THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 7 877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1926. PART 11. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, vCT.C.1,LONDON, April, 1926. Publications Committee, 1926-27 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), G. G. HENDERSON (President), H. C. L. BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, J. C. DRUMMOND. W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, C. A. F. HASTILOW, I. M. HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer). A. W. KNAPP. W. H. LEWIS. THOMAS MACARA, B. G. McLELLAN. L. G. PAUL, L. G. RADCLIFFE. FRANK SOUTHERDEN. LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL For the Year ending 1st March, 1927.PRESIDENT: . GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, D.Sa., LL.D., F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS : EDWARD CHARLES CYRIL BALY, C.B.E., M.Sc., F.R.S. EDWARD RICHARDS BOLTON. ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S. HAROLD GOVETT COLMAN, D.Sc., Ph.D. THOMAS SLATER PRICE, O.B.E., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S. EDWARD WILLIAM VOELCKER, A.R.S.M. HON. TREASURER: PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: FRANCIS WILLIAM FREDERICK ARNAUD : (MAIDSTONE).HUGH CHARLES LOUDON BLOXAM : (NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE).ARTHUR JENNER CHAPMAN: (LONDON). GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., Ph.D., M.P. : (CHESTER).JOHN WILLIAM COBB, C.B.E., B.Sc.: (LEEDS).*WALTER HENRY COLEMAN: (GLASGOWAND W. OF SCOTLAND),WILLIAM MURDOCH CUMMING, D.Sc. : (GLASGOW)."FRANKLAND DENT, Ph.D., M.Sc.: (OVERSEASDOMINIONS,EMPIREOF INDIA,AND ABROAD).*LEONARD DOBBIN, Ph.D. : (EDINBUROHAND E. OF SCOTLAND).JACK CECIL DRUMMOND, D.Sc. : (LONDON).BERNARD DYER, D.Sc. : (LONDON).ALFRED VINCENT ELSDEN, B.Sc. : (WOOLWICH).*HERBERT JOHN EVANS, B.Sc. : (LIVERPOOLAND NORTH WESTERN). *WILLIAM ROBERT FEARON, M.A., Sc.D.: (IRISHFREESTATE).ARTHUR GORDON FRANCIS, B.Sc. : (LONDON).THOMAS GRAY, D.Sc., Ph.D., LL.D. : (GLASGOW).RICHARD HENRY GREAVES, DSc.: (WOOLWICH).*CYRIL ALEXANDER FREDERICK HASTILOW, M.Sc ., B.Corn. : (BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS).*ERNEST MOSTYN HAWKINS: (LONDONAND S.E. COUNTIES).ISIDOR MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., D.Sc., Ph.D.: (LIVERPOOL).EDWARD HINKS, M.B.E., B.Sc.: (LONDON).ARTHUR WILLIAM KNAPP, B.Sc.: (BIRMINGHAM).WILLIAM HENRY LEWIS, M.A. : (EXETER).THOMAS MACARA: (LONDON).BASIL GORDON McLELLAN: (YoRK)."SAMUEL ERNEST MELLING : (MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT),ROBERT SELBY MORRELL, M.A., Ph.D.: (WOLVERHAMPTON).*LEWIS GORDON PAUL, Ph.D. : (NORTH-EASTCOASTAND YORKSHIRE).FRANK LEE PYMAN, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S. : (MANCHESTER).LIONEL GUY RADCLIFFE, M.Sc.Tech. : (MANCHESTER).ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDEAL, M.B.E., D.Sc., B.A.: (CAMBRIDGE).WILLIAM RINTOUL, O.B.E.: (ARDROSSAN).FRED SCHOLEFIELD, M.Sc. : (MANCHESTER).*CLARENCE ARTHUR SEYLER, B.Sc. : (WALESAND MONMOUTHSHIRE).ARTHUR SLATOR, D.Sc., Ph.D. : (BURTON-ON-TRENT).*FRANK SOUTHERDEN, B.Sc. : (BRISTOLAND S.W. COUNTIES).JOCELYN FIELD THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.: (LONDON).JAMES FOWLER TOCIEER, D.Sc.: (ABERDEEN).*JOSEPH HAROLD TOTTON, B.A., B.Sc.: (NORTHERNIRELAND). *District Member. 66 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1926: APRIL 30~~. 1926: NOVEMBER 19~~. MAY 21s~. DECEMBER 17~~. JUNE 18~~. 1927: JANUARY 21ST. JULY 23~~. JANUARY 28~~. OCTOBER 22~~. FEBRUARY 18~~. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: TUESDAY, 1ST MARCH, 1927. CENSORS: 1926-1927: THE PRESIDENT, ex-oflcio. ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S. SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S. GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, K.B.E., n.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1926-27. CHAIRMAN * FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH E. R. BOLTON, ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, G. C. CLAYTON, HAROLD G. COLMAN, F. DENT, A. V. RLSDEN, R. H. GREAVES, E.M. HAWKINS, E. HINKS, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY*, THOMAS MACARA, J. F. THORPE, AND E. W. VOELCKER. GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE: Tm PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH F. W. F. ARNAUD, E. R. BOLTON*, 0. C. CLAYTON, F. DENT, B. DYER, W. R. FEARON, T. GRAY, E. M. HAWKINS, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, A. W. KNAPP, R. S. MORRELL, F. L. PYMAN, E. K. RIDEAL, W. RINTOUI; J. F. TOCHER, J. H. TOTTON, AND E. W. VOELCKER. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT" AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. (Vice-Chairman: PATRICK H. KIRKALDY .) PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. C. L. BLOXAM, ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, J. C. DRUMMOND, W. R. FEARON, R. H.GREAVES, C. A. F. HASTILOW, I. M. HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, A. W. KNAPP, W. H. LEWIS, T. MACARA, B. G. McLELLAN, L. G. PAUL, T. SLATER PRICE*, L. G. RADCLIFFE, AND F. SOUTHERDEN. 67 SPECIAL COMMITTEES, 1926-27. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, THE HON. TREASURER*, THE: FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, WITH A. COULTHARD (MANCHESTER),W. M. CUMMING (GLASGOW), LEONARD DOBBIN (EDINBURGH), W. H. GIBSON (BELFAST), C. A. F. HASTILOW (BIRMINGHAM), A. G. G. LEONARD (DUBLIN), R. D. LITTLEFIELD (BRISTOL), W. McD. MACKEY (LEEDS), B. G. McLELLAN, S. E. MELLING, L. G. PAUL (HUDDERSFIELD), G. H. PERRY, C. PROCTOR, F. SCHOLEFIELD, H. SILVESTER, C. J. H. STOCK (NEWCASTLE), G. TATE (LIVERPOOL), G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTH WALES), AND 0.TRIGGER (LONDON). In the case of Section representatives, the names of their respective towns or districts are inserted. PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH F. W. F. ARNAUD, H. C. L. RLOXAM, E. R. BOLTON*, A. CHASTON CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, C. R. CRIBB, F. DENT, J. T. DUNN, B. DYER, A. V. ELSDEN, H. J. EVANS, L. EYNON, A. G. FRANCIS, E. M. HAWKINS. E. HINKS, G. N. HUNTLY, S. E. MELLING, A. MORE, G. H. PERRY, J. C. PHILIP, P. A. ELLIS RICHARDS, W. H. ROBERlS, C. A. SEYLER, H. SILVESTER, A. SMITHELLS, C. J. H. STOCK, G. RUDD THOMPSON, J. F. THORPE, J. F. TOCHER, E. W. VOELCKER, AND J. A. VOELCKER. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: THE PRESIDENT*, WITH J. E. COATES, PATRICK H.KIRKALDY, G. T. MORGAN, 'R.H. PICKARD, T. SLATER PRICE, L. G. RADCLIFFE, AND ARTHUR SMITHELLS (Vice-Chairman). REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON THE SIR GEORGE BEILBY MEMORIAL COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH A. CHASTON CHAPMAN, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, E. C. C. BALY, E. R. BOLTON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, T. SLATER PRICE, ARTHUR SMITHELLS, AND E. W.VOELCKER. SPECIAL COMMITTEE re APPOINTMENTS REGISTER: THE PRESIDENl, WITH E. R. BOLTON", A. V. ELSDEN, L. EYNON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, B. D. PORRITT, W. RINTOUL, P. SCHOLEFIELD, AND J. F. THORPE. SPECIAL COMMITTEE re REGISTRATION : THE PRESIDENT*, THE VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND THE HONORARY TREASURER, WITH ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, G. C. CLAYTON, J. C. DRUMMOND, A. V. ELSDEN, H. J. EVANS, C.A. F. HASTILOW, E. M. HAWKINS, I. M. HEILBRON, S. E. MELLING, F. L. PYMAN, W. RINTOUL, AND F. SCHOLEFIELD. 68 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1926-27. Chairman: THE PRESIDENT. Three Representatives of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. Examiners for the Associateship : GEORGE NEVILL HUNTLY, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., D.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.S. Examzners for the Pellowship: Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., D.Sc. (Lond.); WILLIAM HENRY MERRETT, A.R.S.M. Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: JAMES CHARLES PHILlP, O.B.E., M.A., D.Sc. (Aberd.), F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: FRANCIS E. FRANCIS, D.Sc. (Vict.), Ph .D . (Erlangen). Branch AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: HENRY ALLEN DUG-DALE NEVILLE, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc.(Lond.). Branch E .-THE CHEMISTRY(including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs and of Water: WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, MSc. (Vict.). Branch F.-BIOLOCICAL CHEMISTRY, FERMENTATION,BACTERIOLOGY, AND ENZYMEACTION:HENRY STANLEY RAPER, C.B.E., D.Sc. (Leeds), M.B., Ch.B. (€.$?.%%.)-THERAPEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY, AND MICROSCOPY: SIR FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS, D.Sc. (Lond.), M.B. (Lond.), F.R.S. Branch G.-CHEMICAL ENGINEERING. As required. Branch H.-GENERAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. The Board. HON. AUDITORS : 1926-27. WALTER PIERPOINT HARMSWORTH AND CHARLES EDWARD BARRS. AUDITOR : 1926-27. DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant.. SOLICITORS : MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 6, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2.BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C.l. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., ChaTtered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY : RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (Cantab.), F.T.C. Forty-Eighth Annual General Meeting. MONDAY, 1st MARCH, 1926. THEForty-Eighth Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C., on Monday, 1st March, 1926, at 4.30 p.m., Prof. G. G. Henderson (President) in the chair. PRESENTATIONOF MELDOLAMEDAL. The President, having welcomed Mrs. Meldola, said that before the formal business of the meeting, he had a very pleasant duty to discharge, namely, to present to Dr.Henry Phillips the Meldola Medal for 1925. He need hardly remind the members that the Medal was the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans, and was awarded by the Council of the Institute with the concurrence of that Society. It was hardly the time, even if he felt qualified, to undertake the task of discussing the work done by Dr. Phillips: he would merely say that the Council was very favourably im- pressed by the quality of the work described in his published papers, particularly those investigations on the dependence of rotatory power on chemical constitution, on his discovery of a new type of optically active sulphur compounds, and the for- mulation of what he believed was a new hypothesis with regard to the asymmetry of certain atoms. The medal was given in memory of a distinguished President of the Maccabaean Society, who was also a former president of the Institute, the late Professor Meldola.Very wisely, the competition for the medal was restricted to young chemists. The significance of the restriction seemed to be that the medal was intended not so much as a reward for work already accomplished, but as an encouragement to the recipient to pursue the course on which he had already entered; and in that sense he had very great pleasure in handing to Dr. Phillips the medal, and in congratulating him very heartily on his success, and wishing him all encouragement and prosperity in his future course as an investigator. Dr. Henry Phillips thanked the Council of the Institute and the Society of Maccabaeans for the great honour which 70 they had conferred upon him.He thought it was rather a happy coincidence that his work was done at a Polytechnic, while he was receiving grants from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. It was an instance of the success which had followed the adoption of the policy which Professor Meldola himself advocated,-the encouragement of the research spirit in the technical schools and institutes of the country- (hear, hear)-and the subsidy of research by maintenance grants from the Government. He wished to express his indebtedness to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and also to Dr. Kenyon, the Head of the Chemical Department of Battersea Polytechnic, for his encouragement, because he had done so much to introduce the research spirit into the Poly- technic.He regarded the Medal not so much as a reward for work already accomplished as an incentive to future work. (Hear, hear.) The Minutes of the 47th Annual Meeting having been read and confirmed, the President said the next item of business was to receive and consider the annual accounts, and the report of the Auditors. ANNUALACCOUNTS. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treasurer, in moving that the Annual Accounts be received and adopted, remarked that there was very little to say on the accounts beyond what already appeared in the Report, but he would mention one or two matters of interest. There was the question of financing local sections, which had been put on a broader basis than formerly.Up to the present year the local sections had received a capitation grant of 2s. 6d. per head for every active member in the section. By an active member was meant a member who had signified to the Secretary of the local section his desire to become a member of the section. The Council thought that all members of the Institute should be interested, or should be entitled to participate, in the activities of the local sections, and therefore provided a grant of 2s. 6d. a head for every member resident in the district of each section. The sections undertook to circularise all the members resident in their respective districts, so that every member might be kept fully aware of their activities. Many of the local sections had levied local subscriptions, but under the new arrangement the local subscription could be dispensed 71 with; so that this represented a small saving to those who had been hitherto called active members.In several directions savings had been effected compared with the previous year. On the other hand, the receipts for the Appointments Register had diminished by a sum of E5o. That was not entirely repre- sented by a decrease in unemployment, although there was undoubtedly less unemployment than there had been at that time last year. The Council felt that the Appointments Register should be put at the disposal of members out of work at the lowest possible cost, and it had done what it could to reduce the cost to such members.It was proposed to spend more on advertising the Appointments Register in trade journals and such periodicals, and it was hoped that the extra expenditure would be justified by the results. Turning to the Report on the Benevolent Fund, it would be noticed that the amount of the contributions in I925 showed a marked increase over those of 1924, and that was a very gratifying fact. It appeared irom the figures in the first week or two of this year that there was going to be a similar increase, but un- fortunately that had not proved to be the case. Comparing the receipts for the first two months of the present year, with the first two months of last year, it was found that about L150less had been received in the present year. He strongly urged mem- bers who had not done so, and who could do so, to remember the Fund, and make it quite clear that the falling off was only a temporary one.It had been possible to put enough to the capital fund to enable the Committee to elect the first annuitant who was receiving LIper week. That was only a start, and he hoped as years went on, if the need for such annuities increased, it would be possible to give them. At the present time the Fund was assisting substantially several members who were in need, and in addition was assisting three widows of members who had been left with very slender resources and with families of young children to support. He thought he had said enough to show that the Fund was doing not only good work, but much needed work, and he was sure he could safely leave it in the hands of the members to supply the sinews of peace.In closing, he wished to express his indebtedness to his colleagues on the Finance Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee, and especially to thank those members who, under the rules of the Institute, had to retire. He was very grateful to them for the help they had given, and he was very sorry that their co-operation was to 72 cease, at any rate for a time. He should also like to thank