摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1926. PART I. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. LONDON,30, RUSSELLSQUARE, \V.C. 1. Febrzbary, IY2G. Publications Committee, 1925-26 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairmaut), G. G. HENDERSON (President), H. C. L. BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, A. VINCENT ELSDEN, LEWIS EYNON, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A. F. HASTILOW, I. M. HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer). THOMAS MACARA, L. G. PAUL, B. D. PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, FRANK SOUTHERDEN. Report of the Council (1925-1 926).To be submitted to the Fellows and Associates of the Institute at the Porty- eighth Annual General Meeting, to be held on Monday, 1st March, 1926. I. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. During the twelve months ending 31st January, 1926, the Council has elected 68 new Fellows, of whom 56 were Associates, 301 new Associates, of whom 109 were Registered Students, and has admitted 151 new Students. The Council records with regret the death of 20 Fellows and 15 Associates. Fellows : HORACE BROWN,F.R.S.TABBERER YOUNGBUGRANAM,JOHN F.R.S. SAMUELHENRY DAVIES. WILLIAM HENRY DEERINQ, 13.8. WILLIAMJOSEPHDIBDIN. JAMESGRANT. THOMASFARRINGTON. SAMUEL O.B.E.JACKSON, FRANCISROBERTJAPP, F.R.S. EDMUNDKNECHT. WILLIAM ROBERT LANG.ROBERTWALTERODDY. WILLTAMJOSIAFIPALMER. CHARLES EMILE SOANE. DANIEL RANKIN STEUART. ROBERTLLEWELLYNTAYLOR. HUBERTLA~TIIIERTERRY. LEONARD VLIES.ELLERTON ARTHUR m71LSON. GEORGEYOUNG. Associates : ERNEST LICKISS CLARKSON. DAVIDSOEOMONCOIIEN. CHARLESEDWARDFRANOK. HARRYBULWER HAYLEY. CHA~LESWILLIAM HAROLD Hou~sow. HARRY TYRER JOHNSON. REGINALDARTHURJOYNER. CHARLESLEONARDMACDONALD. ERNESTMOORE MUMFORD. JAMESWILLIAM HENRY PATTISON. CHARLESETTYPOTTER. SEIYAMAKANTGOVINDSARDESAI. ALBERT TOMPKIN. GEORGEMARWOODWATSON. HEDLEYGEORGEWATTS. 4 The resignations of zFellows, 40 Associates, and 39 Students have been accepted, and the names of g Students have been removed from the Register, in accordance with the By-laws.At the date of this Report, the Register contains the names of 1731 Fellows, 3213 Associates, and 806 Students. The number of members has increased by 336, and the number of Students has decreased by 6. 2. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES & REPRESENTATIVES. The Council has held 12 Meetings; the Committees, Boards and Sub-committees have held 66 Meetings. COMMITTEESAND CRAIRMEN. Benevolent Fund Committee . . The Hon. Treasurer. Finance and House .. .. The Hon. Treasurer. General Purposes .. .. .. The President. Legal and Pa.rliamentary .. .. Prof. Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., F.R.S., V.-P. Nominations, Examinations and The President. Institutions .. .. .. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Hon.Treasurer, Vice-Chairman. Public Appointments .. .. E. R. Bolton, V.-P. Publications .. .. .. Dr. T. Slater Price, O.B.E., F.R.S., V.-P. Joint Advisory Committee with the Board of Education .. .. The President. In order to reduce the number of meetings, the Lectures and Library Committee has been absorbed in the Publications Com- mittee, and the Special Purposes Committee in the General Purposes Committee. Mr. Lewis Eynon was elected a Member of Council in the place of Prof. Roberts, who was appointed examiner in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs; and Dr. Frankland Dent was elected District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad. The Council has appointed delegates to represent the Institute on various public occasions, and representatives to act on various public and quasi-public bodies : The President and Officers, with Sir Herbert Jackson, have represented the Institute on a Committee, formed jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, to establish a memorial to the late Sir George Beilby. The Honorary Treasurer has accepted office as Joint Honorary Treasurer with Mr.John Fry of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund. Sir Herbert Jackson, Past President, has represented the In- stitute on the Committee for the appointment of temporary assistants in the Government Laboratory. 6 Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, Past President, has represented the President on the Harrison Memorial Prize Committee. Dr.Robert H. Pickard and Prof. Arthur Smithells, Vice-president, have represented the Institute at a Conference of Teachers in Technical Institutions which has under consideration the relationship of technical education to other branches of education and to industry, and on a Sub-committee appointed by the Conference to collect evidence bearing on the enquiry. Mr. F. W. F. Arnaud has represented professional chemical interests before the Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries on the Fertilisers and Feeding Stufls Bill. Dr. J. F. Tocher has continued to serve on the Consultative Council of the Scottish Board of Health. Dr. George McGowan and Mr. S. E. Melling have served as members of a Committee appointed to report on Methods of Sewage Analysis, Ministry of Health.Mr. Arthur R. Smith represented the Institute at the Congress of Industrial Chemistry and the Chevreul Celebrations held at Paris under the auspices of the SociBtB de Chimie Industrielle. The President, with Messrs. W. T. Burgess, A. Chaston Chapman, J. T. Dunn, G. Nevill Huntly, G. T. Morgan, G. H. Perry, R. H. Pickard, and E. W. Voelcker, have continued to represent the In- stitute on the Joint Committee for the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware and Sub-Committees thereof. Dr. Robert H. Pickard has represented tho Institute on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society. Prof. J. W. Hinchley and Mr. G. Nevill Huntly have represented the Institute on the Committee of the Institution of Civil Engineers, dealing with Heat Engine and Boiler Trials.The following have served, as representatives of the Institute, on the Committees of the British Engineering Standards Associa- tion :-Prof. C. H. Desch, on the Sectional Committee on Cement, and the Sub-committee on Slag Cement. Mr. F. W. Harbord, on the Sectional Committee on Cement, and the Aircraft Sub-Committee on Chemicals. Dr. James Watson, on the Sub-Committee on Sand-lime Bricks; the Sub-Committee on Clay, Glassware, and Silica Ware; and the Sub-Committee on Slag Cement. Dr. J. J. Fox, on the Aircraft Sub-Committee on Chemicals. The Registrar has continued to serve on the Incorporated Society of Headmasters Employment Committee, Ministry of Labour; and on the Committee for the Chemical Section, British Empire Exhibition.The Registrar attended the Celebration of the Centenary of the discovery of Benzene by Faraday held under the auspices of the Royal Institution, the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers; and the Celebration of the Incorporation by Royal Charter of the Textile Institute. The Registrar has also been appointed as Convener of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Committee. 6 The Assistant Secretary has served on the Chemical Trades Advisory Committee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes; and has acted as Secretary of the Joint Commihtee on the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware.3. FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. The financial statements for the year 1925 are attached (pp. 18-22). The statement of receipts on the general account shows an increase 3f f1453 2s. 4d. jn the amount of subscriptions, and E45 12s. gd. in dividends and interest; the examination and assessment fees however, were less than in I924 by Lr38 2s. The dividends and interest included a sum of SO received on account of income from the legacy of the late Sir Alexander Pedler, the capital of which is likely to accrue to the Institute during the present year. In common with the Royal Society, the Chemical Society, and the British Science Guild, the legacy is left to the Institute to “be used by each of these four societies at their discretion for the advancement of science and as far as possible for the advancement of chemical science.” The expenditure for the year is slightly in excess of the normal revenue for the year, but includes a charge in respect of a moiety of the cost of the Register, 1924, and of one-third of the cost of “ Official Chemical Appointments” 1924. Economies have been effected in printing and postage.The donations, amounting to l71,consisted of i50 to the Chemical Section of the British Empire Exhibition, LIO 10s. to the Building Fund of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society in consideration of the use of the Hall of the Society for the Conference held in July, and LIO 10s. to the organisers of the Optical Convention, 1926.On the recommendation of the Committee the Council has made provision for the expenses of Local Sections by allowing a grant not exceeding 2s. 6d. for every member resident within the area of each section to defray official expenses, subject to the submission of detailed audited accounts and the adjustment of the grant from year to year according to the amount of the funds unexpended. The Council has also made provision for printing and posting facilities for Local Sections in order that notices of meetings may be issued without imposing an undue burden on the Honorary Secretaries of Sections. 7 The amount due for investment during 1925 (including entrance fees, life compositions, and the interest on Sir Alexander Pedler's legacy) was E1080 13s.The amount actually invested was E1661 3s. 3d. to which may be added the Redemption Fund Premium, Err0 8s. 4d., making a total of k1771 13s. 7d. From this it would appear the sum invested beyond the prescribed amount during 1925 was L691 0s. 7d., but against this must be set the reduction in the balance at the bank from E733 2s. 7d. at the commencement of the year to A470 10s. 6d. at the close of the year,-a difference of A260 12s. Id. THE FOLLOWING IS AN APPROXIMATECOMPARISONOF THE FINANCIAL ATRESOURCES OF THE INSTITUTETHE CLOSE OF THE YEARS1924-1925. d s. d. E 9. d. Balance from 1924 .. .. 733 2 7 Balance at end of 1925 .. 470 10 6 Value of Invest-Vnliie of InveGtments ments Dec. 31. 1924 . . 13.599 6 7 at end of 1925 .. .. 14,812 3 4 Redemption Fund .. 530 0 0 Redemption Fund .. .. 640 8 4 Accounts due to the Institute' * 61 3 2 Accounts due .. . . .. 140 4 4 14,933 13 4 16,063 6 6 Less Liabilities .. .. .. 853 19 4 Less Liabilities .. . . . . 621 16 4 14,070 13 0 Appreciation during 1925 .. 1,370 17 2 $15,441 10 2 E15,441 10 2 4. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE. The Committee gratefully acknowledges the response made to the special appeal issued in January, 1925. The accounts for the year 1925 show that the total contri- butions received on current account amounted to E663 5s. gd. compared with L333 11s. IId.in 1924; and that the donations to Annuities Account amounted to A130 3s. 9d. compared with l116 18s. 8d. in the previous year. The total received for the fund during 1925 was E793 9s.6d. compared with L447 10s. 7d, in 1924. The Committee notes with satisfaction that several "group contributions " have been received through Sections and from the staffs of important laboratories. The Committee has formulated a scheme, which has been approved by the Council, oi granting annuities to members who are incapacitated from work. The first annuitant has been elected, and will receive l52 per annum. This will absorb more 8 than the income available at present from the dividends of the invested capital of the fund. The Committee hopes that Fellows and Associates who can afford to do so will make substantial donations to the Annuity Fund in order that provision may be made for any similar case which may arise.5. GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE. The Committee made arrangements for the Conference held at York in July having due regard to the wishes expressed by Local Sections in that connection. The Report of the Con- ference was published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV. (pages zrI and 223-260). The Council is indebted to the President, to Mr. H. J. Evans, and to Mr. Fred Scholefield for opening the discussions on that occasion, and also to Mr. H. B. Brown and other members at York for making the local ar- rangements for the Conference. The resolutions relating to the Regulations were referred to the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. The resolution regarding the registration of chemists is at present under the consideration of the General Purposes Committee.The resolution with reference to the promotion of further co-operation among chemical societies was carefully considered, but, although the Council is ready to collaborate in any movement of the kind suggested, it feels that the position of the Institute is such that it should not take the definite lead in this matter unless invited to do so by the other bodies concerned. Representations were made to the Board of Education and to the London County Council on the proposal to close Finsbury Technical College, but although they were received sym-pathetically the Higher Education Sub-committee of the London County Council was not prepared to depart from its previous decision to close the College in view of the financial considerations involved.6. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE. The Legal and Parliamentary Committee, acting jointly with the Public Appointments Committee and assisted by Mr. William Honneyman, Honorary Secretary of the Belfast Section, con- sidered and reported on the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill, Northern Ireland, which had been referred to the Council by the Ministry 9 of Home Affairs. On receiving the Report of the Committees, the Council forwarded certain recommendations to the Ministry, some of which-on matters of administration-were adopted. The Government, however, did not accept the suggestion that the word chemist should be restricted to those engaged in the pro- fession of analytical and consulting chemistry, in the application of chemistry to the arts and manufactures and in teaching chemistry.The Legal and Parliamentary and the Public Appointments Committees also considered and approved the prkcis of evidence submitted by representatives of the Belfast Section to the De- partmental Commission on Local Government Administration in Northern Ireland. 7. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE. The Committee has held 15 meetings, and has dealt with 635 applications in addition to many letters of preliminary enquiry. Several candidates for the Associateship and Fellowship have been interviewed and examined orally by the Committee or by Local Interviewing Committees, to whom the Council is indebted for reports.Associates applying for election to the Fellowship, other than by examination in accordance with the Regulations, have been required to produce evidence of having carried out original research or of having devised processes or inventions or similar records which have been subjected to careful scrutiny and assessment. The Council acknowledges its indebtedness to the Advisory Committee in India for reports on applications received from that part of the Empire. A summary of the applications received and considered, with the decisions of the Council thereon, is given below: Applications for Admission lo the Ntudentship : Accepted ,. .. .. *. .. .. .. 151 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 __. Total .. .... .. .. 152 -Applicatiorw for Admission to Examination for Associateship : Accepted . . .. .. .. .. *. . . -57 10 Applications for Election to the Associateship : Accepted (including those examined) .. .. 