer of the right stamp and thus to ensure efficient administration. The Council has also addressed a letter to the Town Clerk of Leeds with regard to the proposed appointment of a City Analyst, at a salary of L650 per annum, to work under the administrative control of the Medical Oflicer of Health, the appointment being terminable by a month’s notice on either side.The Council of the Institute submitted for the consideration of the City Council the following views:-That the position of City Analyst was one of such importance and responsibility that the conditions attaching to it should be such as would attract candidates of the highest ability, standing and experience.In view of the fact that the candidate was required to act as City Analyst as well as Public Analyst it was clear that, over 24 and above the seven years necessary to obtain the qualifications referred to, he should have had wide experience in many matters outside the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. In these circumstances, the Council of the Institute, seeing that the City Analyst was debarred from private consulting practice, considered the proposed salary inadequate for the post. The Council observed that it was proposed that the person appointed should work under the administrative control of the Medical Officer of Health, but pointed out that the public analyst and the Medical Officer of Health were drawn from two distinct professions and that their duties were distinct in their nature. The City Council, moreover, would be advised by the City Analyst on matters relating to contracts for materials in connection with public works, etc., which would not come within the purview of a Medical Officer.The Council therefore suggested that the public analyst should not occupy a position in any sense subordinate to that of the Medical Officer, who, apart from the possibility of his being required to see that samples were taken under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, was not required to take any further part in their administration. The supervision of the taking of samples under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts might be entrusted to medical officers, sanitary inspectors or police, but since the Act declares that those who take such samples are to submit them to the public analyst if they suspect them to have been sold contrary to the Act, it was clearly not the intention that such officers should take any part in the actual analysis of such samples or be in any way responsible for the reports thereon.Further, the Council of the Institute urged that the proposal to make the appointment terminable by a month’s notice on either side was contrary to practice in the profession of chemistry, wherein notice of not less than six months for appointments of such a responsible character was usual. In the case of a public analyst the period of appointment and removal was subject to the approval of the Ministry of Health, and it would be apparent to the City Council that reasonable security of tenure was essential in the interests of the proper administration of the adulteration Acts.Finally, the Council of the Institute asked that the City Council would give further serious consideration to the terms and conditions of the proposed appointment before proceeding with the matter. 25 The Council has since been informed by the City Council of Leeds that it is proposed that, subject to the concurrence of the analyst appointed, the period of notice shall be three months. Method of Election of Council.-The Council has con- sidered the resolutions of the North-East Coast Executive Committee regarding the advisability of electing Members of Council by district alone and of making provision for the election of Associates to the Council.In view of the tenor of the majority of the communciations received from the Sections on these pro- posals, the Council does not feel called upon to recommend any alteration in the By-laws relating to the election of the Council or to support a proposal to amend the Charter in order to provide for the election of Associates to the governing body of the Institute. Pu b1ications.-The Report of the Jubilee Celebration of the Institute held in London on 14th and 15th December was issued to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students at the end of January. Mr. Bloch’s lecture on “The Chemist in the Photographic Industry” was issued at the same time.It is hoped that the new edition of the Register of the Institute will be ready for publication in April. British Engineering Standards.-The Council has for- warded a second donation of twenty-five guineas to the funds of the British Engineering Standards Association. Seventh International Congress of Photography, July, 1928.-Mr. E. R. Bolton, Vice-president, has been appointed delegate, of the Institute, on the organising Committee of the Seventh International Congress of Photography. Salary Statistics.--Fellows and Associates will recollect that in August last, a questionnaire was issued inviting them to give (in confidence) information with regard to their salaries and conditions of employment.This procedure was previously adopted in 1919 and 1920,and the summarised statistics thus rendered available were found of value both to chemists and to employers. In October last, a statement was published in the JOURNAL that about a thousand replies had been received, but that it was thought advisable to extend the time for making 26 returns. However, even now, only 1264fonns, representing only 24 per cent. of the membership, have been received. In these circumstances, the Committee does not recommend the publication of the results, as it is considered that any statement based on such an incomplete return is of very little use and is liable to be misleading. Generally speaking, it may be said that, while many of the junior members of the profession are in receipt of rather small salaries, i.e., of the order of &so-E3oo per annum, those with good experience, say between 35 and 40 years of age, have made returns showing a decided average improvement (fl50-flroo) on the figures given in 1921, for the same period of life.With regard to the conditions of employment, the information given as to restraint and the publication of papers, and the recognition of inventions and improvements, shows so great a variety of practice that it is impossible to deduce any definite generalisations, and the report published in the JOURNAL, Part I, 1921,holds good at the present time with regard to these and other matters. Chemists are engaged at definite salaries or with salaries and fluctuating bonus; some are permitted to supple- ment their incomes by undertaking other work.Many contracts contain a clause restraining chemists from practising in a similar branch of industry for a definite period, usually from one to three years, and in many such cases provision is made for compensating the chemist during a period of enforced inactivity. Some employers forbid any publication of scientific work. Others are disposed to encourage publication. The period of annual leave varies from 2 to 6 weeks, and the period of ‘‘notice ” is frequently indefinite, many chemists having been engaged without definite contracts. The Council wishes to thank Fellows and Associates who assisted the investigation by sending in replies and is considering the advisability of asking for a further return on a simpler form. 27 Local Sections.Belfast and District.-The Committee of the Section, on learning that a county authority in Northern Ireland proposed to appoint as public analyst a candidate who did not possess the qualifications hitherto recognised for such appointments, addressed the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Northern Ireland, on the matter. The Committee understands that the Ministries willuphold the standard of qualifications required for appointments of this character. At the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, on 26th January, Mr. J. Carroll Culbert gave a lecture before the Sec- tion on “The Sale of Potent Drugs.” Dr. W.H. Gibson presided. The lecturer gave a historical sketch of the development of pharmacy and the growth of the regulations governing the sale of drugs. In this country, he said, powerful drugs could be sold by persons who are not qualified pharmacists. As a means of preventing their coming into the hands of people, who might use them indiscriminately, he suggested the formu-lation of a schedule of potent drugs, the sale of which would be confined to qualified sellers, and the further restriction , in the case of toxic drugs, to the prescription of medical men only. Mr. Culbert next referred to the flooding of the country with German-made medicines, and deprecated the indiscrimi- nate advertising of drugs and patent medicines, which, he said, might lead weak-minded people to acquire the habit of using them for imaginary ills.Birmingham and Midlands.-The Jubilee of the Institute was celebrated by the Section at a Dinner, held jointly with the local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists, at the Queen’s Hotel, Binning-ham, on 2rst January. 28 The Chair was occupied by Prof. A. R. Ling, and the guests included Dr. H. G. Colman and Mr. E. M. Hawkins, Vice-Presi- dents of the Institute, Sir Charles Grant Robertson, Vice-Chan- cellor of the University of Birmingham, and Sir Richard Threlfall. After the loyal Toasts had been honoured, Prof. Ling proposed the Toast of the evening-" The Institute of Chemistry." The Institute had celebrated its Jubilee in London, where the Section had been represented by Mr.A. W. Knapp, and the Birmingham Section also wished to celebrate the event. Referring briefly to the history of the Institute, he said that fifty years ago it became plain that if chemistry were to be recognised by the public and the Government as a learned profession, a registration body should be formed, and this gave rise to the birth of the Institute, which was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1885. The aim and object of the Institute had been, from the first, to effect a union between the many branches of the science; it had worked hand in hand with the Universities in ensuring that its members had secured the educational training necessary to maintain their status as professional men.Its function was that of an examining and registration body; the teaching of the science was thus left to the Universities. The Institute had most certainly justified its existence. Eleven years from its foundation there were 685 Fellows and 83 Associates on the register; to-day there were more than 5300 Fellows and Asso-ciates, in addition to 700 students. One of its founders and its first President was that great pioneer of chemistry, Prof.- afterwards Sir Edward-Frankland, and since then the office of President had been divided equally between the professorial and professional members. He concluded with an appeal that, for the common weal of the profession, any ladies and gentlemen, engaged in any branch of chemistry, who had not yet become members of the Institute, should take the necessary steps to join it; they owed it to themselves and to their fellow workers.Dr. H. G. Colman, responding, spoke of the great pioneer work of past leaders, among them some well-known Birmingham names, such as Sir William Tilden and Prof. Percy Frankland. He hoped that the fifty years now being celebrated were only the beginning of a long life; the difficulties to-day were not so great as those of our predecessors, but our best efforts were still necessary if Chemistry were to achieve the position it ought to hold in the country. There was a danger that specialisation 29 might involve a split into specialist groups.The subject was becoming so complex that each group had a language of its own; not only did the general public fail to understand the language of the chemist, but even his fellow worker in a different branch had the same difficulty. Repudiating the charge that as a professional body, chemists were selfish, he pointed out that the Institute always inculcated duty to others, and that a necessary corollary of this was the duty of the chemist to himself. Dr. D. H. Ingall, Principal of the Wednesbury Technical College, then proposed the Toast of “Kindred Societies,” and dwelt on the need for all branches of the sciences to realise their interdependence. Sir Richard Threlfall responded to thisToast in humorous vein. The toast of “The Visitors” was then proposed by Mr.W. T. Collis, Vice-chairman of the Society of Chemical Industry, and Sir Charles Grant Robertson rose in reply. He emphasised the importance of a proper realisation of the value of the work done by men of science and of a correct scale of values in the mind of the nation. He recalled an advertisement which appeared soon after the outbreak of war in 1914;fully qualified research chemists were wanted at Woolwich Arsenal at a wage of Ez 0s. 6d. per week, while mechanics were offered E.5 per week. Subsequent events showed that it would have been advantageous if some persons in high authority had known a little science; later on, when they came to the chemists to get them out of the mess, the chemists did not fail them.The function of the University was not only the provision of a proper training for entry to the professions, and to carry out original investigations, but also to show the nation what was being done in order that they might appreciate the effect on the national life. It was of primary importance that the nation should realise what the brain workers were doing for them ; without this realisation we should not make the scientific progress we ought to make, and we should not make the best of our best men. In Binning- ham, chemistry had always had an important place, and he believed that Birmingham was making a worthy contribution to the advancement of science. Musical items were contributed by Mr. Clifford Ball, Miss Miriam Palmer and Mr.D. L. Woodhouse, and at the conclusion of the proceedings, the health of the Chairman, proposed by Mr. A. W.Knapp, was accorded musical honours. 30 On 30th January, the Annual Concert, held in conjunction with the British Association of Chemists, took place at the Midland Hotel, Birmingham. The Honorary Local Secretary of the Association, Mr. J. R. Johnson was congratulated on the excellent programme provided, under his direction, by a number of artistes, all of whom had very kindly given their services. The items consisted of piano solos, songs, humorous recitals, violin solos and a one-act play-“The Little Liberty ”-by Harold Brighouse. A large audience showed appreciation of each and every item, and by common consent the concert was one of the most successful of recent years.Bpistol and South-Western.---The Section celebrated the Jubilee of the Institute on the 24th January, by a joint meeting with the Bristol University Chemical Society, held in the Univer- sity Chemical Department, where an address was given by the President, and by a Dinner held at the Royal Hotel which was attended by the Lord Mayor and Sheriff of Bristol, the President and Mrs. Smithells, and other distinguished guests and members of allied societies. Sir Ernest Cook, Chairman of the Section, presided on both occasions. In his introductory remarks at the lecture, Sir Ernest referred to the loss which the Bristol Section had suffered by the death of Mr. C. J. Waterfall, a Past Chairman of the Section, who had taken great interest in its activities and was a constant attendant at its meetings.The President, who had selected for his address the title of “What has become of Inorganic Chemistry? ” proceeded to discuss the changes which had taken place in the chemical curriculum since his own student days, and whether the sub-ordination of inorganic chemistry had not proceeded too far and given good ground for the complaints which were now frequently heard, that inorganic chemistry was being neglected. (The President proposes to revert to this theme, in a more formal address, on a future occasion.) Mr. W. E. J, Broom, President of the University Chemical Society, having expressed the thanks of the meeting for the address, the President, in the course of his reply, expressed his sympathy and regret on the death of Mr.Waterfall, who had been a fellow-student with him. He remembered his gracious and endearing qualities, which made him beloved by 31 all his fellow-students. It was a great disappointment that he had not the opportunity for the reunion with Mr. Waterfall td which he had looked forward. At the Dinner, which was held in the evening of the same day, Mr. T. Loveday, Vice-chancellor of the University of Bristol, in proposing the Toast of “The Institute,” said that it stood for all that was best in the world of chemistry. During recent years there had been an enorrnous advance in chemistry as well as in the other sciences. It might be capable of a double appli- cation.A charge brought against chemistry was that it was converted to destructive and evil purposes. That was not a true charge. The business of those engaged in chemistry was to promote knowledge. If others were so foolish as to misapply that knowledge, it was their fault, and not the fault of the chemists. One of their duties was to educate young men and women so that they might not only learn as much as possible during their university careers, but also learn what was valuable in social life, i.e. how to apply their knowledge for the benefit of society and the nation at large. He could claim that at the University of Bristol the best possible was done to promote knowledge of the sciences, including chemistry, and that they tried to inculcate some idea of the relative social values of things.They tried also to assist the progress of chemistry by teaching and by research. The President, in acknowledging the Toast, remarked that amongst the claims made by the Institute was that it went as far as possible in counteracting the injustices that were inevitable in the centralisation of national institutions in London. He had recently visited a number of Sections of the Institute, and he could say that he had never been connected with the governing body of any organisation in which he found more complete consideration given to the provincial members ; neither had he experience of a body which was more thoroughly and adequately representative. He felt that any complaints that arose in reference to neglect of local interests were -based on a lack of knowledge of the inner workings of the Council.He was afraid he could not claim to have had any important association with Bristol in the past. He had been unable to accept the post of assistant which Ramsay had offered him there soon after as- suming the Chair, but he had recommended his fellow-student, Sydney Young. He might claim, therefore, to have aided in 32 promoting a brilliant scientific partnership which had brought credit on the University College of Bristol. He had had friends -at the College from its earliest days and knew how fortunate Bristol had been in its university life in having at the outset men of great distinction and individuality like William Ramsay, Silvanus Thompson, Lloyd Morgan, and W.J. Sollas. During that day he had seen with great pleasure something of the chemical department of the University. The city of Bristol had in its history chemists outside the University who had done notable work, amongst them, the chairman of that evening and Dr. Howard Butler. In fact, the city had a record in chemistry of which it might be proud, and he felt that it was a place where chemistry was bound to prosper and have its triumphs. Speaking of the incidence of chemistry in warfare, Professor Smithells said we had been given a horrible example as to what its misuse might bring about, but the danger which related to science also existed relatively in other departments of human activities and knowledge. Any suggestion that science itself tended to evil, either morally or spiritually, could only arise from the ignorant minds of those who made it. Mr.F. Southerden, who proposed “The City of Bristol,” remarked that outsiders always connected Bristol with pleasant things, and regarded it as a sort of fairy land where the children had plenty of chocolates, and whence chocolates were sent to children all over the world. When they grew older they thought of it as the place whence they obtained their cigarettes. But they also knew it for the reputation of its docks and of its University, and for its great chemical industries. It was the great commercial gateway of the West, and Bristol University was still another gateway to the limitless ocean of knowledge.They also knew of it as a place with many beautiful natural attractions, including its Zoological Gardens. Bristol was also a city of things that had been built up by the industry and enterprise of its great men in the past, which resulted in many institutions and undertakings that were being worthily maintained to-day. It had a civic history, the traditions of which were ably sustained by the men, such as the present Lord Mayor, into whose hands they were committed to-day. The Lord Mayor, in responding, remarked that Bristol was at a disadvantage in one respect. If visitors came by water it was all right, but if they came by rail they had to pass a 33 place about which there was sometimes correspondence in the papers. However, he was told that the smell of that spot was very healthy.Apart from that, however, Bristol was a place that had many beautiful places and many attractions for visitors. Those who were privileged to live in the city, loved it, and the longer they lived in the old place the more they knew of its boundless generosity in very many directions. He was glad to know from the reports he had received that the Institute was gaining strength as the years went on, and he sincerely hoped it would continue to do so. The Sheriff, in proposing “The Chairman,” said Bristolians, without necessarily being chemists, were very glad to see Sir Ernest Cook presiding over them. He (the speaker) did not pretend to know much about Sir Ernest’s qualifications as a chemist, but he did know something of his reputation in Bristol, and citizens generally paid high regard to him for three things.Firstly, he was a man who had carried on for a large number of years his profession in the city with honour and distinction; secondly, he had filled the office of Lord Mayor with great distinction; and thirdly, he would always be honoured in Bristol for his work in connection with education. Replying, Sir Ernest Cook said that they had with them that night representatives of the hardest working, most im- portant, but worst paid profession in the country. At any rate, they were all greatly indebted to chemists, who were engaged in something of great importance to the community at large.Bristol had been remarkable for chemical work in the past. A chemist who used to live in Thomas Street had a small establishment where he made vinegar. Turning his attention to chemical experiments he invented a method of manufacturing sulphuric acid. That man was Peregrine Phillips, whose process was the basis of one used at the present time. The idea of forming the Institute arose when it was found that there were, up and down the country, people who had no qualifications pretending to be scientific chemists, and taking away the legitimate practice of those who had qualified for the profession. The Institute had done much to im-prove the status of chemists. If the leaders of manufacturing industries in this country would only realise that it was to their great advantage, they would put into positions of responsibility,and well paid responsibility at that, scientists to control their 34 interests and manufactures. That policy was growing, but there was room for its further development. The celebration of the Institute’s Jubilee was of interest not only to chemists but to the whole world.In conclusion, Sir Ernest said that they were all very much indebted to Mr. A. W. M. Wintle, their hon. secretary, for all the work he had done in connection with the celebration, and thanks were also due to the ladies and gentlemen who had contributed to the entertainment. The toast list was interspersed by songs and recitations rendered by Miss Mary Yacomeni, Miss Dorothy Boorne, Mr.E. H. Cooke, and Mr. A. L. V. Davis. The Annual Meeting will be held on 13th March at 7.30 p.m. , in the Chemical Department of Bristol University, when the officers for session 1928-1929will be elected. Cape.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Physical Chemistry Laboratories of the University of Cape Town on 28th October, when Prof. J. Smeath Thomas, chairman of the Section, gave a paper entitled, “Notes on some compounds of Germanium.” He said that he had chosen the subject because it indicated a line of work at present being followed up in the University laboratories. Although the metal germanium had not yet received any technical application, it was nevertheless a most important element, because it occupied a key position in the periodic system of the elements, and its properties were, therefore, of a typical character.The metal was first discovered by Winkler in argyrodite in 1886. It existed there as a double sulphide of silver and germanium, comprising 75 per cent. of silver, 17 per cent. of sulphur, and 6.5 per cent, of germanium. The element germanium was also found in confieldite, a mineral closely allied with argyrodite, Subsequently it was found, in smaller quantitities, in euxenite and samarskite-ores of colum-bium, tantalum, and other metals of that group. Up to about 1904 only small amounts of germanium were available for investigation, but at that time the French chemist, Urbain, began spectroscopic investigations of 64 specimens of zinc blendes, and in about one half of these specimens, found germanium to be present, although in small proportions.To-day these blendes constituted the most important source of ger- manium. Tn the United States, Buchanan subsequently found 35 that when certain American zinc blendes were retorted, the residue left behind in the retort contained relatively considerable proportions of germanium. It had also been discovered that Vichy water contained germanium to the extent of one part of the element in forty million parts of water. Zinc blendes, however, were not true germanium minerals, in the sense that they contained only mere traces of the latter metal, but at Tsumeb, in South-West Africa, a true germanium mineral occurred, namely, the mineral germanite.This was first investigated by Pufahl, a mineralogist in Berlin, who found the ore to contain about 6 per cent. of germanium. Some four years ago the mineral was first investigated in the Cape Town University laboratories, and at the Royal Observatory, about the same time, Dr. J. Lunt made a spectrographic analysis of germanite, and reported his results in the Bloemfontein (1923)Report of the South African Association for the Advance- ment of Science. High hopes were at one tirrle entertained as to the probable usefulness of this mineral. Amongst other projects, it was suggested that it might be used as a remedy for sleeping sickness, or even-possibly in a colloidal form, instead of lead, which had been thus applied, not always very advantageously-as a cure for cancer.But suddenly, after about ten tons had been taken out, the pocket-for so it proved to be-became exhausted. An important feature of this occurrence is the fact that in the South-West African mineral the very rare metal gallium (first discovered by Boisbaudran in 1875) was found associated with germanium. This fact was not detected by Pufahl, but was only subsequently discovered by Mr. Kriesel, chemist at the Tsumeb mine, and confirmed by Dr. Lunt. The germanite spectrum was very fully investigated by Lunt, who found in it a number of previously unknown lines, and discovered enormous “shifts” of some of the observed lines under the influence of change of temperature.Professor Srneath Thomas proceeded to deal with the process of extracting the metal germanium from the ore, and spoke of its properties. The metal has a high melting point, in the region of 960 degrees Centigrade, and on cooling from the liquefied state “sprouts” just as silver does under similar conditions, but from a different cause. Other physical and 36 chemical properties of the metal were briefly discussed. Neither acids, alkalies, nor water have any appreciable action on it: it is not attacked by concentrated nitric acid, nor is even hydrofluoric acid able to dissolve it. On the other hand, it is soluble in hydrogen peroxide. Various compounds of germanium with hydrogen were next referred to, as well as the interesting series of compounds which it forms with ammonium.The constitutior, of germanium compounds, and the structure of the germanium atom were next dwelt upon, and some of the anomalies revealed by a study of that constitution were commented upon. Details were given of a series of experiments undertaken in order to investigate the composition and properties of the remarkable ammonia derivatives of germanium. Several of these problems, and others of a cognate nature are still under investigation in the University laboratories in Cape Town by Professor Smeath Thomas and his staff. After some discussion, Mr. Croghan, seconded by Mr. Britten, moved a hearty vote of thanks to Prof. Smeath Thomas for his most interesting lecture.Edinburgh and East of Scotland,-On 19th January, at the North British Station Hotel, Major Robert Bruce presided at a joint meeting of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section of the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, when Dr. David Bain opened a discussion on the various methods employed in industry for the separation of solids and liquids. Dr. Bain said that the methods in use could be broadly classified into three groups-sedimentation, filtration, and separation by electrical processes. A well-known example of the first group was the reservoir of a water supply system, which acted as a sedimentation tank, the impurities, etc., in the water gradually settling to the bottom. The factors in- fluencing the successful operation of such a system were the size of the suspended particles, the density of the suspended.particles, the density of the liquid, and the viscosi'ty of the liquid. The process may be hastened by agitation just prior to settling, by the presence of electrolytes, and by the presence of sub- stances forming voluminous precipitates. The method is commonly used in purifying sludge, in washing lakes and other heavy precipitates, and in any process where large quantities of 37 solution had to be handled. Flotation is the reverse of sedi-mentation, and may be used for the separation of fats, etc., which are lighter than the mother-liquor. In this case the process can be assisted by air agitation. The second general method, filtration, consists in causing the mixture of solid and liquid to flow through some woven or fibrous material, whereby the solid is retained on the filtering medium and the liquor passes on.The filter press is probably the best known filtering device used in industry. There are a great many varieties of press, and the choice of a particular design depends on the kind of material being handled. The type of woven filtering material used also depends on the chemical nature of the liquor to be dealt with. The stream line filter is a modern development of this type of filter. A very early type of filter, which is applied in the manufacture of wines and cider, is the hydraulic press. In this case the mixture to be filtered is placed in a container, and the liquid squeezed out by the application of great pressure, leaving the solid behind in the form of a cake.Another variety of filter commonly used in industrial opera- tions, makes use of charcoal, unglazed porcelain, or similar porous material. The suspended solid collects on the surface of the filtering medium, and the liquid basses through. After the initial stage of the operation, the filtered material itself becomes the filtering medium, so that in the case of tarry substances, and anything difficult to filter, kieselguhr or fine sand may be added as an aid to filtration. In all filtering operations some means must be used to force the liquid through the filter. To meet the modern demand for a continuous filtering process, the rotary filter has been introduced.Dr. Bain also dealt shortly with the separation of solids and gases by means of dust chambers, cyclone separators, the Cottrell precipitator, etc. Centrifugal separators are now applied in many branches of chemical industry. These machines, owing to their high working speed, and the necessity of resisting chemicals, are made with an ebonite-covered iron basket. Provision is made for slow starting, care being taken to load the basket evenly. While the baskets are generally designed to withstand a peripheral velocity of zoo ft. per second at full 38 load, for each individual substance being dried, it is advisable to establish a minimum effective velocity. Centrifugals are unsuitable for highly dispersed solids, liquors low in solid content, or readily fractured crystals. In the discussion, Dr.Williamson said that when working with soils he had found difficulty in repeating results obtained with the stream line filter in the laboratory. Even when the pressure was carefully adjusted to be the same each time, various results were obtained. In the laboratory, centrifugal separation could sometimes be used to assist the collection of small quan- tities of precipitate. He had, however, tried a method of potash estimation, involving the use of a centrifugal machine, without success. Mr. Watson referred to the practical difficulties which frequently arose in the handling of certain precipitates. On filtering ferric hydroxide, for example, the filter press cake would not dissolve in acetic acid.He also dealt with certain factors influencing the separation of nitro-cotton. Mr. W. A. Williams drew attention to an interesting example of the separation of solids and liquids by means of cataphoresis, which was commercially applied in the rubber industry. The process gave a finished product of superior quality to that pro- duced by the old milling method. Messrs. Cameron, Cross, and Stewart also spoke. On the call of the Chairman, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Bain and to Mr. Wilson for having lead the discussion. On 28th January a party of members visited the Super- Power Station of the Edinburgh Corporation, situated on the Forth side at Portobello-one of the most efficient in the British Isles.Factors of chemical interest in connection with the running of the plant attracted attention. It was pointed out that problems of corrosion, due to the use of sea-water in the condensersof the turbines, had been involved. Another chemical question arose in the de-oxygenator for the feed water of the boilers. Manganese turnings were being used for this purpose. The proper running of the cooling system of the plant also required the periodical killing of the spawn of mussels and other sea residents, this being effected by allowing the condensers to overheat at intervals during the danger season, Here again the 39 scientist had been of use. A very enjoyable and instructive afternoon was provided, and the thanks of the members were heartily accorded to the staff of the Station.Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The sixth RamsayChemical Dinner, which was held on zIst December in the Trades Hall, Glasgow, was very well attended and was made the occasion for the celebration of the Jubilee of the Institute, the President occupying the chair. As in former years, however, the dinner was under the joint auspices of all organisations connected with chemistry in the West of Scotland, whose members participated in the event, including, beside the Institute, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Society of Dyers and Colourists, the Glasgow University Alchemists’ Club, the Ander- sonian Chemical Society, and the Ardeer Chemical Club-and, on the present occasion, the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow.An entertaining Menu and Toast List was provided, incor- porating apt quotations from a variety of authors. Among the apologies for absence received was one from Mr. R. R. Tatlock, a member of the first Council of the Institute, who wrote that he was unable to attend as he was go years of age and at present an invalid. Nothing, he added, would have been more gratifying to him than to assist at that interesting function, especially as the late Sir William Ramsay was a practical chemistry pupil of his 56 years ago in Glasgow. On the suggestion of the President, it was agreed that in the name of the company a message should be sent to Nr. Tatlock conveying their best wishes for his recovery.Mr. John Craig, in proposing the toast of “The Profession,” referred to the services rendered to industry by chemistry, which, he said, had enormously helped the advance of civilisation, and was destined to play an even greater part in raising it to a still higher plane. The President, in reply, said that Scotland was distinguished for its appreciation of things intellectual, and far ahead of other countries in the application of knowledge to human life in many directions, yet it had surprised him in his early days in Glasgow to observe its reluctance to apply chemistry in the measure it ought to have been applied in the development of cottish 40 industries. It was, therefore, a great satisfaction to him to learn that the position had now vastly improved.He then referred to the work of the Institute and of the Sections, by which members were enabled to participate in the life of the Institute. Professor Archibald Main, D.D., gave the toast of “The City of Glasgow,” to which Bailie Brough replied. Mr. S. H. B. Langlands proposed the toast of “The Guests,” and Professor E. C. C. Baly responded. The Toast of “The President,” proposed by Mr. F. W. Harris, Chairman of the Section, having been received with enthusiasm and briefly acknowledged, the remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing. On Friday evening, 13th January, the local Sections of the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, the members of the Glasgow University Alchemists’ Club, and the Andersonian Chemical Society, were the guests of the Ardeer Chemical Club at a smoking concert held in the Eglinton Hotel, Ardrossan.Mr. J. A. Cockburn occupied the chair. An excellent and varied programme was arranged by Dr. Jenkins, Hon. Secretary of the Ardeer Chemical Club. The Toast of “The Guests” was proposed by Mr. D. Trevor Jones, who, in the course of a humorous speech, gave an interesting account of the life and work at Ardeer Factory. Mr. S. H. B. Langlands, who replied to the Toast, expressed the thanks of the visitors for the hospitality shown to them. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Technical College, Huddersfield, on 18th January. Dr. Hodgson occupied the chair and introduced the lecturer, Dr.H. Lowery, who proceeded to address the meeting on “The Technique of the Spectrograph and its Applications.” A brief survey was given of the construction of spectrographs for use in the ultra-violet, visible and infra-red regions of the spectrum, and the relative advantages of the prism and grating instruments were discussed. Attention was drawn to the chief characteristics of line, band and absorption spectra. In particu- lar, the differences betwwen the spark and arc spectra of metals were described. 41 The classification of spectral lines into series was illustrated with reference to the spectrum of hydrogen. The lecturer then described some work which he had carried out with the interrupted arcs of various metals in air, hydrogen and oxygen.In making arc flashes, intense electric fields are set up at the beginning of the flashes and the spectra of these flashes show a broadening and resolution into components of certain lines of such an order as would be expected from con- siderations of the Stark effect. The lecture was illustrated by experiments and the projection of typical spectrograms on the lantern screen. In the discussion which followed, the lecturer contrasted the Stark and Zeeman effects. The meeting then accorded a hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Lowery. Irish Free State.-At a meeting of the Section held on 18th January, in Trinity College, Prof. Sydney Young presiding, an interesting paper upon “Tobacco” was read by Mr.P. J. Cahill, of the State Laboratory. The lecturer dealt with the history of the adulteration of tobacco from its introduction in the sixteenth century to the present day. Owing to the imposition of duties, and to the limitation of supply, the commodity, particularly snuff, was subject to a vast amount of adulteration of a kind not only unfair to the consumer, but prejudicial to the Revenue. Many Acts of Parliament were passed to cope with this evil. Owing to the inability of the authorities to detect adulterated tobacco, these Acts had to be rescinded, and were replaced in 1840 by the “Mixing Act,” which allowed anything to be added except leaves foreign to the tobacco plant. This Act encouraged the addition of molasses, treacle and such substances until the fiscal loss was so great that it became necessary to introduce, in face of great opposition from the trade, in 1842, the “Pure Tobacco Act,” allowing only water to be added.The successful working of this Act was dependent upon the power of the Excise Authorities to detect adulteration. Scientific aid had to be sought. Skilled chemists were employed by the Government for the first time to this end. From this small beginning grew the 42 present Government Laboratory. At first the laboratory met with great opposition from the manufacturers, and a considerable number of years elapsed before it succeeded in gaining the full confidence of the trade. Gladstone, by his “Manufactured Tobacco Act ” of 1863, introduced a sweeping measure of reform in tobacco legislation, and laid the foundations of the modern system of scientific payment of drawback upon exported and offal tobacco.The physiological and chemical processes occurring during the curing of the leaf were treated by the lecturer, who commented upon the greatly improved quality of the Empire grown leaf, and its largely increased use since the war. Liverpool and North-Western.-The Jubilee was cele-brated in Liverpool on 13th January, when Prof. C. 0. Bannister presided at a dinner held at the Adelphi Hotel. Over 120 members and friends were present, and the guests included the Lord Mayor of Liverpool (Miss Margaret Beavan, J.P.), the President of the Institute, Prof.L. R. Wilberforce, M.A. (repre-senting the University of Liverpool) and Mrs. Wilberforce, Alderman F. C. Wilson and Mrs. Wilson, Alderman W. Muirhead and Mrs. Muirhead, and Mr. and Mrs. John Macleay. Dr. G. C, Clayton, M.P., who proposed the Toast of “The City of Liverpool,” said that the city had been connected with chemistry and chemical industry from very early times. The first mention he could find of a chemical process in Liverpool was the burning of limestone in Limekiln Lane-now Lime Street; but the real commencement was the founding of the alkali industry by the grandfather of Sir Max Muspratt over a hundred years ago. That work had been caqied on by a magnificent band of chemical workers, using Liverpool as their port. In coupling the name of the first lady Lord Mayor with the Toast he paid a tribute to Miss Beavan’s lifelong work for children.The Lord Mayor said that she could claim some link with the Institute, because she still tried to kindle fires in Copperas Hill-the fires of enthusiasm for the welfare of the children of the city. She believed a former mayor was once prosecuted because his copper works on that spot were causing a nuisance. She had a very real vision of the part the Institute was playing and could play in the prosperity and well-being of Liverpool and 43 in the much-needed industrial revival for which scientific research was essential. It was said that owing to our smoke-laden air 60 per cent. of the sunlight was lost. Here was a problem she looked to chemists to solve and another was to provide a purer food supply-things of vital importance to her as a great lover of children.She had had opportunity recently of seeing the work done at the Shirley Institute, Manchester, on cotton research; research such as this was needed in every branch of industry. The scientist needed unusual courage; he had often to work alone and in face of great disappointments, and his work was only finished when linked up with the efforts of the whole community. Prof. L. R. Wilberforce proposed “The Institute of Chemistry” and the health of the President. The wonderful achievements of chemistry, he said, appealed to everyone; modern civilisation was dependent on it for health and safety, even for life.In the exclusion of harmful intruders it filled the r6le of policeman, while in the industrial transformation of crude materials it was a fairy godmother. He could not forget that in his obscurer moments he tried to be a professor of physics. It had been said that the physicist made accurate measurements with impure materials, while the chemist made inaccurate measurements with pure materials. To-day that had been changed, the chemist and the physicist were working not only side by side, but hand in hand. The Institute was founded in London 50 years ago. There were some people to whom institutes were names of ill-omen, but this Institute existed for the benefit of chemists, and not chemists for the benefit of the Institute.It gave him very great pleasure to see his friend Prof. SmitheUs there and to propose the Toast. Replying, the President said that he always felt at home in Liverpool, though he had a grudge against the Corporation, who had converted his native place at Rivington into a reservoir. As his friend Prof. Wilberforce had said, chemists and physicists were working together in harmony to-day, and the results were exemplified with the splendid work of Sir Ernest Rutherford and Sir William Bragg. They need have no fear for the future of the Institute-that was assured. Its efficiency and service to the profession were largely increased by the local Sections which prevented over-centralisation of its activities in London. Of the local Sections, that at Liverpool was the first to be formed, and had always been one of the most lively and healthy.44 The Toast of “Our Guests” was proposed by Prof. Heilbron (Vice-chairman of the Section), and Alderman Wilson and Mr. John Macleay replied. The proceedings concluded with the Toast of “The Chairman,” proposed by Prof. Baly, who described how an observation of Prof. Bannister’s on the rusting of iron had linked up with his own work. The evening concluded with dancing. London and South-Eastern Counties.-A well attended meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on 18th January, when the Chairman of the Section, Prof. J. C. Drummond, delivered an interesting and instructive lecture on “The Contribution of Chemical Science to the Solution of the Cancer Problem, of which the following is an epitome:- “Chemical science has played, and is playing, no small part in the attack on the cancer problem, from the standpoint of the direct cause of the disease, its manifestations, and its treat- ment.“Largely as a result of the recent work of Gye and Barnard, and the earlier studies of Fiebieger, opinion seems, within the last year or two, definitely to have veered round to favour the view, for long held by Borrel, that the true cause of the disorder is a micro-organism, probably of ultra-microscopic dimensions. The entry of this agent into the tissues, or more probably the cell proliferation which follows, seems to be influenced by certain factors, of which a number appear to be chemical.“As yet, no chemical study has been reported of the non- living, thermo-labile factor without which the virus of the Rous carcinoma fails to produce the disease, and which may also be responsible for the specificity of the tumours studied by Gye. Chemical studies, largely by Dr. E. L. Kennaway, have thrown much light on the nature of the disease known as tar cancer, which is prevalent in certain industries where tar in one form or another is handled. He has shown that the cancer- producing agent in industrial tars is present most richly in gas- works tar, and is almost entirely absent from the blast furnace product. From an exhaustive experimental investigation based on the known composition of these products he has demonstrated that none of the more important constituents has, in the pure 45 state, the power to provoke skin cancer.There are hopes, however, that he may be able to separate by fractionation the active substance from gas-works tar, or from the even more powerful carcinogenetic tar that he has produced artificially from isoprene. ‘‘Chemistry is also playing an important part in ascertaining by what characteristics the cancer cell can be differentiated from the normal cell. A great deal of work in the past has failed to reveal any significant differences between the chemical composition of normal and malignant tissues, but within the last year or two some striking facts have emerged from a com- parison of their metabolic activities.The distinguished German chemist, Otto Warburg, has shown that the malignant cell derives a greater proportion of its energy from the anaerobic reaction by which lactic acid is formed from glucose than does the normal cell, and he has demonstrated that this fact enables the cancer cell to live under conditions which would cause the death of the normal cell. “The general similarity of cancer cells to embryonic cells which has been traced by the cytologist is also apparent in that the latter approach the metabolic type of the malignant cell. “This study of the oxidative and metabolic activities of the malignant cell may throw some light on the rapid growth of tumours, and may, if Warburg’s most recent experiments are correct, lead to improvements in treatment of the disease.The rapid multiplication of cells in an organism which has arrived at maturity is one of the outstanding facts of cancer, and a large number of experiments have been carried out on the relationship between the chemical composition of foods and the growth of the tissues. For example, the growth of a young animal can be inhibited at will by withholding certain essential constituents of the diet, vitamins, certain amino-acids, etc., which the organism cannot make for itself. When, however, animals bearing tumours are fed upon these deficient diets it is found that there is no retardation of the rate of tumour growth. The malignant tissue grows at the expense of the tissues of the host. The parallel between the development of the embryo and that of the tumour mass can be drawn because under similar conditions of deprivation it can be shown that the embryo continues to grow at the expense of the mother.46 It seems unlikely, therefore, that by the imposition of any dietary restrictions retardation of growth of tumours can be achieved.” A discussion ensued, in which the following members took part:-R. H. Marriott, R. F. Innes, D. H. F. Clayson, Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones, N. Evers, E. T. Brewis, E. M. Hawkins, Dr. Schotz, C. L. L. Claxemont, and T. McLachlan. Mr. Arthur J. Chapman, acting as chairman pro tern., proposed a vote of thanks to the lecturer, which was very heartily accorded. Malaya,-On 19th November, the Singapore members of the Section and their friends visited the Sumbawa Road factory of Messrs.Tan Kah Kee, where about 4,000 Chinese employees, men and women, are engaged in the large scale manufacture of a variety of articles, such as shoes, slippers, felt hats, topees, Mahommedan headgear, confectionery, tyres and tubes. The attention and courtesy of the staff made the visit a very instructive one. Automatic and labour saving machines were particularly noticeable in the large shoe department, where stitching, cutting, softening, bevelling, nailing, etc., were carried out by mechanical means. Large numbers of sewing machines were mechanically driven, the power being supplied by electric generators, which may, however, soon have to be augmented from the Singapore Municipal Supply. A foundry and repair shop were in operation, not only for repairing and replacing machinery, but also for the construction of improved plant.Another department was devoted to the printing of posters, notices, wrappers, etc., and the manufacture of envelopes at the rate of many thousands a day. Visitors were surprised at the magnitude of this local industry and the character of its products. On leaving, the party discarded their topees for smart felt hats kindly presented by the proprietors as souvenirs of the visit. Manchester and District,-At a meeting of the Section on 9th January in “The Manchester” Limited, Mr. F. Scholefield presided, in the unavoidable absence of the Chairman. An address was given by Prof.H. S. Raper on ‘‘Some Inter-relations of Physiology and Chemistry.” 47 Prof. Raper said that the early movement of chemistry away from medicine had delayed the advance of physiology. The revival of interest in biological problems by the chemist was therefore a welcome sign. There was, however, danger that the growing importance of the subject of biochemistry might lead to its dissociation from physiology, and early history might be to some extent repeated. The study of physiology had revealed the very fundamental truth that the animal, in spite of the multiplicity of reactions which it displays, must always be regarded as a unit and the significance of detailed features of these reactions can only be fully explained in the light of the animal as a living whole.Those who wished to investigate fruitfully the chemical problems of the body must therefore have, besides their knowledge of chemistry, an adequate training in biology. Taking Michael Foster’s definition of the aim of physiologists as the attempt to explain the difference between a dead animal and a living one, the lecturer dealt in turn with the three fundamental characteristics of living organ- isms. These are the phenomena of “irritability ”;the continual occurrence of energy changes in all living material, due largely to oxidation processes; and the ability of living creatures at some stage of their existence, to grow and reproduce their kind. Examples of the contributions of chemistry in the elucidation of the processes occurring in each of these three functions of living creatures were dealt with.The discovery of adrenalin, its isolation, synthesis and the study of its mode of action, were gone into in detail and it was shown that even about this relatively simple substance and its action, there was yet much to be learnt. The mechanism of oxidation processes was dis- cussed in the light of the older ideas of oxygen activation and the more modern ones of the activation of hydrogen. Finally, reference was made to the remarkable chemical syntheses carried out during the development of the chick from the raw material present in the egg, and the almost absolute lack of any explana- tion of these based on what we know of the reactions in the material world.The lecture, which was illustrated by the lantern, was received with great interest, and was followed by a discussion in which Messrs. Paul, Walmsley, Stevenson, Turner, Brindle, Smith and Roberts, and Miss R. Robinson participated. A hearty vote of thanks, proposed by Dr. Lewis Dale, seconded by Dr. Gaunt, was accorded the lecturer. 48 Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Jubilee of the Institute of Chemistry was celebrated by the Section on 13th January at Arrnstrong College. The members of the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Chemical Industry Club were invited to join in the celebration, and there was a large gathering of members and their friends, when the proceedings were opened in the Chemical Lecture Theatre with a lecture delivered by the Registrar of the Institute on “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature.” The lecturer was introduced by the Chairman, Prof.H. V. A. Briscoe, who referred to the general work and progress of the Institute during the last fifty years, and paid a tribute to the contribution made to that work by the Registrar. In the course of his remarks he said that although the Registrar was not a chemist himself, he understood them, and was conversant with their “boiling points ” and “relative densities.” The Registrar then delivered his lecture, which was interesting and informative, and was illustrated by a large selection of lantern slides from the Institute’s collection, including portraits and pictures of artistic as well as historic interest, many of the engravings and paintings being the work of great masters.A hearty vote of thanks, proposed by Dr. J. T. Dunn, seconded by Dr. Wm. Martin, was accorded the lecturer. The company then adjourned to the King’s Hall, where light refreshments were served and a programme of musical items was rendered. The proceedings were terminated with a vote of thanks, proposed by the Chairman, to the artistes, and to the officials, whose arrangements had resulted in the enjoyment of such a pleasant evening. South Wales.--The Section celebrated the Jubilee at a dinner held at the Hotel Central, Swansea, on zIst January, Mr.C. M. W. Grieb, Chairman of the Section, presiding. The guests included the President of the Institute ; Councillor W. J. Davies, Chairman of the Swansea Education Committee; Mr. W. Morgan, Past President of the Swansea Chamber of Commerce;Prof. L. Taverner, Chairman of the Swansea Section of the Institute of Metals; Mr. Ivor Evans, representing local collieries; and Dr. Daniel Evans, Chairman of the Swansea Branch of the British Medical Association. 49 After the loyal Toasts had been honoured, Mr. George Madel proposed the Toast of “The Town and Trade of Swansea.” Dealing with the industries of the district, he mentioned the National Oil Refineries, the Mond Nickel Works, the Tinplate Works, and the British Copper Manufacturers, Ltd.(now incorporated in Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.), and the coal industry. Chemists were active in the development of all these industries, and were becoming more and more important by reason of the assistance which they were able to render in overcoming difficulties. Reviewing the progress of the town of Swansea, Mr. Madel referred to the educational facilities now afforded to students, who enjoyed many advantages which were not available in the past. In conclusion, he pleaded for cordial co-operation between labour and capital. Replying to the Toast, Councillor Davies reviewed the many very natural advantages of Swansea, and outlined the intended extensions and developments of the Swansea Education Com- mittee. He expressed the opinion that much industrial waste was due to lack of knowledge among the workers, and agreed that industry had not taken full advantage of the assistance to be derived from science.Mr. W. Morgan also replied-in humorous vein. The Toast of “The Institute of Chemistry” was proposed by Prof. L. Taverner, who said that, in spite of its early difficulties, after an existence of only eight years, the Institute’s membership was 430, and it then secured a Royal Charter. Since then the Institute had done much to maintain the status and high pro- fessional competence of the chemist, and its work in connection with the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, although only a small section of its activities, would alone have justified its existence. During the war the Institute performed a great national service by supplying the State with thoroughly qualified chemists.The Fellowship of the Institute represented a very high standard in chemistry-a subject which was continually enlarging and overlapping other subjects; so much so that it might well come to pass that its interests might become too wide to be embraced by the Fellowship. The Institute was of the utmost importance to chemists, who were fortunate in that such a body existed. He wished that similar organisations existed in connection with all sciences. Little was heard in the general press of their work, but it went steadily forward without the public being aware of 50 it. He thought that the way in which the Institute was managed was an example to other Societies.In spite of statements to the contrary, which sometimes appeared, chemists were not un-businesslike; during the present industrial depression, the heavy chemical trades were among the few which appeared to be prosperous. He congratulated the Section on the presence of Professor Smithells, who was not only doing good work as President of the Institute, but also as Director of the Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry. The President, in reply, referred to the Jubilee celebrations in London, and gave some of his recollections of the early days of the Institute, He was particularly glad to note the activities of the local Sections, and expressed the view that they should aim not so much at the multiplication of meetings as the arrange- ment of really good meetings, dealing with important subjects, in which they might have the collaboration of other societies.Commenting on the work of University College, Swansea, he felt that it was right that there should be full representation of all liberal studies, and that all the attention should not be paid to science. All his life he had fought for the cause of chemistry in industry, fearing that only a cataclysm would awaken the country to the need for chemists. That cataclysm came in the war, but even now there was a danger of the lessons then learnt being forgotten. Englishmen had not yet learned how to invest in brains; but, he uttered the warning-“woe be to those who neglect the application of science, and woe be to those who think that they can obtain science easily or by short cuts.” The toast of “The Guests” was proposed by Mr.C. A. Seyler, who dwelt upon the close connection between the medical and chemical professions. Swansea’s basic industry was that of coal; coal was the Country’s natural source of power, and in his view it was absurd to say that it could not be obtained economic- ally. However, the industry was gradually turning to science for guidance. Mr. Ivor Evans, replying, said that this was the first dinner which he had attended as a guest of chemists, and he hoped that it would not be the last. It was true that Swansea’s prosperity was based on coal, and the industry appreciated the work done by chemists.In this connection he paid a tribute to Mr. Seyler. He also referred to the interests which the 51 coal-owners took in the promotion of education among young miners. Dr. Daniel Evans thanked the Section for the compliment paid to the medical profession by his invitation to the dinner. Both professions were modest, and their members worked hard for the benefit of the community at large. A programme of musical items was rendered during the evening. 52 January Examinations, 1928. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. An Examination in General Chemistry €or the Associateship was held at the Institute from 2nd to 7th January, inclusive. Fifteen candidates were examined; nine passed and two failed to satisfy the Examiners only in the translation of German technical literature ; three of the successful candidates com-pleted their examination by satisfying the Examiners in the translation of German technical literature.One candidate was examined for the Fellowship in the Chemistry and Microscopy of Foods and Drugs, in New Zealand and satisfied the Examiners. PASSLIST. Examination in Qeneral Chemistry for the Associatesh4p. Boudry, Cyril, B.Sc. (Lond.), Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle- on-Tyne; and Central Technical College, Birmingham. Chanmugam, Walter Raju, Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Cooksey, Arnold, B.Sc. (Lond.), Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. Lockwood, Harold Claude, B.Sc. (Lond.), Central Technical College, Birmingham.Lucas, Charles Edward Leslie, Royal College of Science ;and Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Maddocks, Charles Bernard, University College, Nottingham. Pritchett, Eric George Kemp, B.Sc. (Lond.), Central Technical College, Birmingham. Rhead, Alfred James, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Smith, Walter, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Examination for the Fellowship in The Chemistry and Microscopy of Food and Drugs, held in New Zealand in November, 1927. Gardner, Roy, M.Sc. (N.Z.). Examinationfor the Associateship in General Chemistry INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.--The theoretical papers were on the whole well answered. The answers to the question relative to the reaction between steam and carbon, however, were very inadequate, and the candidates appeared to have no knowledge of the work of Morley and subsequent workers on the gas density method of determining atomic weights.In the practical examination, the qualitative exercise was very well done, but the quantitative work was weak. The majority of the candidates did not appear to have had much experience in the quantitative separation of metals. 53 ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-The majority of the candidates answered the theoretical papers well, although none showed outstanding merit. The best answered question was that on tautomerism. Very few candidates attempted the question on the preparation of atoxyl, coumarin, saccharin and vanillin. The practical exercises were well within the scope of the stronger candidates, but a few, who had difficulties in finishing their work at the close of each day, were evidently lacking in laboratory experience of organic chemistry.The following papers and exercises were given :-MONDAY, 2nd JANUARY, 1928: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of modern methods of preparing hydrogen on the large scale, and mention the chief uses of this gas. Describe the impurities which may be expected in each case, their influence on the applications mentioned, and processes for their removal. 2. State Graham’s law of diffusion of gases and deduce it from the kinetic theory of gases. Give classical examples in which diffusion ex- periments have been used to solve chemical problems. 3.Discuss the action of steam on carbon at varying temperatures, both from the experimental and theoretical points of view. 4. Give an account of the development of the gas density method of determining atomic weights. Give a detailed account of one deter-mination. Contrast the advantages and disadvantages of this method compared with the chemical method. 5. Give an account of the sources of mercury and the methods of producing the metal from its ore. Describe the purification of the eom-mercial metal, and the preparation of two pure mercury compounds. Mention the chief applications of mercury and its compounds. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. What action has sulphur dioxide on aqueous solutions of: (a) Bromine, (b) Potassium perchlorate, (c) Hydroxylamine hydrochloride.Describe the method of isolating the reaction products. 2. Aqueous solutions of two substances are mixed and no precipitate is formed. How can it be determined if a reaction has taken place and if so to what extent? 3. Give a method for the analysis of an alloy consisting mainly of aluminium, but containing some magnesium and copper, together with the usual small proportions of carbon, silicon and iron. or Prove the relation between the lowering of the vapour pressure and of the freezing point of a solution. 54 4. Give the method of preparation, properties and reactions of three of the following: Oxydimercuriammonium iodide (NHg,I, H,O), potassiumcobalticyanide, silver sulphate, carbon oxysulphide (COS), phosphoryl chlorobromide (POCGBr), magnesium hydro- sulphide.5. Write a short essay on one of the following: (a) The more important work associated with the names of Williamson, Cannizzaro, and Berthelot. (b) Gas reactions at high temperatures and pressures. (c) The methods available for the determination of solubility of a salt which is very slightly soluble in water. TUESDAY, 3rd JANUARY, 1928: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe two methods for the preparation of acetylene. Give a concise account of the chemical and physical properties of this hydrocarbon and indicate a general method for the production of its homologues.2. What is implied by the term tautomerism? Describe two examples showing how tautomerism has been detected among carbon compounds, and in each case give a chemical explanation of the observed phenomena. 3. What is the action on camphor of the following reagents:- (a) Bromine, (b) hydroxylamine, (c) oxidising agents, (d) reducing agents. What light do these reactions throw on the chemical constitution of camphor ? 4. Write an essay of about 500 words on catalysis as applied to organic reactions with special reference to the processes of (a) hydro-genation, (b) oxidation. 5. Describe practical methods for detecting the following radicals in organic compounds:-(a) CH,OH, (b) CHO, (c) CO.NH,, (d) NH.CH,, (e) -N:N-, (j’)S0,H. 6.Outline the processes employed in the manufacture of any three of the following compounds :-(a) atoxyl, (b) coumarin, (c) guaiacol, (d) saccharin, (e) vanillin. Give graphic formulae for each of the selected compounds and state the evidence on which these formulae are based. In the afternoon the candidates were given passages for translation from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY, 4th JANUARY, 1928: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the organic compound in Solution A (chloral hydrate 2. Estimate the amount of this substance in Solution A, expressing in water; or bromal hydrate in water). the results in grams per litre. (Both exercises must be completed today.) 55 THURSDAY, 5th JANUARY, 1928: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the two components of liquid B (methylaniline in m-xylene; or ethyl aniline in toluene). 2. Ascertain the amount of the less volatile constituent present in 1,000 C.C. of liquid B. (Both exercises must be completed to-day.) FRIDAY and SATURDAY, 6th and 7th JANUARY, 1928: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the solution C (calcium phosphate and uranyl nitrate in nitric acid solution). (This exercise must be completed to-day.) 2. Determine the copper, zinc and aluminium in the alloy D. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 56 Notes. Election of District Member of Council.-Mr. A. W. M. Wintle has been elected District Member of Council for the Bristol and South-Western Counties District in the place of Mr.Frank Southerden, who will retire on the 1st March on the completion of three years’ service. Professional Certificates.-In the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, Part IV, 1926 (p. 184),reference was made to the unauthorised use, in the prospectus of the Chalk, Fuel, Power Gas and Bye-Products Corporation, Ltd., of a portion of a certificate which had been given by a Fellow of the Institute. On 18th January, at the Central Criminal Court, before the Common Sergeant, certain members of the board of the company referred to were tried on the indictment charging them with conspiring together and with other persons to defraud such persons as might receive prospectuses or pamphlets issued by the company and to obtain money from them by falsely pretending that certain reports were true and genuine reports upon the fuel.At the conclusion of the trial, which occupied several days, the Common Sergeant, on the finding of the jury, sentenced one defendant to four years penal servitude, and two other defendants to six months in the second division. Safety in Mines Research Board.-Three reports have already been issued by the Safety in Mines Research Board, describing research on devices which will afford release of pressure of a firedamp explosion within the casing of an electric apparatus, yet will not allow the passing of flame to the outside atmosphere. Apart from the pressure produced by the explosion of any firedamp-air mixture that may exist within the casing, it ap- peared possible that high pressures might arise due to arcing during switching operations or through the blowing of fusible cut-outs.An account of research regarding the probable magnitude of such pressure, and the conditions of its production, forms the subject of two papers by G. Allsop and R. V. Wheeler, entitled “ The pressures produced on blowing electric fuse links ” and “The pressures produced by electric arcs in closed vessels.” Reading University,-At Reading, on 3rd February, the Registrar gave his lecture on “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature,” illustrated by lantern slides, before “Kosmos,” the Chemical Society of the University. 57 Obituary. THOMAS BEST died recently at St. Helens in his 61st year.THOMPSON Educated at Liverpool College from 1874 to 1883, he proceeded to Owens College, Manchester, where he studied under Roscoe and Schorlemmer until 1886. He obtained awards in connection with the examinations in alkali manufacture of the City and Guilds of London Institute and the Claisen prize of $25 for a research conducted under Schuster on The Spectroscopic Determination of the permanent gases in each other.” He then went to the University of Erlangen, where he worked under Professor Otto Fischer and obtained the degree of Ph.D. in 1888 for a thesis on Orthoanisidin and Paranitrosoguaiacol. On his return he was appointed a lecturer in organic and applied chemistry at the Manchester College of Technology, and, in the following year, became chief chemist to Messrs.J. C. Gamble & Son, at St. Helens, From 1892 he was chief chemist and manager of the Hardshaw Brook Works of the United Alkali Co., where he devised several valuable manu- facturing processes, six of which were patented. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. ALEXANDERWALKERFYFE,whose death, at the age of 36, occurred recenlily at a Leeds nursing home, was educated at North Links School, Montrose, and at Montrose Academy, before proceeding to St. Andrews University, where he graduated as M.A., and B.Sc. with first class honours in mathematics, natural philosophy and chemistry. He remamed at St. Andrews for four further years as a Carnegie Scholar from 1912 to 1914, and as a Carnegie Fellow from 1914 to 191 6, proving himself to be an original worker of marked ability.His papers were contributed to the Journal of the Chemical Society. On leaving St. Andrews, he joined the research staff of British Dyes, Ltd., and worked at different periods under Prof. Robinson at Liverpool, at Huddersfield and Rlackley, until 1924, when he was appointed Assistant Works Manager of the Huddersfield Works of the British Dyestuffs Corporation. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. WATERFALLCHARLES JAMES died on 28th December at Clifton, Bristol, in his 69th year. Educated at the Friends’ Brookfield School, Wigton, and at Sidcot School, Weston-super-Mare, he continued his education under private tutors at Plymouth before proceeding to Owens College, Manchester, where he studied chemistry under Roscoe and Schorlemmer from 1877 to 1879.He acquitted himself with distinction and about the year 1881 established a practice, mainly in agricultural chemistry, in Queen Square, Bristol, in which he was joined in partnershipby Mr. Frederick O’Brien in 1907. He was a Past Chairman of the Bristoland South Western Counties Section of the Institute, and took an active part in connection with educational and benevolent institutions in the district. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1894. Mr. A. W. M. Wintle, honorary secretary of the local section, Mr. F. O’Brien, Mr. H. F. Barke and Mr. Edward Russell attended the funeral at the Friends’ Burial Ground, Kingsweston.58 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Affinity, Chemical.” L. J. Hudleston. Pp. vii + 138. (Lon-don: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 7s. 6d. Energy and its transformations; entropy; free energy; solutions; Nernst heat theorem and third law of thermodynamics ;applications. “Analysis, Qualitative.” W. Wardlaw and F. W. Pinkard. Pp. vii + 166. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 3s. 6d. Dry-way reactions ; reactions of the metals ; modifications necessary in the presence of phosphates, borates, fluorides, or non-volatile organic acids; reactions of the acid radicals; systematic analysis of inorganic substances;table of solubilities; concentration of reagents.“Biochemical Laboratory Methods for Students of the Biological Sciences.” C. A. Morrow. Pp. xvii + 350. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 18s. 6d. The colloidal state : dialysis, diffusion and osmosis ; suspensoid sols; emulsions;amulsoids;optical and electrical properties; diffusion in gels ; ultrafiltration ; protective colloids; surface tension; surface energy and adsorption.Physical chemical constants of plant saps. Hydrogen ion concentration and buffer action. Proteins : precipitation and coagulation ; reactions, isolation and pre- paration; synthesis and estimation of amino acids; analysis of proteins. Carbohydrates: preparations, reactions, tests and identification. Glucosides.Fats and allied substances. Enzymes.Plant pigments. ‘‘Mhmento du Chimiste.” I1: Partie Industrielle. Revised under the direction 0f.M. Boll and P. Baud. Pp. vi + 686. (Paris: Dunod). A book of tables, constants, etc., in French. “Organic Syntheses.” An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals. Vol. VII. Edited by F. C. Whitmore. Pp. vii + 105. (Lon-don: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 7s. 6d. “Poems.” By “Opifex.” Pp. 106. (London: The Chemical News, Ltd.) 5s. A small volume of poems, serious and humorous, including “Intelli- gence,” a serious poem giving the outlook of the scientific man on the Universe; also “The Atom,” “The Chemist’s Encomium,” “Sine Nemine,” “Alma Mater,” etc. 59 “Silk, Acetate, and its Dyes.” C.E. Mullin. Pp. 473. (Lon-don: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 26s. ‘‘Silk, The Manufacture of Artificial,” with special reference to the Viscose Process. E. Wheeler, with a foreword by Sir William J. Pope. One of a series of monographs on Applied Chemistry under the editorship of E. H. Tripp. Pp. xv + 150. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Introductory and historical; chemistry of artificial silk manufacture ; viscose ; cuprammonium, nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate processes ; miscellaneous processes ;properties and uses of artificial silk; production of miscellaneous artificial fibres; economics of artificial silk production; laboratory methods for controlling manufacture of viscose ;physical tests; chemical tests .60 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 20th January, 1928, I new Fellow was elected, 4 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 27 new Associates were elected and g Students were admitted. The Institute has lost four Fellows and one Associate by death. New Fellow. Lynch, Gerald Roche, O.B.E., M.B., B.S., D.P.H., Department of Chemical Pathology, St. Mary’s Hospital, Paddington, London, W.2. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Chapman, Arthur William, D.Se. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Chemistry Depart- ment, The University, Sheffield. Gardner, Roy, M.Sc. (N.Z.), King Edward Technical College, Dunedin, New Zealand. Gordon, Peter Ferguson, Ph.D. (Glas.), A.H.W.C., Chemistry Department, Royal Technical College, Glasgow.Lay, Douglas, A.R.S.M., Resident Engineer’s Office, Hazelton, B.C., Canada. New Associates. Blayden, Herbert Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Shelmerdine Street, Wigan. Boudry, Cyril, B.Sc. (Lond.), 99, Holly Lane, Smethwick, Staffs. Bramhall, Randle James, M.Sc. (Vict.), 274, Manchester Road, Rochdale. Bull, Ronald Leno, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, King’s Road, Windsor. Chanmugam, Walter Raju, Gcvernment Analyst’s Offioe, Colombo, Ceylon. Cooksey, Arnold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Weston Street, Wigan. Diamond, Jacob, M.Sc. (Sheff .), Stoke Ferry, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. Evans, Norman Leslie, B.Sc. (Birm.), Salem, Burton Green, Kenilworth. Harrison, Charles Frederick Reed, Ph.D. (Birm.), Norton Hall, Norton- on-Tees, Co. Durham. Hey, Donald Holroyde, B.Sc.(Lond. and Wales), 14, Grosvenor Road, Sketty, Swansea, Glam. Leggett, Thomas Stephen Lewis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 10, Tyneview Terrace, Fellside, Hexham-on-Tyne, Northumberland. Lockwood, Harold Claude, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Hawthorne Road, Kings Norton, Birmingham. Lucas, Charles Edward Leslie, 27, Park Hill, Ealing, London, W.5. Maddocks, Charles Bernard, 102, Moor Street, Burton-on-Trent. Mitchell, William Brockie, c/o Mrs. Campbell, 82, Marchmont Crescent, Edinburgh.McKenna, Charles Beuno, B.A., M.Sc. (Dub.), 1, Killeen Terrace, Malahide, Co. Dublin. Phillips, Roy, B.Sc. (Bris.), 1, Northlands, Rohars Road, Guernsey. Pollard, Frederick Henry, B.Sc. (Bris.), 6, Birch Street, Swindon. 61 Pritchett, Eric George Kemp, B.Sc.(Lond.), 5, Willows Crescent, Cannon Hill, Birmingham. Rhead, Alfred James, 2, Grove Street, New Ferry, Birkenhead. Romney, Judah, B.Sc. (Lond.), 62, Whitehorse Lane, London, E.l. Smith, Walter, 69, Montpelier Park, Edinburgh. Veale, Percival Oliver, B.A., M.Sc. (N.Z.), 5, Disraeli Street, Hawera, New Zealand. Vogel, Israel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Wellclose Square, Leman Street, London, E.l. Walsh, George, B.Sc. (Leeds), Savile Green, Halifax. White, Colin McLuckie, 2, Hopetoun Place, Winchburgh, West Lothian, Scotland. Williams, John, Ph.D. (Liv.), Research Laboratory, Carrow Works, Norwich. New Students. Chapman, Anthony Charters, 12, Hovelands, Taunton. Cook, Laurence Ernest, 20, Dovercourt Road, Dulwich, London, S.E.22. Cowan, Stuart Lawson, 18, Grendon Gardens, Wembley Park, Middx.Horsley, Albert, 1, Range Terrace, Range Bank, Halifax. Isaacs, Jacob, 53, Heathland Road, London, N. 16. Park, William Edward, 29, Willis Street, Poplar, London, E.14. Porter, Frank Leslie, 80, Lefevre Road, Bow, London, E.3. Prior, John Axel, 76, Richmond Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Walters, Thomas Morgan, Gwalia, Victoria Road, Waunarlwydd, Swanses. Change of Name. (Miss) Jane Babiak, Associate-on her marriage-to Mrs. #:iZZbe. (MISS)Antoinette Nellie Cosson, Associate-on her marriage-to Mrs. Gibby. DEATHS. Fellows. Thornas Thompson Best, Ph.D. (Erlangen) . William Howarth Darling. Henry Smith. Charles James Waterfall. Associate. Alexander Walker Fyfe, M.A., B.Sc. (St.Andrews) 62 General Notices. Annual General Meeting.-The Annual General Meeting will be held at the Institute on Thursday, 1st March, at 4.30 p.m. Examinations,-The next Examinations will commence on 16th April. Candidates will be examined for the Associateship and for the Fellowship from the 17th to zznd, and from 24th to 29th September. The list of entries for the September Examinations will close on Monday, the 16th July. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possible. The attention of Associates elected prior to February, 1925, who have since been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry, is directed to the revised syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 63 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their application for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their position, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary.The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library,-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive library of the Chemical Society is avail-able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. 64 Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL.Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms: Buckram case, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. Changes of Add ress.-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.Register, 1928.-Corrections for the new edition of the Register should be forwarded immediately to the Registrar. PYREX The Laboratory Glassware that surpasses ALL others YREX has no equal as a high resistance glass. ItPhas a lower expansion co-efficient (.0000032) than any other, and therefore the greatest resistance to heat and sudden changes of temperature. Heated to 3OO0C., it can be plunged into water at 5°C. without cracking. Its hardness figure is 7 (Diamond lo), and its compression value is 140,000 lbs. per sq. inch, or 100 Kgs. per sq. mm.-aCtUally greater than that of granite or concrete. It is so resistant to chemical action that Pyrexglass beakers are used for acid fusions, such as tin residues (oxide) with KHSO,, without the glass being appreciably affected.It is also highly resistant to alkaline carbonates and caustic alkalis. This unique combination of properties makes Pyrex the most highly resistant and durable of any laboratory glassware and therefore the most ECONOMICAL in the long run. Stocked by All Laboratory Furnishers. Write for Free Samples, Catalogue and N.P.L. Report to the manufacturers. JAMES A. JOBLING & CO. LTD WEAR GLASS WORKS SUNDERLAND -J. & A. CHUKCHILL-Just Published 30s. Bet (Postage 9d.) 12 Plates and 34 Text Figures OILS, FATS AND FATTY FOODS THEIR PRACTICAL EXAMINATION A HANDBOOK FOR THE USE OF ANALYTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHEMISTS AND MANUFACTURERS BY E.RICHARDS BOLTON, F.I.C., F.C.S. WITH A CHAPTER ON VITAMINS By J. C. DRUMMOND, D.Sc., F.I.C. Being a Second Edition of “FATTY FOODS ” by E. RICHARDS BOLTON and CECIL REVIS A TEXT-BOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY: For Students of Medicine and Science By A. T. CAMERON, D.Sc., F.I.C., F.R.S.C. With Preface by Professor SWALE VINCENT, LL.D., M.D., DSc., F.R.S.E., F.R.S.C. With 2 Plates and 12Text Figures. 15s. (Postage 9d.) RECENT ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMISTRY By J. PRYDE, BSc., MSc. Second Edition. 38 Illustrations. 12s. 6d. (Postage 6d.) THE THEORY OF EXMULSIONS AND THEIR TECHNICAL TREATMENT By W. CLAYTON, DSc., F.I.C. Foreword by Professor F. G. DONNAN, F.R.S. Second Edition. 42 Illustrations. 15s. (Postage 6d.) THE PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICAL BACTERIOLOGY FOR SCIENTIFIC WORKERS By J.H. JOHNSTON, MSc., and R. H. SIMPSON, M.D. 5s. (Postage 3d.) THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY By J. C. CROCKER, D.Sc., F.I.C., and F. MATTHEWS, Ph.D., F.I.C. 145Illustrations. 21s. (Postage 9d.) -London: 40 Gloucester Place, Portman Square, W.1.-