Mr. Pilcher for all he had done during the year for him, and also to thank Mr. Aiken, the accounts clerk. Finally, in moving the reception and adoption of the accounts for 1925,he would like to ask the members to accord their very hearty thanks to the Honorary Auditors, Mr.Abell and Mr. Francis, for their services in auditing the accounts. Mr. C. E. Barrs seconded the motion. The President, having asked whether any member wished to raise any question on the accounts before the motion was put to the meeting,- Mr. A. Chaston Chapman said with reference to the Benevolent Fund it seemed to him that the funds received, having regard to the importance of chemistry as a profession, were inadequate. Of course, they had to cut their suits according to their cloth, and perhaps they had done a great deal; but he thought they ought to be in a position to do a great deal more. It was a question for all the members, and, having regard to the fact that there were nearly 5000 members, each member might be expected to contribute half-a-crown a year, which would produce an income of L600 or more, or if each member contributed 5s. it would produce an income of LIZOOa year.He did not believe that there was any Fellow or Associate to whom it would be a serious hardship to ask him to pay an additional half-crown or 5s. each year. That would not prevent the flow of the larger sums; those who were contributing larger sums would continue to do so, and those sums might be put to capital account from which a certain amount of income could be derived or used in the case of emergency. He congratulated the Honorary Treasurer on the statement of accounts. (Hear, hear.) The motion for the adoption of the accounts was carried unanimously. The President said that every member felt very greatly indebted to the Honorary Treasurer for his work on behalf of the Institute, and also thanked the Honorary Auditors for their services.Mr. C. T. Abell, in responding to the vote of thanks to the Auditors, said that, as he was retiring from the office, he would 73 like to say that it had been a real pleasure to him to serve, partly because the work more or less appealed to him, and partly because it had been a pleasure to be brought in contact with those who had to deal with the business of the Institute. He would like to thank them for their kindness to him, and also the Registrar and his staff for their readiness to give all the assistance that was necessary.The way in which any enquiry he wished to make was welcomed appealed to him as being exceptional, and it was something for which any Auditor would be grateful. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The President moved “that the Report of the Council for the year ending 1st March, 1926, be received and adopted.” (For the President’s Address, see pp. 77-86.) Mr. Andrew More, in seconding the motion, also moved that the thanks of the meeting be accorded to the President for his address, with the request that he be asked to allow it to be printed in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.He remarked that the Council still appeared to be troubled with the distinctions between Fellows and Associates, and the difficulty of framing a hard-and-fast regulation in raising Associates to Fellowship. With regard to the Benevolent Fund, he suggested that a special letter should be sent to all members of the Institute asking them to subscribe to the Benevolent Fund.The President said the Report of the Council was open for discussion. Mr. W. T. Burgess, in supporting the motion for its adoption, also thanked the President for his address, and expressed the hope that he would allow it to be printed in the Journal. Mr. C. E. Barrs drew attention to the resignation of 40 Associates, and asked how that number compared with the resignations in previous years. pj The President said the number of resignations of Associates received during the past year was considerably higher than might be considered normal, and for this reason he had thought it desirable to draw special attention to it.He thought it was explained very largely by the fact that many had experienced difficulty in finding occupations in chemistry. The motion was carried unanimously. 74 REPORTOF SCRUTINEERS. The Registrar read the Report of the Scrutineers, and the President declared the officers elected, as follows :-President: G. G. Henderson (838). Vice-Presidents: E. C. C. Baly (834), E. R. Rolton (831), A. Chaston Chapman (830), T. Slater Price (830), H. G. Colman (828), E. W. Voelcker (828). Hon. Treasurer: Patrick H. Kirkaldy (839). The number of valid votes cast for the General Members of Council was 841.The General Members of Council were declared elected as follows :-I. M. Heilbron (601), Wm. Rintoul (581), J. F. Thorpe (577), G. C. Clayton (567), F. L. Pyman (562), F. Scholefield (544), J. Mi. Cobb (530),W. M. Cumming (529), R. S. Morrell (525), Thomas Gray (517), A. W. Knapp (514), J. C. Drummond (506),Bernard Dyer (504), A. V. Elsden (499), Arthur Slator (491), B. G. McLellan (488), E. K. Rideal (485),IT. C. L. Bloxam (469), W. H. Lewis (467), R.H. Greaves (462), A. J. Chapman (456), Thomas Macara (455), L. G. Radcliffe (434), F. W. F. Arnaud (425),A. G. Francis (413),J. F. Tocher (409),Edward Hinks (397). The number of valid votes cast for the Censors was 841. The Censors were declared elected as follows:- A. Chaston Chapman (548), Sir Robert Robertson (454), Sir Herbert Jackson (436), Dr.G. T. Morgan (408). The President, in thanking the Fellows and Associates for his re-election, said that it was with very considerable doubt that he allowed his name to be put forward for a third year of office, because it seemed to him that it might be to the advantage of the Institute to make a change. (“No.”) He could only claim that he had had for many years a very great interest in the Institute, and what little he could do during the coming year would be done very gladly indeed. (Hear, hear.) He wished to move a hearty vote of thanks to the Scrutineers-Mr. Harley Knight and Mr. J. H. Lane. They had a most tedious, monoton- ous task to perform; they had performed it with the greatest good-will, and the members owed them a great debt of gratitude.The motion having been carried with acclamation, Mr. Lane briefly responded. ELECTIONOF AUDITORS. The President said the Institute was unfortunate in that both Mr. Abell and Mr, Francis had resigned office as Honorary Auditors-Mr. Abell having served for four years and Mr. Francis being elected to the Council: it therefore fell to the meeting to elect two Honorary Auditors. Mr. Abell, in sending in his 75 letter of resignation, had suggested that his colleague, Mr. Harmsworth, might be willing to act as an Auditor if the In- stitute saw fit to appoint him. Mr. Arthur J. Chapman said he had very much pleasure in proposing Mr. W. P. Harmsworth as Honorary Auditor.Mr. C. T. Abell seconded the motion, which was unanimously carried. Mr. Arthur J. Chapman moved that Mr. C. E. Barrs be ap- pointed as Honorary Auditor. Dr. H. E. Cox seconded the motion, which was unanimously carried. Mr. Harmsworth and Mr. Barrs were declared elected Honorary Auditors for the coming year. The Hon. Treasurer moved the re-appointment of Mr. David Henderson, Chartered Accountant, as Auditor at a remuneration of 30 guineas. The President said Mr. Henderson had acted as the Auditor of the Institute for some time past, and the members could not do better than reappoint him. The motion was carried unanimously. VOTE OF THANKS. Dr. G. McGowan moved that a very hearty vote of thanks be accorded to the retiring Vice-president and the retiring members of Council for their services.In looking over the Proceedings he noticed that the work of the Council had not diminished since he was on it himself a good many years ago, especially the work of the Nominations and Examinations Committee. The Pre- sident had already mentioned the names of those retiring. He could quite understand how much Professor Smithells had done, because of his wide knowledge of affairs and his keen interest. He would like, as an old Fellow of the Institute, to refer to two points which had nothing to do with the motion. He wished to second Mr. Chaston Chapman’s renewed appeal for the Benevo- lent Fund. Last year he ventured to suggest to the members that they might tie a knot in their handkerchiefs, because he was quite sure it was mere forgetfulness which prevented the majority of members sending in their subscriptions.With regard to the other point, he had been struck, in looking over the results of the examinations, in the last number of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,by a remark with reference to the paper examination in inorganic chemistry, namely, that the difficult questions were answered much more satisfactorily than 76 the simple questions. He had read a fascinating book by Pro-fessor Masson, and had sent the professor a few lines congratu- lating him, suggesting to him that, when a new edition came to be called for, perhaps for the benefit of an old stager like himself, who had only a bowing acquaintance with modern chemistry, he might perhaps elaborate the latter section of the book a little more.Professor Masson, in reply, had said that what weighed with him was partly that the young chemist, under the increasing pressure of work, failed to appreciate the preliminary stages in the history of chemistry which had led to the chemistry of to-day. Dr. A. D. Mitchell seconded the motion, which was carried with acclamation. The meeting then concluded. The President’s Address. 1st MARCH, 1926. BEFORE moving that the Report of the Council be received and adopted, I shall follow precedent by offering a few remarks on some of the more important features and events of the past year. The roll of members has substantially increased-by 236-although the increment is not up to the average of that recorded in the other reports which have been submitted to you since the war.No doubt, many possible aspirants to the profession have been discouraged by the tendency towards overcrowding, and consequent unsatisfactory prospects; and to that extent the falling off in numbers has its compensations. On the other hand, we have to deplore the loss by death of no less than fifteen Associates, nearly all young men, several of whom have suc- cumbed to the after effects of active service or war work. We have lost forty Associates by resignation, and of these a con-siderable number have changed their profession. I trust, however, that when the outlook, which is improving, has still further improved, some of them will return to the fold; in any case, I am confident that in their new spheres of work, their technical knowledge will yet be of service to the community.Of the Fellows who have passed away, several were men of mark in the profession. Horace Tabberer Brown was an original Fellow of the Institute, and his name will always be associated with the history of our science, for, as has been aptly remarked, the improvements which he introduced into the brewing industry were analogous to those achieved for surgery by Lister. His microscopic and chemical study of yeasts, and his researches on the transformation of the reserve carbohydrate in germinating grain and also on the changes in the green leaf during photo-synthesis and on the absorption of carbon dioxide through the stomata were of fundamental importance.The 78 quality of his work was recognised by the award of the Longstaff Medal by the Chemical Society, and a Royal Medal, and later, the Copley Medal by the Royal Society. John Young Buchanan was a representative of that now somewhat rare type of natural philosopher whose interests are spread over many branches of science. A member of the “Challenger” Expedition and one of the founders of modern oceanography, he was remarkable for his skill in the laboratory arts. He is not only known for the chemical and microscopical investigation of sea deposits, but also for valuable contributions to physical geography, and for four years he held an appoint- ment as lecturer on geography in the University of Cambridge. Professor Francis Robert Japp was associated for a con-siderable part of his early career in research with our first Presi- dent, Sir Edward Frankland, before he was appointed to the Chair at Aberdeen.An admirable teacher, he imparted new life to the school of chemistry in the northern University, while also finding time to pursue without intermission the research work which had for him an irresistible attraction. Sir John Burchmore Harrison went to Barbados in 1879 as Professor of Chemistry and Agricultural Science, ten years later was selected for the post of Government Analyst and Professor of Chemistry for British Guiana, and in 1905 received the ap- pointment of Director of the Department of Science and Agri- culture in that Colony.In conjunction with J. Itc. Bovell, he was a pioneer in raising sugar cane from seed in Barbados in the seventies of last century. Seedling canes proved to be the salvation of the West Indian sugar industry and are now grown in all sugar cane producing countries. I would mention also James Grant and Prof. Edriiund Knecht of the College of Technology, Manchester, and Professor William Robert Lane, of Toronto, all teachers of repute; William Joseph Dibdin, well known as a consultant in connection with matters relating to the purification of sewage and water; and Samuel Henry Davies, William Josiah Palmer, Daniel Rankin Steuart, and Leonard Ellerton Vlies, who occupied prominent positions in the realm of industrial chemistry.Passing to the consideration of what may be considered ordinary business- On the subject of the finances of the Institute, I will content myself with expressing my admiration for the care and devotion 79 with which this part of our business is supervised by the Honorary Treasurer, Mr. Kirkaldy, and his Committee. You have already received a statement of our position, and it is gratifying to lx able to say that our work is not seriously hanclicapped by lack of funds. You are aware also that Mr. Kirkaldy and his Committee are associated with the representatives of the Local Sections in the consideration of applications for assistance from our Benevo- lent Fund.This fund has made considerable progress, and has been further developed by the institution of an Annuities scheme. It was abundantly clear from the response received to the special appeal which was made at the close of 1924 that the members are ready, whenever necessary, to come to the aid of the Fund, and the most gratifying feature of the response was the fact that about 300 subscribed in 1925 who had not done so before. I feel sure that the Annuities scheme will appeal to the generosity of our members, and will be supported by a steady stream of donations. I also hope and believe that a constantly increasing number will add their names to the list of annual subscribers to the Benevolent Fund. One of the main objects of the fund is to assist members who are temporarily unemployed, and in several instances this has been done.In that respect it is, in a measure, linked up with the Appointments Register, the report on which appears to confirm the view which I have expressed that the outlook for chemistry is improving. Our records tend to show that not only in those industries which are strictly chemical in character, but in many others, chemists have recently been engaged to take their part in combating the effects of industrial depression, and we hope that further means may be taken to encourage the increased employment of chemists in the application of our science for the benefit of industry and commerce generally. The work of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee has been, on the whole, only slightly less heavy than in ;ecent years.To Mr. Kirkaldy, who as vice-chairman has so often presided in my absence over the work of this Committee, we are deeply indebted. You are aware that under the present policy it is open to any aspirant to membership of the Institute to submit particulars of his education and career, in order that he may be informed how his case stands, and with what further requirements he must comply in order to secure admission to 80 Studentship or to the examinations, or clrction to the As-sociateship or Fellowship. The close attention which those who regularly attend the meetings of the Committee give to every application and miscellaneous enquiry submitted for their consideration