301 Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 Referred for Examination .. .. .. .. 23 -Total ., .. .. .. .. -332 Applications for Admission to Examination for Fellowship ! Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 Applications from Associates for Election to E'ellowship : Accepted (including those examined) .. .. 56 Declined ., .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 -a.Total .. .. .. .. 62-Applications from Non-Associates for Election to the Pellowship : Accepted (including those examined) .. .. 12 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. G Total .. .. .... .. 18 EXAMINATIONS.-Examinations were held in April and September, 1925, and in January, 1926. SUMMARYOE RESULTS. Associateship : EXAMINXD. PASSED. (Present Regulabi om)General Chemistry .. 78 35 (Previous Regulations) Branch (d) Organic Chemistry .. 1 0 Branch (e) Chemistry (and Micro-scopy)of Foods and Drugs 1 1 Fellowship : Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry . . 3 2 Branch B. Physical Chemistry ,. 3 1 Branch D. Agricultural Chemistry .. 1 1 Branch E. Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs 12 5 Chemical Technology .. 1 1 Special Examination in Oils and Fats 1 0 101 46 -~ The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the Fellows who have acted as additional examiners or assisted the Board of Examiners, to the Assessors who have examined the papers 11 received from Associates applying for the Fellowship, ahd also to the following authorities for the use of laboratory and other accommodation : The Royal Technical College, Glasgow ; The Technical College, Hull; The City Analyst, Liverpool; The College of Technology, Manchester ; Natal University College ; The Royal College of Science and the Royal School of Mines, London; and The University, Sheffield.The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London, has been added to the list of Institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the examinations of the Institute. The Committee has considered the views expressed at the Conference on “The place of Applied Chemistry in the training of chemists,” held in January, and at the Conference held at York, in July, so far as they concerned the Regulations for the training and admission of candidates for the membership of the Institute.The Committee has recommended to the Council such modifications of the Regulations as were deemed desirable, and has under consideration the question of making provision for the admission as Associates of candidates who have long experience and high responsibility as chemists, but have not fulfilled the present requirements as to training. MELDOLAMEDAL.-The Meldola Medal for 1925 has been awarded to Henry Phillips, D.Sc. (Lond.), A.I.C., and will be presented at the Annual General Meeting. 8. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE. The duties of the Publications Committee now embrace those formerly entrusted to the Lectures and Library Committee. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShas been published in six parts.The Report of the Annual General Meeting and the Presi- dent’s address were published in Part 11..which also included an article on Professional Designatory Letters by Mr. G. P. Cammiade. The Report of the Publications Committee on a Memorandum on Government Scientific Publications-received from the Science Advisory Committee of the Joint Research and In- formation Department of the Trades Union Congress and Labour Party-was published in Part 111.; the Report of the Conference held at York in July appeared in Part IV.; an abstract of the Annual Report of the Department of Scientific and Industrial 12 Research, in Part V.; and an interesting note on the Code of Ethics adopted in the American Institute of Chemists, in Part VI.In addition to the Proceedings of the Council and abstracts of Reports on Examinations, the Journal has also included records of the meetings of the Local Sections, with abstracts of many of the papers read before them. The Report of the Conference held in January on the place of applied chemistry in the training of chemists was published in May. Mr. Marlow’s notes on Contracts of Service were also published in the same month. The Committee hopes to make arrangements for a lecture to be given by Mr. E. J. MacGillivray in March on “Copyright”- with special reference to the rights of authors of technical papers read before Scientific Societies, and of monographs and text- books on scientific subjects.The thanks of the Council are again accorded to the Chemical Society for allowing the members and students of the Institute to continue the use of the Library of the Society, towards the maintenance of which a further contribution of Lzf;o has been made from the general funds of the Institute. The Committee is greatly indebted to authors and pub-lishers who have kindly presented copies of books to the Library during the year, and also to Mr. John Sanderson for the presen- tation of Journals, and Mr. John Wilson (of North Marrow), for the use of his copies of the Berichte. 9. PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. Reference has already been made to the co-operation of the Public Appointments Committee with the Legal and Parlia- mentary Committee on matters relating to Northern Ireland.The Public Appointments Committee has also advised the Council on the proceedings of authorities relating to official chemical appointments at home and in the Overseas Dominions, and representations have been made where considered desirable. On the recommendation of the Commit tee, representatives of the Institute, mainly members of the Committee, conferred with representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries on the draft schedules to the proposed Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Bill, prepared by the Advisory Committee of the Ministry, and submitted many observations and criticisms thereon, for which the Council received the thanks of the Advisory Com- mittee.13 The Public Appointments Committee has considered the question of the fees allowed to professional chemists for atten- dance in Courts of Law for the purpose of giving evidence. The Council is indebted to Sir Archibald Bodkin, the Director of Public Prosecutions, for a statement on the subject, of which an abstract was published in JOURNAL, Part V., 1925 (p. 279). It will be remembered that the Ministry of Health was ap- proached by the Council in December, 1923,with regard to the desirability of the Institute being represented on the Adkisory Committee concerned with the preparation of regulations under the proposed Therapeutics Substances Act, which refers to the manufacture, sale and importation of vaccines, sera and other therapeutic substances.Clause 4 of the Act which was passed during 1925provides for the representation of several institutions, including the Institute, on the Advisory Committee, but the Council has not yet been asked to appoint a representative. A Memorandum forwarded to the Royal Commission on National Health Insurance, on behalf of public analysts who are entrusted with the analysis of prescribed medicines under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, was also published in Part V. 10. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. An abstract of the Report of the Assessors on Examinations for National Certificates in England and Wales, 1925,was pub- lished in the JOURNAL, Part IV., p.261. The first Examinations for National Certificates have been held in conjunction with the Scottish Education Department. The arrangements with the Ministry of Education for Northern Ireland for the adoption of a similar scheme have been completed, and it is probable that the first examination will be held during 1926. 11. LOCAL SECTIONS. The Council notes with satisfaction the continued activity of the Local Sections. The President has attended meetings at Birmingham, Edin- burgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, and Manchester ; the Registrar has visited the Belfast, Birmingham , Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Huddersfield, and Leeds Sections. Mr. Marlow, before his resignation from the position of Assistant Secretary, visited 14 Belfast and Dublin, and his successor, Mr.R. L. Collett, has visited the Manchester Section. The Students’ Association, London, in which the London and South-Eastern Counties Section takes a special interest, has provided lectures, debates and social functiocs. The Association is indebted to many companies and firms who have allowed its members to visit works and have kindly entertained them. 12. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries for the help which they have kindly given to the Council and Officers of the Institute during the year. Dr. John McCrae, on resigning from the position of Honorary Corresponding Secretary for the Transvaal, has received the thanks of the Council.for the valuable service which he has ren- dered the Institute in that capacity. 13. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER. The number of members without appointment at the date of this report is 16 Fellows and go Associates, compared with 20 Fellows and 163 Associates at the corresponding date in 1925. Notwithstanding the increase in membership, the Appointments Register has been used by fewer members. The number of appointments available for chemists appears to be increasing. The Council will be glad if Fellows and Associates will continue to inform the Registrar of suitable vacancies. The accompanying curves illustrate the state of the Appoint- ments Register since January, 1922, at which date the period of trade depression began to have a marked effect on the employ- ment of chemists. The upper curve shows the total numbers of Fellows and Associates on the Appointments Register at any date, including both those definitely out of employment and those wishing to obtain better positions.The lower curve shows the total numbers of Fellows and Associates actually out of employment, the figures below the curve indicating the numbers of Fellows. These numbers may not be strictly accurate, as they only include those who have definitely informed the Institute that they are out of employ-ment; there may be others who have taken positions not strictly connected with chemical work. 16 The following table gives the numbers out of employment in percentages of the total membership : Total Membership.Unemployed. January, 1922 3641 1.9 per cent. >I P,'9'3 4042 3.69 ,9 7)I924 4399 4'43 JY q,Ig25 4708 3'30 ,, 1926 4943 2.14 7, It will be seen that there has been a decided improvement since the worst period, at the beginning of 1924. 14. SIR GEORGE BEILBY MEMORIAL FUND, In order to establish a memorial to Sir George Beilby, an appeal has been issued, jointly by the Institute, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, for contributions towards a fund, from which, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, substantial awards will be made to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work in science. The awards will be made with particular regard to the special interests of Sir George Beilby-applied chemistry, chemical engineering, and metallurgy.The amount received and promised for this Fund to date is A1487 18s. od. The Fund will be administered by a Joint Committee ap- pointed by the Councils of the three Bodies concerned. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON,W.C.l. 29th .January, 1926. 17 REPORT OF AUDITORS. We hereby report that we have examined the books and accounts of the Institute of Chemistry for the year ended 31st December, 1925, and have compared with the vouchers the entries therein, and certify that the following statements are correct as shown by the books. Certificates from the Bank of England and the Westminster Bank, Ltd. , for investments held by them respectively for the Institute at the above date have been produced.CHAS.T. ABELL Hon. Auditors, A. G. FRANCISI 1925-1926. DAVIDHENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. 11th January, 1926. It; THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 19 Foundeal 1887. Tncorporded by Royal Charter, 1885. STATEMENT AND EXPENDITURE DECEMBER,OF RECE.~PT~ FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31~~ 1925. GENERAL ACCOUNT 1924. RECEIPTS. E s. d. € s. d. 1924. EXPENDITURE. e s. d. f: s. d. hbscriptions-2,523 3 6 Fellows’ .. .. .. 2,552 11 0 ’rinting Stationery, Office Books, etc.-4,407 19 11 Associates’ .. .. .. 4,860 9 3 524 13 8 Journal, Part VI., 1924;Parts I-V., 1925 540 5 5 411 5 0 Students’ . . .. .. 382 10 0 405 7 8 Other Printing, Stationery, etc... 379 5 10 899 11 37,795 10 3 ’ostage-lividends and Interest- 200 9 8 Journal .. *. .. .. 185 19 7 ($637 19 5) Gross .. 686 0 11 477 18 7 Ordinary .. .. .. .. 413 17 5 599 17 0(E91 15 1) Less Tax .. 94 3 10 270 11 2 tegister (Moiety) . . .. .. .. 270 11 1 546 4 4 591 17 I 300 0 0 <ent .. .. .. .. .. .. 300 0 0 31 17 4 !ale of Publications .. .. .. .. 15 3 S 212 1 6 )fficial Chemical Appointments (One-third) .. 212 1 5 487 3 4 tates and Taxes .. .. .. .. 512 14 11 22 5 6 lundry Receipts .. .. .. .. 785 114 9 5 nsuranco .. .. .. .. .. .. 101 16 6 481 18 6 Iire of Laboratories and Rooms .. .. 569 3 6 172 17 4 tepairs, House and Furnishing. . .. .. 306 32 .. .. 4,109 33 942 13 6 Cxamination and Assessment Fees . . .. 804 11 0 3,900 15 3 hlaries, Wages and Gratuities 62 11 0 idvertisernents .... .. .. .. 85 43 315 14 6 ippointments Resister .. .. .. .. 262 15 6 365 3 6 ;as, Water, Light and Fuel .. .. .. 350 18 168 15 6 idvertisements in Journal .. .. .. 106 18 0 28 5 4 relephone .. .. .. .. .. 26 10 Cxaminers, Assessors and Assistants (Fees and I_51 11 2 3aIancc of Library Fund Account, 1923 . . 595 0 6 Expenses) . . .. .. .. .. 542 0 10 136 7 3 lpparatus and Materials . . .. .. 250 1 11 353 12 1 ibrary (including $250 to Chemical Society) 275 10 217 7 0 Aocal Sections . . .. .. .. .. 453 5 11 75 0 0 lonations .. .. .. .. .. 71 00 41 3 3 discellaneous . . .. .. .. .. 62 14 3 120 0 1 lfficers’ Travelling Expenses, Fares, etc. .. 249 16 11 26 5 0 luditor’s Honorarium .... .. .. 26 5 0 55 6 0 dectures and Lantzrn Slides .. .. .. 84 11 G Legal Expenses (1922-25) .. .. .. 56 13 7 97 10 11 Llembers of Council Travelling Expenses .. 158 6 1 119 8 9 Staff Assurance . . .. .. .. .. 163 13 4 9,903 6 10,153 7 5 9,359 8 3 10,167 15 10 Balance at 31st December, 1924 733 2 7 321 12 1 Repairs and House (1924 account) .. .. 85 17 11 Plus Moiety of Register, 1925 270 11 I 119 3 0 ?onferences .. .. .. .. .. 113 4 2 aitd Two -thirds of “0.C.A .,” 31 10 0 Qpplication Fees returned on 1924 account .. 19 8 6 1925 and 1926 .. .. 424 2 10 110 8 4 Redemption Fund Premium .. .. .. 110 8 4 419 8 i 1,427 16 6 Purchase of Stock-Pun& for Imestment-$500 L.M.S. Railway 5% Re-1,034 5 Entrance Fees .. .. .. 891 9 0 deemable Pref.1955 .. 503 0 0 127 1 Life Compositions .. .. 109 4 0 $1,500 39% Conversion Stock 1,158 5 3 lnterest on Legacy of Sir A. Padler 80 0 0 1,167 14 5 -1,661 5 3 1,080-13 0 73 4 ti Mice Equipment .. .. .. .. 32 16 6 1,000 0 Bequest of the late Edward Riley 100 0 6 special Honorarium 733 2 7 Balance at 31st December, 1925 470 10 6 Fees on applications in abeyance-270 11 1 Plus Moiety of Register, 1925 109 4 Fellowship . . .. .. 84 0 0 424 2 16 One-third of “O.C.A.,” 1926 212 1 6 93 9 1 Associateship .. .. 97 2 6 -682 11 11 181 2 6 24 3 Fees Retained .. .. .. .. .. 30 9 0 %12,710 17 512,873 8 5 €12,710 17 5 €12,873 8 61 STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES, 31st Dec., 1925. 1924. $ s. d. 1924. E s. d. 733 2 7 Balance .. .. .. 470 10 6 Subscriptions received in $3,000 Victoria 5% In-advance-3,060 0 0 scribed Stock, 1935-45 .. 