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9285200001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1928

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1928. PART 11. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER. Registrar a9zd Secretary 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, April, 1928. Publications Committee, 1928-29 JOCELYN F, THORPE (Chairman), ARTH U R SM ITH ELLS (Preszdent), P. E. BOWLES, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, W. CLAYTON, J. C. DRUMMOND, LEWIS EYNON, W. H. GIBSON, C. M. W. GRIEB, G. G. HENDERSON, H. H. HODGSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer), A. W. KNAPP, A. G. G. LEONARD, W. MARSHALL, 8. G. McLELLAN, C. A. MITCHELL, H. E. MONK, D. F. TWISS, J. A, WATSON, A. W.M. WINTLE. Officers and Members of Council, 1928-1929 PRESIDENT: ARTHUR SMITHELLS, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS ARTHUR JENNER CHAPMAN. HAROLD GOVETT COLMAN, D.Sc., PH.D. ERNEST MOSTYN HAWKINS. GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. JOCELYN FIELD ‘FHORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R .S. HON. TREASURER : PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL THOMAS LEWIS BAILEY, PH.D. : LONDON. ALFRED ARCHIBALD BOON, D.Sc. : EDINBURGH. PERCY EWART BOWLES, PH.D. :NORTH-EASTCOASTAND YORKSHIRE FREDERICK DANIEL CHATTAWAY, MA., D.Sc., F.R.S. : OXFORD. GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PH.D., M.P.: CHESTER. WILLIAM CLAYTON, D.Sc. : LONDON. JOHN WILLIAM COBB, C.B.E., B.Sc.: LEEDS. WALTER HENRY COLEMAN: GLASGOW AND WESTOF SCOTLAND.REGINALD THOMAS COLGATE, D.Sc. : READING. FRANKLAND DENT, M.Sc., PH,D. : THE OVERSEAS DOMINIONS. JACK CECIL DRUMMOND, D.Sc. : LONDON. BERNARD DYER, D.Sc. : LONDON. FRANK GEORGE EDMED, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : PORTSMOUTH. GEORGE DAVIDSON ELSDON, B.Sc : MANCHESTER. LEWIS EYNON, B.Sc. : LONDON COUNTIES.AND SOUTH-EASTERN ARTHUR GORDON FRAKCIS, B.Sc. : LONDON. WILLIAM HOWIESON GIBSON, O.B.E., D.Sc. : BELFAST. CHRISTOPHER MAURICE WALTER GRIEB, B.Sc. : WALESAND COUNTYOF MONMOUTH. EDWARD HINKS, M.B.E., B.Sc. : LONDON. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, M.A., D.Sc., PH.D. : HUDDERSFIELD. BERNARD FARMBOROUGH HOWARD : LONDON. CHRISTOPHER KELK INGOLD, D.Sc., F.R.S. : LEEDS. DOUGLAS WILLIAM KENT-JONES, B.Sc., PH.D. : DOVER.ARTHUR WILLIAM IINAPP, M.Sc. : BIRMINGHAM. LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT, D.Sc : LONDON. ALFRED GODFREY GORDON LEONARD, B.Sc., PH.D., F.R.C.Sc.1. : IRISHFREESTATE. WILLIAM MARSHALL : MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. BASIL GORDON McLELLAN, A.R.T.C. : YORK. CHARLES AINSWORTH MITCHELL, M.A. : LONDON. HAROLD EDWARD MONK, B.Sc : LIVERPOOLAND NORTH-WESTERN. LIONEL GUY RADCLIFFE, M.Sc. TECH. : MANCHESTER. ALFRED REE, PH.D. : MANCHESTER. ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDEAL, M.B.E., D.Sc. : CAMBRIDGE. PETER WRIGHT TAINSH, O.B.E., A.R.T.C. : BIRKENHEAD. JOSEPH HAROLD TOTTON, B.A., B.Sc. NORTHERN IRELAND. DOUGLAS FRANK TM71SS, D.Sc : BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS. OLIVER TRIGGER, M.B.E. : LONDON. JAMES ADAM WATSON, A.C.G.I. :EDINBURGHAND EASTOF SCOTLAND.ALBERT WATKINS MAGGS WINTLE: BRISTOL AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES. 68 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS 1928: APRIL 20TH. 1928: NOVEMBER 16~~. MAY 18~~. DECEMBER 14~~. JUNE 22~~. 1929: JANUARY 18~~. JULY 20TH. JANUARY 25~~. OCTOBER 1 ~TH. FEBRUARY 1~TH. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: FRIDAY, MARCH IST, 1929. CENSORS: 1928-1929: THE PRESIDENT, ex-oficio. ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S. PROFESSOR GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, D.S('.. LL.D., F.R.S. SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S. SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, K.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1928-29. CHAIRMAN * FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, G. C. CLAYTON, HAROLD G. COLMAN, F. DENT, L. EYNON, E. M. HAWKINS,E. HINKS, B. F. HOWARD, D. W. KENT-JONES, PATRICK H.KIRKALDY*, L. H. LAMPITT, R. H. PICKARD, C. A. MITCHELL, J. F. THORPE, AND 0. TRIGGER. GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH T. L. BAILEY, P. E. BOWLES, G. C. CLAY-TON*, F. DENT, B. DYER, F. G. EDMED, C. M. W. GRIEB, E. M. HAWKINS, B. F. HOWARD, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, A. W KNAPP, A. G. G. LEONARD, W. MARSHALL, B. G. McLELLAN, A. R~E,E. K. RIDEAL, P. w. TAINSH, AND J. H. TOTTON. NOMINATIONS, EXAM1 NATIONS, AND I NSTlTUTlONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. (VICE-CHAIRMAN:PATRICK H. KIRKALDY). PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH P. E. BOWLES, ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, W. CLAYTON, J. C. DRUMMOND, L.EYNON, W. H. GIBSON, C. M. W. GRIEB, G. G. HENDERSON, H. H. HODGSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, A. W. KNAPP, A. G. G. LEONARD, W. MARSHALL, B. G. McLELLAN, C. A. MITCHELL, H. E. MONK, J. F. THORPE", D. F. TWISS, J. A,WATSON, AND A. W. M. WINTLE, 69 SPECIAL COMMITTEES, 1928-29. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (HoN. TREASURER)*, THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, WITH P. E. BOWLES (NEWCASTLE),W. H. COLEMAN, A. COULTHARD (MANCHESTER), ?V. M. CUMMING (GLASGOW), C. M. W.W. H. GIBSON (BELFAST), GRIEB, H. H. HODGSON (HUDDERSFIELD), A. W. KNAPP, A. G. G. LEONARD (DUBLIN), R. D. LITTLEFIELD (BRISTOL), W. McD. MACKEY (LEEDS), W. MARSHALL, B. G. McLELLAN, H. E. MONK (LIVERPOOL), G. H. PERRY, C.PROCTOR, G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTH WALES), J. H. TOTTON (BELFAST), D. F. TWISS (BIRMINGHAM), AND J. A. WATSON (EDINBURGH). (In the case of Section representatives, the names of their respective towns or districts are inserted.) PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH F. W. F. ARNAUD, T. L. BAILEY, E. R BOLTON, A. A. BOON, A. CHASTON CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTA- WAY, R. T. COLGATE, H. E. COX, C. H. CRIBB, F. DENT,J. T. DUNN, B. DYER, J. C. DRUMMOND, F. G. EDMED, A. V. ELSDEN, G. D. ELSDON, L. EYNON, A. G. FRANCIS, ERNEST M. HAWKINS*, E. HINKS, C. K, INGOLD, L. H. LAMPITT, W. MARSHALL, S. E. MELLING, C. A. MITCHELL, A. MORE, G. H. PERRY, P. A. ELLIS RICHARDS, E. K. RIDEAL, W. H. ROBERTS, C. A. SEYLER, J. F. TOCHER, AND J. A. VOELCKER.JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: THE PRESIDENT*, WITH J. E. COATES, H. G. COLMAN, E. M. HAWKINS, G. G. HENDERSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, G. T. MORGAN, R. H. PICKARD, T. SLATER PRICE, AND L. G. RADCLIFFE. SPECIAL COMMITTEE re APPOINTMENTS REGISTER : THE PRESIDENT, WITH E. R. BOLTON, F. DENT, A. V. ELSDEN, L. EYNON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, A. W. KNAPP B. G. McLELLAN, F. SCHOLEFIELD, AND J. F. THORPE*. SPECIAL COMMITTEE re REGISTRATION : THE PRESIDENT*, THE VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND THE HONORARY TREASURER, WITH G. C. CLAYTON, J. C. DRUMMOND, A. IT. ELSDEN, G. D. ELSDON, H. 5. EVANS, C. A. F. HASTILOW, I. M. HEILBRON, A. W. KNAPP, S. E. MELLING, H. E. MONK, F. L. PYMAN, W. RINTOUL, AND F.SCHOLEFIELD. 70 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1928-29. Chairmn: THE PRESIDENT. Three representatives of the Nominations, Examinations and Institution8 Committee. Examiners for the Associateship: GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., D.8c. (LoND.), F.R.S. JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., D.Sc. (LoND.) Examiners for the Fellowship: Branch A.-~NORQANIC CHEMISTRY: JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., D.Sc. (LoND.). Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: JAMES CHARLES PHILIP, O.B.E., M.A., D.Sc. (ABERD.), F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: FKANK LEE PYMAN, PH.D. (BASLE),D.Sc. (VET.), F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY : HENRY STANLEY RAPER, C.B.E., D.Sc. (LEEDS), M.B., CH.B. Branch E.-CHEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: WILLIAM HENRY KOBERTS, M.Sc.(VICT. AND LIV.): THERIPEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY, AND MICROSCOPY: SIK FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS, D.Sc., M.R. (Lox>.),F.R.S. Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY:HENRY ALLEN DUGDALE NEVILLE, M.A. (CANTAB.),R.Sc. (LoND.). Branch G.-INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY(General Chemical Technology) : JOHN THOMAS DUNN, D.Sc. (DUN.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required. HON. AUDITORS : 1928-29. WALTER PIERPOINT HARMSWORTH AND CHARLES EDWARD BARRS. AUDITOR : 1928-29. DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. SOLICITORS : MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 5, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C.1.REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY: RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (Cantab.), F.I.C. J Russell G. Sons SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B E., F.R.S. Prtszdent, I 9I 8-I 92 I. 71 Fiftieth Annual General Meeting. THURSIDAY, 1st MARCH, 1828. THE50th Annual General Meeting was held at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, on Thursday, 1st March, 1928, at 4.30 p.m., Mr. E. R. Bolton (Vice-president) in the chair. The Chairman said the members would hear with very great regret that the President was not well enough to preside at that meeting, and it fell to his lot to take his place. The President had written a letter, in which he said: “Will you please express to the members my great disappointment at being absent from the annual general meeting.A few days ago I fell a sudden victim to laryngitis; and, although it is nothing serious and I am well on the way to recovery, it has put me out of action for conducting a meeting. My doctor advises me ve6 strongly not to attempt it, and I very reluctantly am obliged to take his advice.” PRESENTATIONOF THE MELDOLAMEDAL. Continuing, Mr. Bolton said that it was his pleasant duty in deputising for the President to present the Meldola Medal, which, as the members were all aware, was presented by the Society of Maccabaeans annually to commemorate the name of Prof. Raphael Meldola, who was President of the Institute from 1912to 1915, and President of the Society of Maccabaeans from 1911 to 1915.It afforded great pleasure to the meeting that Mrs, Meldola was able to be with them when the medal was presented. He would like also to mention that Dr. Levy was present as the representative of the Society of Maccabaeans. Some very good records of work had been submitted for the present award; and, although he woulci like to say that the choice of Dr. Quastel was unanimous, the adjudicators hoped that the others whose work had been under consideration would not be discouraged, and that the work of those who were still eligible for the award next year would be again before the Board. Dr. Quastel had advanced the knowledge of reduction-oxidation systems following on the pioneer work which resulted 72 in the discovery of glutathione by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins. Dr.Quastel had introduced new methods into the study of living cells as represented by bacteria, in a way which it was hoped was destined to give a new line of progress for bio- chemistry. He had also, for the first time, thrown some light on the mechanism of the activation of molecules by a living organism. Work of such promise would lead chemists to think that Dr. Quastel might look forward with confidence to further achievement in that literally vital field of work. In handing Dr. Quastel the medal he was sure every member would join with him in wishing him the greatest success in the future. Mr. Bolton then presented the Medal to Dr. Quastel.Dr. Quastel said he had to thank the Vice-president very much for what he had said. He was deeply conscious of the honour which had been done to him, and he was very grateful to the Institute and to the Society of Maccabaeans for conferring the medal upon him. It was a very great pleasure to him to say how much he was indebted to his professor, Sir Frederick Hopkins, for his stimulus and encouragement and for the interest he had always shown in the work that was being done. Everyone who had had the privilege of working under Prof. Hopkins would agree that it was difficult to express his sense of indebted-ness to him. MINUTES. The minutes of the forty-ninth annual general meeting having been confirmed, the Chairman called upon the Hon.Treasurer to submit the annual accounts. HONORARY REPORT.TREASURER'S Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy (Hon. Treasurer), in presenting the accounts, also expressed his regret at the absence of the President. The financial statement and accounts had been published in the Journal, and showed clearly the position of the Institute at the end of 1927. The cash balance in hand at the commencement of the year provided funds for paying practically the whole of the expenses of the Jubilee celebration, so that all the expenses of that function had been met without the necessity of realising any capital. The final position, which was summarised on page 6 of the JOURNAL (Part I, 19281,showed an appreciation over 1926 of Lzgq 12s. ~od.Since the last meeting the Institute had received the bequest under the vi'ill of Sir Alexander Pedler- a bequest which, with dividends and accrued interest, amounted 73 at the present time to just over E5000.Interest received since the balance sheet was prepared had brought the amount to a little more than appeared in the balance sheet. It would be remembered that the bequest was left to the Institute to be applied, at the discretion of the Council, to the advancement of science, particularly of chemical science. The Council had appointed a Special Committee to consider and report on the best means of carrying out Sir Alexander Pedler’s wishes. An announcement on the subject would appear at an early date. The fund was being kept quite distinct from the general funds of the Institute, and Sir Alexander Pedler’s name would always be associated with it.(Applause.) During the last year the University of London had acquired a large site, including that occupied by the premises of the Institute. He could only hope, and had every confidence in believing, that the good relations which had existed between the Institute and the Bedford Estate would continue under the new landlord. Turning from the general accounts to the Benevolent Fund, there was an appreciation of capital amounting to i368 3s. 3d. He was glad to say that the number and amount of the donations and annual subscriptions were increasing, and that it had been possible for the Committee to help every case that came within the scope of the Fund.The response in the year 1928, which only covered two months, showed an improvement on 1927, and he hoped many more members would help to make a record response to the Jubilee appeal. Funds were needed for the education of several young children of deceased members and also to provide such further annuities as might be necessary. He wished to impress upon members that one of the best ways of supporting the Benevolent Fund Committee was to send to the offices particulars of vacancies for chemists, for in most cases work was what was wanted rather than financial aid. It was not the only best way, however; the other he had already mentioned-that of sending donations or subscriptions to the Fund. He wished to thank his colleagues on the Finance Committee for the kindness and consideration which they had shown him during the past year, and he would like to thank the officers and other members of the staff for all the help they had given him in the work.He moved “That the accounts for the year 1927 be received and adopted, and that the thanks of the Fellows 74 and Associates be accorded to the Hon. Auditors, Messrs. Barrs and Harmsworth, and also to Mr. David Henderson, the Chartered Accountant, for their services.” Mr. T, W. Glass seconded the motion, which was carried unanimously Mr. C. E. Barrs said that the auditors had found the accounts very clearly and concisely kept, and that they were quite satisfied with the answers to all the enquiries they had made.They would like to express their cordial thanks for the assistance which they had received from the staff. REPORTOF COUNCIL. The Chairman said that he had received from the President a manuscript of what he had intended to say in submitting the Report of the Council. Everyone knew the President and his personality, and he (Mr. Bolton) was afraid that in reading the President’s address he would not be able to convey its full meaning. He might also add that, in a letter to the Registrar, the President had mentioned that, owing to his illness, the address was incomplete, but he felt sure that it would be the wish of the members that when the address was published the President should add to it what he would have said had he been at the meeting (see p.79). The Chairman, in reading the address, said he felt that had the President been able to occupy the Chair, he might have referred to a report in The Times relating to the debate in the House of Lords on the subject of “Ethyl” petrol:- “Lord Buckmaster said he did not want an Inter-depart-mental Committee, but a committee composed of eminent scientific men. “The Marquis of Salisbury pointed out that the Council of Medical Research consisted of scientific men. “Lord Buckmaster replied that the Council of Medical Research contained a certain number of doctors; what was wanted was a committee, including eminent chemists, who know all about this matter.” The Chairman, having formally moved the adoption of the Report of the Council, Dr.McGowan, in seconding the motion, said that after hearing the very able and comprehensive address of the President, there was very little left to say except that they were all gratified at the steady and continuous progress 75 of the 'Institute. As an old Fellow, he thought it was a good thing to take what were called long views. Going back to the foundation of the Institute, or even half that time-twenty- five years ago-it would be seen what immense progress had been made by the Institute and what great influence it had acquired. There was one point to which the President had referred indirectly more than once, namely, the insufficient public appreciation of the chemist. In The Times there was a weekly scientific article of a column or less; there were occasional paragraphs dealing with scientific subjects, and sometimes a letter such as had been published within the last day or two on lead tetra-ethyl.The same thing, he thought, was more or less the case with the other newspapers. The Glasgow papers, however, set a good example by publishing irequent articles by members of the Institute. If that were done more generally it would do a great deal of good. It was not a very easy thing to do, i's he knew from experience. (Hear, hear.) He com- mended the idea to chemists who were anxious to advance the appreciation of chemistry in the eyes of the general public. The motion was carried unanimously. Mr. A. Chaston Chapman said he had the pleasing duty-of proposing that a hearty vote of thanks be accorded to the President for his address.They had already heard from Mr. Bolton and the Hon. Treasurer that the President was unable to be present, and it was a source of regret to all of them; but they had been very fortunate in having Mr. Bolton in the chair to read the address in his customary convincing manner. There were many points on which he would have liked to com-ment. One was the popularising of the work that chemists had to do. Reference had been made to the good example set by some newspapers in the North, and he hoped that that example would be followed widely by others in the South. There were many things in connection with chemistry which might be made interesting and intelligible even to the average man in the street, if only the newspapers would publish them.If they did so, they would probably reap the benefit, and would be doing a great service to chemistry and to the State. He was sure that the members would look forward to reading the whole address when it appeared in the JOURNAL. He suggested that the meeting should send a message to the President expressing regret at his not being present, telling him how glad the members were to know that he was on the road to recovery, and expressing the 76 hope that he would be very soon quite well. (Hear, hear.) It was not part of the motion, but he should like to say how greatly the meeting was indebted to Mr. Bolton for the manner in which he had deputised for the President.He moved that a hearty vote of thanks be given to the President for his very interesting address, and that the President be asked to allow it to be printed in the Journal. Dr. L. E. Campbell seconded the proposal, which was carried with acclamation, REPORTOF SCRUTINEERS. The Registrar read the Report of the Scrutineers, and the President declared the officers elected as follows:-The number of valid votes cast for the Officers was 759. President:Arthur Smithells (756). Vice-Presidents: G. G. Henderson (751), J. F. Thorpe (747). R. H. Pickmd (743), H. G. Colman (741), Arthur J Chapman (740), E. M. Hawkins (7381, Honorary Treasurer: Patrick H. Kirkaldy (759). The number of valid votes cast for the General Members of Council was 759.The General Members of Council were elected as follows:-G. C. Clayton (544), J. C. Drummond (526), E. K. Rideal (524), T. L. Bailey (505), William Clayton (505), A. W. Knapp (501), L. H. Lsmpitt (500), C. K. Ingold (492), F. D. Chattaway (482), H. H. Hodgson (466),J. W. Cobb (464), W. H. Gibson (462), C. A. Mitchell (462), R. T. Colgate(460), B. G. McLellan (456), Bernard Dyer (455), A. G. Francis (454),Alfred R6e (452), L. G. Radcliffe (449), 0.D. Elsdon (439), P. W. Tainsh (432), Edward Hinks (424), D. W. Kent-Jones (395), F. G. Edmed (391),B. F. Howard (391), A. A. Boon (382), 0.Trigger (382). The number of valid votes cast for the Censors was 692. The following were elected:- A. Chaston Chapman (472), G.G. Henderson (444), Sir Kobert Robertson (435), Sir Herbert Jackson (358). The Chairman formally declared that the Officers and Members of Council and Censors whose names had been read were duly elected for the ensuing year. The Chairman, in moving a vote of thanks to the Scrutineers, Dr. L. E. Campbell and Mr. T. W. Glass, said that it was one of the most laborious services that could be given by members of the Institute. Mr. Procter said that, as an old scrutineer, he had very great pleasure in seconding the motion. When he acted as scrutineer, many years ago, the votes had to be counted during the time of the meeting, which made it rather a difficult matter, although in those days the number of votes was relatively small. The 77 new system of having the voting papers sent in beforehand was more convenient, but the Scrutineers had to give a great deal of time and attention to it, and the Institute was very much indebted to them.The motion was carried unanimously. Dr. Campbell thanked the members very much for the vote of thanks, and said that for the information of any future scrutineer it was safe to say that the amount of work involved was not so great as one might be apt to think, owing to the system that had been evolved by the staff and the preparations which they made for the work. AUDITORS. The Chairman said that the present Honorary Auditors were eligible for re-election, and that they had not signified any wish to retire. The Chairman said he would move that Mr.Barrs be appointed Hon. Auditor for the ensuing year. The motion was carried. Mr. Abel proposed the re-election of Mr. Harmsworth, and on Mr. Harmsworth stating his willingness to serve again, the motion was carried. The Chairman moved that Mr. David Henderson be appointed professional auditor at a fee of thirty guineas. The motion was carried. VOTE OF THANKS. Dr. T. Slater Price said it was with great pleasure that he moved that a hearty vote of thanks be accorded to the retiring officers and members of Council for their services. As an old Member of Council he could say that those thanks were well deserved. He had served, and was still serving, on several Councils in London, and he could assure the members that the hardest working council he knew was that of the Institute.It was a privilege and honour to be elected to the Council, but at the same time he thought the members of the Institute should be cognisant of the fact that when they elected Fellows as Members of the Council they were at the same time sentencing them to a period of hard labour. They had to work hard, especially on the various commit tees, one in particular-the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. The Officers and Members of the Council who were retiring had fulfilled their duties very efficiently, and deserved a very hearty vote of thanks. 78 Miss Micklethwait seconded the motion, which was carried unanimously. The Chairman thanked Dr. Slater Price and Miss Mickle- thwait, on behalf of his colleagues, who with him were retiring from the Council this year.The amount of work that had to be done in any position on the Council, especially as Vice-President, was not small, but Dr. Slater Price had not drawn attention to the fact that it had great compensations; one met other members of the profession in a way which one would never do otherwise. The greatest compensation of all, he thought, was the fact that one learned that even scientific men, who were generally believed to have no knowledge of business, were not really so unbusinesslike after all. It was only necessary to sit round the Council table and hear the debates on various matters that came up for discussion to realise that perfectly clear and businesslike suggestions were made by men of the highest scientific attainments with regard to what might be called common business matters.Also something could be seen of the organisation in the office; if it were not for that efficient organisation he thought the duties of Presidents, Vice-presidents, and Members of Council would be very much more arduous than they were at present. It was with feelings of regret that he left his colleagues after serving for three years on the Council and three years as a Vice-president. The meeting then terminated. 79 The President’s Address. I had thought when I had been in office for a little time that, at the end of the year, I would try to offer you something in the way of a disquisition in addition to the customary Presi- dential comments on the year’s work.I have, however, been obliged to abandon that project, owing to want of leisure, and, besides, I think quite enough has been heard from me lately in and about the Jubilee Celebrations. When you did me the honour to elect me to this chair, I felt that from my previous association with the work of the Institute I knew a good deal about it; but the more intimate acquaintance with its life which the duties of a President entail has greatly deepened my sense of the necessity for such an organisation. Some of my predecessors in office have made a similar observation, and, with the experience of the last twelve months, I wish to emphasise, as they have done, the importance of loyal adherence to the Institute and loyal co-operation on the part of all members in whatever branch of the profession they may be engaged, in order to promote, by the only really effective means, the complete and solid organisation of the profession, as well for its own prestige as for the service of the community.Moreover, I feel sure that if any qualified chemists who are not now members could have the opportunity which I have had of realising the extent of the good work which is being done for the profession and for the science as a whole, they would desire to participate in it; for the Institute holds a unique position in the chemical world, embracing the interests of all branches of work and affording facilities for the discussion of all matters of common interest.Coming now to the Report, I will not dilate unduly on the subject of the happy and successful Jubilee Celebrations of the Institute, but I would like to express again the sense of gratifica- tion, which I am sure is shared by all Fellows and Associates, in the reception by the Institute of the gracious congratulations and good wishes of the Prince of Wales, and the kindly messages of goodwill from so many learned societies and professional 80 institutions which are active, as we are, in the encouragement of efficient professional service. The Jubilee involved a heavy burden of extra work upon the Registrar and staff of the Institute, and their labours deserve cordial acknowledgmeat. I am sure that the importance of the Institute has been greatly emphasised by the ample public celebration of the Jubilee, and that it enters upon its second half century with the prestige of a fully acknowledged national institution .The roll of the Institute shows a substantial net increase of 202 members, notwithstanding a loss from various causes of 91 members, including 61 Associates, the majority of whom have turned to other work in which the retention of membership of the Institute is not so essential. In this connection I share the view expressed by Professor Henderson last year, that while a great deal of professional education appears thus to have been wasted, it is a good thing that men of science should be diffused among the practitioners of other professions and in the business world.Next, following the practice of my predecessors in the chair, I must refer to some of our losses by death, and mention with very sincere regret the names of several who were honoured among chemists, and who will be sadly missed. Obituary notices have already appeared in the JOURNAL, but I may be allowed to offer some personal comments. By the death of Arthur William Crossley, whose distinguished career was brought to a close while he was yet under sixty years of age, British chemistry has suffered a grievous loss. Beyond his capacity in teaching and investigating, Dr. Crossley was endowed with an exceptional gift of administrative ability, which he evinced abundantly in early life.In the war this talent was exercised with striking success in the performance of scientific military service of the highest importance. In his last piece of work, the Directorship of the British Cotton Industry Research Association, Dr. Crossley brought his gifts to bear on a widely different field with equal success. Wherever he laboured he was honoured €or his qualities as a man. Among other teachers who have passed away are two pioneers-one in a new region of the civilised world, and the other in the new region of applied science. Professor Liversidge’s services in the establishment of higher chemical education in Australia have been acclaimed on every side and can never be forgotten. Professor Procter’s life work was to bring the light 81 of science on to one of the oldest of the industries-the manu-facture of leather.His great and unselfish labour finds a fitting memorial in the Procter International Research Laboratory. Again we have recorded that the Institute has been repre- sented at many important public functions and in many matters of public interest. Of the financial position of the Institute, I do not need to speak at any length, because the Honorary Treasurer has already dealt with that part of the Report, but I would like to add my tribute to his able and whole-hearted devotion to the interests of the Institute. (Applause.) We are further indebted to him as Chairman of the Benevolent Fund Com- mittee for the care and ready sympathy with which he investigates the appeals for help which come under the notice of the Executive Committee of the Fund.It is satisfactory to learn that the Fund is making good progress, and that the number of regular annual subscribers has increased. I am sure that you will be glad to know that the response for the present year is likely to show even greater improvement. On the proceedings of the Legal and Parliamentary Com- mittee the Council hope to be able to report fully during the present year. I can only assure the Fellows and Associates that their interests are carefully watched, and that due steps have been taken by the Council to make such representations as they deemed proper to the Inter-departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts with regard to the title “Chemist.” The work of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee has also been conducted under the chairman-ship of Mr.Kirkaldy. This Committee, which is concerned with safeguarding the standard of qualification and competence required for admission to the Institute, bears a heavy responsi- bility, and its meetings are invariably well attended, on account of that responsibility and of the great interest which the members take in the work. I should like to emphasise here that the Associateship of the Institute does not constitute merely an additional diploma obtainable by those who have reached a certain standard of knowledge and obtained certain qualifica- tions, but it is a recognition by the responsible professional body that the graduate is competent and also-as an individual-personally acceptable to the profession as a whole.By his adherence to a definite code of professional ethics he should, moreover, be acceptable to prospective employers and to the 82 community generally as one who stands for the highest ideals of the professional man. It was to emphasise this view that the Council instituted the admission ceremony, and I would like newly elected members to regard this ceremony, not as an irksome formality,-but as a means of enabling them to feel that admission as members of the Institute has a distinct personal aspect, whether they are received by the Council in London or by the chairman and members of the Local Section to which they become attached. Our thanks are accorded especially this year to Mr.G. Nevi11 Huntly, one of the Examiners for the Associateship, and to Prof. Francis E. Francis, the Examiner in Organic Chemistry for the Fellowship, who retire from the Board of Examiners on completing in April the prescribed term of four years’ service. When the arrangements for the Jubilee Celebrations were first under discussion it was intended to include a conference on the education of the chemist; but chiefly out of consideration for the officers, on whom the additional work involved would fall, it was decided that this part of the programme should be postponed. I hope, however, that in the not very distant future we may be able to call such a conference.A great many things happened during the war, and a great many things have happened since, to direct our attention to the education of the chemist. The science itself has not only grown abundantly in these years, but it has been subject to transforming changes. Special branches of chemistry, pure and applied, have been stirred to luxuriant growth, and the part which this particular science has to play in human affairs seems constantly to enlarge. The determination to keep our country leading in chemical industry is evident from recent developments in the organisation of its manufacturing concerns and from the forward policy they are adopting in the promotion of chemical research and the employment of highly trained scientific staffs.All these things have created an unprecedented stir in the centres of chemical education and have raised there new questions and new projects. My own solicitude is chiefly for the university student. I am not at all satisfied that his training is, generally speaking, what it should be, and I feel particularly alarmed by the increasing burden of memorised intellectual matter-I will not call it knowledge-which the student has usually to carry to the examination room. (Applause.) I think our degree system badly needs revision, and that we should profit by an 83 exchange of opinions on the subject. At one end of the university curriculum lies the school course, and at the other end, in some cases at least, the chance of a further period of preparation in which much may be acquired that will help the young chemist to orient himself in industrial life.These are all matters of great general interest to the profession on which I believe we might profitably confer. We do not, of course, want to stereotype chemical curricula, but we may well combine in getting rid of difficulties and improving our ways. The Publications and Library Committee, under the able chairmanship of Prof. Jocelyn Thorpe, is to be heartily con-gratulated on the output for the last year. The JOURNAL AND hasPROCEEDINGS contained abstracts of some remarkably interesting papers, and has dealt with many matters of import- ance. The lectures by Mr. Chaston Chapman, Mr.Alec M. Cameron, Mr. S. M. Gluckstein, and Mr. 0. F. Bloch, which have been published separately, form useful additions to the Institute’s collection of monographs. Mr. Cameron’s lecture on “Fire Risks in Industry ” has, I know, been greatly appreciated by the insurance compaBies, and Mr. Gluckstein’s lecture has created a very wide interest, not only among chemists, but among manufacturers and employers generally. The sixth edition of the ‘‘List of Official Chemical Appointments,” and the second edition of the “Profession of Chemistry” have also been pub- lished during the past year, and, I trust, are found useful. The report of the Jubilee Celebrations constitutes, I think, an appropriate record of a memorable occasion. The Public Appointments Committee, under the chairmanship of Mr.Bolton, has also done, and is doing, good work in endeavour- ing to bring about a better realisation among public authorities of the value and importance of professional chemical services. It is especially difficult to induce such authorities to understand the importance of, and the responsibility involved in, those branches of work, such as the protection of the food and water supplies of the community and the regular examination of the gas supply; for the benefits derived from this work are not directly obvious. Yet such services are essential to the public welfare, and the result of neglecting to take advantage of them may at any time be disastrous. In this connection, too, we find sometimes that other professional men-legal and medical- who should know, better than the ordinary municipal councillor, the value of professional competence, and be able to encourage 84 the provision of proper terms for official chemical appointments, are ready to belittle the chemist and to make him a mere sub-ordinate to men whose understanding of chemical science is negligible.(Hear, hear.) We must continue to protest against the ignorance which prevails in these matters and the short-sightedness which by imposing mean conditions prevents full use being made of the services which the profession could render. Apart from public appointments, there is in too many quarters evidence of the same short-sightedness on the part of employers, who appear not to realise that, if they are to secure men who will work with their brains and be able to give their best, means must be allowed for life at a reasonable standard of comfort.(Applause.) One of the most pleasant duties, I might say privileges, of a President is to visit the Sections. On whatever occasions I am invited to attend as the offcia1 representative of the Institute, I am assured of a cordial welcome, and I find the Institute held in the highest esteem. The meetirgs give me the much valued opportunity of renewing old and making new friendships among the members of our profession. The institution of the Sections has, undoubtedly, made the corporate life of the profession more real, and it has been most gratifying to me and to other officers who have been present at the recent Jubilee Celebrations in various important centres to note the large attendances of members and their friends, and the presence of distinguished guests representing municipal and professional interests. Apart from the social advantages, how- ever, the meetings of the Sections during the past year, held independently or jointly with other bodies, have been remarkable for the number of really valuable papers which have been contributed and the useful discussions which have been held.It gives the Council the highest satisfaction to know that members of distinction are actively participating in these meetings, and it is to be hoped that all members will support the Sections in affording the means of maintaining the corporate life which is so essential to the general well-being of the Institute.All will realise, however, that this cannot be secured without a great deal of hard work on the part of the local committees a,id their honorary officers, to whom so much credit and so much gratitude are due for the success which has attended their endeavours. (Hear, hear.) Having commented on the proceedings of the past year, I 85 would like, in moving the adoption of the Report of Council, to express my thanks to the Vice-presidents, the Honorary Treasurer, and the Members of Council generally, for their loyal co-operation and support. One of the Vice-presidents I must name at the present time, Mr. E. R. Bolton, who, in compliance with the By-Laws, now retires from office, having served in that capacity for three years.Although for the greater part of that period he has also occupied the responsible position of President of the Society of Public Analysts (hear, hear), he has given the Institute most valuable service as Chair- man of the Public Appointments Committee, the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, and the Appointments Register Committee, and has been ready at all times to respond to the calls made upon him. (Applause.) Like all my predecessors, I feel how much the duties of my ofice are lightened by the labours of the permanent staff, and by the admirable administrative system that prevails in the office of the Institute. I wish to offer my cordial acknowledg- ments to Mr.Pilcher, Mr. Collett, Miss Cawston, Mr. Aiken, and, indeed, to the whole staff for their ever-ready help. (Applause.) 86 Proceedings of the Council. FEBRUARY-MARCH, 1928. Council and Committees, 192’7-1928.-The names of the Officers, General and District Members of Council, and Censors, who took office on 1st March are given on pages . At the first meeting of the new Council, held on 9th March, the Standing and Special Committees and their Chairmen for the ensuing year were appointed. (See pages 68-69.) At the meeting of Council held on 17th February the Board of Examiners was appointed as on page 70. Public Appointments.---In connection with the representa- tion made by the Council to the City Council of Leeds with regard to the proposed appointment of a City Analyst, it was suggested that the Corporation had reason to complain of the publicity given to the matter before the appropriate committee of the Corporation had had an opportunity of considering the representations. It is well known, however, that other professional bodies have publicly expressed opinions, on similar occasions, on the terms and conditions offered by local authorities for public appointments and that some have gone so far as to advise their members not to make application for certain appointments. It appears to the Council of the Institute that when a public authority advertises terms and conditions which may appear to affect the interests of a profession, it is perfectly legitimate that a criticism of such terms and conditions by a competent professional body should also be given publicity, seeing that the matter is one of public importance, and that such criticism is practically useless when once the appointment has been made.Indeed, it is interesting to note that actually at the time of the correspondence referred to, publicity was given to the action taken by the British Medical Association regarding the appoint- ment of a county medical officer of health. 87 Royal Commission on Local Government.-The Memorandum prepared and forwarded to the Royal Commission on Local Government and referred to in the Report of Council (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I, 1928, page 12), is as follows:-I.OBJECTSOF THE MEMORANDUM. The Councils of the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Public Analysts desire to approach the Royal Commission on Local Government in order to direct attention to anomalies and difficulties which arise in connection with the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, 1875 to 1927, and also of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1926, and to the unsatisfactory conditions attaching to the appointments of public analysts under these Acts. OF2. DESCRIPTION BODIESMAKING REPRESENTATION. (a) The Institute of Chemistry is the representative body of professional chemists. It has been in existence for over fifty years, and is incorporated by Royal Charter, with authority to promote the better education and to hold examinations of persons desirous of practising the profession of chemistry, and to maintain a register of such as have been found to be competent.In all cases membership implies general competence in chemistry, but the Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute, together with the certificate of having passed the examination in Branch E :-The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water,--is formally accepted by the Ministry of Health as suficient evidence of competence to hold an appointment as Public Analyst, and 96 per cent. of the appointments are held by Fellows of the Institute. The Fellowship, taken in any Branch, implies a minimum of seven years professional education and experience, comparable with that required for any other learned profession, but candidates who qualify in Branch E are required to have worked for at least 3 years in an approved laboratory devoted to the chemistry of food and drugs.The Institute also includes nearly all the official agricultural analysts. (b) The Society of Public Analysts and other AnalyticalChemists was founded in 1874. Its objects include the study of questions affecting analytical chemistry, especially those relating 88 to the adulteration of food, drugs, and commercial products generally, and to the promotion of the efficiency of the laws relating to the repression of adulteration. Its membership includes practically all public analysts and official agricultural analysts holding either whole or part-time appointments.The Society publishes the AmaZyyst, in which a large number of original papers dealing with food analysis and improved methods for the detection of adulteration have been continually published during the last fifty years. 3. PUBLIC , AND OFFICIAL ANALYSTS.ANALYSTS AGRICULTURAL Public Analysts and Official Agricultural Analysts are appointed by County and Borough authorities. Appointments of Public Analysts are subject to the approval of the Minister of Health, and those of Official Agricultural Analysts to that of the Minister of Agriculture. With reference to Official Agricultural Analysts, the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1926, which it is anticipated will come into force in July, 1928, will materially alter the work demanded of them.Steps have already been taken, therefore, to circularise the Local Authorities concerned as regards the fees to be paid by them for analyses under this Act. (A copy of the circular issued to the authorities concerned with this Act was attached to the Memorandum.-See JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI, '9'7, page 259') 4. PUBLICANALYSTS. With reference to Public Analysts, it should be mentioned that out of 245 appointments in England and Wales, less than 20 are held by whole-time officers. In all other cases, the Public Analysts practise independently and provide their own labora-tories, staff, equipment, etc. 5. EVIDENCETO BE GIVEN. The evidence to be given on behalf of the Institute and the Society will be directed to supporting the following suggestion, namely :-That it is desirable to introduce legislation providing :-(a) That not merely the appointment and removal, but also the terms and conditions of the appointment (including specifically the terms of remuneration) , of a public analyst should be subject to the approval of the Minister of Health.89 (These powers might be conferred on the Minister if an Exchequer grant were contributed to the remuneration of the public analyst as in the case of the medical officer of health and the sanitary inspector. Vide page go of the First Report of the Royal Commission.) (b) That no appointment already made or hereafter made should be determined without the consent of the Minister of Health, notwithstanding that certain authorities appear to have made agreements outside the terms of the Acts.(c) That when any alteration affecting the appointment of a Public Analyst is proposed to be introduced by the local authority the public analyst shall be entitled to appeal direct to the Minister of Health whose decision shall be binding. (d) That when “Regulations” are made by the Minister of Health having the effect of increasing the work of the public analyst, provision shall be made for a corresponding increase in his remuneration. (e) That Section IZ* of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, be amended in order to provide that the balance of the fee above 10s.6d.-for the purpose of this Section-be paid by the local authority. (f)That public analysts who hold part-time appointments should have the opportunity of participating in the Superannuation Scheme adopted by their local authorities. 6. APPOINTMENT ANALYSTS.OF PUBLIC (a) Public Analysts are appointed under Section 10of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, The county and borough authori- ties are required to appoint such analysts, “and shall pay to such analysts such remuneration as shall be mutually agreed upon, and may remove him or them as they shall deem proper; but such appointments and removals shall at all times be subject to * 12. Any purchaser of an article of food or of a drug in any place being a district, county, city or borough where there is any analyst appointed under this or any Act hereby repealed, shall be entitled, on payment to such analyst of a sum not exceeding ten shillings and sixpence, or if there be no such analyst then acting for such place, to the analyst of another place, of such sum as may be agreed upon between such person and the analyst, to have such article analysed by such analyst, and to receive from him a certificate of the result of his analysis.90 the approval of the Local Government Board (now the Ministry of Health), who may require satisfactory proof of competency to be supplied to them and may give their approval absolutely or with modifications as to the period of appointments or removal, or otherwise . . . .” (b) Present Emoluments of Public Analysts.Under Section 12 of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, a member of the public was entitled to obtain an analysis for 10s. 6d.; but from the official reports of what passed in the House of Commons it is evident that such a fee was not regarded as an adequate remun- eration of the analyst and that the intention was that it should be supplemented from the rates. Section 12 should, therefore, be amended to make the intention of Parliament on this point perfectly clear.* (c) At the present time, however, the fee of 10s. 6d. has come to be treated by many authorities as if it had been the statutory fee for all purposes of the Act. (a) Owing to the growth of knowledge and to the improvement of the methods of analysis of foods and drugs,-very largely due to the voluntary and unremunerated researches of the public analysts themselves, and partly due to increased ingenuity on the part of the unscrupulous traderJ-the work of the analyst has been greatly enhanced, and he has to use increasingly complicated methods, and to provide much more costly laboratory equipment than formerly. (e) Even before 1914,the remuneration of the public analyst could not be considered as satisfactory; but since then, the *In the early stages of the discussion of the Bill in Parliament the member for Leicestershire, Mr. Pell, pointed out that under the 10th clause, the sum of half-a-guinea was the sum suggested to be paid by a member of the public requiring an analysis, and this charge, he maintained was far too low.At that time there were few men in the House who could claim to be chemists, but among them was Professor-later Lord-Playfair,who, referring to Mr. Pell’s remark, said: “The honourable member for Leicestershire has, I think, hit a blot in the Bill. It is impossible to get the chemical analysis such as is required under this Bill for 10s. Gd., and therefore it would be more correct to say that a consumer would have a right to go and get analyses at the expense of the ratepayers; that is to say, he would pay his 10s. Gd., but the difference should be paid out of the rates.” This view was immediately endorsed by Mr. Sclater-Booth (afterwards Lord Basing), President of the Local Government Board, who said : “I cannot help thinking that if any charge on the rates is reasonable it is a charge of this nature.” The Act was passed with the clear under- standing that the fee of 10s.6d. was a nominal f00, and that the rates should be called upon for the proper payment to the Public Analyst. 91 conditions have been growing worse, for, while in some cases he received a war bonus or increase of some kind, many authorities took no action at all in the matter. In very few instances have the increases been adequate, and only a few local authorities have given the full war bonus received by members of the Civil Service, and by the other officers of the local authorities; while, on the other hand, the work, expenses and responsibility attach- ing to the work have steadily increased.Little regard has been given to the increased cost of living, of labour of every kind, of chemicals and apparatus, and of rent, or to the additional work imposed by recent legislation and official regulations issued by the Ministry of Health. 8. NEW LEGISLATIONAND REGULATIONS. Much of this legislation has taken the form of departmental regulations, which have never been discussed in detail by Parlia- ment, but have been (and are still being) issued by the Minister of Health. While the Ministry has the power to make and enforce such regulations, it is advised that it has not the power to require the authorities to increase the fee to one commensurate with the extra work involved and, although fully cognisant of the unfair and anomalous position in which the public analysts find themselves, the Ministry holds that it has no concern with the approval of remuneration, which must rest entirely between the analysts and the local authorities. 9.INADEQUACY REMUNERATION.OF PRESENT (a) At the present time the great majority of public analysts hold that the fees which they receive are inadequate, and that it would not be possible for them in many cases to continue to do the work under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, if they did not conduct other practice, the fees received from which help them to maintain their laboratories. The rate of remuneration is fixed by the local authorities, but is based on no general principles and apparently has relation neither to the locality (eg., high rents in the larger towns), nor to the length of service, or the experience of the analyst, and it is by no means always dependent on the number of samples submitted, although in individual cases some of these considerations may have been taken into account.The members of local authorities rarely know anything about the actual details of the work of equipping and main- taining a laboratory and receive no guidance from the Ministry of Health on such matters. 92 (b)Manufacturers of foodstuffs, etc.,-even of a single or only a few kinds of foodstuffs,-in common with many other manu- facturers, realise the importance of scientific control in the works, and in many cases are paying salaries far higher than those now offered for public analysts.Chemists with special qualifications and experience in the chemistry of food and drugs, are therefore being attracted to industry, and it is obvious that, unless the conditions attached to the appointments of public analysts are improved, they will cease to attract professional chemists of the standing requisite for such important and responsible offices. (c) It rests with the individual public analyst to endeavour to obtain from his authority increased fees for increased work, or in respect of increased cost of living and other expenses ; failing such redress the only alternative is to resign his appoint- ment. Under present conditions his position is extremely difficult: he cannot ask for increased payment every time a fresh regulation is issued, and yet the aggregate increase in work, expense and responsibility arising from the regulations issued since 1907 is very serious, especially having regard to the present greater cost of staff, rent, chemicals and apparatus, which has doubled, on an average, since 1914.10. REGULATIONSMADE BY THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH. The recent Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1927,provides that all regulations (past, present and future), issued by the Ministry of Health, under the Public Health (Regulations as to Food) Act are to be construed as one with the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, 1875 to 1899; they, therefore, become obligatory on all public analysts, without however giving them any legal claim for increased remuneration. (Some of the requirements which have been imposed cannot at present be carried out with the requisite accuracy and speed : further investigations, voluntary and un- paid, will, therefore, be needed.) 11.CONCLUSIONS. (a) The main representations are stated in paragraph 5. (b) Public Analysts feel that they should have reasonable security of tenure, that when fresh legislation has the effect of increasing their work the local authorities should correspondingly augment their remuneration, and that those who desire it should have the option of joining in any superannuation scheme which the authority may have adopted. 93 (c) Apart from the question of remuneration, other con-ditions attaching to the appointments of Public Analysts vary widely throughout the country.Many confer reasonable security of tenure, but many do not. Some allow participation in the superannuation scheme, which the majority of the Local Authorities have adopted, but the far greater number do not. The official position of the Public Analyst relative to other officials, is not clearly defined. It should be made evident that he is an independent officer appointed for duties involving highly specialised training and experience, and his status as an independent officer should be so defined. The Memorandum will be supported, if necessary, by evidence given by the representatives of the Institute and of the Society of Public Analysts.94 Local Sections. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The annual meeting of the Section was held on 13th March, in the University of Bristol, Chemical Lecture Theatre,-Sir Ernest Cook in the chair. The annual report and accounts were received and adopted. Dr. T. Malkin, Mr. Edward Russell, Mr. R. D. Littlefield, Mr. F. O’Brien, Mr. H. F. Barke, and Professor W. H. Lewis were elected members of the Committee for the ensuing year. Mr. F. H. C. Bull and Mr. A. E. Jones were elected Auditors; Mr. A. W. M. Wintle, District Member of Council, was re-elected Honorary Secretary and Treasurer. Sir Ernest Cook, Chairman of the Section, gave an address on “Some Early Bristol Chemists.” Bristol had had many celebrated chemists in the past, but unfortunately very few records of their work were in existence. The first person in local history who had any pretensions to be called a chemist was Jonathan Jacobs (circa.IZZO), a worker in gold, silver and alloys. In his time there was a Jewish colony on the banks of the Frome outside the city walls, and the Jews refused to pay their share of a charge on Bristol of about 1200 marks, levied by the King. One Moses Abraham, who refused to pay, had a tooth drawn every day. Abraham had a beautiful daughter, Rebecca, who was wooed by Jacobs. In order to please his prospective father- in-law, the latter prepared an artificial denture constructed of an alloy covered with silver with little tips of concrete. Jacobs also worked in enamels which resisted diluted acid and alkaline liquors.The next notable name was that of Thomas Norton (circa. 