can only be properly realised by those who have actually had experience of this work.I may say that the Council very rarely, and indeed scarcely ever, finds it necessary to modify their recommendations. The paragraphs relating to the Legal and Parliamentary Committee and the Public Appointments Committee speak for themselves, and we are indebted to Prof. Smithells and Mr. Bolton for their services as Chairmen, respectively, of these Committees. The work done by the special Sub-committee appointed to confer with the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries on the draft schedules to the proposed Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Bill was particularly valuable, and was undoubtedly of great service to the Advisory Committee of the Ministry which had that matter in hand. You will observe that the thanks of the Council have been accorded to Sir Archibald Bodkin, the Director of Public Prose- cutions, for valuable advice on the question of fees allowed to professional chemists for attendance in Courts of law.The Public Appointments Committee, moreover, felt called upon to defend the interests of practitioners against certain opinions given before the Royal Commission on National Health Insurance, which appeared to cast some reflection on the accuracy of their reports. The Publications Committee, too, under the able Chairman- ship of Dr. Slater Price, has done much useful work, and I think particular mention might be made of its memorandum on Govcm-ment Scientific Publications, which appeared in Part 111.The JOURNAL has, as usual, contained reports of the meetings of the Local Sections. The continued and increasing activity of the Sections is a feature of the past year which to my mind justifies the most optimistic expectations with regard to the future of the Institute. The character of the papers read and of the discussions held emphasises the ever-growing enthusiasm for the welfare and advancement of the profession. To all 81 Chairmen, Officers and Committees of Local Sections, the Council is specially indebted for having awakened and encouraged this enthusiasm, which cannot but be to the advantage of the pro- fession as a whole. The new arrangements made by the Council for financing the Sections will, I believe, assist them to continue and develop their efforts.I have visited several of the Sections, and would like to say with what great pleasure I have met old friencls and made new ones, and how warmly I appreciate the kindness extended to me on all occasions. After discussion of the Report of the Conference on “The Place of Applied Chemistry in the Training of Chemists,” which was held in January of last year, the Council decided that in considering applications for admission to the Associateship without examination, honours degrees and diplomas in applied chemistry willbe recognised, provided that the candidates have passed examinations of ordinary degree standard in inorganic, organic and physical chemistry. This modification of the Regu- lations should remove difficulties which have been encountered in deciding upon the qualifications of graduates in Applied Chemistry, while at the same time the principle is maintained that a sound training in general chemistry is an indispensable preliminary to specialisation in technology.The Conference held at York last July undoubtedly served a useful purpose, if only by providing an opportunity for the full and free discussion of several important subjects, and I take this opportunity of again expressing the thanks of the Council to all those members who contributed to the proceedings. The Resolutions adopted by the Conference, although not in each case the expression of a unanimous opinion, have been carefully considered by the Council.Regarding admission to the Fellowship, the Council felt that the precautions now taken to ensure the competence of candidates are sufficient to safeguard the high standard of qualification required for this grade. I will deal with these precautions. Every candidate for the Fellowship-whether or not he has previously been an Associate-who does not pass through the full examination in one of the branches specified in the Regulations, is required to produce evidence of original research, or of the invention of processes, or of having attained such a position of responsibility and importance in the profession that his claims for election are beyond doubt. In the first instance, such candidates usually 82 consult the officers and, in consequence, many applications do not immediately come before the Committee; but in all cases where the applications are formally submitted, the candidates are required to produce full particulars of their work and to give the names of Fellows personally acquainted with it, who are prepared to support their claims.The names of the candidates are notified to all Members of Council before the meetings of the Committee at which the applications are to be considered. The Fellows who have been mentioned as referees are asked to give their views, in confidence, for the information of the Committee. The work submitted is then either assessed by the Committee or referred to special assessors for report.In many cases it is already well known, having passed the scrutiny of the Publica- tion Committees of the recognised scientific societies ; in others, the work is of a confidential nature, and is then submitted to assessors mutually agreed upon by the Council, the candidates, and other persons who may be concerned. Where it is thought necessary, this assessment is siipplemented by an oral examina- tion conducted by the Committee or its representatives. As the result of the operation of this machinery, during the past twelve months 56 Associates have been promoted from a roll of over 3200, of whom at least 2000 would have been eligible for the Fellowship had they been promoted by mere passage of time,-that is, by having been registered for three years; while the total number of elections to the Fellowship was 68.I may mention, in passing, that about 75 per cent. of the Associates who proceed to the Fellowship are over thirty years of age. Having reviewed the whole situation, the Council felt that the test applied in these cases was fully equivalent to a formal examination, and that the time has not yet come for revising the Regulations with regard to the Fellowship, on the lines of the resolutions passed at the Conference. The third resolution of the Conference called upon the Council to revise the Regulations for the admission of Associates, in order to meet certain cases of candidates who have had long experience in positions of high responsibility as chemists, but who have not fulfilled the exact requirements as to training.The object of this resolution was to provide for the possible admission of such candidates as Associates rather than as Fellows; because it must be remembered that hitherto the Charter has been interpreted to allow the- Council to admit an exceptional 83 case to the Fellowship, but not to the Associateship. At the same time, it must be admitted that there is force in the argument that a chemist who is not strictly eligible for the Associateship should not be elected to the Fellowship without passing through the junior grade. The Council recognises that there are many men engaged in chemistry, and occupying with credit positions of considerable importance, who could with advantage to themselves and to the Institute be admitted to our ranks.Let me remind you that, as early as 1913,the principles governing the present Regulations-in their main requirements- were advanced and generally accepted by a very representative body of professors and others and that, though these Regulations did not come into force until 1917,they were confirmed by a well-attended extraordinary general meeting of the Fellows and Associates in April, 1918. At that time, it was decided to extend the minimum period of training for the Associateship to four years, to eliminate the old Intermediate Examination, and to require intending Asso- ciates to pass only one examination, and that of a general char- acter. At the same time, it was decided to exempt from examination by the Institute those who had received the same training and had obtained a degree with first or second class honours in chemistry, or an equivalent diploma. Minor modi- fications have been introduced, but that is broadly the basis of the Regulations to-day, and I think that very strong reasons must be advanced before any drastic alteration in this system can be made.The main objects are to provide a hall-mark for those who may rightly be considered as competent, and to prepare a register of such; this duty, I maintain, has been carried out by the Council with every regard to the grave responsibility which is entrusted to it. The increasing extent and complexity of our science have rendered possible a great variety of ways in which a man can become useful in chemical work; but we cannot place our hallmark on any chemist unless he can show that he has received such an education and training as will give him a sound scientific outlook.It cannot be denied, however, that there are some chemists who, through circumstances over which they have had no control, have been debarred from following systematic courses of recognised study, but yet have acquired that philosophic outlook which we expect. I am glad, therefore, to be able to inform you that the Council has approved an addition to the Regulations, drafted by the Nominations and Examinations Committee, which will, I believe, permit of the admission of all who come within that definition.(See p. 88.) With regard to the resolution passed, on Mr. Scholefield’s motion, in favour of the establishment of a register of pro- fessional chemists, the formation of a registration council, and ultimately the possible acquisition of legislative authority, the Council has discussed the report of the Conference as well as a statement relating to this subject which was prepared for the Liverpool and Manchester Sections. Briefly, this statement advocates what amounts to the “setting up of a new register with a wider embrace ” than the Institute’s Register, involving the formulation of a minimum qualification which might con- ceivably be of a low standard for the first few years. The Council has decided to recommend the new Council to appoint a Com-mittee to investigate the whole question, to explore the possi- bilities of carrying into effect the proposals of the Conference and alternatively of instituting a third grade of membership of the Institute, and to draft a statement which will be submitted to the Local Sections for their consideration.The final resolution of the Conference urged the Council to enter into collaboration with other societies interested in chemistry and to formulate and press forward a scheme for bringing these societies into closer union. You will see by the report that, although the Council is ready to take part in any movement of the kind suggested, it feels that the position of the Institute is such that it should not take the definite lead in this matter, unless invited to do so by the other bodies concerned. I would repeat briefly what I said at York, that the Institute has co-operated with the Chemical Society in the unification of chemical libraries; with the Society of Public Analysts in matters affecting practising chemists; with other professional and tech- nical institutions in matters affecting patents, the appointments of professional civil servants, the protection of professional designations and the rights and privileges of chartered bodies and their members; while the Local Sections of the Institute have actively co-operated in all parts of the country with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and other allied societies.85 If further evidence were needed of our willingness to co-operate with other bodies, I think it can be found in the list of delegates mentioned in the Report who have represented us in matters of public and quasi-public interest.It should be obvious that the Council is always ready to ensure, so far as it is able, that the Institute is associated with any important matter in which the profession of chemistry may even remotely be able to render useful service, and, at the same time, is grateful to all those members who thus assist in this very essential part of its work. I think it advisable, although nothing has occurred to render it very necessary, to make a reference to the work of the Censors. In the majority of cases the few complaints which are received affect professional chemists who are engaged in public practice, and attention is still mainly directed to the use of certificates relating to advertised commodities.The Censors, however, almost invariably find that the members concerned are quite unaware that their certificates have been misused until we com- municate with them. It should not be necessary for a chemist to feel bound to indicate on a report that it is not given for publication. He has a copyright in his report and his client is not at liberty to make any use of it which is not stipulated at the time the report is given. It is objectionable that a report, even when it consists of straightforward scientific statements of fact, should be printed and attached to packages, bottles and containers of various sorts.Such procedure is an unwarrantable exploitation of the analyst, which is liable to abuse, since the report commonly refers only to a single sample and is often associated with other printed matter over which the analyst has no control. Trouble has also arisen in the past from the use of reports for an unlimited period, and instances have occurred where such reports have been used for many years after the analyst has died. It is part of the duty of the practitioner, therefore, to prevent so far as he is able such misuse of his certificates. Possibly due to depression in industry, there has been a tendency on the part of certain employers of chemists to ad- vertise themselves as consulting and analytical chemists, but, when our attention has been directed to the matter, successful efforts have been made to dissuade the companies from adopting unprofessional met hods.86 Reviewing the question as a whole, I must make it quite clear that, although the position of a Censor is far from an enviable one, the duties which fall to these officers-unpleasant though they may be-are fortunately by no means onerous. It reflects honour on the profession that such a high standard of professional conduct is maintained by our members , practically without exception. In accordance with the By-laws a number of members of Council have to demit office at this time. All of them have rendered good service to the Institute in one way or another, and especially the retiring Vice-president , Professor Smithells, whose wise counsel has always been of service, Dr.Pickard, whose critical acumen has helped towards the solution of many problems, and Professor Hale, Dr. McCombie, and Mr. Porritt, who have been faithful in attendance and in taking a full share of the work. Dr. Colman, who retires as a Member of Council, has been nominated as a Vice-president, and his return to the Council will be very welcome. I cannot bring these remarks to a close without expressing my very sincere thanks to all my colleagues of the Council, as also to Mr. Pilcher, Mr. Collett, Miss Cawston, Mr. Aiken, and all the other members of the staff, for their kindly and successful efforts to make my task as light as possible.It is a pleasure to know that the selection of Mr. Collett for the post of Assistant Secretary has been fully justified, for he has rapidly made himself familiar with his duties, and has discharged them with much acceptance. 87 Proceedings of the Council. FEBRUARY-MARCH, 7 926. -Council and Committees, 1 926-1 927.-Thenamesofthe Officers, General and District Members of Council, and Censors, who took office on 1st March, are given on pages 65-66. At the first meeting of the new Council, held on 13th March, the Standing and Special Committees and their Chairmen for the ensuing year were appointed. (See pages 66-67.) At a meeting of the Council, held on 26th February, the Board of Examiners was re-appointed, as on page 68.Belfast Resolutions.