2,970 0 0 54 12 0 Fellows' 57 4 6 $1,000 New Zealand 4% In- 69 17 0 Associates' 92 13 3 960 0 0 scribedstock, 1929 .. 960 0 0 015 0 Students' 5 0 0 $700 Canada 34% Regis-154 17 9 567 0 0 teredstock, 1930-50 . . 560 0 0 202 13 0 Applications in abeyance .. 181 2 6 $500 Metropolitan 3yA Con- 51 18 0 Fees retained (1924-25) .. 112 7 0 402 10 0 solidated Stock .. 395 0 0 75 0 0 Rent outst'anding ,. 75 0 0 $500 Great Western Rail- 74 9 11 Accounts rendered and due 98 9 1 265 0 0 way 24% Debenture Stock 250 0 0 Accounts outstanding, esti- "€500 London Midland & mated at 31st December, Scottish Railway 5% Re-1924, including repairsdeemable Preference Stock, 80 0 0 and alterations, 1923 ..1955 .. .. .. 460 0 0 Members of Council travel- €1,145 'is. 6d. London Mid- ling Expenses Fund, land & Scottish Railway amount unexpended (now 939 4 1 4% Preference Stock .. 824 13 4 merged in the General $4,000 576 War Loan, 1929- 213 14 5 Account) .. .. .. 4,060 0 0 47 Inscribed Stock ..4,010 0 0 Excess of Assets over Li-$500 War Savings Certifi- abilities as at 31st De- 518 15 0 cates .. .. 525 0 0 14,070 13 0 cember, 1925 .. 35,411 10 2 $1,000 National W& Bonds, 1,055 0 0 1929, Series 4 . . .. 1,045 0 0 *1-€3,750 Conversion 39% 1,771 17 6 Stock .. .. . . 2,812 10 0 61 3 2 Sundry Accounts due .. 140 4 4 530 0 0 SRodrniption Fund . . 640 8 4 €14,923 12 4 $16,063 6 6 $14,923 12 4 $16,063 6 6 New Holding.Cost $503 0s. Od. t Holding increased by €1,500 0s. M. Cost €1,158 6s. 3d. 5 To rertlise Q50,000in Uaich, 2010, The Statement above does not include the value of the lease and premises ofthe Institute, Furniture, Library, Apparatus, etc. The above investments have been valued at market prices at close of business on 31st Dec., 1925. BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for the year ended 31st Dec., 1925. Current Account. S s. d. S s. d. Balance at 31st Dee., 1924 .. .. .. 103 2 7 Grants .. .. .. .. .. .. 283 15 0 Subscriptions to 31st Dec., 1925 .. .. 508 17 3 Printing, etc. . . .. .. .. .. 21 1 6 Annual Subscriptions to 31stDec., 1925 .. 154 8 6 Balance of Loans (see below) . . .. .. 45 10 0 Balance at 31st Dee., 1925 ..411 11 10 In hand .. .. .. .. 410 0 416 1 10 $766 8 4 5766 8 4 plf,S s. d. S s. d. C-r Loans repaid to 31st Dee., 1925 .. .. 21 10 0 Loans .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 0 0 Dr. balance deducted from Current, Account 45 10 0 -___-267 0 0 267 0 0 ;E s. d. S a. d. Donations to 31st Dec., 1925 .. .. 130 3 9 Dr. Balance at 31st Dee., 1924 .. .. 90 1 0 Dividends and Interest .. .. . . 48 0 6 Annuity paid . . .. .. .. .. 13 0 0 Repayment of Income Tax . . .. .. 2 5 0 Balance at 31st I)ec., 1925 .. .. .. 77 8 3 S180 9 3 g180 9 3 STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES, 31st Dec., 1925. Current Account. ASSETS. LIABILITIES. % s. d. f s. d. Balances at Bank-Printing for 1925 Pamphlet .. .. .. 21 3 0 Current . . .. .. .. .. 16 1 10 Excess of Assets over Liabilities .... 394 18 10 Deposit .. .. .. 400 0 0 $416 1 10 2416 1 10 ASSETS. LIABILITIES. $ s. d. € s. d. Loans (1918-1925) . . .. .. .. 442 0 0 Loans repaid to 31st Dec., 1925 . . .. 66 0 0 t~ Loans outstanding .. .. .. .. 376 0 0 KI _____ -$442 0 0 $442 0 0 ASSETS. LIABILITIES. % s. d. S s. d. *2533 19s. 10d. India 5&% 1932 at 100 .. 633 19 10 Excess of Assets over Liabilities . . . . 820 8 1 “r200 Nat. War Bonds, Series 4, 1929, at 1044 209 0 0 Balance at Bank, Current .. .. .. 77 8 3 2820 8 1 32320 8 1 * Cost,: $600. t Cost :$216 7s. Sd. 23 Proceedings of the Council. DECEMBER, 1925--JANUARY, 1926. Nomination of the Corrncil, 1926-1927.-The balloting list for the election of the Officers, Council and Censors at the Annual General Meeting on the 1st March has been prepared and issued to the Fellows and Associates.Members who desire to vote are required to return their voting papers to the Secretary so that they be received at the Institute not later than 4.30p.m. on Saturday, 27th February. Messrs. Harley F. Knight and J. H. Lane have been appointed Scrutineers for this election. Pu b1icity.-The Council has appointed the Registrar to represent the Institute at a Conference arranged by the British Association for the Advancement of Science and the British Science Guild, to consider the possibility or desirability of establishing a news service for science, under the guidance of scientific organisat ions. The Conference was held on 11th February, when it was decided to appoint a Committee to prepare an estimate as to the cost of establishing and maintaining such a news service, and the revenue likely to be available from endowment or payment for contributions.Congress of Chemists.-The Council has agreed to co-operate with the Society of Chemical Industry in organising a Congress of Chemists to be held in London during the week commencing 19th July, and has appointed the President to act as the representative of the Institute in this matter, and Professor Arthur Smithells to act in the absence of the President. Feeding Stuffs.-Mr. F. W. F. Arnaud has been appointed to serve as representative of the Institute on an Unofficial Committee of chemical experts to secure an agreed process for the determination of the percentage of fibre in feeding stuffs, 24 in view of the proposed new Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Bill which, if passed, will require prescription of a method for such determination.Registration.-The Council has received a statement on “The registration of chemists,” prepared by the Manchester and Liverpool Sections of the Institute, which will be considered at the meeting of Council to be held at the c.lose of this month. Milk.-Mr. E. M. Hawkins has been appointed to represent the Institute at a meeting convened by the National Clean Milk Society in order to make arrangements for a Conference to consider the actual condition of the National Milk Supply and what steps should be taken in order to bring about any im- provement that may be deemed necessary.The Optical Convention, 1 926.-The third Optical Con- vention is to be held at the Imperial College of Science and Technology during the week of 12th to 17th April, 1926, inclusive; and (‘Particulars of Membership ” of the Convention are now being generally issued. The programme includes an address by the President,-Sir Frank Dyson, F.R.S., Astronomer Royal; meetings for the read- ing and discussion of a large number of papers on optical subjects which have been promised; and a series of lectures of a popular character. A volume of Proceedings and a Catalogue of the Exhibition will be published. The Exhibition is to be in three sections, including, (I) Exhibits of an experimental or research character, (2) Instru-ments of historic interest, and (3) The commercial section, including exhibits by British manufacturing firms in all branches of the Optical trade.A special entertainments section is being arranged with the co-operation of Captain Clive Maskelyne of St. George’s Hall, and of the Director and students of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, in which dramatic performances, incorporating various interesting optical illusions, are being specially composed for presentation at the Convention. Enquiries should be addressed to the Secretary, The Optical Convention (1926), I Lowther Gardens, Exhibition Road, London, S.W. 7. 26 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-At the meeting of the Section held on the 28th October, following the Annual General Meeting, a resolution was passed requesting the Council to consider the feasibility of reducing the annual subscription of members.In the general discussion, reference was made to the relation between the cost of living and salaries, compared with pre-war times, and to the remission of certain fees by other Societies. The view was emphasised that a decrease in subscription would result in an increased inflow of members, which would counter- balance the effect of reducing the subscriptions, apart from the desirability of bringing all qualified chemists into the Institute. At the same meeting, and also on the 16th December, the Section discussed the relations of Local Sections to headquarters. The Chairman, Mr.A. Percy Hoskins, in introducing the dis- cussion, dealt mainly with the functions of District Members of Council. Dr. Gibson proposed, and Dr. Cashmore seconded a motion to the effect that District Members of Council for districts which have legal and parliamentary institutions distinct from the Imperial Parliament should be elected members of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee." The Chairman, Mr. Bainbridge, and Mr. Totton took part in the discussion of the motion which was carried wm. con. Dr. Gibson then proposed, and Mr. Totton seconded, a motion to the effect that sub-committees of certain of the Committees,- such as the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Com- mittee and the Public Appointments Committee-should be appointed to visit important centres in order to investigate applications for membership, and questions such as are usually considered by the Public Appointments Committee, and to make recommendations to the main Committees which could generally be attended only by London members.It was *NOTE.-It has been the practice of the Council to accede to the request of any Member of Council to serve on any Committee. 26 suggested that the business of the main Committees might thereby be accelerated, since a quorum might easily be got together in such districts to deal with local cases and matters. It was held that District Members of Council were best able to afford information with regard to provincial chemists applying for membership. Mr.Honneyman suggested that the Nominations, Examina- tions and Institutions Commit tee, upon receiving an application for membership, should apply as a matter of regular procedure to the Committee of the Local Section, in whose area the applicant resided, for a report on the application, before coming to a decision. He moved that the mention of that Committee be deleted from the motion. This amendment was seconded by Mr. Bainbridge and adopted. Dr. Gibson then proposed, and Mr. Brierley seconded, a motion to the effect that the Council should hold special meetings to review the position of each district, that the Council should as far as possible instruct District Members of Council on the policy to be pursued on business brought forward, and authorise them to appoint such local deputations as might be necessary.The resolution was carried by the casting vote of the Chairman. Dr. Gibson proposed, and Mr. Bainbridge seconded,-“That the whole of the expenses of Members of Council attending meetings should be defrayed by the Council, according to a scale to be drawn up.” Mr. Honneyman said that he observed there was a surplus in the sum allocated by the Council to travelling expenses of members of Council. He believed that only railway fares were paid by the Institute, but he had no definite information. The proposal would be only fair to members of Council residing at a distance from London. The resolution was carried unanimously.At the meeting held on the 16th December, Dr. Gibson opened a discussion on chemical publications. Dr. Gibson said that the question of Chemical Publications was one of the most pressing problems to be solved. The problem was to bring about an efficient and uniform system of dealing with chemical publications without interfering with the freedom and individuality of the various societies. The majority of readers were industrial chemists who used publica- tions as sources of information. and who wanted to be able to 27 obtain with rapidity all the up-to-date information available on a certain point. They wanted as little duplication as possible and they wanted good abstracts suitable for filing; they also wanted this service as cheaply as possible.At the moment there did not appear to be much hope of complete amalgamation of societies, which was one way in which the desired end could be achieved, but he had an alternative suggestion. Let all the existing societies which publish journals and as many more as may spring up in the future retain their separate existence and let them continue all their individual character- istics so dear to them. Let there be, however, one chemical body, preferably an impartial one and a non-publishing one- why not the Institute?-to act as a clearing house. The pro- cedure would be something like this : A writes a paper which he wants to publish. He sends it to the clearing house, ac-companied by a fee, say 5s. and a statement that he wants it submitted to a certain Society, say the Chemical Society. The paper is manifolded (for example) to the extent of zoo copies.A copy is sent to each of a number of centres at which chemists congregate ,-Universities, Local Sect ions, e t c .-and copies are sent to the Society which the author has selected. What-ever the result of the referee’s decision the author gets his views published to the extent of the 200 copies. He thought this was only fair. It would also be an excellent plan if the author were always required to send in with his paper a sum-mary of a definite length. This would also be duplicated and sent to all the centres and to the abstracts bureau with the original paper. This would make new information available to all chemists with the minimum loss of time.This was a point of great importance to the industrial chemist, and at times might be of almost priceless value to him. He had often seen papers published months after their receipt by a society that had then been quite useless to him, but which would have been very useful and have saved him valuable time if he had seen them soon after they were written. The author would be able also to read his paper at one at least of the 200 centres and useful discussion would ensue. Only a small fraction of papers was now read by authors,-a thoroughly bad thing for all concerned. Naturally, if possible, an author wanted to read his paper at the rooms of the Society which he hoped would publish it, or failing that, at a local centre where the members of that society met.The various 28 Societies receiving their papers from the clearing house could spend longer in scrutinising them and coulc' be more severe in selection. This plan for immediate dissemination of papers would obviate the necessity of such frequent publication of journals, which could then be conveniently published bound, either quarterly or half yearly. This would save much postage to the societies and expense to the members. Coming to the question of Abstracts, he had a suggestion to make which in his opinion would greatly enhance their usefulness. He would publish abstracts on the left hand pages of the Journal, the opposite right hand pages being given up to advertisements. Advertisers would find these spaces valuable ; they could get their advertisements in a position so that they would be read by the particular type of chemist to whom they desired to appeal.The abstracts should be of standard width to fit index cards. The busy chemist could then blue pencil those abstracts which were useful to him and they could be cut out later by the office boy, affixed to cards, and filed. Usually only a portion of the abstracts published were useful to a chemist in his particular line, and this sug- gestion would make these easily available, and would not make the journals any less useful for general reference. The present system precluded any such cutting out. In con-clusion, he was glad to observe that some attempt was being made to improve matters, but very much remained to be done to make chemical publications cheap and efficient as they should be.A lively discussion followed. The Chairman thanked Dr. Gibson for his paper which introduced several novel suggestions which, if they were adopted, would prove of very great value to chemists. Birmingham arid Midlands.