1440), who practised alchemy at St. Peter’s Hospital, on the site at present occupied by the Board of Guardians, where he enter- tained William Canynge and his wife. Mrs. Canynge became an enthusiast and worked with Norton to produce the elixir. Norton had the idea to devise specifics for every disease, and then to mix them in order to obtain a single specific for all diseases. He produced a clear watery liquid-some suggest 95 that it was alcohol-and left it in the laboratory; but the next day it was missing. Mrs. Canynge was at that time a leading lady in Bristol society, but he accused her of the theft, and she denied it.Shortly afterwards, however, she died, and the bottle was found in her house with the contents dried up. It was said that Mrs. Canynge had been troubled because her husband had spent a great deal of money on the restoration of St. Mary Redcliff, and that the patron saint of the church had dried up the mixture, because Mrs. Canynge had upbraided her husband on that account. Norton was the author of Believe me, The Alchemist’s Ordinall,-a poem begun in about 1477,which was first printed in Ashmole’s Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum, copied from a manuscript on vellum. Manuscripts of the Ordinal are to be found in the British Museum, in the Bodleian Library, at Trinity College, Dublin, and in the Library of the Marquis of Bath. Norton eventually died in poverty in the Pithay.The lecturer then referred to Sir Humphry Davy and his association with Bristol. Dr. Beddoes, a leading Clifton physician, had conceived the idea of founding an institution where he could try the effect of certain gases on patients, and in 1798,Davy was installed as Superintendent of the Pneumatic Institute situated in Dowry Square. Davy tried a number of gases on himself: after nitrous oxide (laughing gas), which he is said to have been the first to inhale, he thought he would try nitric oxide, with the result that he was seriously ill for several days. He remained at Bristol until 1801,when he became assistant to Garnett at the Royal Institution in London. He succeeded to the pro- fessorship in the following year and was made Director of the laboratory in 1805.He was created a Baronet in 1818,was President of the Royal Society in 1820,and died at Geneva in 1829,at the age of 51. Peregrine Phillips was next mentioned as the inventor of a contact process for making sulphuric acid, who applied for permission to take out a patent for his process in 1831. He was in partnership in Thomas Street with his father and Robert Thorne, vinegar makers, but, after obtaining his patent, broke away from the partnership, and from that time no record of him had been traced. William Herapath (1796-1868)and his two sons, William Bird and Thornton John, were also chemists of repute, associated with Bristol. The father had a reputation as an analyst which 96 was largely founded upon a criminal case.Mrs. Burdock, who kept a lodging house behind the Cathedral, let rooms to a Mrs. Clara Smith, who shortly after became ill, died, and was buried in St. Augustine’s Churchyard. It was noticed that Mrs. Burdock developed a smartness in her appearance. About 14months later a young man called upon her to make enquiries regarding his aunt, Mrs. Smith. Not feeling satisfied, he went to the authori- ties, and an order was obtained for the exhumation of the body. The stomach was found lined with what appeared to be a yellow paint, which Herapath identified as sulphide of arsenic. Mrs. Burdock was arrested, and it was proved completely that she had given the deceased lady gruel at night in the dark.That was the first record of sulphide of arsenic being used as a poison, and Dr, Herapath was afterwards engaged in other important cases of poisoning. He was the first Professor of Chemistry at Bristol Medical School and a prominent man in the city life. William Bird Herapath (1820--1868),did some notable work on quinine and on the study of polarised light and crystals; and Thornton John Herapath, who was drowned at the early age of 28, was the author of no fewer than 61 papers published in The Chemical Journal. Finally, Sir Ernest Cook referred to Thomas Coomber (1834-I~OI),an Original Fellow of the Institute, who was associated with Bristol from 1856. He was Headmaster of the Bristol Trades and Mining School, and an able teacher, who was keenly interested in the founding of University College and conducted an analytical practice in connection with the local industries.On the motion of Mr. R. D. Littlefield, a cordial vote of thanks was passed to Sir Ernest Cook for his interesting address and for his able chairmanship of the Section during the past three years. A vote of thanks was also accorded the authorities of the University of Bristol for the use of rooms during the session. Cape.-On the 25th January, jointly with the Cape Chemical Society, the Cape Section of the Institute visited the tanneries of Messrs. Mossop & Son, Ltd., at Rondebosch, where they were received by Mr. H. Mossop and Mr. J. H. Fearnley. Mr. Mossop, in a short speech of welcome, remarked incident- ally that the tanning industry was one of the last industries in South Africa to realise the benefit of assistance from the chemical profession.Prof. Newbery, replying, urged the desirability of making full use of science in industries, and mentioned that in 97 England processes in the leather industry, which formerly took months to carry through, were now completed in a few weeks. The inspection occupied about z$ hours, the operations explained by Messrs. Mossop and Fearnley being broadly classified under three heads, viz., preliminary treatment of the hides to render them fit for tanning; the actual tanning process, consisting either of vegetable tanning or of chrome tanning; and the subsequent operations on tanned hides and skins, to render them fit for the various requirements of the finished leather manufacturing industry.The Company deals with green hides or blood hides received fresh from the abattoirs, hides from more distant centres, includ- ing wet-salted hides, dry-salted hides, sun-dried hides and shade-dried hides-all requiring preliminary treatment before they can be made into leather. The first process is that of soaking, which cleanses the hide and renders it soft. The importance of the utmost care in removing all traces of blood and salt was emphasised. The hides are then placed in lime pits, whereby the roots of the hair are loosened and become amenable to removal by scraping. The next process is fleshing- the removal by machinery of loose flesh.This process is subse-quently completed by hand. Fleshing is followed by the scudding process, in which the grain of the hide is treated and cleaned; and next, by deliming, for it is necessary that the lime used in the depilation process should be removed from the hide before it is tanned. The hides, after being sorted, are submitted either to vegetable tanning or to chrome tanning. In vegetable tanning, the hides are passed through progressively increasing strengths of tan liquors. The effect of placing the hides immediately in strong tan liquor would be deleterious to the grain of the leather. In the chrome tanning process the hides are first pickled in solutions of hydrochloric acid and common salt or sulphuric acid and common salt before going into the chrome liquors.After chrome tanning the leather is slowly dried before it is handed over to the finishing department. Visitors were shown all these processes, and many different kinds of leather used for various purposes, and much interesting machinery for breaking the fibre of hard leather, for embossing, for polishing, for softening, etc. The party, having been served with refreshments, Mr. E. H. Croghan, in returning thanks, complimented the company on 98 its works, and at the same time expressed the view that only good could result from bringing together leaders of industry and chemistry, mentioning at the same time that Mr. Fearnley would read a paper before the Cape Chemical Society in the following week.Prof. Newbery expressed his surprise at the size of the works and the number of processes which he had witnessed. He suggested that there was a great scope of work for chemists in industry, and he hoped that the company would equip a labora- tory in connection with the works. On the 3rd February, before a joint meeting of the Cape Chemical Society and the Cape Section of the Institute, held in the Argus Co.’s Board Room, St. George’s Street, Mr. Fearnley read a paper entitled “A practical outline of the tanning industry.” Mr. Fearnley exhibited about 50 samples of leather of different kinds, and after some reference to the early history of tanning, proceeded, in a most interesting manner, to describe the processes for producing leather suitable for many different purposes.A discussion ensued, in which Mr. Croghan, Colonel Rose, Dr. Versfield, Dr. Juritz and others participated, and the proceedings concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to the lecturer. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The annual meeting of the Section was held on 13th February in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh,--Mr. J. A. Watson presiding. Messrs. S. Allen, G. H. Smith, W. P. D. Wightman and R. Wheatley were elected as Ordinary Members of Committee, and Mr. J. W. Ingham was re-elected Honorary Secretary and Treasurer. The annual meeting was followed by an ordinary meeting in conjunction with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. Under the auspices of the two co-operating Sections, a Committee was formed some time ago, with Dr.Tocher as chairman, to investigate the question of personal errors in chemical determinations, an investigation which would have both theoretical interest and practical importance. In the absence of Dr. Tocher, the aims which the Committee had in view were expounded unofficially by Dr. Kermack. Dr. C. P. Stewart gave an account of some experiments which had been commenced as a first step in the achievement of these objects. Dr. Kermack said that the matter originally rose in relation 99 to a Government Committee, of which Dr. Tocher was a member, which was concerned with the fixing of legal standards of analysis, and of the margins of error in determinations. Un-fortunately no data were available.Thus, when it was desired to standardise methods of analysing fibre, there was found to be a considerable variation in the results obtained with the same method used by different workers upon the same sample; so that, in addition to errors arising from sampling, the personal factor in the actual determination was of great import- ance and the allowable margins in specifications had necessarily to be taken into account. The same applied to many other determinations, and it appeared that there was scope for much work both in collecting and interpreting already existing data and in carrying out new investigations upon personal error. Dr. Tocher had carried out in his own laboratory certain experiments which he had previously described before the Sections, and the special committee was formed in order to extend the work.The objects were twofold: firstly, to collect already existing series of duplicate results of an analysis of one kind such as must exist in the records of many routine operations; and, secondly, to devise special experiments upon errors of judgment so that the various factors involved in the total error might be elucidated. Dr. Kermack suggested that the first object could be achieved if those who had access to such records would send abstracts of them to Dr. Tocher, or to the secretaries. With regard to the second project, the Committee decided that the first series of experiments should consist of measure-ments involving, if possible, only one operation, so that the personal judgment involved would be focussed upon one point.One common operation of this type was to be found in the match- ing of colours in a colorimeter. Here, further, was a field of wide application wherein the value of the personal errors was quite unknown. The experiments had been inaugurated and members had been invited to assist in the investigation. Quite apart from the general question, this particular investigation ought to prove of considerable practical value, and it was hoped that the results would enable the separate causes of error to be identified and measured. Dr. C. P. Stewart then explained in detail the actual experi- mental method adopted. It had been chosen, as Dr.Kermack had said, because only one judgment was involved, since the error in reading the vernier of the colorimeter itself was practically 100 negligible. The sole source of error was in the setting or matching; this contrasted with other operations in analysis which involved a number of consecutive judgments, the algebraic sum of the inaccuracies of which made up the total error. The instrument in use was a refined one, viz. , the Kober colorimeter with standard- ised lighting and adjustments. The same solution was placed in each cup and, after setting the one cup to a standard depth, the other was matched against it. In this way errors in the making up of solutions were eliminated. The reading was taken to 0.1 mm.In order to collect the right kind of data, readings were taken under classified heads so as to show (I) the variation from individual to individual in readings taken at the same hour of the day; (2) the variation in the same individual from day to day at the same hour; (3) the variation in the same individual through a series of readings taken on the same day. The instrument was set up in the open laboratory in the Medical Chemistry Department of the University. It was hoped that as many members as could do so would take readings under all or any of the headings. Major Bruce inquired why the colorimeter had not been put into a dark room. Dr. Kermack, replying, said that the type of estimation suggested by Major Bruce had been studied, but what was wanted here was something capable of chemical application.Mr. A. M. Cameron also criticised the experiments, in which he had taken a share, and said he was in agreement with Major Bruce that the dark room should have been used. He inquired also whether or not the health factor had been considered. Dr. C. P. Stewart, in reply, said that the use of the open laboratory would accord better with routine practice, and that one of the personal errors involved must be that due to variations in lighting outside the instrument. It might, however, be possible to include experiments in the dark room for comparison. The results would no doubt show that this factor had its special influence. The same applied to variations in health. These were a cause of personal error and were automatically included.Mr. R. Wheatley pointed out that the effect of light variations in some estimations, as in colorimetric lead tests, was enormous. Mr. Rutherford Hill enlarged upon this same question. He discussed the standardisation of conditions of observation and recalled the story of a gentleman, who upon remarking that he 101 would consider the advisability of retiring should the two pillars before him appear as four, was informed by his son that there was only one. The Chairman asked whether the relation between the personal error in an estimation and the permissible variation from the commercial point of view had been considered. He thought that, since the ultimate object of the investigation was to apply the results to commercial analyses, it would be advisable to examine the various methods of analysis so that a definite experiment21 error might be assigned to each determination. It seemed that the value of the evidence given by a chemist in Court would depend upon his own personal error curve, and complications might ensue.He asked, too, with regard to the colorimetric tests, what would be the effect of variations in the lighting in the instrument caused by fluctuations in the mains. Dr. Kermack, replying, said that in many technical analyses only the personal error was independently of significance, since the theoretical result was not known, and he instanced the analysis of milk. The examination of thousands of duplicates would show what margin of personal error was allowable, and from this the accuracy of any single determination could be deduced. Dr.Stewart said that variations in the lighting within the instrument would not affect the results since, as regards the matching, they would affect each cup to the same extent, and, as regards external lighting, the actual field of the instrument was in practice very much brighter than the surroundings even in strong daylight or artificial light. The Chairman, in conclusion, said that the discussion had cleared up many doubtful points about the experiments, and, taking into consideration Dr. Kermack’s statement, it was obvious that the Sections had embarked upon a most useful study. He therefore hoped that members would support the work, and, on behalf of the Sections, he thanked Dr.Kermack and Dr. Stewart for so ably putting the facts before them. Demonstrations of apparatus and instruments then followed. Mr. R. Stewart exhibited an apparatus for electrodialysis. Mr. Hyman introduced a new burette-reading device and other apparatus. Dr. C. P. Stewart demonstrated the actual colori- meter being used in the personal errors test. There were also exhibits by Messrs. Baird and Tatlock and a collection of new chemical books from Mr. Bryce. 102 Glasgow and West of Scotland.-On 6th February, through the courtesy of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, the members of the Local Section of the Institute? in company with those of other chemical societies in Glasgow, visited the Glasgow Corporation Electricity Depart- ment works.The party was conducted over the works by Mr. R. B. Mitchell, the chief electrical engineer, and his assistants. On the conclusion of the tour, Mr. James Bruce, of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, expressed the thanks of the party to Mr. Mitchell and his assistants. On 10th February, a joint meeting with the local section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists was held in White’s Restaurant ,Glasgow, the chair being occupied by Mr. McLennan, supported by Mr. F. W. Harris. An address was given by Dr. H. H. Hodgson on “The Rela- tion between Laboratory and Bulk Production.” Dr. Hodgson dealt with the importance of chemistry in peace and war, and reviewed the chief points to be noted in the training of the chemist for industry, contrasting the duties in the laboratory with those in the works.After the lecture, the discussion was well sustained, amongst those taking part being Messrs. Harris, Ritchie, Cumming, Gordon, Keyworth, Hopper and Crawford. On the motion of Mr. Harris a cordial vote of thanks was given to the lecturer; and on the motion of Dr. Gordon, the chairman was also thanked. In reply, the Chairman expressed the pleasure which the Society of Dyers and Colourists had in the presence of the members of the Institute, and expressed the hope that there would be future joint meetings. At a meeting of the Section, held on ~2nd February, at the Institute of Engineers and Shipbuilders, Glasgow, presided over by Mr.F. W, Harris, the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize were presented to Mr. Malcolm Gillies, an Honours Student in the Chemistry Department of Glasgow University. In making the presentation, the Chairman gave a short biographical account of the first President of the Institute, and congratulated Mr. Gillies on his success. Mr. Harris said that by the presentation of this medal the Institute would still further preserve the memory of its first President, Edward Frankland, one of the most distinguished of British chemists, a brilliant experimentalist and one who made 103 notable contributions to the science of chemistry. Born at Churchtown, near Lmcaster, in 1825, Frankland was educated at Lancaster Grammar School, and studied chemistry under Play- fair at the Museum of Practical Geology in London, and under Liebig and Bunsen at Giessen and Marburg.He was lecturer on chemistry at the College of Civil Engineers, at Putney, for two years before he was appointed in 1851 Professor of Chemistry at Owens College, Manchester. In 1857, he was appointed lecturer at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, and in 1863 Professor at the Royal Institution; in 1865, he succeeded Hofmann as Professor in the Royal College of Chemistry, at first in Oxford Street and later at South Kensington, London. He held this Chair for 20 years, when he resigned to devote himself to private practice mainly connected with water supply and hygiene.He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1853; in 1857 he received the Gold Medal of the Society for his research on the Isolation of the Radicals of Organic Compounds, and in 1894 received the Copley Medal, the highest award of the Society. The degree of D.C.L. was conferred upon him by the University of Oxford, and that of LL.D. by the University of Edinburgh. In 1897 he was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. He died on 9th August, 1899. After the presentation, Professor G. G. Henderson, Past- President of the Institute, being invited to address the members, said that the occasion afforded him the greatest pleasure, because it was during his term of office that the Council decided to per- petuate the memory of the first President. He was now privileged to be present at the presentation of the first award, and he was very glad that the prize and medal had come to the Glasgow Section. The Council had decided to award the prize for an essay dealing with such a subject as the importance of chemistry to the community, rather than for one of a technical nature, the object being to encourage and stimulate the interest of students in the profession which they had selected.On the sarne evening, a joint meeting was held with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, when an address on “Some Aspects of Toxicology” was given by Mr. J. W. Hawley, B.Sc., F.I.C. Mr. Hawley said that toxicology was popularly associated with crime, while the more generally useful applications of the science were often ignored.Forensic toxicology was naturally the oldest branch, the early Egyptians having had an extensive 104 knowledge of the subject. Great advances were made in scientific knowledge during the 19th century, resulting in improved methods of detection and isolation. Mr. Hawley mentioned many famous criminal trials, dealing with the detection of such poisons as arsenic, strychnine, aconitine, hyoscine and prussic acid. With regard to outbreaks of food-poisoning, he said that these had diminished with the introduction of greater scientific control in the manufacture of foodstuffs. Many of these out- breaks were due to inorganic poisons, such as lead and arsenic, which had occurred not infrequently as the result of negligence.Food poisoning of bacterial origin was, however, quite a different matter. Botulism, for example, was due to a toxin elaborated by the bacillus botulinus. This particular organism had been isolated from many different sources, such as the soils of Europe and America, and it was found occasionally to have gained access to meat products. The presence of this bacillus had also been associated with the occurrence of the so-called ‘‘grass-sickness” of horses, a disease particularly prevalent in some of the eastern counties of Scotland. Poisonous gases were now being employed both in peace and war. The destruction of rats by means of sulphur dioxide or by hydrocyanic acid gas had been recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture. The former was usually obtained from cylinders or by burning sulphur in a current of air (Clayton machine), while the latter was generated from calcium cyanide by the action of moisture.The calcium cyanide was injected in the form of a fine powder by means of a special pump. Strychnine, arsenic, phosphorus, barium and red squill were also used in the prepara- tion of poisonous baits. In order to reduce the ravages of the rat population the Ministry of Agriculture had introduced “Rat Week,’’ and it was claimed that 18,000 rats were destroyed during that week in 1927, in Wigtownshire alone. Lower forms of animal life, such as attack plants and animals, were also con- trolled and destroyed by toxic substances both of inorganic and organic origin. In conclusion, thelecturer dealt with the operation of the Food and Drugs Acts.One tendency of such legislation was to attach greater significance to small amounts of poisons and thus to the necessity for improving methods for their detection and estimation. The lecture was illustrated by numerous lantern slides. 105 After a good discussion, in which Messrs, Cockburn, Eaton, Gunn, Jamieson, Lever, Miller, Mitchell, Robertson and West- wood participated, the lecturer was accorded a warm vote of thanks. Huddersfie1d.-An ordinary meeting of the Section was held in the Technical College on 8th February. Dr. H. H. Hodgson occupied the chair. Mr. H. B. Brown, of York, addressed the meeting on ‘‘Chemistry in the Confectionery Trade.’’ In introducing the subject he dealt briefly with its history, showing that this industry had grown up around the efforts of skilled craftsmen who had amassed a wealth of empirical knowledge.These rare and skilled men often combined their trade with pharmacy. Knowledge was very jealously guarded, with the result that local specialities were a feature of the trade and remained so to a large extent even now. The chemist obtained his first introduction to the trade as an analyst of raw materials; and it was only by a very slow process, requiring much tact for the education of craftsmen by practical demonstration in scientific methods of production control, that the professional man was getting into the manipula- tive side of the trade, methods of processing, etc.The chemist’s work comprised analytical and process control, research and development, and even management. For pure chemistry the industry afforded little scope. Obviously the chemist needed to know thoroughly the properties of the sugars and fats. The practical bearing of the special physical qualities of mixtures of dissimilar fats formed an interesting sttldy in itself. The need for scientific investigation into the industry was confirmed by the formation of the British Research Association for the cocoa, sugar and a number of allied trades in this country. A similar need had been realised in America. The lecturer concluded with the remark that the chemist was now recognised as an essential member of any successful confectionery concern.After a brief discussion the meeting voted its cordial thanks to Mr. Brown. 106 Irish Free State.-A general meeting of the Section was held on the 23rd February, in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Trinity College, Dublin ,Professor W. E. Adeney presiding. Professor Sydney Young spoke briefly on the phenomenon of isomorphism, illustrating his remarks by reference to personally prepared specimens of mixed crystals of potash and chrome alums, overgrowths of potash alum on chrome alum, of potassium chromate on potassium sulphate, and sodium nitrate on calcite. Mr. P. S. Arup exhibited the “Chainomatic” Balance, and described its essential features. His remarks were followed by an interesting discussion, in which many of the members participated.Dr. T. J. Nolan gave a short historical resum6 of the work done on the isolation of the anthocyanin pigments of fruits and flowers, detailing the position of our knowledge of this group of colours prior to the classical researches of Willstatter and his pupils. The general methods of attack employed by Willstatter, and the results obtained, were described. The description was illustrated by microscope slides of the pigments of the elder- berry, rose and peony, as isolated by the exhibitor, and of the colour base of the petunia. Mr. D. Mellon gave a short account of development in the fertiliser industry during the past hundred years, with special reference to the manufacture of synthetic nitrogenous fertilisers.He exhibited a sample of “nitrochalk” which consists of ammonium nitrate and calcium carbonate, the latter being a by-product of the manufacturing process. When applied to the soil this supplies nitrogen in two forms, half of it being quick in action, the other half moderately so. It also supplies lime. A sample of artificial “farmyard ” manure was shown, made from straw, without the intervention of livestock, by the “Adco” process, which had been worked out at Rothamsted. The Chairman expressed the thanks of the meeting to the exhibitors, after which the members gathered round and dis- cussed the exhibits informally. Leeds Area.--On 12th March, at a meeting of the Section, held at the Great Northern Hotel, Dr.H. S. Houldsworth, barrister-at-law, read a paper on “The Law of Evidence and the Expert Witness.” Dr. Houldsworth dealt with the principles of the law of evidence in general, and the aspects of it which are of special interest to expert witnesses. The paper also contained his 107 opinions and advice on the demeanour and conduct of expert witnesses in court. The meeting was well attended and was followed by a useful discussion. Further particulars of the paper will be published in due course. Liverpool and North-Western.--The eightieth ordinary meeting of the Section was held on 9th February, at the St. George’s Restaurant, Professor C. 0. Bannister in the chair.Professor T. P. Hilditch in opening a discussion on “The Place of Engineering in the Training of the Chemist,” said that he was giving his own ideas on the subject to promote criticism and “to set the ball rolling.” To the question “How much engineer- ing should a chemist know? ” he would reply “As much as he has the power and time to assimilate, remembering always that chemistry must come first.” As examples of industries, where a knowledge of engineering was of vital importance to the chemist, he cited the synthetic ammonia industry and the manufacture of solid caustic soda. Engineering problems predominated in the first: the second could be instanced as a typical example of a works process. He described how it would be part of the chemist’s work to decide the exact amount and nature of the oxidising or reducing agents to be added to the melt and to discover the best construction and the most suitable materials to secure the longest life of the pot.General training in chemistry must take precedence over specialisation: it was not possible for the student to get more than a nodding acquaintance with engineering before he graduated. He proceeded to give details of a course in Chemical Engineering inaugurated at Liverpool University for post-graduate students. Courses of lectures in applied chemistry-some of which have necessarily an engineering bias-were taken before graduation, and he did not think it possible to do more than that. After graduation, however, an opportunity was being given to re-search students not only to continue the subject in the lecture room,but to approach engineering problems from a more practical point of view.Half-a-day per week spent, first in the drawing office and afterwards _in the various engineering shops of the University, would be valuable in helping the students to under- stand the simpler engineering processes and some of the difi- culties of the engineer. 108 In the discussion which followed Mr. Shepherd said that he thought the Liverpool Scheme described by Professor Hilditch was an excellent solution of a difficult question. The first thing a works chemist had to do was to get rid of “the laboratory sense of time.” He would find a knowledge of engineering indispensable, for example, when he had to design plant to meet the requirements of an Insurance Company.Mr. Hanley appreciated the importance of engineering to the chemist : nevertheless a student must consider whether it would help him in the particular branch of the science he intended to pursue. Dr. Brislee said that when he was a research student in Ostwald’s laboratory it was an axiom that “a good chemist was a good glass-blower.” He still believed in that. If the chemist could show the engineer the cycle of operations taking place in glass, it had been his experience that the latter could generally translate this into the large scale plant. Chemists and engineers should be able to speak a common language: a chemist must be able to read a blue-print, and he must have tact to prevent their common ground and knowledge proving a cause of friction.Their common meeting ground was the drawing board. In his opinion any engineering course for the chemist must be of a very general nature to enable him to make the most of the oppor- tunities offered. Mr. R. B. Croad gave some details of his own training at Glasgow, where the course was more elaborate than that described by Professor Hilditch. He believed it was impossible for a chemist to know too much engineering: his training at Glasgow had been invaluable to him. Professor MJ. H. Roberts thought a student, during the degree course, had quite enough on his hands with chemistry alone. As a post-graduate scheme, however, that described by Professor Hilditch had his unqualified support. Other speakers were Mr.Martin, who stressed the value of vacation courses in works; Mr. Mold, who considered account- ancy probably as valuable as engineering; Mr. Lee, who gave the students’ view-point, and Mr. G. E. Knowles, who dealt with the difficulties of expanding a process from the laboratory to the manufacturing scale. The Chairman told the meeting how the present scheme had come into being at Liverpool, and of the invaluable work done by Prof. Hilditch. It was vital for the chemist to be able 109 to explain himself clearly when working in collaboration with engineers. He ventured to disagree with a former speaker who claimed that the academic man had no use for engineering.How could he impart the right point of view to others if he did not possess it himself? Finally, he thanked Professor Hilditch for the very able and interesting way in which he had opened the dis- cussion, and proposed a very hearty vote of thanks. This was seconded by Dr. Brislee and carried with acclamation. At the eighty-first ordinary meeting held on 8th March, Mr. N. Simpkin read a paper on “The Production of Oil from Coal,” which will be reported in due course. Manchester and District.-A meeting of the Section was held on 15th February. In the absence of the chairman, Mr. L. Guy Radcliffe, owing to illness, the chair was taken by Professor H. B. Dixon, who introduced the lecturer, Professor J. R. Par tingt on.Professor Partington , whose lecture was entitled, Some Manchester Scientists,” dealt with the lives and work of some of the men of science who had lived in Manchester. Thomas Percival, who was born in 1740, was a medical man of experience in the town, and the founder of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. He carried out experiments which are described in his Essays, published in 1767-1776. Thomas Henry, a pharmacist, came to Manchester in 1764. He published several memoirs on chemical subjects and translated into English some of the works of Lavoisier. His son, William Henry, who was born in Manchester in 1774, carried out important researches on the solubility of gases, tfie composition of ammonia, and the composition and analysis of coal gas.He was a friend of Dalton, and his early work may have played some part in leading Dalton to the atomic theory. Dalton’s work was briefly considered, and the lecturer then described the lives and researches of Edward Schunck, who carried out important investigations on natural dyestuffs, Edward Frankland, Roscoe and Schorlemmer. Man-Chester physicists included William Sturgeon, the inventor of the electro-magnet and other important pieces of apparatus, who was in Manchester from 1840 and died there in 1850; James Prescott Joule, born in Salford in 1818, who was the founder of the modern view of the relation between heat and work ; 110 and Balfour Stewart, Professor of Natural Philosophy at Queen’s College from 1870 to 1887. Excellent pictures of most of the scientists mentioned were projected on the screen.An interesting discussion was opened by Professor Dixon, who pointed out that the law frequently spoken of as ‘‘Charles’ Law ” was undoubtedly discovered by Dalton. He stated that, from personal knowledge, the pronunciation of Joule was not “Jowl,” but nearer to “Jool.” Other speakers included Messrs. Elsdon, Robert, Silvester, Humphries and O’Brien. A hearty vote of thanks, moved by Mr. Elsdon, seconded by Mr. E. N. Marchant, was accorded to Professor Partington. New Zealand.-The first annual conference of the Section was held in Wellington on the 27th January. The morning was occupied by the annual meeting in the Library of the Dominion Museum.The report of the Chairman showed that since the preliminary meeting in November, 1926, the membership of the Section had risen to 29. The Hon. Secretary had received communications in connection with chemical appointments and other professional matters. Professor T. H. Easterfield was re-elected Chairman ; Mr. W. R. Mummery, Honorary Secretary and Treasurer; and Mr. W. Donovan, Honorary Auditor. The following Committee was elected: Messrs. T. Glendinning, N. L. Wright, I(. M. Griffin, and C. Barnicoat. Mr. A. M. Wright gave an address on “Registration of Chemists in New Zealand,” reviewing the present position of those practising chemistry in the Dominion. An interesting discussion followed, in which the point was stressed that the public, and even medical men and pharmacists, appeared to be ignorant of the training and qualifications required by those practising chemistry in its widest sense.A resolution was passed in favour of forming a special committee to investigate the matter. In the afternoon members were the guests of the Mayor of Wellington, Mr. G. A. Troup, and enjoyed an interesting drive round the shores of Wellington Harbour. In the evening a dinner was held, at which Professor Easter- field presided, the guests including the Honourable R. A. Wright, Minister of Education; Mr. G. A. Troup, Mayor of Wellington; 111 Mr. B. C. Aston, President of the New Zealand Institute; Mr. F. Castle, President of the Pharmaceutical Association ; Professor T.A. Hunter, representing the University of New Zealand; Dr. H. E. Gibbs, the Medical Profession; Mr. G. Hart, the Engineering Profession; and Mr. F. G. Burton, the Manu- fact urers ’ Association. Messages were read from the Right Hon. J. G. Coates, Prime Minister, Professor J. K. H. Inglis, and others who were unable to attend. After the loyal toasts, Professor Easterfield delivered the annual address, dealing mainly with the importance of fostering the study of chemistry and the economic and scientific value of chemical research. The toasts of “Parliament” and “The Guests” were honoured, and the evening concluded with a vote of thanks, moved by Mr. W. Donovan, to the Chairman for his address and for the keen interest which he takes in the welfare of the Section. Notes.illustrations.--This Part includes a copy of a portrait of Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S. (President, 1918-1921), which has been added to the collection of Past Presidents in the Council Room, and also illustrations of the Sir Edward Frankland Medal from the design of Mr. Frank Bowcher. Seventh International Congress of Photography.-Under the patronage of their Majesties the King and Queen, and under the auspices of the Royal Photographic Society and in co-operation with the Commission Permanente des Congr6s In ternationaux de Photographie, the Seventh International Congress of Photography will be held in London, from Monday, the gth, to Saturday, the 14th July, both dates inclusive.The Congress is being organised by a Committee of repre- sentatives appointed by the chief Scientific and Photographic Societies of Great Britain, at the invitation of the Royal Photo- graphic Society, and will provide an opportunity for all who are interested in photography and its applications to meet together to discuss points of common interest. 112 The main sections will deal with (I) Scientific and Technical Questions including the theoretical aspects of Photography, Photo- graphic Practice, Scientific Applications of Photography, and Industrial and other Special Applications of Photography, (2) Pictorial Photography, (3) Bibliography of Photography, Patents, Copyright, etc. Exhibitions will be held of Pictorial and liecord Photography and of Historical Apparatus, and the programme of the Congress will include general meetings, sectional meetings, a banquet, and visits to places of interest.Papers on any aspect of photo-graphy or its applications are invited and should be sent in duplicate, accompanied by abstracts in duplicate, to the Hon. Secretary not later than the 1st June. The number and import- ance of the contributions which have already been promised assure the success of the Congress. A full programme will be issued to members before the opening date. A full report of the papers read at the Congress will be published and issued gratis to all Full and Founder Members. Conditions of membership and full particulars can be obtained from Dr.Walter Clark, F.I.C., Hon. Secretary to the Organising Committee, The Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7. Association of Special Libraries and Information Bu reaux.--This Association was incorporated in November last as a company not for profit, the word “Limited” being omitted by Licence of the Board of Trade. Its object is to facilitate the co-ordination and systematic use of sources of knowledge and information in all public affairs. The Association will shortly publish, with the financial assistance of the Carnegie United Kingdom Trustees, The Aslib Directory .-A G.uide to Sowces of Specialised I.rzformation, edited by G. F. Barwick, late Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum (21s.). The fifth conference of the Association will be held at New College, Oxford, during the week-end 14th to 17th September, 1928.Particulars can be obtained from the Secretary of the Association, 38, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.I. South Africa,-From The Cape Times, 10th February, is taken the following report of proceedings in the House of Assembly on the Medical, Dental and Pharmacy Bill:- “Dr. Stals (Nat., Hope Town) took exception to the term ‘chemist and druggist’ in the definition clause, and moved to substitute 113 ‘pharmacist.’ He quoted a petition which had been signed by about PO chemists in the Universities of the Union to the effect that the term chemist and druggist ’ was misleading and confusing. “Mr. J. Henderson (S.A.P., Berea) seconded. “Mr. E. Nathan (S.A.P., Von Brandis) asked what would happen if a man in a hurry with a prescription asked a policeman where he could 6nd the nearest pharmacist.That term would cause the poor policeman to scratch his head. (Laughter.) “Mr. M. Alexander (Con.-Dem., Hanover Street) emphasised that the term ‘chemist and druggist’ had been used in the English language from time immemorial. Tivhy change it? “Mr. J. Christie (Lab., Langlaagte) said the druggists were not merely mechanical mixers. So far from making the position easier for the public, the amendment would only render the position worse, and would be an injustice to the 1200 chemists and druggists in this country. “Mr. W. J. O’Brien (S.A.P., Maritzburg South) quoted from Webster’s New International Dictionary the usual meaning attached to the word ‘chemist.’ “The amendment was negatived.” The comment of The Cape Argus of the same date with regard to the matter is also of interest:-“The final skirmish had been delayed because Dr.Stals insisted upon putting a belated conundrum. It was: When is a chemist not a chemist? And the answer seemed to be : When he is a pharmacist. “The member for Hopetom, who is as persistent as a recurring decimal, burned to reform the English language. He had found in the Bill the expression ‘chemist and druggist,’ and he demanded its excision as unscientific, unworthy, and a misnomer. The correct term, he said, was pharmacist. “Thus taken aback members hurriedly sent for dictionaries and encyclopsdias with which to brush up their knowledge, while one weary and mystified legislator sought light in the pages of an old cookery book, but found it contained nothing satisfying. “Dr.Malan admitted that idealistically and scientifically the worthy doctor was right, but he fell back on the defence that earlier investigation had not convinced the Select Committees or the House that a change was desirable. The vast majority of the members felt that reforming the English language lats at night after a tiring day’s work was a task far beyond them, and the Stals idea was promptly vetoed. “SO in the end the House got rid of the Medical Bill, and was very pleased to sea the last of it.” British Engineering Standards.-The British Engineering Standards Association has recently published an ‘‘ Indexed List of British Standard Specifications and Reports,” which supersedes the list published in January, 1927 (B.E.S.A.Publications Department, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W. I.), Price IS. 114 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS, Part I, 1928, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Chemical Engineering and Chemical Catalogue.” Fourth edition. Edited by D. M. Newitt. Pp. 381. (London: Leonard Hill, Ltd.). 10s. 6d. A catalogue of heavy and fine chemicals, raw material machinery, plant and equipment applicable to production industries, standardised, condensed and cross-indexed. “Confectionery, The Science and Practice of.” D.Ellis and D. Campbell. Pp. xii. $235. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.). 5s. Part I: Raw materials, and technique, including chapters on fermenta-tion and on the Report of the Departmental Committee on the use of preservatives and colouring matters. Part I1:Practical confectionery. “Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, A Comprehensive Treatise on.” J. W. Mellor. Pp. X.+IIIO. Vol. VIII, Nitrogen and Phosphorus. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 63s. “Organic Crystal, The Structure of an.” Fison Memorial Lecture, 1928. Sir William H. Bragg. Pp. 32. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.). IS. 6d. “Standards and Tests for Reagent and C. P.Chemicals.” B. L. Murray. Second edition, revised and enlarged. Pp. xiiif 560. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.). 25s. Books Purchased. Analytical Chemistry. Based on the Text of F. P. Treadwell. Translated, enlarged and revised by W. T. Hall. Vol. 11. Quantitative Analysis 6th Edition revised. London, 1924. Dairy Chemistry. H. Droop Richmond. 3rd Edition, thoroughly revised and reset. London, 1920. Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. Sir Edward Thorpe. Vol. VII. London, 1927. The Microscopical Examination of Foods and Drugs. H. G. Greenish. 3rd Edition. London, 1923. The Mineral Industry. Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1926. Edited by G. A. Roush. Associate Editor, A. Butfs. Vol. XXXV. London, 1927. A Test-BookofInorganic Chemistry.Edited by J. Newton Friend. Vol. X. The Metal-Ammines. Miss M. M, J. Sutherlmd. London,1928. 115 The Library. Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11. 1927, the Lectures and Library Committee have had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts :-MESSES. ALLEN & HANBURYS,LTD.: Plough Court. The Story of a notable Pharmacy. Compiled by Ernest C. Cripps. London, 1927. ARNALL,FRANCIS,PIID., MSc., F.I.C.: Theoretical Organic Chemistry. Part 11. F. Arnall and 3’. W. Hodges. London, 1927. MESSRS. ERNESTBENN, LTD.: Essays on the Art and Principles of Chemistry, including the First Messel Memorial Lecture. Henry E. Armstrong. London, 1927. The Making of a Chemical. E. I. Lewis and Geo.King. London, 1927. MESSRS. BLACKIE& SON,LTD.: Atoms and Molecules. Being Part I and Chapter XI1 of The Founda- tions of Chemical Theory. R. M. Caven. London, 1927. MESSRS. CHAPMAN& HALL, LTD. : Biochemical Laboratory Methods for Students of the BiologicalSciences. Clarence Austin Morrow. London, 1927. Colloids. A Text-book. H. R. Kruyt. Translated from the Manu- script by H. S. van Klooster. London, 1927. A Guide to the Literature of Chemistry. E. J. Crane and A. M. Patterson. London, 1927. The Manufacture of Artificial Silk. With special reference to the Viscose Process. E. Wheeler. With a Foreword by Sir William J. Pope, K.B.E., F.R.S. London, 1928. Organic Syntheses. An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals.Editor, B. C. Whitmore. Vol. VII. London, 1927. THECHEMICALNEWS,LTD.: Poems by “OpS6x.” LmKkm,1928. 116 MESSRS. CONSTABLECYS CO., LTD.: Acetate Silk and its Dyes. C. E. Mullin, with a Foreword by L. A. Olney. London, 1928. Standards and Tests for Reagent and C.P.Chemicals. B. L. Murray.2nd Edition revised and enlarged. London, 1928. &/IESSRS. CROSBY LOGKWOOD& SON.: Fertilisers and Soil Improvers. Description, Application and Com- parative Value. W. Gardner. London, 1927. A Standard Manual of Brewing and Malting, and Laboratory Com- panion. J. Ross Mackenzie. London, 1927. Thermometric Conversion Chart for the use of Mathematicians Chemists, Physicists, Schools, etc. P. L. Marks.London, 1927. DUNNICLIFF,H. Ls., MA., Sc.D., F.T.C.: A History of Chemistry in the Panjab. H. B. Dunnicliff and R. K. Bahl. Lahore, 1927. M. DUNOD: MtSmento du Chimiste. Redig6 sous la direction de M. Boll and P. Baud. I. Partie Scientifique. Paris, 1927. 11.Partie Industrielle, Paris, 1928. MESSRS.HARRISON& SONS,LTD.: The Scientific Work of the late Spencer Pickering, F.R.S., Prof. T. ill. Lowry, F.R.S. and Sir John Russell, F.R.S. With a Biographical notice by Prof. A. Harden, F.R.S. London, 1927. HILL,CLARENCES.: Harmonia Harmonica. Clarence S. Hill. London, 1927. MESSRS. LEONARDHILL, LTD. : Chemical Engineering and Chemical Catalogue, 4th Edition. London, 1928. H.M. STATIONERYOFFICE: Publication of the Safety in Mines Research Board.Vol I, 1923, 1924 and 1925. Reports and Papers relating to Research into Coal Dust, Firedamp and other Sources of Danger in Coal Mines. London, 1927. OF THE LATE THOMAS CHEV.FR.,F.I.C.:TEEEXECUTORS JAM~SON, Nature’s Serious Tale, as revealed by Science, Instinct and Common Sense. Some recent discoveries. By the late Thomas Jamieson. Aberdeen, 1926. 117 KENT-JONES,D. W., PH.D., B.Sa., F.I.C.: Modern Cereal Chemistry. Revised and enlarged edition. D. W. Kent-Jones. Liverpool, 1927. LIBRAIRIE VUIBERG. : Lepons de Chimie Physique. P. Maurice Kezes. Avec une prdface de M. G. Urbain. Paris, 1927. MESSRS. LONOMANS,GREEN& Co., LTD.: Chemical Affinity. L. J. Hudleston, London, 1928. A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, J.W. Mellor. Vol. VIII. London, 1928. Flame and Combustion in Gases. W. A. Bone and D. T.A. Townend. London, 1927. The Higher Coal-Tar Hydrocarbons. A. E. Everest. London, 1927. The Phase Rule and its Applications. A. Findlay. 6th edition, revised and largely re-written. London, 1927. Qualitative Analysis. W. VCTardlaw and F. WT. Pinkard. London, 1928. Recent Advances in Organic Chemistry. Vols. I and 11. A. W. Stewart. London, 1927. The Science and Practice of Confectionery. D. Ellis and D. Campbell.London, 1928. The Structure of an Organic Crystal. Fison Memorial Lecture, 1928. Sir William H. Bragg. London, 1928. MERSEY & IRWELL COMMITTEE:JOINT Mersey and Irwell Joint Committee Proceedings, 1926- 1927.Preston, 1927. THEMONDNIGI~ELCo., LTD.: History of Nickel Coinage. F. R. Barton, C.M.G. London, 1927. PARTRIDGE,WILLIAM, F.I.C. : Dictionary of Bacteriological Equivalents. TV. Partridge. London, 1927. RIBBLEJOINTCOMMITTEE: Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending March 31st., 1927. Preston, 1927. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY: The Elements of Chemistry. W. Foster. 2nd Printing, corrected. New York, 1926. Inorganic Chemical Synonyms and other useful chemical data. E. R. Darling. 2nd Edition revised and enlarged. New Yo&, 1922, 118 Obituary. PATRICKCARMODYdied at Lostwithiel, Cornwall, on 10th February, in his 72nd year. He joined the Inland Revenue Service in 1876, attended courses at the Royal College of Science during 1880 and 1881, and con- tinued working in the Government Laboratory until 1890, when he proceeded to Trinidad to the appointments of Government Analyst and Professor of Chemistry in the Queen’s Royal College, St.Mary’s College, and the Teachers’ Training School. On the formation of the Department of Agriculture in 1908, by the amalgamation of the Government Laboratory, the St. Clair Experiment Station, the Botanic Gardens, the Stock Farms, and the St. Augustine and River Estate, Professor Carmody was appointed Director of Agriculture, and held this position until his retirement in 1917. He devoted himself to research on a variety of subjects, and con- tributed many papers to the Trinidad Agricultural Society.In May,1921, he read a paper before the Institution of Petroleum Technologists on “Trinidad as a Field for the Study of the Origin of Petroleum,’’ on which occasion his pioneer work in connection with the petroleum industry in that colony was acknowledged by several who participated in the discussion. He was elected a Fellow. of the Institute in 1887. HORATIOJAMES WA-RSON died on 5th November, 1927, in his 48th year. He was educated at the Blue Coat School, Walsall, passed the Matriculation Examination of the University of London in 1900 and graduated as Bachelor of Science three years later. He was lecturer in chemistry at Cheltenham Training College from 1903 to 1915, when he obtained an appointment as Works Chemist, under Dr.J. C. Cain, at the Huddersfield Works of British Dyes, Ltd.,where he eventually became Chief Chemist and Works Manager. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919 and a Fellow in 1923. I19 The Register. At the meeting of Council held 011 17th February, 1928, znew Fellows were elected, 7 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 27 new Associates were elected, I Asoociate was re-elected, and 34 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost three Fellows by death. New Fellows. Jarvie, James, Ferndale, Kenmure Avenue, Bishopbriggs, Glwgow. Thorns, William Heaton, 81, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C. 4. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Alkar, Sainuel, B.Sr. (Edin.). The Laboratory, Villa Guilleriniiia, F.C’.I’.S.B’., Argentina.Bowen, Arthur Riley, KSu., 1’h.D. (Birm.), 63, Sromyard Road, Worcester. Corran, John William, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Liv.), Neston, Elm Grove Lane, New Catton, Norwich. Kamm, Edward David, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Liv.), 23, Bentley Road, Princes Park, Liverpool. Morton, Richard Alan, Ph.D. (Liv.), la, Calthorpe Street, Garston, Liver- pool.Reeves, Harry Gordon, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm), D.Sc. (Lond.), Physiology Laboratories, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School, Giltspur Street, London, E.C. Williams, William Dudley, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o C.I.C.P., Canadon Rosales, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina. New Associates. Adams, Miss Claire Estelle, B.Sc. (Mane.), 39, Green Road, Southsea, Hants. Arthur, Brinley Oswald, B.Sc. (Wales), 40, Castle Street, Aberavon, Port Talbot, Glam.Bennett, William Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Warrender Road, Tufnell Park, London, N.19. Bevan, Ralph Collier, B.A. (Oxon.), 2, Kingston Road, Oxford. Binnie, David, B.Sc. (Glas.), 185, West Princes Street, Glasgow. Boden, Geoffrey Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Heathfield Park, Willesden Lane, London, N.W.2. Bosman, Vernon, M.A. (Cape), Ph.D. (Illinois), 101, Waterkant Street, Cape Town, S. Africa. Fancutt, Frank, Clarence Road, Stony Stratford, Bucks. Forrester, Stanley Dnunmond, B.Sc.Tech. (Edin.), 26, Cowm Road,Edinburgh.FulIerton, Robert Gerrard, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), Rubber Research Institute of Malay, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States. 120 Green, Raymond George, B.Sc.(Lond.), 22, Windsor Road, Wanstead, London, E.11. Grey, Miss Lydia Margaret, B.Sc. (Edin.), 19, Comely Bank, Edinburgh Hey, Max Hutchinson, B.A. (Oxon), B.Sc. (Lond.), 4,Wharfedale Street, London, S.W.10. Jack, Ian Cameron, B.Sc. (Glas.), Agricultural Institute, liirton, Nr. Boston, Lines. Japes, Dudley Herbert, M.Sc. (Lond.), 40, Chanclos Road, E. Finchley,London, N.2. Jenkins, David Ceiriog Evans, B.Sc. (Wales), Glasgoed, Felinfach, Carcli- ganshire. Johnston, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 157, Main Street, Kilwinning, A y rshire . Kennedy, Walter Phillips, B.Sc.Agric., Ph.D. (Edin.), Physiology Depart- ment, The University, Edinburgh. Lewis, Frederick Donald, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ardvernis, Cullybackey, Co. Antrim, Ireland.Potter, Ronald Surman, B.Sc. (Birm.), 23, Fletton Avenue, Peterborough. Read, Wilfrid Harry, M.Sc. (Birm.), Ivy Lodge, Jarvis Brook, Sussex. Reeve, Walter William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 69, Beaconsfield Villas, Brighton. Sexton, Wilfred Archibald, B.Sc. (Liv.), Aintree Vicarage, Liverpool. Smith, Charles Meek, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 10, Pinfold Road, Streatham, London, S.W.16. Stevens, William Henry, A.R.C.S., 7, Page Heath Lane, Bickley, Kent. Vaishya, Bishambhar Lal, M.Sc. (Allahabad), Tajganj, Agra, U.P., India. Watson, James Moir, B.Sc.Tech. (Edin.), Station House, Uphall, Midloth- ian. New Students. Abbott, William James, 114, Tooley Street, London, S.E.1. Bayley, Roydon John Percival, 17, Montana Road, Wimbledon, London, s.w.20.Brierley, Frank, 7, Crooms Hill, Greenwich, London, S.E. 10. Crowther, Walter Fred, 38, Tiverton Street, Ardwich, Manchester. Delory, George Edward, 130, Drummond Street, Euston Square, London N.W.I. Evans, Enoch Harold, 61, Crown Street, Morriston, Swansea, Glam. Fern, Kenneth Arthur, 60, Woodville Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Fry, Maurice Fred Engelbretsen, 7, Monument Grove, Parker Street Edgbaston, Birmingham. Hale, Ernest Edward, 14, Chobhani Road, Stratford, London, E.15. Hepworth, William, 197, Hugh Street, Castleford, Yorks. Hotchkis, John Pattison, 22, Oppidans Road, Hampstead, London, N.JT.3. Hughes, Martin Luther, 90, Trinity Road, Llanelly, S. Wales. Ives, David James Gibbs, 80, Wildwood Road, Golders Green, London, N.W.11. James, George Vaughton, 192, High Street, Gosforth, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Kingman, Frank Edwin Thomas, 6, Greenhill Road, Midsomer Norton Nr. Bath. Laws, Edward Quentin, 145, Askew Road, London, W.12. MeGraghan, Leo, 151, Hotspur Street, Heaton, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Miller, Thomas Scott, 11, Polwarth Grove, Edinburgh. Morgans, Wilfred Morley, Charman Dene, Cromwell Avenue, Cheshunt, Herts. Neale, Arthur Howard, 46, Beakes Road, Smethwiek, Staffs. Nutter, Arnold, 10, Union Street West, Oldham. 121 Peek, William Caird, 86, Seymour Street, Shawlands, Glasgow, S.1. Pettitt, Lewis Harry, 5, Beech Avenue, Pinehurst, Swindon. Radley, Jack Augustus, 15, Mayles Road, Milton, Portsmouth. Ram, D. R. Janaki, c/o M. D. P. Nayudu, Esq., B.A., B.L., Dindigul, S.India. Senior, Alwyn Sarson, Belhaven, Walton, Nr. Wakefield. Smith, Herbert Leslie, 15, Wallwood Road, Lsytonstone, London, E.11. Smith, Mervyn Leslie, 11, Carshalton Road, Mitcham Junction, Surrey. Thomason, Frederick James, 196, Melfort Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Walker, Edward Valentine, 52, Queen’s Road, St. John’s Wood, London, N.W.8. Waterton, Tom, 3, Holdsworth Terrace, Shaw Hill, Halifax. Weber, John Henry, Cotherstone, Brighton Road, Sutton, Surrey. Williams, William Owen Montague, 28, Nichol St,reet, Swansea. Zimmerman, Harry, 133, Ellor Street, Pendleton, Salford. DEATH. Fellows. Patrick Carmody. Edward James Henry Midwinter. James Horatio Watterson, B.Sc. (Lond.). 122 General Notices.Examinations.--Candidates will be examined for the Associateship and for the Fellowship from the 17th to zand, and from 24th to 29th September. The list of entries for the September Examinations will close on Monday, the 16th July. Sir Edward Frankland Medaland Prize for Students.- A medal and prize for the best essay, not exceeding 3000 words, on “The Importance of General Education to the Professional Chemist” will be awarded in January, 1929,and presented at the next annual general meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides on or before the 31st December, 1928, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.The committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be most worthy of the award. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar.Meldola Medal.--The Meldola Medal is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award; without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, the administrators have primary regard to work bearing 123 on analytical chemistry. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The Council will be glad to have attention directed (before 1st January, 1929) to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1928 will be made in January, 1929.Beil by Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possible. The attention of Associates elected prior to February, 1925, who have since been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry, is directed to the syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. 124 Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their position, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library,--TheLibrary of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Director and Secretary of the Science Museurn, South Kensington, has notified the Council, that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to 125 scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Students and research workers frequently require books on a variety of subjects other than those of their special study, so that books which can be obtained easily from other Institutions, would not ordinarily be lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have now been made to lend any of these, and the remainder of the 8,000 periodi-cals in the Library that may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (cost about IS. 2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms: buckram case, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. 9d.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lectures.---A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures.The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. The slides have lately been used extensively in many parts of the country. Members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.--In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Register, 1928.--Corrections for the new edition of the Register should be forwarded immediately to the Registrar.JUDEX chemicals and reagents are tested under the personal supervision of highly qualified research chemists. This is the basis of the Judex guarantee, which we give with a due sense of responsibility. YOU CAN rely on Judex chemicals and reagents -they always conform to the highest standard. Research and works laboratories are invited to write for the Judex catalogue. JUDEX The General Chemical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Willesden, N.W.10. CONTRACTORS TO H.M. GOVERNMENT