-The resolutions passed by the Belfast Section (see JOURNAL, Part I., p. 25) came under the consideration of the Council on the 26th February. The first, suggesting a reduction in the annual subscription of members, and the fifth suggesting that the whole of the expenses of Members of Council attending meetings should be defrayed, were referred to the Finance and House Committee for consideration and report. The second, suggesting that District Members of Council for districts which have Parliamentary institutions distinct from the Imperial Parliament should be elected members of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, was referred to the new Council, by whom the proposal has now been adopted.The third resolution, which suggested the appointment of sub-committees to deal with matters of special local interest, did not appear to call for immediate action; and The fourth, suggesting that it would be convenient if the business of the Council could be arranged so that at special meetings the position of each district could be reviewed, was considered; but the Council held that there was sufficient elas- ticity in the methods of procedure of the Council to provide for adopting this suggestion as and when necessary. Copyright,-On the 12th March at the Institute, Mr. E. J. MacGillivray, Barrister-at-law, gave a lecture on "Copyright-with special reference to Scientific and Technical Papers and Publications,"-the President in the chair.The lecture, with an abstract of the discussion which followed, will shortly be issued as a separate publication. 88 Appointments Register.-On a report from the Finance and House committee the Council has decided to provide funds to be placed at the disposal of the Special Committee which has been appointed to consider means for increasing the utility of the Appointments Register. The Special Committee has under consideration a scheme for advertising the Register in technical and trade journals. Regulations.-The Council has received a report from the Nominations and Examinations Commit tee regarding the resolution passed at the Conference held at York in July last, recommending that provision be made for admission to the Associateship of candidates who have had long experience in positions of high responsibility as chemists, but who have not exactly fulfilled the requirements as to training.The Council has decided thereupon to incorporate the following clause in the Regulations for the admission of Associates by examination :-C. The Council will consider an application for admission to an examination for the Associateship from a candidate who is not less than thirty years of age, but who cannot comply with 4 (above)," provided that the application be accompanied by the evidence required in 1, 2 and 3 (above),+ and by- (a) Evidence that he has had training in chemistry, physics and mathematics, and has acquired adequate knowledge of these subjects; (b) Evidence that he has been engaged in the study and practice of chemistry for at least twelve years, and attained a responsible position ; (c) The names of three referees, of whom one at least shall be a Fellow or an Assooiate of the Institute.The nature of the examination will be determined by the Council in each individual case. New Zealand.-On the consideration of a letter from Mr. W. Rest Mummery, one of the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries of the Institute in New Zealand, the Council has decided that a proposal to form a section in the Dominion would be welcomed, provided that a requisition is signed by fifteen members resident therein; and, in view of the wide distribution of the members in the Dominion, and the difficulty of arranging meetings, that the rule requiring four meetings tobe held annually should not for the present be rigidly enforced.* Evidence relating to systematic university or college corns. t Evidence of age, moral character and general education. 89 Chemical Society.-The Council has also referred to the Finance and House Committee for sympathetic consideration a letter from the Chemical Society reporting on the increased use of the Library of the Society during 1925 by the members of other bodies, including the Institute, expressing appreciation of the assistance afforded by other societies with the hope that they would continue to support the Library as generously as possible. Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee has reported that the amount of the contributions received during the first two months of the present year is about E15o less than that received during the corresponding period in 1925.In addition to the help afforded to cases referred to in the pamphlet issued at the close of last year, the Committee has already been called upon to make grants to several members who are temporarily in need of assistance, and has made provision for the widows of one Fellow and two Associates with families of young children. These cases will be reviewed in Octob.er, with a view to the continuance of the allowances so far as they are deemed to be necessary. The subscribers to the contribution from the staff of the Government Laboratory received in 1925 were :-Sir Robert Robertson, Mr.George Stubbs, Dr. J. Fox, Messrs. A. More, D. A. Gracey, J. F. Halpin, R. Rodger, T. H. Bowles, P. J. Sageman, F. S. Aumonier, A. J. H. Gauge, T. W. Harrison, J. R. Nicholls, C. A. Adams, J. E. Byles, F. R. Ennos, A. T. Parsons, A. H. Rheinlander, E. H. Nurse, J. Stephenson, B. A. Ellis, A. F. Weiss, R. Sutcliffe, J. King, J. A. Heald, J. W. Pooley, S. A. Ashmore, P. Mooney, L. C. Nicholls, R. H. Settle, E. H. Williams, B. A. Dixon, F. C. Randall, C. Chilvers, H. I,. Bolton, A. J. Hignett, S. J. Ireland, J. Hirst, W. G. Grindle, H. C. Stephenson, P. Smellie, Miss E. M. Chatt, Messrs. S. H. Wilkes, P. McGreqor, J. B. O’Sullivan, J. W. A. Woodley,J. R. Fraser, L. Nickels, E. L. Mendel, J. L. Collier, and R.Byrnes. Local Sections. Belfast and District.-A meeting of the section was held at Queen’s University, Belfast, on the 27th January, when Dr. Eric Cashmore of the Linen Industry Research Association, gave an interesting lecture on “The Chemistry of the Pectins.” A meeting of the section was held on the 24th February at QueenJs University, when a lecture was given by Professor Milroy on “Micro-Chemical Methods of Analysis.” Professor Milroy exhibited new and improved apparatus bearing on the subject. Prof. G. Scott Robertson presided at both meetings. Br i stol and South -Western Cou n ties.-On 4th February a meeting of the section was held jointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Chemical Department of the University of Bristol, Prof.F. E. Francis in the chair. Dr. Albert Parker read a paper on “The Smokeless Fuel Problem.” He said that so far as this nation was concerned, there appeared to be no prospect, for many years to come, of coal being replaced asthe cheapest and most important source of energy. The rising cost of coal and the gradual exhaustion of the more easily mined and richer seams rendered it imperative that the most economical methods of utilisation should be em- ployed. During the year 1924,of the 180 million tons of coal consumed at home, only about 40 million tons were used by gas works, coke ovens, and producer gas plants. The remaining 140 million tons were almost all consumed in the raw state, with consequent pollution of the atmosphere.The greatest offender in smoke production was the domestic hearth, for it had been shown by the Meteorological Office Advisory Committee on Atmospheric Pollution, that one pound of coal consumed in the average domestic appliance caused more than four times the amount of atmospheric pollution produced by the same amount of coal burned under the average factory boiler. From consideration of the requirements of typical households it was concluded that, although the amounts of both gas and 91 electricity consumed were sure to extend rapidly in the future, there was likely to be a big demand for solid fuel to meet the requirements of the average household, If, therefore, the emission of smoke from the domestic chimney were to be abolished it was essential that a satisfactory solid smokeless fuel should be found to replace coal.The logical method of preparing such a fuel was to distil away the smoke producing constituents of coal by a process of carbonisation in which the valuable products- gas, tar and ammonia were also recovered. Many attempts had been made to manufacture a suitable smokeless fuel by the low temperature carbonisation of coal; but although apparently satisfactory products had been obtained, the costs of the processes had been so great that it had not been possible to establish them on a sound commercial basis. Recent researches, however, had shown that there was every prospect of a solid smokeless fuel possessing all the desired properties, including ease of ignition, being marketed by the gas industry.The relationship between the structure of coke and its properties was discussed, and lantern slides of coke sections were shown. The paper was productive of a good discussion, and a hearty vote of thanks was tendered to Dr. Parker. On 27th February, the annual dinner of the local sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry was held at the Royal Hotel, Bristol, Sir Ernest Cook presiding. Mr. M. W. Jones, ex-chairman of the local section of the Society, in proposing the toast of “The Institute,” referred to the cordial co-operation between the sections of the two bodies : they had one single aim-the study and development of chemistry, pure and applied.He referred to the value of the diplomas of the Institute as evidence of professional qualification and in- tegrity, and congratulated the Institute on its present position. In coupling the name of Prof. Henderson with the toast, he remarked that the Society of Chemical Industry had the smug satisfaction of knowing that they had appreciated his worth ten years ahead of the Institute, Prof. Henderson having been President of the Society in 1916. The President, in reply, said that he was glad to find that in Bristol, as in other parts of the country, it had become an es-tablished custom for members of the different chemical societies to meet together for social and other purposes, instead of meeting 92 in individual compartments, because that was an advance towards the more complete unification of the profession of chemistry that they desired to bring about.Those joint meetings were a mutual advantage to the societies concerned, and, from the Institute point of view, they helped their brother chemists to realise that the Institute was not merely a piece of soulless mechanism designed to conduct examinations, and, incidentally, to extract fees from candidates, but a great incorporation whose principal function was to promote the welfare of their profession. (Hear, hear.) It must appeal to everybody that in any country that had passed beyond the more primitive stages of civilisation, the chemist was indispensable. The business of Government could not be carried out without the aid of the chemist.There was scarcely a productive industry in this country which was not ultimately dependent upon the work of the chemist. Further, unless the people of this country realised that the future prosperity of the country was dependent to a very large extent upon their attitude towards scientific work, and, in particular, chemical work, he believed the future of the country would be rather black. Their profession did not receive the recognition among their fellow-citizens which was its due-and the chemists were very largely to blame for that, being oppressed by a quite ex- aggerated modesty. (Laughter.) They appeared to be so wrapped up in their work that they did not care whether other people knew anything about it or not.The people must appreciate the work of scientific men if the prosperity of the country were to continue. How were they to get that impression on the minds of the citizens? It was no use to meet as they did that night and assure one another that they were the salt of the earth. They were, and they knew it-(laughter)-but their fellow citizens did not know it. (Laughter.) The public did not read their scientific journals; and the only way was to educate the great mass of their fellow citizens. When once that was achieved that education would actually enfiltrate upwards until it penetrated the minds of our legislators. (Laughter.) He claimed that the best method of education was through that great potential. if not actual, instru- ment of education, the public Press.With the help of the Press- and it was coming by degrees-they could bring about a change of mind; and if they could do so they could claim that they had done something worth doing for the country and not for their own individual profession’s sake only. (Applause.) 93 Professor W. H. Lewis, in proposing “The Chairman,” said that the members of the Institute were fortunate in having Sir Ernest Cook as chairman of the Bristol and South-Western Counties’ section, in which capacity he presided over a far-flung territory. Professor Lewis also alluded to the excellent work of the committee of the section, and of its active and efficient hon. secretary. Sir Ernest Cook, who was received with musical honours, said that they had all been delighted to have the President with them, and trusted that the hopes which he had expressed would be thoroughly realised.The war had shewn that when the necessity arose the chemists of Britain were able to hold their own. So far as industry was concerned, it was an immense advantage that they should have closely connected with the management skilled and trained chemists capable of carrying out the work required in the best scientific manner. (Hear, hear.) The * profession contained the greatest possibilities for the benefit of mankind, and the sooner there were trained and skilled chemists at the head of all manufacturing industries the sooner would they prosper to a much greater extent than they had hitherto done.But that placed an immense responsibility on those who took up the profession, to make themselves thoroughly competent to give substantial scientific advice. The Bristol and South-Western Counties Section would do its best to support the headquarters in maintaining the high standards of the Institute. -4musical programme was contributed by Miss M. Yacomeni, Mr. E. H. Cooke, and Mr. V. G. McAdams; recitations were given by Miss Dorothy Boorne and humorous sketches by Mr. A. L. V. Davis. On the 25th March, in the Chemical Department of the University, Sir Ernest H. Cook presided at the 6th Annual General Meeting of the section, when the Honorary Secretary submitted his report on the meetings of the session, of which five had been held jointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry. The financial statement showed a balance in hand.Mr. R. D. Littlefield and Dr. T. Malkin were elected to fill vacancies on the Committee caused by the retirement, by rota- tion, of Dr. David Hooper and Mr. F. Southerden. Mr. F. H. C. Bull and Mr. E. Lewis were reappointed auditors and received the thanks of the section for their services. 94 Birmingham and Midlands.