-A concert and social evening, arranged jointly with the Local Section of the British Associa- tion of Chemists, took place on the 3rd February at the Queen's Hotel, Birmingham. A varied musical and dramatic programme was enjoyed by over IOO members and friends. Mr. A. W. Knapp presided, and Dr. W. Wardlaw, in proposing a vote of thanks to the Chairman, acknowledged the work of Mr.A. W. Knapp and Mr. J. R. Johnson in making arrangements for the entertainment . 29 On 6th February, the annual dinner was held at the En- gineer’s Club, under the auspices of the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry. Nearly IOO chemists and guests were present. Prof. A. R. Ling, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, presided, and among the guests were Mr. W. J. U. Woolcock, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, and Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute. The toast of the Society of Chemical Industry, proposed by Sir Richard Threlfall, was acknowledged by Mr . Woolcock; that of the Institute was proposed by Prof. W. N. Haworth. Prof.Haworth referred to the high standard of attainment required by the Institute for admission to membership, and eulogised its ideals as helping to make chemistry a great factor in the life of the nation. Chemistry was a great cultural study’, and he deprecated any cutting down of the teaching of the fundamentals of the science. He was glad to see that the In- stitute recognised this, and would not admit to the Associateship those holding degrees in applied chemistry unless they could produce definite evidence of a competent knowledge of pure chemistry. Mr. Cnllett, replying on behalf of the Institute, said that Prof. Henderson, the President, wshed him to express his dis- appointment at not being able to be present. The Institute claimed that its members were entitled to be treated as pro- fessional men because of their qualifications and because they were pledged to conform to a certain standard of professional decorum.The Institute regarded itself as primarily charged with the welfare of the personnel on which both pure chemistry and chemical industry depended. The Appointments Register was becoming generally recognised as the best medium by which employers could obtain the services of chemists, and he was glad to be able to say that the number unemployed had decreased to about half that it was at the worst time, viz. at the beginning of 1924,in spite of the fact that the membership had increased. The total roll now included nearly 5000 members. He was glad to be present at the dinner which provided an opportunity for chemists of all kinds to meet one another under delightful conditions.The toast of “The Guests,” proposed by the Chairman, was acknowledged by Dr. W. E. Sumpner (Principal of the Municipal Technical Schoal). 30 Dr. G. T. Morgan proposed the toast of “The Chairman,” and also of “The Honorary Secretaries,” to which Prof. Ling and Messrs. C. J. House and George King replied. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-the fifthmeeting of the session was held jointly with the Bristdl Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on the 7th January in the Chemical Department of Bristol University. Sir Ernest Cook presided over a large attendance, and a paper, which was illustrated by lantern slides, was given by Mr.Stanley Robson on “The Contact Process for the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid.” After referring to the early history of the contact process, Mr. Robson mentioned that the first factory to work it on a large scale was the Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik. Many other processes arose as rivals to the Badische process. A number cf these were described and illustrated. It was thought originally that the development of the contact process would immediately oust the old-established chamber process; but this had not proved to be the case, except where the manufac- ture of concentrated acid or oleum was concerned. The develop- ment of engineering science had, however, made it possible to work with considerably greater mechanical efficiency, which would inevitably lead to more extensive use of the contact process.Modern contact plants, moreover, were able to manu- facture acid from metallurgical fumes which hitherto had not been capable of treatment. The chamber system was inherently unable to deal with cold and wet gases, and was at a disadvantage with regard to weak and dust-laden gases. There would un- doubtedly be an increasing amount of acid made from such waste gases, and this could only be satisfactorily carried out by the contact process. Messrs. Lewis, Littlefield and others participated in the discussion which followed. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Robson on the proposition of the Chairman, seconded by Mr. George Gray. Irish Free State.-Prof. W.E. Adeney presided at a meeting of the Section, held on 3rd February, when Mr. J. J. Sheehan read a paper on “Chemical Control in the Beet Sugar Industry.” Mr. Sheehan, who had gained his experience of the industv by work in the control laboratory of a “IO,OOO ton factory” in the United States, described, with the aid of lantern slides, the 31 stages in the production of sugar from beet:-Sampling of beets as delivered by the farmers, mechanical weighing and conveying, slicing, diffusion battery extraction, liming and carbonation, filter pressing, concentration in multiple evaporators, centri- fuging and drying of the sugar crystals. The personnel of the chemical control laboratory consisted of ten chemists working in three shifts of eight hours each, work being carried on night and day, and seven days a week, over a campaign of one hundred days.The number of laboratory control tests carried through in the campaign was about 21,700. To achieve such efficiency in control, labour and time-saving devices had been installed in the laboratory to an almost in- credible degree. Reagents in bottles were practically obsolete,- supplies of all necessary solutions, distilled water, and water at zoo F. being on tap at each working bench. Each chemist had the services of a boy for cleaning apparatus and running messages. Should a laboratory test show that some process in the factory was working unsatisfactorily the chemist imme- diately pulled a string which caused a bell to ring over the particular plant at fault; the bell continued to ring until the foreman in charge had rectified the trouble, and a subsequent test showed the process to be proceeding normally.Referring to the cultivation of beets in Ireland, Mr. Sheehan said that tests carried out in the State Laboratory on some 330 experi-mental plots under the direction of the Department of Lands and Agriculture showed a sugar content of from 16.8 to 17'4 per cent. Complete returns, however, were not, yet available. In America the farmers were paid on the weight of the beets supplied and were given a bonus if the average sugar content exceeded 15 per cent. A hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Sheehan was followed by an interesting discussion on the future possibilities of the Industry in Ireland.Mr. Sheehan having replied to all the questions asked, the meeting terminated. Leeds Area,-The annual meeting of the Section was held in the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds, on 12th January,-Prof. J. W. Cobb in the chair. Messrs. H. B. Brown, H. J. Hodsman, A. Taylor, and J. T. Thomson were elected to fill vacancies on the Committee; Messrs. J. Firth and A. Clucas were elected Hon. Auditors, and Dr. R. B. Forster was re-elected Hon. Secretary. Dr. Forster then addressed the meeting on “The Evolution of the Chemist and his Position in Industry.’’ He showed that it was erroneous to say that Chemistry was the chjld of Pharmacy. He traced the evolution of the science from Egypt to Athens, and from there to Constantinople, whence it spread into Arabia.It was the founding of the Arab Caliphate in Cordova in the eighth century that firmly established the science in Europe From the Caliphate at Cordova sprang the Spanish Universities of Cordova, Seville and Toledo, which were visited by dilettanti philosophers from England, France and Germany: by this means the sphere of activity was extended to these countries. In the fifteenth century two schools of thought sprang up, viz. the Iatro-Chemists, headed by Paracelsus, who wished to restrict the study of the science to the preparation of medicines; and the other, headed by Agricola, whose object was to advance the science both for its own sake and with a view to its application in industries.From the latter school arose such men as Boyle, Mayow, Stahl, Willis, Boerhaave, Black, Priestley, Caveridish, and Lavoisier . Lavoisier might be described as a research chemist, works chemist and administrator. Dr. Forster contrasted the treat- ment meted out to Lavoisier and his brother philosophers by Robespierre, in 1794, with the attitude of Frederick William 111, King of Prussia to men of science a few years later. Lavoisier and 27 other members of the famous “Fermiers-g&n&raux” were condemned to death by Coffinhal, who remarked “La Rgpublique n’a pas besoin des savants ”; whereas Frederick William, after Prussia had been laid waste by Napoleon, founded the University of Berlin and said “mann musse, was der Staat an physischen Kraften verloren, durch geistige zu ersetzen suchen.” A comparison of the chemical industries of France and Germany IOO years later supplied the best answer as to which was the better policy: “The Republic has no need for philosophers” or “What the State has lost in brawn we must make good in brains.” Dealing with the position of the chemist in industry, Dr.Forster said that Robert Boyle’s dictum Experiment must precede deduction ” translated into modern English was “Research must precede manufacture ”: therein lay the secret of the German success. The Universities were the nurseries for research; without them there could be no research: there-fore no manufacture, no industry and no position for the chemist 33 in industry.That was the position to which we were drifting in 1914. Since the war, conditions had changed for the better and a great many firms who did not employ chemists in pre-war days did so now, but, he was sorry to say, very much in the same sense as they employed book-keepers: they were expected to keep things running; whereas the chief function of the chemist should be to improve existing processes and if possible invent new ones. In his opinion, the administrative posts in the chemical industry should, whenever possible, be held by chemists, because it was quite impossible for a man without a good know- ledge of chemistry to understand the problems of a chemical works. In support of this argument he mentioned a number of chemical firms which were successful only so long as they were controlled by chemists.It has been argued that if the manager of a chemical works was a purely commercial man, he could call in experts to advise him on technical points; but was it not easier for the chemist to understand the formalities of commerce than for the commercial man to understand the tech- nicalities of science? Why not reverse the conditions, put the chemist in the position of Managing Director and let him call in external aid when he needs it? Although it was desirable to fill as many as possible of the administrative posts with chemists, every chemist was not necessarily a good administrator; but this type of man might be none the less valuable to his firm and therefore he should be able to attain as high a position and as large a salary in the laboratory, as his brother chemist did as an administrator. What did we find? The best men in the laboratory endeavoured to get into the administrative posts, the main reason being that the latter carried higher salaries.This was not as it ought to be. The better a man was in the laboratory or works, the more the reason that he should stay there, and he would do so if he were offered sufficient inducement. It was the men that were not so suited to the laboratory that should be moved, not up, but down to the administrative posts. In other words, it should not be necessary for a chemist to forsake his own calling to obtain a lucrative position. Liverpool.-A "Liverpool Chemistry Dinner" was held at the Midland Adelphi Hotel on 19th December last, under the auspices of the Liverpool Sections of the Institute of 34 Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists.Prof. W. H. Roberts, Chairman of the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, presided over a large gathering. The guests included the Lady Mayoress and the Presidents of the three organisations; the Lord Mayor was prevented by illness from attending. The toast of “The City of Liverpool” was proposed by Mr. W. J. Uglow Woolcock, C.B.E., President of the Society of Chemical Industry, and acknowledged by Alderman W. Muirhead, J.P., Chairman of the Liverpool Health Committee. The toast of “Our Guests” was proposed by the Chairman and acknowledged by Prof.G. G. Henderson, President of the Institute, and by Mr. C. S. Garland, President of the British Association of Chemists. The remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing. London and South-Eastern Counties -Mr. C. S. Garland, Chairman of the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, presided at a joint meeting of the Sections of the Institute and the Society on the 7th December, when Mr. W. J. U. Woolcock gave an address upon “Five Years of Progress in the Fine Chemical Industry.” He said that the development of the industry was hampered by fiooding the country with foreign fine chemicals prior to the passing of the Safeguarding of Industries Act,. Latterly, the disturbing factors were the longer working hours and lower wages paid to the workmen of foreign competitors and the depreciation, first of the German and later of the French exchange.He gave, however, the following evidence of substantial progress. Whereas in 1913 eleven firms in the industry had made 69,945 cwt. of fine chemicals, in 1924 eighteen firms had made 215,240cwt. In 1913 four firms exported 17,851 cwt., and in 1924 eleven firms had exported 33,154. The value of the fine chemicals made in 1913 was @74,381; in 1924, &2,598,357. The value of imports had risen from L188,384 in 1913 to L570,675 in 1924. These figures related only to the chemicals in List H, published by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers ; and the real position as regards employment could not be shown owing to the fact that very few firms were wholly engaged in the manufacture of chemicals included in List H.The total number of workpeople engaged by fourteen firms manufacturing chemicals 35 in List H was 1394 in 1913, and 2975 in 1gz4-not including office staff, packers, and those engaged in distribution. Six additional firms had taken up the manufacture of these chemicals, and the number of workpeople had been increased to 3130. The capital invested in thirteen firms in 1913 was l936,917; but these firms had increased their capital to L2,388,750 in 1924, i.e. an increase of 156 per cent. With the addition of six new firms the amount had been still further increased to E2.536,762.The number of individual substances now in List H which com- prised the schedule to Part I. of the Safeguarding of Industries Act was 4969, which could be compared with 1334 substances made by sixteen British manufacturers in 1913. The Associa- tion of British Chemical Manufacturers published in 1922 a list of 1497 substances in List H made by