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9285200065

出版商:RSC    

年代:1928

数据来源: RSC

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INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY THE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1885 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1928. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER 30 RUSSELL SQUARE LONDOX W.C. 1. Regisfrar ami Secretary. Jw e 192 8. Publications Committee 1928-29 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Chairmaw). ARTHUR SMITHELLS (President) P. E. BOWLES A. J. CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY W. CLAYTON J. C. DRUMMOND LEWIS EYNON W. H. GIBSON C. M. W. GRIEB G. G. HENDERSON H. H. HODGSON PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer) A. W. KNAPP A. G. G. LEONARD W. MARSHALL B. G. McLELLAN C. A. MITCHELL H. E. MONK D. F. TWISS J. A WATSON A. W. M. WINTLE. 129 Proceedings of the Council.APRIL-MAY 1928. Canadian I n s t i t u t e of Chemistry.-A message of cordial congratulations and best wishes to the Council and Fellows and Associates of the Institute on the celebration of its Jubilee has been received from the Council of the Canadian Institute of Chemistry. The message concludes “What you have accom- plished for the Chemical Profession and the pioneer work you have done have been of the greatest assistance to Institutes of a similar nature in other parts of the Empire.” Sir Alexander Pedler Lagacy.-The Council has decided to utilise the income derived from the legacy bequeathed to the Institute by the late Sir Alexander Pedler for the provision of a Pedler Scholarship of the value of E250 per annum and has appointed a Special Committee to report on the proposal.The Committee consists of the President Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy Honorary Treasurer Messrs. H. G. Colman G. G. Henderson E. Hinks T. Macara T. Slater Price E. K. Rideal and J. F. Thorpe. The University of London and t h e Institute.-At the Annual General meeting held on xst March last the Honorary Treasurer announced that the University of London had acquired a large site including that occupied by the premises of the Institute and expressed his hope and confidence that the good relations which had existed between the Institute and the Bedford Estate would continue with the new landlord. The University being desirous of closing Keppel Street on which the premises of the Institute abut notified the Institute and sought to do this by means of the London County Council General Powers Bill.As the rights of the Institute were affected the Council were obliged to enter a formal petition against the measure pending an agreement which has since been effected. 130 All existing rights of light and air enjoyed by the Institute will be preserved and respected by the University and there will be free and unrestricted access for all persons and vehicles requiring to enter leave or visit the Institute along that part of the north-east end of Keppel Street on which the premises of the Institute now front; but a gateway or other suitable barrier will in the course of time be erected at the line of the houses in Russell Square at the north-east end of Keppel Street and will be under the control of the University and the University will maintain the roadway.There will be a right of way at all times and for all purposes with or without carts and carriages to and over the reserved road from and to Russell Square in such manner generally as access or exit is allowed to pedestrians and carriages respectively over any other road or roads within the University site and no conditions will be imposed that may be prejudicial to the reasonable convenience of persons visiting the Institute. There will also be a right of way at all times (but on foot only) over the roads and passages within the Univer- sity site at such times subject to such conditions and such manner generally as access or egress is allowed over such roads and passages respectively to the University buildings.The obligations of the University only commence when the University closes Keppel Street. These proposals have been embodied in a formal agreement with the approval and concurrence of the London County Council Professional interests.-The attention of the Council has been directed to a circular letter issued by a research associa- tion inviting its members to submit problems with a view to their solution in the laboratories of the Association provided they were approved as being of sufficient general value to the industry concerned. The circular added however that problems of interest to individual members might if the general work of the laboratory at the time allowed be undertaken at a fee appropriate to the work entailed.As it would appear that the Association was thereby liable to encroach on the sphere of private practitioners the attention of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has been directed to the matter with an expression of opinion that since these Associations are sub- sidised by public funds they should not offer to do any type of routine work which could be undertaken by a private consultant. Gas Examiners.-A question has been raised regarding the powers of local authorities in connection with the appointment of Gas Examiners. A Local Authority may appoint a Gas Examiner to test gas supplied within its district by a Company. Section 4 (3) of the Gas Regulation Act 1920 is permissive in that the word “may” cannot be construed as equivalent to “must” or “shall,” because the first words of the next sub- Local Authority .. .” It would appear also that the Board section are “Where no Gas Examiner is appointed by the of Trade have no special power under this Act to intervene; and it is unlikely that either the Board or the Ministry of Health can intervene under their general powers. Section 4 (4) of the Gas Regulation Act provides other machinery for the appointment of a Gas Examiner where no such officer has been appointed by the Local Authority viz.-appointment by Quarter Sessions on the application of not less than five consumers. The latter method is normally applicable to the making of the appointments where the gas undertaking is owned by the Local Authority though there are some instances of a County Council appointing with the consent of the Borough (not being a County Borough) Council which owns the gas undertaking.There have been comparatively few cases in which five consumers have spontaneously applied to Quarter Sessions to make the appointment but there have been many instances in which the Local Authority owning the gas undertaking has inspired five consumers to apply because the Authority desires the reports and certificates of the independent Gas Examiner as a proof that the statutory obligations to the consumers are being fulfilled. It is understood that new legislation is contemplated amend- ing and supplementing certain provisions of the Gas Regulation Act and this may give an opportunity for incorporating further powers in regard to the appointment of Gas Examiners.It would be rather difficult however to satisfy Parliament that they are called for if the consumers who are directly interested do not think it worth while that five of them should go to Quarter Sessions to ask for an appointment to be made. If the applicants were responsible for the payment of the Gas Examiner’s fees their reluctance to come forward might be appreciated but the Act provides that “the remuneration and expense of the Gas Examiner up to an amount approved by Quarter Sessions shall be paid by the Local Authority.” It should be more generally 132 known to consumers that the Act gives them this right to secure the appointment of a Gas Examiner in cases where the Local Authority is unwilling to make or is precluded from making it.Chemists in t h e Beet Sugar Industry.-The Report of the Council submitted at the Annual General Meeting on 1st March contained a brief reference to the conditions of employ- ment of chemists in the beet sugar industry. The number of chemists employed in the beet sugar factories has risen from 17 in 1924-25 (three factories) to 142 in 1927-28 (xg factories). This may be taken as an indication that the industry realises the value and the necessity of accuracy and of scientific control of its processes. A certain number of British chemists have been able to acquire sufficient knowledge and experience of the industry to be appointed to permanent positions on the tech- nical staffs of the factories but the majority have been employed only for the duration of each campaign (three or four months).These temporary chemists are variously referred to as “shift chemists ” and “ campaign chemists.’’ The evidence obtained goes to show that in some factories it has been found possible so to organise the work that no chemist is employed on a shift longer than eight hours while in other factories chemists have been engaged to work for twelve hours a day seven days a week and (about once a fortnight) even eighteen hours continuously -during the change from day to night shift. There has also been in some factories insufficient facilities for employees to take their meals regularly.Apart from the fact that such conditions are very unsatis- factory and prejudicial to the health of the workers it is felt that no chemist would accept them unless he were obliged to do so owing to the difficulty in obtaining other employment; they are also unsatisfactory from the point of view of the efficient working of the industry since the accuracy of analyses is liable to suffer when those engaged in it are expected to work without regular and sufficient periods for refreshment and recuperation. The Council of the Institute has made representations to the British sugar companies and has urged that before the beginning of the next campaign the conditions affecting the employment of chemists should be improved so that those who are seeking experience may be advised that they need not fear to apply for appointments in this industry and that the 133 feeling of dissatisfaction which has existed regarding the treat ment of such chemists may be removed.From the nature 0 the replies which have been received from the companies ir is evident that the representations of the Council are receivinf serious at tention. District Member of Cou nci I .-Colonel Sidney Waterfield Bunker D.S.O. has been elected Member of Council for District XII-The Overseas Dominions and Abroad-in the place of Dr. Frankland Dent who has completed his term of office in that capacity. Dr. Dent has received the thanks of the Councij for his services. Examiners.-Dr. Gerald Roche Lynch O.B.E. has been appointed Examiner in Therapeutics Pharmacology and Micros- copy in the place of Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins who has retired from that post having held it in the aggregate foI eighteen years.The thanks of the Council have been accorded to Sir Frederick for his services. Dr. J. J. Fox O.B.E. has been appointed an Examiner for the Associateship in General Chemistry in the place of Mr. G. Nevill Huntly; and Dr. F. L. Pyman as Examiner for the Fellowship in Organic Chemistry in the place of Professor F. E. Francis. Mr. Huntly and Prof. Francis had each completed four years’ service as members of the Board of Examiners and have received the thanks of the Council for their services. Food and Drugs (Adulteration). - Viscount Gage introduced in the House of Lords on ~ 3 r d May a Bill intituled “An Act to consolidate the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts,” which was read for the second time on the 12th June.The Bill is under the consideration of the Public Appointments Committee although it is understood that the Government is adverse to receiving amendments to a consolidation Bill. 134 Local Sections. Belfast.-On the 29th February at a meeting of the Section held in the Royal Belfast Academical Institution Pro- fessor Wren gave a lecture on ‘‘ Problems in Stereo-Chemistry.” Mr. A. P. Hoskins presided. Dr. Wren dealt particularly with the fundamental ideas connected with the structure of sugars starch cellulose and artificial silk expressing his satisfaction at the rapid progress that was being made by British chemists particularly with reference to the chemistry of sugars.A hearty vote of thanks was accorded Professor Wren on the motion of Mr. J. H. Totton seconded by Mr. J. C. A. Brierley Honorary Secretary . On the 26th March in the Royal Belfast Academical Institu- tion-Dr. W. H. Gibson in the chair,-Mr. J. R. Bainbridge gave a delightful account of a long holiday which he spent last year in North America. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides from photographs taken by Mr. Bainbridge providing an excellent idea of the country its people and their mode of life. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer. On 24th April the members visited the laboratories of the Linen Industry Research Association at Lambeg. They were received by Dr.Gibson who explained the various phases of the work carried on in the different departments. On the motion of Dr. Robertson a vote of thanks was accorded Dr. Gibson for a most enjoyable and instructive evening. The following have been elected Officers and Committee for the session 1928-1929 :- Chairman Dr. W. H. Gibson; Hon. Treasurer Dr. W. Honneyman; Committee Messrs. A. P. Hoskins R. F. Blake F. Dickinson J. W. E. Haller; Hon. Secretary J. C. A. Brierley. 135 Birmingham and Midlands.-Members of the Section met in the Lecture Theatre of the Department of Bio- chemistry The University Edgbaston on a3rd February when a lecture was delivered by Mr. J. F. Liverseege City Analyst on “ Food Adulteration in Birmingham.” He said that the people of Birmingham had little to fear with regard to adulteration of foods and illustrated from examples in a long and varied experience the great improvements which had been effected in the standard of foodstuffs of all kinds although in the past the adulteration of food had been very general and practised with impunity at the present time the way of the fraudulent trader was a hard one.In addition to showing slides which illustrated the lecture Mr. Liverseege passed round a number of specimens of adulterants which he had investigated in the course of his career. An interesting discussion took place and hearty votes of thanks were accorded to the lecturer and to the Committee of the University Biochemical Society under whose auspices the lecture was held.On 5th March a business meeting was held at the White Horse Restaurant Birmingham when various matters of interest to the Section were discussed. The desirability of Associates being eligible as members of Council was the principal subject of debate. It was pointed out by several speakers that the Associates now outnumbered the Fellows; the reason for this lay in the fact that in the majority of cases the Fellowship was unattainable without examination. Especially was this so in the case of a candidate who was unable for various reasons to present an account of his work. Most Associates under the present regulations preferred to remain in that category rather than take a further examination for the Fellowship and many of them now occupied responsible positions.One speaker referred to the anomaly which might arise if a Fellow of the Institute were appointed to a position in which he had to work under an Associate. The general feeling seemed to be that there were considerable difficulties in the way of an Associate desirous of becoming a Fellow quite apart from considerations of experience standard of qualifications etc. If these extraneous difficulties were removed a greater number of Associates would become Fellows and thus the problem of the election of Associates to the Council would not arise. A brief discussion followed. After a short musical programme the meeting then adjourned. 136 On the 27th April an exhibition of films of general scientific and chemical interest was given under the auspices of the Section in the theatre of the Midland Institute Birmingham before a very large audience including members of kindred societies and students.Professor A. R. Ling Chairman of the Section called upon the Registrar of the Institute who by way of introducing the films gave an address emphasising the importance of chemistry in industry and in everyday life. It was necessary he said to stress the importance of the work of the chemist because it was not so obvious as that of other professional men although it was equally essential to the well-being of the community. The engineer the architect and the medical man and even the lawyer and the accountant looked to the chemist and metal- lurgist to provide them with reliable materials and the farmer relied on him to obtain suitable fertilisers for the soil.Many foods were manufactured under scientific control and the food supplies were safeguarded by public analysts appointed by the county and borough authorities who also employed water examiners and gas examiners. Manufacturers of all kinds required his services. Films had been selected illustrating work based upon chemistry and engineering although in some cases the industries existed before the science underlying them was fully understood. Experience slowly accumulated throughout centuries had done much-indeed wonderful things ; but science had brought about great changes to meet the needs of our time with its changed conditions. To chemistry and engineering we must look for the main advances in future.The manufacture of the films themselves was a highly tech- nical chemical industry. The films which were kindly provided by the Gaumont Company and through the courtesy of the Federation of British Industries included those dealing with the Oxford University Press Cable Making Modern Lighting the Oil Industry Tin Plate Industry Malt and Hops Nitrate of Soda. The Registrar referred briefly to the work of the chemist in connection with each of these industries. These he said were however only a few examples. Chemists were employed in Government departments on railroads and in shipyards and arsenals in mines in mints and on sewage disposal works. Their services should be better understood and more fully appreciated and the public should understand that in all great productive films.137 industries there were research chemists steadily advancing every day a step into the unknown unravelling problems which might at any time lead to new processes and new industries. Much re- search of fundamental importance was also conducted in the universities and colleges and in other research institutions. In addition to chemists employed as analysts and research chemists process managers and directors there was a considerable body of independent chemical consultants chemical technologists and chemical engineers whose services were available to manu- facturers and traders who did not retain chemists on their staffs but had need of specialised assistance and advice.Finally he referred to the education of the chemist the status of the Institute and its objects. On the motion of Dr. J. Newton Friend seconded by Mr. F. H. Alcock a vote of thanks was accorded to the Registrar for his address. The Registrar in reply congratulated the Committee of the Section on the arrangements made for the exhibition, which had evidently been highly appreciated by the audience. From 5th to 8th May members of the Section had the op- portunity by courtesy of the Chemical Society of the University of Birmingham of attending a series of lectures on the Electro- chemical Oxidation of Organic Compounds by Professor Fr. Fichter of the University of Basle a Past President of the Swiss Chemical Society. The syllabus included the electrochemical oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons ; electrochemistry and bio- chemistry; and the history of the development of chemical in- dustries in Switzerland.Several lectures were illustrated by On 12th May members of the Section attended a meeting of the Biochemical Society by kind invitation of the Committee. During the morning,' the new building at Edgbaston was in- spected and later about thirty members lunched in the Refectory of the University. The party then returned to the new Bio- logical Block and the numbers increased to about fifty for the meeting. Papers were read by Mr. S. H. Edgar Dr. Smedley- Maclean Mr. Walker Professor Ling Dr. Norris and Mr. A. G. Norman. 138 Professor Ling and Professor Schryver shared the duties of chairman; a short discussion followed each paper and at the conclusion of the meeting the party adjourned for tea.The proceedings were published in abstract form in Chemistry and Industry 18th May 1928. Bristol and South-Western Counties-At a meeting of the Committee of the Section held in Bristol University on 10th May Mr. Edward Russell City Analyst for Bristol was elected Chairman of the Committee and of the Section in succession to Sir Ernest Cook. The committee also made arrangements for holding a summer meeting in Exeter on 16th June including visits to the Activated Sludge Works at Heavitree and to the New Buildings of the University College of the South- West of England. Cape.-On 4th May members of the Section participated in a visit of the Cape Chemical Society to the Cape Explosives Works at Somerset West in order to celebrate the centenary of the synthesis of urea by Wohler.Mr. E. H. Croghan President of the Society occupied the chair and addresses were given by Prof. Van der Riet on “Wohler His Work and its Immediate Influence”; by Prof. H. Tietz on ‘‘ The Progress of Synthetic Chemistry since Wohler ’’ ; and by Prof. D. F. du Toit Malherbe on “The Modern Large- scale Synthesis of Urea and its Industrial Significance.” Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The sixth ordinary meeting of the session was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on zznd March in the Pharmaceutical Hall Major Bruce presiding when Dr. W. T. H.Williamson read a paper on “Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Soils.” He said that during recent years a great deal of work had been done on the subject of absorption of soluble substances by soils. I t had long been ,known that when a fertiliser like sulphate of ammonia was applied to a soil the ammonia was absorbed while the sulphate ion passed to the drainage water combined with an equivalent amount of lime or some other bases. Similar phenomena occurred with other fertilisers such as the variouscpotash manures. The retention of such substances by soils was greater the higher the proportion of clay or organic matter in the soil and the seat of the absorption 139 was therefore generally considered to be in the matter present in the colloidal condition in the soil.This had led to the con- ception of the soil particle concerned in the absorption as con- sisting of or having a coating of colloidal matter of an acidoid nature which had various bases such as lime magnesia potash and soda combined with it and situated on its surface. These were known as " replaceable '' or " exchangeable " bases and were not readily washed out of the soil by means of pure water but could be displaced by other bases applied in the form of fertilisers. Thus when sulphate of ammonia was applied to a soil an exchange of bases took place between the " ammonium " dissolved in the soil water and the bases situated on the surface of the soil particles. The ammonium became attached to the sur- face of the soil particle and lime magnesia potash and soda became dissolved in the soil water and ultimately appeared in the drainage.This was well shown by the results of the drainage tank experiments carried out at Craibstone Aberdeen and at Rothamsted where after a heavy dressing of sulphate of ammonia practically no increase was found in the amount of ammonia in the drainage water; but a large increase in the amount of lime in the drainage water was observed together with a con- siderable increase in the quantities of magnesia potash and soda all of these being accompanied by an equivalent increase in sulphate. Similar results were obtained with potash f ertilisers. By repeatedly treating a soil in the laboratory with a fairly concentrated solution of an ammonium salt it was possible to remove all the exchangeable bases present in the soil their place being taken by the ammonium.In this way it was possible to estimate the total amount of exchangeable bases which a soil contained and this had now become a regular practice in the laboratory examination of soils. The total amount of exchangeable bases was a fairly definite quantity for any one soil but varied very much from soil to soil. The quantity was greatest for soils containing a large amount of clay and organic matter. For soils of the same type those soils containing the largest proportion of exchangeable bases were in general the most fertile. As regards the proportions of the different ex- changeable bases lime was by far the most abundant in normal soils in this country constituting generally 80 to go per cent.of the total. Magnesia came next while potash and soda were present in small amounts. 140 It seemed likely that the supply of certain food constituents available to the plant was related to the amount of exchangeable bases in the soil. The physical condition of the soil depended greatly ,on the kind of exchangeable bases present. When lime was replaced by soda in a clay soil puddling resulted. This was the case when a soil was subjected to repeated flooding by sea-water and might explain the deleterious effect of the continued use of nitrate of soda on the texture of the soil. Much valuable information had been obtained from the study of exchangeable bases in connection with the reclamation and cultivation of alkali soils which occurred so extensively in some countries.In certain cases the total amount of exchangeable bases in a soil might be very low and their places on the surface of the soil particles might be partly taken by hydrogen. This resulted in the soil becoming acid and many instances of this kind werc to be found in Scotland. Such soils in extreme cases were referred to by farmers as being “sour” and were charac- terised by failures in the barley and clover crops by a tendency to finger-and-toe disease in turnips and by the prevalence of certain weeds such as spurry and sheep’s sorrel. It was generally found that these soils had a low content of exchangeable lime and that their condition could be improved by the application of lime in some form or other.It was evident that since the application of sulphate of ammonia results in a displacement of lime from the soil the continued use of this fertiliser would tend to depletion of exchangeable lime. This depletion of the reserves of the soil would also be brought about by the continued use of other artificial fertilisers except such as contain calcium. In order to maintain the fertility of the soil these losses of lime should be made good. If the wastage remained unchecked for many years the fertility of the soil was reduced and signs of actual “ sourness ” might develop. The application of dressings of lime should be just as much a part of the regular practice in agriculture as was the application of fertilisers con- taining nitrogen phosphate and potash.A discussion followed in which the following members took part :-Dr. Lauder Dr. Kermack Dr. Stokoe Messrs. Williams Ingham Stewart Hart and Dow. The meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to the lecturer . 141 Edinburgh and Glasgow.-A joint meeting of the Edin- burgh and Glasgow Sections of the Institute with the Scottish Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 25th- 26th May at St. Andrews. Opening the proceedings Major Bruce thanked Principal Sir James C. Irvine for his interest in the meeting and for the facilities given by the University. He then invited Principal Irvine to address the members. Principal Irvine in welcoming the gathering commended the Societies upon their choice of St.Andrews in which to hold the first Joint Scottish meeting. He said that since the three main reasons for a visit to St. Andrews were to play golf to see the City and the University and to study carbohydrates and since the former two attractions were to be reserved for them till later he had no option but to speak to them of the last. Sir James then gave a review of that part of the study of carbohydrates which had ultimately led to the elucidation of the structure of cane sugar and to the synthesis of that substance. He showed firstly how prior to the introduction of acetylation and methylation in these studies all that was known of the sucrose molecule was that it gave glucose and fructose on hydrolysis with the characteristic inversion and that it was unlike them non-reducing.An important step was the recog- nition that the sucrose molecule contained eight hydroxyl groups and that there were four of these in each half of the molecule. Both glucose and fructose were shown to have five hydroxyl groups and whilst the main structure of the glucose molecule persisted in the disaccharide it was also clear that since the union of the two simpler sugars involved loss of reducing power as well as disappearance of a hydroxyl group in each the old aldehyde and ketone formulae would not suffice and hence the ring-ether type of formula was adopted. Although these discoveries threw remarkable light upon the structure of sucrose new difficulties were next encountered.Isomers of the methy- lated glycose were found to exist these being explained as position isomers of the ether-ring linkage unstable and stable modifications being possible. It being recognised that probably fructose would show similar isomerism the final solution and the synthesis of sucrose depended upon the preparation and union of the correct pair of one form of glucose and one of fructose. Whilst the glucose half of the molecule was derived from ordinary 142 glucose the other half proved eventually to be an unstable form of fructose and so the ordinary fructose obtained by inversion was not really a proper substance to use. The prepara- tion of the required fructose form entailed considerable difficulty owing to the labile nature of the substances and furthermore when both of the necessary ingredients were available for the purpose the final union to form a sucrose molecule was by no means easy to control.It so happened that at St. Andrews where the greatest care has been taken to prepare pure specimens of the ~equired glucose and fructose derivatives the two had not yet been shown to give sucrose and partly at any rate they gave another disaccharide. Pictet on the other hand with less pure materials had isolated a sucrose derivative. Principal Irvine gave full credit to Pictet for this remarkable achievement but in discussing the mechanism of the synthesis pointed out that there was still much to be done particularly in finding the best conditions for carrying out the various operations.In the discussion which followed Dr. Cranston and Dr. Kermack and others voiced their appreciation of the address and after Principal Irvine had replied the chairman in moving the vote of thanks expressed the hope that the share of the labours in this field which were world-known to the credit of the laboratories of St. Andrews would have their crowning success in a yet more perfectly devised synthesis of this most important of the sugars. The meeting in the University was followed by a dinner in the Alexandra Hotel at which Principal Irvine was a guest and there were present also Professor Read and members of the staff of the Chemistry Department of United College. In a brilliant af ter-dinner speech Principal Irvine traced the history of the University of St.Andrews and discussed some problems of the autonomy of the Scottish Universities. He spoke also of the importance of a wise choice of Rector for a University and drew attention to the value of the appeal to the student mind of men such as Sir James Barrie Nansen and Kipling who had held the Rectorships of St. Andrews in recent years. The morning of 26th May was spent in visiting the University itself. Through the kindness of Professor Read a very interesting tour of the laboratories was made. Leaving the United College the visitors were next shown the Chapel where the students meet daily for morning prayers a building full of interest and 143 associations. Finally at the older buildings the University Library was seen.Before leaving the thanks of the Societies and of those present were expressed to Dr. G. Robertson of United College who had made the local arrangements for the two days’ meeting and to whom its success was largely due. Huddersfie1d.-A joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists was held in the George Hotel Huddersfield on 27th May 1928. Dr. L. G. Paul who presided cded upon Mr. J. A. Strachan to address the meeting on “Activated Carbon-some Industrial Applications.” Mr. Strachan dealt with the methods of pre- paration and the chief technical applications of activated carbon -for decolourising sugar edible oils and fats chemical products generally and for gas purification. It found considerable application in gas masks during the war and was still extensively used with distinct financial gain in solvent recovery processes in the artificial silk explosives dry cleaning and rubber indus- tries.The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides. The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to Mr. Strachan. Mr. H. S. Pink has been appointed Honorary Secretary of the Section $ro tern. in the place of Mr. Percy Calm who has resigned from the office owing to pressure of work. Irish Free State.--Dr. James Bell Trinity College has been co-opted a member of the Committee and appointed Honorary Treasurer in succession to Prof. Sydney Young who has held that office since the formation of the Section. Liver poo I a n d tq ort h - Weste r n .-At the eighty-first ordinary meeting of the Section held on 8th March Mr.Neville Simpkin Director of Research of the Lancashire and Cheshire Coal Research Association read a paper on “The Production of Oil from Coal.” He said that the production of liquid organic products from coal was influenced by the type of coal used. Coals varied in composition and could be classed roughly into peats lignites and brown coals bituminous coals and anthracites. There was a gradual transition throughout this series. The products were 144 obtained by distillation or other chemical processes. The temperature of distillation also had a great effect; up to 200° C. water and a very small quantity of gas were produced from bituminous coal; up to 350" C. oil became apparent and more gas was evolved; from 40O0-5OO0 C.a large quantity of tar was produced. At higher temperatures the yield of tar decreased. Carbonisation at such high temperatures was exemplified by gas works practice and metallurgical coke production. The coal carbonised in coke ovens yielded about 11 gallons of tar per ton while at lower temperatures it might give 20 or more gallons. The composition of the tar products varied greatly. Retorts might be classified into typical high temperature retorts and coke ovens and low temperature retorts which varied considerably in design and method of heating. The efficiency of low temperature carbonisation depended upon the rapid heating of the coal and the removal of the liquid products from. the hot zone. Some retorts were heated ex- ternally; others internally by the passage of hot gas through them; some were made to revolve or fitted with internal agitators.Hydrogenation was used to produce a higher yield of oil than could be obtained by distillation. It was not a new idea but had been used for producing lighter products from heavy oils in the petroleum industry. Dr. Bergius was one of the chief in- vestigators on this subject. A plant had been designed in Germany for treating ZO,OOO tons of bituminous coal per annum. Work had also been carried out in England and a small plant installed at the Fuel Research Station. This plant consisted of four parts a coal mixing and compressing plant a hydrogen generator hydrogenation bombs and a condensing plant. The charge consisted of finely powdered coal to which was added 5 pe.r cent.of ferric oxide and 40 per cent. of tar from the previous run. Temperatures and pressures were increased through the series of bombs. A different type of process was the Fischer-Tropsch in which carbon monoxide generated from coal was allowed to react with hydrogen. Profound changes resulted in the formation of aliphatic bodies. This process has not yet been tried on a large scale. Mr. A. E. Findley said that Germany was in advance of us in this subject because she was short of light oil. The idea of 145 using pulverised fuel appealed to him. He quoted Lord Balfour as saying “If we have coal air and water we need fear no foe for from these three we could get any of the chemicals needed for war.” Mr.Shepherd also took part in the discussion and the lecturer replied. The Chairman who proposed a vdte of thanks to Mr. Simpkin mentioned that he had been much impressed on his last visit to Germany with the fact that owing largely to their inferior coal supply they were well ahead of us in the scientific use of fuel. At the eighty-second ordinary meeting of the Section held on 12th April-Professor C. 0. Bannister in the chair-the members of the Section made acknowledgment of the services of Mr. John Hanley the late honorary secretary by a gift of wireless apparatus. In making the presentation the Chairman reminded the members of the founding of the Section in which Mr. Hanley was one of the prime movers and emphasised the great amount of work he had done during the nine years of his secretaryship.He recalled his own happy association with Mr. Hanley from the first day he came to Liverpool from London and asked him to receive the gift as a recognition of his valuable services. Dr. Brislee Professor Roberts and Mr. Smetham- all Past Chairmen of the Section-added their own tributes. In thanking the Section Mr. Hanley said that he was glad that the success which had been attributed to his efforts was really due to the support which he had received from the members of the Section he had been only a secretary a recorder. He had felt very strongly that he owed a duty to his profession his efforts at the inception of the Section and since had afforded him an opportunity of carrying out that duty and consequently the work had always been a source of happiness to him.Dr. F. J. Brislee was then called upon to read a paper on “Some Aspects of Modern Research.” He said that research had never been more popular than at the present time. There were Research Associations in most branches of industry and any firm which hoped to keep in the forefront of the world’s markets must maintain a research laboratory in which new methods could be evolved and tested and every raw material and finished product examined. Dividing research into two broad classes-pure and applied-it was very 146 noteworthy that despite the large output of work and the skill and ingenuity of the workers results obtained in the field of applied research were more often than not inconclusive and this because of the lack of knowledge available from the domain of pure research.He gave several instances from his own experi- ence to show how an apparently simple problem might on closer examination develop the most unexpected and complex rami- fications. Such was the investigation into the failure of “loco- motive firebox stays,”-copper rods which support the water and steam spaces in a locomotive firebox. It was found that the head of the stay rapidly wasted away allowing water to creep through after which breakdown was rapid. After an examination of many factors it was discovered that one of the prime causes was variation in water supply. So serious was the position at first that it had been estimated that if the research saved the replacement of only one stay per engine per annum the saving would cover more than double the cost of the in- vestigation.Efforts were made to design a modified stay which finally met with considerable success. This was an example of a problem which ultimately required the co-operation of the chemist metallurgist and engineer. Another interesting example of an unexpected difficulty was met with in copper produced from a particularly pure ore which after annealing shewed a red fused oxide surface. Extensive experiments revealed that the probable cause was the entire absence of silver in the particular ore. As an instance from the organic side the behaviour of mineral oils under electrical stress could be cited.A material is formed which has been called “X” or “Cheese,”-an inert amorphous substance which when freed from the unchanged oil has a com- position closely approximating to (C,H,O),. Its formation apparently depends upon the presence of paraffin wax dissolved in the oil and it is hoped that a fuller knowledge of its character will go far to explain the causes of failure of extra high voltage transformers and cables. In conclusion Dr. Brislee urged the need for more work on fundamentals. This was beginning to be realised although in industry it was often necessary to seek a partial solution to relieve an immediate need. One of the difficulties to be faced was that the business man was in some respects an unreasoning optimist. He still clung to belief in magic; the wand of research 147 had only to be waved once to bring an immediate solution.He still preferred the lucky shot to patient logical work yet it was only from the last that he could hope for real results. In the discussion which followed Mr. Hanley said he was much interested in the question of pure metals. It seemed to him that in the case cited by the lecturer it would have been worth while to introduce the small percentage of silver into the copper. Dr. Tait instanced a case of gold containing a minute im- purity-probably bismuth-which made rolling impossible. Mr. E. H. Rideout complained of the apparent irrelevancy of much of the “pure” research. Dr. Turnbull and Mr. G. H. Knowles said their experience had been similar to Dr.Brislee’s. The research chemist was fre- quently called in to explain faults in materials only to find that the mistake lay in the method of using them. Replying Dr. Brislee informed Mr. Hanley that to introduce silver would have meant re-processing entirely. With regard to “pure ” research he might make his meaning clearer by quoting some work done on the atmospheric corrosion of metals. The great initial difficulty in this investigation was to define and measure what corrosion was. This was done and it was found that they were a long way on towards a solution of the whole problem. The Chairman said he was sometimes tempted to think that in the last few years the metallurgist was getting products which were too pure. Certainly some remarkable and entirely unex- pected results were encountered in cases where exceedingly pure metals had been produced.He agreed in the main with what had been said about materials and methods in this con- nection it was strange how often the water supply was the cause of defect or complaint and how seldom the chemist thought of blaming it. He could support Dr. Brislee in his statement as to the valuable work done by the research associations also as to the tremendously difficult problems which many of them had to face. If they had five or six variable factors the number of com- binations possible was well nigh countless. Generally speaking the greater the number of variables the greater the need for fundamental research. He was sure the meeting would agree 148 that they were greatly in Dr.Brislee’s debt for his most in- teresting paper and proposed a very hearty vote of thanks which was carried unanimously. The casual vacancy on the Section Committee arising through the resignation of Dr. E. D. Kamm has been filled by the election of Mr. F. J. Smith B.Sc. A.I.C. London and South-Eastern Counties.-Professor J. C. Drummond presided at a meeting of the Section held on 21st March when Dr. Ezer Griffiths of the National Physical Laboratory and Dr. Thomas Moran and Dr. Franklin Kidd of the Laboratory of the Food Investigation Board discussed some problems in the preservation of foodstuffs. Dr. Griffiths dealt with engineering problems in connection with the refrigerating transport of apples giving a brief survey of experimental work carried out in the course of a voyage from Australia to England and of subsequent experiments at the National Physical Laboratory.The overseas transport of apples presents interesting problems in refrigeration since usually the fruit is not pre-cooled and the ship has to serve the dual function of pre-cooler and carrier of the apples. Four representative systems of ships’ refrigeration were studied and on each of four ships an installation of distant reading electrical thermometers was fitted so that the actual temperatures in the fruit cases could be determined as well as humidity carbon- dioxide-content of the atmosphere etc. The data obtained demonstrated the great difficulty in cooling down uniformly and without freezing a compactly stowed mass of fruit.One of the problems which has since received study is the various systems of dunnage that will permit of (a) rapid initial cooling and (b) uniformity of temperature distribution. A novel scheme of vertical air ducts has been devised and the system of dunnage required for rendering practicable this system of vertical channels has been worked out. The second problem considered was the ventilation of a ship’s hold to remove the carbon dioxide produced by the respiration processes of the fruit. Calculations were made to show the quantities to be dealt with and the amount of moisture deposited when air of ordinary atmospheric humidity and temperature was cooled down to the temperature of the hold.149 The third problem was that of the design of instruments suitable for use in connection with the transport of fruit. AS the result of experience gained on the voyage modifications in the temperature measuring outfits now in use in land installa- tions were suggested so as to adapt them for use on ships. The design of junction boxes etc. for marine work was considered and a modification proposed. ,4 robust form of resistance thermometer had been developed in which the coil is fastened between two sheets of thin mica cemented to the internal surface of a cylindrical brass tube. This type of thermometer is found to have a small time lag and to permit of the use of a larger measuring current than is customary with the usual form.A study has been made of simple types of carbon dioxide measuring instruments. The ordinary gas burette type has been modified so as to render its manipulation easier. A robust form of in- strument has been produced in which the diminution in pressure of a sample of gas consequent on the absorption of the carbon dioxide which it contains is shown on a dial gauge. Various forms of hygrometers have been devised to meet special requirements (a) The “fog formation” hygrometer is based on the principle that fog forms in an atmosphere which is adiabatically expanded the amount of expansion necessary for a fog which is just visible is a function of the humidity. (b) A resistance thermometer form of wet and dry bulb hygrometer was described which has an extremely small time lag.Cotton-covered wire carried on a glass frame is periodically dipped in water. The difference in temperature between wet and dry bulb is recorded by a string galvanometer. (c) The portable dew-point apparatus is a differential air thermometer one bulb of which is so designed that it can be cooled by a stream of cold CO,; the dew is observed on a polished portion of the bulb surface. (d) The “cellophane” hygrometer is based on the change in weight with humidity of thin cellophane sheet. (e) Another instrument is a wet and dry bulb hygrometer employing mercury in steel thermometers with both pointers indicating on the same dial. Arrangements are made for drawing air past the bulbs and for maintaining the covering over the wet bulb saturated with water 150 Dr.Moran discussed the freezing chilling and storage of meat. Having stressed the importance of freezing as a method of preservation he pointed out that most colloidal systems and particularly structural systems such as gels and animal tissues when they are frozen undergo changes which are not reversed on thawing. For that reason freezing as a method of preservation has only a very limited use in practice. Taking muscle as an example he indicated the changes on freezing which give rise to the well-known phenomenon of “drip,” and described how far research had been able to explain and prevent these changes. Dr. Moran then briefly reviewed the science of chilling. He pointed out that control of the chilling process was essentially dependent on a study of surface conditions with the object of keeping down mould and bacterial growth.With many food- stuffs it also demanded a study of the factors which give rise to fat rancidity. With both chilled and frozen products there was also the question of evaporation during cooling and sto;age. Apart from the net loss in weight and how it varied under different conditions of humidity and air movement-a factor of obvious commercial importance-the problem had also to be studied from the standpoint of mould growth and surface discoloration or pigment changes. Dr. Kidd dealt with factors affecting the preservation of fresh fruit and storage-a problem of senescence. He referred to the great changes in the world’s commissariat which had focused attention upon a quality in food products not previously greatly valued namely keeping quality.This was especially a feature in the case of fruits. Fruit was nowadays carried half round the world and stored six months out of season on a large scale as a normal procedure. In approaching the scientific study of keeping quality it was immediately obvious that what was being studied was the senescent phase of a life cycle and that this phase could not be understood without reference to and study of the whole cycle. The outstanding features of the life cycle of a typical plant organ were briefly described. The cycle as a whole constituted a two-phase rhythm in the early part of which the metabolic balance was on the side of condensed products such as proto- plasm starch cellulose pectin compounds and polysaccharides 151 and is later on the side of the simple degradation products of hydrolysis.One of the outstanding discoveries of recent years had been that the period of the life cycle rhythm-the rate of living-was related in some way to the pitch of the respiratory activity of the organ or organism. Broadly short-lived fruit had a high respiratory activity and a short pre-maturity phase as well as a short post-maturity phase. The pitch of the respira- tory activity diminishes steadily throughout the life cycle. The main factors influencing the period of the rhythm of the life cycle were enumerated and briefly discussed. They are race factors e.g.species variety stock and environmental factors. The environmental factors during the first or growth phase of the life cycle are mainly nutritional e.g. soil manures climate. In the second or senescent phase; that is during storage the environmental factors of importance are temperature and atmospheric composition. Environmental factors as distinct from race factors may affect the length of the first phase without necessarily proportionately affecting the second. But the second phase is always undoubtedly largely influenced by factors operative during the first. For example the storage life of one variety of apples may vary a hundred per cent. with variation in the locality of origin of the fruit. Dealing with the effect of temperature during the senescent phase in storage Dr.Kidd pointed out that the broad effect of lowering temperature in reducing the metabolic activity and hence in slowing down the senescent drift of change and in lengthening life was generally grasped as being an expression of the well known laws of chemistry and physics. More subtle effects of low temperature upon the life and quality of fruit in storage had however until recently been little appreciated. Metabolism at different temperature levels was not only different in speed but in character owing to an alteration in its balance due probably to differences between the temperature coefficients of specific links in the chain of reactions. Recent work was demonstrating this from many angles and it constituted one of the main problems under study at the Low Temperature Research Station.Many fruits not only did not develop a natural ripeness and flavour at low temperatures but even became physiolo- gically disorganised and died prematurely. Apples bananas pineapples and plums were instanced. The trouble in apples had often been attributed by the trade to freezing. It has nothing to do with freezing and occurred at storage temperatures well above the freezing point. trial. 152 Dealing with atmospheric effects Dr. Kidd stated that these had been particularlv studied at the Low Temperature Research Station. The field was a new one. In the case of apples diminishing the oxygen within limits reduced the respiratory activity and lengthened the life. Moderate amounts of carbon dioxide in the air had a similar effect.In these experiments the atmospheric conditions had to be carefully regulated for just as in the case of temperature by over-stepping certain limits the metabolism of the fruit became so deranged that death intervened. A discussion followed and votes of thanks were accorded the lecturers. On 18th April-Mr. G. S. W. Marlow in the chair-a lecture was given by Mr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell on “Some Notable Trials involving Chemical Evidence.” After pointing out that the reproach that chemistry was a dull science did not apply to its use in criminological work since there it was in constant contact with life the lecturer illustrated this by reference to incidents in various trials with which he had been associated.The scientific evidence given in some of these cases was of a novel character. Thus in the Brinkley poisoning case a forged will was the motive for the crime and it was proved by optical methods that the signatures on the document were not as alleged all written with the same kind of ink. This was the first occasion on which the tintometer had been used in a criminal in the case of Rex v. Pilcher and it was shown that the will could not have been so old as was alleged. In another case (Rex v. Cohefi) proof of the order of sequence in the entries in a In the Camden Town murder case an artist accused of the murder was alleged to have written words on paper burnt fragments of which were subsequently found in a grate. The chemical evidence in that case went to prove that the pigment of a copying ink pencil found on the accused agreed in charac- teristics with the pigment in the writing on the fragments.Evidence as to the probable age of inks on a will was given doctor’s day book resulted in a sentence of imprisonment being quashed. A difference in the pigments of the mk which was demon- strated by the tintometer and by means of photography afforded 153 proof of the fraudulent addition of a final cipher to the figures in a letter acknowledging the receipt of E200 (Rex v. CornwaZZis); whereas in the Howes will case the fact that the ink in parts of the signature showed different colours was proved to be the result of the use of a composite ink made by mixing three different inks bought at a sale.In the latter case the judge had asked for the report to be made to him in Court without prior com- munication to counsel on either side. In the opinion of the lecturer this was an ideal method of presenting scientific evidence in a court of justice. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides. A discussion followed in which Sir William Willcox Dr. G. Roche Lynch and other members participated and the pro- ceedings concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer. The Section is arranging an exhibition of apparatus instruments and books to take place at the Institute on Wednesday 24th October when all Members and Registered Students of the Institute will be welcome. Further particulars will be announced in due course.M a1 aya.-The fourth Annual General Meeting of the Malaya Section was held on the 25th February at King Edward VII. School of Medicine Singapore. Mr. F. L. Okell the Chairman in submitting the annual report showed that the membership was increasing and that the Section had been able to co-operate with the Government in matters of public importance. A commission comprising the Chief Chemist and Agricultural Chemist Federated Malay States and the Government Analyst S.S. had been appointed by the Federated Malay States Govern- ment to enquire into the possibility of framing regulations to insure the public supply of pure toddy. The recommendations of the Commission had been submitted to the Government for inclusion in legislation. A scale of emoluments based on a schedule mainly devised by the Section Sub-committee on Fees had been recommended to and accepted by both Governments.The Section discussed the present method of election of General Members of Council of the Institute and the question whether Associates should be eligible for election to the Council. Except that members living in the Far East were unable to nominate members for the Council the present method of election was approved; but with regard to Associates being 164 members of Council no decision was recorded. Arising from the discussion however a recommendation was forwarded to the Council that entrance to the Institute should be by examina- tion only. The annual report and balance sheet were duly received and adopted.The Report of the Sub-committee on Salaries can be seen at the offices of the Institute by any member contemplating taking up an appointment in the Straits Settlements or the Federated Malay States. At the annual dinner the Section was honoured with the presence of the Honble. Dr. Winstedt Director of Education and Mrs. Winstedt the Honble. Mr. J. Bagnall Director of the Straits Trading Company and the Honble. Dr. Gray acting Principal Civil Medical Officer Straits Settlements and Mrs. Gray. In proposing the toast of “The Institute,” Mr. Bagnall laid stress on the important services rendered to industry by pr9- fessional chemists and expressed the hope that the rubber industry would eventually derive through its new Research Institute as much benefit from scientific control as the tin industry had done.The Chairman (Mr. F. L. Okell) in reply showed how intimate was the relationship between chemistry and industry. Major B. J. Eaton proposed the toast of “The Guests,” to which Dr. Winstedt and Dr. Gray replied. A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Willgress the retiring Honorary Secretary who has been succeeded by Mr. V. R. Greenstreet. Manchester and District.-At the March meeting Mr. L. Guy Radcliffe in the chair a lecture was delivered by Mr. F. Twyman F.R.S. on “Absorption Spectrography and some of its Applications to Chemistry.” The speaker commenced by pointing out that of the light lost by reflection diffusion and absorption in passing through a medium it is that lost by absorption which is peculiarly of interest to chemists.For very many years it had been felt by all investigators on the subject that there was a profound con- nection between the amount of radiation absorbed by a sub- stance at each wave length and the chemical constitution of the 155 substance. The conviction that the cause of this “rapport” was in the nature of a resonance of the particles of which the substances were composed (whether electrons atoms or molecules) had grown with the development of modern physics and quantum notions had been applied to absorption with very stimulating effect. To be useful measurements of absorption must be quantitative. That is the measurements of the proportion of light absorbed must be made at each wave-length.The range of spectrGm investigated should be as great as possible embracing the ultra-violet visible and infra-red regions of the spectrum. Lambert’s Law and Beer’s Law and the terminology of the subject were dealt with. Descriptions of instruments for the visible ultra-violet and infra-red regions of the spectrum were given with notes on suitable light sources and methods of using the apparatus. The paper concluded with an account of some of the multitudinous applications to theoretical and applied chemistry. Numerous lantern slides were shown to illustrate the points dealt with. In the discussion which followed Prof. E. C. C. Baly pointed out that much of the development which had taken place in spectrography was due to Mr.Twyman’s skill in designing the necessary apparatus. The introduction of Twyman’s rotating sector photometer placed absorption spectrography on a quan- titative basis for the first time. The slide shown of the absorp- tion spectrum of cobalt chloride in hydrochloric acid photographed by Dr. Brode (American Bureau of Standards) in Liverpool marked a great achievement in technique. The more absorption spectra were studied the more it was found how molecules differed in properties from their atoms. Arising from the work being carried out the speaker thought a new theory of chemical re- activity would eventually arise which would explain not only the reactions of the laboratory but also those peculiar to the living organism and those hitherto inexplicable processes taking place in the development of new stars.Dr. Brode paid a tribute to English-made spectrographic apparatus; even in Germany he had found the best pieces of apparatus to be of English manufacture. Refemng to light sources he pointed out that the resistance of distilled water was about 70 times that of air and that by using under-water electrodes damping occurred and spectra were produced of a nature differing from those obtained in air the narrow lines present in the latter often disappearing altogether. For example in the study of platinum the under-water spark was deficient in a large number of lines but the lines left formed a definite series. He was of the opinion that absorption spectrography had a great future and that in time it would be possible to take an unknown complex substance and actually determine its structure simply by a study of its absorption spectra.Dr. Morton (Liverpool) thought it futile for chemists to think they had achieved a final interpretation of absorption spectra until they had covered a greater range of vibrations there was an enormous range which was only amenable to investigation by means of a vacuum spectrograph. The Chairman Messrs. Hannah Silvester and Dr. Cunliffe also took part in the dis- cussion to which Mr. Twyman replied. A vote of thanks proposed by Prof. Baly and seconded by Mr. Elsdon {who in the course of his remarks pleaded for less expensive spectro- scopic apparatus) was accorded the lecturer. It has been decided to hold the Annual Dinner and Dance on Thursday the 6th of December.The Annual General Meeting of the Section will in future be held in March. South Wales.-On 24th February the Section held a joint meeting with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at which Mr. N. H. Hartshorne MSc. A.I.C. gave an interesting lecture on “The Electronic Theory of Chemical Combination. ” The lecturer pointed out that all theories of chemical com- bination prior to the discovery of the fact that the atom had a structure were failures because they applied only to certain classes of compounds. Any complete theory must be able to account for all of the three types of chemical bond viz. polar non-polar and co-ordinate. A brief survey was then given of the development of our knowledge of atomic structure and the resulting conception of chemical combination as the expression of the tendency of atoms to assume the electronic configurations possessed by the inert gases.After describing the early theories of Kossel and G. N. Lewis on simple polar and non-polar combina- tion between elements one two or three places on either side of an inert gas the lecturer dealt with the elements in the long periods and explained how in them the repetition of positive 157 valency and the characteristic properties of the transitional elements and the rare earths could be accounted for by the process of electronic reorganisation proposed by Bury and Bohr. Co-ordination compounds were next considered and it was explained that the difference between the co-ordinate and normal non-polar linkages was that in the former both shared electrons came from the same atom so that the resulting compound was not limited by the simple valency rule.It was pointed out that in order to account for most co-ordination compounds and some others it was necessary to assume that the valency shell was capable of accommodating more than the eight electrons possessed by the inert gases or else to invoke the “singlet” linkage (non-polar link by means of a single electron) as had been done by some chemists. Reference to such compounds as sulphur hexafluoride showed that the latter plan was un- satisfactory and that it was better for the present to determine the maximum valency shells by the co-ordination numbers of Werner despite the fact that there was little or no physical evidence to support them.If this principle were accepted the peculiar changes of polar valency exhibited by the metal ammine complexes on exchanging complete molecules for atoms or radicals could be very readily explained in terms of electrons. The relative strengths of co-ordinate and ordinary non-polar links and the polarity introduced into the molecule by the former (“ semi-polar bonds ”) were next briefly considered. With regard to organic compounds it was pointed out that the success of the older structural theories in this field was due to the facts that the co-ordination number and valency of carbon were both equal to four and that the majority of the bonds encountered were of the non-polar type.The electronic theory was however able to explain the optical isomerism of the sulphinates and sulphoxides which the older theories could not do. In conclusion the lecturer said that he had confined his remarks to what might justly be described as the triumphs of the electronic theory; it still had however many difficulties to overcome e.g. the problems of water of crystallisation and intermetallic compounds. But he thought that it must be admitted that a great advance had been made. We had at last a theory which presented all kinds of chemical combination 158 as different aspects of the same atomic urge the building up of more stable electron arrangements. After a discussion a hearty vote of thanks to Mr.Hartshorne terminated the meeting. A well-attended meeting was held on 11th May Mr. C. M. W. Grieb presiding. The meeting accorded a hearty welcome to the Registrar of the Institute who answered various questions on matters which had been of particular interest to the Section. He said that most other Sections had shown apathy towards the suggestion that Associates should be eligible for election to the Council and that the Council had therefore concluded that there was no general desire for a change being made in the Institute’s Charter to provide for this proposal. Regarding the insistence on training in organic chemistry on the part of those who specialised in metallurgy the Registrar said that this had been considered by a conference held in January 1925 which had decided that a fundamental knowledge of organic as well as of inorganic and physical chemistry was essential for all candidates for the Associateship.He then referred to the discussion regarding “Chemistry House” and the Institute’s position in that connection. The meeting was then opened to visitors and nearly fifty members and friends listened with great interest to a lecture by the Registrar on “Alchemists in Art and Literature.” Prof. Coates proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Pilcher for his discussion of Institute business and for his lecture remarking that the preparation of such a lecture required wide reading and years of research. Mr. P. V.’Lloyd seconded the vote of thanks which was accorded with acclamation.159 Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). ON ~ 3 r d February Professor F. G. Donnan gave an address before the Association entitled “The Chemist Himself.” Mr. E. R. Bolton President of the Association presided and there was a very good attendance. In an intimate and friendly discourse Professor Donnan discussed the personality of the chemist and emphasised the importance of the social side of the chemist’s life. He remarked on the humble attitude so often adopted by chemists and the frequent lack of attention to personal appearance as factors which were not conducive to the attainment of success in the work-a-day world contrasted with the inner work of the labora- tory. In industry there was a need for strong+ and cultured personalities and it was very necessary that those on whose work so much depended should be men of character.Professor Donnan also indicated various ways in which a chemist could profitably occupy his spare time. At the conclusion a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Professor Donnan on the proposal of the chairman. A series of well-attended visits has lately been organised by the Secretary for Works Visits including the following:- 15th February the Daily News and Star Printing Offices; 6th March the British Broadcasting Corporation; 31st March National Physical Laboratory Teddington ; 3rd April Gas Light and Coke Company Tar and Ammonia Products Works at Beckton. The London and South-Eastern Counties Section have arranged to invite Registered Students in the London district to all meetings and lectures arranged by the Section except on special occasions when purely professional matters are under discussion.The honorary Secretary will be glad to receive suggestions from Registered Students regarding the activities of the Associa- tion. Address :-NORMAN STUART junr. 11 Platts Lane Hampstead N. W .3. 160 Appointments Register. IT has been suggested that the system under which the Appoint- ments Register is administered is not completely understood by some members. The facilities of this Register are afforded to all Fellows and Associates and also to Registered Students of the Institute of at least six months’ standing who are in their last term of training for admission to the Associateship and are recommended for the privilege by their Professors or teachers.The majority of the Fellows and Associates who use the Register already occupy appointments but are desirous of obtaining better positions. Lists of vacancies are sent out twice weekly. Endeavours are made to secure information as to vacant appointments from every possible source and all vacancies are notified which are likely to be of interest to chemists whether they refer to senior appointments suitable for experienced men or to junior appointments only suitable for those about to commence their careers or desirous of gaining experience. In many cases the prospective employer does not desire that his name or the name of his firm should be disclosed in the first instance.This confidence is respected because many firms would not be willing to inform such a large number of chemists some of whom may be in the employ of competing firms that they are looking for candidates with particular experience or are contemplating changes in their staffs. In these cases members are asked to forward their applications to the Registrar and all such applications are forwarded to the principals concerned unless any member informs the Registrar that he does not wish his application forwarded to any particular firms in that event only is an application withheld. The interests of members using the Appointments Register are carefully guarded in that the list of names of members on the register is not published or communicated to employers.The officers are debarred from supporting the candidature of any applicant for a particular position but are willing to verify records as to careers of candidates if requested to do so. 161 In some few cases prospective employers will not agree to the issue of a general notice but request the officers to inform them if any member is available who has the requisite special experience. In these cases the officers use their discretion; but every endeavour is made to deal impartially with the claims of all possible candidates. The fact that a vacancy is notified on the Appointments Register must not be taken as implying that the Institute approves of the terms and conditions attaching thereto. The officers make suitable representations with regard to such matters to prospective employers whether these are individuals firms or public authorities but the responsibility for deciding whether it is worth while to apply for an appointment must rest with the candidate himself.Members using the Register are required to pay a small charge towards the cost of postage and other direct expenses involved. Those who are in employment pay 10s. for six months and those without 6s. 6d. The names of members who remain out of employment after the expiry of the six months period are retained on the Register free of charge for a further period of six months if necessary. In view of the fact that the Appointments Register is primarily a service rendered by the Institute for its members and that those who have this service contribute directly towards the cost it would obviously be unfair that others should obtain this information.Those using the Appointments Register therefore are not permitted to pass the information on to any other person and they are expected to abide loyally by this rule. 162 10 April-May Examinations 1928. NO. passed. *. *17 Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned below; the number of candidates examined and of those who passed were :- No. examzned. POT t h A88oc&e8hip- At the Institute General Chemistry 16th- 21st Ap.1 At the Institute Branch (G) Chemical Tech- nology with special reference to Soap **1 Manufacture 16th-2 1st April .* . 0 8 Po?- the FelbWship- At the Institute Branch E. The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water 23+28th April . . At the University Reading Agricultural 14 1 1 qemistry 30th April-4th May * . 20th April At the City Analyst’s Laboratory Liverpool Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to the Chemistry and Bacteriology of Water Supply 16th- - 1 34 - 1 - 20 - * One candidate failed only in the translation of French and German technical literature. Two candidates passed the examination in the translation of German technical literature thereby completing their examination. ** Failed only in the oral examination in General Chemistry.EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Inorganic and Physical Chemistry The answers to the written papers were in many cases rather poor. In the question asking for an historical account of the experimental work on the combining volumes of hydrogen and oxygen many candidates read the word “volumes” as weights. Some candidates regarded PtC& and H,PtC& as identical. Answers to the question on the contributions to chemistry associated with the names of Davy Faraday Scheele and Gay-Lussac were weak; Davy was some- times credited with the work of Black; Gay-Lussac with that of 163 Avogadro and several of the candidates knew nothing of the work of Scheele. In the practical examination the qualitative work was fairly good; the quantitative work however left much to be desired.Some of the candidates seemed to be insufficiently trained in quantitative inorganic analysis. Organic Chemistry The theoretical paper was rather better answered than usually. A simple question on the benzidine change however produced very indifferent answers and the question on the aromatic iodo compounds was only attempted by a few candidates. The qualitative organic analysis was generally carried out correctly but candidates should pay more attention to writing up results neatly and concisely ; occasionally the final summary of results did not agree mth the data given in the text of the answer. Quantitative organic analysis did not seem to be as well understood as it should be.Several candidates were evidently quite unskilled in either proximate or ultimate analysis of organic compounds. Translation of Technical French and German The translation of the passage from French was with few exceptions done satisfactorily. The majority of the candidates translated the German passage sufficiently well to enable them to have carried out the preparation of thionyl chloride in a satisfactory manner. EXAMINATIONS FOR THE FELLOWSHIP. In the Examination in Branch E-the Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water-the work of the candidates as a whole was fairly good especially in the written papers. The practical work of several candidates was however very poor and these showed little knowledge of the composition of foodstuffs and methods of analysis of food and drugs.The microscopical work was generally much better than in recent examinations. The work in Therapeutics Pharmacology and Microscopy was on the whole good although little enterprise was shown in dealing with the identification of a small quantity of chloroform in blood. EXAMINATIONS ABROAD. The Council has also received a report on examinations for the Associateship held in January in India and in South Africa. One candidate was successful and his name is included in the pass list. 164 The following papers and exercises were given:- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY 16th APRIL 1928 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOUR questions only to be attempted.) 1.Give an historical account of the experimental work on the combining volumes of hydrogen and oxygen. Mention the causes of error in the earlier work and describe in detail one moderndetermjnation. 2. Give the method of preparation properties and most character- istic reactions of three of the following :-Platinum tetrachloride ( PtC14) cobalto-cobaltic oxide (Co,O,) sodium ferrifluoride (Na,FeF,) lead tetra- fluoride (PbFJ boron nitride (BN). 3. Give an account of the phenomenon of thermal dissociation and diecuss one example in detail. 4. Discuss the conditions necessary for accuracy in volumetric analysis. What is the highest accuracy attainable under favourable conditions in the volumetric determination of ( a ) a mineral acid ( b ) a chloride (c) free iodine.5. What are the principal contributions to chemistry associated with the names of Davy Faraday Scheele Gay-Lussac ? 2 to 5 p.m. (Fom questions only to be attempted.) 1. What are the products of the following reactions:-(a) Zinc and aqueous perchloric acid; ( b ) potassium chlorate oxalic acid and water; ( c ) iron and gaseous hydrogen chloride at 500" C.; ( d ) iodine and nitric acid (S.G. 1.53) ? State how the main product of each could be isolated. 2. Give an account of the more important work on the direct quantitative measurement of osmotic pressure since 1909. To what extent do the results obtained confirm the van 't Hoff theory of solution ? 3. Describe the sources mode of extraction and purification of cadmium. Give an account of the uses of this metal and its salts.4. Give an account of either (a) The determination of chromium iron aluminium and manganese in chrome iron ore; or ( b ) The determina- tion of phosphate in bone ash. 5. Write a short essay on one of the following (a) The corrosion of iron; (b) The advances in chemical knowledge resulting from the pro- duction and accurate measurement of high temperatures. TUESDAY 17th APRIL 1928 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe two methods for the preparation of aliphatic dihydric alcohols (glycols). Selecting any one of these glycols indicate its behaviour towards the following reagents :-(a) 'Nitric acid ( b ) hydrochloric acid ( c ) oxidising agents. 2. Distinguish between amides and ureides giving two examples of each of these types of nitrogenous substances.Show by an outline of its synthesis that uric acid belongs to the ureide group. What simpler substances of this group are obtainable by the oxidation of uric acid? alcohol.) 165 3. Describe the preparation of benzidine starting from benzene. How may it be demonstrated that benzidine is a derivative of the hydro- carbon diphenyl ? 4. Give two methods for introducing iodine into the aromatic nucleus of benzidine and its homologues. How has iodobenzene been converted successively into iodosobenzene iodoxybenzene and diphenyl- iodinium iodide (CBH,),I.I ? 5. How are the amino acids synthesised and how may they be obtained from proteins ? Describe the preparation from glacial acetic acid of glycine (aminoacetic acid) glycylglycine and betaine.6. Write an essay on the terpenes giving the synthesis of at least one member of this series. WEDNESDAY 18th APRIL 1928 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the two organic compounds in solution A. (A‘ = ethyl oxubte in ethyl alcohol. A“ = methyl oxalate in methyl 2. Estimate the amount of one of the constituents of solution A expressing the result in grams per litre. THURSDAY 19th APRIL 1928 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the organic substance B. (B‘ = potassium sulphanilate. B = sodium naphthionate.) 2. Ascertain the purity of substance B by estimating the percentage amount of one of its constituent elements. FRIDAY and SATURDAY 20th and 21st APRIL 1928 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. each day. 1. Report on the nature of the substance C. (Titanow sulphatte and potash alum.) (This exercise must be compbted on Friday.) 2. D is a solution containing potassium chromate potassium carbonate and potassium sulphate. Determine the chromate (as CrO,) carbonate (as CO,) and sulphate (as SO,) expressing all results as grams per 100 grams of solution. Examination for the Asseciateship in Brench (g) Chemical Technology with special reference t o Soap Manufacture MONDAY 16th APRIL 1928 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give an account of the different processes that may be used in industrial practice to separate h e suspended particles from (a) gases ( b ) liquids. 2. What do you understand by the term “waste heat”? What means can be adopted to utilise waste heat and thus to minimise its amount 1 3.Most chemical processes involve the transport of material from place to place during their operation. Describe generally the devices that ere wed for effecting this in the most economical way. 166 4. In a certain chemical process the raw material is dissolved in acid the undissolved portion separated and the final product obtained by crystallisation from the clear solution. Give a general outline of the plant needed to carry this out in its most elementary form and of the additions you would make to secure greater economy in working. 5. What instruments are available for the determination and control of temperature in chemical operations? For what classes of operations would you prefer to use one or other of such instruments? MONDAY 16th APRIL 1928 2 to 5 p.m.(Not mwe than EIUHT questions to be answered.) 1. Describe fully the usual process for refining crude cotton-seed oil. What by-products are obtained? 2. Diacuss the importance to the soapmaker of a knowledge of (a) free fatty acids; (6) saponification value; ( c ) iodine value; ( d ) titre; of his raw materials. 3. Give a detailed account of the Twitchell process of fat-splitting. How do the fatty acids thus produced compare with ordinary commercial fats as soap-making material ? Describe fully the usual process for the manufacture of a toilet milling soap base. 5. State briefly :hat you undErstand by “spent lyes,” “half-spent lyes,” “fitted” soap run” soap curd” soap “nigre.” State where 4.possible the average composition of each. 6. What methods may be used for bleaching soap in the pan? Give details as to how the processes are carried out. 7. What are the usual requirements of a soap to be used in the textile industries ? Why are they necessary ? 8. What methods have been proposed for the rapid cooling of soap ? How does such soap compare with soap cooled in frames. 9. How may transparent soaps be produced? 10. How would you examine a sample of soap in order to determine the composition of the fatty matter from which it is made ? How might the presence of hydrogenated fats be detected ? 11. Describe two methods for comparing the detergent values of soaps. What theories have been proposed to explain detergent value ? 12.Describe the several stages in the conversion of soap lyes into chemically pure glycerin. WEDNESDAY to SATURDAY 18th to 21st APRIL 1928 10 u.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day. 1. Report on the samples of solid caustic soda and tallow as to 2. Report on the sample of olive oil soap (a) as to whether properly 3. Determine the proportions of glycerin silica and borax in the 4. Determine the available oxygen in the soap powder and identify suitability for soap-making. made and (b) as to whether made from olive oil only. accompanying piece of soap. the oxidising substance. 167 Examination for the Fellowship. Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. MONDAY 23rd APRIL 1928 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. 1. Describe the construction of the polarimeter and its uses in the analysis of foods and drugs. 2. State (a) the colouring matters prohibited by the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts; ( b ) the colouring matters regarded as harmless which are in general use for food stuffs in this country. 3. How is pure gelatine prepared ? Describe briefly how you would examhe gelatine in order to ascertain its fitness for edible purposes. (Answer in a separate notebook.) 4. Describe the origin and preparation of opium and state how the amount of total alkaloids in a sample of the drug may be determined. Give a list of the B.P. preparations containing opium or its alkaloids and state the medicinal dose of each. 5. Describe the symptoms displayed in poisoning by hydrocyanic acid and discuss what is known concerning its action upon the tissues of the body.6. State the chemical nature and describe the therapeutic use of the following synthetic drugs heroin antipyrin aspirin phenacetin novocaine. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. How may the percentage of butter fat be estimated in a margarine composed of coconut and palm kernel oils cotton-seed stearin and butter fat. 2. Describe briefly the processes employed for determining the fitness of a sewage effluent to be discharged into a stream. 3. How is pure phenol prepared 1 What impurities is phenol liable to contain and how may they be detected? 4. State (a) the provisions of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1927; (b) the provisions of Section 6 of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875.5. Describe in detail methods for the estimation of arsenic in (a) cupric sulphate ( b ) potassium nitrate (c) precipitated sulphur. TUESDAY 24th APRIL 1928 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Analyse and report upon the specimen of malt extract with cod liver oil. (Malt extract with equal parts of cod liver oil and l ~ u i d parafin.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY 25th APRIL 1928 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of malt extract with cod liver oil. 2. From a microscopic examination only report upon the specimens By C D E and F. Make rough drawings and name the structures observed THURSDAY 26th APRIL 1928 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The specimen G is claimed to be a real substitute for eggs. Analyse and report upon it.(Rice $our sodium bicarbonate tatrtaric acid with a prohibited dye and &th grain As,O per lb.) 168 (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY 27th APRIL 1928 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of the “egg powder.” 2. The packets H are sold as neuralgia powders. Analyse the contents and report upon them on the form supplied. (AcetaniZide ca,,eine and sodium bicarbonate.) SATURDAY 28th APRIL 1928 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Demonstrate the presence of chloroform in the sample of blood (A). 2. From the same blood prepare slides for the microscope showing haemin crystals and make a preparation showing the spectrum of haemo- chromogen. 3. Examine microscopically the powder (B) and describe its con- stituents.Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY 30th APRIL 1928 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (OnZy FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. Write short notes on (a) Liebig’s mineral theory of plant nutrition (b) Ville’s theory of a dominant fertiliser and (c) Whitney and Cameron’s ideas with regard to the composition of the soil solution. 2. A curve is drawn to show the total crop yield obtained with increasing supplies of any one constituent of plant food. Discuss the type of curve obtained. In connection with this discussion illustrate by examples what you mean by the term “limiting factor.” 3. Write a short essay on the views now held with regard to the nature of soil acidity. 4. It is found that the most efficient manuring of any crop depends largely on local conditions.Describe how your choice of fertilisers may be affected by (a) the mechanical composition of the soil ( b ) the chemical composition and ( c ) climatic conditions. 5. Describe the origin composition and use as fertilisers of various types of sewage sludges. 6 . How is the partial sterilisation of the soil carried out in practice ? What explanations have been offered of the increased crop yields obtained by this process? 7. How do you determine the “lime requirement” of a soil? To what extent do you consider the figure obtained in the laboratory corre- sponds to the actual need of the soil for lime in the field? 2 to 5 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. What is the “starch equivalent” of a feeding stuff and how is it determined? What differences do you expect to fbd between the “starch equivalent ” calculated from the percentages of digestible constituents wtd that determined experimentally ? 169 2.How should the maintenance ration of an animal be varied with (a) the size of the animal and (b) the external temperature? Detailed arguments in support of your statements should be given. 3. Write a short essay on the proper function of the rough forages in rations. 4. You are required to sample and analyse for sugar a crop of sugar beet. Describe in detail your procedure. 5 . Describe the preparation approximate composition and proper- ties of the following insecticides and fungicides :-Lime-sulphur lead arsenate tar-distillate washes and Burgundy mixture. 6.Describe the factors liable to infiuence the composition of the milk of (a) a single cow and (b) a herd of twenty cows. What are the usual limits of the variation in composition in the two cases? 7. What are the principal chemical reactions which go on in the making of silage and to what extent can they be controlled ? TUESDAY 1st M A Y 1928 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Report on the composition of the mixed fertiliser A and estimate quantitatively three constituents. (Contains soluble and organic nitrogen soluble and insoluble phosphate and potash.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY 2nd M A Y 1928 10 am. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the analysis begun yesterday. 2. The given sample of soil B. has been put through all the pre- liminary operations including the peroxide treatment for mechanical analysis.Complete the analysis. THURSDAY 3rd M A Y 1928 10 am. to 5 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the given feeding stuff C and carry out a complete quantitative analysis. (Dried milk;,) 2. The solution D is sold for the “pickling” of seed wheat with instructions that it is to be diluted 400 times with water before use. Report on its nature and suitability for the purpose in view. (Either or both these exercises m y be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY 4th N A Y 1928 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine microscopically the feeding meal E and report on its constituents. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry with special reference to the Chemistry and Bacteriology of Water Supply. MONDAY 16th APRIL 1928 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. The Candidate was given the same paper as in Branch (9) for the Associahship (see p. 165). 2 to 5 pm. (FIVE questions to be attempted of which No. 1 is compulsory.). 1. Discuss the significance of B. Coh in water supplies. 2. Describe methods of treatment adopted to reduce plumbo- solvency of waters. ( c ) Organic matter. 170 3. It is found advisable to chlorinate a public water supply for 50,000 people. Give full details of the methods you would adopt for such 4. State what you know of iron bacteria and their significance in treatment. water supplies. 5. Give details of processes to be worked on a large scale for the removal from water of:- (a) Iron. ( b ) Permanent hardness. 6. What am the chief characters you would require in water to be (a) Brewing purposes.( b ) Tanning purposes. (c) Artificial silk manufacture. (d) Mineral water manufacture. used for:- 7. Discuss the value of a microscopical examination of the suspended matter in drinking water mentioning any animate or inanimate objects which are of special significance. TUESDAY to .FRIDAY 17th to 20th APRIL 1928 10 a.m. to 5 pm. each day. 1. Analyse the sample of water A which will be passed through lead service pipes and report upon its suitability for drinking and boiler purposes. 2. Make a bacteriological examination of the sample of water B. Report fully upon your findings. 3. Examine the specimen of sand C and report upon its suitability for use as a filtering medium for a public water supply.4. Examine the lengths of pipe D E and F and report upon their suitability as service pipes for an upland surface water. 171 Obituary. WALTER JOHNSON COOPER died at Paignton on 27th May in his 60th year. He was educated a t Queen Mary’s School and a t the Science and Art Institute Walsall and in 1884 became works chemist to the Arlesey Lime and Portland Cement Co. Ltd. in Bedfordshire. From 1888 to 1891 he was chemist and manager of the Wilderness Portland Cement Company at Micheldon Gloucester and then became Chief Chemist and Manager to the South Wales Portland Cement and Lime Company at Penarth Glam. Of this company he became Managing Director in 1895. From 1912-1917 he was a Managing Director of the British Portland Cement Manufacturers Ltd.He was a member of the Joint Research Committee of the Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers Ltd. and the British Portland Cbment Manufacturers Ltd. since its inception having himself made extensive research in the chemistry of magnesian cements and of pozzolanic and slag cements. He was also a member of the committee appointed by the Portland Cement trade in 1907 to visit Germany in order to investigate a process for the production of cement from blast furnace slag which he was one of the first to produce in this country. He also investigated the effect of sulphur compounds on limes and cements and on glazes for terra- cotta clay. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. JOHN FREDERICK WILLIAM HODGES an Original Fellow of the Institute died at Glenravel County Antrim on 29th February in his 80th year.The son of John Frederick Hodges M.D. F.I.C. Professor of Agriculture and Medical Jurisprudence in Queen’s College Belfast he was educated at the Belfast Academical Institution and a t Queen’s College and continued the study of chemistry at Zurich and at the Royal College of Science for Ireland. He then assisted his father until his death in 1899 and conducted a consulting and analytical practice in Belfast holding for several years appointments as public analyst for Carrickfergus and the County of Armagh. For many years he published and edited the Chemico- Agricultural Journal. He was the author of many articles and papers on such subjects as pure milk the culture of flax iron ore and bauxite and his name was associated with several inventions connected with the manu- facture of linen and rope.In later years he devoted himself to scientific farming at Glenravel. He was a member of the Grand Jury of the County of Antrim and was a Justice of the Peace. In his youth he was a remark- able athlete with records of 23 feet 4 inches for the long jump 10 1-5 seconds for the hundred yards and 108 yards for throwing the cricket ball. He won the Gold Cross a t the Irish Inter-Collegiate Sports in 1873. ARCHIBALD KLINU died a t Tunbridge Wells on 20th May in his 66th year. He entered Anderson’s College Glasgow in 1880 and after completing hip course in chemistry and other sciences continued as Assistant to Professor Dittmar until 1888 when he was elected a Fellow of the Institute.Two years later he joined the staff of Messrs. Brunner Mond & Co. with whom he continued as a research chemist until his retirement about ten years ago. BENEDICT KITTO died a t Stroud Green on 13th May in his 88th year. He studied chemistry privately and a t the Royal College of Science. For 8 years he was lecturer to the Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devon and practised as an analytical chemist a t Camborne holding also the appointment of public analyst for the County of Cornwall. Later he was 172 for five years Manager of the Experimental Laboratory of the Rio Tinto Mining Co. before he established a practice as an analytical chemist and assayer in London which he continued until his death.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. EDWARD JAMES HENRY MIDWINTER who died a t Brighton on 21st March in his 76thyear was educated a t the City of London School and a t the Royal College of Chemistry where he worked under Edward Frankland. In 1868 he obtained an appointment as Assistant to Dr. Letheby whom he assisted until 1876 subsequently holding a similar position with Dr. 0. Meymott Tidy Analyst to the Home Office. He qualified in medicine in 1879 but continued in chemistry for some time before he took up general medical practice first at Barnet then at Fleet in Hampshire and Gnally at Anerley until his retirement in 1908. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1880. FREDERICK MOLLWO PERRIN died at Baron’s Court London W.on the 24th May in his 59th year. The youngest son of Sir William Henry Perkin he was educated at Amersham Hall School Reading and studied science a t the Royal College of Science London at Heriot-Watt College and the University Edinburgh at Owen’s College Manchester and at the University of Wurzburg where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. From 1897 to 1909 he was head of the Chemistry Department at the Borough Polytechnic and thereafter established a consulting practice with laboratories at London and a t Harrow devoting special attention to problems connected with electro-chemistry the carbonisation of coal the production of smokeless fuel and the utilisation of peat. He was one of the founders of the Faraday Society of which he was Treasurer from 1903 to 1917 and was a Past President of the Paint and Varnish Society and first President of the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association (1918-1920).He was Technical Adviser to the Committee on the Production of Oil from Cannel Coal and Allied Minerals Honorary Secretary of the British Science Guild from 1908-1916 and was a member of the Juries for the Franco-British Exhibition 1908 and the Brussels International Exhibition 1910 Turin International Exhibition 191 1 and the Ghent International Exhibition 1913. He was the author of “ Practical Methods of Electrochemistry,” “ Qualitative Inorganic and Organic Chemistry,” “ Practical Methods of Inorganic Chemistry,” “The Metric System,” and a “Textbook of Elementary Chemistry,” in addition to numerous contributions to the “Transactions of the Chemical Society,” the Faraday Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and of Cantor Lectures on Oils delivered before the Royal Society of Arts in 1915.In 1920 he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services rendered to various Government Departments during the War. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1911 and was a member of the Council from 1920 to 1923. ARTHUR JOHN WALKER died from an accident while attempting to ascend Dolly Wagon Pike on Helvellyn on the 19th May in his 28th year. Born at Bramham Yorks. he was educated a t the Leeds Grammar School and a t Queen’s College Oxford where he held the Hasting Scholar- ship from 1919-1923 graduating as B.A.with first-class in the Final Honours School of Chemistry. From 1924 he was a demonstrator in his College and also worked as University Scholar in Physical Science. His researches which were published in the Journal of the Chemical Society gained him the further degree of B.Sc. Subsequently he obtained an appointment at the Rothamsted Experimental Station Harpenden which he still held a t the time of his death. He was elected tin Associate of the Institute in 1926. 173 Notes. Dr. John Augustus Voelcker has been appointed a Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire. The Imperial Service Order has been conferred on Mr. David Allan Gracey Superintending Chemist Government Laboratory. British Association f o r t h e Advancement of Science.- The annual meeting of the British Association will be held at Glasgow from 5th to 12th September under the presidency of Sir William Bragg.Professor E. C. C. Baly will be the Sectional President for Chemistry. Particulars may be obtained on application to the Secretary British Association Burlington House Piccadilly London W.I. Weyman Memorial Fund.-A Fund is being raised to provide for the education of the three children of the late Dr. Geoffrey Weyman Chief Chemist to the Newcastle-on-Tyne and Gateshead Company from 1910 to 1927. The promoters of the fund are making a general appeal to the chemical and gas industries since they desire that it should be regarded as a tribute to his outstanding work in connection with the carbonisation of coal and the purification of gas.The Benevolent Fund Com- mittee of the Institute has been authorised to supplement the Fund and generally to co-operate in the scheme. Lead-Tet ra-Et hyl.-The Committee appointed to inquire into the danger arising from the use of lead tetra-ethyl in motor spirit consists of :-Chairman Sir Frederick Willis chairman of the Control Board ; Departmental represent atives-Ministry of Health Sir George Buchanan; Home Office Dr. Bridge Senior Medical Inspector of Factories; Air Ministry Mr. Pye Deputy Director of Scientific Research ; Medical Research Council Sir Charles Martin Director of the Lister Institute; Sir Robert Robertson Government Chemist ; War Office Major Galwey Director of Experiments in Chemical Warfare; Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Dr.Lander Director of Fuel Research ; non-official members-Mr. A. Chaston Chapman Sir William Willcox and Prof. H. B. Dixon. Lecture.-On the 12th April at 83 Pall Mall the Registrar gave his lecture on “Alchemists in Art and Literature” before the London Section of the Institute of Metals. 174 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part 11 1928 the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Ins ti tu t e :- “Cement Works Chemists A Handbook for.” F. B. Gatehouse. Third edition. Pp. viii.+172. (London Charles Griffin & Co. Ltd.). 7s. 6d. Calculation of proportions and analysis of raw materials; analysis of fuel lubricants water and kiln gases; cement analysis; analysis and examination of aggregates cement-sand mixtures concrete etc.; notes on cement testing. “ Chemotherapy the Chemistry of.” J. Malcolm Dyson. Pp. vii.+zp. (London Ernest Benn Ltd.). 32s. 6d. Physiological action and the nature of matter; compounds grouped according to chemical composition rather than according to physiological activity ; organic halogen derivatives; simpler compounds of nitrogen; compounds containing the -CO.NH-group ; ammonium bases ; heterocyclic compounds of nitrogen ; compounds of sulphur selenium and tellurium ; organo-metallic compounds. ‘ Creatine and Creatinine.” A. Hunter. Monographs on Bio- chemistry. Pp. vii. f281. (London Longmans Green & Co.Ltd.). 14s. Discovery synthesis and constitution ; preparation and quantitative determination ; biological distribution ; metabolic significance and the immediate origin of urinary creatinine ; physiology of creatine ; creati- nuria; the origin of creatine; bibliography. “Drugs The Chemistry of Crude.” J. E. Driver and G. E. Trease. Pp. vii. +159. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd.). 10s. 6d. An account of the chemistry including the properties preparation and tests for important compounds occurring in drugs aliphatic acids ; fats etc. ; carbohydrates; glucosides; gums tannins; phloroglucinol and anthraquinone derivatives ; colouring matters ; alkaloids ; essential oils ; resins; animal products. JOURNAL REQUIRED.-A copy of “Nature” for July 31st 1926 is required to make up the Institute’s volume for that year but is now out of print.The Council will be glad if any member who has a copy to spare will kindly forward it to the Registrar. 175 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 20th April and 18th May 1928 6 new Fellows were elected 15 Associates were elected to the Fellowship 60 new Associates were elected and 24 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 5 Fellows and I Associate by death. New Fellows. Adam William Gordon B.A. (Oxon.) M.I.Chem.E. The Old House Loughton Essex. Cronshaw Cecil John Turrell B.Sc. (Vict.) Alnwick Prestwich Park Manchester. Knowles Frank East Anglian Institute of Agriculture Chelmsford. Osborne Ernest Thomas M.A.(Oxon.) 3 Upton Road Bexleyheath Kent. Parkes Deric William B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.) 93 Hagley Road Edgbaston Birmingham. Smith Andrew Oakwood Borrowash Derby. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Buist Walter Ferguson B.Sc. (Liv.) 353 Queens’ Drive Stoneycroft Liverpool. Bullock Frederick Cecil B.Sc. (Lond.) St. Helier Parkland Drive Oadby nr. Leicester. Burtt Arnold Wigham M.Sc. (Birm.) Beckingham Rosemary Hill Road Streetly Birmingham. Chignell Guy B.Sc. (Lond.) 2 Milton Road Highgate London N.6. Clutterbuck Percival Walter O.B.E. M.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds) 50 Wyverne Road Chorlton-cum-Hardy Manchester. Constable Frederick Hun M.A. (Cantab.) Ph.D. (Lond.) St. John’s College Cambridge. Ellis Oliver Coligny de Champfleur M.Sc. Ph.D. (Manc.) 11 Den Bank Avenue Sheffield.Fallows Leonard M.A. (Cantab.) 90 Belgrave Road New Moston Manchester. Halton Philip M.Sc. (Lond.) 9h.D. (Cantab.) Research Association of British Flour Millers St. Albans Herts. Jones Daniel Evans M.Sc. (Wales) Coedhir Dolygaer Merthyr Tydfil. Leather Alfred Norman B.Sc. (Lond.) 423 Old Chester Road Rock Ferry Cheshire. Lowndes; John Chemistry Department? St. Thomas’s Hospital London S.E.l. Milne Geoffrey M.Sc. (Leeds) Department of Agriculture The Univer- sity Leeds. Thomas Fred M.Sc. (Wales) Glenthorne Walmley Road Erdington Birmingham. Walker George Hugh Ph.D. (Liv.) 166 Lord Street Southport. 176 New Associates. Aiyar Swaminatha Subrahmanya B.Sc. (Madras) M.Sc. Ph.D. (Wis.) Mysore Iron Works Bhadravati Mysore State India.Andrews Harry B.Sc. (Lond.) Roselea St. Albans Road Garston Watford Herts. Ballantine Erik Dean B.Sc. (Glas.) 8 Eglinton Drive Glasgow W.2. Bessey George Edward H.M. Building Research Station Bucknalls Lane Brandt Alfred B.Sc. (Lond.) 18 Crosby Road North Waterloo Liver- Browne Leonard Tremellen B.Sc. (WaIes) 21 Kingsland Road Victoria Campbell Malcolm Colin A.C.G.F.C. Park Gate Hotel Bayswater Road Clews Francis Herbert M.Sc. (Birm,) Brendon St. Anthony’s Drive Cooke Thomas Henry B.Sc. (Birm.) 8 Brandwood Road King’s Heath Cox Eric Ernest Chemistry Department University ColIege Newport Garston Watford Herts. pool. Park Cardiff. London W.2. Westlands Newcastle-under-Lyme Staffs. Birmingham. Road Cardiff. Davies Emyr Conwy Pulrose Derby Road Rock Ferry Birkenhead.Deeley. Leslie Norman B.Sc. (Birm.) 72 Nicholls Street %’rest Bromwich Staffs. Doyne Humphrey Cathair M.A. ( Oxon.) Lands and Forests Department Freetown Sierra Leone. Dunn John Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) 12 Spa Road Melksham Wilts. Dunn Richard Trevor B.Sc. (Wales) Leason Reynoldston Swansea Glam. Elson Leslie Alderman B.Sc. (Lond.) Ivanhoe Heather nr. Leicester. Foster Frank B.Sc. (Leeds) Station Road Brockholes Huddersfield. Fraser Bertie Rodger l3.S~. (St. Andrews) c/o Assam Oil Co. Ltd. Digboi P.O. Upper Assam India. Gaskin John George Noel B.Sc. (Lond.) 18 Grove Parade East Finchley London N.2. Hampton Horace Arthur B.Sc. (Birm.) 13 Arch Hill Street Netherton Dudley Worcs. Hanson Norman William B.Sc.(Wales) Glenalmond Llanbadarn Fawr Aberystwyth Cardiganshire. Hartley Leonard B.Sc. (Lond.) 136 Duke’s Avenue Muswell Hill London N.10. Heap Tom M.Sc. Ph.D. (Vict.) 120 Church Road New Mills nr. Stockport. Hogg Wilfrid Henry B.Sc. (Lond.) 36 Mayfield Road Wylde Green Birmingham. Hopkinson Gerald A.M.C.T. 38 Second Avenue West Thurrock Grays Essex. Hornby Clement Denton M.Sc. (Leeds) c/o Mrs. Hopkins Berwyn Serpentine Road Poole Dorset. Jones Cyril William Hart B.Sc. (Lond.) 37 Penn Road Holloway London N.7. Khwaja Abdul Hamied B.Sc. (Allahabad) Ph.D. (Berlin) Masud Manzil Aligarh U.P. India. Mansfield Albert Richard 46 Linden Road Bournville Birmingham. McIntyre Joseph 44 Ardoch Crescent Stevenston Ayrshire.Ochse Oscar Lennox New Modderfontein Gold Mining Co. Ltd. P.O. Van Ryn Transvaal S. Africa. 177 Pattle Horace Leonard B.Sc. (Lond.) Wistaria House Cattawade Manningtree Essex. Peachey Cyril George M.Sc.Eng. (Witwatersrand) Onverwacht Platinum Ltd. P.O. Steelpoort Transvaal S. Africa. Peutherer Willison Bryce Hope Cottage Winchburgh. Pike Richard Edwin B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. c/o Dr. S. Judd Lewis F.I.C. Bank Chambers 329 High Holborn London W.C.l. Pitter Albert Vincent Ph.D. (Bris.) 19 Hatherley Road Bishopston Bristol. Preece Isaac Arthur B.Sc. (Birm.) 92 Pershore Road Edgbaston Birmingham. Rapps Norman Frank B.Sc. (Lond.) 40 Clifton Road Crouch End London N.8. Raper Cyril Kentish B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 18 Ashlake Road Streatham London S.W.16.Reece William Henry B.Sc. B.Sc.Eng. (Lond.) c/o Leyland and Birming- ham Rubber Co. Ltd. Leyland nr. Preston. Rogaris Edward Stanley Fairfield 1 Ash Grove Seaforth Liverpool. Steele Alfred Raymond B.Sc. (Lond.) University College Nottingham. Strathdee Roy Brown M.A. B.Sc. (Aberd.) Ph.D. (Cantab.) c/o Far- quharson 17 Albyn Place Aberdeen. Swanney. John YViMam B.Sc. (Edin.) 13 Falcon Gardens Edinburgh. Symes Thomas Edward M.Sc. (Lond.) 3 Princes Street North Exeter. Taylor Miss Katherine Frieda B.Sc. (Wales) 3 Woodland Place Penarth Clam. Taylor Miss Sarah B.Sc. (Manc.) 25 High Street Epsom Surrey. Thomson Miss Hilda Grierson B.Sc. (Glas.) 15 Cresswell Street Hillhead Glasgow. Vatchagandhy Jal B.Sc. (Bombay) M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) 22 Dartmouth Road Chorlton-cum-Hardy Manchester.Venis Reginald Jeremiah B.Sc. (Lond.) c/o Trinidad Leaseholds Ltd. Pointe-a-Pierre Trinidad B.W.I. Wainwright Charles B.Sc. (Lond.) 8 Kingsdown Avenue West Ealing London W.13. Wales Albert Eric B.Sc. (Leeds) 128 Gowthorpe Selby Yorks. Ward Harold George Tresco Cornwall Road Sutton Surrey. Ward Robert 74 Queen's Drive Mossfey Hill Liverpool. Watson Henry Adams Station House Uphall West Lothian. Williams Leslie Henry B.Sc (Lond.) 7 1 Empress Avenue Woodford Green Essex. Wilson James Gilmour B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.T.C. Netherby Milngavie nr. Glasgow. WTilson Robert B.Sc. (Glas.) 123 Retford Road Handsworth Sheffield. Wilson Thomas Norman Gold Kinver Headrigg Road West Kilbride Ayrshire. Yeates Reginald Leslie M.Sc.(Lond.) 54 Belgrave Road VC'anstead London E.ll. New Students. Balloch Alexander 33 Great Western Road Glasgow. Bateman John Burraston Highstanding Windsor Road Babbacombe Torquay. Booton Joseph 37 Dean Street Hamer Rochdale Lancs. Bradford Bernard William 147 Windmill Street Gravesend Kent. Brasher Miss Dora Mary 3 Chobham Road Woking Surrey. Buchanan George Hotchbiss CFLrrick View Mitchell Place Saltcoats Ayrshire. 178 Duncan John Ronald Macfarlane 9 Norse Road Scotstoun Glasgow. Elwes Eric Vincent 28 Conville Boulevard Bebington Cheshire. Fuller Albert Henry 13 Park View Beeston Hill Leeds. Garton Miss Geraldine Constance 145 Adelaide Road Hampstead London N.W.3. Gernaey August Henri Adolf 74 George Lane South Woodford Essex.Gray Arthur John 63 Frinton Road London E.6. James George Harold Main Street Branston Burton-on-Trent. Johnston Alexander Mount Blow Balfron Stirlingshire. Kirkpatrick William Ford 1 Springvalley Terrace Edinburgh. Leslie Robert Edward 11 1 Broughton Road Edinburgh. Lundie Geoffrey David Merton College Oxford. McLean John 3 Aigas Cottages Anniesland Glasgow. Milner Francis Highgland 7 ~ North Road Highgate Licyrdon N.6. Nisbet Frank Lochbridge North Berwick. Powell Donald Waring 113 Muswell Hill Road London N.10. Rolt William Frederick 12 Sudbourne Road Brixton London S.W.2. Seward-Turner Miss Elsie Caroline Mary Grove Lodge Grove Road Epsom Surrey. Spinks John William Tranter 38 Newtown Thetford Norfolk. DEATHS. Fellows.Walter Johnson Cooper. John Frederick William Hodges. Benedict Kitto. Archibald Kling. Frederick Mollwo Perkin C.B.E. Ph.D. Associate. Arthur John Walker B.A. B.Sc. 179 General Notices. Examinations,-Candidates will be examined for the Associateship and for the Fellowship from the 17th to aand and from 24th to 29th September. The list of entries for the September Examinations will close on Monday the 16th July. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize f o r Students.- A medal and prize for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words on “The Importance of General Education to the Professional Chemist” will be awarded in January 1929 and presented at the next annual general meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides on or before the 31st December 1928 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the indefiendent work of the competitor. The Committee of each Local Section wilt be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be most worthy of the award. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council.On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. Meldola Medal.-The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year 180 ending 3Ist December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. Further particulars may be obtained from the Registrar.The Council will be glad to have attention directed (before 1st January 1929) to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1928 will be made in January 1929. Beil by Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents the Honorary Treasurers and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Counril desires to encourage all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possible. The attention of Associates elected prior to June 1gz5 who have since been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry is directed to the syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. 181 Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their position are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Exaniinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library,-TheLibrary of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays 10 a.m. and I pm.) except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books.Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. 182 The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum South Kensington has notified the Council that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Students and research workers frequently require books on a variety of subjects other than those of their special study so that books which can be obtained easily from other Institutions would not ordinarily be lent by the Science Library. The Science Library however contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science and arrangements have now been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these and the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library that may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (cost about IS. 2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co. Ltd. 17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.2 to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms buckram case IS. zd.; binding 2s. 9d.; postage and packing 9d.; in all 4s.8d. Lantern Slides f o r Lectures.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. The slides have lately been used extensively in many parts of the country. Members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. 183 Annual Chemical Dinner 9th November 7 928.- Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to participate in the arrangements for the Annual Chemical Dinner which will be held in London at the Connaught Rooms on Friday the 9th November at 7 for 7.30 p.m. Dr. G. C. Clayton C.B.E. M.P. has kindly consented to take the Chair and will be accompanied by Mrs. Clayton. The Dinner will be followed by music and dancing. Further particulars will be announced in due course. Hon. Secretaries. Sections. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Birmingham and Midlands Dr. F. W. Norris A.R.C.S. A.I.C. 91 Witherford Way Selly Oak Birmingham. Bristol and South-Western A. W. M. Wintle F.I.C. 6 Glentworth Counties Road Redland Bristol. Cape of Good Hope Dr. C. F. Juritz M.A. F.I.C. Villa Marina Three Anchor’s Bay Cape Town South Africa. Edinburgh and East of Scotland J. W. Ingham M.Sc. F.I.C. Dept. of Chemistry Heriot-Watt College Edin- burgh. Glasgow and West of Scotland Huddersfield Ireland (Belfast) , (Dublin) Dr. P. F. Gordon F.I.C. Royal Technical College Glasgow. H. S. Pink M.Sc. A.I.C. 18 Longley Road J. C. A. Brierley M.Sc. F.I.C. Brobenadt Dr. A. G. G. Leonard F.I.C. 18 Belgrave H. J. Hodsman M.B.E. M.Sc. F.I.C. Dept. H. E. Monk B.Sc. F.I.C. 27 Kenwyn Huddersfield. North Circular Road Belfast. Road Dublin. of Fuel The University Leeds. Road Wallasey Cheshire. of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London Leeds Area Liverpool and North- Western London and South-Eastern E. B. Hughes M.Sc. F.I.C. c/o The Institute Counties Malaya Manchester and District Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast New Zealand South Wales W.C.1. V. R. Greenstreet A.C.G.F.C. A.I.C. Dept. of Agriculture Kuala Lumpur F.M.S. Dr. Albert Coulthard F.I.C. 136 Barlow Moor Road West Didsbury Manchester. F. H. Walker B.Sc. A.I.C. 17 Chester Street Newcastle-on-Tyne. W. Rest Mummery F.I.C. Box 2 Aramoho Wanganui New Zealand. Dr. A. G. Ramsay A.I.C. 4 Hawthorne Avenue Uplands Swansea. Ins tit u te of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). Hon. Secretary NORMAN STUART jun., 11 Platts Lane Hampstead N.W.3.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9285200127