-At a meeting of the the section, held in Birmingham, on 24th February, Mr. J. F. Liverseege gave an address on “The Experiences of a City Analyst.” Prof. A. R. Ling occupied the chair. Mr. Liverseege, in relating various analytical experiences in connection with adulteration, pointed out the responsibility of a public analyst in making his own standards, since there are no legal standards and only a few legal limits.In 1873,66 per cent. of the samples taken in Birmingham under the Sde of Food and Drugs Acts were adulterated; last year the proportion was only 4-5 per cent. In 1898, which was the first year in which food was systematically examined for preservatives, 4 per cent. were adulterated with preservative as compared with the 0.1per cent. of last year. Samples of sponge cake taken in 1921 contained on the average 22 grains of boric acid per pound, but, as the result of a letter sent to bakers and a prosecution, in I923 all the samples of sponge cake were free from this preservative. The speaker emphasised that the limits for milk prescribed by the Board of Agriculture were only presumptive, and that an “appeal to the cow” may condemn milks above these limits and pass milks below them.Particulars were given of a prose- cution in which the defence of the farmer was that the increased yield and the inferior quality of the milk was due to the cows being moved from old turf to aftermath. Subsequent samples from Birmingham cows showed that aftermath did not have the alleged effect. Samples taken from a farm this year on a number of consecutive days, showed that there was very little variation in the percentages of solids-not-fats, although there was considerable fluctuation in temperature. Recent samples of “cooking lard” and “pastry lard” had been found to be “compound lard,” and the speaker stated that, after enquiries, he was satisfied that only genuine pigs’ fat should be sold under these names.A war-time bread improver, for which great things were claimed, was found to contain 34 per cent, of Epsom salts. In relation to false labels, reference was made to the importance of Section 27 of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, and particulars were given of action taken under this Section. Solutions of ferric chloride and quinine sulphate were quoted as illustrations of difficulties caused by inadequate Pharmacopceia descriptions. Experiments with potassium carbonate showed the importance 95 of having this drug kept in hottlos that were free from lead and arsenic.Comparative analytical figures for the old water supply and that from Wales were shown on the screen, and also a com-parison of the Soot Gauge deposit of Birmingham and other places, showing that one of the Birmingham stations took the second place on the list. Investigation of the stoppage of a sewer with calcium sulphate showed that the trouble was due to adjacent works discharging sulphates and calcium chloride in their effluents. Samples were shown of curiosities of adulteration, e.g. white crystal sugar containing 25 per cent. of calcite; “chocolate chumps” which were sticks of glucose coated with paraffin wax; Gorgonzola cheese coated with a paste made of barium sulphate and tallow, and tea adulterated with 20 per cent. farinaceous substance prepared under let ters-pat en t.A cordial vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Liverseege, on the proposal of Mr. H. Silvester, seconded by Mr. F. H. Alcock. G lasgow and West of Scotland.-The Sub-committee of the section which deals with publicity has continued to arrange for the contribution of fortnightly articles as a special feature of the Glasgow Herald, and in addition for many special articles which have appeared in the Glasgow Everving Times. The topics treated have not been confined to those directly connected with chemistry, but have covered a wide range, being extended, to meet the suggestions of the Editor, to embrace such subjects as “Mendelism and Social Problems,” “Weather Forecasting,” “Clydeside Cranes,” “Saxophones,” ‘‘Hair Troubles,” “Euclid,” and the “Anatomy of the Spider.” The Sub-committee ac- knowledges the help of the following members who have supplied the necessary articles:-Messrs.T. Brown, G. S. Ferrier, A. D. Gardiner, W. C. Harris, J. Henderson, M. Herd, A. R. Jamieson, J. M. Leitch, and J. Montgomery. Huddersfie1d.-An ordinary meeting of the section was held on 19th February in the Technical College,-Dr. H. H. Hodgson presiding. Prof. E. C. C. Baly gave a very interesting lecture on “High Energy Chemistry.” In introducing his main subject-sugars from carbonic acid under the influence of ultra-violet light- the lecturer gave a survey of the earlier attempts to explain the 96 chemical processes taking place in the leaves of plants.He then outlined the work now in progress on the synthesis, by the influence of ultra-violet light on carbonic acid, of the various substances actually produced by the living leaf. The lecture was greatly appreciated by a large audience of members and students, and, after a brief discussion, a very hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Prof. Baly. The fiml meeting of the session 1925-26 was held on March 8th, in the Technical College,-Dr. Hodgson presiding. A lecture was given by Prof. W. L. Bragg on “The Function of Oxygen in the Structure of Inorganic Salts.” Summarising the various states of matter the lecturer defined the crystal as the “Utopian state ”--as perfect, as well regulated and as dull. Giving brief reference to metals, organic compounds and inorganic salts, he indicated the comparatively simple nature of these salts for the purpose of study, and outlined the methods used in X-ray examination of these crystals.As a result of these investigations the importance of oxygen, in defining the structure of a crystal, was stressed. Many models and lantern slides were exhibited clearly indicating the *various points. A short discussion followed. The lecture was enjoyed by a very large audience, and a cordial vote of thanks was given to Prof. Bragg. Liverpool and North-Western.-Recent meetings of the section have been devoted to the consideration of the registration of chemists and the possibility of instituting a publicity scheme on the lines of that which has been so successful at Glasgow.London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 16th February the section held a very successful dance at the Hotel Russell. Two hundred and fifty members of the section and their guests were present, and a most enjoyable evening was spent. On 17th March, the section held a discussion on “The R81e of Chemical Research in Industries other than the Manufacture of Chemicals.” The discussion was opened by Mr. B. D. Porritt, Director of the Research Association of British Rubber and Tyre Manu- iacturers, and short papers were read by Mr. T. Macara, Director, 97 British Association of Research for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar, Confectionery, and Jam Trades, and Mr. R. G. Parker, Director, British Launderers Research Association.Mr. Porritt said that, since the war, much had been said about “key industries” and the importance of building up a trade in fine chemicals, dyestuffs, and pharmaceutical products ; and much eloquence had been devoted to the subject of the importance of the chemist and chemical research in these in-dustries. What really constituted a key industry was still an open question. Was the title reserved merely for trades which were of vital importance in war time, or should it include those which contributed substantially to our economic well-being in times of peace? Whichever definition were taken, many in- dustries besides the purely chemical ones must be included. He suggested that the rubber industry might well claim to rank equally with the manufacture of dyestuffs, judged either by the standards of war requirements or the statistics of the Board of Trade.The only industry whose claim to the title of a key industry seemed to be indisputable was that of agriculture. From the point of view of the chemist, moreover, it seemed possible that undue attention has been focussed upon the requirements of the purely chemical industries. What proportion of the members of the Institute who were engaged in manu- facturing work could fairly be said to be supervising purely chemical operations? He would hazard a guess that the figure would not exceed 25 per cent. In entering upon a course of training for industrial work the student of chemistry had to face the prospect of the chances being about 3 to I that his future lot would be cast in some trade in which purely chemical work played a comparatively subordinate part.The r6le of the chemist in the rubber industry was fairly easily defined; but what constituted chemical research in this field was a much more debatable matter. A brief consideration of the fundamental problems which underlie the manufacture of rubber at once raised the question why we should find chemists rather than physicists predominant in the scientific work relating to this unique product. The constitution of caoutchouc, the main constituent of raw rubber, had occupied the attention of scientific men since the time of Graham and Faraday, and he would recall the fact that Harries attempted to solve the problem by the use of the ozone treatment which had proved so fruitful in his investigations into the constitution of the vegetable oils.98 We were, however, still in the dark as to the exact nature of the basic material upon which the rubber industry depended, and everything pointed to the solution of the problem coming from physical rather than chemical methods. This matter was of more than mere academic interest, since upon its solution depended the clear understanding of the changes which rubber underwent during the processes of manufacture and vulcani- sation, and the relation between rubber and its allied products, gutta percha and balata. The changes in the plasticity of rubber which took place during the process of mastication again presented a problem calling for physical treatment ; purely chemical methods could scarcely be expected to provide the explanation for the remark- able changes in the physical properties of rubber conferred by the introduction of certain compounding ingredients, or for the mechanism of the process of vulcanisation.It should not be inferred that chemistry did not play an important part in the scientific work of the industry. During recent years the organic chemist had provided a wide range of compounds for assisting vulcanisation, and this work had considerably modified the technique of the industry. The recent work of Stafford Whitby on the composition of rubber resins had thrown considerable light on the changes taking place during the process of vulcanisation , while much useful work had been done on the methods for the analysis of rubber goods and the ingredients used in the processes of manufacture.However, the fact must be faced that the fundamental work which may transform the manufacture of rubber from a more or less empirical operation to one under scientific control was essentially physical in character, and this applied not merely to the rubber industry, but to many others which involved the use of colloidal materials. This being the case it was surprising to find that the scientific control of many such industries was entrusted to the chemist, and that this control showed no signs of passing into other hands. It was a striking tribute to the value of a general scientific training, in comparison with one of a more highly specialised character. From the beginning the student of chemistry had to face the fact that he must consider not only the chemical reactions, but also the physical properties of the substances with which he may be called upon to deal.He was brought to realise that chemistry was merely a means to an end, and that the physical properties of the final product were of 99 first importance. In studying the constitution of a dyestuff, he could not overlook its tinctorial properties or its affinity for different types of fibre; in analysing a metal he was brought to realise the effect of traces of various constituents on the technical applications of the product.This training gave that wide point of view which was all-important in industrial work. With this breadth of outlook, the chemist was able to adapt himself successfully to the requirements of the many industries which were not essentially chemical in character, and to take up investigations which might involve such varied subjects as statistics, engineering, biology and physics. However, the advancement of knowledge was making specialisation necessary in almost every branch of human activity, and pure and applied science would have to follow suit. Chemists had to consider what effect this change might have on the hold which they possessed on the various industries in which the scientific problems were as much physical as chemical in nature.They had to recognise that the day of the physicist was coming, and that they would have to leave some of their pioneer work to others to bring to fruition; but he felt that the chemist might view the future without misgiving. Symbiosis existed in science equally as in nature, and the results of specialised research needed further treatment before they could be assimilated by industry and applied to the benefit of the community. Whatever differences of opinion might exist on matters of policy between the various Research Associations established by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for the study of the basic problems of our industries, those responsible for their direction were, he thought, agreed that their difficulties were to be found not so much in the intricate nature of the scientific work as in the problem of translating the results of their research into technical practice.They should postulate therefore the co-existence of two forms of industrial research, each of equal importance and each dependent upon the other for its success. In dwelling upon the importance of fundamental research they should not overlook the fact that its value depended on the less spectacular work which must follow in the general surround- ings ofEeveryday factory practice. Fundamental research was the province of the specialist, but, generally speaking, there was no room for him on the staff of the average works. What was required was the man with a good all-round scientific knowledge, 100 able to assimilate the results of research over a wide field of subjects, and possessing the temperament and practical ability to apply this information to the processes and products of the factory.That was the explanation for the predominance of the chemist in the non-technical industries. Originally introduced to carry out routine tests on the raw materials, he had gradually extended his sphere of influence, and had tackled to the best of his ability the various problems of the works, whether chemical, physical, or biological in character. With the advancement of science the investigations of the fundamental problems of industry might be passing into other hands, but simultaneously the need for technical research and the accurate control of factory operations was becoming more pressing every day.As chemists they might hope for the day when every large factory would possess a laboratory to serve as the gateway through which the spirit of science might enter and permeate the works. Mr. Macara said that, to the uninitiated, chemical research in connexion with foodstuff manufacture might appear to be unnecessary. Until comparatively recent times little was done in this direction, except in the analytical examination of food- stuffs. On the other hand it must be remembered that the large scale manufacture of foodstuffs had only developed within recent times. One had only to look through the list of the old city companies to realise this: while there were the Fishmongers, the Leathersellers, the Salters and others, there was no reference to fruit preservers, confectioners, etc.It would be safe to say that practically all the large foodstuffs concerns, with the ex- ception of the brewing and sugar industries, had come into being within the last IOO years, many within the last 50 years. In the earlier period, foods were largely prepared in a back shop and sold over the counter in the front shop. Under these conditions there was little need, and less opportunity, for the help of the scientist. All that had gradually changed, and, as in other industries, the tendency was towards concentration of production in large factories. When goods were made and sold locally they were seldom kept for more than a day or two, and the maker saw to it that stocks were not allowed to accumulate.When the preparation was carried on in factories and the goods had to be transported 101 to considerable distances, being sold afterwards by retailers, who took less interest in keeping stocks fresh, the manufacturer first began to meet with troubles. The introduction of pre- servatives and special methods of preservation were thus the first directions in which chemical aid was sought. The next stage was the employment of chemists to check the purity of raw materials, as the result of the operation of the Food and Drugs Acts; and later still the effects of competition forced the manufacturers and others to introduce research in order to maintain uniformity in their products and to find out the causes of, and the remedies for, the defects to which the present-day system of distribution had given rise.Probably no foodstuff industry, other than the sugar and brewing industries, had chemists until within about the last 30 years, and some of the largest have only employed chemists for a much shorter period. There were now, however, companies and firms employing as many as 20 qualified men, with laboratory assistants of a lower grade. Since the war there had been a great development