British manufacturers, and in 1924 the number had increased to 2364. In comparison with British production, the following figures for foreign production were given: In 1911, Kahlbaum’s English List contained 2466 of the substances in List H, and in 1925, Kahlbaum’s English List contained 503 of the substances in List H. Kahlbaum stated that the chemicals not mentioned in his I925 List would be prepared, provided the purchaser agreed to take the whole quantity made at the price charged and pro- vided the firm was in a position to procure the needed raw materials.British manufacturers would accept the same conditions. British firms now made 781 substances not included in Kahlbaum’s List for 1911, and contemplated the production of 19 more. Another essential factor was thai of price. Between 1920 and 1925 there had been price reductions varying from 15 to 55 per cent., while 569 commodities had actually been priced, and these showed a reduction between 1920 and 1925 amounting to 47 per cent. The reduction had been largest in organic chemicals. Mr. Woolcock emphasised the fact that progress had been made, but it had been delayed by flooding the English market with enormous stocks of foreign fine chemicals, due to the pro- longed notice that was given that the British Government was going to do something, whilst finally, although progress had been made, it was not sufficient.It was, however, an indication that, given the time and opportunity, we could develop in this country as good a fine chemical industry as could be developed in any other country. Mr. Garland said that in considering the Safeguarding of 36 Industries Act a great deal depended upon the number of em- ployees in an industry. On one occasion the President of the Board of Trade had stated that he would,regard 2500 employees as the lowest limit of an industry which could be looked upon as of substantial importance.That was an example of the absurdity of endeavouring to estimate the importance of an industry by counting the noses of the people engaged in it. Mr. F. H. Carr said that the chemists of the country woiild be to blame if they allowed England again to be placed in the position of dependence upon other countries for its chemical products in the same way that it was in 1914. Unfortunately, there was too much tendency on the part of those who should know better to decry British chemical products, and there had been some curious instances of this. Something more even than the Safeguarding of Industries Act was required in this country for the chemical indust.ry. Certainly it would take more than the few years protection afforded by that Act to put the industry into the position it should be.Prof. A. G. Green said he had just returned from America, and had been immensely impressed by the great impetus which had been given to chemical industry there, and especially to the fine chemical industry by the phenomenal development of the motor car industry. Dr. Cox said that the figures showed that the fine chemical industry to-day was three times what it was before the war, that the wages paid were three times what they were pre-war, and that the capital involved was three times the pre-war figure. Really, the fine chemical industry should congratulate itself upon the rapid progress it had made, because not only did the figures show the increases to which he had referred, but British products now were equal to, and in many cases, better than the German fine chemicals.Mr. Woolcock, in reply, said he preferred rather to under- state than to overstate the case. At a meeting held on 20th January, Dr. Stephen Miall opened a discussion upon "Collaboration between Chemical Organisa- tions, with reference to the work cf the Federal Council." He gave an historical survey of the steps which had led to the formation of the Union Internationale de Chimie Pure et Appliqu6e, of which the Federal Council was the British unit. He related the steps which had already been taken to secure 37 co-operation between the various chemical organisations in Great Britain.Many members contributed to the discussion which ensued. Manchester and District.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Sections of the Society of Chemical In- dustry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists, and also the Manchester Literary and Philosophical. Society, on the 6th November, at the Textile Institute. Mr. L. Guy Radcliffe, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical In- dustry, presided. A lecture, given by Sir William Bragg on “Long Chain Molecules,” was greatly appreciated by a very large audience. In the discussion which followed, Dr. Levinstein, Dr. E. F. Armstrong, Prof. Lapworth, Prof. Robinson, Messrs. Radcliffe, Huebner, Harrison, Manley, and others participated. A vote of thanks to Sir William Bragg was carried with great enthusiasm.A meeting of the Section was held on the 14th December at the Grand Hotel, Manchester, when Dr. Levinstein referred to the question of registration, and presented certificates to a number of new Associates. After the formal business, the evening was devoted to a “cabaret,” which was attended by a large company of members and friends. A meeting of the Section was held, on the 18th January, in the Rooms of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society -Dr. Levinstein in the chair-when a paper was read by Mr. C. Hollins on ‘I Chemical Nomenclature.” Mr. Hollins pointed out that in adopting any scheme of chemical nomenclature it was necessary to bear in mind the purpose for which it was intended. The system adopted by the Bureau of Chemical Abstracts and the suggestions of Dr.A. M. Patterson for the numbering of ring systems were briefly reviewed, and a logical system of naming azo compounds was developed. A distinction was drawn between “parent names,’’ which include no substituent groups, and “trivial names,” such as toluene, aniline, salicylic acid, J-acid, etc. The conclusion was reached that (I) there should be a strictly logical system of nomenclature of international application, the prin- ciples of which should be easy to memorise; (2) this general system should be capable of modification to suit the requirements of different groups of chemical industries, the modification being 38 in one direction only, viz.the admission of special sets of “trivial names I’ readily translated back into the original strict system. A discussion followed, at the close of which a vote of thanks proposed by Mr. Id.G. Radcliffe, seconded by Mr. W. A. Silvester, was accorded to the lecturer. Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast.-At a meeting of the Section held on the 20th January at Armstrong College-Dr. J. T. Dunn presiding-a very interesting lecture was delivered by Dr. J. A. Sniythe on “The Crystallisation of Metals and Alloys.” The lecture, which was illustrated by lantern slides, was much appreciated, The Chairman announced that the Annual Dinner would be held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club on the 26th March.South Wales.-The following Officers and Comrrittee have been appointed for 1925-26: Chairman, Prof. J. E. Coates; Committee, Messrs. C. A. Seyler, J. W. Adye, C. M. W. Grieb, J. R. Green, E. Anderson and Dr. L. E. Hinkel: Hon. Auc‘itors, Messrs. E. A. Tyler and E. E. Ayling: Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. C. W. Wood. Mr. C. A. Seyler has been re-nominated as District Member of Council. A Meeting of the Section was held at Swansea on 18th December at which the Chairman, Prof. J. E. Coates, announced that-in view of the fact that the official annual dinne; of the local Sections of the Institute and Society of Chemical Industry was being held this session in Cardif‘f-the Committee had considered the opinions voiced at the Annual General Meeting and had decided to hold an informal dinner and smoking concert in Swansea towards the end of the session, at which ladies would be welcome.The members later adjourned to a Joint Meeting with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, where Mr. Seyler presided and a very interesting paper on “Modern Resistance Glasses’’ was read by Mr. E. E. Ayling. The paper described the modern developments in research and manufacture of these types of glasses and was well illlistrated with slides and specimens. An interesting discussion followed in which many members participated and the meeting terminated 39 with a vote of thanks to Mr. Ayling, moved by the Chairman Mr. C. A. Seyler.Prof. J. E. Coates presided over a Joint Meeting of the South Wales Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, held at the Royal Institution, Swansea, on zand January, when Dr. Florence A. Mockeridge, of University College, Swansea, read an interesting paper, which was well illustrated with lantern slides, on “Some Economic Aspects of Botany. ” Dr. Mockeridge dealt with the great economic value of botany to the trade of the country, and dealt particularly with the problems which the botanist referred to the chemist for solution. The value of the cultivation of plants under definite controlled conditions to meet the world’s economic demands was explained. Modern methods were described of reclaiming waste lands and the prevention of land-slides by growing certain plants which alter the texture of the soil, thereby inducing the holding of rainfall, adding nitrogen to the soil, and forming organic matter, which induces beneficial bacterial action.The aesthetic and economic value of making plantations on such ugly sites as waste coal tips, and of modern afforestation schemes, and their relation to the water catchment areas, was described. Botany had shown how to gain the maximum economic value from such schemes. Dr. Mockeridge discussed the effect of calcium, potassium and iron on plants, although these elements do not actually enter into the plant tissues, and emphasised the fact that their r81e is still unknown and that chemists must come to the aid of botanists, if this and many similar problems are to be solved, and the greatest wealth extracted from the land. Notes.Chemical Industry CIu b.-For the furthering of co-opera-tion among chemical organisations, the President and Council have authorised the issue of a leaflet referring to the Chemical Industry Club, with a view to directing the attention of Fellows and Associates to the facilities afforded by the Club to members of the profession of chemistry. Attention is directed to a recent publication by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers entitled "Some British Fine Chemicals" produced by members of the Association, copies of which can be obtained on application to the General Manager, A.B.C.M., I16 Piccadilly , London, W.I.The Association looks for the support of research chemists and other users of fine chemicals in their endeavours to build up and to maintain a successful fine chemical industry. The pamphlet does not contain a complete list of fine chemicals made in this country, but enumerates approximately 3,000 products of a section of the members of the Association. Sir Robert Hadfield has been awarded the Cross of the Legion of Honour by the French Government in recognition of his contributions to metallurgy. Mr. E. A. Manii has been elected a Member of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Australia for the City of Perth, Western Australia. Journal and Proceedings.-The Council cannot accept responsibility for the opinions expressed in papers and lectures reported in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,and publication does not signify endorsement of those opinions.41 January Examinations, 1926. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. An Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship was held at the Institute from 4th to 9th January, inclusive. Sixteen candidates were examined and seven passed :-Adams, Frederick William, School of the Pharmaceutical Society, and Chelsea Polytechnic Institute. Balmforth, Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.), Trained under G. E. Johnson, B.Sc., F.I.C., at the Municipal Technical College, Hull. Blood, John Walter, University College, Nottingham. Riley, Thomas, The University, Liverpool. Shipman, George Eric, B.Sc.(Lond.), Trained under G. E. Johnson, B.Sc., F.I.C., at the Municipal Technical College, Hull. Walton, Thomas, Municipal Technical School, Blackburn. Winterbottom, Edgar, B.Sc. (Manc.), The University, Manchester. Four candidates were referred in the translation of French and German technical literature only. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-In theoretical inorganic chemistry, there was one script of outstanding merit. With this exception, it was noteworthy that the more advanced questions were better answered than the elementary ones. Thus, in most of the answers to a question on nitrous anhydride there was not only a complete failure to grasp the point at issue, but also ignorance of elementary facts. As in previous examinations the answers to questions in physical chemistry were very unequal.In the practical inorganic exercises, the technique of the candidates was generally good. The methods of separation of lead and silver were not generally well chosen. The qualitative exercise was fairly well done; in two cases, exceptionally well done. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-There were no written papers of outstanding merit, although the majority of candidates’ answers were satisfactory. Very little was known concerning modern synthetic processes for producing methyl alcohol. Answers to the question on the chemical constitution of glucose and laevulose were often very hazy. The syntheses of certain organic compounds were better understood than the alternative 42 question on the use of three typical inorganic reagents in organic chemistry.In the practical examination, the results obtained in the quantitative estimation of lactose in solntion were, in the majority of cases, marred by arithmetical errors in calculation. In the organic practical work generally, it is worthy of note that the best results were obtained by the candidates whose benches were the tidiest during the two days’ work. The following paFers and exercises were set:- MONDAY, 4th JANUARY, 1926: 10 am. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Give a short account of the preparation and constitution of the polythionic acids. Describe in detail methods for the preparation of barium dithionate and sodium tetrathionate. 2. State the chief sources of potassium salts and describe the methods of extraction and purification. Give details of a method for the preparation of a specimen of potassium chloride containing less than 0.1 per cent.of impurities. 3. Give an account, from the historical point of view, of the develop- ment of the conception of valency. 4. Mention three industrial operations in which gas analyses form part of the routine of control. Outline suitable methods for each of the three operations you select and give full details for one case. 5. Write a short essay on either (a) The mass spectrograph, (b)The relation between magnetic susceptibility and chemical constitution, QL’ (c) Any recent work in inorganic or physical chemistry in which you are interested. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1.Review the experimental evidence for and against the view that the gas obtained by the interaction of arsenious oxide and nitric acid (S.G. 1-35) is nitrous anhydride, N,O,. 2. Give methods for the quantitative determination of either (a) molybdenum and tungsten, from a mixture of molybdenum and tungsten oxides, or (b) arsenic, antimony and tin, from an alloy con- taining other metals. Q3. Define K,Q,R, and” in tho van’t Hoeequation !!&?!!!