出版商:RSC    

年代:1928

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY THE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. 1928. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1885 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Registrar aid Secrefrrry. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER 30 RUSSELL SQUARE LONDON W.C. 1. August 192 5'. Publications Committee 1928-29 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Chnirmair) ARTHUR SMITH ELLS (President) P. E. BOWLES A. J. CHAPMAN F. D . CHATTAWAY W. CLAYTON J. C. DRUMMOND LEWIS EYNON W. H. GIBSON C. M. W. GRIEB G. G. HENDERSON H. H. HODGSON PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasuret.) A. W. KNAPP. A. G. G. LEONARD. W. MARSHALL B. G. McLELLAN C. A. MITCHELL H. E. MONK D. F. TWISS J. A WATSON A. W. M. WINTLE. 187 Proceedings of the Council.J U N E-AUG UST 1 928. Pedler Research Scholarship.-In June it was reported that the Council had decided to utilise the income from the legacy bequeathed to the Institute by the late Sir Alexander Pedler with accrued interest now representing a sum of over E ~ O O O for the provision of a scholarship to be known as the Pedler Scholar- ship; that the Scholarship would be of the value of &so per annum and would be open to Fellows and Associates of the Institute. It was decided that the Scholar should be required to undertake work on a problem or problems to be chosen by the Council and that in selecting the problem the Council would have regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest. Fellows and Associates were invited to suggest suitable problems for investigation under this scheme and the Pedler Fund Committee was requested to announce the problem and to invite applications from candidates for the Scholarship.On a report from the Committee the Council has decided that the value of the Scholarship be increased to ;6300 per annum and that applications be invited from candidates who are willing to work on one of the following problems:- (a) Study of the sterols of natural fats with a view to their quantitative separation and diagnostic value. (b) Determination of sugars of common occurrence in their mixtures with special reference to foods. (c) Methods for the determination of casein albumin and globulin in milk and consideration of any points arising therefrom.Applications are accordingly invited from Fellows and Asso- ciates who desire to become candidates for the Scholarship subject to such conditions as the Council may prescribe including the following :- The Pedler Scholar will not be permitted to hold any other Scholarship or Bursary except with the knowledge and consent of the Council. The award will be of the annual value of f1300 as stated payable monthly and be tenable for one calendar year but 188 at the discretion of the Council may be extended for any further period at the same rate. The work shall be conducted in a laboratory approved by the Council and under the general direction of any person or persons duly authorised by the Council for this purpose who shall report to the Pedler Fund Committee from time to time as required.The Council will defray the expenses of the research out of the Pedler Fund all such expenses being subject to the approval of the Council or of any officer duly authorised for this purpose. The results of the investigations undertaken by the Scholar shall be the property of the Institute and shall be published as the Council may direct. Any such publication however shall be in the name of the Scholar solely. Applications for the Scholarship should be addressed to the Registrar so that they be received at the offices of the Institute not later than Monday the 24th September. It is hoped that the candidate may be informed of his or her appointment before the 1st October with a view to commencing work as soon as possible after that date.Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Bill.-The Consolidation Bill on the subject of food and drugs adulteration introduced in the House of Lords by Viscount Gage on the 23rd May was read a second time on 12th June when Lord Buckmaster indicated the desirability of certain amendments. The Marquess of Salisbury in reply intimated that the Government was unlikely to accept any amendment in a Bill the purpose of which was to consolidate the existing law; but the Public Appointments Committee of the Institute acting in co-operation with the Council of the Society of Public Analysts felt that the action of the Government in introducing a consolidating bill without considering amendments which are pressing and necessary was likely to postpone inde- finitely the opportunities of placing this legislation on a sound footing.It was considered desirable therefore to address a letter to the public press on the matter and the following appeared in The Times and the Moyi~.i?%g Post on July 9th and 10th respectively:- Sm,-The Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Bill was introduced into the House of Lords as a Government measure and according to the Prime Minister’s statement of business to be taken time is to be given by the House of Commons for its passage this Session. The Bill is intituled “An Act to consolidate ths Sale of Food and Drugs Acts.” As it is a consolidating 189 and not an amending Bill it would appear first that it should not include any provisions which &lter the effect of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts; and secondly that no amendment altering the law could be accepted.We complain about this Bill because it is merely to consolidate and not to amend. Even as a consolidating Bill it does not bring under one Act all the Acto and Regulations to which those concerned with the production and control of food-public analysts and others-must have regard the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts themselves being only a part of the legislation safeguarding the purity of food. The defects which time and experience have revealed in the old Acts are not remedied; inconsistencies and contradictions are perpetuated and no attempt is made or apparently can be made in this Bill to bring the Acts more into conformity with modern conditiom and present-day requirements.Since 1875 the date of the parent Act great changes have taken place in the methods of the manufacture and distribution of food. Many of these changes have been of immense value to the consuming public in fact had they not been introduced the population of this country could not be supplied with the variety of food to which it now has accesg. These changes are not however unattended with dangers and it is because we believe that legislation of to-day should take cognizance of the conditions of to-day and if possible provide for the conditions of to-morrow that we address this letter. Comparison of our food laws with those of many foreign countries and of our Colonies provides a striking contrast in the treatment of this matter not we think to the credit of this country.We fear that the passage of this consolidating Bill perpetuating that which is faulty or obsolete along with that which is good will result in the postponement of that new and amending legislation which we believe to be necessary. It is difficult within the limits of a letter to deal except in very general terms with this complicated question but the bodies we represent are anxious to contribute to the improvement of our food laws and desire to call public attention to the inadequate treatment of the matter by Government and Parliament. Yours faithfully ARTHUR SIIIIITHELLS Preuident Imtitute of Chemistry of &eat Bcitain and Irehnd. EDWARD HINKS President Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chrniats.30 Rwell Square W.C.1. July 6th. The Society of Public Analysts through its Solicitors and Parliamentary Agents represented certain pressing matters relating to the measure to the Clerk of Joint Committee on the Bill and these received attention but feeling that it was desirable that further publicity should be given to the views of the Councils of the Institute and the Society the following letter was com- municated to all Members of the House of Lords and the House of Commons :- s= FOOD AND DRUGS (ADULTERATION) BILL. You may have noticed in the issues of The Times and the Morning Post of the 9th July a letter from Professor Arthur Smithells (President 190 of the Institute of Chemistry) and Mr.Edward Rinks (President of the Society of Public Analysts) deploring the circumstance that the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Bill which is now under consideration by a Joint Committee is intended to reproduce in consolidated form the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts but not to amend them. You may also have observed that on 11th July a short leader was published in The Times supporting the view that this objection is a sound one. The Bill is not a complete consolidation of the existing food legislation since it does not consolidate the following:- (1) The Milk and Dairies Amendment Act 1922.-Under this Act the addition to milk of colouring matter or of water (without respect to the Sale of Milk Regulations) or of reconstituted milk is for- bidden.(2) Bread Acts Amendment Act 1922.-This Act deals with self- raising flour. ( 3 ) Public Health (Regulations as to Food) Act 1907.-Since 1923 important Regulations (Condensed Milk Dried Milk and Pre- servatives) have been made by the Ministry of Health. Under the Bill the standards laid down in these Regulations are to be taken as determining the question of injuriousness to health and the nature substance and quality; but the remaining provisions relating to the statutory declarations of equivalent pints and the labelling of condensed milk and the declaration of the presence of preservatives in specified articles are not included in the consolidating Bill. The Bill contains inconsistencies and contradictions of which the following are examples :- (a) According to the Bill salt is a preservative; but according to the Preservative Regulations it is not.(b) Section 7 (4) contemplates the permission of preservative in butter and margarine whereas any preservative is prohibited by 1 (4) and 2 (4). (c) The definition of milk-blended butter (section 34) would include certain reconstituted creams and hence such would be limited to 24 per cent. of water,-which would be absurd. (d) The percentage of butter-fat in margarine is limited to 10 per cent. of the f a t content in 6 (2) and to 10 per cent. of the whole of the margarine in 12 (1) (f). (e) Margarine containing more than 16 per cent. of water may not be imported or consigned or be prepared for sale in a margarine factory; but there is no prohibition on the retail sale of such margarine.The limit of water in butter in a factory and on importation is similarly regulated in the Bill but the limit in the case of retail sale depends upon the Sale of Butter Regulations 1902 and the wording in the Regulations leaves the maximum limit as pre- sumptive only. cf) The reference to “nature,” “substance” or “quality” in 12 (4) should be in a form corresponding to the improved form used in 2 (1). The Bill moreover perpetuates the following defects :- (u) In the caw of packet goods or other articles sold in the same state as received there is no adequate machinery for proceeding against 191 the real offender; either the retail trader is unjustly punished or the public is not protected.It is to be observed that under Section 7 of the Preservative Regulations (which are not included in the new Bill) provision is made for proceeding &gainst a previous seller a t the same time aa or instead of the retailer. The subject of misdescription of certain foods calls for attention. The absence of satisfactory definitions has led to many difficulties. Under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts the only articles for which there is power to make Regulations as to composition are milk cream butter margarine cheese and condensed milk; the powers in respect of cream and cheese have not been exercised. Section 17 (1) restricts the submission of sa‘yples to the public analyst to cases where the sampling officer suspects” offences.The duty of a sampling officer is to take samples of all kinds of foodstuffs sold within his area for submission to the public analyst. Sampling officers are not generally in a position to deterrnine whether a sample should be suspected; most offences would escape detection if section 17 (1) were strictly followed. Section 18 (1) (c) however introduces a further complication by the use of the words “if he thinks fit,” which are inconsistent with 17 (1). As affording particular examples in which the defects of the Acts and the necessity for amendment are shown mention may be made of custard powder and egg powder. Here the names of two well-known and valuable foods-custard and egg-have been used to describe articles which may have none of the constituents of either custard or egg.Owing to the absence of legal regulation trade custom has established the sale of these articles and if not checked will establish that of many similarly misdescribed articles of food. Section 4 which provides protection in respect of mixed artioles labelled as such needs far more careful definition; very small though legible print is employed to deceive the public. The composition of such widely used foods as cheese cream and cream cheese is not legally regulated though powers for such regulation exist. In the absence of regulation a cream containing 50 per cent. of fat is “genuine,” but so also is one containing only 20 per cent. or even less. A cream cheese containing less fat than ordinary whole-milk hard cheese is “genuine,” equally with a rich high-fat cream cheese though its creaminew is due more to water than to anything else.Even with regard to milk which is subject to regulations the position is far from satisfactory. It is submitted that it is not right that what is in effect a skimmed milk (deficient in fat owing to incomplete milking) should be legal food for human consumption whilst the richer portion of the millr may be left with the cow for her calf; yet that is the law at the present time. Amendment in the direction of more powers for regulating composition for legal defhition and for the establishment of legal standards where desirable and possible is what the food laws require. The question of vitamin activity of foods may a t the moment be in too uncertain a state for legal regulation but it has to be envisaged for the future.Amendment of the financial clauses of the Acts-as perpetuated in ssotions 15 and 17 of the Bill-should accompany amendment in other The InatitUte of Chemistry and the Society of Public Anrtlysts admit respects. that the desired reforms must be gradual and must be preceded by due enquiry but feel that the powers to initiate the reforms should be given 192 immediately. The amendment of the Acts in many particulars is long overdue and it is feared that the passage of this consolidating Bill per- petuating that which is faulty or obsolete along with that which is good will only result in the postponement of new and amending legislation which is absolutely necessary.The process of consolidation without amendment is very largely a waate of time and in any case it is suggested that it would be advantageous if representatives of the personnel mainly responsible for the actual administration of the Acts-namely the public analysts themselves-were called into consultation in connection with this matter. In asking you to give consideration to the views herein expressed which affect the food supplies of the whole community I am desired to remind you that the Institute of Chemistry has been established for over 50 years and is incorporated by Royal Charter. Further that under the Regula- tions as to competency of Public Analysts issued by the Ministry of Health its diplomas of Fellowship and Associateship together with the certificate of having passed the examination in the chemistry (and micros- copy) of food and drugs are accepted as evidence that the holders are qualified for appointment as public analysts.The public analysts of the country are very nearly all Fellows of the Institute and constitute a very efficient service. The Society of Public Analysts which has also been in existence for over 50 years has been devoted to the study of analytical chemistry with special relation to the adulteration of articles of food and drugs and com- mercial products and its detection and has throughout that period pub- lished The Analyst which constitutes a record of our advances in the knowledge of the chemistry of food and drugs. It is felt therefore that the Institute and the Society may with good reason look for consideration of their views in matters of this kind since their aim is to secure efficient service and administration.I am Sir Your obedient Servant RICHARD B. PILCHER Registrar and Secretary of the Institute of Chemietry. 23rd July 1928. Notwithstanding the representations referred to above the Bill with some slight modifications was passed on 3rd August and the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act 1928 will come into operation on 1st January 1929. It remains to be seen how difficulties will be met when matters affected by points which have been overlooked in hurrying this measure through both Houses of Parliament arise in connection with prosecutions under the new Act and how soon the Government will proceed with the promised amending legislation which is so long overdue.Forensic Chemistry.-A Fellow of the Institute recently called as a witness in a poisoning case which he had been asked to investigate on applying for his fees was offered 7s. and on his protesting was then allowed a guinea " qualifying fee " in addition to 7s. for attendance at court. On his communicating 193 with the Institute the Fellow was reminded of the reference to this subject which appeared in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part V 1925 wherein the Council acknowledged the valuable advice given by Sir Archibald Bodkin the Director of Public Prosecutions regarding the fees and allowance to professional witnesses in criminal cases which may be briefly recapitulated.Under regulations dated 14th June 1904 made by the Secre- tary of State under the Criminal Justice Administration Act 1851 allowances are prescribed to legal and medical men and the section also deals with allowances to expert witnesses for attend- ing to give evidence including where necessary an allowance for qualifying to give evidence. Allowances to such witnesses are in the discretion of the Court (in actual practice on Circuit of the Clerk of Assize; or in London of the Clerk of the Central Criminal Court; or at Quarter Sessions the Clerk of the Peace of the County or Borough). I t is clearly advisable that members should endeavour to secure proper recognition for their services especially for the preliminary work and investigation through which the chemical witness becomes qualified to give relevant evidence.Where taxing masters fail to appreciate the position of the professional chemist engaged in such matters they should be fully informed with regard to the length of time occupied on work relative to the evidence and as to the difficulties of the investigations involved. Should the taxing master not respond to such representations an appeal should be made to the Court since the Court itself is really required to make the allowances. In the case in question the witness eventually received an adequate fee from the Director of Public Prosecutions. Public Appointments.-In June the Institute was notified of the proposed appointment of a public analyst to act jointly for the administrative counties of Cambridge Hunting- don and the Isle of Ely and for the municipal boroughs of Cambridge and King’s Lynn.The conditions for this appoint- ment required candidates to be Fellows or Associates of the Institute who had passed the examination in the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water or to produce evidence that they had attained an equivalent standard of competence in each of the three subjects specified and to set up a laboratory in Cambridge. The terms for the appointment were E250 per annum salary and a fee of 5s. for each sample of 194 food and drugs; the public analyst was to be required to under- take the analysis of water for district councils and private persons at 15s. per sample and to be allowed to engage in private practice or in any work that did not interfere with his duties as public analyst; the appointment to be subject to six months notice.The Council decided that the appointment should not be notified on the Appointments Register of the Institute and addressed a letter to the Clerk to the Cambridgeshire County Council expressing the hope that the authorities would not proceed with the appointment without further consideration of the terms and conditions pointing out that the arrangement whereby a fixed salary was allowed with a fee of 5s. for each sample was unsatisfactory in that as the number of samples was increased the value of the fixed salary was depreciated and further that a fee of 15s. per sample for the analysis of water was quite inadequate.At the same time it was reported that the advertisement Manager of Chemistry and Industry on the authority of the President and Honorary Treasurer of the Society of Chemical Industry had withheld the advertisement of the appointment from his journal pending the decision of the Council of the Institute. On being informed of the action of the Council the advertisement was not published in Chemistry and Industry ; it appeared however in one scientific journal and it was as- certained later that the appointment had been notified to a number of universities and colleges. The Council of the Institute expressed its appreciation of the action of the Society of Chemical Industry in this matter which was then referred to the Public Appointments Commit tee.It was clear that the public analyst would have to consider the outlay involved in acquiring a laboratory properly equipped for the work and would have to take into account the small pro- bability of supplementing his official duties by private practice in a non-industrial neighbourhood. The total emoluments on the statistics given by the authorities amounted to k475 per annum out of which the analyst was expected to provide a laboratory rent rates taxes assistance and apparatus. The Public Appointments Committee in reviewing the matter decided that it would be desirable for the Registrar to interview representatives of the authorities concerned and on the introduction of Mr. J. E. Purvis F.I.C.an Alderman (and now Mayor-Elect) of the 195 Borough of Cambridge he was afforded opportunities of meeting several such representatives to whom were subsequently sent letters emphasising the following points :- 1. The extent of the education and experience necessary to obtain the qualifications for appointment as public analyst,-a minimum of seven years. 2. The importance and responsibility of the position. 3. The importance of reliable and frequent examination of water supplies in the interests of the public health. 4. (Regarding the terms of appointment).-The outlay involved in establishing and maintaining a laboratory; the fact that no suggestion had been made that the amount of salary would be increased if and when number of samples of food and drugs was increased; that the proposed remuneration would barely snfEce to maintain the laboratory and that the public analyst would need to look to private practice to provide him with the means of livelihood.5. That whereas it had been contended by the authorities that the retiring public analyst had been satisfied and “had done very well,” as a matter of fact he had held the appointments for over 50 years but had not found them profitable. His emoluments had only been very slightly increased notwithstanding the changed conditions and greatly increased cost of living and of maintaining his laboratory during and since the war. (It appeared to be very doubtful whether a new practitioner in Cambridge would secure more than a few casual samples apart from these connected with his official appointments.) 6 .That the authorities were seriously limiting the choice of suitable candidates by the inadequacy of the terms proposed. In reply to a request for suggestions as to the revision of the terms the Registrar expressed the opinion that the retaining fee should be raised to at least l400 per annum plus 5s. per sample EI 11s. 6d. Even on that basis the total would amount to only of food and drugs and that the fee for water analysis should be L643 gross from the authorities and he thought that few suitable candidates would consider these terms sufiiciently attractive especially seeing that chemists possessing the qualifications required for the position were rarely without employment and unless they had private means must realise the risk in giving up their present appointments in order to become candidates for a position offering doubtful prospects.A Joint Committee of representatives of the five local authorities concerned which had been appointed to deal with the matter received two applications one of which was from a member of the Institute who possessed the necessary qualifica- tions and eventually accepted the appointment. While the representations of the Institute may in cases of this kind be to some extent nullified by the action of its own members who are prepared to accept appointments in the hope 196 of obtaining improved conditions subsequently or for other personal reasons the Council feels that it is very necessary on suitable occasions to inform the local authorities as to the nature of the training and qualifications required for the practice of chemistry in the hope that they may realise that the extent of the education and experience required for public appointments of this character are at least equivalent to those necessary for the practice of any other learned profession and that a public analyst has the right to a prospect of earning an income comparable to that of any other professional officer of similar standing.The position of public analyst is of such responsibility that the conditions attaching to it should be such as will attract candidates of the highest ability standing and experience possessing the personal qualifications which are necessary in an officer who may be required to represent his authorities in public to give evidence in connection with legal investigations etc.In the present instance also the Council considered it desir- able to emphasise the importance in the interests of the public health of sound work and advice with reference to water supplies and at the same time to deny the right of the local authority to specify the fee for water analysis required by private persons since the public analyst so far as private practice is concerned should be entitled to arrange his fees with his own clients. I t is to be regretted that the Joint Committee appeared to misinterpret the action of the Council and did not consider it desirable to review the terms before proceeding with the appoint- ment; but it is understood that at least one authority will reconsider the matter in twelve month’s time.“Chemical Examiners” in India.-The Council has had correspondence with the India Office with a view to ascertaining more precisely the conditions governing the appointment of Chemical Examiners to the various State Governments in India. Such Chemical Examiners have usually hitherto been selected from officers of the Indian Medical Service and more than twenty years ago the Government decided that in selecting a proba- tioner for the Chemical Examiners’ Department preference should mteris paribus be given to an officer who had passed the Intermediate or Final Examination of the Institute or an equivalent examination and that the appointment as Chemical Examiner should caPteris paribus be given to a probationer who possessed the diploma of Fellow or Associate of the Institute or 197 an equivalent degree or diploma.At the present time several of these appointments are held by members of the Institute and others are held by officers of the Indian Medical Service who are not members of the Institute. The duties which fall to Chemical Examiners involve the analysis of food and drugs toxicological investigations water analysis customs analyses and the examination of a large variety of articles. It appeared to be highly desirable that the standard of knowledge skill and experience required for such appointments should not be less than that required for the position of public analyst for any county or borough in England.It was not sought to criticise the work of any officer holding the appointments or to suggest any sudden change; but the Council of the Institute felt that in the interests of sound administration it would be desirable to ensure that appointments of this kind were entrusted to members of the profession of chemistry which is now so firmly established and that it should not be necessary to consider the appointment of members of any other profession to appointments which are so essentially chemical. A reply has been received to the effect that ChemicalExaminers in India are now appointed by the local governments whose attention has been directed to the suggestions put forward by the Council regarding the qualifications to be required of such officers.Further the Institute has been informed that these appointments are no longer reserved for officers of the Indian Medical Service. Chemists in the Beet Sugar Industry.-The Special Committee appointed by the Council to enquire into the con- ditions of employment of chemists in the Beet Sugar Factories in Great Britain has reported on the replies received from the various companies concerned in answer to the representations made by the Council. One important corporation comprising six factories suggests that there has been misapprehension as to the character of the employment given to men who have been described as “shift chemists I’ or If bench chemists,” and that the word “ chemist” in this connection is entirely a misnomer inasmuch as these employees are unskilled or semi-skilled labourers requiring no scientific education or experience.The corporation draws on ordinary labour to fill these positions. An important group comprising four factories whilst stating they are not obliged to 198 employ (‘ certified” chemists has undertaken that where such chemists are employed on shift work they will work eight hours a day (instead of twelve) except on the change over of the shift when they will work twelve hours and that definite time will be allowed for meals which hitherto has not always been allowed. The extra month’s pay allowed at the end of the campaign is to be dropped but will be included in any adjustment of salaries offered by reason of the reduced number of working hours.Another company finds itself unable to alter the twelve hours shift but promises to give adequate time for meals and that the actual working hours will not really amount to more than eight a day. Three companies state that their chemists and assistants are employed by the year that their hours are short during the inter-campaign period and that the staff is satisfied with the arrangements; and one other company which agrees with the views expressed by the Council of the Institute has replied that their process mainly concerned with drying enables the work to go on all the year round and does not necessitate long hours of working. The Council has expressed its thanks to the companies which have endeavoured to meet its views regarding conditions which have been regarded as unsatisfactory and prejudicial to the health of workers.The correspondence with one corporation is not yet concluded. An announcement recently made by the National Farmers’ Union regarding the recruitment of chemists for the forthcoming campaign offers temporary posts as “ Grower’s Representatives ” at the English Beet Sugar Factories to analytical chemists with a knowledge of sugar analysis at a salary of f16 a week. Vacancies for temporary shift chemists without experience have been offered by the Ipswich Beet Sugar Factory under the eight- hour shift system at ;54 a week instead of %5 under the twelve-hour shift system. Research Associations.-In the JOURNAL AND PRO- CEEDINGS Part 111 1928 (page 130)~ reference was made to the representation made by the Council of the Institute to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research regarding the possible encroachment of Research Associations on the sphere of private practitioners the Council expressing the opinion that since these Associations are subsidised by public funds they should not offer to do routine work which can be undertaken by private consultants.A reply was received to the effect that 199 the Association in question had no idea of competing with the ordinary analyst that the problems undertaken by the Associa- tion were such as did not come within the scope and capacity of the ordinary analyst but required the use of special apparatus possessed and often devised by the staff of the Association.In reply it was pointed out however that the letter of the Council referred to practitioners who had devoted many years of special- ised study and practice to particular industries and the view was expressed that it was the duty of the Research Associations to conduct investigations and to publish the results to their members and therefore that work which was not of the nature of original investigation should not be undertaken by the Association. A further reply was thereupon received from the Department enclosing a letter from the Association stating that consulting work for fees had only been undertaken on a very limited scale and that if such investigations continued to be sent in regularly by its members the Director would suggest that they be re- mitted to professional consultants.“Cover Work.’’-Among the acts defined in the By-laws of the Institute as discreditable to the profession within the meaning of Section 16 (3) of the Royal Charter is that of supplying to other persons not being qualified persons reports or certificates with the knowledge that these persons will issue such reports or certificates as their own work. It is within the knowledge of the Institute that there are still a few companies and firms whose position in relation- to Ithe recognised qualified practitioner in chemistry is analogous to that of the outside stockbroker-or “bucket shop ”-to the Members of the Stock Exchange. It is deemed desirable therefore to warn members against becoming associated with concerns of this character since it is obviously detrimental to the interests of the profession that Fellows or Associates should undertake work for such establishments whose practice is acquired by soliciting and advertising and while they possess no definite scientific organisation themselves offer to do analyti- cal work and to give certificates and reports for publication and to advise on technical problems on information unsuspectedly supplied from better qualified sources.Appoi ntments.-The regulations supplied to members who use the Appointments Register contain a statement to the 200 effect that beyond acquainting those whose names are on the Register with particulars of appointments neither the Institute nor its officers can take part in or be held responsible for any negotiations which may follow.Occasionally the full terms of an appointment are not notified to the Institute and candidates are afterwards asked whether they are prepared to take shares in or otherwise assist financially the enterprise in which they are invited to participate. In some cases these proposals are advanced on a legitimate partnership basis but in others the chemist is expected to invest in shares as a guarantee of good faith in respect of the protection of the trade secrets of the concern in question. Generally speaking a guarantee policy can be effected with one of the well-known insurance companies which undertake this class of business but in any case where such propositions are made the chemist should be careful to safeguard his interests with the aid of a solicitor and a competent accountant .The Regulations.-A revised edition of the Regulations for the Admission of Students Associates and Fellows was published in June and copies may be obtained gratis on application to the Registrar Seventh International CongPess of Photography.- Mr. E. R. Bolton represented the Institute at the Seventh International Congress of Photography which was held under the patronage of Their Majesties the King and Queen in London from 9th to 14th July. U niversi t y Coi iege Notti ngham.-Mr. Patrick Henry Kirkaldy Honorary Treasurer represented the Institute at the opening of the New Buildings of University College Notting- ham by His Majesty the King accompanied by Her Majesty the Queen on 10th July.Soci6t6 de Chimie Industrielle.-Dr. Leslie Herbert Lampitt Member of Council represented the Institute at the Eighth Congress of Industrial Chemistry held at Strasbourg in July * World Power Conference.-Dr. Harold G. Colman Vice- President has been appointed as representative of the Institute to the British National Committee for the Fuel Conference to be held at the Imperial Institute from 24th September to 6th October xg28. 201 Local Sections. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-On 16th June the members of the Section visited the Sewage Disposal Works at Wonford Exeter where they were received by Mr. T. Mould- ing the City Engineer and Mr.Ames representative of the patentees who described and explained the system in operation for the disposal of sewage and demonstrated its efficiency. The small experimental plant in operation at the works is on the activated sludge principle and the method adopted is known as the ‘‘ Simplex ” Surface Aeration Process. The plant was designed and equipped over two years ago and has the settling areas arranged in the corners of the aerating tanks to give an automatic return of the sludge. This design has been satisfactory in operation the effluent produced being uniformly good; but experience at other works has demonstrated that separate settling tanks are preferable because this enables the excess sludge to be removed without stopping the plant for short periods to allow settling.The design with separate settling tanks has now been selected by the Company as the standard design and any future extensions of this process which may be carried out at Exeter will be on this principle. The construction and equipment of the “Simplex” plant is briefly as follows :-Tanks of suitable size are installed the bottoms being coned to convey the sludge automatically to the centre where a tube with a bell-shaped bottom is fixed and sup- ported a short distance from the bottom of the tank the top of the tube terminating in a dish the outer edge of which is raised about half an inch above the top water level. This dish is fitted with vanes and connected with the tube by an airlock joint. The dish is suspended by means of a vertical shaft running on ball bearings rotated by shafting and bevel wheels.When the cone revolves the liquid is thrown out in the form of a film wave on the surface and the liquid and sludge then 202 rise from the bottom up through the tube to replace the liquid thrown out by the revolving cone. The agitation and exposure to the atmosphere brought about by this circulating operation supply by surface aeration the oxygen required for purification purposes. The operation and the mechanism are of the simplest character and the cost of running maintenance and attention is exception- ally low. The plant is now dealing -xith 75,000 gallons per day dry-weather flow. The number of units used per day for running the plant is 4 3 5 the cost being Iid.per unit. ANALYSIS. Parts per Hundred Thousand. Dissolved oxygen taken up from water iIl five day8 at 18” C. Maximum. Minimum. Average. 1.02 0.98 0.3 0.4 0.63 0.02 . . 2.8 . . 3.12 Lose on ignition of suspended solids . . 1.68 Suspended solids (dried at 105” C:) On behalf of the visitors Mr. Edward Russell Chairman of the Section expressed cordial thanks to Mr. Moulding and Mr. Ames for the facilities granted for inspecting the works. The members next visited the University College Exeter where they were welcomed by Dr. Glasstone in the unavoidable absence of Principal J. Murray and Professor W. H. Lewis. The members inspected the Chemical Laboratories and concluded a most successful meeting by visiting the Reed Hall hostel for men and the site of the new University College buildings.The Chairman of the Section gratefully acknowledged the kind hospitality extended to the visitors. Cape,-The annual general meeting of the Section was held on the 25th May when the Committee’s report and the Treasurer’s financial statement were received and adopted and the Com- mittee for the ensuing year was elected. In July members of the Section were invited to a meeting of the Cape Chemical Society when Dr. Vernon Bosman read a paper on “The State of Equilibrium,” which was duly reported in the Cape Times. During the evening Mr. G. IF. Britten Hon. Secretary of the Society read a letter from the Registrar of the Institute to Dr. Juritz the Hon.Secretary of the Cape Section congratulating the Society and chemists at the Cape on the publicity which they Dr. W. E. Adeney. 203 secured for chemistry on all suitable occasions. The Society resolved in reply to thank the Institute for its message and to say that it was the constant endeavour of the Society to colla- borate with the Institute in the support of the interests of the profession. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Section has reported that the secretaries of the various chemical societies in the district have formed an Association in order to promote the common interests of the societies to which they are attached and especially to avoid where possible the clashing of dates fixed for meetings of interest to chemists. The formation of the Association will also facilitate the arrangement of at least one joint meeting of all the societies represented A general calendar of fixtures will be issued The convener of the Association is Dr.D. N. McArthur F.I.C. Assistant Secretary of the Local Section of the Institute. The Ramsay Chemical Dinner will be held in the Grosvenor Restaurant Glasgow on Tuesday the 11th December 1928. The convener of the Dinner Committee is Mr. R. G. W. Eadie B.Sc. F.I.C. Provan Chemical Works Millerston Glasgow. Irish Free State.-The Section has forwarded an account of the tribute paid to Professor Sydney Young who is retiring from the Chair of Chemistry in Trinity College Dublin. An address had been prepared and signed by over zoo chemists and men of science in many parts of the world congratulating Professor Young on attaining his 70th birthday and expressing appreciation of his scientific work especially in physical chemistry and in fractional distillation.The address was to have been presented in December last but the presentation was unavoidably post- poned until the 15th June when a meeting was held in the School of Chemistry Trinity College under the chairmanship of Dr. Adeney having briefly reviewed the principal events of Professor Young’s distinguished career the Provost of Trinity College referred to Professor Young’s association of over twenty- five years with the College. He said that Professor Young was not a graduate of Dublin University when he came from Univer- sity College Bristol to occupy the Chair of Chemistry but that Bublin had gradually assimilated him and the process was 204 practically complete.Referring to his researches in methods of fractional distillation he quaintly remarked that small private laboratories were to be found even in the most remote parts of Ireland. Chemists distinguished between bodies that resisted combination and those that did not. It was supposed that the Irish and English were among those that resisted combination but he had never believed that they could amalgamate and sometimes the compound produced was benign and sometimes malignant. No one could doubt but that in the case of Pro- fessor Young they had a benign compound benignity was written on his face and he (the Provost) was very glad to join in con- gratulating Professor Young on receiving the address which was a most remarkable tribute to the great reputation which he had established.Professor Werner also paid tribute to Professor Young’s work in physical chemistry and expressed his regret that the college was losing his services. All would wish him many years of happiness. Professor Hackett congratulated Professor Young on his long and fruitful career wishing him many more years of activity. Professor Young in reply said that the receipt of the address came as a complete and pleasant surprise to him. He would always regard it as one of his most valuable possessions. He thanked the Provost and all who had signed the address and all who had spoken so kindly and indulgently about his work.He had never received anything but kindness from everyone in Trinity; owing to the goodwill of his colleagues the work of the chemical laboratory had gone on without a trace of friction. He relinquished his work with deep regret but he would have the happiness of continuing his connection with Trinity as a life member of Trinity Association. He wished his successor as much happiness in Trinity College as he had enjoyed London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Committee of the Section is making arrangements to hold a Conversazione and Exhibition of Apparatus etc. to be held at the Institute on Wednesday the 24th October to which all Members and Students of the Institute will be invited. Further particulars will be announced in due course.Malaya.-Mr. F. L. Okellpresidedat a meeting of the Section held at Singapore on the 30th April when Mr. F. H. Geake opened a discussion on “ The University Training of Chemists.” 205 Mr. Geake said that he did not pretend to be an expert in such matters but he suggested that while the courses of study provided at the Universities were no doubt thoroughly sound a student on leaving college was severely handicapped by finding that he had a great deal to learn before he could earn his living in a public analyst’s laboratory or in a works. Dealing with the question of qualifications for chemists Mr. Geake commented on the importance of making the Institute truly representative of the profession as a whole but indicated that he felt that the examina- tions for university degrees with honours in chemistry should cover more completely the ground at present covered by the exam- inations for the Associateship of the Institute.There were in general two ways in which a man might fit himself for his life’s work he could go to a university and learn the basic principles upon which his work rested and acquire a certain amount of ex- perience and skill on the practical side or he might serveIan apprenticeship and learn his work while actually engaged upon it. In chemistry students were expected to learn the basic principles and a fragment of its practice at the university and to pick up the rest as best they could in actual practice. There were many things that the chemist ought to know which he was not taught at college and he urged that something more could be done to enable him to get his necessary training so far as possible at the university.Until the profession of chemistry came into existence-during the latter half of the 19th century-chemistry was taught as a pure science and not to any great extent withla view to its professional or industrial application. The colleges sought to give the student a gentleman’s education and not a professional training; but it seemed to him that the function of a university was not only educational and that just as students were pre- pared definitely for the practice of medicine law and theology they should be definitely prepared for the profession of chemistry. He suggested the time had come for the Council to invite the universities to send representatives to a conference to discuss the re-organisation of schools of chemistry along definitely pro- fessional lines with a view to drawing up a curriculum which would be acceptable to the universities and would be regarded by the Council as adequate professional training; so that students who had passed through such a course to the satisfaction of their professors could then be safely accepted without further examina- tion.The course should be both thorough and broad covering so far as possible the whole field of professional chemistry. 206 Mr. Geake then outlined a course extending over seven years com- prising not only inorganic organic and physical chemistry physics mathematics and scientific French and German but in addition bio-chemistry microscopy and bacteriology analysis of water foods oils soils fuels alloys ores etc.toxicology forensic chemistry pharmaceutical chemistry materia medica chemical engineering and the Law so far as it relates to the rules of evidence and affects the profession of chemistry; a useful acquaint- ance with kindred sciences (biology botany physiology anatomy and geology); and at least one year’s research. He emphasised the need for a proper grounding in analysis. It was of course quite hopeless to attempt to cover the whole field but a great deal could be done to make the student better equipped for professional life. He suggested that chemical engineering should be included in every professional chemical course and besides appealing for a broader knowledge of kindred sciences added that a knowledge of First Aid should very reasonably be expected although it might be acquired extra-murally.The course which he suggested was a very long one but it would effect an improvement in the service which the chemist could render and would entitle him to improved conditions. Finally he emphasised the importance of the chemist in industry and of the efficiency of the chemist in that sphere of work. In the discussion Mr. Okell said that in the main he agreed with the views of the lecturer. The suggested course covered in many ways that which he had followed for the pre-war A.I.C. examination and later in actual practice. Mr. Brooks considered that the course of chemical engineering might be eliminated for those following a scholastic career.This would reduce the course to five years or perhaps less. Dr. Rosedale considered three years’ training insufficient. Quantitative analysis should be looked upon as a quantitative enquiry leading on to really good work on analysis. He criticised the suggested one year’s research stating that the essential ground work should be done first and the student then encouraged to take up research if he had any special ability. With the suggested training in toxicology biochemistry bacteriology etc. the whole course could be completed in four or five years. Mr. Cowap considered that any specialisation should be deferred until after the main course and should coincide with the research course.207 Mr. Willgress thought the existing course could be reduced particularly if the standard of education expected of a new student were already equivalent to the Intermediate standard of the University. The student need not go through the long and varied course suggested by the lecturer but should be able to refer quickly to the literature relevant to any particular problem which he might have to solve. Mr. Geake replied briefly and the meeting accorded him a hearty vote of thanks for opening the discussion. 208 April-May Examinations 1928. An abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners on the April-May Examinations of the Institute was published in Part 111. The Pass List was as follows:- PASS LIST.Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Bessey George Edward Central Technical College Birmingham; and Birkbeck College London. Cox Eric Ernest Central Technical College Birmingham. Davies Emyr Conwy Central Technical School Liverpool. Elson Leslie Alderman B.Sc. (Lond.) Technical College Loughborough. Foster Frank B.Sc. (Leeds) The University Leeds. Hopkinson Gerald A.M.C.T. Wigan and District Mining and Tech. College ; and College of Technology Manchester. McIntyre Joseph Royal Technical College Glasgow. Rogans Edward Stanley Fairfield Central Technical School Liverpool. Ward Robert Central Technical School Liverpool. Wilson Thomas Norman Gold Royal Technical College Glasgow. Examination in Beneral Chemistry for the Associateship held in Johannes- burg in February 1928.Ochse Oscar Lennox B.Sc. (S.A.) University College Johannesburg. Examination for the Fellowship In Branch E The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water Back Sydney B.Sc. (Lond.). Barraclough Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Buist Walter Ferguson B.Sc. (Liv.). Bullock Frederick Cecil BSc. (Lond.). Chignell Guy B.Sc. (Lond.). Jones Daniel Evans M.Sc. (Wales). Leather Alfred Norman B.Sc. (Lond.). Voelcker Eric A.R.C.S. Walker George Hugh Ph.D. (Liv.) In Branch P Agricultural Chemistry Knowles Frank. I n Branch C Industrial Chemwtry with speczal reference to the chemzstry and bacterzology of water supply Burtt Arnold Wigham M.Sc. (Bum.). 209 National Certificates in Chemistry 1928.The Council has received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute on National Certificates in Chemistry for 1928. A ssessors.-Professor G. T. Morgan O.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.S. and Professor J. E. Coates O.B.E. D.Sc. The following is an abstract of the Report:- I. Introdz~tory.-Four new advanced courses have been approved. During the present session two schools have sub- mitted candidates for the first time in the ordinary grade. The number of entries in the ordinary grade was 155 against 145 in 1927. In the higher grade there were 60 candidates compared with 38 in 1927; of these 36 had obtained the ordinary certificate and 34 were successful in obtaining the Higher certificate this year.The number of candidates presenting themselves shows a steady increase. 11. Inorganic Chemistry.-The answers in inorganic chemis- try show some signs of improvement on previous years. This improvement would be even greater if less stress were laid on manufacturing operations and more on general principles. Examinees are still a little apt to use technical terms current in manufacturing operations without really understanding them. A little more attention should be paid to the theory of inorganic quantitative analysis. In general favourable comment is due to the careful setting of the examination papers in theoretical inorganic chemistry. 111. Orgaizic Chemistry.-Many thoughtful answers were given by the candidates but there was occasionally a tendency to make somewhat wild guesses.IV. Physical Chemistry .-Graham’s Law was sometimes wrongly defined and often qualitative examples only of its appli- cation were given. Answers on the colloidal state and on spectroscopy were often somewhat restricted. In the advanced 210 grade thoughtful answers were often given on the development of atomic and molecular theories and on the periodic classification of the elements. V. Practical Chemistry .-The proportion of candidates passing in practical chemistry has been very high both in this and in preceding years compared with the number passing in the whole examination. The Institute would welcome this fact as indicating a high standard of laboratory training were it not for the circumstances that there are indications that the standard required in practical examinations is not as high as in the theoretical papers.VI .-Physics and Mathematics.-There is still some tendency for candidates to specialise on advanced and out of the way branches of the subject with some neglect of the more general principles. In many schools however a general improvement has been noticed. More attention should be paid to style in writing examination answers. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY (SCOTLAND). The Council has received the report from the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Scottish Education Department. The assessor for the Institute was Mr. William Rintoul O.B.E. Two candidates have been granted Ordinary certificates and two Higher certificates; one of the latter obtained distinction both in organic and inorganic chemistry.It has been decided that distinction shall not be granted in subsidiary subjects. 21 1 Obituary. WALTER STROULGER GRAY died a t Rome on the 31st August in his 55th year. Born at Northampton he was educated a t Stoneleigh House School and University School Hastings and in due course matriculated a t the University of London before proceeding to the Technical Institute Tunbridge Wells where he worked for a year. He then went to the South-Eastern Agricultural College Wye Kent where he studied from 1911 to 1915 and having graduated as B.Sc.Agric. (Lond.) was appointed lecturer at the College and shortly after head of the chemical depart- ment during the absence of Lieut.-Col.Edwardes-Ker. While at Wye he devoted himself to research in connection with fruit and vegetable drying and the preparation of fungicidal sprays. At the end of 1919 he was appointed technical and scientific adviser to the Disabled Officers’ Colony British East Africa where he was in control of an experimental research station mainly devoted to the cultivation of flax. In 1922 he was appointed technical adviser to the Institut International d’ Agri- culture a t Rome which position he held a t the time of his death. In 1926 however he was allowed two years’ special leave to take up the position of Director of the Chemical Section of the Ministry of Agriculture Cairo where he was engaged in re-organising the section in drafting a scheme of research and in advisory work for the Egyptian Government.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. EGERTON CHARLES GREY died suddenly from pneumonia at Harrold Bedfordshire on 10th August in his 42nd year. The second son of the late Colonel Arthur Grey he was educated chiefly at St. Paul’s School Versailles Paris and after obtaining some experience in analytical chemis- try with Mr. C. E. Sage in London proceeded in 1905 to an appointment with Messrs. Elliott Bros. of Sydney N.S.W. From 1907 to 1910 he studied in the University of Sydney where he graduated with first class honours in chemistry and physiology. He continued working a t the University with a Caird Scholarship in chemical research and bacteriology holding a t the same time appointments as a public analyst and as acting lecturer in physiological chemistry until 1912 when he returned to England and having been awarded a Beit Fellowship continued research work a t the Lister Institute under Dr.Harden and at the Pasteur Institute Paris until 1919. His work however was interrupted by the war. He received a commission as 2nd Lieutenant in the Royal Fusiliers was wounded a t Gallipoli and invalided from the service; subsequently he was engaged for a while as Surgeon Sub-Lieutenant to H.M.S. Nereide and as interpreter in French and German and took part in the operations in the Black Sea. After the war he was appointed to the Chair of Chemistry in the University of Cairo and was decorated with the Order of the Nile.He relinquished this appointment to undertake research for the League of Nations on the food problems of Japan his report on which was published at Geneva in both French and English. He was awarded the degrees of M.A. (Cantab.) and D.Sc. (Lond.) and in 1920 completed his qualification for registration as a medical practitioner. He ww elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919 212 WILLIAM PLENDERLEITH LEWELLEN HOPE died suddenly at Golders Oreen on 28th August in his 29th year. Born at Las Palmas Grand Canary he was educated at George Watson’s College and the University of Edinburgh and graduated in science in 1920. In the same year he became an assistant in the laboratory of Messrs. Hehner 8; Grimwood consulting chemists in the City of London where he continued with Dr.H. E. Cox on the latter acquiring the practice. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921 passed the Examination in the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs etc. and was elected a Fellow in 1926. WILLIAM OWEN JONES died at Stroud Green on 10th August in his 37th year. He was educated a t the Festiniog County School and Univer- aity College of North Wales Bangor and graduated as B.Sc. (Wales) in 1912. He was appointed Science Master at the County School Llanidloes but from 1916 to 1919 was engaged as a works chemist at H.M. Factory Pembrey where he was in charge of the Acids Laboratory and wag also engaged on plant research. His work on the analysis of nitroglycerin waste acid wag published by the Ministry of hfunitions.Later he held itppointments as Chemistry Master a t the Tottenhall Secondary School Palmers Green and at Minchenden School Old Southgate. In 1922 he obtained the M.Sc. (Wales) degree for research work on coal which a t the time of his death he had considerably extended in prepara- tion for the Ph.D. degree of the London University. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. GEORUE NEWLANDS died in Berlin on the 23rd July at the age of 40 yeass. Educated a t Aberdeen Grammar School and at the University of Aberdeen he graduated M.A. B.Sc. with credit in 1910 specialising in geology and chemistry. He continued a t the University as assistant to Professor Gibb but during the war was engaged as a works chemist a t H.M.Factory Oldbury where he was eventually Superintendent of the Oleum Department. After the war he joined the staff of the North of Scotland College of Agriculture and was engaged in research on soils under Professor Hendrick with whom he published a number of papers on the mineralogical constitution of the soil. As the Advisory Officer on Soils he was engaged a t the time of hie death on a tour of visits to continental laboratories devoted to similar investigation. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. Mr. SAMUEL MONTAUUE GLUCKSTEIN a Director of Messrs. J. Lyons & Go. died on 29th August in his 44th year. The Institute especially the London and South-Eastern Counties Section was indebted to Mr. Gluckstein for a lecture on “Chemists and Dividends,” given by him before the Section in October last which was subsequently issued to members and students and widely circulated to manufacturers and others.In this lecture Mr. Gluckstein dealt with the development of the laboratory of his company which now possesses a staff of over 70 under the direction of Dr. L. H. Lampitt and showed how the services of chemists were appreciated by the directors. His frank expression of views based on experience gained during a period of eight years was full of helpful and encouraging suggestions. Mr. Gluckstein was a director of several other companies and was keenly interested in public affairs and social work. During the war he served with the Royal Artillery and gained the Military Cross and it was while they were on active service that he and Dr.Lampitt became acquainted. 213 Notes. Association of Speclal Libraries and Information Bureau.-The fifth Annual Conference of the Association will be held at New College Oxford from 14th to 17th September. The programme includes papers on a variety of subjects includ- ing-Patent Law Reform with Special Reference to the Search for Novelty; the Direct Reproduction of Books and Manu- scripts ; Certain Aspects of Agricultural Research ; the Literature of Scientific Management ; Existing Types of Indexes to Tech- nical Periodicals; An Index to Business Data; Cartography and the Research Worker ; The Librarian as Archivist ; Vocational Selection and Guidance ; Unification of the Library Resources of London ; Scientific Abstracts ; Civil and Regional Surveys their Relation to Information Bureaux ; A Book-Review Digest ; The Durability of Paper; Information on Accident Prevention ; and The Necessity for the Standardisation of Bibliographical Methods in addition to addresses on the work of the Association the main object of which is to facilitate the co-ordination and systematic use of the sources of knowledge and information in all public affairs.Further particulars can be obtained from Mr. S. S. Bullock General Secretary 26 Bedford Square London W .C. I. The Third (Triennial) Empire Mining and Metal- lurgical Congress will be held at Cape Town in March 1930. Arrangements are being made for visits to the principal mining centres in the Union of South Africa and Rhodesia as well as to places of scenic interest.Those attending the Congress will visit the diamond mines at Kimberley the gold mines and works of the Witwatersrand the gold diamond platinum coal asbestos and copper mining districts in the Transvaal and the Sabie Game Reserve. The Rhodesian tour will include visits to the Victoria Falls to gold copper zinc-lead asbestos and coal mines and the Zimbabwe Ruins. Visits will be made to 214 coal fields of Natal to beauty spots of that province and to the Port of Durban as well as to Bloemfontein Port Elizabeth Oudtshoorn (Cango Caves) and the Knysna Forest. Sessions will probably be held in Cape Town Kimberley Johannesburg Bulawayo and Durban. The itinerary will occupy 47 days and cover a distance of about 7000 miles special trains being provided by the South African Railway Administration.I t is estimated that the total inclusive cost ci the tour will not exceed j5140. The Union Castle Mail Stearnship Company Ltd. has intimated that special rebate of 20 per cent. will be allowed off tariff fares and it is hoped that similar concessions will be granted by other steamship lines. The Congress is being held in South Africa on the invitation of the Prime Minister of the Union General the Hon. J. B. Hertzog and under the auspices of the Empire Council of Mining and Metallurgical Institutions of which Mr. Charles McDermid Secretary of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy is the Honorary Secretary-General.The Secretary of the Congress is Mr. H. A. G. Jeffreys P.O. Box 4604 Scientific and Technical Club 100 Fox Street Johannesburg. I n s t i t u t e of Fuel.-Lord Melchett will preside at the annual conference of the Institute of Fuel to be held at the Institution of Electrical Engineers on November zxst and 2znd. The second day of the Conference will be devoted to a symposium on Fuel Control in Industry. Particulars of the programme can be obtained from the Secretary the Institute of Fuel 53 Victoria Street London S.W.1. Cinematograph Film Duty.-The Secretaries to the Com- missioners of Customs and Excise have issued to scientific societies a notice regarding the exemption from duty of scientific films provided they are certified by the Royal Society to be solely for the illustration of scientific investigation for exhibition before members of a recognised scientific body and imported only for the purpose of such exhibition free of charge.Any society or person desiring to import cinematograph films into Great Britain or Northern Ireland under this concession is required to make application to the Commissioners giving full 216 particulars of the film (whether positive or negative whether developed or undeveloped length in feet full particulars of the subject) name and address of applicant of the method of importation the date of the proposed importation and port of entry the name and address of the scientific body before which the film is to be exhibited and the date of exhibition.The application will then be transmitted by the Commissioners to the Royal Society for their certificate. With regard to films which it is proposed to import during the period 31st July to 31st October inclusive when the Royal Society is not in session it is desirable that applications shall be made before the end of July. Further information may be obtained from the Secretary Custom House London E.C.3. 216 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part 111,1928 the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :- “Atomic Structure as Modified by Oxidation and Reduction.” W. C. Reynolds. Pp. viii + 128. (London Longmans Green & Co.Ltd.). 7s. 6d. View of atomic structure and the periodic classification ; atomic associa- tion; oxidation and reduction of typical inorganic substances ; oxidation and reduction of organic substances ; nature of chromophores ; emission and absorption of radiation; structure of solid conductors and magnets; electrons protons and ether. “ Bauxite The Industrial Uses of,” with an account of its origin occurrence composition and properties. N. V. S. Knibbs. Pp. xiii + 141. (London Ernest Benn Ltd.). 21s. Origin modes of formation and of occurrence; occurrence of bauxite; mining preparation and marketing; chemical composition ; physical and chemical properties; uses of bauxite; manufacture of aluminium; alum- inous cement; alumina refractories; oil refining; sulphate of alumina; other compounds of aluminium; alumina abrasives; the future of bauxite.The Cawthron Institute Nelson The Cawthron Lectures Volume III. Nelson N.Z. 1928. A Popular Account of Evolution J. P. Lotsey; Electricity and Matter Sir Ernest Rutherford ; Recent Advances in Astronomy J. T. Ward; Athens Florence and the Modern State A. J. Grant. ** Chemical Analysis Technical Methods of .” (Lunge & Keane) . 2nd edition. Edited by C. A. Keane and P. C. L. Thorne. Vol 11. Pp. xix + 644. (London Gurney & Jackson). L3 3s. Iron and steel; non-ferrous metals;. metallic salts; potassium salts; paintu and pigments; paint vehicles; japans and varnishes. ‘*Industrial Catalysis.” S. J. Green. Pp. xi + 507. (London Ernest Benn Ltd.).50s. Survey of catalysis from the time of the earliest observed instances to its present day development ; phenomena of catalysis ; physico-chemical theory; theories of catalysis; oxidation and combustion; nitric acid; hydrogen and hydrogenation ; development of processes of hydrogena- tion from the time of Sabatier and Senderens; ammonia; dehydrogena- tion; dehydration; the utilisation of coal. Institution of Civil Engineers A brief history of the Institution with an account of the Charter Centenary Celebration June 1928. “Nickel and its Alloys.’’ Mond Nickel Co. Ltd. A loose-leaf binder containing papers on The position of nickel in modem metallurgy; Common defects in nickel deposits; nickel-copper alloys containing less than 50 per cent.nickel; nickel-copper alloys containing more than 50 per cent. nickel; physical properties of nickel-iron and some related alloys; case hardening and the use of nickel steels. “ Organic Syntheses.” Vol. VIII. Edited by Roger Adams. Pp. viii + 141. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.). 10s. A n annual publication of satisfactory methods of the preparation of organic chemicals. “ Sewage Disposal The Principles and Practice of the Dilution Method of.” W. E. Adeney. Pp. xii + 161. (Cambridge University Press). 12s. 6d. An account of the investigation carried out by the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal by the Metropolitan Sewage Commission of New York by the author his co-workers and by other workers so far as they have led to the recognition of the principles underlying the successful applica- tion of the dilution method of sewage disposal.Manchester Municipal College of Technology Journal of the College. Volume 13. Record of Investigations undertaken by members of the Manchester College of Technology. Education Committee. Manchester 1927. “ The Central,” Vol. XXV No. 63. London 1928. PAGE. Register 1928. ERRATA AND ADDENDA. In addition to changes of address the Registrar has been notified of the following errors and omissions :- 35 Rhead A. J. for ‘‘Arthur’’ read “Alfred.” 88 Foulds R. P. add “F.1924.” 94 Delete entry under T. A. Simmons transferred to p. 216. 94 Bring in J. P. Shenton from p. 216. 102 Ling E. R. for “B.Sc.” read “M.Sc.” 113 Charles R. P. add “T.D. L.M.S.S.A.(Lond.).’’ 136 Keast A. R. for “B.Sc.” read “M.Sc.” 148 Pollett W. F. O. for “ 12 Greenham Road” read “2 Greenham Road.” 160 Warnes A. R. address should read “ 17-19 Globe Street Borough S.E.1.” 177 Bowis W. J. for “Nottingham 5396” read “Nottingham 2674.” 189 Ballantyne H. add “Tadworth” to address. 190 Byles D. B. for “Chemist” read “Chemical Assistant.” 193 Bearn J. G. add “Walhgton” to address. 216 Delete entry under J. P. Shenton transferred to page 94. 216 Bring in T. A. Simmons transferred from p. 94. 220 Burr Miss M. S. for “Demonstre;tor” read “Lecturer.” 24 1 Jones A. B. for “B.Sc.” read “M.Sc.” 246 Higgins S. H. for “College” read “Cottage.” 248 Cattle A. P. delete Ph.D. (Lond.) recorded in error. 318 Gardner R. add “F. 1928.” 219 Hants.The Register. At the meetings of Council held on aznd June and 20th July 3 Associates were elected on the Fellowship 39 new Associates were elected and 8 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost z Fellows and 3 Associates by death. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Burbridge Walter Norman A.M.I.Chem.E. Inglenook Woodlands Road Bushey Herts. Rooney Thomas Edmund A.M.S.T. National Physical Laboratory Teddington Middlesex. Slater John Wardle B.Sc. (Manc.) 38 Lindley Avenue E. Southsea New Associates. Barrett Eric George Victory B.Sc. (Lond.) Aysgarth Woodberry Way N. Finchley London N.12. Bell David James B.Sc. (Glas.) 2 Buckingham Street Glasgow W.2. Blair Robert David B.Sc. (Glas.) 10 Aitken Street Kirkcaldy Fife.Brocklebank John Roger c/o Indian Estates African and Eastern Trade Corporation Ltd. Rio del Rey via Calabar Nigeria. Campbell Alfred Randolph 205 Albert Drive Pollokshields Glasgow. Candlin Ernest John B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 17 St. George's Road Kemp Town Brighton. Christian John Bell Bungalow 33 Trinidad Leaseholda Ltd. Pointe-a- Pierre Trinidad B.W.I. Christie Kenneth Vernon M.Sc. (Manc.) c/o Straits Trading Co. Ltd. Singapore Straits Settlements. Clark James Frederick M.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 40 Northumberland Road Redland Bristol. Courtier Geoffrey Bernard B.Sc. (Lond.) Mount View Dollis Avenue Finchley London N.3. Craig Miss Martha Henrietta B.Sc. (N.U.I.) A.R.C.Sc.I. Clonoran Aughafathen Co. Antrim. Davies John Arthur M.Sc.(Liv.) Anlaby Brougham Road Wallasey Cheshire. Dudman Miss Violet Dorothy B.Sc. (Lond.) 8 Myrtle Avenue Blackpool. Fawcett Reginald Clifford M.Sc. (Vict.) Chemical Department Victoria University Manchester. Gregory Edwin 19 Ranmoor Road Fulwood Sheffield. s.w.ll. Eccles nr. Manchester. s.w.11. w.4. 220 Maxwell Park Glasgow. Addiscombe Croydon Surrey. Highbury New Park London N.5. 402-600 Avellaneda Buenos Aires Argentine. Aberdeen. Lahore Punjab India. Hamilton Miss Jessie Notman Rae B.Sc. (Glas.) 132 Terregles Avenue Harris Stanley Penberthy B.Sc. (Lond.) 6 Brockenhwst Road Lower Hunter Reginald Fergus M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. 62 Hurdman William Lawson M.Sc. (Birm.) Messrs. Ferrum S.A. Espana Huth Seton Douglas B.Sc.(Lond.) c/o Greig 19 Springbank Terrace Khuller Brij Lal KSc. (Punjab) Chemist Public Health Department Lloyd Trevor Wyndham 34 Frickley Road Nether Green Sheffield. Martin Nicholas Henry B.Sc. (Dunelm) West Villa Akenside Terrace Martin William Allan B.Sc. (S.A.) c/o Messrs. Puntan (s Harding-Kloot Mills Harold Alfred Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) 36 Springcroft Avenue Newcastle-on-Tyne. 17 London Chambers West Street Durban S. Africa. Fortis Green London N.2. Mitchell Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 63 Netheravon Road Chiswick London W.4. Mountford Miss Dorothy M.Sc. (Birm.) 85 Staley Avenue Hagley Road West Birmingham. Newton Miss Andrina B.Sc. (Edin.) c/o Scott 4 Waverley Cottages Hawick Roxburghshire. Page Albert Bramah Pearce Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S.43 Poplar Road Merton Park London S.W.19. Parkes Hubert Alfred B.Sc. (Birm.) 74 Foyle Road Westcombe Park London S.E.3. Parsons Herbert Leslie B.Sc. (Lond.) 66 Kingwood Road London S.W.6. P a p Russell Charrosin M.Sc. (Wales) 5 Eton Place Canton Cardif!€. Robinson Mrs. Alice Mary B.Sc. (Lond.) 4 Arkleigh Mansions Brent Street Hendon London N.W.4. Roscoe William Hilton B.Se. (Manc.) 340 Manchesfer Road West Little Hulton Bolton Lancs. Satehell Ralph David B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 26 Wilson Street London Stephens Joseph Ivor BSc. (Wales) 9 Queen Street Neath Glam. Sully Bernard Thomas Dudley B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 10 Old Town Clapham Common London S.W.4. Whitby Lawrence B.Sc. (Lond.) Chemical Research Laboratory Tedding- ton Middlesex.Wooller Arnold M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) Gafeegarth Victoria Crescent New Students. Bracher Charles George Edwin 126 Upland Road East Dulwich London S.E.22. Braithwaite Kenneth Birch 779 Hessle Road Hull. Goodlet Adam Brown 82 Dumbiedykes Road Edinburgh. Righellato Edwin Clemente B.Sc. (Lond.) 17 Rosenau Road London Samuel Leslie William 152 Newcastle Street Perth Western Australis. Warne Leslie Gordon Glynn 53 Regent Street Kingswood Bristol. Webster Charles Thomas 9 St. George's Road Bedford Park London Wright Thomas Burtt 89 Western Road Brighton. 22 1 Change of Name. Isaac Cohen M.Sc. Ph.D. L.R.C.P. M.R.C.S. Associate to John Irving Collier-by Deed Poll. Eileen Winifred Harris Associate to Whitehill--on her marriage. Jacob Kracovski Ph.D.Associate to John David Kendall-by Deed Poll. Suzanne Mabel Lavinia Snelus Pellow to Tritton-on her marriage. DEATHS. Fellows. Egerton Charles Grey M.A. D.Sc. M.R.C.S. L.R.C.P. William Plenderleith Lewellen Hope B.Sc. Associates . Walter Stroulger Gray B.Sc.Agric. William Owen Jones M.Sc. George Newlands M.A. B.Sc. 222 General Notices. Examinations in 1 929.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1929 are as follows:- Entries close. Monday 12th November 1928. Monday I Ith February 1929. Dates of Examinations. 7th to 12th January. or 14th to 19th January. 8th to 13th April. or 15th to 20th April. 16th to zIst September. Monday 15th July 1929. or 23rd to 28th September. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January April and September and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September.Pedler Research Scholarship.-See page 187. Sir Edward Frankland Medaland Prize f o r Students.- A medal and prize for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words on " The Importance of General Education to the Professional Chemist" will be awarded in January 1929 and presented at the next annual general meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are Eznzited to registered shdents who are less than 22 years of age at the tzme of forwarding the essay. Each essay mzcst be sent to the Honorary Secrelary of the Local Section of the dzstrzct in whzch the competitor resides on or before the 31st December 1928 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that zt 2s the independent work of the competitor.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be most worthy of the award. Essays will be valued partly €or literary style and technique] but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether 223 an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. Meldola Medal,-The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded. more than once to the same person. Further particulars may be obtained from the Registrar. The Council will be glad to have attention directed (before- 1st January 1929) to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1928 will be made in January 1929.- Beil by Memorial Award8.-From the interest derived. from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial.Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards will not be made on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents the- Honorary Treasurers and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions.Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage- all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possible. The attention of Associates elected prior to August 1925 who have since been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry is directed to the syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 224 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their position are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary.The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-TheLibrary of the Institute is open for the klse of Fellows Associates and Registered Students] between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays] 10 a.m. .and I p.m.) except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Ins ti tute’s practical examinations.The comprehensive library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). 225 Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Libraq of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum South Kensington has notified the Council that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Students and research workers frequently require books on a variety of subjects other than those of their special study so that books which can be obtained easily from other Institutions would not ordinarily be lent by the Science Library. The Science Library however contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science and arrangements have now been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these and the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library that may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere.Covers f o r Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co. Ltd. 17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.z to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms buckram case IS. zd.; binding 2s. gd.; postage and packing gd.; in all 4s. 8d. L a n t e r n Slides for Lectures.--A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. As the slides are constantly in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 226 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. Annual Chemical Dinner 9th November 1928.- Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to participate in the arrangements for the Annual Chemical Dinner which will be held in London at the Connaught Rooms on Friday the 9th November at 7 for 7.30 p.m. Dr. G. C. Clayton C.B.E. M.P. has kindly consented to take the Chair and will be accompanied by Mrs. Clayton. The Rt. Hon. W. G. A. Ormsby Gore N.P. Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Colonies will be the guest of the evening. The Dinner will be followed by music and dancing. Tickets 12s. 6d. each for both ladies and gentlemen (including gratuities but not wines) will be obtainable in October from Mr. F. A. Greene Hon. Sec. Annual Chemical Dinner Chemical Industry Club 2 Whitehall Court London S.W.I.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9285200185