in this direction, and now there were many research organisations devoted to problems connected with the storage, manufacture and transport of foodstuffs.A large number of research organisations dealt with agri- cultural problems, which of course meant ultimately the pro- duction and marketing of foods. The most important of these organisations was the Food Investigation Board, which had dealt with the preservation of beef, fish, apples, and eggs. Research under the auspices of the Development Commissioners was also carried on at Long Ashton and Campden. Mr. Macara proceeded to enumerate other investigations which were 'receiving attention and the associations which were controlling the work. That research was being more and more appreciated by manufacturers was evidenced by the fact that several of the larger manufacturers had established research laboratories in addition to their analytical laboratories.Mr. Parker said that the need for research in connection with laundering was sufficiently obvious : the only question was whether that industry was one which lent itself to syste- matic study. Improvements in laundering depended not so much upon the acquisition of new knowledge as upon the ap- plication of existing knowledge. The immediate requirements of the launderer who wished to improve his work were (a) 102 accurate process instruction; (b) plant with which this could be put into force; and (c) operators having sufficient skill to carry out the instructions. At present all three were lacking. There was no technical information and no grade of skilled operative corresponding to the foreman of a chemical works.There was also very little knowledge upon which to base a course of instruction in anything but rule-of-thumb methods. The operations of laundering were :-Sorting ;washing, including the use of detergents, bleaching and blueing; hydro-extracting ; starching, ironing and calendering ; and packing. The cleaning processes involved the treatment of valuable fabrics, which might be dyed or undyed, with cold and hot aqueous solutions. Fabrics lost much of their strength when hot and wet, and were, therefore, liable to damage in those conditions. White fabrics became stained in use, and had to be submitted to mild blwching treatment to restore their white colour. Much research was needed to enable this to be done with the minimum of damage.Correct concentrations of solutions and correct temperatures were thus important, and it was necessary to avoid excessive mechanical motion. He estimated that the value of the materials passing through the laundries in this country annually was of the order of fifty million pounds. A prolongation of the life of the goods by 5 per cent., therefore, represented a very large sum. Research work could be conducted with advantage upon such subjects as the detergent action of solutions of soap and soda; the mechanism of detergent action, and study as to the best concentrations and temperatures; methods of softening water; the effect of continual deposition of impurities in the fabric; variations in strengths of fabrics when immersed in hot and cold aqueous solutions; the application of starches to fabrics; and the design and improvement of machinery.There was, therefore, much need for technical research in the laundering industry and the problems must be dealt with by collaboration between the chemist and the physicist, with the help of the chemical engineer in matters of plant design. The industry owed much to fundamental research, conducted by other in- vestigators, in wider fields. Dr. Geoffrey Martin said that the manufacture of cement should be a chemically controlled industry, but was largely in the hands of the engineer. The chemist was often given too little opportunity to prove his value. 103 Mr. R. V. Storr said that in the photographic iriclustry thc chemist and physicist were now corning into their own.He emphasised the point that Mr. Parker had made with regard to the interdependence of research in various industries. Mr. H. Lloyd Hind pointed out the relation of research work carried out in brewing and in agriculture. The Institute of Brewing was working in conjunction with Rotharnsted, Wyc, and other agricultural stations. Research in brewing had led to great expansion of knowledge in wider fields in which bio- chemistry was involved, He instanced the work of Pasteur, originally a brewing chemist. Mr. H. J. Young said that we should clear our minds as to the meaning of the word “research”: it did not mean works control. Research Associations should confine themselves to fundamental work and need not usurp the province of the works and consulting chemists. If a chemist was not given a chance it was often his own fault and due to his lack of personality.Mr. John Rhodin urged that all research should be devoted to some definite object for the good of humanity. Mr. L. D. Goldsmith said that in the electrical industry the importance of “traces” was becoming of great importance. The work of the chemist was difficult to distinguish from that of the physicist. Dr. W. R. Ormandy gave some instances of the valuable work which was being done, for example-on the conversion of sawdust into sugar, of coal into oil, and on the production of glycerine and power alcohol from waste materials such as maize cobs. Fermention processes and physical chemistry were becoming more important.Sir Robert Robertson, in closing the discussion, said that the proceedings of the evening had demonstrated the necessity for broad scientific training. The man of character would con-stantly find problems requiring attention and, by their solution, would ensure due recognition of his services. He expressed the thanks of the section to the openers and to all those who had taken part in the discussion. Manchester and District.-On the 22nd February, Dr. H. Levinstein presided at a meeting of the section held at the Textile Institute, when Prof. H. E. Armstrong gave an address entitled “The Nescience of Science and the Conceit of Ignorance.” 104 The training and organisation of industrial chemists was the subject of a paper read by Dr.W. H. Gibson, of Belfast, before a meeting of the Section held on 11th February. Dr. Gibson said chemists generally realised that a gradual alteration was taking place in their position in relation to industry. The serious recognition of chemistry as a profession, even amongst chemists themselves, dated roughly from the foundation of the Institute in 1877. Before that time chemists were, in a sense, amateurs, and were not much concerned as a class with the commercial effect of their activities. Industrial applications of chemical discoveries were, in general, not consciously sought ; they just happened. Chemists were estab- lished in those industries which owed their origin to the progress of chemical discovery.In older industries the chemist for a long time failed to gain a footing, although he was employed, as a consultant, on the rare occasions when the business man realised that he was encountering a difficulty of a chemical nature. To-day the chemist was beginning to be regarded as necessary in nearly every industry. The employer of a chemist, his business colleagues, and the chemist himself, should mutually be aware of their proper places in the business organisation. The primary reason why a chemist was of value in industry was that he was a close and systematic observer of the chemical and physical properties of substances. He was the authority on materials and processes. Dr. Gibson criticised the training of the chemist in that it did not fit him for applying his knowledge and skill in modern industry. He agreed with those people who insisted so em-phatically that students must receive before everything a training in pure chemistry.While there would always be much for the chemist to learn by actual experience in a works, his progress could be rendered easier by suitable instruction before- hand. Applied chemistry should be taught by an industrial chemist and developed from an industrial standpoint. The formation of character was as essential in the training of an industrial chemist as the acquisition of chemical knowledge. The suggestion of a course of instruction in general applied chemistry, said Dr. Gibson, might be unfamiliar; but something of the kind should precede specialisation in any particular industry.TBy this he did not mean a course of chemical engineering.The opportunities for chemical engineers, in his 105 opinion, were rather limited, and for industrial chemists much more numeroiis. In the average non-chemical industry the cheinist would get on better if he r-eliccl on thc engineer for the engineering side of his work. An intelligent understanding of engineering principles was quite sufficient. He had no illusion that it would be a simple matter to devise a satisfactory course of instruction in general applied chemistry, but he thought that if the attempt were made it would be crowned with success. In a general course time could well be spent on the technology of those materials with which a chemist had inevitably much to do, whatever branch of industry he might enter, such as fuels, water, lubricating oils, the uses of the commoner metals and alloys, paints and building materials.Subsidiary subjects to the training in applied chemistry should be the principles and machinery of business, economics, and a training in statistics. It would quite frequently be found that the chemist could make use of business statistics neglected otherwise by the firm. A business training would also help him immensely in costing problems. Mr. C. H. Manley, who opened the discussion, said if he might be permitted to quote his own experience at Oxford he would say that pure chemistry was the only kind of chemistry in which he had any training whilst there, and it was only when he had graduated that he realised what applied chemistry was.Dr. Gibson seemed to have assumed that, before the war and after, the majority of those who were trained in chemistry went into industry. The speaker’s own experience was to the contrary. Those who were at Oxford looked rather to the Universities, the public schools, and the secondary schools as the places where later they would be earning their living, and it was only after the war that some of the chemical firms offered salaries that would induce chemists to enter industry. It was only really when the war came, and some of them were called to Birmingham, Manchester, London, and other centres like Gretna and Queensferry, to aid in the preparation of war material, being paid on a poor basis he came to receive a reasonable salary.Mr. L. Guy Radcliffe, Chairman of the Manchester Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, said that for a number of years he had travelled about the country listening to addresses on the training of the chemist, and he had probably read even more than he had heard. He had never yet met two individuals who agreed upon the subject. In his opinion the chemical 106 training givcn in our universities should be as pure as they could make it. In pure chemistry there was quite as much as a student could acquire in the three or four years of his training. Almost throughout the country, with the exceptioii of Oxford and Cambridge, the universities were in the centres of industrial communities, with governing bodies largely leavened from industry.Those governing bodies sometimes had very strong views as to what a particular faculty of a university should teach from the point of view of the good of the community wherein the particular university was situated. They had in Manchester the University proper, in which they had preserved very largely the teaching of pure chemistry, and the College of Technology, in which they superimposed a technical type of chemistry upon the training in pure chemistry. Mr. F. Scholefield congratulated Dr. Gibson on his paper. In industry science did not matter except in so far as it enabled a particular firm to show a better balance sheet at the end of the year.The tendency at the present time was to make the training a purely chemical one. The student had no time, for instance, to get hold of the principles of enqineering, which were so desirable to a young man entering a works. On the question of costing, the ideas of many would-be in- dustrial chemists on going into a works were deplorable; it took them years to get any commonsense idea of the principles underlying costing. In these days of continuous changes in the cost of labour, and so on, the relative importance of the various factors was changing so quickly that results were going to be a long way out unless careful attention was paid to the subject. Costing was essentially a matter that the chemist ought to take under his charge.Messrs. W. A. Silvester, J. Greenwood, L. Mills, and F. Lcslic Barrett also participated in the discussion. Dr. Gibson having replied to some of the points raised, a vote of thanks was moved by Mr. Radcliffe, seconded by Mr. D. M. Paul, and carried with enthusiasm. NewcastI e-on-Tyne and N orth-East Coast,-A meetingof the section was held in the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club on 17th February,-Mr. A. Short taking the chair in the unavoidable absence of Dr. J. T. Dunn. Prof. H. J. Hutchens, D.S.O., Professor of Bacteriology at Armstrong College, delivered a lecture on "Susceptibility to 107 Disease,” dealing with the subject under two headings :-(r) Natural Immunity and (2) Acquired Immunity.He described the classical experiments of Metchnikoff, which proved that the primary defence of the body against invading micro-organisms lay in the activities of the white cells of the blood. He described how these cells congregate at the point of infection and proceed to engulf and digest the organisms. The process is known as phagocytosis. He then proceeded to explain that one attack of a disease will protect the individual against a further attack of the same disease, owing to the property of the animal body of elaborating substances which antagonise the action of invading organisms or even of foreign proteins. These substances, known as anti- bodies, exist in the blood serum after an attack of a disease. They act by causing the organisms to clump together (agglu- tination) and dissolve (bacteriolysis) .Prof. Hutchens emphasised the striking specificity of antibodies. The antibody to one organism shows its action most strongly on that particular organism and similarly, antibodies to proteins are so specific that they distinguish between substances which appear identical to the chemist. This is where the collaboration of chemistry is needed in elucidating the problems connected with immunity. It must be determined whether there are actual differences in the chemical constitution of substances which at present are only distinguished by the production of different antibodies. Among other practical considerations the lecturer mentioned the phenomenon of racial immunity. He instanced the great susceptibility of the natives of the South Sea Islands when measles was first introduced there.This was presumably due to their lack of inherited or acquired immunity, which other races possess through constant contact with the disease. A long and interesting discussion followed. Prof. Clemo agreed that biological tests were much more delicate at present than chemical tests. Referring to the action of antibodies, the problem, as he understood it, was to determine exactly in what order the amino-acids forming a protein were linked together. When this was possible the chemist might be able to distinguish between, for example, the albumins derived from different animals. Much work had already bem done, and he believed that a few years would see the solution of the problem.Mr. F. 11. Walker said that thc theory of imniunity appeared 108 to be based on very slender evidence. Recent disasters in attempting to immunise children against diphtheria led to the suspicion that the original work was unsound. He could only judge by results. Following on the death of six children at Baden, and the serious injury of 34 others, the Schick test for diphtheria and the subsequent irnmunisation tests had actually been prohibited in Austria, but were still used in this country. Was the number of observations and number of controls in the original work sufficient, and was it assumed that bio-chemical actions in a guinea pig or other animal were the same as in human beings? Dr.Stich defended the Schick test, and said it had come to stay. He did not agree that biological tests were more delicate than chemical tests. Mr. A. Trobridge said that he himself had suffered from three attacks of measles, and quoted numerous cases of diseases oc- curring more than once in the same individual. The mathe- matical study of the statistics of small-pox showed that the number of persons attacked more than once by that disease was just what might be expected according to theory. There was no ground for the assumption that one attack of a disease conferred immunity from further attacks. Some explanation was required as to why the number of deaths from chicken pox, a disease described as rarely, if ever, fatal, was five times greater than the number of deaths from small-pox.Prof. Hutchens having replied to the discussion, was accorded a very hearty vote of thanks. South Wales.