-!!I dT = ------RT and give an outline of the proof (full proof not required). Give an account of some of the applications of this expression. 4. Describe the construction and use of tho hydrogen concentration cell and shew how it can be applied to the determination of the ionic product for water.5. Describe the sources, mode of extraction and purification of either (a)arsenious oxide, or (b) bismuth. 43 TUESDAY, 6th JANUARY, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Questions Nos. 6 and 6 are alternatives.) 1. What contributions to organic chemistry are associated with the names of the following chemists:-Bunsen, E. Frankland and V. Meyer. 2. Describe the methods now available for the large scale production of methyl alcohol. Outline TWO industrial processes in which this alcohol is used as a reagent. 3. What is implied by the term “quinone ? ” Describe the preparation of any TWO representative quinones. Indicate briefly why this group of substances is of interest in connexion with hypotheses concerning colour and chemical constitution.4. Write a concise essay of about 700 words on ONE of the following topics : (a)Dynamic isomerism, (b) Chemical constitution of glucose and laevulose. 5. Give an account of the production from natural sources and of the synthesis of any TWO of the following organic compounds : (a)nicotine, (b) citric acid, (c) caffeine, (d) adrenaline (suprarenine or epinephrine) or 6. Illustrate the employment in organic chemistry of the following inorganic reagents :-(a) thionyl chloride, (b) chlorosulphonic acid, (c)sodium hydrosulphite, NqS,O,. WEDNESDAY, 6th JANUARY, 1926: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Solution C contains an organic compound. Ascertain to which class of carbon derivatives it belongs and if possible, identify it.(Lactose). 2. Determine the amount of this organic compound in solution C oxpressing your result in grams per litre. THURSDAY, 7th JANUARY, 1926 : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Identify the two organic compounds which are the components of material D (D’: p-cresol and o-toluidine, Df’:m-cresol and p-toluidine. FRIDAY, 8th JANUARY, 1926: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Solution A contains a mixture of silver and lead nitrates. Determine the amount of each metal, expressing the result as grams of metal per 100 grams of solution. One of the metals (at choice of the candidate) is to be determined by two different methods. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow, but the methods proposed must be noti$ed to the examiner to-day.) SATURDAY, 9th JANUARY, 1926: 10 am. to 4.30 p.m..1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Report on the nature of sample B. (Barium sulphate, barium aluminate, and slight excess of barium hydroxide.) Candidates were also required to translate short passages from Chimie et Industrie and the Berzchte. 44 Obituary. FREDERIC BOWMANHUNGERFORD died at Manchester on the 28th May, 1925, in his 87th year. Born at Huddersfield, he was educated at Longfield Academy, Halifax, and proceeded in 1851 to Edinburgh Uni- versity. He then entered the Union Bank-now Lloyd’s Bank-where, in the course of time, he succeeded his father as managing director, and in 1893 was elected Chairman of the Mercantile Bank of Lancashire (now Lancashire and Yorkshire), of which he was one of the founders.From an early date in his career, he became interested in worsted spinning and devoted himself to researches which were subsequently incorporated in his publications on textile fibres,--especially cotton and wool,-which became recognised as standard works on the subject. In addition to an early book on Colour in Woven Design, his works include :-The Structure of the Cotton Fibre and its Relation to Technical Applications (19OS), and The Structure of the Wool Fibre and its Relation to the use of Woolfor Technical Purposes (1908).In 1865, jointly with his brothers, Malcolm and Henry. he founded the business of Messrs. Bowman Brothers, cotton spinners and doublers, at Range Royd Mill, and afterwards at Union and Lee Bank Mills.In 1886 he was selected by the Royal Commission of the Indian and Colonial Ex-hibition of South Kensington as the judge to report on the wools of the world which were then exhibited. In 1893, in association with Mr. Walter Thompson and others, he founded the firm of Bowman, Thompson & Co., Ltd., Chemical Manu- facturers, at Lostock Gralam, near Northwich. About ten years later these works were amalgamated with Messrs. Bmnner, Mond & Co., and he then practised in Manchester as a consulting chemical engineer, until his retirement in 1921. He was one of the founders of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and a pioneer in wireless t>elegraphy. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888.ALBERT TOMPKIN, who died suddenly on 9th January in his 41st year, was educated at the People’s College and University College, Nottingham. In 1901 he joined the staff of Messrs. Boots Pure Drug Company, Ltd., with whom he was engaged on analytical research work until 1915, when he was appointed head of the Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory of the Company, which position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. HEDLEY GEORGE WATTSwas drowned while bathing at St. Brelade’s Bay, Jersey, in August last, in his 32nd year. He was educated at the Royal Grammar School, Worcester, and in 1912 proceeded to Oxford University as a Natural Science Exhibitioner of Christ Church. There he remained for two years, taking second class honours in Mathematical Moderations in 1913, afterwards beginning to read chemistry for the Honours School of Natural Science.At the outbreak of war he imme- diately joined the 21st Royal Fusiliers (Public Schools Brigade), and shortly after obtained a commission in the King’s Liverpool Regiment. He served both in France and Salonika, where he was wounded. He was awarded the M.C. on 1st January, 1918. After demobilisation in 1919 he returned to Oxford and took a war degree in chemistry. He con- tinued working under Dr. F. D. Chattaway in the laboratory of Queens’ College, and was awarded the B.Sc. by research. Early in 1921, he was engaged on work under the Chemical Warfare Committee, War Office, and later was transferred to the Experimental Station at Porton, Wilts.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. 46 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:- “Benzene Derivatives, The Synthesis of.” S. C. Bate. Pp. xii. +229. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 21s. Hydrocarbons; nitro compounds; amines; diazo, etc., compounds; derivatives containing sulphur ; phenols; alcohols; aldehydes; ketones : aromatic carboxylic acids ; chlorides and anhydrides ; amides; esters ; nitrites ; triphenyl methane group. ‘I Industrial Chemistry, An Introduction to.” S. I. Levy. Introduction by Sir William Pope. Pp. xiii. +288. (London G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 15s.Process costing; laxge scalc operations; works equipment; a general survey of chemical industries; the fuel industries; sulphuric acid; the alkali industry; intermediates and explosives. “Organic Syntheses.” Edited by Carl S. Marvel. Pp. vii.+IIo. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 7s. 6d. An annual publication of satisfactory methods for the preparation of organic chemicals. “Physics, Introduction to Theoretical.” Arthur Haas, trans- lated from the 3rd and 4th editions by T. Verschoyle. Vol. 11. Pp. 414. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 21s. Part 111.: Atomic theory: the elementary quanta; theory of the hydro- gen atom; RiSntgen rays; theory of the elements; general theory of spectra and of atomic structure. Part IV. : Theory of Heat: Statistics; hhermodynamics.Part V.: Theory of Relativity : Special Theory ; theory of gravitation. ‘‘ Solvents in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, The Use of.” D. W. MacArdle. Pp. vii.+zIY. (London: Chapman & Hall Ltd.) 15s. lnorganic solvents; oreanic solvents for inorganic salts. The author deals with the following as solvents: alcohols, higher alcohols and ethers; organic acids, esters, ketones and bases, hydrocarbons, inert liquids, solid diluents. Special means of inducing crystallisation; salting out ; bibliography. 46 National Health Insurance. National Health Insurance Act, and Widows’, Orphans’, and Old Age Contributory Pensions Act.-The following information may be of interest to chemists whose salaries are not substantially higher than the limit of f1250 per annum prescribed by the National Health Insurance Act, 1924, *and the Widows’, Orphans’, and Old Age Contributory Pensions Act, 1925.An opportunity is afforded by the new Pensions Act to persons who are not normally affected by the provisions of the Act, to become contributors, in order to secure the benefits which are provided by the National Health Insurance and new Pensions Acts. Generally, the Widows’, Orphans’, and Old Age Contributory Pensions Act applies only to those persons who are insured under the National Health Insurance Act and to certain classes of persons who would be insured, but for a Certificate of Exception issued by the Ministry of Health to their employers.Fairly wide provision is made, however, in the Pensions Scheme, whereby persons who would otherwise be debarred from the privileges of the Pensions Act, may become voluntary con- tributors and thereby secure all the benefits of both schemes. A voluntary contributor is qualified to receive all the benefits of the Health and Pensions Acts, with the exception that if his total income exceeds per annum, he is not entitled to medical benefit (i.e. the free services of a medical man, and medicines) under the Health Act. In addition to the usual benefits under the National Health Insurance Act, many insured persons are entitled to additional benefits which are provided by their approved societies from surpluses which have been declared upon valuation of the societies. These additional benefits vary according to the particular society concerned, but generally include increases in the cash benefits, dental treatment and the provision of dentures, and optical treatment.The contribution to secure the benefits of the National Health Insurance and Contributory Pensions Schemes is IS. 6d. per week for men and IS. Id. per week for women, but where a person is disqualified to receive medical benefit by reason of income exceeding Ez50 per annum, the contribution is reduced by zd. per week. A person who is not compulsorily insured under the National Health Insurance Act may become a voluntary contributor, pro- vided one of the following conditions applies to him :-(a) That he has at some time since 15th July, 1912, been con- tinuously insured for 104 weeks under the National Health Insurance Act and has paid 104 contributions; (b) That he served in His Majestry’s Forces during the late War for a period of 104 weeks and was entitled to be insured under the National Health Insurance Act in respect of such service; (c) That he has been engaged in an “excepted ” employment for 104 weeks since 15th July, 1912; (d) That he has been engaged in an insurable employment for 104 weeks but did not pay contributions by reason of a Certificate of Exemption issued by the Minister of Health.Persons who are qualified under one of the above headings and desire voluntary insurance, must make application before 4th July, 1926.Such application may be made either to the Ministry of Health or to an Approved Society, but it is materially to the advantage of the applicant to join an Approved Society, as other- wise the full benefits of the National Health Insurance Act cannot be secured. Pension benefits are constant, whether the person contributes to an Approved Society, or through the Ministry of Health, but as regard the health benefits, persons contributing through the Ministry of Health can only receive in benefits the amount of con- tributions actually paid, whereas members of Approved Societies receive the full benefits of the National Health Insurance Act whatever the amount of contributions paid. Moreover, additional benefits are only available to members of an Approved Society.Chemists who desire further information are advised ta con-sult an approved Insurance Society. 48 “What the Manufacturer Expects of the Junior Chemist.” BY GUSTAVE J. LEMMENS. [A paper read before the Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London), on 28th Jawary, 1926.1 I CAN clear the ground on the subject on which I am asked to speak to you to-night by a negative proposition which the senior chemist will readily understand-and the more senior he becomes, if I may be allowed the barbarism, the better he will understand it-but which I fear the junior chemist does not usually appre- ciate. What the manufacturer wants last of all from the junior chemist, is chemistry. I mean lust, in point of time.If I am to commit myself to a definite statement as to the highest qualifications that an up-to-date employer wants most from a junior chemist entering his service, I think that I should give first place to that of a fast centre forward, or a tricky slow bowler who can deliver a ball with a leg or off break as he pleases; or, better still, that he shall be that very rare and self-sacrificing hero, a good club organiser. I assure you that I am not toying with cheap paradox, and that I mean it very seriously. But I admit that the onus of justification of making the proposition is on me. I suggest that the intelligent administrator wants from his staff, primarily, the qualifications which they are each individu- ally better qualified to fill than others.That, I think, we may take as axiomatic. This being so, it is fortunately not necessary for me to justify my first statement, because it has been laid down, by no less an authority than Prof. Armstrong, that few chemists know any chemistry, and none of them know anything else. Prof. Armstrong ought to know. I can only contribute the fact that I sat under him more years ago than I care to recall, and I certainly know none. Next, if an employer wants one or more junior chemists, we may postulate at least one senior chemist on his staff, and this presupposes an organisation of some magnitude. That being so, we may also assume the existence of some form of what is known nowadays as ‘‘welfare ” organisation,-some degree of 49 interest by the management, personal and material, in the social side of the lives of their employees.Now, it is a delicate subject in these days of unrest and censoriousness, but the occasion being privileged, we can frankly agree that a definite distinction exists in one respect between the operative and organising types of mind and temperament. Left to themselves, the ordinary rank and file will generally display little or no initiative in the organisation of their own athletic and social activities, and even when they do, it is evanescent, On the other hand, one of the many advantages of college train- ing, from which I am assuming that the junior chemist, who is our subject, has more or less recently emerged, is that it promotes certain special social qualities, and technical experience therein, that are essential for such work, as well as practical experience in some of the higher qualities that lubricate life,-self-sacrificing service, team-work, and esprit de corps.Who can contribute these better than the typical, or I trust typical, junior chemist? Of course, he must not be a “superior person” or a snob, and, to do him justice, he generally is not. One of the first things he learns in the practical rubbing shoulders with large staffs, is that there are far finer and more rigid distinctions of caste among the ranks below