出版商:RSC    

年代:1928

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY THE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1886 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1928. Registrar and Secretary. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER 30 RUSSELL SQUARE LONDON W.C. 1. October 1928. Publications Committee 1928-29 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Chairtrran) ARTHUR SMITH ELLS (Presidetit) P. E. BOWLES A. J. CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY. W. CLAYTON. J. C. DRUMMOND LEWIS EYNON W. H. GIBSON C. M. W. GRIEB G. G. HENDERSON H. H. HODGSON PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurev) A. W. KNAPP A. G. 0 . LEONARD W. MARSHALL B. G. McLELLAN C. A.'MITCHELL H. E. MONK D. F. TWISS J. A. WATSON A. W. M. WINTLE. 229 SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1928.Proceedings of the Council. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Prof. A. R. Ling has kindly consented to give the Eleventh Streatfeild Memorial Lecture at King’s College Strand London W.C.2 on Friday the 16th November at 8 p.m. Prof. Ling will deal with “ Contributions to the History of Starch and its Transformation Products” (see p. 264). Meldola Medal.-The Board of Examiners with Dr. Percy E. Spielmann representing the Society of the Maccabaeans has given further consideration to the conditions of the award of the Meldola Medal. In the past difficulty has been experienced in adjudicating between the claims of candidates largely owing to the impossibility of comparing the relative values of work in widely differing fields. While continuing to have regard to the existing general conditions of the award the Board considers that its decisions would be facilitated if some division could be made.Acting on the Report of the Board the Council has decided that in future the Medal be awarded in one year to that candidate whose work shows the most promise in Organic and Biochemistry and in the succeeding year in Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. The Council reserves the right to depart from the above rule in exceptional circumstances. The claims of candidates whose work lies in the field not under consideration in any particular year will be adjudicated upon in the following year even if in the intervening period the candidates have passed the age of thirty years. Universities kindred societies etc.will be asked to bring the work of suitable candidates to the attention of the Institute in order that at the meeting in November each year a short list of possible candidates may be prepared. These candidates will then be asked if they wish further consideration given to their claims and if so to submit the necessary particulars. Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act 1928.-In the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part Iv 1928 mention is made of the passing of the new Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act 1928. The special reports from the Joint Committee on Con- solidation Bills with regard to this measure show that the 230 Committee made in the Bill such amendments as seemed to them to be required to bring it into conformity with the existing law or to be necessary for the improvement of its form and that in particular two suggestions made by the Society of Public Analysts had been adopted.The Committee considered therefore that subject to certain points to which they directed attention the Bill as amended consolidated the existing law on the subject. The Committee called attention to the extreme complexity of the existing law as to whether one offence in relation to other offences under the Act is or is not to be regarded as a second and subsequent offence the complexity being such as to neces- sitate the introduction of rules which are both complicated and not readily intelligible. The Committee strongly recommended that no time should be lost in introducing amending legislation putting this matter on a more simple and rational basis.I t is to be hoped however that any amending measure which may be introduced will not be restricted to any particular clause but that it will cover the whole subject it being quite obvious from the discussions on the Bill that the Joint Committee found that many parts of this legislation were far from clear. In the Reports of the Proceedings of the Joint Committee and Minutes of Evidence it is to be noted that Mr. J. N. Beckett representing the Ministry of Health stated that when public analysts “ are only paid by a rate per sample it generally averages about 15s. nowadays.” This sum however is rather higher than the average for England and Wales according to the returns available in the office of the Institute.On a discussion regarding the fee of 10s. 6d. which is to be paid by the private person who takes a sample for analysis under the Act Mr. Beckett stated that the difference in the amount of the fee was made up by the local authority; and in answer to a question by Mr. Robert Hudson regarding the cost of analysis in 1875 Mr. Beckett replied that in those days the fee of 10s. 6d. did not cover the cost. Sir Henry Slesser then expressed the view that it would lie outside the functions of the Committee to deal with the question of fee on which Lord Blanesburgh agreed that the Committee could not alter the fee even if they wished to do so adding-“Of course it will right itself because the analyst will not accept it (i.e. the work of a public analyst) unless he gets a retaining fee which he considers adequate.” Herein therefore lies the real cure for unsatisfactory fees namely that analysts should not accept them since it is obvious 231 that local authorities will continue to offer them so long as candidates for appointments are willing to receive them.Chemists in t h e Beet Sugar Industry.-In Journal Part IV it was reported that correspondence with one important beet sugar concern was still proceeding with regard to the conditions affecting chemists in its factories. The Council now learns that the chemical staff of this concern consists of two permanent “ superintendent ” chemists who each have several factories under their supervision and that each factory has one permanent chief chemist and two assistant chemists of whom one is permanent and takes the night shift during the campaign and the other takes the day shift during the campaign and is usually only employed during this period.These shifts are of twelve hours duration; it has not yet been found possible to reduce this to a period of eight hours although it is hoped to do so in the future. The assistant chemists are however not continuously engaged at the laboratory bench during the whole of this period; time is allowed for meals although these may have to be taken a t irregular hours. The above are the only individuals considered as “ chemists,” and are paid accordingly. There are also employed for the purposes of the campaign only persons who are termed “ bench-boys ” or “ bench-hands,” but who frequently style themselves “ chemists.” These are often boys of about eighteen years of age and over who show some intelligence and can quickly be taught routine work such as reading polarimeters taking gravities etc.They are paid at a rate of pay per hour depending on their age local conditions etc. and all work an &hour shift. Many of them have asked whether they might work for IZ hours in order to earn more but it has been found that satisfactory work of this nature cannot be done on longer shifts. In every case this concern only employs the rz-hour shift where it is impossible to work an 8-hour shift. In some cases a trained chemist applies for a position as a chemist when no such vacancy exists.If he then asks whether any position is vacant he may be informed that he can only be employed as a “bench-hand” to do routine work and that he can stand his chance of obtaining a better position. If he accepts these conditions he works as a bench-hand and is paid accordingly and consequently has an 8-hour shift. All except two of the chemists now employed temporarily or permanently are British. I t should be noted that during the off season no chemist works for more than eight hours per day or on Saturday after- noon or on Sunday. Articled Pupils.-From time to time the attention of the .Institute is directed to cases wherein students have become articled pupils to chemists in independent practice and at the end of their term through lack of proper advice have found themselves without sufficient knowledge and experience to enable them to continue in chemical work.In such cases they have frequently paid premiums up to an amount which would have been sufficient to pay for at least two years’ systematic training in a recognised university or college or in some cases they have paid premiums which have been returned to them by way of weekly salary. The main objections to the system of articled pupilage in chemistry arise from the fact that the education of a chemist involves something beyond such articled pupilage. Professional education under this system cannot be successful unless it is accompanied by attendance at classes not only in chemistry but in physics mathematics and allied subjects and it is well known that this method of preparation imposes a severe physical and mental strain on youths who are thus required to work both day and evening.In many cases where such youths are engaged as paid laboratory assistants this is the only course open to them but comparatively few are strong enough to bear the strain over a period of years. The sys tem of articled pupilage moreover usually introduces specialisation before any real foundation of scientific knowledge has been laid; whereas it is generally held that specialised experience should come after the student has taken a degree or the Associateship of the Institute. In any event the Council of the Institute holds very strongly that Fellows or Associates should only take pupils who have passed an approved preliminary examination of matriculation standard and should then advise them to become registered as students of the Institute and to take systematic courses in the requisite subjects in a recognised institution .All registered students whose applications are accepted on the nomination of a Fellow in independent practice or in works are warned at the time of their admission that such systematic training is necessary in order that they may eventually become qualified and are further required to submit periodically progress reports signed by the Fellows under whom they are working respectively. It may be noted moreover that the Headmaster's Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour issues from time to time a warning to the Secondary Schools in the Metro- politan area that boys leaving school should not be placed under articles with private practitioners in chemistry without' the Institute being consulted.Students whose parents can afford to pay premiums are better advised to attend a university or college for systematic professional education until they have graduated or obtained the Associateship of the Institute. When a chemist has graduated or has obtained his Associateship however he may often find it worth his while to obtain specialised experience either by continuing at college or by arranging to work under a practitioner on reciprocal terms or for a salary according to circumstances. Soci6t6 d e Chimie Industrielle.-Dr. L. H. Lampitt Member of Council who represented the Institute at the Stras- bourg Conference held in July under the auspices of the Soci6t6 de Chimie Industrielle has reported that nearly IOO foreign delegates representing about 23 nations attended this meeting The papers and discussion of the Conference mainly related to) the industries of the district.Over forty papers were given dealing with various aspects of the fuel problem and a dewn- stration of various types of motor vehicles using many different kinds of motor fuel was made convenient owing to the Rallye des Carburants Nationaux coinciding with the Conference. The social functions were well organised and gave plenty of opportunity for exchange of ideas. Conference o n Bituminous Coal.-Dr. C.R. Austin has been invited by the Council to represent the Institute at the Second International Conference on Bituminous Coal to be held at the Carnegie Institute of Technology Pittsburgh from 19th to 24th November. The purpose of the Congress is to present the results of recent studies of coal distillation d'ealing with improved methods of utilisation and combustion. The programme includes the discussion of low temperature distilla- tion high temperature distillation coal tar products power smokeless fuel complete gasification of coal hydrogenation pulverized fuel and its new applications fixation of nitrogen etc. 234 Local Sections. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The programme of the Section for the winter session has been arranged as follows:-A Lecture by Dr.0. C. M. Davis Head of the Depart- ment of Forensic Medicine University of Bristol on “Some Relationships between Chemical and Pharmacological Action in Elements and Compounds,” on 13th November; a paper by Mr. Edward Russell Chairman of the Section on “Some Toxicological Cases,” on 29th January 1929 ; the Annual General Meeting on 19th March 1929. These meetings will be held at 7.30 p.m. in the Chemical Department of the University of Bristol. Cape.-Members of the Cape Section of the Institute and of other bodies in the district enjoyed the hospitality of the Cape Chemical Society on the 31st August when a lecture was given by Mr. G. B. Godwin on “A Commonsense Method of Selecting an Automobile Lubricant,” which was illustrated by lantern slides.Mr. Godwin said that about 36 per cent. of the power de- vefoped was lost in heating up the cooling water and another 38 per cent. in the radiator and ultimately only 124 per cent. was left to exercise useful motor power. Seeing that so small a proportion of the fuel efficiency was available in the form of driving power every care had to be taken to prevent the loss of energy caused by excessive friction due to the use of an un- suitable lubricant. The functions of a lubricating oil were (I) to protect the working parts of an engine against friction by separating all moving surfaces so as to prevent their wear; ( 2 ) to seal the pistons and cylinders by providing a fluid which would occupy all the spaces between the piston rings in the cylinders and thus avoid loss of compression and power ; and (3) to assist in the transmission of heat from the combustion chamber to the cylinder walls and the cooling medium.The oil must be of high quality of the right body exactly suited to the requirc- ments of the engine and properly applied. Mr. Godwin discussed in detail the means taken to discover the correct oil for use in any particular engine and referred to the relative mobility of lubricating oils. He explained the dis- tribution system employed in modem engines and emphasised that all the advantages of excellence of design material and workmanship in motor-car engines and of the provision of the best lubricant might be nullified by careless use of the oil on the part of the operator.He sounded a warning against the practice of flushing the engine crank case with paraffin because it was impossible to ensure the complete withdrawal of the paraffin from the crank case. Any residual paraffin remaining would dilute the fresh oil subsequently added and so reduce its efficiency. A cordial vote of thanks to the Cape Chemical Society was expressed on behalf of the visitors by Professor Newbery Chairman of the Cape Section of the Institute for the invitation to the lecture and the hospitality extended to the members. At a subsequent meeting Mr Godwin dealt with Lubrication Difficulties and their Prevention. On the 28th September a party of members of the Cape Section of the Institute and members of the Cape Chemical Society visited the works of Messrs.Lever Brothers (S.A.) Ltd. at Salt River. Messrs. Lever’s South African Soap Works are not concentrated at Salt River some important phases of their work being carried out at Durban. The factory on the Cape Peninsula imports cocoanut oil from Ceylon rosin from America cottonseed oil Soya bean oil and tallow from other localities. All the oils have already been refined before they reach Salt River. Mr. G. Scott Joughin who conducted the party over the works first showed them the oil mixing departments and then the manufacture of Sunlight soap in steam-heated tanks capable of holding over 50 tons each; next to the blue-mottled and cheaper brown soaps. The party inspected the appliances used for glycerine extraction and for the manufacture of sodium carbonate for “washing soda,” the furnace and boiler room the supplies of raw materials and the great oil tanks.The operations of cutting soap by means of a framework of wires and the stamp- ing of products in embossing moulds wrapping and packing were all of interest and the party visited the warehouses in which stocks are kept in bulk for despatch to storekeepers all over the Cape Province before they assembled in the Manager’s Chemical Laboratory. 236 A vote of thanks to Messrs. Lever Bros. coupled with the name of Mr. Joughin was moved by Prof. Newbery who said that he had no conception when he entered the works that they were half so spacious as they found them to be. What appealed to him very strongly in the course of this highly interesting visit was the go-aheadness of the Company.In their Durban factories they were making oxygen and hydrogen electrolytically -the only electrolytic work of that kind which was being carried out in the Union of South Africa. He would like to see Lever Bros. initiate the preparation of chlorine electrolytically in South Africa in anticipation of its being used in the process of platinum production in the Union. Mr. Croghan endorsed the remarks of Prof. Newbery and remarked that the Corporation of the City of Cape Town was also using chlorine gas in increasing quantities for the chlorination of water supplies. The vote was carried by acclamation and Mr. Joughin briefly responded. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Committee of the Section arranged an Exhibition of Apparatus Instru- ments Reagents Chemicals Filter Paper etc.which was held at the Institute on 24th October and was attended by over 300 members and friends. (The Catalogue of Exhibits is given on pages 273-275.) The occasion afforded an excellent opportunity for social intercourse and was in every way successful. The Section Committee has recorded its thanks and appreciation to the exhibitors. The Annual General Meeting and a Smoking Concert will be held on 2Ist November; a Visit will be paid to Messrs. Lyons’ Laboratories and Bakeries on 16th January 1929; and a Lecture by Mr. R. C. Frederick on “Ventilation Conditions Normal and Abnormal and their Investigation,” will be announced in due course.Manchester and Cistrict,-The opening meeting of the session was held on Thursday the 11th October 1928 at the Engineers’ Club Manchester. The chair was taken by Mr. L. Guy Radcliffe Chairman of the Section. A brief report on the past session’s activities was read by the Honorary Secretary. The President of the Institute Professor Smithells after presenting certificates to three new Associates gave an address 237 entitled “ Past and Present in Chemical Teaching-Some Recollections of a Manchester Student.” Professor Smithells began by paying a tribute to his old teacher Henry Enfield Roscoe who had created at Manchester an outstanding school of scientific chemistry thereby also rendering vital service to the Owens College and to the genesis of the modern universities.He had also to pay a tribute to those who in succession had maintained the fame of the Man- Chester school. In the late seventies and early eighties which included the period of his studentship chemistry was in the opinion of the speaker in a relatively dull phase of its history especially on the inorganic side. The old dualism of Berzelius had been superseded by the unitary system and the influence of organic chemistry was leading to much discussion of valency and the use of constitutional formulz for inorganic compounds. He had found the inorganic chemistry of his day very lacking in logic and general principles. The chemistry of the day was organic chemistry and at the time he and his fellow-student Julius Cohen went to Germany one had the choice of Baeyer Bunsen Emil Fischer Fittig Hofmann Kekul6 Kolbe Landolt Liebermann Lothar Meyer Wislicenus.They had elected to go to Baeyer in Munich and there had in the laboratory as fellow students Duisberg Bamberger Cur tius Friedlander W. H. Perkin junr, von Richter and others who became leaders in the science. In compliance with Roscoe’s wishes he (the President) had proceeded from Munich to Heidelberg in order to learn the laboratory methods of Bunsen. Bunsen then 73 but full of vigour and in the laboratory every day‘and most of the day still presented chemistry in the old dualisticTform. He admitted that the Berzelian ideas had been found wanting and had been rightly superseded but he maintained that for expository purposes for rationalising the great majority of chemical reactions of inorganic chemistry the Berzelian theory was still unsurpassed.The speaker said that Bunsen had made good his case and that his lectures as well as his teaching in the laboratory were in the highest degree inspiring and were a revelation of an earlier day when inorganic chemistry had something like a connected philosophy. Professor Smithells then reviewed in a reminiscent way further marked periods in his experience of chemical teaching (5) Electrons. 238 the ionic invasion of 1890 when Van’t Hoff and Ostwald came in person to the meeting of the British Association at Leeds; and lastly the arrival of the electron and the penetration of the atom.In the course of his commentary Professor Smithells took three illustrations namely the action of nitric acid on copper the atmospheric oxidation of a solution of ferrous sulphate and the formulation of meerschaum to make clear the changes that had occurred the formulation being given in terms of (I} Berzelian dualism. (2) Unitary molecular formulz. (3) Constitutional formulae (according to the system of Edward Frankland). (4) Ions. In the course of his remarks Professor Smithells gave an account of the fortunes of chemical analysis in chemical curricula. In his student days at Manchester there was little besides ana- lytical chemistry up to the stage of research. The invasion of the student course first by practical organic chemistry secondly by practical physical chemistry had greatly reduced the analytical teaching which as a rule had been of an uninspiring kind after the Berzelian dualism had gone.The new dualism of the ionic theory did much to rationalise analysis for the student and to a good many people seemed to bring the first evidence of the philosophical content and value of enlightened analytical teaching. Professor Smithells fully believed that the revolutionary dis- coveries of the last few years which had given the electron its sway in chemistry must in the end immensely simplify and rationalise the teaching of chemistry. There would however be a con- siderable period to pass through in which both teacher and student would probably find additional embarrassments.The immense accumulation of facts the great theoretical develop- ments the innumerable new applications of chemistry and the demand that the chemist shall be equipped with much know- ledge outside chemistry including in particular mathematics presented to the teacher a most serious and difficult problem. It was now a common complaint that the university courses were in many cases much too congested and that far too great a burden was put upon the student and especially upon his memory. One result of the congestion was that a type and 239 amount of chemistry teaching was being forced upon the schools which many people thought wrong both for the schools and for the universities. He knew however that there was a wide divergence of opinion on this subject among university teachers.Another complaint frequently heard to-day was that whilst students were found to be wonderfully learned about more recent developments of chemistry they were apt to be lacking in simpler knowledge and especially in relation to that part of the. subject still known as inorganic chemistry. Professor Smithells said he was endeavouring to state facts and to avoid expressing opinions of his own for he knew how prone elders were to complain of the present and how much their opinions were attributed to an inability to live up to the times. But without expressing personal opinions on matters of detail he was satisfied that the present situation was un- satisfactory and he believed that good might come of a serious conference among those charged with the duty of the professional training of chemists.In America the subject of chemical education seemed to be becoming a study in itself. He was well aware of a wide distrust in England of the value of conferences but he did think that good might come of chemical teachers meeting for an exchange of opinion and for determining whether the burden at present put upon students was excessive and if so how it could be reduced. A second question was that of inorganic Chemistry and a third that of the amount of chemical knowledge that should be given in schools. The speaker then pointed out that the Institute of Chemistry was deeply concerned in educational questions. In its examining work it strove to keep abreast of the times to preserve a sense of proportion and to reduce to a minimum the evils of examina- tion.As they knew it had had under consideration the arrange- ment of a conference on chemical teaching in connection with the Jubilee celebration last year. On second thoughts it had been considered impracticable on that occasion but it had not been abandoned and the choice of his subject that evening had been animated chiefly by the desire to elicit additional assurance that the project would be generally welcomed. A discussion followed in which the Chairman Professor H. B. Dixon Prof. A. Lapworth Prof. Kenner and Dr. R. H. Pickard participated. 240 The Chairman proposed a very sincere vote of thanks to Professor Smithells for his extremely interesting lecture.This proposition was carried with enthusiasm. Professor Smithells in expressing his acknowledgment of the vote of thanks said that he had desired to give an impression of what confronted a teacher when he was responsible for the instruction given in a chemical school over a long period. He had endeavoured to outline certain remarkable periods which had occurred in his own life when teachers had been called upon to revise their methods pretty completely and to revise their philosophy. Since for the future it has been arranged to hold the annual general meeting of the Section at the end of the session instead of at the beginning new members of the Committee were not elected at the opening meeting and those members who are due to retire will therefore at the wish of the Section continue in office.This year the Section has arranged for joint meetings with the Society of Chemical Industry the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. Future arrangements include A Lecture by Sir Edward John Russell on “Applications of Chemistry to Modern Farming,” on 2nd November; a Dinner and Dance on 6th December; a Lecture by Dr. H. D. K. Drew on xoth January 1929; a Lecture by Professor C. K Ingold on 7th February; and also a Lecture by Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw the date for which will be announced in due course. Mr. S. E. Melling-has been elected a Member of the Committee to fill the vacancy caused by the election of Mr.G. D. Elsdon to the Council of the Institute. N ewc ast I e- u po n - Ty n e and N o rt h - East Coast .-Mr . H. C. L. Bloxam occupied the chair a t a meeting held in the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club on the 26th March last when a discussion in which the Chairman Messrs. F. H. Walker F. N. Binks T. Wallace L. H. Sensicle and Dr. W. B. Davidson participated was held on the state of the Tyneside industries. On the motion of Prof. G. R. Clemo seconded by Prof. Henry Louis it was resolved that the Section ask the Newcastle Chamber of Commerce to receive a deputation urging the 241 paramount importance of research as a means of establishing new chemical industries on Tyneside and of reviving existing chemical industries. Members elected to represent the Section on the deputation were Prof.H. V. A. Briscoe Prof. G. R. Clemo Dr. J. T. Dunn and Messrs. L. H. Sensicle and F. H. Walker hon. secretary. Members of the deputation held several meetings and interviews and eventually at tended the Newcastle Chamber of Commerce at Exchange Buildings on 3rd October 1928 when a memorandum was presented on their behalf by Dr. J. T. Dunn. Dr. Dunn said that the North-East Coast Section of the Institute represented over IOO chemists working in various branches of industry. The Section had given serious considera- tion to the depression in trade especially on Tyneside and to some of the possible remedies therefor. They held that intensive and persistent prosecution of scientific research on a much larger scale than had hitherto been practised was one of the most effective and far-reaching remedies for industrial depression.Research carefully directed by means of science and business men in close co-operation was a most potent and effective means of establishing and maintaining efficiency in industry and in founding and developing new industries. The industrial pre- eminence of Great Britain in the past had been directly due to the development of the use of steam-power and our natural resources ; industry to-day was still dependent on the application of scientific principles and we can only hold our own with other nations by scientific discovery and in the practical applica- tion of science. Industries which were in a state of depression were just those which had neglected research in the immediate past while the more prosperous some of which were even flourishing in spite of world trade depression were those which had consistently pursued research.It was almost inconceivable that many collieries were unable to state the composition of coals in their different seams yet such was the case. Many others though they had had analyses made at some time had no recent information of the present composition of the coals produced and very little had been done to ascertain the best ways of utilising the various classes of coal. This was a great hindrance to the opening up of new markets while coals which were useful in various ways were often mixed and sold as ordinary boiler or furnace fuel and their full value was not realised.Industrial research if handled in a bold scientific and business- like way was a highly profitable investment and it was important that it should be initiated without delay. Spectacular increases in profits might not be expected at once but if carried on systematically and persistently industrial research would inevitably result in the accumulation of valuable information and knowledge; it should be regarded as a vital part of industry and an essential form of insurance for the stability of industrial organisations. It could seldom be computed in terms of money but there could not be the slightest doubt of its indispensability. The war illustrated the effectiveness of scientific methods and proved the quality of our scientific talent and it was to science that we owed the development since the war of new industries which were contributing to efface its ravages.Our trade rivals pursue research to a much greater extent than we do in Great Britain. The number of research institutions in Germany and the United States is much larger and the scale on which research is carried on by individual firms is much more extensive. The funds subscribed for this purpose showed a steady increase year by year. Examples were quoted including that of the Mellon Institute of Pittsburgh where funds subscribed for the purpose had risen from 50,000 dollars in 1912 to 700,000 dollars in 1928. The total amount appropriated to the Mellon Institute by companies and associations during the last 17 years was over 15 million dollars and the example was typical of many other institutions conducted in a similar way in different parts of America.American manufacturers find it advantageous to have a large joint institution for a group of firms rather than for each individual firm to carry out its own researches. On the other hand many firms on Tyneside did not even employ a competent works chemist much less a staff of research chemists but they would undoubtedly profit greatly where scientific methods were more fully applied in their works. An illuminating example of post-war application of research to industry had been shown by the growing and prosperous catering company of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co. Ltd. Starting in 19x9 with three chemists the number had grown to 72 before the end of 1927.Could any industry or group of industries in the North-East Coast Area where the need and opportunity was so great show anything remotely approximating such a growth ? The gas mantle industry with its enormous effect on the gas and allied industries was the outcome of pure scientific research being based on the discoveries of Welsbach. In the artificial silk industry the consumption figures of the product in Great 243 Britain had grown from z million lbs. in 1913 to 47 million lbs. in 1927 and the first half of 1928 apparently showed an increase of 60 per cent. over the corresponding period in last year. This enormous and profitable industry owed its whole inception and growth to scientific research.An equally striking case was the cellulose ester varnish industry which rivalled the old paint industries and was largely dependent upon the discovery of Dr. Weizmann in Manchester that a certain fermentation of starch would give acetone and butyl alcohol. The war-time necessity for large quantities of acetone resulted in the process being applied on the large scale to maize in the United States with the consequent accumulation of the then unwanted butyl alcohol. Research however soon found a use for this by showing its value as a source of solvents for cellulose esters and hence the growth of this great new industry. I t was hardly necessary in view of the proximity of Billing- ham to Newcastle to mention the synthetic ammonia industry which was based entirely on the application of principles dis- covered by small scale laboratory experiments and in the course of pure scientific research.The Section expressed the conviction that the proper applica- tion of science to Tyneside industries could effectively and certainly create and maintain progress and prosperity. It was suggested that a Research Institute should be established on the general lines of those which had been mentioned the objects being- I. To classify and render available all existing published knowledge bearing upon local industries. 2. To consider and in approved cases to conduct research upon any problem submitted by manufacturers. 3. To effect economies in existing industries in power raw material and labour.4. To develop utilisation of by-products and waste products. 5. To conduct and assist fundamental research with a view to the inception and development of new industries. 6. To train and equip specialists for industrial positions. It was suggested that the work of the new Research Institute should be under the immediate control of a scientist of high attainments and proved ability as director assisted by a board or committee a small but active body comprising men who 244 are thoroughly conversant with scientific work and men of approved business acumen. Such a board would formulate the conditions under which the work would be conducted and it was suggested that in the first instance this board should be constituted as an informal body charged to enquire into and report upon the possibility of giving effect to the suggestions submitted.Eventually the Research Institute would probably become incorporated like other research associations as a company limited by guarantee without profits. It was con- ceivable that Government support might be secured for such an undertaking. The Section outlined the personnel for such an institute and estimated the probable cost at about L3,ooo for capital outlay and an annual expenditure of d4,500. It was important to ensure a reasonable measure of continuity of work in the new institute and hence to provide that this expenditure should continue over a defined period say in the first instance five years. The necessary funds might be raised in part from any surplus accruing from the forthcoming Newcastle-upon-Tyne exhibition and by subscriptions not necessarily large but widely spread from the industries of Tyneside generally.The Section submitted that their suggestions were necessarily incomplete and lacking in detail but hoped that they would serve as a basis for discussion and action. In conclusion the Section promised that its own members and also scientific colleagues outside the Institute of Chemistry would gladly give every assistance in their power. The annual general meeting was held in the Chemical Industry Club Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 26th October Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe in the chair. The report of the Committee and the Treasurer’s financial statement were received and adopted.A letter was read conveying to the members a cordial invitation to attend the annual general meeting and anniversary dinner of the Chemical Society at Leeds on zIst March 1929 and the Secretary was instructed to convey the thanks of the Section to the Chemical Society and to circularise the invitation to-all members of the Section. The officers and committee were re-elected for the ensuing session. Dr. J. T. Dunn reported on the proceedings of the deputation to the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Chamber of Commerce and added 245 that the support given to their proposals had been very en- couraging. A meeting of representatives of smaller firms such as were unlikely to establish research departments of their own was (he said) to be held shortly with a view to their co-operation in support of researches to solve various problems for their mutual advantage.It was proposed to form a provisional Advisory Committee of Technical and Industrial Experts to advise manufacturers as to their immediate difficulties and to suggest ways in which these could be tackled under existing conditions at the Armstrong College or other institution pending the establishment of a Research Institute or of a department of Applied Chemistry at Armstrong College. A vote of thanks was accorded the members of the deputation on the motion of Dr. A. A. Hall seconded by Mr. T. Wallace and the action taken by the deputation was unanimously approved. South W al es.-The programme for the session includes :- A joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at University College Swansea on 2nd November when Mr.Morris Jones will read a paper on “X-rays”; the annual general meeting at Thomas’ Caf6 High Street Swansea on 23rd November; a lecture by Professor T. Campbell James on “Pollution of Rivers,” on 7th December; a joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry to hear a paper on “The Preparation of Coal for Market,” on the 11th January; a paper by Mr. E. A. Tyler on “Further Notes on Pure Chemicals,” on the 1st February; and a business meeting on 1st March. Visitors will be admitted to all lectures. 246 8 1 1 4 - 1 - 15 September Examinations 1928. were :- At H.M. Dockyard Portsmouth Theory paper in Mineral Chemistry; 17th September For the Fellowship- At the Institute Branch (E) The Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned; the number of candidates examined and of those who passed "21 For the Asaociateship- No.examined. No. passed. At the Institute General chemistry 17th-22nd September At the Institute Branch (a) Chemical Technology with special reference to Soap Manufacture; 19th September . . il 1 7 . . * . Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water; 24th- 29th September - 1 At the City Analyst's Laboratory Liver- pool Branch (@) Industrial Chem- istry with special reference to Food Preservation its Chemistry and Bacteriological Control; 17th-21st September .. Chemistry thereby completing his examination. - 31 * One candidate failed only in the translatam of Frenc, and German technical literature and one in the translation of German technical literature. One candidate passed the examination in the translation of German technical literature thereby completing his examination. t This candidate satisfied the Board in the oral examination in General EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. Theoretical Examination.-Considered as a whole the candi dates were able to give satisfactory answers where the questions dealt with matters to be found in the ordinary text-books. Where however the questions required the practical application of some general physico-chemical rule or were rather outside ordinary text-book methods the answers were not so good.In several cases the answers given dealt cursorily with the ques- tion asked but fully with matters not in the question. Practical Examination.--The constituents of the solutions were generally found correctly. The mixture of chalk silica and titanium dioxide caused some difficulty. Many candidates found titanium dioxide but missed the silica. A number of candidates omitted to return the chalk although the presence of some acid soluble matter must have been clear. The quantita- tive exercise was rather poorly done. Many candidates were hampered by the want of a platinum crucible or dish.Candi- dates should realise clearly that if they are without platinum apparatus of some kind they are likely to be at a serious dis- advantage in a practical inorganic examination. Organic Chemistry. Theoretical Examination.-The candidates gave the impression that they had " crammed " mucK information concerning alkaloids purins terpenes etc. but had forgotten or had no proper grasp of the elementary and fundamental parts of the subject. Little attention appeared to have been given to the study of synthetic colouring matters. Practical Examilzation.-The qualitative examination of an unknown organic compound containing sulphur was in the majority of cases done satisfactorily and a good proportion of the candidates obtained the correct percentage of sulphur in the quantitative determination of this element.The qualitative analysis of a solution of a comparatively common organic substance was less carefully carried out. Candidates trust too much to indications of melting points and boiling points given in text-books and not sufficiently to their own reasoning powers. EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP. Branch E-The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs and of Watpr.-In the examination in Branch E much of the work was below the average of recent examinations. The answers to the papers were often weak; too little attention seemed to have been paid to the Acts and Regulations governing the sale of food and drugs and dangerous trades. The practical work was also rather poor especially with regard to the analysis of a sour milk.On the other hand the microscopical work was extremely well done and indicated that much attention had been paid to this branch of the subject. With reference to Therapeutics and Pharmacology some of the candidates showed little merit and were somewhat lacking in enterprise. Examination for the Associateship. technic London. 248 PASS LIST. In General Chemistry. Davis Miss Joan,‘ B.Sc. (Lond.) King’s College London. Evans Cyril Harry The Technical College Leeds. Ferguson George William Sir John Cass Technical Institute London and Birkbeck College London. Ford Victor Gerald B.Sc. (Lond.) The West Ham Municipal College. Hartley Sidney A.M.C.T. The College of Technology Manchester.Jones Ronald Henry University College and The Technical College Cardiff. Keightley Walter Maurice University College Nottingham. Lauwerys Joseph Albert B.Sc. (Lond.) Trained under the Head of the Chemistry Department Municipal College Bournemouth. In Branch ( g ) Chemical Technology. Pulsford Arthur Donald Battersea Polytechnic London. I n Branch (a) Mineral Chemistry. Wood Alexander Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh and Chelsea Poly- Examination for the Fellowship. In Branch E The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of .Water. Firth Herbert. Jones Archibald Orton M.A. (Oxon). Klein Ralph Harry. Lucke Douglas Thurlow B.Sc (Lond.). I n Branch G Industrial Chemistry. Munro Reginald James B .Sc. ( Glas.) A.R.T.C.The following papers and exercises were given :- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY 17th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Describe the methods of preparation of salts of hydrazine hydrazoic acid and semicarbazide. What are the reactions of these substances leading to a knowledge of their constitution ? 2. What halogen compounds of sulphur selenium and tellurium have been prepared ? Describe their properties particularly with regard to their stability. 3. What do you understand by the pH value of a dilute solution of an acid or base? What is the theoretical basis of the pH scale and how do you explain the “buffer” effect? 4. Write a short essay on one of the following:- (a) The zero group of elements; ( b ) The significance of atomic numbers; or ( c ) Radioactive elements and their disintegration products.5. In the course of an analysis a precipitate is obtained which is suspected to consist of a mixture of oxides of iron aluminium and titanium. quantitatively . Describe in detail how you would proceed to determine the constituents 249 2 to 6 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the modern processes for the manufacture of nitric acid and of its salts and of nitrites. 2. How are the oxides of molybdenum and tungsten prepared from their ores and how are the metals obtained commercially? To what uses 3. What contributions to the advancement of chemistry were made are the metals applied industrially ? by (a) Faraday and ( b ) Ramsay? 4.The equation for the reaction between nitrogen and oxygen at a particular high temperature is given by Taking K a8 3-45 x 1W3 for the temperature in question calculate the yields of NO a t this temperature and a t atmospheric pressure given by mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen where the oxygen forms 20 40 60 and 80 per cent. by volume of the mixture. With what mixture of oxygen and nitrogen is the yield of NO greatest ? (Note.-You may use logarithms and an approximate algebraic equation.) 5. Hydrogen peroxide may act as an oxidising or reducing agent. Give examples of both kinds of reaction and explain fully how such reactions may be accounted for. 6. Give an account of any chemical investigation in which you have taken part. TUESDAY 18th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. What is a diolefine ? Selecting any two of these substances give their preparation and charac teristio properties. Outline any industrial applications of diolefines. 2. How is citric acid prepared and how has its chemical constitution been determined? What is the action of heat on citric acid? 3. What chemical reactions are associated with the names of Gattermann Hofmann and R’. H. Perkin senior? Give two examples in each case. 4. Describe the extraction of phenanthrene from industrial sources. Write a graphic formula for phenanthrene and adduce evidence in support of this constitution. 6 . How is aniline employed in the production of (a) auramine ( b ) dimethylaniline (c) magenta ( d ) safranine ? 6.What is implied by the term “ozonide” ? Outline the preparation of any three ozonides and show how these substances may be employed in the determination of chemical structure. WEDNESDAY 19th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the organic compound X. 2 . Estimate one of the elements present in the compound XI. (X = Piperidinium piperidinodithioformate.) (These exercises must be completed to-day.) 250 THURSDAY 20th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. Identify the two components of solution Y and estimate the amount of one component expressing the results in grams per litre. (Y = p-Chloroaniline and isopropyl alcohol OT p-bromoaniline and methyl ethyl ketone. ) (These exercises must be completed to-day.) FRIDA Y and SAT URDA Y 2lst and 22nd XEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. each day. 1. Report on the nature of the salts present in the solution. (Ammonium sulphate and molybdate or sodium sulphate and tungstate.) (This exercise is to be completed to-day.) 2. Examine the solid and determine its constituents. (Silica calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) Paper set in connection with a Special Examination under Regulation “C.” MONDAY 17th SEPTEMBER 1928. 3 hours allowed. 1. Describe the methods of preparation of orthophosphoric meta- phosphoric and pyrophosphoric acids and their salts. How are these three varieties of phosphoric acid distinguished from each other in practice ? 2.Give an account of the manufacture of ( a ) chromates and di- chromates from the ore and ( b ) chromium salts for use in mordanting and tanning and (c) pure metallic chromium. 3. By what processes would you determine the constituents of a gaseous mixture consisting of carbon monoxide hydrogen and methane with a little nitrogen? How would you determine small quantities of carbon monoxide in air ? 4. What are the principal sources of zinc ores? Describe the methods of manufacture of metallic zinc and zinc white. State in detail what impurities you would expect t o find in commercial zinc and zinc white. 6 . Write a short essay on one of the following:- (a) Moissan’s work on the electric furnace. (a) Production of low temperatures.(c) Modern methods for concentration of ores. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. MONDAY 24th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1 . Outline briefly a scheme for the detection of the colours prohibited in food-stuffs. 2. State the meaning attached to each of the following substances in the Acts and Regulations affecting them :-Preservative certified milk food arsenic dried milk. 251 3. What methods would you adopt to determine the suitability of a specimen of nitric acid as an analytical reagent? (Answers in u separate notebook.) 4. Describe the symptoms displayed in poisoning by coal gas. Discuss the methods available for the detection and estimation of carbon monoxide in the blood of a person suffering from poisoning by this gas.5. How would you make an analysis of the viscera in a case of suspected cocaine poisoning? What are the main provisions of the Dangerous Drugs Acts 1920 and 1923 with respect to cocaine ? 6. Enumerate those preparations of the British Pharmacopoeia which contain strychnine giving in each case composition official dose and the percentage of strychnine present. . . 11.35 MONDAY 24th SEPTEMBER 1928 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Discuss the use of lead compounds in the manufacture of glazed materials. State briefly the main Regulations and Restrictions governing the use of lead compounds in such manufacture. 2. Describe the method you adopt for the determination of nitrates in drinking water.Give details of two other methods and state why you 3. Indicate briefly how you would examine a specimen of milk in 4. How would you determine the amount of pectin in apple pulp? prefer the process you use. order to determine its freedom from B. tuberculosis. What is the importance of pectin in food products? 5. The contents of a tin of “condensed full cream milk sweetened” on analysis yielded the following results :- per cent. * . * . Fat Milk sugar . . Mineral matter Added cane sugar . . . . 42.80 . . 8-06 Proteins . . . . . . 7.85 . . . . 2.54 __ Total solids . . . . 72.60 - Comment upon the sample and calculate the “milk equivalent” of the contents assuming the tin held 450 grammes. FRIDAY 21st SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. 1. Discuss the relative merits of the various indicators used in volumetric analysis. 2. State the meaning attached to each of the following substances in the Acts and Regulations affecting them:- Condensed milk dangerous drugs margarine cream thickening substance. 3. What methods would you adopt to determine the suitability of 8 specimen of sulphuric acid as an analytical reagent ? (Answer in a separate notebook.) 4. Describe how you would make an analysis of viscera in a case of suspected poisoning by chloral hydrate. How would you estimate the amount of the drug present in the stomach and contents? 252 5. Enumerate the preparations of the British Pharmacopoeia which contain belladonna giving in each case the composition official dose and percentage of the alkaloids present.What are the conditions of sale of these preparations so far as the Poisons and Pharmacy Act 1908 is concerned ? 6. Describe the symptoms associated with chronic ergot poisoning (ergotism). What investigations would you make to confirm the diagnosis and to prevent the occurrence of other cases? 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Discuss the various methods employed for ascertaining the amount of “added water” in a sample of milk. 2. State how you would estimate amounts of glycerine (up to 2 per cent.) in (a) wine ( b ) cream. 3. A small town discharges a sewage effluent into a stream the water from which is used for potable purposes 3 miles lower down. What standards of purity would you demand for such effluent? 4.What is meant by the term “Tuberculin Tested” as applied to cattle? Discuss the value of the test in the production of a pure milk SUPPlY. 5. Indicate the procedure you would employ for the detection and estimation of carbon monoxide in the blood from a person who is presumed to have died from poisoning by coal gas. TUEh’DAY 25th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse and report upon the sample of edible oil A. (Olive oil with 30 per cent. arachis oil,) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) well water . ) 2. Determine the hardness in the sample of water B. (Hard deep WEDNESDAY 26th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of the oil A. 2. Determine the quantity and nature of the alcohols in the liquid C.(Containing 25 per cent. ethyl and 10 per cent. methyl alcohols.) THURSDAY 27th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse the sample of milk D which is two weeks old. (Contain- ing 10 per cent. added water and a trace of boracic acid.) Report upon it on the form supplied. FRIDAY 28th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the mixture E which consists of two substances only. (Hexamine and uric acid; or salol and phenazone.) 2. Examine the specimens F G and I€ microscopically. Make rough drawings and name important structures. If possible identify the mixture . ) specimens. (F compound liquorice powder; G Pulv. Jalap. Co.; H cocoa SATURDAY 29th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Examine the specimen A of urine for the presence of abnormal constituents.Estimate the amount of one of the abnormal constituents found. (Containing protein lactose and pus cells.) 253 2. Report on the composition of the pills B. Discuss in your report whether the administration of them would be likely to cause abortion. A quantitative examination is not required. (Pil. Aloes et Ferri B.P.) 3. From the sample of blood provided C make a preparation showing the spectrum of haematoporphyrin in alkaline solution. Leave the specimen on your bench labelled. Branch G . Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Food Preservation its C hem ist ry and Bacteriological Control. MONDAY 17th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Why is it so frequently found necessary or advisable to raise solids or liquids to a higher level during a set of chemical operations; and what kinds of apparatus are commonly used for this purpose ? 2.What methods of testing and control would you adopt in order to ascertain and to keep at its highest point the efficiency of a steam boiler installation ? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages presented by silica- ware lead glass platinum and the various “incorrodible ” metallic alloys for use in chemical works and what considerations would lead you to choose one or the other of them for a particular operation? 4. What are appropriate forms of plant for effecting t‘he evaporation of liquids or the separation of solids from liquids and for drying when the final product is a dry powder ? How will the chemical nature of this final product influence you in choosing one or other of these forms of plant 1 2 to 5 p.m.1. Describe some one form of plant for refrigeration on an industrial scale. Give a clear explanation of the principles on which its working depends. 2. Discuss the effects on the chemical composition and digestibility of foods preserved by :-(a) Chilling ( b ) freezing (c) pickling ( d ) sterilisa- tion by heat. 3. Outline a scheme for the bacteriological examination of a specimen of food suspected of having caused an outbreak of food poisoning. 4. Discuss the various causes of the “blowing” of tins containing preserved foods. Describe in detail th;‘method you would adopt for the collection and analysis of the gases in a blown” tin. 5. Name two moulds commonly occurring on foodstuffs after ex- posure to air.Make rough drawings of their diagnostic characters. What means would you adopt to prevent the growth of mould on fruit pulp? TUESDAY to .FRIDAY 18th to 21st SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Estimate the metallic impurities in the specimen of tinned fruit A and report upon your findings. 2. Analyse-the sample of pickling brine B. 3. Make a bacteriological examination of the food C which is supposed to contain food poisoning organisms. 4. Analyse and report upon the food preservative D. 264 0 bi tuary . REGINALD ARTHUR BERRY died at Glasgow suddenly on 12th October in his 52nd year. Educated at the University of Cambridge from 1893 to 1896 he continued as private assistant to Professor Liveing until 1898 being engaged largely on research in connection with rare earths and mineral analysis.Having also studied agricultural chemistry with Professor T. B. Wood he then entered the employment of a firm of agri- cultural merchants in Plymouth as scientific adviser Two years later he returned to Cambridge to work again in the Department of Agriculture and in due course was awarded the agricultural diploma of the University. In 1906 he was appointed Professor of Chemistry in the West of Scotland Agricultural College and in the Veterinary College Glasgow which positions he held at the time of his death. He passed the Intermediate and Final Examinations for the Associate- ship to which he was elected in 1897 and was elected a Fellow in 1900.HARRY LEATON EDWARDS died suddenly at Great Meols Cheshire on October 12th in his 72nd year. He was a pupil for three years (about 1875-1878) with A. Norman Tate in Liverpool and also studied at the Normal School of Science South Kensington under Frankland before he received an appointment as chemist to Messrs. Hay-Gordon & Go. Chemical Manufacturers of Widnes where he remained for eight years. He was then engaged in teaching until 1889 when he obtained an ap- pointment as assistant chemist with Messrs. Lever Bros. He shortly afterwards became chemist in control of soap manufacture at Port Sunlight and remained in this position until 1911 when he took charge of their raw material laboratory of the Company at Royal Liver Building Liverpool which position he held to the time of his death.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. ALFRED SMETHAM died at Rock Ferry on the 11th October in his 72nd year. The son of James Smetham an artist and poet he was born in London and having matriculated attended lectures at King’s College and became a pupil assistant with Dr. Augustus Voelcker with whom he worked for six years before he established a practice in Liverpool in 1879. In the following year he was appointed consulting chemist to the Royal Manchester Liverpool and North Lancashire Agricultural Society (now the Royal Lancashire Agricultural Society) to whose Journal he con- tributed many papers connected with dairying and the results of field experiments on many crops.Later he became chemist to the Cheshire Agricultural Society to the Liverpool Corn Trade Association and official Agricultural Analyst for the County of Westmorland. In 1919 he was joined in partnership by Mr. F. R. Dodd who had previously assisted him for many years. He contributed a number of papers to the early volumes of The Analyst and was President of the Society of Public Analysts (1920- 1922). He had also served on the Council of the Chemical Society and was a Past Chairman of the Liverpool and North-Western Section of the Institute. H e was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1878 and a Fellow in 1884 and he served on the Council for three periods. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Professor W. H. Roberts and the Liverpool and North-Western Section was represented by Professor C.0. Bannister. 255 Notes. The British Association at Glasgow.-Sir William Bragg in his presidential address on “ Craftsmanship and Science,” at the opening meeting of the British Association held in Glasgow on the 5th September referred to the difference between production under the craftsmanship of early civilization and that of our own more complicated times emphasising the importance of science in modern life and the fact that the most active of our modern industries are those which are founded on recent scientific research. While he laid particular stress on the influence of research on electrical engineering showing that the electrical industry had not merely been launched by a single discovery but was continually guided strengthened and extended by unremitting research he remarked how much modern progress in electrical engineering generally and in the motor industry particularly depends upon the work of chemists physicists and metallurgists.He referred to the thriving industries many and various and of comparatively recent origin dependent on recent chemical research such as the manufacture of dyes explosives fertilisers rubber and artificial silk. Chemical industries he said are based on scientific discovery and lean on it the whole time. Dealing with the significance of mass production he showed how new applications of scientific knowledge new ideas new processes new machines must always be in preparation.The best protection for our industrial position is the knowledge and skill which can enable us to produce what others must ask us for because they cannot make it so well themselves. Scientific knowledge and experience if they are to be of full service must be in direct practical contact with the problem to be solved because it is only when all the circumstances are clear in their relation to the difficulty that the solution is likely to suggest itself although success may call for much waiting and patient observation. It is the combination of actual experience with scientific knowledge that is essential. As an example Sir William referred to the sound-ranging devices of the British 256 armies which resulted from the observation and suggestion of an officer with scientific training and experience who was actually on the spot.A new class of worker was growing up in the laboratories of the research associations and in industrial laboratories throughout the country. Such workers being in touch with both employer and employed might be to some extent the flux that would make employer and employed pull together. As men trained in university or college they could speak with the employer exchanging thought with ease and accuracy while they were fellow workers with those in the shops and could bring back some of the interest and enthusiasm which spring from the understanding of purpose and methods. Such personal contact thanks to the better qualities in human nature exercised a marvellous effect in smoothing out differences.The growth of this type of worker should be welcomed because it could in personal intercourse with both capital and labour supply to each a new illuminating and suggestive outlook on their enterprise. The present number of industrial research workers is compara- tively small but it should increase in proportion as the province of science is better understood. He (Sir William Bragg) doubted if there were sufficient appreciation of the interests and rewards in the life of a student of industrial research. The pioneers had suffered unnecessary restrictions and discouragements but their followers would be in better case. It did not need much imagina- tion to realise the splendid side of such work. “The succession of fresh difficulties to be overcome and of new and interesting views into the nature of things and ways of the world; the un- foreseen value of results sometimes an immediate prize some- times the clearing of an obstacle in a manufacturing process never less than the discovery of facts which may some day be of use; the personal association with a living enterprise and with the human spirit behind it.” This kind of work is badly wanted and really serviceable to the community.He reflected on the continuous effect of the growth of knowledge upon thought and enterprise and the realisation of the immense part that science is playing in modern life. The proper employment of scientific research is so necessary to our welfare that we cannot afford to allow misconceptions to hinder it it is not setting forth to destroy the soul of the nation but to keep body and soul together.No clear line can be drawn between pure and applied science they are but two stages of 257 development two phases which melt into one another and either loses virtue if dissociated from the other. The student of science should put his whole heart into his work believing that in some way it is worth while; every straining to understand his surrounding is right and good and thus he can learn to be of use to his fellow men. King’s College London.-An appeal for funds is being made on behalf of King’s College London for the extension of buildings including chemical laboratories and for the endow- ments of Chairs in various subjects including that of Physical Chemistry.Before the war the full-time day students of all kinds numbered about 700; at the present time they number more than 1200 besides 300 post-graduate students who are working for higher degrees or are engaged on research. Donations payable to the King’s College Centenary Appeal Account may be addressed to The Treasurers King’s College Strand London W.C.2 or to the College Bankers Messrs. Coutts & Co. 440 Strand W.C.2. Full particulars can be obtained from the Secretary of the College. Exhi bition of Electrical Optical and Physical Apparat us.-The Nineteenth Annual Exhibition of Electrical Optical and other Physical Apparatus will be held by the Physical Society and the Optical Society from 8th to 10th January 1929 at the Imperial College of Science and Technology London.It will include exhibits of manufacturing firms and a research and experimental section. The Exhibition Committee invites offers of exhibits from research laboratories and institutions and from individual research workers illustrating the results of recent physical research experiments in physics and historical exhibits in physics. No charge will be made for space and catalogue entries in the research and experiment section. Offers should be addressed to the Secretary Physical and Optical Societies I Lowther Gardens Exhibition Road London S.W.7. before the 14th November. The Report of the Government Chemist on the Work of the Government Laboratory for the year ending 31st March 1928 was published in September.(H.M. Stationery Office zs. 6 d net.) IS. net.) 1928. 258 The Safe of Food and Drugs Acts. A Government paper entitled “Extracts from the Annual Report of the Ministry of Health for 1927-1928 and Abstracts of Reports of Public Analysts for the year 1927” was published in September. (H.M. Stationery Office IS. 6d. net.) The Report of t h e Departmental Committee of t h e Board of Education on Examinations f o r part-time Students was published in August. (H.M. Stationery Office Examination in South Africa,-Mr. William Allan Martin B.Sc. (S.A.) passed an Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship held in South Africa in May Pedler Scholar.-In accordance with the conditions men- tioned in Journal and Proceedings Part IV 1928 the Council has appointed Mr.George Morrison Moir M.Sc. (New Zealand) an Associate of the Institute as the first Pedler Scholar. Mr. Moir will work under the general supervision of Captain John Golding a t the National Institute for Research in Dairying at Shinfield Reading. He has selected for his subject-“ Methods for the determination of casein albumin and globulin in milk and consideration of any points arising therefrom.” Warni ng.-Chemists in Birmingham and district have lately been receiving visits from a man impersonating a pro- fessional chemist resident in the Manchester district. This person who is seeking financial assistance pretends that he has appealed to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute and is awaiting the decision of the Committee.He is an impostor and should be given in charge. 259 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part I v 1928 the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :- “Analysis Volumetric.” I. M. Kolthoff with the collaboration of H. Menzel. An authorised translation based upon the Theoretical Principles of Volumetric analysis. Pp. xVii + German edition by N. Howell Furman. Vol. I. The 289. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.) 15s. Quantitative precipitations and neutralizations ; titration graphs ; combinations of ions ; complex formations ; oxidation and reduction reactions; indicators; the titration error; speed of reaction; catalysis and induced reactions ; adsorption phenomena ; volumetric methods of organic chemistry; stability of solutions; survey of the methods of volumetric analysis ; determinations of the equivalence-point ; appendices.“ Fuel Technical Data on.” Compiled by representatives of the Coal Gas Electrical Oil and Chemical Industries. Edited by H. M. Spiers on behalf of the Technical Com- mittee World Power Conference 1928. (London.) 10s. 6 d . General information; air water and gases ; specific heat; steam and refrigerants; thermal conductivity and heat transfer; metals and alloys ; refractories ; fuel general introduction ; gaseous fuels ; liquid fuels; solid fuels; stack losses; bibliography and index. “Glassware Volumetric.” Verney Stott.Pp. 232. (London H. F. & G. Witherby.) 20s. Units of volume and calibration tables; measuring flasks and graduated cylinders ; pipettes ; burettes ; marking and graduating of volumetric glassware; effect of apparatus errors on the results of volumetric analyses. “Latex.” Henry P. Stevens. Pp. 66. (London The Rubber Growers’ Association Inc.) Source and production ; conversion to rubber ; composition ; stabilisa- tion and concentration ; manipulation and compounding of latex and latex paste ; vulcanisation; application and products ; patents ; biblio- graphy “Liquids The Viscosity of.” E. Hatschek. Pp. xii+ 239. (London G. Bell & Sons.) 15s. Fundamental concepts and historical development; mathematical theory of principal methods of determining the coefficient of viscosity; viscorneters ; constancy of the viscosity coefficient ; variation of viscosity with temperature and pressure ; viscosity and constitution ; viscosity of solutions liquid mixtures pitch-like substances and colloidal solutione ; viscosity and conductivity; technical viscometers.appendices. 260 “ Nitrogen Atmospheric Fixation of.” Frank A. Ernst. Pp. ix+154. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.) 12s. 6d. The arc the cyanamide and the direct synthetic ammonia processes;. economic considerations ; ammonia conversion products ; statistics ; “ Oils Fats and Fatty Foods Their Practical Examination.” A handbook for the use of analytical and technical chemists and manufacturers. E. R. Bolton with a chapter on vita- mins by J.C. Drummond. A second edition of “Fatty Foods,” by E. R. Bolton and Cecil Revis. Pp. xv + 416. (London J & A. Churchill.) 30s. General introduction; objects of analysis ; standardisation of apparatus and reagents ; preliminary examination ; general analytical methods physical and chemical ; interpretation of results ; typical cases ; industrial production of vegetable oils and fats; butter and margarine ; animal fats fish and marine animal oils ; vegetable oils and fats; hydrogenation of oils ; rancidity preservatives and colouring matters ; cocoa and chocolate; feeding stuffs; milk; nutritive value of edible oils and fats; botanical and other indices. “Plant Products An Introduction to the Chemistry of.” Vol. I On the Nature and Significance of the Common Organic Compounds of Plants.” P.Haas and T. G. Hill 4th edition. Pp. xvi+530. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd.) 18s. I. Fats oils and waxes; 11. Aldehydes and alcohols; 111. The carbo- hydrates; IV. Glucosides; V. Tannins; VI Pigments; VII. Nitrogen bases; VIII. The Colloidal state; IX. Proteins; X. Enzymes. Appendix Hydrogen-ion concentration. “ Protamines and Histones The.” The late A. Kossel trans- lated from the original German - manuscript by W. V. Thorpe. Pp. xi+107. (London Longmans Green & Co.) gs. Part I The protamines; separation and quantitative estimation; preparation classification and properties; decomposition and constitu- tion. Part 11 The histones; general charaoteristics; the histone of the erythrocyte nucleus and of the thymus gland; histones from sperm; chemical relation of the protamines and histones to other basic proteins; biological significance and physiological action in mammalian organism ; bibliography.(‘ Symbols and Formulz in Chemistry.” An historical study. R. M. Caven and J. A. Cranston. Pp. ix. + 220. (London Blackie & Son Ltd.) 15s. Beginnings of symbolism; development of modern symbols; theory of structure ; development of stereo-chemistry ; valency ; dualistic theories ; the electron; symbols in physical chemistry. 261 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 19th October I new Fellow was elected 7 Associates were elected to the Fellowship 42 new Associates were elected and 28 Students were admitted.The Institute has lost 3 Fellows by death. New Fellow. Christie William Alexander Kynoch B.Sc. (Edin.) Ph.D. (Basel) United Services Club Calcutta. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Cunliffe Percy Walmsley B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) 73 Waddington Road Clitheroe Lancs. Firth Herbert 41 Freegrove Road Holloway London N.7. Jones Archibald Orton M.A. (Oxon.) 340 Bluebell Road Shiregreen Munro Reginald James B.Sc. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. “Easdale,” Abbey Close Probert Maurice Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.D. (Lond.) Aysgarth Morning- Stringer William John B.Sc. (Wales) 3 Sydenham Road Dundrum Turner Percival Elisha B.Sc. (Lond.) Imperial College of Tropical Sheffield. Monkseaton Northumberland. ton Avenue Cheadle Cheshire. Co. Dublin. Agriculture Trinidad B.W.I.Edinburgh. Exmouth. London E. 1 1. New Associates. Adam James Brodie Ross B.Sc. (Edin.) 37 Ryehill Gardena Leith Baird James Craig B.Sc. B,Ag. (Q.U.B.) Holestone Doagh Belfast. Bendle John Huxtable B,Sc. (Lond.) Laurieston Phillips Avenue Brasher Miss Dora Mary B.Sc. (Lond.) 3 Chobham Road Woking. Bressey Ralph John B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.) 17 Leicester Road Wanstead Colson Albert Francis B.Sc. (Lond.) 5 Dulka Road Clapham Junction London S. W. 11. Davis Miss Joan B.Sc. (Lond.) 18 Jenton Avenue Bexley Heath Kent. Denis-Nathan Leslie M.Sc. (Cape Town) c/o. Department of Inorganic Chemistry The University Cape Town S . Africa. Evans Cyril Harry 61 Markham Avenue Potternewton Leeds. Fell Miss Edith Gwendolyne B.Sc.(Lond.) 22 Northdale Road Frizing- hall Bradford. Ferguson George William 12 Hilldrop Road Tufnell Park London N.7. 262 Ferguson William Lofts M.Sc. (Cape Town) Mandala Arthur’s Road Sea Point Cape Town S. Africa. Fletcher Peter Bainbrigge M.Sc. (Lond.) 65 Compton Road Wimbledon London S.W.19. Ford Victor Gerald B.Sc. (Lond.) 30 Crosby Road Forest Gate London E.7. Foxlee George Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) 153 Victoria Street St. Albans. Goodway Norman Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.) 2 Lovelace Road Dulwich London S.E.21. Hardwick Percy John B.Sc. (Lond.) Pendower Shepton Beauchamp Sheavington S.O. Somerset. Hartley Sidney 9 Bristol Avenue Levenshulme Manchester. Hoare Martin John c/o. Messrs. Tooth & Co. Ltd. Sydney N.S.W. Australia. Jones Ronald Henry Glen View Pontardawe Road Clydach Swaneea.Keightley Walter Maurice 39 St. Ann’s Hill Road Nottingham. Lauwerys Joseph Albert B.Sc. (Lond.) 80 Edgehill Road Winton Bournemouth. Laws Edward Quentin B.Sc. (Lond.) 9 Werter Road Putney London S.W.15. MacPherson Korman Letham M.A. B.Sc. (Aberd.) 13 Caledonian Place Aberdeen. Manchester Leslie George B.Sc. (Lond.) 557 Green Lanes Hornsey London N.8. McIntyre Ronald B.Sc. (Glas.) East Anchorage Helensburgh. Morris Samuel B.Sc. (Glas.) 264 Bath Street Glasgow. Olliver Miss Mamie B.Sc. (Lond.) 4 Northumberland Road Coventry. Pam Miss Edith Marie B.Sc. (Lond.) 75 Langbourne Mansions Holly Lodge Highgate London N.6. Penny Ernest Edgar B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 85 Barnfield Road Plumstead London S.E.18.Pitkethly Robert c/o Dr. Dunstan Research Laboratories Meadhurst Sunbury-on-Thames. Prentice James Harris B.Sc. B.Ag. (Q.U.B.) Hillside Comber Belfast. Price John William B.Sc. (Lond.) 100 Severn Grove Cardiff. Pullan John Masters M.Sc. (Lond.) 140 Mount Pleasant Liverpool. Pulsford Arthur Donald 32 Loring Road Isleworth Middx. Robins Cecil Hancorn B.Sc. (Lond.) 3 Perry Rise Forest Hill London Smith Reginald Francis B.Sc. (Lond.) 21 Stirling Road Wealdstone Middx. Smith Sydney Kerr B.Sc. (Glas.) The Hollies Larbert Scotland. S.E.23. Southwood Wilfred Wall M.Sc. (Cape Town) 82 Upper Mill Street Cape Town 5. Africa. Stewart Alexander Boyd M.A. B.Sc. (Aberd.) 108 Bonnymuir Placte Aberdeen. Truss Lionel James The Moorings Harrow Road Carshalton Surrey.Wood Alexander 46 St. Andrew’s Road Southsea Hants. New Students. Adams Harold 20 Edilom Road Higher Cnunpsall Manchester. Chapman John Stocker The Gables Borrowash Derby. Davies John Malcolm 33 Boverton Street Cardiff. Dear Cecil William 12 Daffodil Street London W.12. Doe Cedric Alfred Friend 30 Courtfield Avenue Harrow. Edwards Harold 36 Woodland Road Shotton Chester. Garrett Horace Edward 104 Park Road Hendon London N.W.4. 263 Gaskin Miss Kathleen May B.Sc. (Liv.) 16 South Albert Park Liverpool. Griffiths John 185 Lyons Lane Chorley Lancs. Handley Arthur Norman Lee Green Mirfield Yorks. Hutchinson William 5 Newton Terrace Mickley Square Stocksfleld- on-Tyne. Lugg Joseph William Henry University of Western Australia Perth W.Australia. MacArthur Charles James 172 New Street Stevenston Ayrshire. MacInnes John 122 McAslin Street Glasgow (2.4. Nicholson John 101 Neville Road Forest Gate London E.7. Pearson William Vernon 9 Ryefield Terrace Golcar near Huddersfieid. Poxon Denis William Melton Lane Sutton Bonington near Loughborough. Prentice Harold James 8 Copse Road Cobham Surrey. Prescott George Frederic West House Edge Green Lane Golborne Lancs. Rallison Raymond 7 Montague Street Fulwell Sunderland Co. Durham. Ramsay Robert Frew 9 Westbourne Road Westwood Park Monton Eccles. Rich Albert Charles 6 Forest Street Forest Gate London E.7. Simpson Louis William 77 Sherland Road Twickenham. Thomas Richard Spenser 167 Tettenhall Road Wolverhampton.Welch Raymond Hatfield 33 Earlsfield Road London S.W.18. White Wilfred Arthur Stephen 58 Pretoria Street Stanmillis Belfast. Wilson Bertram B.Sc. (Lond.) 273 Walker’s Lane Rainhill Liverpool. Wood Edward 2 Old Bridge Street Ayr. Change of Name. Monica Mary Ruston B.Sc. (London) Fellow to Stiff-on her marriage. DEATHS. Fellows. Reginald Arthur Berry Dip. Agric. (Cantab) Ph.D. (Glas.). Harry Leaton Edwards. Alfred Smetham. Register 1928. In addition to the Errata given in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part IV the following should be noted:- Page 292. Nobbs H. add “F. 1923.” In the list of Errata the note on p. 220 should have read Burr Mrs. not Miss. 264 General Notices. SipEdward Frankland Medaland Prize for Students.- St reatf ei I d Memorial Lect u re,-The Eleventh Annual Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will be delivered by Professor A.R. Ling at King’s College Strand London W.C.2 on Friday the 16th November 1928 at 8 p.m. Subject “ Contributions to the History of Starch and its Transformation Products.” The President Professor Arthur Smithells C.M.G. D.Sc. F. R. S . will preside. The lecture will be open to Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute and former students of Finsbury Technical College. Tickets of admission gratis may be obtained by persons other than members and students of the Institute on application to the Registrar Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C. I. Examinations in 1 929.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1929 are as follows:- Entries close.Monday 12th November 1928. Dates of Examinations. 7th to rzth January. OY 14th to 19th January. 8th to 13th April. or 15th to 20th April. 16th to 21st September. Monday 11th February 1929. Monday 15th July 1929. or 23rd to 28th September. Candidates for the Associateshipwill be examined in January April and September and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. IMPORTANT TO REGISTERED STUDENTS. A medal and prize (EIO 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words on *‘The Importance of General Education to the Professional Chemist ” will be awarded in January 1929 265 and presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful com- petitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age a t the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides on or before the 31st December 1928 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be most worthy of the award. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council.On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. Meldoia Medal.-The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabxans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. Further particulars may be obtained from the Registrar.The Council will be glad to have attention directed (before 1st January 1929) to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1928 will be made in January 1929. Attention is directed to the new Regulations governing this award which will come into operation for the year 1929. (See P- 229.) 266 Beil by Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any Competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents the Honorary Treasurers and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possible. The attention of Associates elected prior to October 1925 who have since been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry is directed to the syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Election of District Members of' Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of Council nominations should be received at the office of the Institute on or before Monday 10th December 1928. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I) the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March 1921 and amended on 1st March 1923:- (i) Birmingham and Midlands including the Counties of Hereford Salop Staff ord Worcester Warwick Derby Nottingham Leicester Lincoln Rutland and Northampton. (ii) Bristol and SouthWestern Counties including the Counties of Gloucester Wilt.s Dorset Somerset Devon and Cornwall.(iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast including the Counties of Flint Westmorland and Cumberland and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the 267 line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties including the Counties of Middlesex Kent Sussex Surrey Berks Oxford Bucking- ham Hertford Essex Bedford Cambridge Suffolk Norfolk Huntingdon €€ants with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. Manchester and District including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid.North-East Coast and Yorkshire including the Counties of Northumberland Durham and York. Edinburgh and East of Scotland including the Counties of Nairn Elgin Banff Aberdeen Kincardine Forfar Perth Fife Kinross Clackmannan Stirling Linlithgow Edinburgh Haddington Berwick Peebles Selkirk and Roxburgh. Glasgow and West of Scotland including the Counties of Caithness Sutherland Ross and Cromarty Inverness Argyll Dumbarton Renfrew Lanark Ayr. Wigtown Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. Wales (excluding the County of Flint see iii). The County bf Monmouth. Northern Ireland as defined in the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and subsequent enactments relating thereto.Irish Free State as defined in the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia the Dominion of Canada the Dominion of New Zealand the Union of South Africa the Empire of India the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad. The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council:- 11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a) may as such nominate one candidate for such election or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election and shall be in the following form :- “We the undersigned Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland do hereby certify that A.B. of (registered address) a Fellow of this Institute is in our estimation a fit and proper person to be a District Member of tha Council of the Institute and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of the Council.” purpose.268 (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form each signed by one or more Members. Nominations for District XI1 should be received not later than 3 1st August. 111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81 a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District and the balloting list shall indicate which if any of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xii) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.( b ) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member addressed to the Secretary at the office of the Institute so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held.IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting Lists shall on the third Thursday in January in the year in which the election is held be opened by two Scrutineers not Members of the Council nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election a t a meeting convened specially for that purpose. (2) The balloting list of any member who on the third Thursday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council a t a meeting on the Third Friday in January specially convened for that (4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and in any case of an equality of votes the Council shall decide the matter by ballot.(5) If a t any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nominations or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected or if there be no such candidate the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V. ( 6 ) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting.V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings owing to death resignation removal or otherwise shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section in the respective District of one eligible 269 Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election. Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned a t least fourteen days before the date of the meeting.I f there be no Local Section within a District a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. I f there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii) such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The following Fellows are the present District Members of Council for the Districts indicated and all are eligible for re- election except Mr. Walter Henry Coleman who has completed the period of three years as the representative for the Glasgow and West of Scotland District and retires in accordance with By-Law 23. Birmingham and adlands Douglas Frank Twiss D.Sc.Bristol and South-Western Counties Albert Watkins Maggs Wintle. Liverpool and North-West Coast Harold Edward Monk B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties Lewis Eynon B.Sc. Manchester and District William Marshall. North-East Coast and Yorkshire Percy Ewart Bowles Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland John Adam Watson Glasgow and West of Scotland Walter Henry Coleman.* Wales and the County of Monmouth Christopher Maurice Northern Ireland Joseph Harold Totton B.A. B.Sc. A.C.G.I. Walter Grieb B.Sc. Irish Free State Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.C.Sc.1. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad Sidney Waterfield Bunker D.S.O. BSc. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last tern of their months if necessary. with the Registrar. 270 training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors . Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their position are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate The Library,-TheLibrary of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays 10 a.m. and I p.m.> except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.) except during August and the early part of September when the hours are from 10 am. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books.Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. 271 The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum South Kensington has notified the Council that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Students and research workers frequently require books on a variety of subjects other than those of their special study so that books which can be obtained easily from other Institutions would not ordinarily be lent by the Science Library. The Science Library however contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science and arrangements have now been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these and the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library that may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (cost about IS. 2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co. Ltd. 17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.2 to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms buckram case IS. zd.; binding 2s.g d . ; postage and packing gd.; in all 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. As the slides are constantly in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their fiermanent addresses for registration.272 Annual Chemical Dinner 9th November 1928.- Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to participate in the arrangements for the Annual Chemical Dinner which will be held in London at the Connaught Rooms on Friday the 9th November at 7 for 7.30 p.m. Dr. G. C. Clayton C.B.E. M.P. has kindly consented to take the Chair and will be accompanied by Mrs. Clayton. The Rt. Hon. W. G. A. Ormsby Gore M.P. Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Colonies will be the guest of the evening. The Dinner will be followed by music and dancing. Applications for tickets 12s. 6d. each for both ladies and gentlemen (including gratuities but not wines) should be made at once to Mr. F. A. Greene Hon.Sec. Annual Chemical Dinner Chemical Industry Club 2 Whitehall Court London S.W.I. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Friday 1st March 1929. 273 Exhibition 1928. Catalogue of the Exhibition of Apparatus Instruments Reagents Chemicals Filter Paper etc. held under the auspices of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section at the Institute on 24th October. LIST OF EXHIBITS In the Main Laboratory. 1. MESSRS. CHARLES HEARSON & Co. LTD. 68 Willow Walk S.E.l. Laboratory equipment. THE BRITISH DRUG HOUSES LTD. 16-30 Graham Street City Road N.1. Apparatus for Hydrogen Ion Work; Chemicals. 4. MESSRS. KELVIN BOTTOMLEY & BAIRD LTD. Imperial House Regent Street W. 1. Ultra-Violet Ray Fluorescence Apparatus.July 1928.) Laboratory Apparatus for bringing a Gas into intimate contact with a small quantity of liquid; gas scrubbers. 2-3. 5a. DOUGLAS HENVILLE EsQ. F.I.C. Continuous Extractor. (A description is given in The A d y s t 5b. C. HAMILTON FOOTT EsQ. M.Sc. D.I.C. A.I.C. 6. THE GOVERNMENT LABORATORY. Latest form of Arsenic Determination Apparatus. 7. THE LABORATORIES OF MESSRS. J. LYONS & Co. LTD. 1. Electrometric Titration Apparatus for Determination in atmosphere of Hydrogen with Bovey potentiometer. 2. Apparatus for testing tiles linoleum etc. (Tapping and Wearing tests). 8. G. W. SCOTT-BLAIR EsQ. M.A. A.I.C. Modification of the Bingham Plastometer for measurement o€ 9. Static Rigidity and Plasticity of soil and clay pastes.H. N. RIDYARD EsQ. B.Sc. A.I.C. King’s College Chemical Dept. New types of pipette metal glass joints etc. 10. &SSRS. BAIRD & TATLOCK (London) LTD. 14-16 Hatton Garden E.C.l. Scientific Apparatus. 12. YIESSRS. WOOD BROS. GLASS Co. LTD. Barnsley (exhibited by Messrs. Baird & Tatlock). Chemical Glassware. 274 45 Horseferry Road S.W.1. Laboratory Filters. Kingsway W.C.2. Scientific Apparatus. 96 Victoria Street S.W.1. Alembic Works Wedmore Street Holloway N. 19. 52 Hatton Garden E.C.1. Ozone Apparatus. Laboratory equipment. Scientific Glassware Thermometers and Laboratory equipment. Winsley House Wells Street Oxford Street W.l. Optical Instruments. Slough Bucks. Ultra-Violet Light Apparatus. Lambeth S.E.1. Chemical Laboratory Porcelain. Perth. Monax Laboratory Glassware and similar goods. Worcester. Laboratory Porcelain etc. Chemicals exhibition of Crystals. General Scientific Apparatus. Scientific Glass Apparatus. Exhibition of Glass Blowing. 12. THE STREAMLINE FILTER Co. LTD. 13. MESSRS. JOHN J. GRIFFIN & SONS LTD. 14. MESSRS. OZONAIR LTD. 15. MESSRS. BROWN & SON LTD. 16. THE SCIENTIFIC SUPPLIES Co. LTD. 17. MESSRS. CARL ZEISS (London) 18. THE BRITISH HANOVIA QUARTZ LAMP Co. LTD. 18a. MESSRS. DOULTON & Co. LTD. 19. MESSRS. JOHN MONCRIEFF LTD. 20. THE WORCESTER ROYAL PORCELAIN Co. LTD. 21. MESSRS. HARRINGTON BROS. LTD. 22. MESSRS. A. GALLENRAMP & Co. LTD. 23. THE SCIENTIFIC GLASSBLOWING Co.24a. MESSRS. VANDOME’S LTD. 4 & 7 Oliver’s Yard City Road E.C.l. 19 Sun Street E.C.2. 95 Gray’s Inn Road W.C.l. 106 & 108 Queen Victoria Street E.C.4. “Verity ” Scales Balances. 24b. THE METROPOLITAN FUEL Co. LTD. Millbank House Wood Street Westminster S.W.l. 240. MESSRS. RADFIELD’S LTD. SheEeld. Specimens of Steel ; Corrosion resisting and heat resisting steela 24d. JOHN a. A. RHODLN EsQ. F.I.C. Electric Heater. In the Balance Room. 25. MESSRS. L. OERTLING LTD. 66 Holborn Viaduct E.C. 1. Chemical and Assay Balances. In the Rostrum. 26. MESSRS. H. K. LEWIS & Co. LTD. 136 Glower Street W.C.l. Scientifio and Technical Books. In the Library Annexe 27. ~ S S R S . NEWTON & Go. LTD. 72. Wigmore Street W.1.Epidiascope. In the Council Room. 28. H. D. MURRAY EsQ. B.A. A.I.C. Gas Analysis Apparatus (a description 1s given in the J.C.S. 127 769 1926). 29. MESSRS. R. &. J. BECK LTD. 63 Cornhill E.C.3. Optical Apparatus. 30. MESSRS. NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA LTD. 38 Holborn Viaduct. Pyrometers and Mercury-in-steel Thermometers. 31. MESSRS. W. WATSON & SONS LTD. 313 High Holborn W.C.1. Optical Apparatus. 32. MESSRS. H. REEVE ANGEL & Co. LTD. 9 Bridewell Place E.C.4. Filter Papers etc. 33. ~!~&ssRs. EVANS ADLARD & Go. LTD. Postlip Mills Winchcombe Cheltenham. Filterings. 34. MESSRS. DEXINE LTD. Abbey Lane Stratford E.15. Dexine Rubber and Ebonite Products. 35. MESSRS. BOOTS PURE DRUG Co. LTD. Nottingham. Rare Synthetic Organic products. In the Examiners’ Assistant’s Room. 36. MESSRS. SANDS HUNTER & CO. LTD. 37 Bedford Street W.C.2. Epidiascope. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections. Africa. Edinburgh and East of Scotland Glasgow and West of Scotland Huddersfield Ireland (Belfast) , (Dublin) w.c.1. Dr. C. F. Juritz M.A. F.I.C. Villa Marina Birmingham and Midlande Dr. IF. W. Norris A.R.U.S. A.I.C 91 Witherford Way Selly Oak Birmingham. Brigltol and South-Western A. W. M. Wintle F.I.C. 6 Glentworth Counties Road Redland Bristol. Cape of Good Hope Three Anchor’u Bay Cape Town South J. W. Ingham M.Sc. F.I.C. Dept. of Chemistry Heriot-Watt College Edin- Dr. P. F. Gordon F.I.C. Royal Technical H. S. Pink M.So. A.I.C. 18 Longley Road C. S. McDowell B.Sc. A.I.C. 33 Wellington Dr. A. G. G. Leonard F.I.C. 18 Belgrave burgh. College Glasgow. Huddersfield. Park Belfast. Road Dublin. of Fuel The University Leeds. H. E. Monk B.Sc. F.I.C. 27 Kenwyn Road Wallasey Cheshire. Lee& Area H. J. Hodsman M.B.E. M.Sc. F.I.C. Dept. Liverpool and North- London and South-Eastern E. B. Hughes M.Sc. F.I.C. c/o The Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London V. R. Greenstreet A.C.Q.F.C. A.I.C. Dept. of Agriculture Kuala Lumpur F.M.S. Dr. Albert Coulthard F.I.C. 136 Barlow Moor Road West Didsbury Manchester. F. H. Walker B.Sc. A.I.C. 17 Chester Street Newcastle-on-Tyne. W. Rest Mummery F.I.C. Box 2 Aramoho Wanganui New Zealand. Dr. A. G. Ramsay A.I.C. Lpdale Lon Mafon Sketty Clam. Hon. Secretaries. Western Counties Malaya Manchester and District Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast New Zealand South Wales Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). Hon. Sccretal-y NORMAN STUART jun, 11 Platts Lane Hampstead N.W. 3.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9285200227