-A joint meeting of local sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, with the Wales and Monmouthshire Junior Gas Association, was held on 6th February, at University College, Swansea, when Mr. C. A. Seyler read a paper on “The Microscopy of Coal.” Prof. J. E. Coates presided. The members had an opportunity of inspecting the chemical and engineering departments of the College, and were enter- tained to tea by Prof. and Mrs. Bacon after the lecture. Mr. Seyler laid stress on the fact that coal was not, in a scientific sense, a mineral, but a stratified rock.Quite apart from layers of shale, it had in general a banded structure, and consisted of laminae, which had long been roughly described as bright and dull. These terms, however, were relative, and 109 their vagueness had retarded the study of the character of the different bands. The introduction by Dr. Stopes of the terms vitrain, clarain, durain, and fusain had made possible an accurate definition of the lithological characters of coal, and had been a great stimulus to the study of its structure. There was nothing mysterious about these terms; they involved no theories, nor were they intended to ‘I explain ” the nature of coal, but served simply the purposes of exact description. These banded con- stituents had proved to be of great industrial importance.They differed not only in the amount and nature of their mineral impurities, but also in chemical composition and characters, especially in coking power. It was no longer sufficient to study coal in average samples; we required the more intimate ac-quaintance with it which the microscope alone could give. Mr. Seyler then described the results which had hitherto been obtained as to the microscopic characters of these bands. He said that the interest had, for the moment, shifted from the duller bands, which were rich in plant remains of all sorts, to the brightest ones, which had been considered void of structure. Into this void had been thrust many wild theories as to the nature of coal, and our knowledge of the subject had been Greatly confused thereby.On the other hand the American workers, Dr. White and Dr. Thiessen, asserted that “bright coal” (by which they evidently meant vitrain, though they did not use the term) was not structureless; but when cut thin enough proved to be always derived from the woody parts of plants, stems and roots. This would solve the long-standing mystery of what had become of the wood of the palEozoic forests. Mr. Seyler then described his own methods and results. He had developed the metallurgical method of polishing and etching, first applied to coal by Dr. Winter, of Bochum. As now modified, the method was applicable to all kinds of coal, not only bituminous, but anthracitic. In the case of anthracite the method of cutting thin sections failed, but the metallo- graphic method brought out the structure wonderfully, and showed that the plant remains in anthracite were similar to those in bituminous coals.The task of interpretation of the results of the new method was a difficult and laborious one, but great progress had been made, especially by comparing the results of the two methods on bituminous coals. Mr. Seyler then described how the minute details of plant tissue, such as the middle lamellae and intercellular spaces, 110 could be made out, even where the tissues had been much crushed and fractured. He showed how by cutting coal in three planes at right angles at one spot, solid models of the structure of coal could be made.By this means all the details of wood were shown in the bands of vitrain studied, and it was even possible to name the kind of tree from which the coal originated. He then turned to the problem of what had become of the “bark” of the trees. The palzozoic trees depended largely for their strength upon their thick cortex. He demonstrated by the aid of models constructed as above that all the characters of a very complex cortex (“bark”) could be shown in a particular bright band of gas-coal, and that the kind of tree (a sigillaria) from which it was derived could be identified. In conclusion, Mr. Seyler expressed the opinion that the first step to the understanding of the chemical nature of a given band of coal was to determine the kind of plant tissue from which it originated.The chemical nature of this original material being known, we could proceed with some chance of success to investigate the changes, both bio-chemical and dynamo-chemical, which had resulted in its conversion into a coal of specific composition and properties. He hoped shortly to publish a further account of his investigations during thz last year. An informal dinner of the South Wales sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 5th March at Thomas’ Cafe, Swansea. Prof. J. E. Coates, chairman of the local section of the In- stitute, presided, and the chief guest was Mr. R. Leslie Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, this being the occasion of his first visit to the section.Proposing the toast of “The Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry,” Mr. Geo. Madel, after giving a hearty welcome to Mr. Collett, referred to the status conferred by the diplomas of the Institute. He regarded the Fellowship as implying not only a thorough knowledge of chemistry, but also extensive experience in chemical practice and in the realities of life. He urged the younger members to bear in mind that success depended on something more than a knowledge of pure chemistry. Responding on behalf of the Institute and the Society, Mr. Collett, after thanking the South Wales chemists for inviting 111 him to be their guest, expressed his hearty agreement with the policy of co-operation adopted by the two bodies, in arranging joint meetings, and thus bringing together chemists in a way most beneficial to themselves and their profession. The In- stitute, with its membership roll of 5000 British chemists, was a body to which any chemist might be proud to belong.He reminded those chemists who were not within its ranks that the Institute was the properly authorised registration body for chemists. It was, however, not merely a registering and ex-amining body, but a corporate body of professional men, united for a common purpose, and pledged to a strict ethical code, claiming therefore for its members the public recognition and privileges of professional men. It was the duty of members of the Institute to support the various chemical societies.Each corporate body could co-operate and strer,gthen the chemical army without any danger of losing its individuality. He would like to ask those qualified chemists who remained outside the Institute, and any Fellows and Associates who neglected to support their local section, this one question: “Can you afford to stay outside the corporate movement of your profession? ” To these he would quote the line of Rudyard Kipling--“For the strength of the pack is the wolf, and the strength of the wolf is the pack.” The Chairman proposed the toast of “Kindred Societies and Guests,” to which Messrs. J. H. Wells and Capt. L. Taverner responded, the latter paying a special tribute to the secretariat for the great part it had played in building up the present strong position of the Institute.In proposing the toast of “The Hon. Secretary,” Mr. Collett referred to the constant and multifarious labours involved in the affairs of a local section, and reminded members that the efforts of the keenest honorary secretary were largely nullified in the absence of their active support. The Honorary Secretary, who was received with musical honours, in replying, acknowledged the great help he always received from the Chairman and Committee. An excellent musical programme was provided by an instru- mental quartette of chemists from the Mond Nickel Co., and Mr. P. V. Lloyd’s songs were greatly appreciated. 112 The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London).ON the 25th February, Mr. F. H. Carr, a Director of British Drug Houses, Ltd., delivered an address entitled “The Transference of Chemical Processes to the Large Scale ”-Professor Smithells, President of the Association, in the chair. Mr. Carr emphasised the importance of students keeping the economic aspects of chemistry in view during their training. To illustrate his remarks he gave a brief sketch of certain manu- facturing processes, especially the production of insulin, which had proved a problem of unusual difficulty. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides. A very cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Carr was carried, on the proposal of the Chairman. On 20th March, the annual dance was held at Gunter’s, Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, W.On 25th March, the Association accepted an invitation from the Chartered Secretaries Students’ Society to a debate held in the Hall of the Institute of Journalists, the Registrar of the Institute, Vice-president of the Chartered Institute of Secretaries, presided. Mr. C. F. Tumber proposed, and Mr. A. J. Hillier seconded- “That, in the opinion of this meeting, the interests of members of professions would be safeguarded and furthered by the institution of unions, and by compulsory membership thereof of all qualified workers.” Mr. A. J. Sumner and Mr. G. G. Pullen opened for the op- position. A large number of members of both Associations took part in the discussion. On a division, the motion was lost by a small majority.113 Notes. Cann izzaro.-The Council of the Institute has been invited by the Associazione Italiana di Chimica to appoint represen- tatives to attend the Celebration of the Centenary of the birth of Stanislao Cannizzaro, to be held in Palmer0 in May. The Council will be glad to hear from any Fellows of the Institute who intend to be present. Societh de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-The Council of the Institute has been invited to appoint representatives to attend the 6th Congress of Industrial Chemistry, which will be held at Brussels from the 26th September to 3rd October, next. The Council will be glad to hear from any Fellows who intend to be present. United States,-Enquiries are received from time to time from Associates who appear to be under the impression that good openings are likely to be offered chemists in the United States, provided always that they are permitted by the Immigration authorities to seek appointments in that country.Dr. T. R. Duggan has forwarded to the Registrar a cutting from the New York Herald Tribune, which indicates the value put on the services of the average American University graduate. In the list prepared by the Yale University Bureau of Appoint- ments, prospective employers offer salaries ranging from 1250 to 1500 dollars for a graduate who has been a leader of his fellow students, who has had an outstanding scholastic record, and possesses a strong personality. For the initial salary men-tioned he must be prepared to go anywhere, “from South America to the Congo.” This corresponds with a starting salary of less than E5 a week, which is certainly not encouraging to British chemists who contemplate seeking a career in the United States.Dr. E. C. Edgar, Head of the Chemistry Department at the Polytechnic, Regent Street, has been appointed Principal of Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. On 13th M.arch the Registrar visited Wellington College, Berks., where he delivered a lecture on “Alchemists,” illustrated by lantern slides, before a well-attended meeting of the Science Club. I14 Obituary. WILLIAMRANSOMCOOPER died at Tulse Hill, on 15th March, in his 59th year. Educated at the City and Guilds Central Technical College and King’s College, London, he obtained the diploma of A.C.G.I.in Elec- trical Engineering. He graduated at the Royal University of Ireland as M.A. in Mathematics and Mathematical Science in 1891, and as B.Sc. with honours in Chemistry and Experimental Physics in 1895. In that year he became electro-chemical assistant to Mr. James Swinburne, with whom he was subsequently in partnership as a consulting engineer. From 1899 to 1901, he wtw the editor of Science Ahtracts and, from 1906, for more than ten years he was editor of The Electrician, to which journal he had contributed numerous articles since 1893. He was the author of a work on Primary Batteries, and edited Macmillan’s Electro-Metallurgy. He contributed numerous papers covering a wide range of electrical engjneering and electro-chemical subjects to the various engineering societies.He was ra Vice-president, Honorary Secretary and Treasurer of the Physical Society, and a Vice-president of the Faraday Society. He was a Member of the Council of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and, during the war, served on the Advisory Panel of the Ministry of Munitions and the Nitrogen Products Committee. He passed the Final Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1897. SIR JOHN HARRISONBURCHMORE died on 8th February in his 70th year. Born in Birmingham, he was educated at the Birmingham and Edgbaston Proprietary School, where he studied under Dr. George Gore and Mr. Woodward. He obtained a Scholarship to Christ’s College, Cambridge, and graduated with honours in the Natural Scicnce Tripos in 1877.He continued at Cambridge for a further year, and was for six months science master at Berkhampsted Grammar School, before he was appointed Professor of Chemistry and Agricultural Science, and Government Analyst, at Barbados. While so engaged he studied the geological resources of the West Indies and British Guiana. In 1889, he became Government Analyst and Professor of Chemistry in British Guiana, where, in 1904, he was also appointed Director of Science and Agriculture. In 1901 he was appointed C.M.G., and in 1921 received the honour of knighthood in recognition of his scientific services in the West Indian Colonies. His numerous official reports contained many records of valuable investigations on the chemistry of tropical products.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888 and was for manyyears the Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute in British Guiana. 115 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented recently by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Aggregation, The States of.” The changes in the state of matter in their dependence upon pressure and temperature. G. Tammann, translated from the second German edition by R. F. Mehl. Pp. xi.+zg7. (London: Bombay and Sydney: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 24s. Equilibria between vapor and liquid ;equilibrium curves ;polymorphism; the phase diagram; deformation of crystals; transition of an unstable into a stable state of aggregation; liquid crystals.‘ Bleaching Industry, Concerning the.” Compiled by Sir A. J. Sykes. The History of the Bleaching Industry. Pp. viii.+ 120. (Manchester: The Bleachers’ Association, Ltd.) “Chemistry, Three Centuries of.” Phases in the Growth of a Science. I. Masson. Pp. vii. + 191. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. The rise of scientific thought; the genesis of modern chemistry; the search for the elements; the search for the structural units; postscript on professional chemistry. “Metallurgy and its Influence on Modern Progress, with a Survey of Education and Research.’’ Sir Robert A. Hadfield, Bart. Pp. xvi.+388. (London: Chapman &-Hall, Ltd.) 25s.Part I.:-Historical; Part 11.:-Metallurgy: iron and steels; Part 111.:-Fuel Economy; Part IV. :-Education and Research. “ Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Recent Advances in.” A. W. Stewart. 