his than above it, which will enable him to view class distinctions from a new angle. I recollect being interested in my youth in considerable alterations being carried out on a large country house, requiring something like a hundred men, for whom messing arrangements had to be provided.It was found that these were rendered particularly complicated by the fact that the masons would not mess with the labourers, the plasterers with the masons, or the joiners with the plasterers; while the plumbers formed an aris- tocracy of their own. In organising the celebrations for the corning of age of the son of the house, a feast to the men brought them all together: they very kindly waived their class prejudices for the occasion, but retained their liberty to criticise each other’s table manners. I need not pursue this subject further, you will appreciate the implications without my dotting all the i’s and crossing the t’s; but there is a by-product of great practical and pro- fessional importance.It is still the fashion to some extent for the rest of the staff in a large organisation, including the management, to look somewhat askance at the laboratory. This is partly the fault of the critics and partly the fault of the chemists. Without 50 dwelling on details, I should like to point out that the chemical profession as a whole (and by chemical profession I mean, here, individual workers in laboratories as distinguished from the trade in chemical products), commands an aggregate fund of remuneration. This fund is quite elastic, and, independent of what any individual may be receiving at a given moment. This total fund is divided up among‘ the members of the profession, so that in the long run it affects the pockets of every individual directly, and indirectly, but not less surely, by pressure of corn- petition among them. Now, this fund will contract or expand according to the degree of popularity or unpopularity of the laboratory, and it is the duty and personal interest of every chemist to popularise his profession by fair means or foul. This is such an important point that I am going to use plainer language about it.The profession of chemistry, at any rate in the junior ranks, is, like all technically interesting and attractive professions , overcrowded. That is to say that the supply of qualified junior chemists is greater than the demand, and as an inevitable result the standard of remuneration of each individual, that is his market price, is adversely affected.This is not due to the greed of the management-that is a superstition-but to the competition among applicants for positions. For every junior chemist employed there are half-a-dozen anxious to get his job, not merely enviously keen to deprive him of it, but really needing it for the bare necessities of existence, if they are to become self- supporting citizens . Now, it is obviously more remunerative for each individual to help in extending the demand, and thus relieve the pressure, by popularising the laboratory, rather than by preoccupying him- self in keeping off his rivals with a stick.The best thing that chemists individually and collectively can do in their own personal interests is to enlarge the demand for their services by popularising themselves and their activities. The two ways of popularising the laboratory department are efficiency in its operation and the promotion of goodwill toward its personnel among the rest of the staff. The latter is best done from the bottom, by cultivating friendly relations with the workmen. Now, properly approached, this is extraordinarily easy. The efforts of professional agitators to sow dissension and discontent among working men is largely a failure. Anyimpression that may exist to the contrary is due to the fact that any success therein is recorded. It is “news,” whereas failure is 51 not, and remains unrecorded.The general run of workmen are personally first-rate fellows, as anyone who has had personal relations with them, judiciously exercised, will readily testify. Their leading characteristic is their readiness to meet one a good deal more than half way. If one is determined to be friendly and refuse to see indications of suspicion or standoffishness, these readily disappear and are replaced by cordiality. Once such relations are established, there is nothing in reason that you can ask of the average workman that he will not readily do for you. Inside the laboratory, the first function of a junior chemist is to qualify himself to be a senior chemist, and he will best achieve the necessary qualifications by carefully refraining from usurping the functions of the senior chemist.To round off this part of the story, I may trespass for a moment outside the region of my immediate subject and say that the most profitable effort of the senior chemist is to train his juniors to supplant him. Of course, if a senior chemist is uneasily conscious of the fact that he is not competent, or barely competent, to hold down his job, then he will jealously safeguard it by keeping his subor- dinates rigidly in their places and insisting on doing all the important work himself. In fact this is not a bad test of the quality of the senior chemist. But let not the junior chemist criticise his senior in this respect. Whatever he may fancy, he is not a reliable judge in the matter, being essentially biassed by his own immediate interests.It can be safely left to the employer who, by virtue of his position, has the necessary experience to size the matter up. One of the first things an intelligent employer learns is that a martinet is generally a fraud : it is the man who is sure of himself and his competence that can afford to be easy going, and his attitude will not be misunder- stood. If the senior chemist is a high grade man, with ambitions to fill higher posts than that of senior chemist, he will appreciate that his real interests lie in the maximum efficiency and productiveness of his department and not in his own narrow professional credit. The highest qualification that a man can have is efficiency in delegation.Carnegie attributed his material success in life to his capacity in choosing men who could do his work better than he could do it himself and letting them do it. But don’t let the junior chemist make the easy mistake of misinterpreting this. It is not his business officiously to usurp the functions of his seniors; the distinction lying in the fact that the choice of what shall be delegated lies with the senior and not with the junior. The latter has merely to do what he is told. This is the proper place to plant the platitude that the first qualification for positions of command is to learn how to obey. One cannot efficiently impose discipline on one’s subordinates until one has learnt to suffer its imposition oneself with equa- nimity.I don’t want to rub in the obvious unduly, but it is not merely a convention or a question of the privileged position of the senior, as some sufferers are inclined to imagine and resent. It is not that at all, but is based on solid practical grounds. The primary business of the senior in any staff, chemical or other, is allocation of work. But work is the primordial curse and not an end in itself, which, as far as the laboratory is concerned, is the collation, interpretation, and application of results. Now, if the juniors are going to exercise their own judgments as to whether and to what extent directions are to be carried out, the orderly collation and interpretation of results becomes impossible. The final responsibility is not the junior’s but the senior’s.The golden rule thus becomes the same as that in the merchant service at sea-“ Obey orders, though you break owners.” The natural corollary also follows-when the junior becomes a senior, he must impose the same obligation on his juniors. If he bears this in mind while he is a junior, he will find the unquestion- ing and implicit carrying out of orders easy and natural instead of being, as is too frequently the case, exceedingly irksome. The two leading direct demands that the management will make on the junior chemist’s work are reliability and speed. Here I have to emphasise by repetition what has, of course, been drummed into every junior chemist, and which I fear needs the emphasis, the distinction between reliability and accuracy ; and I am not going to content myself with the usual and simple distinction which asserts that reliability is accuracy to a sufficient degree for all practical purposes, while accuracy in itself is the carrying out of results to as many significant figures as possible.I say that such a statement, though usually accepted without challenge, is simply not true and is an ignorant misuse of language. Consider for a moment, an indicating instrument, such as a voltmeter, or a thermometer, as distinct from an integrating instrument, such as a gas meter. It will readily be seen that the above definition of accuracy is wholly inaccurate and means some- thing quite different,-namely, sensitiveness. You may be able to read an unusually sensitive thermometer to several significant 53 figures, and its calibration may, or may not, be accurate. But even if it is dead accurate, it by no means follows that ob- servations made with it are reliable.Many other conditions besides sensitiveness and accuracy enter into reliability. For example, a measurement of temperature of the contents of an ordinary standard beaker, made with a highly sensitive and accurate thermometer will be different from that made of the contents of a litre flask, because such a thermometer has always an abnormally high thermal capacity and of itself introduces a cooling or heating effect on the material under test. But both observations may be strictly accurate. Oh, I am fully aware that you know all about that as well as I do, or better; and it is not my present business to deliver a lecture on the technique of accuracy of measurement, but to emphasise the fact that reliability is quite a different matter, not in degree but in kind, from accuracy, and I am deliberately pursuing it in order to clear the ground for important points strictly relevant to my main subject.Now, manipulative accuracy is easy; junior chemists who can make routine determinations to a high degree of manipu- lative accuracy, are three-a-penny; but the man who can give you as good a result from one determination as from twenty, and takes the necessary precautions to ensure it, is a man. Take sampling. How few junior chemists really understand how to sample reliably! I know that there are certain standard rules about sampling, which are more or less followed, but re- liability calls for more than this, and, in real life, all the refine- ments in determinations are frequently vitiated by inefficient sampling.It will probably not have escaped you that the second re- quirement, that of speed, is promoted by reliability, as a by-product therefrom. If your results are reliable, repetitions and misconceived attempts to secure a higher order of accuracy by taking the mean of a number of unreliable determinations, with their accompanying consumption of time, are unnecessary. Perhaps one of the most useful faculties in securing reliability and speed, is a thorough understanding of the theory of errors and probabilities.The junior chemist should thoroughly grasp the significance and use, as working tools, of the average, the weighted average, the mean, arithmetic and geometric, the median and the mode. The practice, as a pastime, of analysis of the elements of error inherent in any determination, is a most useful exercise, not on its own account, but because it 54 will open up a wide field of information as to the direction in which special care must be taken and where it can be relaxed; will promote a special sense of estimating how largely any given factor looms in the final result. In the absence of this sense of faculty, one is apt to waste much time over some factors that matter little one way or the other. I am reminded of an incident in my young days.It has nothing whatever to do with our present subject, but may be illuminating as practical experience of the point. Its recollec- tion has many times prevented me from making mistakes in this matter. One August, our family party was making its annual exodus to the Highlands. On this occasion, we were rather a large party, and the number of our railway tickets was sufficient to secure certain privileges, including a saloon to ourselves with luggage compartment attached, worked through from Tunbridge Wells to Perth. We had my grandmother with us, a lady of advanced years and very frail, and one can imagine what the journey in a carriage attached to the Scotch express, wagging its tail at high speed would mean to her.So we arranged that if we arrived at Euston before the train was made up, we should be put in the middle of the train. If we arrived too late, we should have to be coupled on to the end. On going round London, we arrived somewhere about Addison Road, and there were boarded by an official, who asked what we were; on being told by the member of our party who had the organisation in hand, he said: “Then you’re a ‘special’,” and was told that he sup-posed that we might be called that. Whereupon he said that by arrangement with the station-master at Tunbridge Wells that our payment there included all charges up to Perth. The official retorted that what the station-master said did not interest him, but that it was his duty to collect from us as a special train.The argument went on fruitlessly for some time, until a retired naval officer took a hand, when it degenerated into an altercation, and we were told at last that unless we paid, we should be put into a siding until we did. We were then getting nervous that we should be too late at Euston, and my host asked me to try to get some sense into the official, but added “I’m not going to be bluffed into paying again.” I asked, “How much?” The official said: “One and ninepence.” I gave it to him in coppers, and we went on. I hope that what this incident implies is quite clear to you. It has been suggested to me that it may-not be, although I paid you the compliment of assuming that it is.But no harm 55 is done by rubbing it in, so I will remind you that every final result, in chemistry as in other activities, is built up of a number, sometimes a very large number, of factors, and in our efforts to achieve an optimum degree of reliability and accuracy, we are liable to spend an undue amount of time and attention on some of them which, in comparison with others, do not amount to anything. This not only leads to waste of time-and time is the most expensive material we use, and the one we use the most of- but it is apt to distract attention from, or crowd out, far more important elements in a result. It is useful, therefore, to take some considerable pains over surveying to what extent the various factors in a result loom in the total, and adjust the attention which we devote to them accordingly.Another useful aid to speed and reliability is strict standard- isation of method, even down to mimeographed forms for entry of observations. It is remarkable how methodical organisation of routine determinations simplifies them. The ingenious mind will even devise complex circular slide-rules which are easily made photographically. Such standardisation has special advantages of its own. In many routine determinations, such for example as moisture-content, it is far more important to establish the amount of successive variations from the normal, up or down, and whether, and ir, which direction, there is any tendency to change as succes- sive batches of product are turned out, or successive batches of supplies are received, than that the absolute