出版商:RSC    

年代:1928

数据来源: RSC

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THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. I FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1886 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1928. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER Registrar and Secretary. 30 RUSSELL SQUARE LONDON W.C. 1. December 1928. Publications Committee 1928-29 ARTH U R SM I T H ELLS (President) P. E. BOWLES A. J. CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY W. CLAYTON J. C. DRUMMOND LEWIS EYNON W. H. GIBSON C. M. W. QRIEB G. G. HENDERSON H. H. HODGSON PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer) A. W. KNAPP A. G. G. LEONARD W. MARSHALL E. Q. McLELLAN C. A. MITCHELL H. E. MONK D. F. TWISS J. A WATSON A. W. M. WINTLE. 279 Proceedings of the Council. NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1928.Registration.-The question of the Registration of Chemists other than pharmacists having been re-opened by some members of the Institute abroad the Council has authorised the publica- tion of a study of the subject in this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. (Page 283.) One of the initial difficulties is to determine the title which should be restricted to those who could be recognised as legally qualified to be registered. It will be recalled that the Council was requested to defer publication of its proceedings respecting the Memorandum on the use of the title CHEMIST which was forwarded to the Inter-Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts and on the evidence given on behalf of the Institute before that Committee by Dr.G. C. Clayton and the Registrar until the report of that Committee had been published. Consideration of the subject of registration was accordingly postponed. Up to the present time so far as can be ascertained the enthusiasm for or against the proposal has been limited to comparatively few and the majority of members have shown little or no interest in it; but it appears likely that the report of the Inter-Departmental Committee may be pub- lished in the near future. In the meantime the Council would welcome and consider carefully the views which any member may desire to contribute towards the elucidation of the matter. Registered Students.-At a recent meeting of the Belfast Section (see page 296) a resolution was passed asking the Council to consider means for making registration with the Institute more attractive to students.The Council has this matter under consideration; but in the meantime it is suggested that Fellows and Associates especially professors and teachers in universities and colleges could do much to help in the desired direction. It might be pointed out to all who aim a t adopting chemistry as a career that it would be helpful to them to give some small part of their time to the consideration of professional matters in addition to their technical education and that by registering as Students of the Institute at the earliest possible moment they 280 will obtain opportunities of keeping in touch with professional interests. Students could be informed that if they register they will receive the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS gratis and that by devoting an hour or so every two months to its perusal they can keep themselves informed on much that relates to the career of their choice.On the question of expense it may be mentioned that a student who registers for two years prior to his admission to the Associateship really pays nothing for while he pays an annual registration fee of IOS. he is entitled to an abatement of one guinea in the amount of his entrance fee to the Associateship. Registered students can apply to the officers for help and advice on any matters affecting their careers and many avail themselves of this assistance to their great advantage. Further- more Registered Students can proceed to the Associateship under the regulations in force at the time of their registration and are thus assured that future alterations will not affect them adversely.In most areas registered students are invited by the respective local sections to attend meetings of general interest and in London they have the valuable privilege of using the libraries both of the Institute itself and of the Chemical Society. It is particularly suggested that professors and teachers in universities and colleges should bring the Regulations of the Institute to the attention of their students and should also arrange for the distribution of copies of the handbook of the Institute The Professiovt of Chemistry which can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Research Associations.-The Council has under considera- tion and is dealing with further complaints on the subject of the possible encroachment of Research Associations on the practice of private consultants.Holding the view that it was the intention of the Government that the Associations should conduct original investigation and publish the results for the benefit of their members and that work which was not of that nature should not fall within their sphere the Council is gratified to note that this opinion is supported by the Director of the Water Pollution Research Board who stated in a recent report that it was not his business to advise on questions which are commonly dealt with by consultants whose professional services may readily be obtained.281 Licences for Stills etc.-Correspondence has passed between the Institute and the Custom House regarding licences in respect of stills and the use of methylated spirits in chemical labor at ories . In July 1892 the Council of the Institute was in communica- tion with the Board of Inland Revenue with respect to the Use of stills by analytical chemists solely for the preparation of distilled water. A reply was received that the Board had no desire to extend the obligation of taking out a licence to analytical chemists using stills solely for the purpose of distilling water and that if an analytical chemist on being called upon to take out a licence would submit his case to thelBoard it would give the matter careful consideration. After further correspondence the Board gave instructions to its officers that professors and teachers of chemistry and analytical chemists should be allowed the use of stills for purely professional work in all cases in which no manufacture of any article for sale from or with spirit was carried on.In March 1907 further correspondence passed between the Council of the Institute and the Board with respect to the recovery or purifying of methylated spirit and the Board replied that it was not proposed to interfere unduly with the ordinary practice of an analytical and consulting chemist although the official form of application should be filled up in every case. In the same year further correspondence passed regarding the size of the stills used by professional chemists when the Board replied confirming the position which it had adopted in 1892.Recently a Fellow of the Institute in practice was called upon to take out a licence for a water still. On his protesting he was sent a form for permission to keep the still with a request that he would supply full information regarding the mechanism of the still which was in fact connected with the main water supply by a metal pipe and was heated by gas. Next the local representative for Customs and Excise called upon the Fellow concerned to provide a bond for a substantial amount in respect of the use of the still. This was the first case which has come to the notice of the Institute in which a professional chemist had been asked to comply with this condition.An enquiry was addressed therefore to the Commissioners of Customs and Excise as to whether it 282 was their intention to insist upon professional chemists giving bonds in respect of stills used exclusively for the purpose of distilling water . A reply has been received from the Custom House to the following effect. It has been the established practice of the Commissioners in the interests of the Revenue to require a bond to be entered into in all cases where an appreciable quantity of industrial methylated spirits is used and a still is also kept. It was in accordance with that requirement that the Fellow referred to had been requested to enter into a bond. In the light of the representations made by the Institute however the Commissioners have reviewed the matter and have decided that where methylated spirits not exceeding 50 gallons in amount per annum are used by an analytical chemist and a still is kept they will be prepared to waive the bond requirement provided that the chemist furnishes the Department’with a signed under- taking that the spirits will be used only in his laboratory for the authorised purpose and that the methyl alcohol constituent of the spirits will not be removed.The Commissioners wish to make it clear that this con- .cession must be strictly confined to the case of chemists whom they feel able to regard as being of recognised professional standing and the purposes for which they desire to use industrial methylated spirits must be fully disclosed to and approved by the Commissioners.The concession to analytical chemists in respect of still licence duties and the use of methylated spirits in ordinary chemical operations still holds good. 283 Registration. PRELIMINARY.-In dealing with the question of Registration it is instructive to study the position of other professions in this connection. In discussions on the subject frequent reference has been made to the conditions which obtain in the medical profession for which the registration authority is the General Medical Council which was first constituted under the Medical Act 1858. The Medical Register for 1928 contains the names of rather more than 50,000 persons practising in Great Britain and Ireland and over 3000 abroad.The General Medical Council as constituted under the Medical Act 1886 consists of members appointed by universities having medical faculties members appointed by medical corporations such as the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons members appointed by His Majesty the King in Council and members elected by the profession as a whole together with three dentists who are appointed for dental business. The Council meets twice and its Executive Committee three or four times annually. A memorandum prepared by the Registrar of the General Medical Council (published in March 1928 by Constable & Co.) states that the General Medical Council is entrusted with making and keeping the Medical Register which contains the names of those alone whom the law declares to be duly or legally qualified.“The Council has to see that the tests of professional fitness actually applied by the examining bodies to aspirants for regis- tration are sufficient,” and “ that no registered person who by crime or misconduct has become unworthy of the legal status which registration confers shall remain on the Register.” ‘‘ It is a Council of Education and a Board of Registration under the supervision of the Privy Council which may direct it to amend its errors if any or supersede it if it persists in them.” It con- stitutes “ a Professional Court of Justice for the trial and deter- mination of grave charges brought against registered practitioners in their professional capacity,” and its judicial decisions in all cases within its competence a,re held to be final on questions of professional conduct.The Council has no jurisdiction over the 284 Licensing Bodies in regard to the withdrawal under their by- laws of qualifications from their own members or licentiates. (Many of the Universities it may be noted have no power to withdraw degrees once conferred.) The Licensing Bodies are not bound either to await or to follow a decision by the Council and since a practitioner must be in the possession of at least one qualification for registration in the event of his name having been removed the Council has no power to restore it unless he is in fact qualified. The General Medical Council is not concerned with rates of pay or hours of work or disputes with employers or theories of practice; it offers no pecuniary benefits and it can be sued in the courts like any other corporation.It exists in fact for the protection of the public not of the profession. It is “neither a parliament for making professional laws nor a union for pro- tecting professional interests.” Its purpose is “not to promote the welfare of professional men or professional corporations ,” but simply to protect the interest of the public because it is expedient that persons requiring medical aid should be able to distinguish qualified from unqualified practitioners. It is the machinery for hall-marking the qualified practitioner in order that he may be easily recognised when his services are required; but the public are free to seek ‘‘ nedical aid ” from the unqualified practitioner if they choose to do so.The unqualified prac- titioner i s free to practise for gain among those who choose to consult him; but the fact that he is not registered certainly militates against his obtaining practice. He must not pretend that he is registered; he cannot use the courts for the recovery of his charges or give a valid certificate for sickness or death or prescribe certain dangerous drugs; but except for such in- convenient disabilities he is not affected by the law. The qualified man however enjoys a definite legal status and official recognition although he is subject to educational and disciplinary control. In some places abroad even in some parts of the King’s Dominions an unqualified person who habitually and for gain holds himself out as practising any branch of medicine or surgery is liable to penalties; but legislation restricting the practice of medicine and surgery in this country to qualified persons only is not at present regarded as either probable or possible.In discussions on registration reference is also frequently made to the British Medical Association which was founded in 285 1832 and has a membership of over 30,000 or about three-fifths of those whose names axe on the Medical Register. The object of the Association is “ to promote the medical and allied sciences and maintain the honour and interests of the medical profession.” Its activities however are scientific ethical medico-political and social; it is very largely recognised as the representative organisation of the profession ; it has branches and divisions throughout the Empire publishes a weekly journal conducts an Information Bureau for assisting medical practitioners in clinical and scientific as well as medico-political matters; but it is not the Registration Authority.The position in respect of Veterinary Practice is much the same as that of medicine; the title Veterinary Surgeon or Veterinary Practitioner or any title which may reasonably cause any person to believe that the user is a registered veterinary surgkon is forbidden to any person not so registered. Restrictive registration is in some respects more complete under the Dentists Act 1921 the practice of dentistry by un- registered persons being prohibited so that any person who acts in contravention of this prohibition is in respect of each offence liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding ,SIOO; but a registered medical man may practise dentistry and also a duly registered pharmaceutical chemist or druggist where the case is urgent and no registered medical practitioner or registered dentist is available and the operation is performed without the application of any general or local anxsthetic.The per- formance is allowed also in any public dental service of minor dental work by any person under the personal supervision of a registered dentist and in accordance with conditions approved by the Minister of Health after consultation with the Dental Board. The Dentists Act 1921 provided however for the admission to the Register of persons (I) of good character who (2) had been engaged for five or seven years immediately pre- ceding the commencement of the Act as their principal means of livelihood in the practice of dentistry in the British Islands or who were admitted to the membership of the Incorporated Dental Society not less than one year before the commencement of the Act and (3) had attained the age of 23 years before the commence- ment of the Act.The Act also provided under certain conditions for the admission to the Register of dental mechanics who within 10 years from the commencement of the Act pass the prescribed examination in dentistry. The Dentists Act 1923 made certqin 286 special provisions for persons who had neglected to apply for registration and for persons who had served during the war in His Majesty’s Forces provided they passed the prescribed ex- amination.(While their number will continuously decrease a period of half a century must pass before the Dentists’ Register will cease to contain the names of persons who have not become qualified in the now established orthodox manner.) In Pharmacy the object of restrictive legislation is to regulate the sale of poisons for the proper protection of the public. Restrictive registration is complete so far as the Law (barristers and solicitors) is concerned. The profession of patent agent is restricted under powers vested in the Board of Trade the Register being kept by the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents although all registered patent agents are not members of that Institute.Regulation of the profession of architecture has recently been considered in Parliament but up to the present without result. Fellows and Associates of the Royal Institute of British Architects are entitled to use the term “Chartered Architect,” and the expression ‘‘ Chartered ” is similarly restricted to members of the Chartered Institutes of Accountants Civil Engineers Electrical Engineers Patent Agents Surveyors and Secretaries. With these examples in view the position of the profession of chemistry may be considered bearing in mind what has already been done by the Institute during the past 50 years to promote the organisation of qualified chemists to maintain their efficiency and status to represent them in matters of public importance and to create among them a code of professional procedure.I. ‘VOLUNTARY REGIsTRATIoN .-I t has been proposed that a register of Chemists (aceording to a definition of the word chemist yet to be established to identify those herein concerned) should be formed voluntarily before anything further is done in order that the country might be provided with a definite record of its chemical personnel. I t has been suggested moreover that a “ General Chemical Council,” consisting of representatives of the various chemical organisations and of the Universities and Colleges be appointed to form such a register as a preliminary measure before deciding what further action if any should be taken.The data for such a register are largely available in the lists of members of existing chemical organisations and might be augmented with the assistance of the Universities and Colleges. The Universities and Colleges however would probably find difiiculty in deciding which of their graduates should be regarded as chemists (seeing that many graduates in chemistry do not pursue the science as a profession) and how far teachers of general science should be included. There are also no doubt many persons who are not members of any chemical society but regard themselves as chemists and many who have acquired a certain status without systematic technical education. The difficulty of deciding who should be registered would devolve on the General Chemical Council.Experience shows that at least 25 per cent. of chemists change their addresses annually so that whether the Register be pub- lished or not the expense of its maintenance would necessitate an initial fee or a small annual levy which (under a scheme of voluntary registration) all who desired to be registered would be expected to pay or financial aid would have to be found from some other source. Under any voluntary scheme this would be difficult to enforce without some definite advantage being offered in return. It is held that the existence of such a register would promote the unification of the profession and would enhance its status; that it would be useful in time of stress-in time of war for instance.(It has been shown however that at such a time means are available for readily assembling any chemical per- sonnel that might be required.) It is also held that such a register would be a useful directory since it would concentrate in one volume the names of all persons engaged in the practice of chemistry as a means of livelihood. It has been suggested further that a list might be compiled containing the names of all members of the existing chemical organisations at the expense of such organisations; but that would not include all chemists while it would include many who do not profess to be chemists. (In such an event the Institute would still have to maintain in accordance with its Charter its own Register of Fellows and Associates). The question to be considered therefore is whether such a register or directory is necessary or desirable.2. COMPULSORY REcISTRATION.-Next may be considered the question of compulsory Registration and the restriction of practice which it implies. The profession of chemistry differs essentially in its con- stitution from those of medicine and dentistry. Considerably 288 less than 10 per cent. of the members of the profession of chemistry are engaged as individual practitioners; the remainder earn their livelihood on a salary basis; whereas the majority of medical men and dentists as also solicitors barristers and stockbrokers axe their own masters and as such come into direct contact with the public. There is no confusion in the minds of the public when a medical man or a dentist is mentioned this is not so with the chemist who i s confused with the pharmacist.Medicine (except occasionally elementary hygiene and ‘‘ first- aid”) and dentistry moreover are not taught at school; whereas chemistry and allied sciences are subjects of general education which may be continued in the universities as purely educational as distinct from vocational subjects. When the study of chemistry is pursued as a vocational subject the individual in time may reach a standard when he may be regarded as a chemist in a general sense or he may acquire a fair knowledge of principles and be regarded as a chemist in relation to some special branch of work; or he may acquire by evening classes and by practice in the laboratory of a works or of a private practitioner (as medical practitioners’ assistants did formerly) sufficient knowledge and experience to render him a useful chemist with a fairly wide range of experience or in a special branch.The necessity for definition of qualification has been met by the Institute of Chemistry. It was founded for that purpose and it is the duty imposed on the Institute by Royal Charter to maintain for the guidance of the public a register of chemists who are competent to the satisfaction of the Council. The standard maintained by the Council accords with the education afforded by the Universities and Colleges-the Associateship representing a satisfactory qualification in general chemistry and the Fellowship indicating recognition of experience and ability to carry out work independently.Except for the main- tenance of a register of students who are in the process of qualification it is not the business of the Institute (under its present constitution) to register persons who are not so qualified; so that unless its constitution be altered it would not be the function of the Institute to register persons whose quali- fications for practice are lower than those required for the Associa teship If compulsory registration were introduced it would be necessary to decide what standard should be accepted. If all 289 qualified chemists would come under the wing of the Institute- and the Institute is working for that end-the position of the Institute would be such that the public could easily exercise its discrimination in the choice of chemists and the necessity for legislative restrictive registration would largely be met.Moreover it is not improbable that the Institute may secure a legal title (in addition to A.I.C. and F.I.C.) for the exclusive use of its members. The question to be considered is whether it is desirable in the public interest to impose any restriction or hindrance on the practice of chemistry as a means of livelihood. The restriction may be in respect of the use of a title (yet to be determined) which in effect is nearly the same as restricting independent practice since the unregistered practitioner must find a description in order to practise without infringing the law and is obviously at a disadvantage.The qualified supporters of the extension of Registration are prepared to make a sacrifice in order to secure the closing of the profession in the future believing that it would enhance the status of the profession and secure fuller recognition of the services which it renders to the community. These aims are justifiable ; but selfish considerations-such as restricting the numerical strength of the profession merely in order to secure improved economic conditions for its members-cannot be accepted as the main reason for closing the profession. (In- cidentally we still have medical men and dentists whose charges are remarkably moderate.) It must be shown that such closure is for the public good for the benefit of industry that it will raise the status of the profession and ensure an efficient chemical service by affording chemists through their representatives more complete powers of professional self-government.It must be borne in mind moreover that chemists are required for very simple as well as for very difficult work; it is not reasonable to contend that highly qualified chemists are required for certain types of routine testing which can be well undertaken by assistants less qualified. Such assistants are necessary in industry and in private practice and it would be unreasonable to demand that those falling in this class should be denied a right to work and earn their living merely because they had not reached a required standard and might not be capable of reaching that standard.Chemical assistants would occupy 290 prebumably positions analogous to those of dental mechanics dispensers and nurses and solicitor’s clerks. The question of registration may now be considered in its relation to various branches of the profession ; private practice industry teaching and government and municipal service. (a) Private Practice.-It has been proposed by some that restriction might apply only-or in the first instance-to persons in individual practice leaving them to be responsible in turn for those working under them. This proposition would appear to be feasible although it would be difficult to show that it is called for by reason of the prevalence in this country of charlatans or that the public is suffering from the need for legislation in this respect.So far as certain practitioners are concerned-for example public analysts and official agricultural analysts- a measure of legal definition has been provided by government. In addition to public analysts and official agricultural analysts there are consultants and analysts in general and specialised practice and chemical engineers metallurgists scientific jour- nalists chartered patent agents and barristers dealing with technical matters etc. In respect of these the qualifications of the practitioners afford the public the means for exercising discrimination in the engagement of their services. The public however needs constantly to be reminded of the significance of qualifications and of the existence of chartered professional bodies which are entrusted with the duty of hall-marking professional men ; whereas the supporters of registration hold that by their method the public would recognise more easily the position of the registered professional man.In Italy an Act has been passed for the registration of practising consulting and analytical chemists and similar powers exist in some other countries. (Full particulars of the Italian Act are being prepared.) The Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec has reserved the title ‘ I professional chemist ” to members of the Association of Professional Chemists of Quebec; but the Act does not prevent any person from practising chemistry provided that he does not assume the name of professional chemist or any abbreviation thereof.The suggestion to provide for a closed profession was rejected by the Public Bills Committee. It may be argued that protection is necessary in respect of advice given in connection with joint stock enterprises wherein the public risk their funds and this implies that promoters are 291 not able to discriminate in selecting technical advisers. There is little evidence however that promoters are in the habit of ignorantly consulting persons who are not qualified to advise them or that the position would be improved by compulsory registration of individual practitioners. Apart from the public interest it may be questioned whether the majority of existing qualified independent practitioners would be in favour of or benefit from compulsory registration since such a measure would give for many years official recognition to those who are less qualified.This objection applies to Registration in any profession and the difficulty cannot be obviated if the proposal is held to be for the ultimate good. Presuming however that it is held to be desirable to seek compulsory registration and that a suitable and distinctive title is reserved for qualified chemists it would be for the Govern- ment to decide how far it would be reasonable or just or advan- tageous to restrict the right to practise to those registered. Such restrictive registration powers would be sought in order to provide the public with means of distinguishing the qualified from the unqualified and to ensure the observance of a code of professional conduct.The advantage to registered practitioners would lie mainly in a clause preventing the unregistered practitioner from suing for a fee. In chemistry however a dilettante worker may make a valuable discovery of which the public should have the benefit; such a worker does not require registration and need possess no qualification but he could not be debarred from experiment provided that there is no risk of his doing harm to others and if he should make a discovery of value he should be entitled to his reward. On the other hand it might be made an offence for a person not qualified within the meaning of the Act to hold himself out as a chemist or to offer to do chemical work which although not qualified he may be able to do quite well.A member of another profession-an engineer or architect for example-may possess sound chemical knowledge which would enable him to advise a client on a chemical question. Is he to be obliged to call in a chemist or should he act as the chemist does when he feels qualified to advise on an engineering problem? Many would prefer that the practice of science (where it does not directly affect health as in the case of medicine) should be as unrestricted as art or music but if it is considered desirable in the public interest to impose a restriction on the practice of (c) 292 chemistry by independent practitioners a minimum qualification must be defined; such registration must be combined with the provision of a restrictive title or definition of function and with the insistence on a disciplinary code provision being made for the removal of the names of offenders against that code.(b) Ifidastry.-With regard to chemists engaged in industry it has been suggested by some that employers should be prevented from employing persons to do certain chemical work unless they are qualified to a certain standard. If that suggestion were followed it would belnecessary to define the restricted work in itself an almost impossible task and the suggestion implies the inspection of works and the enforcement of regulations with regard to the chemical personnel employed. In the absence of evidence to show that industry is unable to safeguard its own interests and those of its employees and of the public in this matter it may be doubtful whether industry could be expected to tolerate interference of this character.Consideration might be given to the necessity of enforcing registration of those engaged in dangerous industries or in industries which are concerned with the health and safety of the public for example the manufacture of explosives of food and drugs and of materials of construction. In dangerous industries much protective legislation already exists but apart from that the employers realise the importance of employing qualified chemists and even then it is necessary to recognise that they must be specially trained while actually employed in those industries since they cannot acquire such necessary special know- ledge and skill in colleges or elsewhere and cannot be entrusted with certain operations until they have been trained actually on the works.There is little evidence of laxity in safeguarding employees against injury in dangerous industries; while in respect of industries relating to food and other commodities affecting the health of the people the law has provided protection by the examination of such products by public analysts although much more should be done to ensure a thoroughly satisfactory food supply. Can it be shown that compulsory registration of chemists in industry would be advantageous to the public to employers or to industrial chemists themselves ? Teachers.-The inclusion of teachers in a compulsory register might also have to be considered.Chemistry-unlike 293 medicine dentistry and the law-being a subject of general education as well as a vocational subject calls for a considerable number of teachers (over 1500 in England Scotland and Wales in public and secondary schools) in addition to those in the Universities and Colleges. Teachers of chemistry in Universities and Colleges would generally be regarded as eligible for regis- tration as chemists but teachers in schools vary considerably in their qualifications and in their work. Many prepare pupils for examinations of intermediate University standard; others are teaching only elementary science. Some are earnest chemists pursuing research in their spare time. Others are general Form- masters who do not maintain close touch with the modern progress of chemistry.At the time of qualification however any of these might be entitled to be registered as chemists; later if they ceased to take any particular interest in chemistry they would probably not desire to be registered. It is difficult to decide how far teachers engaged solely as such should be considered as coming within a scheme of registration and whether any ad- vantage could accrue to them or to the public by their inclusion in such a scheme. (d) Govevnmertt and Mzcrcicipal Service.-The question of registration might also affect chemists seeking appointments in government and municipal service since in the event of the in- troduction of compulsory registration qualified chemists en- gaged in the public service would no doubt be required to be registered although lower grades of assistants in laboratories would still be necessary.On this point the Institute has already advocated that a distinction which in some departments has been adopted be drawn between qualified chemists of various grades to whom the title of chemist is applied and the secondary staff to whom the title is not applicable-such as chemical assistants laboratory assistants and laboratory attendants. It is difficult to see how any advantage from compulsory registration could accrue to chemists at present holding per- manent government or municipal appointments since their position is already assured. The public Chemical Service will be satisfactory so long as the conditions are attractive to qualified men and women of the best type.In general the question to be decided is whether any form of restriction of a name or title or of practice is desirable a d if so 294 whether it is more likely to be beneficid to the public and to the professionJr-under Governmental control or under the aegis of a chartered body. The Architects’ Registration Bill was introduced in the House of Lords on 7th November by Lord Wigan (Earl Crawford). It seeks on behalf of the Royal Institute of British Architects authority to set up and maintain the Register of Architects. It may be noted that the Bill provides that the following persons shall be entitled to be registered:- (a) Architect members of the Royal Academy and of the Royal Scottish Academy; (b) Every person who has gained a degree or diploma in architecture from any University in Great Britain or Northern Ireland or from the Architectural Association London ; (c) Every person who at the passing of the Act is or has been in bonajde practice as an architect; and Every person (i) who has been for a period of five years immediately prior to and is at the passing of the Act a bona fide architectural assistant or (ii) who sub- sequently to the passing of the Act has completed a period of five years one year at least of which shall have been prior to the passing of the Act as a bona$de architectural assistant ; provided that applications for registration from persons referred to in (c) and (d) must be made within a period of five years from the passing of the Act.Provision is made for the appointment of an Admission Committee consisting of 24 persons including representatives of the professional bodies of architects and 12 other bodies concerned with such subjects as surveying engineering land agency estate management auctioneering rating surveying and valuing. Provision is also made for the appointment of a Discipline Committee who shall be responsible for the removal of names from the Register for misdemeanours or for unpro- fessional conduct. The Discipline Committee is to consist of three members registered under the Act appointed by the Council of the Royal Institute of British Architects; one member ap- pointed by the Ministry of Health; one by the President of 296 the Law Society; one by the Incorporation of Architects in Scotland; and one by the Ulster Society of Architects (In- corporated).The Bill is intended to protect the use of the title " Registered Architect " and-subj ect to certain reservations regarding the rights of local authorities and other bodies corporate-provides that any unregistered person who so practises or pretends to be a registered architect shall be liable to penalties-not ex- ceeding fl50 for the first offence and EIOO for every subsequent offence. The Bill was ordered to be printed but it is understood that it is not generally regarded as satisfactory. The constitution of the Admission Committee whereon so many professions are to be represented is an unusual feature as is also the inclusion of representatives of the Ministry of Health and the Law Society on the Discipline Committee.296 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Section held in the Royal Belfast Academical Institution on 23rd October a paper was read by Dr. W. H. Gibson the Chairman on " Membership of the Institute." Dr. Gibson expressed the view that the best way to encourage the organisation of chemists under the Institute was to induce them to join at an early stage and for this reason he thought that the Studentship should be made more attractive. The member- ship of the Institute helped chemists to advance their position; but when considering membership they should not merely think of the advantage to themselves but of the interests of the pro- fession as a whole.The development of the activities of the Local Sections was a great help since it afforded facilities for chemists to come together and discuss their problems for their mutual bene- fit. In other ways membership of the Institute was of much more use to younger men than to those who were well established in the profession. For example the Appointments Register assisted many to obtain their first positions. As a means of help- ing both the Institute and its Local Sections Dr. Gibson suggested that the registration of students should be further encouraged and also that younger members should be induced to take an active part in the work and management of the Section. A discussion followed in the course of which several members expressed their opinions.Dr. Hawthorne reviewed the position with regard to the possibility of drawing students from Queen's University and the Municipal College of Technology and came to the conclusion that the Section was not likely to derive membership from those Golleges because the students who qualified usually 1eft'Belfast to seek work elsewhere. Dr. Still said that the majority of the students in the chemical department at the Technical College were pharmacists. Dr. Honneyman suggested that studentship could be improved by making an optional examination at the age of eighteen years for preliminary subjects and allowing candidates to concentrate for the Associateship also that the Register of the 297 Institute should contain the dates of entries of the members a Students Associates and Fellows and whether members ha( passed the Institute’s own examinations The Register shoulc indicate such successes.On a motion by Dr. Honneyman seconded by Mr. Dickerson, resolution was passed to the effect that the Council should b asked to consider means for making the Registration of Student more attractive . Mr. Derrett Smith Mr. Haller andMr. Hoskins also particj pated in the discussion the last urging that prospective member should not look solely on the advantage of membership t( themselves. Birmingham and M idlands-The seventh annual genera meeting of the Section was held on 16th October Professor A. R Ling in the chair when the Committee for the ensuing sessioi was elected.Professor Ling and Mr. F. H. Alcock having served three year as Chairman and Vice-president respectively retired in favou of Dr. Twiss and Dr. Wardlaw. Thanks were accorded th’ retiring officers for their excellent services to the Section durini their term of office. The reports of the Treasurer and Hon. Secretary were receivec and adopted. A discussion followed on the programme for the presen session and on other topics of interest special reference beinl made to the postponement of the consideration of the subjec of Registration. Members of the Section were invited to attend a meeting helc at the University Edgbaston on the 18th October under th( auspices of the University of Birmingham Bio-chemical Society when Professor Ling introduced Professor S.B. Schryver whc gave an address on b 4 Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Proteins.’’ The lecture was devoted mainly to the methods of separatini the products of hydrolysis of the proteins. Attention was callec to the inadequacy of the esterification method introduced b Emil Fischer; among the more recent methods which werr available the lecturer described the carbamate method whicf consisted in converting the amino-acids into the barium salts o their carbamates. During the course of this work three hithertc 298 unknown products of hydrolysis were discovered viz. hydroxyly- sine hydroxy-amino-butyric acid and hydroxyvaline. These are all hydroxy derivatives and it thus appears that for nearly every amino-acid present in the hydrolysis products the corres- ponding hydroxy-acid is also found There is however one important exception leucine.In an attempt to isolate hydroxy- leucine a new base with eight carbon atoms was discovered to which the name protoctine was given. As five instead of three basic products of hydrolysis are now known a method had to be evolved for separating these five when they are all found in the hydrolytic products of a single protein. An account of such a method was given and attention was called to some interesting results regarding the occurrence of these bases. An account was then given of a method more convenient than the carbamate method for separation of the products of hydrolysis which has given still more satisfactory results and has led to the isolation of still one more unknown hydrolytic product the nature of which has not yet been finally determined.The essential feature of this second method is the separation of the copper salts into three fractions. The lecturer pointed out that the separation of the products of hydrolysis was only the first stage in research on the proteins. The next stage is the separation of the products of digestion by ferments; no satisfactory method of accomplishing this has as yet been evolved. Finally the lecturer drew attention to the fact that the peptide structure of the proteins suggested by Fischer only accounts for the mere skeleton of the protein molecule. The proteins contain active peripheral groups and readily undergo intramolecular changes examples of which the lecturer gave from his own experience.The proceedings terminated with a cordial vote of thanks to the lecturer. On the 4th December the members of the section were invited to attend a lecture demonstration of ‘* Photomicrography ” by Professor G. Haswell Wilson M.D. Professor of Pathology in the University of Birmingham. The lecture took place in the Department of Pathology where Professor Wilson exhibited apparatus which had been specially constructed to his design. The necessity of centreing the optical system was stressed and 299 novel methods of ensuring this were described and demonstrated; the methods whereby an accurate focus of the image to be recorded might be obtained were also dealt with.By careful pre- liminary standardisation of conditions-employing a constant source of light an accurately known scale of enlargement a definite developer acting for a definite time Professor Wilson was able to show how the production of uniformly excellent negatives was a scientific certainty. The lecturer concluded with an account of the preparation of lantern slides also under standard conditions thus rendering uniform production an easy matter and gave a number of useful formulae for developers and fixing solutions. At the conclusion many members obtained useful advice on the subject from the lecturer and a hearty vote of thanks pro- posed by the Chairman Dr. Twiss was carried by acclamation. On ~ 3 r d November under the auspices of the Birmingham and Midlands Section a lecture was given in the Medical Theatre at the University (Edmund Street) by the Registrar on (( Alchemists in Art and Literature ’ ’ illustrated by lantern slides.A vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer on the motion of Dr. D. F. Twiss Chairman of the Section. The lecture was open to the public and was very well attended. In returning thanks the Registrar emphasised the importance of chemistry in modern life. B ri sto I and South- Weste rn .-Mr. Edward Russell presided at the second meeting of the session held in the Chemical Department of Bristol University on 13th November when a paper was read by Dr. 0. C. M. Davis Head of the Department of Forensic Medicine on ‘‘ Some Relationships between Chemical and Pharma- cological Action in Elements and Compounds.” The lecture which was highly interesting and instructive was followed by a useful discussion in which Messrs. E. Lewis R. D. Littlefield F. O’Brien A. W. M. Wintle D. R. Wood and the Chairman participated. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposition of Mr. R. D. Littlefield seconded by Mr. F. Southerden. On 29th January rgzg Mr. Edward Russell will read a paper on “Some Toxicological Cases.” 300 Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The first meeting of the session was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the hall of the Pharmaceutical Society Edinburgh on aand October when Major Robert Bruce read a paper entitled :- b b Some Problems in Colloid Chemistry,” dealing specially with gels and their structures.In his preliminary remarks Major Bruce set forth the two main theories of gel structure-the older or emulsoid theory and the later view that the structure is that of a network of crystalline fibrils of little more than molecular dimensions separated by liquid. He then discussed the classical work of Graham on silicic acid gels and indicated that as far as silicic acid is concerned the facts are all against the emulsoid theory and easily explainable on the basis of a fibrillar network. After touching briefly on various gel-forming substances Major Bruce described his own work on the conditions producing synaresis and opalescence in gelatine gels and the relationship between maximum opalescence in gels of low concentration and the minimum swelling of gelatine at the isoelectric point.He adduced evidence for the belief that a gelatine gel in equilibrium consists of a single phase in the sense of the Phase Rule. After describing and commenting upon various theories of the structure of gelatine gels he concluded by drawing attention to the views of the late Professor Procter as being those which appear best to fit the facts as at present known. A discussion followed in which Dr. W. W. Taylor Dr. Kermack Mr. A. M. Cameron and Mr. Rutherford Hill took part. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer proposed by Mr. J. Adam Watson. The second meeting of the session was held jointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry on 15th November in the North-British Station Hotel Mr.J. Adam Watson presiding. Dr. W. J. Jenkins delivered a lecture on Nitrocellulose Lacquers and Enamels. ” The following abstract is reproduced from Chemistry and Industry ~ 3 r d November; a more complete abstract has been 301 filed at the Institute for the inspection of members who wish further details of the paper. Nitrocellulose finishes could be divided into two classes- lacquers and enamels. In addition to nitrocellulose the lacquers contained resin plasticiser solvents and diluents ; enamels containing pigments as well. It was largely the ratio of the nitrocellulose plasticiser and resin to each other that determined the quality of the film.After describing the experimental procedure for determining the composition necessary to give the properties required for any type of lacquer the author considered the ingredients entering into the composition of a nitrocellulose enamel. One of the causes of the enormous advance in the use of nitrocellulose finishes since the war was the production of nitro- celluloses of very much lower viscosity than were hitherto avail- able thus permitting a thick coat to be built up in comparatively few operations. For the manufacture of lacquer it was usual to use a nitrocellulose with a nitrogen content between 11.8-12.3 per cent. The most suitable nitrocelluloses for the manufacture of lacquers and enamels fell within the range of 10 to 200 poises in a 40 per cent.solution in aqueous acetone obtained by mixing 95 C.C. of pure acetone with 5 C.C. of water. In nearly all nitrocellulose finishes the solvent was a mixture of liquids of such nature to ensure that the composition had a suitable viscosity and to enable the rate of drying of the film to be more readily controlled. One of the most necessary properties of a good solvent for nitrocellulose was that it should confer a high resistance to precipitation by a hydrocarbon on a solution of nitrocellulose. This need became obvious on comparing the prices of solvents and hydrocarbons such as toluol and xylol. When graded according to this test solvents could be classified roughly in the following groups in the order of decreasing solvent power ketones and esters of monobasic hydroxyacids ; ethers of poly- hydric alcohols; and esters.The most common solvents were the simple esters such as ethyl acetate butyl acetate and amyl acetate. The extended use of nitrocellulose lacquers and enamels was due largely to the production of butyl alcohol by fermentation thus giving rise to an almost inexhaustible supply of butyl alcohol and butyl acetate at a low price. So far little use had been made of ketones in lacquer solvents in spite of their high solvent power. The esters of monobasic hydroxyacids such as ethyl lactate and butyl lactate found 302 limited use and lately a certain interest had been taken in the ethers of polyhydric alcohols. Plasticisers were introduced into lacquers to prevent the film becoming brittle.They also increased the pliability and the elasticity of the film and thus helped it to withstand temperature changes and vibrations without cracking. There did not appear to be a definite relationship between the suitability of a plasticiser and its ability to dissolve nitrocellulose. Thus castor oil a non- solvent for nitrocellulose was nevertheless a comparatively good plasticiser in certain circumstances. The essential property of a plasticiser in addition to its softening action on the film was that it should not be volatile otherwise the quality of the film depre- ciated during ageing. After a discussion of the use of resins natural and synthetic in nitrocellulose finishes the author considered pigments and observed that with the development of nitrocellulose enamels for motor bodies there had been an ever-increasing demand for a high-grade pigmented enamel.Pigments which were satis- factory in ordinary oil enamels were not necessarily suitable for use in conjunction with nitrocellulose. Finely-divided opaque pigments were necessary for lacquers for outside use as sunlight slowly decomposed clear lacquer films. Opaque pigments considerably increased the life of nitrocellulose films. Pigments should have as low a specific gravity as is possible and should be finely ground so as to keep down the rate of settling. Pigments with a soft texture were chosen wherever available to reduce the cost of grinding. Since the quantity of pigment that could be ground in a given time depended on the bulk of the pigment and the “oil,,’ a low oil absorption was desirable.Certain pigments reacted with solvents and so were not used in enamels. In conclusion the author described the manufacture of nitrocellulose lacquers and enamels. A discussion followed in which Mr. W. M. Ames Dr. Kermack Messrs. W. F. Martin J. W. Ingham and J. Adam Watson took part and a hearty vote of thanks was accorded Dr. Jenkins on the motion of Mr. G. F. Merson. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Society of Dyers and the Society of Chemical Industry at White’s Restaurant Glasgow on 19th October when an address on 303 *‘ Some Random Thoughts on Chemical Themes” was given by Dr.H. H. Hodgson of Huddersfield Technical College,-Mr. Thomas Ramsay in the chair. The lecture took the forrn of a review of recent utterances at public conferences during 1928 from the standpoints of chemist and teacher “ Science and Craftsmanship,” an address given by Sir W. Bragg before the British Association receiving primary attention. The revolution in industry now in progress due to the ever increasing dependence of industry on process and ever diminishing reliance on manual skill emphasised the import- ance of humanistic non-vocational studies in our National Scheme of Education; since in a democratic age when great issues are decided by a majority vote the necessity for all sections of the population to meet somewhere on common ground be- comes self-evident.The results of the Research Associations were held to justify Sir W. Bragg’s opinion that “much of our hope for the future is built upon their work.” The position of the chemist in industry was considered and a rapid survey made of large-scale operations which have little or no laboratory equivalent viz. agitation and stirring crystallisation dissolu- tion of solids filtration drying packing of columns and towers design of fractionating and rectifying columns corrosion and continuous processes. Above all the importance of a knowledge of costing was emphasised. A new class of operative due to the research associations was held by Sir W. Bragg to be the required intermediate link ” between school and industry and the consequences of this new factor were discussed.The intrinsic dangers of mass production rationalisation standardisation etc. were considered and the vital need for continuous research pure and applied was urged. The study of Lord Melchett’s valuable Presidential Address to the Association of Technical Associa- tions was recommended as a stimulant for the Science Teacher the importance of contentment in employment brought about by a proper realisation of the underlying interest in all scientific operations being impossible to over-rate. Dr. Hodgson ex- pressed the view that teachers of experimental science must have research experience in order that they may be capable of inspir- ing pupils both by precept and example. The present and grow- ing evils attendant upon the methods of secondary education now in practice were indicated together with the pernicious types of school examinations now in vogue.Current opinion as judged by recent public utterances appeared to be abandoning 304 organisation as the sole means of solution of our problems and turning towards the development of the individual as the true aim of educational endeavour. A quotation from Sir W. Bateson concludes the paper “The one reasonable aim of man is that life shall be made as happy as it can be made there is only one way of attaining that aim namely by the pursuit of natural know- ledge. ’ ’ The annual general meeting of the Section was held in the Engineers’ and Shipbuilders’ Institute Glasgow on 24th October.Mr. F. W. Harris Chairman of the Section presided. Reports from the Hon. Secretary the Hon. Treasurer and the Publicity Committee were received and approved. Mr. A. R. Jamieson and Dr. Harold Raistrick were elected members of committee in place of Messrs. Thos. Cockburn and D. Trevor Jones who retired by rotation. At the close of the business Mr. Malcolm Gillies read the essay for which he was awarded the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize and was warmly thanked by the Chairman who congratulated him on his work. A joint meeting of the Section with the Local Sections of the Institution of the Rubber Industry and the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Philoso- phical Society of Glasgow on 7th November when a paper was read on ‘‘ Electrical Insulating Materials from a Chemical Standpoint * * by Mr.W. H. Nuttall. Mr. Thomas Ramsay presided. The author emphasised the need of improved insulating materials to keep pace with the constantly increasing voltages employed. Reference was made to the usual methods of testing insulating materials and the effect of thickness temperature and moisture was described in some detail. Unless electrical tests were carried out under very definitely specified conditions the results obtained were worthless. Amongst the tests referred to were determination of the breakdown voltage insulation resistance and dielectric constant. The significance of the dielectric constant as propounded by Debye was described and the importance of the constant in high tension electrical engineering was illustrated by reference to graded and also to composite insulators.305 The author then proceeded to discuss the possibility of corre- lating the electrical behaviour of insulating materials with their chemical composition. Enumerating most of the insulating materials in general use it was pointed out that all of these were colloidal in character and this suggested that there might be some connection between insulating properties and the colloidal state. Conduction whether through a conductor or through an insulator entailed the passage of ions through the material. Conductivity depended not only upon the number of ions but upon their velocity. In all the colloidal materials mentioned there was a very high mechanical resistance to ionic migration so that materials which behave as conductors when near the molten state did actually behave as insulators at ordinary temperatures owing to the great frictional resistance to the motion of the ions.Further the colloidal state pre-supposes matter in a high state of aggregation. Illustrations were given showing that in the manufacture of insulating materials the final stage was so far as organic materials were concerned usually one of polymerisation. Matter in a high state of association was not readily ionised and this being the case such materials always acted as non-conductors of electricity. An interesting discussion followed in which the Chairman (Mr .Thomas Ramsay) Messrs. Ryan Caven Fleming Gunn Mitchell Keyworth Macleod and Macallurn jun. participated. Dr. Gordon expressed the opinion that since so little had been written on this subject it would be unfortunate if the full text of the paper were not made generally accessible by publica- tion in say the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. A meeting of the Section was held in the Engineers’ and Ship- builders’ Institute Glasgow on 30th November when members were invited to participate in a discussion on professional matters. Mr. F. W. Harris presided. The Chairman on behalf of the section extended a very cordial welcome to Mr. R. Leslie Collett Assistant Secretary of the Institute who had kindly consented to open the discussion. He also congratulated Dr.D. N. McArthur Hon. Assistant Secretary of the section on his recent promotion to the chair of chemistry in the West of Scotland Agricultural College. 306 Mr. Collett said that the Council had under constant con- sideration all subjects which affected or were likely to affect the professional position of chemists. In dealing with “registration,” he pointed out that over fifty years ago it was generally felt by chemists that there was a necessity to provide the Government and the public with some means of recognising those who had been properly trained and proved to be competent to practise chemistry as a profession. It was for that object that the Institute had been founded and it was one of the Institute’s prime functions.In 1885 the Royal Charter was given to the Institute with authority to grant certi- ficates of competency and to register persons qualified to practise. He firmly believed that the regulations which were now in force were such that no artificial barrier was placed between the really competent chemists and their recognition by the professional body. If however in the future it should be felt that there were grades of men who could not reach the Institute’s standard’ he saw no reason why the scope of the Institute should not be widened to enable them to come within the fold in some way or other. In dealing with some of the activities of the Institute he pointed out that the action taken in regard to the conditions of employment of chemists in beet sugar factories was chiefly in the interests of less qualified and junior men.A few but only a few members of the Institute itself were directly interested in the temporary and junior appointments wherein the conditions were unsatisfactory. He suggested that it was inadvisable to write letters-to the press giving publicity to cases where chemists had been offered poor terms of remuneration. This was like putting out a notice “Chemists are cheap to-day.” As a matter of fact this was untrue. He believed that on the whole the remuneration of chemists was favourably comparable with that of members of other professions. He hoped that the Council would authorise the issue of another request for salary statistics and that this would meet with more general response as the information so obtained would be of great value to the officers in their constant work of pointing out to employers that the services of a properly trained man could not be obtained unless he were adequately paid.Mr. Collett ended by pointing out that a very large amount of the work of the Institute was not suitable for publication. It 307 consisted to a large extent in giving useful information advice and"he1p on all kinds of subjects to individual members and he was glad to take the opportunity of acknowledging the help freely given by members with specialised experience to other members of the professional body. The Chairman Professor Henderson Messrs. Wilson Mitchell Caven Hopper Hawley Cumming Jamieson Duncan Keyworth McIntyre Caunce and Gordon participated in the discussion.The Ramsay Chemical-Dinner was held at " The Grosvenor," Glasgow on 11 th December Dr. Herbert Levinstein President of the Society of Dyers and Colourists and Chairman of the Council of the Society of Chemical Industry in the chair. The guests included Principal Sir James C. Irvine Sir Henry S. Keith Mr. C. M. Aitchison K.C. Ex-Treasurer Thomas Kelly (Glasgow Corporation) Dr. and Mrs. Stockdale and the Registrar of the Institute and Mrs. Pilcher. The dinner was held as usual under the joint auspices of the various organisations concerned with chemistry in the West of Scotland. The menu and toast list were accompanied by apt quotations from various authors. The loyal toasts having been honoured Mr.C. M. Aitchison proposed the toast of " The Profession of Chemistry.'' He remarked that chemistry although it was an intricate and abstruse study had always appealed to the popular imagination probably due to the fact that the human mind was always captivated by the mysterious and also perhaps because it was a legacy of the far-off days when alchemists were seeking to discover the philosopher's stone. The dream of the alchemists was to-day passing from the region of myth into that of reality. Fifty years ago science including chemistry was touching only the fringes of industry; today it was penetrating every branch and transforming every aspect of it. Whatever might be the industrial structure of to-morrow he hoped that the scientist would receive that recognition of his place in industry which hitherto he had been denied.The chairman in reply said that they heard a good deal of the need for educating the public as to the value of chemistry to the nation. Propaganda was valuable not he thought because it mattered so much to the chemist but because it mattered to the public to know more than it did of science. He 308 would like to see a knowledge of physics chemistry and other natural sciences regarded as much a sign of culture as a know- ledge of the classics. There should be an atmosphere in politics and finance and a social atmosphere favourable to chemists and to the development of chemical invention. Why should not a man going up to the University without the intention of entering a profession as did so many young men take science instead of classics history or the law? There was as much culture to be derived from science as from the humanities and much more useful knowledge.The history of the World when it was young was more truly history and more romantic than the record of battles in say the Third Punic War. The date when Ramsay discovered helium gas imprisoned in cleveite was of greater interest to a cultured mind and of far greater import- ance than the date of the Battle of Lutzen. Helium still oozed out of the earth in tiny quantities little remnants of what one might well surmise was once present in great profusion ; tiny traces like jewels found in ancient tombs revealing old forgotten culture.To learn that this gas was present in large quantities outside the sun and to find that the spectrum lines of this tiny prisoner found in cleveite in 1898 were identical with those found 30 years earlier by Lockyer in the sun was thrilling. To know why the sun should contain large quantitichs of helium and the earth tiny quantities was more romantic than the stories of the crimes of Cesare Borgia. In the following year (1899) the Curies on their honeymoon went to Joachimsthal and brought home with them radio active uranium pitchblende. They isolated the radium and then discovered that it gave off an emanation which was helium. Was there not something portentous of world importance in these discoveries? He suggested that it was more important for the young to know the story of helium and that it was far more fascinating than to be steeped in the tiresome orations of Cicero.If some old stone released helium after aeons that could not be measured and this helium turned out to be something left over by the Master Builder of the universe and Ramsay found it was that not enough to immortalise the name of Ramsay? Sir Henry Keith proposed the toast of “The City of Glasgow,” to which Councillor Kelly replied. Dr. Henry L. G. Leask proposed “The Guests,” on whose behalf Principal Sir James Irvine replied and in doing so paid a fine tribute to the memory of Ramsay. 309 The Chairman having mentioned the services rendered by Mr. R. G. W. Eadie in the arrangements for the evening Mr. Eadie acknowledged the help which he had received from the officers of the participating societies.Between the toasts violin solos rendered by Miss Helen Young were much appreciated. The remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing. The Publicity Committee of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section has reported on the articles which have been contributed to the press by its members during the past year. Since the scheme was started about five years ago 163 articles have appeared in the Glasgow Herald and 170 in the local evening and other papers. The Section has expressed its warm apprecia- tion of the encouragement received from Sir Robert Bruce who has taken so much interest in the matter and also to the con- tributors of the articles. The following have appeared since the list published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part VI 1926:- In the GZasgow Her&:-Prof.R. M. Caven “Colour in the Mineral World”; and “Symbols of Long Ago.” Dr. J. A. Cranston “Relation of Chemistry to Astronomy.” Dr. A. B. Crawford “The Surface of Things.” Dr. W. M. Cumming “Power Alcohol”; and “Common Salt.” Prof. D. Ellis “Sewage Disposal ” ; ‘‘ Preservatives in Food ” ; ‘‘ Principles of Retting ” ; *‘ Biochemical Studies ” ; ‘‘ Black Sand on the Clyde.” Dr. G. S. Ferrier ‘‘ Paints aqd Varnishes.” Dr. J. D. Fulton ‘‘ Fermenta- tion.” Dr. D. T. Gibson “ Carbonic Acid Gas ” ; and “ Silver.” Dr. I. V. Hopper ‘‘ Cellulose ” (2 articles). Dr. J. Knox ‘‘ Limits of Chemical Analysis.” Dr. S. Mitchell I ‘ The Interferometer ” ; and “ The Spectroscope ” Dr.P. Maitland Ingenious Experi- ments.” Dr. J. McLintock “Aluminium.” Mr. J. C. MacMaster “The Photographic Plate.” Mr. M. N. Nicholson Science and the Soil” ; and “ Production of Plants.” Dr. R. C. Smith ‘‘ Forms of Energy ” ; ‘‘ Food Preservation.” Mr. R. Somerville “Archi- bald Scott Couper.” Mr. F. R Storrie John Stenhouse.” Mr. G. Thomson “Relation to Aviation” (2 articles). Dr. S. H. Tucker ‘‘ The Boiling Point ” ; and “ Pasteurised Research,” In the Manchester Guardian.-Dr. P. F. Gordon ‘‘ Keeping an Eye on Technical Progress ” (Scottish Chemical Industries). 310 H uddersfie1d.-The eighth annual general meeting of the Section was held in the Queen Hotel on 29th October Dr. H. H. Hodgson in the chair.The statement of accounts for the past session was submitted and approved. Mr. P. Calam and Dr. A. E. Everest were elected to the Committee in place of Mr. H. S. Foster and Dr. H. H. Hodgson who retired in accordance with the Rules and Mr. H. S. Pink was re-appoint ed Hon. Secretary . After discussion it was decided to suspend the local subscrip- tion for a further period of one year. Mr. A. 0. Jones suggested that a comprehensive lecture on Industrial Poisons would be useful and that the subject was of such importance that the Institute might publish such a lecture in pamphlet form. The Section also discussed the Alkali Works Regulations Statutory Rules and Orders 1922 No. 731 particularly with regard to the definition of Nitro-and Amido-Processes which appears to call for authoritative interpretation.It was left to the District member to bring the matter before the Council. At a meeting held in the Physics Theatre Huddersfield Technical College zIst November Dr. A. E. Everest in the chair Prof. H. M. Dawson gave an address entitled ‘‘ Electrons and Protons in Modern Chemistry” The significance of electrons and protons in the modern interpretation of the physical and chemical properties of the elements and their compounds and of physical and chemical phenomena in general was dealt with by the lecturer who emphasised the very great changes which have taken place in basic theoretical conceptions during the present century. The discovery of the radio-active or transitory elements and the mixed or isotopic elements of methods by which the atoms of the elements can be artificially disintegrated and of the spectral relations which led to the recognition of the atomic number as the basis of the periodic system have indeed resulted in a pro- found modification of 19th century views and it is now possible to express the chemical and physical properties of the elements in terms of simple structures in which the ultimate units are the proton and the electron.Chemical change is now recognised to be intimately associated with the transfer of electrons and the 311 traditional distinction between substances as acidic or basic would seem to find an explanation in terms of the proton in the sense that acids are substances which can part with a proton to the bases.The supposition that the hydroxyl group is the distinguishing characteristic of bases so far as aqueous solutions are concerned is inconsistent with the recent advances which have been made in the study of catalysed reactions. Such reactions may be catalysed not only by hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions but also by neutral molecules complex positive ions of the ammonium type and by acid anions. All these catalytically active entities are to be classed as acids or bases according to whether they act as proton donators or proton acceptors. After a discussion a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Prof. Dawson on the motion of Dr. H. H. Hodgson. Irish Free State.-A General Meeting of the Section was held in the Physics Lecture Theatre of Trinity College on the 26th October Prof.W. E. Adeney in the chair. Dr. F. W. Aston F.R.S. delivered a lecture on ‘‘ Isotopes and Packing Fractions” The atomic theory of Dalton was first mentioned introducing the conception that all the atoms of any one element are identical and equal in mass. Prout’s hypothesis that the different elementary atoms were composed of “ protyle ” or hydrogen required that the atomic weights of the elements should be whole numbers if that of hydrogen were taken as unity. The occurrence of undoubted fractional atomic weights resulted in the rejection of the hypo- thesis. About IOO years later Soddy and Hyman found that lead derived from the radio-disintegration of thorium had an atomic weight of 208 while Richards found 206 for lead derived from uranium.The two leads were chemically identical but the atoms had different masses. To this phenomenon Soddy gave the name “Isotopy.” About the same time Sir J. J. Thomson in an electromagnetic examination of neon (atomic weight 20.2) obtained evidence that the gas consisted of a mixture of atoms of masses 20 and 22. Attempts to separate isotopes by physical methods gave slightly positive results but the processes were very laborious and complete separation was not feasible. 