5th edition. Pp. xi.+311. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 18s. The Older and the New Chemistry; X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Numbers; Elements of the Rare Earths; Hafnium; the Phenomena of Radio-activity; the Disintegration Theory and the Radio-active Series; Radon, Thoron and Actinon; Isotopes and Isobares; the Analysis of Positive Rays; the Results obtained with the Mass Spectrograph; the Atomic Nucleus and its Artificial Disruption; the Outer Sphere of t,he Atom; Active Hydrogen and Nitrogen; Some New Hydrides; Some Effects of Intense Drying; Tesla-Lumincscence Spectra. “ Qualitative Tnorganic Analysis.” D.R. Snellgrove and 3. I,. White. Pp. xii.+zSo. (London: Methuen &-Co., Ltd.) 7s. 6d. Principles; dry tests; separations; tables; reactions to metals and acids. 116 The Library. Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11. 1925,the Lectures and Library Committee have had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts :-MESSRS. HENRY CAREY BAIRD& Co., INC.: The Metallurgy of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys. Robert J. Anderson, B.Sc. New Yorlc, 1925. MESSRS. G. BELL& SONS, LTD.: An Introduction to Industrial Chemistry. S. I. Levy, M.A., Ph.D:, F.I.C. London, 1926. MESSRS. ERNEST BE”, LTD.: British Chemicals. Their Manufacturers and Uses.Being the Official Directory of the Association of British Chemical Manu- facturers for 1925. London, 1925. Chemical Engineering Library. Second Series, London, 1925 :-The Design and Arrangement of Chemical Plant in relation to its Economic Control. Geoffrey Weyman, D.Sc., F.I.C. The Chemistry of Power Plant. W. M. Miles. The Conversion of Coal into Oils. Dr. Franz Fischer. Authorised English Translation, edited with a Foreword and Notes by R. Lessing, Ph.D. London, 1925. Intermediates for Dyestuffs. A. Davidson, B.Sc., A.I.C. London, 1926. The Synthesis of Benzene Derivatives. Stanley C. Bate, B.Sc., F.I.C. London, 1 926. Three Centuries of Chemistry. Phases in tho Growth of a Science. Irvine Masson, M.B.E., D.Sc., F.I.C.London, 1925. LTD., AND THE ELECTROLYTICTHE BRITISH METAL CORPORATION, ZINC Co., OF AUSTRALASIA,LTD.: Cadmium: Its Metallurgy, Properties and Uses. Norman F. Budgen, Ph.D., M.Sc. London, 1924. THE CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY :PRESS Volumetric Analysis. A. J. Berry, M.A. Third Edition. Cam-bridge, 1925. MESSRS. CEAPMAN& HALL, LTD.: Organic Syntheses. An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals. Vol. IV. Oliver Kamm, Editor-in-Chief. London, 1925. Organic Syntheses. An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals. Vol. V. Carl S. Marvel, Editor. London, 1925. Principles and Practice of Industrial Distillation. E. Hausbrand. Translated from the Fourth new and enlarged German edition by E.Howard Tripp, Ph.D. London, 1925. 117 MEBSRS. CHAPMAN & HALL,I~TD.---COni%nUed.’ The Technology of Wood Distillation, with Special Reference to the Methods of obtaining the intermediate and fhished products from the Primary distillate. M. Klar. Translated by Alexander Rule, M.B.E., D.Sc.. Ph.D., F.I.C. With an additional chapter by the Translator. London, 1925. The Use of Solvents in Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Donald W. MacArdle, S.B. London, 1926. MESSRS. CONSTABLE& Co., LTD.: Introduction to Theoretical Physics. Vol. 11. Arthur Haas, Ph.D. Translated from the Third and Fourth Editions by T. Verschoyle,B.Sc., A.R.C.S. London, 1925. The Science of Soils and Manures.J. Alan Murray, B.Sc. Third Edition, revised and enlarged. London, 1926. The States of Aggregation. The Changes in the State of Matter in their dependence upon Pressure and Temperature. Gustav Tammann. Authorised Translation from the Second German Edition by Robert Franklin Mehl, Ph.D. London, Bombay and Sydney, 1926. MESSRS.CROSBY, & SON:LOCKWOOD Applied Chemistry. A Practical Handbook for Students of House-hold Science and Public Health. Vol. 11. Foods. C. Kenneth Tinkler, D.Sc., F.I.C., and Helen Masters, B.Sc. London, 1925. Companion to the First Edition of Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names. William Gardner. London, 1925. EVERS, NORMAN, B.Sc., F.I.C. : The Chemistry of Drugs. Norman EversJ B.Sc., F.I.C. London, 1925. HADFIELD,SIR ROBERTA., Bt., D.Sc., D.Met., F.R.S., F.I.C.: Metallurgy and its influence on Modern Progress, with a Survey of Education and Research. Sir Robert A.Hadfield, Bt., D.Sc., D.Met., F.R.S., F.I.C. London, 1925. MESSRS. LONOMANS,GREEN & Co.: A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. VI. J. W. Mellor. D.Sc. London, 1925. Elementary Inorganic Chemistry. F. W. Hodges, B.Sc. London, t’jx1925.Hexosamines and Microproteins. P. A. Levene. London, 1925. Modern Inorganic Chemistry. J. W. Mellor, D.Sc. London, 1925. Photosynthesis. The Assimilation of Carbon by Green Plants. Walter Stiles, Sc.D. (Cambridge). London, 1925. Recent Advances in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry. Alfred W. Stewart, D.Sc. Fifth edition.London, 1926. A System of Physical Chemistry. William C. McC. Lewis, M.A., D.Sc. Vol. 11. Thermodynamics. London, 1925. The Fats. J. B. Leathes, M.A., M.R., F.R.S., and H. S. Raper,C.B.E., M.B., Ch.B., D.Sc. Second edition. London, 1925. The Nature of Enzyme Action. Sir W. M. Bayliss, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Fifth edition. London, 1925. MESSRS. METRUEN & Co., LTD.: Qualitative Inorganic Analysis. D. R. Snellgrove, Ph.D., M.Sc., A.I.C., and J. L. White, D.Sc. London, 1926. 118 MESSRS. A. J. RAYMENT: Refrigeration in the Chemical Industry. G. W. Daniels. London, 1925. THE RIBBLE JOINT :COMMITTEE Ribble Joint Committee Proceedings, 1924-1925. Preston, 1925. ROLFE, R. T., F.I.C.: The Romance of the Fungus World. An Account of Fungus Life in its numerous guises both real and legendary.R. T. Rolfe, F.I.C., and F. W. Rolfe. With Foreword by J. Rarnsbottom, O.B.E.,M.A., F.L.S. London, 1925. THE SHELDON PRESS: Science, Religion and Reality. Edited by Joseph Needham. London, 1925. STEWART,Dr. A. W., F.I.C. Quatorze Rbgles A l’usage de ceux qui font des RBcherches en Chimie Organique. Emile Fischer. Traduit par H. Decker. Paris, 1906. Les Theories Physico-Chimiqucs. Par le Dr. A. Reychler. TroisiGme Edition. Entibrement ltdfondue et Complktke. Brussels, 1903. Vade-Mecum du Chimiste. Ouvrage publid sous les auspices du Syndicat des Chimistes de Belgique. Paris, 1903. SYKES, SIR ALAN JOHN, Bart.: Bleaching Industry, Concerning the. Compiled by Sir Alan J.Sykesto mark the completion of the first quarter of a, century’s work of the Bleachers’ Association. Munchestw, 1926. THORPE, Prof. JOCELYNFIELD, C.B.E., F.R.S., AND WHITELEY, Dr. MARTHAANNIE, O.B.E. : A Students’ Manual of Organic Chemical Analysis, Qualitative and Quantitative. Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.I.C., and Martha Annie Whiteley, 0.B.E ., D .Sc., A .R.C.S., F.I.C. London, 1925. Books Purchased. Annual Reports of the Society of Chemical Industry on the Progress of Applied Chemistry. Vol. VI., 1921; Vol. VII., 1922; Vol. VIII., 1923; Vol. IX., 1924. London. The British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1923. An Imperial Dispensatory for the use of Medical Practitioners and Pharmacists. New and revised edition.London, 1923. The Chemistry and Analysis of Drugs and Medicines. Henry C. Fuller, B.Sc. New York and London, 1920. A Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. Sir Edward Thorpe, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S. Assisted by eminent contributors. Vol. VI. Revised and enlarged edition. London, 1926. A Handbook of Organic Analysis. Qualitative and Quantitat>ive. Hans Thacher Clarke, D.Sc., F.I.C. With an introduction by J. Norman Collie, Ph.D., LL.D., F.R.S. London, 1923. 119 The Microscopy of Vegetable Foods, with special reference to the Detection of Adulteration and the Diagnosis of Mixtures. Andrew L. Winton, Ph.D., with the collaboration of Dr. Josef Moeller and Kate Barber Winton, Ph.D. Second edition. New Yo& and London, 1916. The Mineral Industry.Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1924. Edited by G. A. Roush, A.B., M.S. Vol. XXXIII. London, 1925. Practical Organic Chemistry. Julius B. Cohen, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.S. London, 1924. Practical Organic Chemistry. J. J. Sudborough, 1’h.D ., D.Sc., F.I.C., and T. Campbell Jafies, M.A., D.Sc. London, Glasgow and Bombay, 1920. The Rothamsted Memoirs on Agricultural Science. Vol. V1II.-Vol XII. Harpenden (1899-1926). Squire’s Companion to the British Pharmacopoeia. Peter Wyatt Squire. Nineteenth edition. London, 1916. A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Edited by J. h’ewton Friend, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C. Vol. III., Part I. The Allkcline Earth Metals. May Sybil Burr (n6e Leslie), D.Sc. London, 1925. The Sale of Food and Drugs Acts and Forms, Rzgulations, Orders and Notices issued thereunder, with Notes and Cases by the late Sir William J.Bell. Seventh Edition, by Charles F. Lloyd. London, 1923. Aggregation and Flow of Solids. Bsing thc Records of an Experimental Study of the Micro-Structure and Physical Properties of Solids in Various States of Aggregation, 1900-1921, by Sir GeorgeBeilby, F.R.S. London, 1921. 120 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 26th February, 1926, one new Fellow was elected, one Associate was elected to the Fellow- ship, 35 new Associates were elected, and 16 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 2 Fellows by death. New Fellow. Briacoe, Professor Henry Vincent Aird, M.Sc. (Dun.), D.Sc. (Lond.), A.R .C.S ., D .I.C., Armstrong College, Newcastle -on -Tyne .Associate elected to the Fellowship. Beesley, Darrell Webb, 17, Harley Avenue, Victoria Park, Manchester. New Associates. Alexander, James Dickson, B.Sc. (Edin.), 11, Wellington Street, Edin- burgh.Ansell, Raymond Ernest, M.Sc. (Birm.), 15, Showell Green Lane, Sparkhill, Birmingham.Bcrnstein, Samuel John, B.Sc. (Glas.), 139, Rutherglen Road, Glasgow, C.6. Bullin, Lawrence, B.Sc. (Manc.), Messrs. H. Richards Tile Co.. Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent. Christian, John Austen, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), The College of Technology,Sackville Street, Manchester. Craig, Robert Mackie, B.Sc. (Glas.), Wincot, Matheson Street, Arkleston, Paisley.Cunningham, David, B.Sc. (Glas.), 40, Lawrence Street, Dowanhill, Glasgow, W.1. Dicken, Walter Hassall, M.Sc. (Liv.), 31, Birch Road, Bebington, Cheshire. Edgar, Sydney Hugh, B.Sc. (Birm.), 56, Clifton Road, Rugby. Ellison, Thomas, M.Sc. (Leeds), 163, Uttoxeter New Road, Derby. Gardam, George Euan, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 10, Cosbycote Avenue, Heme Rill, London, S.E.24 Gillbe, Henry Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Myddelton Buildings, High Street, Islington, London, N.l. Harman, Miss Annie, B.Sc. (Lond.), Eastwood, The Mount, New Malden, Surrey.Henry, Miss Kathleen Mary, A.R.C.Sc.I., Debenham, Stowmarket, Suffolk. Hickson, Louis Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Devonshire Villas, Whit0 Hart Lane, London, N.17. Hood, Miss Williamina, B.Sc. (Glas.), Primrosebank, Mauchlina, Ayrshire. Hughes, Samuel Percy, B.Sc.(Wales), 122, Walsall Road, Lichfield, Staffs. Jarman, Arthur William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Crouch Hill, Finsbury Park, London, N.4. Jones, Arthur Edward, B.Sc. (Bris.), 1, Devonshire Road, Redland, Bristol. 121 Jones, Robert, B.Sc. (Wales), 13, Smithfield Road, Aberystwyth. Kelly, Francis Charles, B.Sc. (Aberd.), c/o Principal Medical Officer, Medical Department, Nairobi, Kenya Colony, E. Africa,. Minster, John Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 59, Glengall Road, Kilburn, London, N.W.6. McEllin, Patrick Edward, M.Sc. (Liv.), Brampton, Off Cottam Lane, Ashton-on-Ribble, Preston, Lanes. Naylor, William Haydn, M.Sc. (Leeds), 40, Station Avenue South, Fence Houses, Co. Durham. Newall, Harold Earle, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 45, Sydney Road, Steel Bank, Sheffield.Payne, Reginald William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Charnwood Street, Derby. Ramsay, Max William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 23, Sycamore Road, Higher Tranmere, Birkenhead. Riley, Kenneth, M.Sc. (Mane.), 13, Park Avenue, Burnley. Sellick, Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Bishop’s Road, Fulham, London, S.W.6. Singh, Kishen, B.Sc. (Punjab), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 65, Cecil Street, Whitworth Park, Manchester. Stephenson, George Edward, B.Sc. (Dun.), c/o University Club, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Tasker, Cyril, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), The Brothers’ House, Toc H, 119, Kennington Park Road, London, S.E.11. Turner, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 235, College Street, Long Eaton, Notts. Waters, Walter Frederick, B.Sc. (Wales), 12, Glanmor Crescent, Swansea.Way, Christopher, B.Sc. (Wales), Bryn Coed, Old Road, Briton Ferry, Glam. New Students. Brewin, Albert, 80, Rosebery Street, Leicester. Brown, George, 11, Polwarth Gardens, Edinburgh. Campbell. Malcolm Colin, 61, Downs Road, Lower Clapton, London, E.5. Goldberg, Alan August, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, Earlham Grove, Forest Gate, London, E.7. Hall, Cecil Charles, 52, Wiverton Road, Sydenham, London, S.E.26. Hawkins, Frank Swain, Leighton, Rainsford Avenue, Chelmsford, Easex. Mallinder, Raymond, 18, Masonic Street, Halifax. McNiven, David James Lindsay, Bellfield, Eddleston, Peebles-shire. Quin, James Paterson, 2, Morton Terrace, Edinburgh. Rawstron, Frank Cecil, 219, Church Hill Road, Birchfield, Birmingham. Scott, William Dallas, Eldercroft, Cassio Road, Watford, Herts.Shilling, William Henry, 48,Byne Road, Sydenham, London, S.E.26. Smee, Frederick Henry, 10, Tower Terrace, Wood Green, London, N.22. Snedker, Stanley James Corrall, The Rowans, Wood Hey, Rock Ferry, Cheshire. Ure, John, 39, McDonald Road, Edinburgh. Yoxall, Douglas Arnold, Glanaser, Lower Cefn, nr. Wrexham, N. Wales. DEATHS, Fellows. Sir John Burchmore Harrison, C.M.G., M.A. (Cantab.). Charles Joseph Wilson. 122 General Notices. September Examinations, 1926.-Examinations will be held from 20th to 25th September, and 27th September to 2nd October next. The list of entries will close on 19th July. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to April, 1923, who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations for admission to the Fellowship.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the lnstitute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the court.esy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen GeseI1schaft.- The Council will be grateful to any member who will assist in making up the Institute’s set of the Berichte for the years 1924 and 1925 and since, Changes of Add ress.-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered-Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms :-Buckram case, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. 9d. ; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lectures.--Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who 124 wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose.The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. Sir George Beilby Memorial.-The Joint Committee of Officers and representatives of the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Metals, and the Society of Chemical Industry will be glad to receive further contributions towards the fund for the establishment of a memorial to the late Sir George Beilby. From the income of the Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, awards will be made to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work in science, bearing in mind the special interests of Sir George Beilby, viz., applied chemistry chemical engineering and metallurgy.The proposal does not imply an award on the result of a competition for work on a set theme or the solution of a definite scientific problem, but the recognition of work of exceptional merit. The sum received to 31st March was E1572 gs., and the expenses incurred to date, k64 IS. 8d. The Joint Committee hopes to raise a sum of not less than E5ooo-providing an income of about E250 a year for awards. Contributions may be addressed to the Hon. Secretaries, Beilby Memorial Fund, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I.