312 Dr. Aston then described his original mass-spectrograph in which the atoms or groups of atoms deprived of one or more electrons and hence positively charged were submitted to the deflecting actions of electric and magnetic fields and subsequently fell upon a photographic plate in positions dependent upon the charge and mass of the particles.The determination of atomic mass by this instrument gave an accuracy of I in 1000 and showed that most of the elements examined exhibited isotopy. It further appeared that all the elements examined exhibited isotopy; also that all the elements except hydrogen (1.008) possessed atoms the masses of which were whole numbers on the scale oxygen = 16. This was known as the “ whole number rule.” These results led to a modernised form of Prout’s hypothesis; the atom of hydrogen is considered to consist of a nucleus the mass of which is almost that of the whole hydrogen atom with unit positive charge a round which a single electron moves in an orbit.The hydrogen nucleus is termed a proton and other atoms are regarded as being built up of protons with suitable arrangements of electrons. By means of this theory it is easy to account for the occurrence of atoms of one and the same element which have different masses dependent on the number of protons present in the nuc- leus but identical in chemical properties dependent on the electronic system. It would apparently follow that the atomic masses should be multiples of that of hydrogen ( I ~ o o ~ ) whereas they are on the whole number rule multiples of unity on the scale oxygen = 16. This loss of mass of the nuclei is considered to be caused by the close packing of the electric charges on the protons in the nucleus.To investigate the whole number rule more critically a new mass-spectrograph was constructed in which the atoms had a mean free path of I metre and such increased resolution was obtained as to give an accuracy of mass measurement of I in 10,000. Thus for example the atomic weight of hydrogen was found to be 1.00778 the masses of methane and oxygen shown to be different and atomic weight of phosphorus was found to be less than 31 a result which has recently been confirmed. It was now found that many atomic masses departed to some extent from the whole number rule and a quantity termed the “ packing fraction ’’ was introduced to express this departure. The packing fraction is the divergence of the atomic mass from 313 the whole number rule divided by the atomic mass and represents the gain or loss of mass per proton when the nuclear packing is changed from that occurring in oxygen to that of the atom in question.The packing fraction throws fresh light on atomic constitution as it is a measure of the forces binding the protons and electrons constituting the nucleus. Thus were the packing fraction of helium not greater than that of oxygen the nucleus of the latter could not consist of four unchanged helium nuclei as there would be no loss of energy or mass to correspond to the forces holding the four particles together. When the packing fractions of the atoms are plotted against mass number all except light atoms of even atomic number lie on a curve showing a minimum at -9 for bromine.Prof. A. W. Conway F.R.S. in proposing a cordial vote of thanks to the lecturer said that the results obtained by Dr. Aston opened a very hopeful method of attack on atomic struc- ture. Mr. R. W. Ditchbourne F.T.C.D. seconding the vote of thanks spoke of the great experimental difficulties overcome by Dr. Aston in his researches He thought that Dr. Aston had paid a very high compliment to the intelligence of his Irish audience as he had given in one lecture the subject-matter of a course to which he devoted at least eight lectures in Cambridge. The meeting closed with a very hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Aston. The annual general meeting was held in the Physics Lecture Theatre Trinity College Dublin on 30th November,-Professor W.E. Adeney presiding. The reports of the honorary secretary and treasurer having been received and adopted the chairman declared the committee re-elected as follows:-Professor W. E. Adeney Dr. J. Bell Mr. B. G. Fagan Dr. A. G. G. Leonard Dr. J. H. Millar Mr. A. O’Farrelly Mr. J. W. Parkes and Professor S. Young. Messrs. G. Brownlee and P. O’Callaghan were re-elected honorary auditors. Mr. A. C. Brookes delivered an address describing the nature of the work carried on at the Government Laboratory in Singa- pore. He said that the work was large in volume and varied in nature. Speaking of the testing of fuel oils he referred to the inconsistency of the results obtained in the viscosity test at 3 2 O F. 314 while the results obtained at 40" F.were quite consistent. He felt that little value could be attached to those obtained at the lower temperature. A large proportion of the population of the Straits Settlements consists of Chinese of whom the well-to-do smoke a prepared form of opium known as chandoo. Chandoo once smoked leave a residue known as dross which was smoked by the poorer Chinese with harmful results. The government have endeavoured to stop dross smoking by offering a relatively high price for dross. Thus chandoo costs about 12 dollars (28s.) per tael (1.3 02.) and contains about 10 per cent. morphine while a good once- smoked dross should contain more than 4 per cent. morphine and is paid for by the government at seven dollars per tael. Sophis- tication of the dross led to the necessity of analytical control for all dross returned and some 400 tests are carried out weekly.All dross purchased in this manner is subsequently destroyed by the government. Of alcoholic liquors the commonest are brandy and toddy the latter being the juice of a local palm which ferments spontaneously and rapidly. Toddy more than two days old is definitely harmful and vendors are not permitted to have such on their premises. Acidity calculated as free acetic acid is a measure of the age of toddy and must not exceed 0.8 gr. per IOO C.C. Sophistication by adding water and sometimes also raw spirit necessitates other determinations. Cow's milk is consumed to some extent and when adulterated by adding water and buffalo milk (6 per cent.fat) the adulteration is diecult to detect unless overdone. Speaking of the liquefaction test on explosives he said that few if any samples passed the test which was probably due in his opinion to the high humidity of the climate in Singapore. Tin concentrates were assayed by a method which required go minutes each stage being carefully timed. The sample finely ground and dried was fused with soda extracted with hydrochloric acid reduced by nickel after the addition of marble titrated with iodine in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. Many other types of analysis were briefly mentioned by Mr. Brookes who also exhibited a number of slides illustrating the nature of the country in the vicinity of Singapore. The Chairman conveyed the hearty thanks of the meeting to Mr.Brookes and spoke of the pleasure which the members felt in having him in Dublin again. 315 Leeds Area.-The annual general meeting of the Leeds Area Section was held on 19th November at the Great Northern Hotel Leeds. The reports of the Secretary and Treasurer and the Financial Statements were received and adopted. Messrs. R. Gawler L. L. Lloyd C.rH. Manley and E. E. Wells were elected to fill vacancies on the Committee. Mr. H. J. Hodsman was re-elected Hon. Secretary and Treasurer and Messrs. J. Firth and J. T. Thompson Hon. Auditors. On the conclusion of the business a paper was read by Mr. L. Staniforth Costing Accountant to Messrs. Brotherton & Co. on b b The Costing of Chemical Manufacturing Processes. ” On the recommendation of the Leeds Area Section that the paper and discussion should be published in full the Publications Committee has decided that it is of such importance and general interest that it should be printed as a separate monograph.With the consent of Mr. Staniforth it is hoped that the publica- tion will be issued shortly. An interesting discussion followed and at the conclusion a cordial vote of thanks was passed to the lecturer. meeting of the Section was held on 11th October Professor C. 0. Bannister in the chair. Live rpoo I and N o rt h - W este rn .-The eighty-third ordinary Dr. R. A. Morton read a paper on b b Recent work on the Fat-Soluble Vitamins.” The growth promoting factor A the anti-rachitic factor D and the anti-sterility factor E are all fat-soluble substances which appear in the non-saponifiable portion of certain natural fats and oils.Rickets the disease for which vitamin D is a prophylactic is an affection with a marked seasonal incidence being especially rampant in temperate climates after periods of sunlight deficiency. Light especially ultra-violet rays in the region of 270-320 pp shares with cod-liver oil the property of improving the health of children afflicted with rickets. The possibility that the two methods of treatment are closely con- nected was clearly indicated by Steenbock’s discovery that many materials acquired anti-rachitic potency after being subjected to the action of ultra-violet rays. When vegetable oils were examined in this way it was found that the ‘ activatable ” material could be concentrated in the sterol fraction; it was also found that the 316 sterols from animal fats possessed some of the parent substance ot vitamin D and that cholesterol from brain or from cod-liver oil possesses the property of acquiring anti-rachitic potency to a marked degree.The photochemical formation of the vitamin implied the absorption of light ; spectrographic examination disclosed that three absorption bands in the middle ultra-violet were character- istic of provitamin D and that the activatable material was an impurity present in minute amount in natural sterols. A short time after this observation was made it was found that ergosterol exhibited the same three bands with remarkable intensity and that on irradiation a product was formed which was many thousand times more active than cod-liver oil in combating rickets.The nature of this photochemical change has not yet been fully elucidated; apparently the vitamin has an absorption band near 280pp and another product of the reaction or reactions absorbs selectively at 247pp. The concentration of vitamin D appears to reach a maximum when only 10 per cent. of the provitamin has disappeared; so that the process is very far from being efficient. There seems no reason to doubt that before long vitamin D will be known as a pure substance of definite con- stitution. Vitamin A like vitamin D is decomposed by light but we have as yet no knowledge of a photochemical precursor for the growth-promoting factor although one might be expected to exist.The fact that this vitamin is light-sensitive lends colour to the suggestion that it should absorb selectively. Experiment has proved that this is the case and that a band at 328pp is as much a property of vitamin A as the well-known colour test with antimony trichloride. Vitamin A appears to give a decomposi- tion product with a band at 275-285pp in the same region as the band for vitamin D. Spectrographic work on derivatives of ergosterol together with convergent evidence from several other directions suggests that vitamin A as well as vitamin D is a derivative of ergosterol. Such evidence as we possess does not rule out the possibility that vitamin E is also of the same family. Progress in the field of vitamin chemistry is now very rapid and probably the reason for the advance is that a large number of workers in physics chemistry and medicine in various countries are co-operating.A discussion followed in which Professor Hilditch Professor Roberts Messrs. W. A. Sexton T. McLachlan and F. G. 317 Martin took part and after the lecturer’s reply the meeting closed with a hearty vote of thanks proposed by the Chairman supported by Mr. H. Humphreys Jones. On 8th November a Smoking Concert was held. The chair was taken by Professor Bannister and arrangements were in the hands of Mr. F. J. Smith and Mr. John Hanley. The artistes who contributed to the enjoyment of the members were Messrs. Richard Brown W. Bowler W. King H Lunt and C.F. Lumby. Joint meetings with the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry took place in October and November. On 19th October Mr. B. D. W. Luff read a pape; on “The Rubber Industry,” and in the afternoon by courtesy of the Company members visited the works of the Liverpool Electric Cable Co. Professor Bannister’s lecture on “ Some Examples of the Corrosion of Metals,” on 16th November was also well attended by members of the Section. The Section has received a cordial invitation from the Chemical Society to co-operate in the annual general meeting and anniver- sary dinner of the Chemical Society which takes place in Leeds on zIst March 1929. The Section records its very deep regret on the death of Alfred Smetham a past Chairman of the Section who will long be remembered for his loyal work for the Section and for many acts of kindness to its individual members.London and South-Eastern Counties.-The annual general meeting of the section was held at the Institute on zIst November Professor J. C. Drummond in the chair. The Treasurer’s report and the Committee’s report were received and adopted. The officers for the ensuing year were elected as follows :-Chairman Professor J. C. Drurnmond Vice-Chairmen Sir Robert Robertson and Mr. G. S. W. Marlow Treasurer Mr. Arthur J. Chapman Hon. Secretary Mr. E. B. Hughes Committee Messrs. L. K. Boseley L. E. Campbell N. Evers L. Eynon T. H. Fairbrother S. H. Greenwood G. N. Grinling G. A. R. Kon L. H. Lampitt J. R. Nicholls H.Shankster W. H. Simmons W. 0. R. Wynn (Fellows) Messrs. R. G. Atkinson J. J. V. Backes A. W. Barrett Miss K. Culhane Messrs. S. G. Kendrick C. W. Spiers (Associates). 318 Thanks were accorded Messrs. Lush and Claudet who were renominated for election as Honorary Auditors for the ensuing year. After the formal business the members enjoyed a smoking concert to which the following contributed :-Miss Broers Mr. H. E. Cory Mrs. Cosbie Mrs. J. Grant Mr. G. Hopkinson Mr. W. G. Messenger and Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Smith. Malaya.-At the College of Medicine Singapore on 19th July Dr. J. L. Rosedale gave a lecture entitled ‘&The Proteins of Fish.” Mr. I;. L. Okell presided. Prior to the lecture the members and guests visited the Bio-chemical Laboratories where Dr.Rosedale demonstrated the process for the preparation of the proteins and their analysis by Van Slyke’s method as modified by himself and Professor Plimmer (Biocbiem. J. 1925 xix p. 1,004). Dr. Rosedale outlinsd the constitution of the proteins as being complexes of amino acids some twenty of which were known to exist in proteins. The number of amino-acids present varied; some of them were absent from certain proteins. This was important from the physiological point of view because correct tissues could not be built up unless the food contained the required amino acids. Failure of normal growth resulted from restriction in the diet to proteins which were not “complete.” The Van Slyke method of analysis was sufficiently sensitive to show up such deficiencies.Dr. Rosedale instanced the fact that maize was deficient in lysine which was necessary to build up the normal muscle tissues of chickens. Generally animal proteins were more complete ” than those derived from seeds. The amino acids of animal tissues had received fairly extensive investigation and this had recently been extended to fish. Several kinds of fish had been studied both as to the proteins of their muscles and of their roes. Tables were given showing the proportion of nitrogen in various forms present in the muscle and roes of the varieties of fish studied. It was hoped by means of this work to throw some light upon the nature of the peptides. The work was as yet in its infancy and new methods and modifications of the old ones were now being investigated.‘* The Application of Chemistry in Modern Farming ” 319 At Kuala Lumpur on 9th September Dr. T. A. Buckley gave a lecture entitled ‘‘ Coal Research and Mining Safety.” Mr. R. W. Blair presided. Mr. Buckley reviewed the great developments that had taken place in research on fuel problems during recent years following upon the realisation that supplies were not inex- haustible and upon the increasing industrial competition among nations. Much co-ordinated team work was being done in Germany and in the U S A . England also was well to the fore H.M. Fuel Research Board being active in a wide field and Research Associations and the Universities taking an important part. The Safety in Mines Research Board on whose work the lecturer had been engaged considered problems both of safety and of utilitarian advantage and these often merged into one another.The Board was appointed in 1921 but experiments regarding coal dust explosions had previously been conducted by the Mining Association of Great Britain. The Home Office had established an experimental station in Cumber- land where Dr. R. V. Wheeler and his staff studied explosion dangers on a large scale and conducted fundamental researches. A new station in a sufficiently isolated yet accessible position had been opened near Buxton in July 1927; this was under the immediate direction of Dr. Wheeler and there was a valuable arrangement for co-operation with the U.S. Bureau of Mines.The researches covered such subjects as explosions safety lamps mechanical appliances wire ropes etc. and included extensive investigation of the constitution of coal. The lecturer then gave a summary of the results obtained in the more recent investigations into the last named subject dealing more particularly with the work carried out by Stopes Thiessen Fischer and Schrader as well as by Professor Wheeler and his colleagues of the Safety in Mines Research Board and concluded with a short account of his own work on the possible production of the “ ulmin” constituents of coal by the interaction of amino-acids polypeptides or peptone with reducing sugars. Manchester and District.-On the 2nd November at the Engineers’ Club Sir E. J. Russell Director of the Rothamsted Experimental Station gave a lecture on before a joint meeting of the Section of the Institute with the 320 Manchester Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.Mr. L. Guy Radcliffe chairman of the Manchester Section of the Institute presided. Sir John Russell said that the first great triumph of chemistry in modern farming was the introduction of artificial fertilisers notably calcium superphosphate sulphate of ammonia nitrate of soda and potassium salts. Since the war there had been the added achievement of synthetic nitrogenous fertilisers. Artificial fertilisers had added greatly to the productiveness of soils all over the world had given large crops of cereals potatoes sugar beets grass etc.and had caused a large increase in the produc- tion of milk and meat. Superphosphate played an important part in the agricultural development of Australia indeed it was not too much to say that without artificial fertilisers the earth to-day could not feed all its population. Fertilisers not only increased the crop but altered its com- position and habit of growth. Fertilisers were also used to in- fluence quality and especially to help the plant to adapt itself to different weather conditions. For example superphosphate en- couraged root development and therefore helped the young plant to become established and to send its roots down into the moist subsoil-a very valuable thing in dry seasons.Sulphate and muriate of potash increased the efficiency of the leaf and so helped the plant in a sunless season. This explained their importance in Northern Europe. In regions where the climate was fairly regular from season to season this methodof adjusting the crop to the climate by means of fertilisers was likely to be very useful when it was better understood and in the uncertain climate of England it had already proved useful in levelling up good and bad seasons especially for the growth of fodder crops. The effect on quality was less easy to analyse. Nitrogenous fertilisers tended to increase the amount of protein in the crop which might enhance their feeding value but might detract from other values e.g. increased nitrogen-content in barley would usually lower the brewing quality of the grain.On the other hand an increased nitrogen-content of wheat was associated in a general way with improved baking properties. These good effects of fertilisers along with the improvements in seed crop varieties and farm machinery said Dr. Russell had enabled British farmers to attain high yields in good years and to avoid the disasters such as used periodically to occur as when in 1879 the wheat crop almost completely failed there was now always a crop whatever the season. The problem of increased production per acre was solved sufficiently for to-day’s needs and efforts were now directed to lowering the costs of production by increasing efficiency and lowering waste and loss.In recent years he continued there had been an increase in the number of plant diseases. Every country had always had a few; and nowadays with more rapid transport diseases were liable to be carried from one country to another. Further under cultivation plants were more liable to disease than in the wild state. Wild wheat on the hills of Palestine and Transjordania did not get rust; but cultivated on the experimental farm it did. The most destructive crop disease in the history of mankind had been the ordinary potato blight (Phytophera infestans). This was a native of South America and it never reached Europe until steamships began to make the journey from South America in such short time that they could carry vegetable products. About 1840 it invaded Ireland and swept the country with all the vigour of a new pest destroying the potato crop on which the peasants lived reducing then to starvation; so that thousands died in the terrible famine that followed.For forty years Ireland was never free. Once the disease appeared the farmer was helpless; nothing could be done. Of all the tyrants Ireland ever had the potato disease was the worst. It cost thousands of lives untold suffering and misery and millions of money; but after forty years a remedy was found in Bordeaux mixture and the blight has never caused serious trouble since. Following on this had come a host of chemical fungicides and insecticides and there seemed considerable outlet for coal-tar derivatives in this direction. One of the chloro-cresols had been found at Rotham- sted to have special insecticidal value.An important set of applications of chemistry to agriculture had arisen out of the improved knowledge of the chemistry of the soil. The greatest part of the soil was composed of minerals and their derivatives and of these by far the most important was clay. Its agricultural properties were now explained by recognising that the clay of normal soils was a calcium compound of a very complex alumino-silicic acid. As in other compounds the calcium could be replaced either by hydrogen or by another metal. Replacement by hydrogen was effected by washing the clay with rain water; it gave an acid clay of sticky unpleasant 322 nature familiar to all cultivators in cold wet regions.Replace- ment by sodium occurred whenever sodium salts were brought into contact with the clay-a common occurrence in irrigated areas; the sodium clay was sticky and very different to work and the result might be highly unfortunate. In either case the best remedy was to get back to the calcium clay by adding calcium carbonate to an acid clay or calcium sulphate to an alkaline one but this process was often difficult and expensive and a cheaper method was very desirable. In the general advance of agricultural science it was often difficult to pick out what had been done by chemists and what by other workers. Chemists were the first in the field but biologists physicists and nowadays mathematicians were playing an increasingly important part and their work was so interblended that discrimination was not always easy.The achievements of science in agriculture were perhaps best summed up by comparing the prediction of Sir William Crookes in 1898 with the accomplishments of agriculture to-day. Speak- ing with a full knowledge of science as it then was Sir William Crookes predicted that the world in 1931 would require go million tons of wheat to feed its population but that this represented the utmost that the wheat growers of the world could do; afterwards the world would be faced with starvation. The accuracy of his forecast in regard to consumption showed how carefully he had made his calculation. As he predicted the world required in 1928 about go to IOO million tons of wheat; but science had advanced so much as to upset altogether his calculations about the possible production.The quantity of go millions which he thought was the limit had been much exceeded even in 1911 and could be considerably exceeded to-day if it were wanted. The fear of world starvation had gone and the achievements of science were only at their beginning. The following took part in the discussion Mr. L. Guy Radcliffe Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw Mr. G. E. Holden Mr. C. Rawson Mr. John Allen Mr. T. Horner Mr. Elsdon Mr. Shenton and Dr. T. Callan. Sir John Russell having replied to the points raised was accorded a hearty vote of thanks on the proposal of the Chair- man seconded and supported by Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw (Chairman of the Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) Mr.G. E. Holden (Chairman of the Section of the Society of Dyers and 323 Colourists) and Mr. T. Homer (Chairman of the Chemical Section of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society). Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast. -A Meeting of the Section was held on 13th December at Tilley's Rooms Newcastle-upon-Tyne Professor H. V. A. Briscoe in the Chair. Further discussion took place concerning the deputation from the Section to the Newcastle Chamber of Commerce there being differences of opinion as to the best methods of bringing science to the aid of Tyneside industries and as to the powers of local sections in making representations to public bodies. Means should be found for safeguarding the interests of all concerned and especially of those who depended on investigation and research as well as on regular testing which in many cases is now undertaken on the works instead of being entrusted to the private practitioner.There was however a need for new indus- tries based on original work. The Council will be consulted as to the action taken by the deputation. The Section will co-operate with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry and with the Chemical Industry Club in arranging a Joint Annual Dinner. I t was also decided that an invitation should be sent to the Council to arrange a meeting of the Institute in Newcastle during the period when the Exhibition is held in 1929. South Wales.-At a Joint Meeting with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry held at Swansea University College on 19th October Mr.Louis King gave a lecture entitled 6' In a Persian Oilfield." Mr. King described methods of prospecting for oil drilling and transport etc. paying particular attention to the drilling and charting of areas thus enabling forecasts to be made as to the extent of the field the area tapped by a particular well etc. The lecture was followed by a cinematograph film illustrating the subject and showing the properties owned and methods adopted by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company Ltd. in Persia. The"1ecture was appreciated by a large audience of members and visitors a vote of thanks proposed by Mr. G. Madel seconded by Mr. J. R. Green being accorded with acclamation.324 At a Joint Meeting held at the University College on 2nd November Mr. Morris Jones gave a lecture on 4 b X-Rays.” The particular branch of the subject chosen was the application of X-Rays to the study of crystal structures and properties of metals. The methods used for the determination of the atomic arrange- ments of crystals were described and the three main types of atomic arrangements found in metallic crystals were discussed with the aid of models. The face-centred and body-centred cubic systems were fully dealt with and the dependence of the physical properties of the metals on the atomic arrangement was explained. Solid solutions eutectics and intermetallic compounds the dependence of their atomic structures on those of the constituent metals were discussed some of the research work carried out by the lecturer himself being considered.A discussion followed and a hearty vote of thanks proposed by Mr. E. A. Tyler seconded by Dr. A. G . Ramsay concluded the meeting. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Swansea on 23rd November Mr. C. M. W. Grieb presiding. The following Officers and Committee were elected Chairman Mr. E. A. Tyler; Hon. Secretary Dr. P. Macnair; Committee Messrs. P. F. Ellis C. A. Seyler E. E. Ayling Prof. J. E. Coates Dr. L. E. Hinkel and Dr. A. G. Ramsay. Mr. C. M. W. Grieb was nominated District Member of Council for a further year. Votes of thanks were accorded the retiring chairman Mr. C . M. W. Grieb and the Honorary Secretary Dr.A. G. Ramsay. The Meeting was followed by a Smoking Concert to which many of the members present contributed. 325 S t r ea t f eild Memorial Lecture. THE eleventh Streatfeild Memorial Lecture was delivered at King’s College London on the 18th November by Professor Arthur R. Ling Professor of Brewing and the Bio-chemistry of Fermentation in the University of Birmingham who selected as his subject 66Contributions to the History of Starch and its Transformation Products. ’’ The lecturer dealt in the first place with his association with Finsbury Technical College and he paid a high tribute to the inspiring influence he had derived from Professor H. E. Armstrong and the late Mr. F. W. Streatfeild. Guided by Professor Arm- strong he commenced research work while acting as junior chemist to the London Beetroot Sugar Association.Some years subsequently he was appointed chief chemist to the Association and he then became associated with Mr. Julian L. Baker with whom he commenced research work on the chemistry of starch. A series of papers was published in their joint names from 1895-1897 after which circumstances necessitating their separation the work had been continued by each separately. Dealing with the early history of starch chemistry the lecturer pointed out that even as long ago as the early part of the 18th century it had been recognised by Leeuwenhoek that starch granules had a definite form and that they consisted of more than one substance. It was now known with certainty that the starch granules of potato arrowroot etc.were made up of amylopectin-the substance to which the gelatinising property of starch was due-and amylose. The former existed in the granules as a calcium phosphate ester and the latter partially as an ester of the same kind. When starch granules were treated with 7 per cent. hydrochloric acid at ordinary temperature the esters were hydrolysed and the de-esterified granules then formed a limpid though colloidal solution with boiling water. The lecturer showed some sections of the starches of potato arrowroot and wheat and he pointed out that their structure was in a sense analogous to that of a cell. The hilum contained 326 phosphate nitrogen iron etc. in combination with organic matter and it appeared to be similar in some respects to the nucleoproteins.Round the hilum were alternate layers of amylopectin and amylose. The starch granules of the cereals barley wheat rice etc. contained according to Schryver a third substance to which Ling and Nanji had given the name amylohemicellulose. It was a silico-phosphoric ester of amylose and it was converted com- pletely into maltose by both forms of diastase. The minute granules of starch present in foliage leaves had been found in the lecturer's department to be composed of amylose for when treated with the diastase of translocation present in raw grain and in foliage leaves this amylose was converted complete1y"into maltose. Amylopectin on the other hand was de-esterified and depolymerised.When amylopectin was treated with the diastase of secretion (malt diastase) it was converted into a series of substances known as maltodextrins together with a trisaccharide (P-glucosidomaltose) maltose and isomaltose according to the conditions of the experiment. At the conclusion Mr. Julian Baker being invited to comment on the paper referred to his past association with Professor Ling whom he complimented on the comprehensive character of the lecture. The President presented Professor Ling with the Streatfeild Memorial Medal and a portrait of Frederick William Streatfeild in whose honour the lecture is given annually. The meeting terminated with a cordial vote of thanks to Professor Ling. 327 Notes. The Annual Chemical Dinner held at the Connaught Rooms London on 9th November was attended by over 450 members of the participating chemical societies and institutions and their guests.Dr. G. C. Clayton presided and was accom- panied by Mrs. Clayton; the guest of the evening was the Rt. Hon. W. G. A. Ormsby-Gore Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. The Loyal Toasts having been honoured Mr. Ormsby-Gore proposed “ Chemistry.” He remarked that people were begin- ning to realise that progress in national affairs depended very largely on the ever-widening application of assembled and ascer- tained knowledge to industry. England had awakened to the fact that in the past the scientific aspect of things had been neglected and had come to realise that research was a national necessity.In that connection he referred to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Whereas formerly a man was regarded as having a good general education if he could write a decent piece of Latin prose now-a-days he was not looked upon as educated unless he knew some chemistry some physics and some biology. The chemists and the chemical industry of the country had a very good record for work which had been done without the aid of Government and there was no doubt that the chemical industry was in a reasonably prosperous condition and was broadening out in many new directions. Progress in the standards of living and in the degree of civilisation of the people depended on the sciences going forward together with industry.In his own particular sphere of work he (Mr. Ormsby Gore) had visited 22 of our overseas possessions and he had become more and more convinced that the possibilities of develop- ment especially in tropical countries depended on what the scientist especially the chemist could do. In the tropics Nature was incredibly bountiful and there was an immense wealth to be won but development was hindered by the prevalent 328 tropical diseases not only among men but among domestic animals and plants. He knew of troubles which had been overcome for example in connection with the sugar cane and of wonderful beneficial results that could be traced to researches carried out in remote laboratories by devoted workers. The hope of the future lay in science taking a bigger part in the general scheme of things.In his view no class deserved more the sup- port of public men than those earnest scientific workers who were engaged in extending the boundaries of fundamental knowledge. Dr. Clayton in responding to the toast said that they must regret that science had lost Mr. Ormsby-Gore who having studied chemistry at Eton and Oxford with distinction had fallen away from grace by becoming a politician. It was gratify- ing to know however that he was making some return by the interest which he took in science. All parties in the House of Commons were agreed that wherever else economy might be practised there should be no false economy in the grants made to scientific research. It was a new feature that we appreciated the work of science much more than we did 30 years ago.About that time a friend of his who wished to get into the chemical industry applied to Lord Leverhulme for a position in a soap works and was informed that “there did not appear to be any necessity for a chemist in a soap works.” He (Dr. Clayton) had come back from Germany with a degree and wanted to get into an industrial position and the reply which he had received from another soap company was to the effect that “after considerable difficulty they had succeeded in getting rid of their chemist and they did not want another.” To-day however no industry could be considered properly and efficiently conducted without chemical advice. Many industries were obtaining that advice through their own research departments or through research associations encouraged by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.Lord Balfour who was the head of the department was a strong supporter of the view that science was essential to industry and he took great interest in all scientific developments. In conclusion Dr. Clayton congratulated the various societies on that remarkable gathering which enabled the members of the different organisations to meet together and acknowledged the services rendered by Mr. F. A. Greene a member of the Committee of the Chemical Industry Club and those who had worked with him in making the meeting a success. The remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing. 329 The British Patent System.-The report of the British Science Guild " On the Reform of the British Patent System " contains among many interesting proposals a few which if made law would improve the status of English Chemical Patents.Thus for example one useful suggestion is that the Patent Office search in respect of novelty should be extended to documents other than British Specifications. If adopted this would legalise the existing informal action of Chemical Examiners who fre- quently for the purpose of assisting the applicant draw his attention to publications of which they are aware. Another useful suggestion is that a patent should not be invalidated by prior publication occurring in any document more than fifty years older than the patent itself. The Committee although covering a wide field of investigation appears to have omitted to consider the defects of section 38 (a) of the Acts which has particular interest for chemists because it deals with chemical processes chemical products and substances intended for food or medicine and is in need of amendment to render it free from ambiguity.The Report however serves a useful purpose as a basis for examination by and further suggestions from the various pro- fessional and other bodies whose members are interested in patents. Centenaire Paul Schutzenberger 1 929.-The Institute has received from Professor G. Urbain the General Secretary for the celebration of the Centenary*:of Paul Schutzenberger an invitation to participate in the celebration in honour of a chemist who materially contributed to the development of industry and science.A fund is being raised for the promotion of scientific or industrial research and possibly for the provision of prizes. Members who wish to contribute to the fund are invited to send subscriptions to M. G. Mkker Trksorier Centenaire Paul Schutz- enberger 11 Avenue Casimir Asniitres (Seine) France. Cheques to be made payable to the order of the ComittS du Centenaire Schutzenberger . Paul Schutzenberger the son of a professor of law was born at Strasbourg in 1829. Originally intended for the profession of medicine he was attracted to chemistry and in 1853 went to Paris as Pr4parateur to J. F. Persoz at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. In following year he began teaching chemistry at Mulhausen where he remained until 1865 as a professor in the 330 h o l e Supkrieure des SciZtnces when he returned to Paris as Assistant to Professor Balard at the Collkge de France.In 1876 he succeeded Balard in the Chair of Chemistry and in 1882 became Directing Professor at the Municipal Ecole de Physique et de Chimie holding both Chairs until his death in 1897. He is known for his researches on the constitution of alkaloids and of the albuminoid bodies. He was author of a treatise on general chemistry and of other works relating to physiology and animal pathology colouring matters and fermentation. American Chemical Society.-The programme of Co- ordination for the Middle Atlantic States (including Connecticut New Jersey and Pennsylvania) of the American Chemical Society will be glad to hear from members of the Institute who may be visiting America and are prepared to give lectures.Any such members who are visiting the States mentioned are invited to communicate with Dr. Ellice McDonald Cancer Research Laboratory of the Graduate School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania. The British Association.-The British Association for the Advancement of Science has notified that its annual meeting in 1929 will be held in South Africa from sznd July to 7th August beginning in Cape Town continuing in Johannesburg and Pretoria. Visits will also be paid to important centres in Natal and other parts of the Union and in Rhodesia. Particulars are obtainable from the Secretary British Association Burlington House London W.I. The Transactions of t h e Fuel Conference held at the Imperial Institute London from September 34th to October 6th will be published in three volumes early in the new year and will include all the papers read at the Conferences and full reports of the discussions thereon. Safety in M i n e s Research Board.-TheMinesDepartment have issued a Paper No. 45 dealing with “The Support of Under- ground Workings in the Coalfields of the South Midlands and the South of England.” The Board is studying methods of pre- venting accidents due to falls of roof and side. The Report is 331 illustrated by numerous sketches of actual working face and describes methods of working and support in the coal fields referred to.The use of steel supports is recommended. (H.M. Stationery Office zd. net). Tech n ical A p pl icat ions of t h e Spect roscope.-The Technical Optics Department of the Imperial College has decided to take a new step of particular interest to chemists. A course of instruction in the uses of the spectroscope has been specially designed to meet the needs of chemists and other scientific workers to whom practical spectroscopy may constitute a valuable accessory. This course will be conducted by Asst. Prof. H. Dingle A.R.C.S. BSc. and will consist of a series of eleven lectures commencing on January 16th~ 1929 followed by practical work occupying about 30 hours at times to be arranged with intending students. Further information may be obtained from the Registrar of the Imperial College of Science and Technology South Kensington S.W.7.Special Evening Courses in London.-Special evening courses will be given at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute Jewry Street Aldgate during January February and March 1929 in the following subjects:-“ Technical Gas Analysis,” by Mr. N. F. Goodway; “ Electrolytic Analysis,” by Dr. H. J. S. Sand; “English Law as Related to Industrial Chemistry,” by Mr. G. S. W. Marlow; “Coal Carbonisation,” by Mr. H. D. Greenwood; and ‘ I Brewing,” by Mr. H. Lloyd Hind. Particulars can be obtained from the Principal. 332 Obituary. EDWARD GEORGE BALLARD died at Lansdowne HOW Holland Park London on the 7th November in his 80th year. He was born at East Retford Notts.and received his early education at Islington. After attending courses in the Applied Science Department for two years at King’s College London he was a student at the old Royal School of Mines Jermyn Street from 1868 to 1871 obtaining the Diploma A.R.S.M. in Metallurgy. In 1873 he was appointed chemist to the Germania (lead and silver) Smelting and Refining Works in Utah U.S.A. and in the following year Manager of the Chicago Silver Mining and Smelting Com- pany Ltd. with whom he remained for several years. In 1880 he was appointed Manager of the Par Smelting Works in Comwall and in 1882 became an Inspector under the Alkali etc. Works Regulations Act for West Lancashire Cheshire North Wales and Ireland districts from which position he retired in 1914.In the following year he accepted appointment aa Assistant Manager to the St. Helen’s Smelting Company dealing with antimony silver and gold and from 1917 devoted himself to research mainly in connection with dyes at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute and to private practice in London. He w&s elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1894. JOHN HOWARD BROWN JENKINS died suddenly on 11th December while attending a meeting a t the Railway Clearing Home Euston London in his 63rd year. He beg= his career as an engineering student a t the Swindon Great Western Railway Engineering Works and there came into contact with Frank W. Harris Chief Chemist to the Company under whom he took courses until about 1886 when he passed from the engineering side and became Assistant in the Great Western Railway Chemical Labora- tory.He was a competitor for the Whitworth Engineering Scholarship and was awarded an Exhibition in 1887. About four years later he was sppinted Chief Chemist to the Great Eastern Railway Company in which position he continued until his death. He served for several periods as a Member of Council and for one period aa a Vice-President of the Society of Public Analysts,,,to which in 1905 he contributed jointly with D. G. Riddick a paper on The Micro- scopic Examination of Metals,” which waa published by the Society with a portfolio of microphotographs. He waa elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1923. JOSEPH PARRY LAWS who died in September in his 68th y w waa educated at University College School and University College London from 1869 to 1879 and thereafter pursued agricultural and analytical chemistry with Dr.Bernard Dyer until 1882. He then returned to University College and engaged in research work under Sir J. Burdon Sanderson with whom and Dr. Klein he subsequently assisted in investiga- tions for the medical department of the Local Government Board. Later he was appointed a Demonstrator in Physiological Chemistry to the Medical School a t Oxford which position he held until 1889. From then until 1893 he was again engaged in research and consulting practice and carried out a prolonged series of experiments for the Main Drainage Com- Inittee of the London County Council and assisted Professors Harcourt a d Riicker in experimental work for the Committee on Standards of Light.In 1891 he waa appointed &n Amistant Loo4 Inspector under the Soienoe 333 and Art Department of the Board of Education subsqently a Sub- Inspector in 1895 an Inspector in 1900 and a Divisional Inspector in 1905;. He retired from the service of the Board in 1923. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. EDMUND WHITE died a t 2 Putney Common London on 3rd Novem- ber at the age of 62 years. In 1886 he entered the School of the Pharma- ceutical Society as a Senior Bell Scholar and after a distinguished student- ship and passing the minor and major examinations of the Society with distinction remained in the School as demonstrator in chemistry under Attfield and qualified as an Associate of the Institute.Later he obtained the degree of B.Sc. (Lond.) with first class honours in chemistry and waa elected a Fellow in 1891. In 1899 he was appointed to the position of pharmaceutist to St. Thomas’ Hospital and in 1903 he joined the staff of Messrs. Hopkin and Williams Ltd. a branch house of Messrs. Howards & Sons of which he became managing director in 1914. From 1908 he had been keenly interested in an endeavour to establish the rare earth industry in England and in 1914 became Managing Director of Thorium Ltd. and in the following year also of Hopkin and Williams (Tmvancore) Ltd.-both successful enterprises,-the latter being concerned with the working of monazite in India. In 1912 he gave a lecture before the Institute on “ Thorium and its Compounds,” which was published as a separate monograph.In 1906-7 he was President of the Western Pharma- cists’ Association and from 1907 when he was elected a Member of the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society he took a prominent part in all the affairs of the Society and especially educational matters. In 1913 he was elected to the office of President of the Society which he held through- out the war until 1918. He continued to serve on the Council of the Society until 1927. From 1903-1909 he was Honorary Joint General Secretary of the British Pharmaceutical Conference and was President of the Conference a t the Bath Meeting in 1924 and at the Glasgow Meeting in 1926. His addresses on those occasions were largely instrumenbl in suggesting the institution of the Pharmacological Laboratories of the Society.He was a Vice-president of the International Pharmaceutical Federation and in 1925 acted as a delegate of the British Governen$ a t the International Conference held in Brussels to discuss the standardisa- tion of potent drugs the unification of maximum doses the biological standardisation of drugs and the creation of an international pharma- copceial bureau. He was the author of many papers contributed to the Phamutcezctical Jouml and to meetings of the Society and of the Pharmaceutical Con- ference. He was joint author with Rlr.6GJohn Humphrey of a work on materia medica and pharmacy entitled Pha.rmacopcr?dia.” and waa an active member of Committees concerned with the publication of the British Pharmaceutical Codex.For Hopkin and Williams he produoed a book on chemical reagents which was largely utilised by the special committee appointed by th?‘ Institute and the Society of Public Analysts in the preparation of the List of Reagents for Analytical Purposes,” published jointly by the Institute and the Society in 1915 in order to encourage manufacturers to produce reagents during the early period of the war. At the opening of the 85th session of the School of Pharmaay in October 1926 to mark the appreciation of the services which Nlr. White had rendered to pharmacy he was presented with his portrait painted by Mr. Douglas Chandor. The portrait now hangs in the Council Room of the Pharmaceutical Society in Bloomsbury Square.Although his interests were so largely centred in the Pharmaceutical Society he was always keenly interested in the affairs of the Institute. He served as a Member of the Council from 1917 to 1920. 334 Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). THE sixth annual general meeting of the Students’ Association was held at the Institute on 1st November Mr. E. Richards Bolton President of the Association in the chair. The annual accounts submitted by the Hon. Treasurer were received and adopted; the annual report of the Committee and the report of the Secretary for Works Visits were also received and adopted. The President then delivered an address surveying the present position of chemistry as a profession and the prospects of those who are preparing for it at the same time giving reminiscences both instructive and amusing from his own experience.A vote of thanks was proposed by Professor Smithells President of the Institute who commented on the difficulties both of professors and of students which had arisen owing to the enormous advances made in all branches of chemistry. He sympathised with the students in their arduous work and with the professors who had to keep pace with modern developments. The necessity of a reorganisation of the curriculum was becoming marked. The vote of thanks having been carried and the business concluded the company adjourned for refreshments and conversa- tion. The officers and committee for the ensuing year are:- President E.Richards Bolton F.I.C. ; Vice-president F. E. Joselin B.Sc. A.I.C. (Birkbeck College) ; Hon. Treasurer Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E.; Hon. Secretary N. Stuart (Imperial College) ; Hon. Secretary for Works Visits E. B. Robertson BSc. A.I.C. (University College); Members of the Committee D. C . Beese (Sir John Cass Technical Institute) Frank Brierley (Regent Street Polytechnic) L. E. Cook (Birkbeck College) C. A. Mac- Donald (Battersea Polytechnic) P. G. Packman (Northern Polytechnic) and J. W. T. Spinks (King’s College). Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part V 1928 the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :- *‘ Artificial Silk.” F.Reinthaler. Enlarged and revised edition translated from the German by F. M. Rowe. Pp. xii + 276. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.) ~ G I IS. “Alkaline Accumulators.” J. T. Grenfell and F. M. Lea. Pp. ix + 132. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd.) 10s. 6d. Introductory ; development construction and manufacture of a h l i n e cells ; electrochemical theory ; electrical characteristics ; operation and maintenance; theory of the reactions in alkaline cells; factors affecting the performance of alkaline cells ; the cadmium-iron negative plate ; applications ; appendix. ‘‘ Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation of.” F. A. Ernst. Pp. ix + 154. &ondon Chapman & Hall Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Nitrogen ; atmospheric nitrogen fixation ; arc process ; cyanamide process ; direct synthetic ammonia process ; economic considerations ; ammonia conversion products ; statistics ; appendices..‘Feeding Stuffs.” A. S. Carlos. Pp. x + 152. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.) 5s. Compositions and functions of feeding s t d s ; graina and aeeda ; oil- cakes and meals and their manufacture; animal products; su?.dcy feeding stuffs ; compound foods ; comparative value of foods ; a m a l rations ; feeding stuffs used in the British Empire ; summary of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act 1926 and Regulations ; statistics tables and analyses. ‘‘ Fermentation The Problem of The Facts and the Hypotheses.” M. Schoen with an introduction by A. Fernbach translated by H. Lloyd Hind revised and enlarged by the author. Pp.xii + 211. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.) flr IS. Introduction ; Pasteur’s theory in the light of recent discoveries ; the enzyme theory and its application to bacterial fermentation ; alcoholic fermentation and intramolecular respiration ; lactic acid and fermenb- tion ; pyruvic acid and acetaldehyde and their fixation during alcoholic fermentation ; interpretation of experimental results ; the mechanism Dent & Sons Ltd.) 4s. Sons Ltd.) 12s. 6d. 336 of bacterial fermentations; stmeoisomerism of the hexoses and some special fermentations ; phosphates ; reaction of the medium ; hydrogen ion concentration ; hydrogen and the phenomena of fermentation ; bibliographical index ; index. Science General ” (mainly chemistry and biology). E. J. Holmyard.Pp. xii + 236. (London and Toronto J. M. Gunpowder; sulphur; salt and Chile saltpetre; how planta live; explanation of combustion ; sugar alcohol and fermentation ; ansesthetics and poisons; coal-tar and coal-gas; bacteria and anti- septics ; coinage metals. “Starch Its Chemistry Technology and Uses.” L. Eynon and J. H. Lane. Pp. viii + 256. (Cambridge W. Heffer & History; starch in its relation to plant metabolism; constitution; properties ; microscopy ; manufacture of potato wheat maize and rice starch; other commercial starches; applications of starch and its producte ; 8nalysis. “Wave Mechanics and the New Quantum Theory.” A. Haas translated from the German by L. W. Codd. Pp. xviii + 124. (London Constable & Co. Ltd.) 7s.6d Atomic mechaaics ; Fermat’s principle the Lorentz transformation ; group velocity ; wave mechanics of de Broglie ; the relation between wave mechanics and relativity; diffraction of material waves; Schrodinger’s theory and the quantum mechanics of Heisenberg in relation ; mechanics of characteristic values ; matrix mechanics ; the c d and the statistical views in atomic physics; Pauli’s principle and the quantum theory of the periodic table ; qutmtum statistics of Bose; statistics of Fermi; further applications of philosophy and quantum mechanics. 337 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 16th November and 14th December 3 new Fellows were elected 11 Associates were elected to the Fellowship 35 new Associates were elected one Associate was re-elected and 26 Students were admitted.The Institute has lost 4 Fellows by death. New Fellows Dickins Arthur William Martin 2 Rotherwick Court Rotherwick Road London N.W. 1 1. McOwan George M.A. B.Sc. Ph.D. (St. Andrem) Professor of Chemistry Raffles College Singapore S.S. White Philip B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Director Leather Researah Associa- tion Dominion Laboratory Wellington N.Z. Associates elected to the Fellowship Barraclough Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) 218 Village Street Derby. Cocks Leslie Victor 8 Woodhey Park Bebington Cheshire. Cory Harold Edward John M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.) A.M.C.T. The Laburnums Woodside Grange Road Woodside Park London N.12. Haldane John Hunter B.Sc. Ph.D. (Edin.) c/o Messrs. Begg Sutherlchnd a Co. Ltd.Marhowrah P.O. Saran District India. Hodkin Frederick William B.Sc. (Sheff.) 14 Queen Anne’s Gardew Bush Hill Park Enfield Middlesex. Ledbury Wilfrid M.Sc. (Birm.) Main Laboratory R.N. Cordite Factory Holton Heath Dorset. Rees Edgar Charles c/o African Explosives & Industries LM. Um- bogintwini Natal S. Africa. Slater William Kershaw D.Sc. (Mane) Woodstock AthenEum Road London N.20. Thorne Percy Cyril Leslie M.A. (Cantab.) M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) 5 Micheldever Road Lee London S.E.12. Voelcker Eric A.R.C.S. 110 Oakwood Court London W.14. Wheeler Edward M.B.E. A.C.G.I. 31 Hawthorne Avenue Harrow. New Associates. Anderson Henry George Alexander B.Sc. (Glas.) 7 Leslie Street Pollok- shields Glasgow S. Bamford Ivor James M.Sc. (Wales) Kylemore Arlington Rod Porth- cawl S.Wales. Bird Thomas Reid B.Sc. (Lond.) 78 Saughtorhll Drive Edinburgh. Bishop Albert Edward B.Sc. (Lond.) 22 Fairfield Road Brodey Kent. Blakeley John Dyson B.Sc. (Lond.) 40 Grey Street Stalybridge Cheehire. Brash John Calder Shanlue B.Sc. (Edin.) 10 Panmore Place Edinburgh 338 Bridgman Mise Joan Marjorie B.Sc. (Lond.) c/o Mrs. McManus Ranfurly Terrace Duncannon Co. Tyrone. Brocklesby Horace Nicholae M.Sc. (Manitoba) Fisheries Experimental Station (Pacific) Prince Rupert B.C. Canada. Buchan Samuel M.A. B.Sc. (Aberd.) 9 Victoria Crescent Elgin. Card Stephen Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) 1 Park View New Malden. Clark William Samuel O.B.E. 8 Lichfield Road East Ham London E.6. Davis John Wakeford B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Saffron Walden School Saffron Walden Essex.Ellis Cecil Philip BSc. (Lond.) Whyte Gables Highcliffe Hants Elsworth Miss Muriel B.Sc. (Lond.) 5 Alma Place Bradford Moor Bradford. Evans Walter Edmund B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. British Portland Cement Manufacturers Ltd. Sundon Works Nr. Luton Beds. Fielder Hemy Lawrence B.Sc. (Lond.) 67 Coleshill Buildings Pimlico Road London S.W.I. Goodson Howard Ernest A.R.C.S. 7 Brentwood Grove Armley Leeds. Grover Donald William B.Sc. (Lond.) 1 Rookfield Avenue Muswell Hill London N. 10. Hague Ernest Noel M.Sc. Ph.D. (Sheff.) 87 Cravens Road Darnall Sheffield. Hartley Arthur Griffiths M.Sc. (Mane.) 2 St. Albans Road Blackpool. Hayward Donald Robert B.Sc. (Lond.) 116 Pepys Road London S.W.20 Johnson Sydney Walgate B.Sc.(Dun.) 6 Grange Road Newburn Northumberland. Leiper Alexander John Simpson A.R.C.S. 74 Whitworth Noad S. Norwood London S.E.25. Lewis Elvet B.Sc. (Lond.) 39 Bruce Grove London N.1’7. Mackinney Herbert William 5 Woodhey Road Woodhey Kock Ferry. Millar Stewart Halley B.Sc. (Lond.) 11 Montpelier Edinburgh. Moelwyn-Hughes Emyr Alun B.Sc. (Liv.) 10 Reedville Oxton. Oxford Albert Edward M.Sc. Ph.D. (Mane.) 7 Talbotville Road Broad Green Liverpool. Patel Chaturbhai Kuberbhai M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.) M.Sc. (Bombay) 461 Chester Road Manchester. Prescott Frederick M.Sc. (Lond.) 5 Jessica Road Wandsworth Common London S.W.18. Itobertson Edward Blair U.8c. (Lond.) 19 Morpetli ’Mansions \Testrniii- ster London S.W.l. Sumner Cyril Gordon M.Sc. (Vict.) 53 St.Thomas’ Road Chorley. Ward Leslie Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.) 40 Moor Mead Road St. Margarets-oii- Thames. Wood William Laurence M.Sc.Tech. (Sheff.) 86 Eceleshall Road S. Sheffield. Woodhouse Dennis Leyton MSc. (Birm.) 71 Lichfield Road Bloxwich Nr. Walsall. Re-election to the Associateship. Chamneton Philibert Camille B.Sc. (Leeds) Cellulose Acetate Silk Co. Ltd. Caton Road Lancaster. New Students. Aldred John 78 Orretl Road Orrell Nr. Wigan. Atherton John 68 Ormskirk Road Newtown Wigan. Bayley Andrew Newton 20 Wigan Lane Wigan. Bell Arthur Ernest 8 Holywell Avenue Monkseaton Northumberland. 339 Brown Douglas Grant 28 Moss Road Winnington Northwich. Caldwell Walter Anderson 653 Shields Road Pollokshielda Glsegow. Dwerryhouse Richard Taylor 32 Ryde Street Beverley Road Hull.Dyson Lewis Arnold 178 Victoria Road Lockwood Huddersfield. Edwards Cyril Hugh 61 Plaistow Lane Bromley Kent. Evans Daniel Marcus Tivy Dairy Gorseinon Swansea. Fergup James Latto 8 Piershill Terrace Edinburgh. Harris Bert Stockwell 56 Clovelly Road Ealing London W.5. James Thomas 25 Cwm Lan Landore Swansea. Johnson Francis Raban 5 Hallawelle Road Golders Green London N.W.11. Kay Jack 3 London Terrace Darwen. Maskell Leslie Ormes 40 Maury Road Stoke Newington London N.16. Mathys Herbert Reginald 23 Boveney Road Forest Hill London S.E.23. Noble Ernest Gilbert 22 Dartmouth Park Road London N.W.6. Novikoff Andrew Laurent 13 Blomfield Road London W.4. Pugh John Stanley 40 Lessar Avenue Clapham Common London S.W.4.Rampton Harry Cecil 2 Station Path Stakes. Rigby George Reginald 90 Campbell Road Stoke-on-Trent. Waring Herbert Omer Nor View Queen’s Road Chorley. Wescott Cecil Ernest b a u d 65 Oaklands Grove Shepherds Bush London TN.12. White George Barham House Bromley Common Bromley. Yule Robert 14 Fairlie Park Drive Glasgow W.1. DEATHS. Fellows. Edward George Ballard A.R.S.M. John Howard Brown Jenkins. Joseph Parry Laws. Edmund White B.Sc. (Lond.). General Notices. Examinations in 1 929.-The arrangements for examina- tions for A.I.C. and F.I.C. after January 1929 are as follows:- Erttries close. Monday 11th February 1929. Monday 15th July 1929 Dates of Examifiatiorts. 8th to 13th April. OY 15th to 20th April. 16th to 21st September.or 23rd to 28th September. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work preference being given t o in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards will not be made on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of tne Fund are the Presidents the Honorary Treasurers and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possible. The attention of Associates elected prior to January 1926 who have since been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry is directed to the syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar 341 Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute Appointments Register :-A for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that their applrcations for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their positions are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six. months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Libraryof the Institute is open for the use of Fellows Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays 10 a.m. and I p.m.) except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 1fa.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays of September when the hours are from 14 a.m. to 5 p.m. Regis- from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.) except during August and the earl3 part tered Students of the Institute are also permitted at present to 342 use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum South Kensington has notified the Council that arrangements have been made for the issue of book and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Students and research workers frequently require books on a variety of subjects other than those of their special study so that books which can be obtained easily from other Institutions would not ordinarily be lent by the Science Library. The Science Library however contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science and arrangements have now been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these and the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library that may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere.Covers for Journal.--Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co. Ltd. 17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.2 to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms Buckram case IS. zd. ; binding 2s. gd. ; postage and packing gd.; in all 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures.The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. As the slides are constantly in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address,-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify 343 changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. Nomination of General Members of Council.- Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council :- By-law 26.(1) Any twenty Members not being Members of the Council may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting and shall be in the following form “We the undersigned Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland do hereby certify that A.B. of (registered address) a Fellow of this Institute is in our estimation a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24 (2). No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office and if such person is elected as President Vice-president of Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up as on a casual vacancy. The Vice-president and General Members of Council who retire at the Annual General Meeting in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election are as follows:- Vice-president.Harold Govett Colman D.Sc. Ph.D. Members of Council George Christopher Clayton C.B.E. Ph.D. M.P. John William Cobb C.B.E. B.Sc. Jack Cecil Drumond D.Sc. Bernard Dyer D.Sc. Arthur Gordon Franc& B.Sc. Edward Hinks M.B.E. B.Sc. Arthur William Knapp M.Sc. Basil Gordon McLellan A.R.T.C. Lionel Guy Radcliffe M.Sc. Tech. Eric Keightley Rideal M.B.E. D.Sc. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 4.30 p.m. on Friday 18th January. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Friday 1st March 1929. 344 District Members of Council.-District Members of Council will continue in office from the 1st March 1929,-except Mr.Walter Henry Coleman (Glasgow and West of Scotland) in whose place Mr. Frederick Wilham Harris has been nominated and Mr. Joseph Harold Totton (Belfast and District’) in whose place Dr. John Hawthorne has been elected. Council Council in Committees Committee t=5 c3?3! 0 gg . . 7 . . 8 . . 6 8 Edinburgh 1 . . Newcastle-on-Tvne 6 345 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES MARCH TO 1 4 ~ ~ DECEMBER 1928. A. Smithells,* P?es. London A. J. Chapman,V.P. London E. G. Colmrtn V.P. London E. M. Hawkins V.P. Canterbury G.G. Henderson V.P.Glasgow . . * . 2 R. H. Pickard V.P. Manchester J. F. Thorpe V.P. London P. H. Kirkaldy,Treas.London T.L. Bailey A. A. Boon P. E. Bowles S. W. Bunker . . London F.D. Chattaway . . Oxford G. C. Clayton . . Chester W. Clayton J. W. Cobb 7 6 8.6 0 6 5 7 0 0 2 7 0 6 0 7 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 6 7 . . 3 6 0 2 6 6 5 0 5 0 . . . . 0 7 0 . . 6 . . 8 . . London . . 6 4 Dover Bristol 8 0 2 6 3 3 3 4 . . 3 6 3 1 5 0 * . 2 2 . . . . . . 0 * . T i 3 0 2 . . London . . Lee& W. H. Coleman . . London 6 R. T. Colgate . . Reading . . J. C. Drummond B. Dyer . . London 6 London F. G. Edmed Portsmouth G. D-Elsdon Manchester L.Eynon . . London 8 A. G. Francis . . London W. H. Gibson . . Belfast C. M. W. Grieb . . London Swansea 6 E. Hinks . . Huddersfield * H. H. Hodgson . . B. F. Howard . . London - . 6 C. K. Ingold . . Leeds D. W. Kent-Jones A. W. Knapp Birmingham L. H. Lampitt . . London A. G. G. Leonard . . Stockport W. Marshall B. G. McLellan . . York Dublin C. A. Mitchell . . London * . 6 H. E.Monk Liverpool . . L. G. Radcliffe . . Manc hester A. Rrie Manches ter E. K. Rideal Cambridge . . P. W. Tainsh . . Birkenhead 3 J. H. Totton . . Belfast 0. Trigger London D. F.Twiss Birmingham J. A. Watson . . Edinburgh 0 A. W. M. Wintle * Ex-officio a member of all Committees. 6 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 6 0 0 5 .. 7 f Elected April 1928. aJ - 3 1 .p 3 47 17 18 20 6 14 17 22 2 2 16 2 6 14 4 0 12 2 7 2 2 2 2 2 6 8 14 20 0 7 1 22 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 15 2 0 0 9 11 10 0 0 4 8 1 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 3 19 16 16 14 16 12 2 12 17 14 16 1s 16 18 17 1 0 2 0 12 12 16 16 4 LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Africa. field. Scctio?l.3. Birmingham and Midlands Dr. F. W. Norris A.R.C.S. A.I.C. 91 Bristol and South-Western A. W. M. Wintle F.I.C. 6 Glentworth Counties Cape of Good Hope Edinburgh and East of Scotland Glaegow and West of Scotland Huddersfield Ireland (Belfast) , (Dublin) C.S. McDowell B.Sc. A.I.C. 33 Wellington Park Belfast. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard F.I.C. 18 Belgrave Road Dublin. H. J. Hodsman M.B.E. M.Sc. F.I.C. Dept. of Fuel The University Lee&. H. E. Monk B.Sc. F.I.C. 27 Kenwyn Road Wallasey Cheshire. London and South-Eaatern E. B. Hughes M.Sc. F.I.C. c/o The Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C.1. Witherford Way Selly Oak Birmingham. Road Redland Bristol. Dr. C. F. Juritz M.A. F.I.C. Villa Marina Three Anchor’s Bay Cape Town South J. W. Ingham M.Sc. F.I.C. Dept. of Chemistry Hemot-Watt College Edin- burgh.Dr. P. F. Gordon F.I.C. Royal Technical college Glasgow. H. S. Pink M.Sc. A.I.C. Braganza Netheroyd Hill Road Fartown Hudders- V. R. Greenstreet A.C.G.F.C. A.I.C. Dept. of Agriculture Kuala Lumpur F.M.S. Dr. Albert Coulthard F.I.C. 136 Barlow Moor Road West Didsbury Manchester. F. H. Walker BSc. A.I.C. 17 Chester Street Newcastle-on-Tyne. W. Rest Mummery F.I.C. Box 2 Aramoho Wanganui New Zealand. Dr. P. M. Macnair A.I.C. Caecobin Gower Road Killay Swansea. Hon. Secretaries. h d e Area Liverpool and North- Western Counties Malaya Manchester and District Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast New Zealand South Wales Insti t\u te of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). Bon. Secretary NORMAN STUART jun. I I Platts Lane Hampstead N.W.3. Publications of the Institute Copies of the following publications of the Institute are now obtainable at the prices indicated below :- J. T. Wood F.I.C. 28. 6d. HISTORY OF THE INSTITUTE 1877-1914. Special Edition. 21s. LECTURES “Cement.” Bertram Blount F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “Cellulose.” C. F. Cross B.Sc. F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “Some Scientific Aspects of Tanning.” “Modern Application of Chemistry to Crop Production.” Sir E. J. Russell O.B.E. F.R.8. 2s. net. “Chemists and the Patent Laws.” Horatio Ballantyne F.I.C. 28. net. “Some Aspects of the Law of England affecting Chemists.” E. J. MacGillivray Barrister-at-Law. 2s. net. “The Progress of Chemistry in Public Affairs.” J. T. Dunn D.Sc. F.I.C. 2s. net. “The Influence of Chemical Research on Medicine and Forensic Medicine. Sir William H. Willcox K.C.I.E. C.B. C.M.G. M.D. F.I.C. 2s. net. “Notes on Contracts of Service.” G. S. W. Marlow B.Sc. F.I.C. Barrister-at-Law. 2s. net. “Copyright with special reference to Scientific Papers and Publica- tions.” E. J. MacGillivray Barrister-at-Law. 2s. net. “The Growth of the Profession of Chemistry during the past Half- Century .” A. Chaston Chapman F.I.C. F. R . S. Past -President. 2s. net. “Fire Risks in Industry.” Alec M. Cameron B.Sc. F.I.C. 28. net. “Chemists and Dividends.” S. M. Gluckstein. 2s. net. “The Chemist in the Photographic Industry.” 0. F. Bloch F.I.C. 2s. net. REGULATIONS FOR THE ADMISSION O F STUDENTS ASSOCIATES AND FELLOWS. Crutis. PROCEEDINGS (prior to 1920). Four Parts annually. 1s. net. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS (1920 and after). Six Parts annually. 28. each net. EXAMINATION PAPERS. Annual Sets (prior to 1917) 6d. each (7d. by post). After 1917 Is. post free. OEFICIAL CHEMICAL APPOINTMENTS. 6th Edition 1927. 69. net. (To Registered Students 2s.) THE PROFESSION OF CHEMISTRY. Revised Edition. 2s. 6d. net. REGISTER OF FELLOWS ASSOCIATES AND STUDENTS 1928. 5s. net. ADVERTISEMENTS JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.-The terms for advertisements h the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar. The circulation is over 6200-chiefly to analytical consulting and technological chemists professors and teachers of chemistry and University and Institutions Libraries. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware porcelain and silica ware of filter paper chemical and physical apparatus balances microscopes and laboratory require- ments generally ; also to publishers of scientific books and to booksellers. Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. No Commission is allowed to Agents.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9285200277

出版商:RSC    

年代:1928

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

347 Index : 1928. Accounts (1927), 17 et seq., 72, 81. Agricultural Chemistry, 138 Alchemists and Chemists, 48, 56, 158, 173, 299 American Chemical Society, 330 Annual General Meeting, 71 Appointments Register, 15, 63, 160, 199, 341 Architects’ Registration, 294 Articled Pupils, 232. Attendances at Meetings of the Council and Committees, 345 Auditors, 16, 70, 77 Beet Sugar Factories, Chemists in, 132, 197, 231. Ueilby Memorial Awards, 62, 340 Belfast and District Section, 27, 134, 296 Benevolent Fund, 7, 21 Berthelot, Marcelin, 5 Birmingham and Midlands Section, 27, 135, 297 Board of Education, 258 Books and their Contents, 58, 114, 174, 216, 259, 335 Bristol and South Western Coun-ties Section, 30, 94, 138,201, 234, 299 Bristol Association, 173, 255, 330 Bristol, Early Chemists, 94 Bulk Production, 102 Cambridge, 193.Canadian Institute of Chemistry, 129 Cancer, 44 Cape Section, 34, 96, 112, 138, 202, 234 Carbohydrates, 141 Carbon, Activated, 143 Censors (1928-1929), 68 Certificates. Professional, 56 Chemical Action, 299 Chemical Society Library, 5, 11 Chemical Teaching, Past and Pre- sent, 237 Chemist, The Title, 112 Chemistry in Modern Farming, 3 19 Chemists, Training of, 204 Coal, 143, 233 Coal Research and Mining Safety, 319, 330 Colloid Chemistry, 300 Committees (1928-1929), 68 Confectionery, 105 Corrosion of Metals, 31 7 Costing of Chemical Ma.nufacturiiig Processes, 31 5 Council (1928-1929), 67 Council, Committees and Repre-sentatives, 4 Council, Constitution of, 25 Council, District Members of, 56, 133,266, 344 Council, Nominations of the (1928- 1929), 23; (1929-301, 343 Council, Report of, 3, 74 “Cover Work,” 199 CYPrn, 23 Deaths, 4 Dinner, Annual Chemical, 183, 220, 327 Drugs, Sale of Potent, 27 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 36, 98, 138, 141, 300 Electronic Theory, 156 Electrons and Protons, 310 Engineering in the Training of the Chemist, 107 Equilibrium, 200 Errors, Experimental, 98 “Ethyly’ Petrol, 74, 173 Examinations, 52, 162, 208, 246, 258 Examiners, Board of (1928-1929),70, 133, 258 Exhibition, 106, 236, 257, 273 Farming, Chemistry in, 319 Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, (1926), 13 Films, 136, 214 Finance and House Committee, fi Fish, Proteins of, 318 Food Adulteration, 135 Food and Drugs Acts, 12, 133, 188, 229, 258 Food Preservation, 148 348 Torensic Chemistry, 106, 152, 192 Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 10, 102, 111, 122 Fuel Conference, 200, 330 Fuel, Institute of, 214 Gas Examiners, 131 Germanium, 34 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 39, 102, 141, 203, 302 Government Chemist, 257 Health, Ministry of, 12 Honorary Corresponding Secretar- ies, 15 Huddersfield Section, 40, 105, 143, 310 Impostor, 258 India, 194 Inorganic Chemistry, What has become of, 30 Institute Membership, 296 Institute, Roll of, 3 Insulating Materials, 304 Irish Free State Section, 41, 106, 143, 203, 311 Isotopes and Packing Fractions, 311 Jackson, Sir Herbert, Portrait, 71 Journal and Proceedings, 11 Jubilee Celebration, 3, 79 King’s College, London, 257 Lacquers and Enamel, Nitrocellu- lose, 300 Lantern Slides, 64, 342 Leeds, 23 Leeds Area Section, 106, 315 Legacy, W.Carleton Williams, 8 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 8, 81 Libraries and Information Bureaux, Association of Special, 112, 213 Library, The, 11, 63, 115,341 Licences (Stills), 281 Liverpool and North-Western Sec- tion, 42, 107, 143, 315 Local Sections, 14, 27, 84, 94, 134, 201,234, 296 London and South-Eastern Coun-ties Section, 44, 148,204,236,317 Lubricants, 234 Malaya, 46, 153, 204, 313, 318 Manchester and District Section, 46, 109, 154,236, 319 Manchester Scientists, 109 Meldola Medal, 10, 71, 229 Methylated Spirits, 281 Mines, Safety in, 56, 319, 330 Mining and Metallurgical Congress, 213 National Certificates in Chemistry, 14, 209 Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Section, 48, 240, 323 New Zealand, 110 Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 8, 81 Notes, 56, 111, 173, 213, 255, 327 Notices, General, 62, 122, 179, 222, 264, 340 Obituary, 57, 118, 171,211,254,332 Officers and Council, List of, 67 Oilfield, Persian, 323 Oil from Coal, 143 Packing Fractions, Isotopes and, 311 Patents, 329 Pedler, Legacy and Scholarship, 20, 129, 187, 258 Pharmacological Action, 299 Photographic Congress, 25, 111,200 Photomicrography, 298 Physiology and Chemistry, Inter- relations of, 46 Poisons and Pharmacy Acts, 5 President’s Address, 79 Professional Interests, 56, 130, 193, 198 Proteins, 297 Proteins of Fish, 318 Protons, Electrons and, 310 Public Analysts, 12, 88 Public Appointments Committee, 12, 23, 83, 86, 193 Publications Committee, 11, 83 Publications, 11, 25 Publicity, 339 Pupils, Articled, 232 Ramsay Dinner, 39, 307 Random Thoughts, he., 303 Register, 60, 119, 175, 219, 261,337 Registration, 110, 279, 283, 294 Regulations, 200 Research, Some Aspects of Modern, 145 349 Research Associations, 130, 198, 280 Roll of Institute, The, 3 Royal Commission on Local Govern- ment, 12, 87 Rubber Industry, 317 Salary Sfatistics, 25 Schutzenberger Centenary, 329 Scrutineers, Report of, 76 Sewage, 201 Separation of Solidsand Liquids, 36 SociBt6 de Chimie Industrielle, 5, 200, 233 Soils, 138 South Wales Section, 48, 156, 245, 324 Spectrography, 40, 154 Spectroscopy, 331 Standards, British Engineering, ti, 25, 112 Starch, 325 Stereochemistry, 173 Stills, Licences for, 281 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 229, 325 Students’ Association (London), 159, 334 Students, Registered, 296 Tanning,96 Technical Institutions, 5 Tobacco, 41 Toxicology, 103 Tyneside Industries, 240 University College, London, 6 University College, Nottingham,200 University of London, 129 Vitamins, Fat Soluble, 315 Weyman Memorial, 173 Wohler, 138 X-rays, 323

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9285200347

出版商:RSC    

年代:1928

数据来源: RSC