figures should be known.That is to say, a constant error, due to method, is relatively unimportant so long as it is constant, and variations are reliably recorded. This is an aspect of discipline. If a junior chemist thinks that he knows a better way, he must confine himself to thinking so, and continue to employ the standardised method, until he can succeed in persuading the chief chemist to establish his method as the standard, but not till then. Apart from his daily routine, the junior chemist will do no good in life unless he gives his imagination free play. Pinero describes a financier as a pawnbroker with imagination: a chemist without a developed imagination will always remain in the pawnbroker class.But he must not let his imagination get mixed up with his daily routine, or his reliability and utility in his work will evaporate. He should also be an insatiable reader and "bung full" of curiosity, but his reading and curiosity, equally with his imagi- nation, must be under strict control and be directed to a definite 56 end, by which I do not mean narrow specialism but the avoid- ance of dilletanteism. It is an invaluable habit to record regularly the fruits of his reading and satisfied curiosity,-not in detail; because no mind but the narrowest will persevere against the tedium of making continuous records, although this tedium will be much mitigated by habit; but he should, so far as possible, make records of references to sources of information, which can be turned up when occasion arises,-a sort of mechanical memory, recollection without tears.It is a common experience for all of us that when we are suddenly confronted with a demand for knowledge or information, perhaps in urgent and important cir- cumstances,-such as a law suit ;we exclaim : “I remember I saw something about the very point somewhere, about three years ago, that interested me at the time, but I’m hanged if I can remember what or where it was.” No one can be expected to retain all the information that one acquires casually, but a very great deal can be done by maintaining a 5 by 3 card index, and carrying a loose-leaf pocket book with leaves of the same size, which can be detached and slipped among cards.Then there is the cultivation of the ancillary arts,-photo- graphy, microscopy and electrotechnics, and practice in mani- pulative ingenuity in glass-blowing, soldering and metal-and wood-working. All such matters depend, of course, largely on personal tastes; and there are others, such as statistical work, the cultivation of skill in the management and interpretation of graphs and charts, the working out of equations to curves, and the correction of recorded observations by the employment of the method of differences. These are not, I assure you, merely academic exercises, but they enable one to clothe the bare bones of recorded chemical facts with living tissue, and turn our daily drudgery into a fascinating reality.Can most of us look on our work as a leading grocer looks on his? A friend of mine, a director in a large concern, placed his son with a grocer to study the business, and, after the lad had been in the tea department for six months, meeting the employer one day casually in the street, my friend asked him how his son was shaping, and was told: “Very well indeed, he is a bright boy, and knows all there is to know about tea except the swank.’’ He asked: “If he can learn all about tea except the swank in six months, how long will it take him to learn the swank?” He was told: “The rest of his life. Tea is not a trade, it is a religion.” 57 The Register.At the meeting of Council held on zznd January, 1926, z Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 40 new Associates were elected, and 15 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost I Fellow and z Associates by death. New Fellows. Cadman, William Henry, B.Sc. (Wales), c/o The Anglo-Persian Oil Co., Ltd., Masjidi-i-Suleiman, Via Mohammerah, Persian Gulf. Elworthy, Reginald Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Mines Branch, Department of Mines, Ottawa, Canada. New Associates. Babiak, Miss Jane, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Blackstock Road, Finsbury Park, London, N.4. Banks, Reginald Joseph Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 92, Gladstone Avenue, Manor Park, London, E.12. Bell, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Edwy Parade, Gloucester. Benson, Donald, B.Sc. (Manc.), 31, Greenwood Avenue, Blackpool.Berry, Harold, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 45, Sydney Road, Steel Bank, Sheffield. Britnell, Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Osterley Avenue, Isleworth. Clapham, Joseph Edward, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), Messrs. Joseph Storey & Co., Ltd., Heron Chemical and Colour Works, Lancaster. Collin, Miss Ella Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Leamington Gardens, Seven Kings, Ilford, Essex. Crerar, Percy Robertson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 88, Florence Road, Stroud Green, London, N.4. Evans, Arthur Burke Agard, B.Sc. (Birm.), M.Sc. (McGill), 39, Upland Road, Selly Park, Birmingham. Fell, Edward Albert, A.R.C.S., 1, Cautley Avenue, Clapham Common, London, S.W.4. Fife, James George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Warwick Road, Wanstead, London, E.ll. Goldstein, Maurice Edward, B.Sc.(Lond.), 46, St. Paul’s Avenue, Cricklewood, London, N.W.2. Harding, Arthur Jacob Immins, M.Sc.(Birm.), Ratcliffe House, The Fosse, Syston, nr. Leicester. Harris, Miss Eileen Winifred, B.Sc. (Birm.), 37, Cambridge Road, King’s Heath, Birmingham. Howlett, John, B.Sc. (Liv.), 9, Larnach Road, Hammersmith, London, W.6. Jones, Edward Emlyn, B.Sc. (Wales), Eastwood, Elmtree Avenue, Aberystwyth.JJoyd, William Vivian, R.Sc. (Wales), Caer-Bryn House, Tondu, Aberkenfig, Bridgend, Glam. Lorimer, Henry, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 90, Buccleuch Street, Garnethill, Glasgow. Maclagan, Noel Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Vereker Road, West Kensington, London, W.14. Morgan, Walter Thomas James, M.Sc. (Lond.), 171, Kensington Avenue, Manor Park, London, E.12.58 Mowat, Duncan Mackay, B.Sc. (Glas.), 785, Main Street, Carlton, Notthgham.Peek, Reginald John, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Mrs. Eolmes, 21, Woodbrooke Road, Bournville, Birmingham. Peel, John Buttery, B.Sc. (Dun.), 2, Chesterfield Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Rawson, Arthur Edward, M.Sc. (Birm.), 477, Redding’s Lane, Had1 Green, Birmingham.Shop ee, Charles William, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., gepartment of Organic Chemistry, The University, Leeds. Snelson, Francis William, A.R.C.S., 40, Manor Road, Richmond, Surrey. Taylor, Albert Edward, B.Sc. (Wales), 5, Morgan Street, Llanbradach, Glam. Turner, Harold Augustus, M.Sc. (Sheff .), 6, Coverdale Road, Millhouses, Sheffield. Vaughan, Ernest James, M.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 3, Church Terrace, Lewisham, London, S.E.13. Walker, Oswald James, Ph.D., B.So. (Edin.), 23, Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh.Watkin, Job Elphin, B.Sc. (Wales), Golfa, Alexandra Road, Aberystwyth. Welch, Kenneth Norman, B.Sc. (Dun.), The Hollies, Westfield Drive, Gosforth, Newcastle-on-Tyne. New Associates (by examination), Adams, Frederick William, Woodcote, Southfield Park, Pinner. Balmforth, Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond,), Clifton Villa, South Street, Cotting- ham, Yorks. Blood, John Walter, Market Place, Bingham, Notts. Riley, Thomas, 70, Brownlow Hill. Livwpool. Shipman, George Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 278, Cottingham Road, Hull. Walton, Thomas, 492, Whalley New Road, Blackburn. Winterbottom, Edgar, B.Sc. (Mane.), Dunheved College, Launceston , Cornwall.New Students. Black, Raphael, 34, Park Street, Cheetham, Manchester. Davidson, William, 28, Stuart Avenue, Scotstoun, Glasgow. Endersbee, William Thomas, 4, Wilmington Gardens, Barking, Essex. Huelin, Frank Edwin, Darlington, Western Australia. Hutcheson, William Bell, 15, Radnor Street, Clydebank, Glasgow . Isaac, Sidney Thomas, 1, Dillwyn Square, Brynhyfryd, Swansea. Kent, Cyril Roy, Kenny Street, Bassendean, Western Australia. Lockie, Miss Grace Eleanor, 34, Plato Road, Brixton, London, S.W.2 Mackie, Alexander, 25, East Trinity Road, Leith. Middleton, Arthur vlrilliam, 27, St. Bernard’s Road, East Ham, London, E.0. Mitchell, William Brockie, clo Mrs. Campbell, 82, Marchmont Crescent, Edinburgh.Rowland, William Weir, 10, Wardie Avenue, Edinburgh.Seal, Eli, 118, High Street, Swansea. Snellgrove, Frederic Mortimer, 69, Palace Road, Tulse Hill, London, S.W .?. Taylor, James Luke McLaren, Dalnaglar, Comrie Road, Crieff. DEATHS. Fellow. Frederic Hungerford Bowman. Associates. Albert Tompkin.Hedley George Watts, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.). 59 General Notices. Examinations in 1926.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1926 are as follows:- Dates of Exams. Entries close. 19th to 24th April, 1926. Monday, 15th Feb., 1926. OY 26th April to 1st May, 1926. 20th to 25th Sept., 1926. Monday, 19th July, 1926. 0~27th Sept. to and Oct., 1926. Copyright.-A lecture will be given at the Institute on Friday, the 12th March, at 8 p.m., by Mr.E. J. MacGillivray, Barrister-at-law, on Copyright, with special reference to scientific and technical papers and publications, the President in the chair. The lecture will be open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students and Members of other Chemical Bodies. Noticeto Associates.-Associates elected priortoFebruary, 1923, who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months.Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, 60 and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library,-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m.on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.1, except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesel1schaft.- The Council will be grateful to any member who will assist in making up the Institute’s set of the Berichte for the years I924 and 1925 and since. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. 2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal.61 Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19. Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms:-Buckram case, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. gd. ; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern SIides for Lect u res.-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose. The collection already includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists. These have been found useful lately by members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry Fourteen slides have been presented recently by Mr.Fred Scholefield. Sir Geopge Beilby Memorial.-A Joint Committee of Officers and representatives of the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Metals, and the Society of Chemical Industry has issued an appeal for funds and particulars of a proposal for the establishment of a memorial to the late Sir George Beilby. With the concurrence of the Councils of the three bodies- of each of which Sir George was a past-president-the appeal has been issued for subscriptions towards a fund from which, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, substantial sums will be awarded to mark appreciation of a record of distinguished work in science, bearing in mind the special interests of Sir George Beilby, viz., applied chemistry, chemical engineering and metallurgy.The proposal does not imply an award on the result of a competition for work on a set theme or the solution of a definite scientific problem, but the recognition of work of exceptional merit. The Joint Committee hopes to raise a sum of not less than -&ooo-providing an income of about -&so a year for awards. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy and Mr. John Fry haveconsented to act as Honorary Treasurers. The Secretaries of the three co-operating bodies have been appointed Honorary Secretaries, with the Registrar and Secretary of the Institute of Chemistry as convener. Contributions may be addressed to the Hon.Secretaries Beilby Memorial Fund, 30, Russell Square, London, 1V.c.1. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, I914-1 918. The list of contributors published at the close of 1925 should have included the following :-Annual Subscribers: T. M. Lowry and D. H. Peacock; Subscribers: T. C. Humphreys and J. M. Ogilvie. The contribution from the staff of the British Association of Research for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar, Confectionery and Jam Trades, which was erroneously entered under a single name, was received from the following:--L. E. Campbell, 6.L. Clothier, A. G. Coulson, C. L. Hinton, S.G. Kendrick, and T. Macara. The subscribers to the contribution from the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section were :-E. Anderson, W. 31.Ames, A. A. Boon, L. G+ Brown, J. A. Burns, A. M. Cameron, W. T. Dow, junr., E. V. Ellis, L. Fletcher, C. Forrester, N. T. Hay, M. Howie, J. W. Ingham, A. Lauder, B. D. W. Luff, R. Moyes, A. McGill, J. A. Robertson, Sir James Walker, J. A. Watson, H. E. Watt, W. A. Williams, and W. T. H. Williamson. Contributions may be forwarded to The HOG. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT FUND,INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, W.C. 1.LONT)ON, LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Birmingham and Midlands : Dr. W.J. Hickinbottom, A.I.C., 142, Albert Road, Stechford, Birmingham.Bristol and South-Western A. W. M. TVintle, F.I.C., 170, NewbridgeCounties : Road, St. Anne’s Park, Bristol. Cape of Good Hope : Dr. C. F. Juritz, M A., F.I.C., Department of Agriculture, Cape Town. Edinburgh and East of J. W. Ingham, M.Sc., F.I.C., Dept. of Scotland : Chemistry,Heriot -1Vatt College,Edinburgh Glasgow and West of Dr. W. M. Cumming, F.I.C., Royal Technical Scotland : College, Glasgow. Huddersfield : Percy Calam, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C., 4, Hillside Avenue, Fartown, Huddersfield. Ireland (Belfast) : J. C. A. Brierley, M.Sc., F.I.C., Broadbent, North Circular Road, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Belgrave Road, Dublin, beds Area: H. J. Hodsman, M.B.E., IcI.Sc., F.I.C., Dept. of Fuel, The University, Leeds.Liverpool and North- John Hanley, F.I.C, 7, University Road, Western : Bootle, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern E. B. Hughes, M.Sc., F.I.C., c/o The Institute Counties : of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, w.c.1. Marichester and District : Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle-on-Tyne and F. H. Walker, B.Sc., A.I.C., 17, Chester North-East Coast : Street, Newcast1e-on-Tyne. South Wales: Dr. A. G. Ramsay, A.I.C., 4, Hawthorne Avenue, Uplands, Swansea. Malaya : Morris Jamieson, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C., Government Analyst’s Department,Singapore, Straits Settlements. New Zealand: W. Rest Mummery, F.I.C., Box 2, Aramoho, Wanganui, Axkland, New Zealand. Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London).Hon. Secretary, FRANKE. JOSELIN,B.Sc., 86, Pendle Road, Streatham, S.W.16. Publications of the Institute Copies of the following publications of the Institute are now obtainable at the prices indicated below :-HISTORYOF THE INSTITUTE,1877-1914. Special Edition. 219. LECTURES: “Cement.” Bertram Blount, F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “Cellu!ose.” C. F. Cross, B.Sc.. F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “Some Scientific Aspects of Tanning.” J. T. Wood, F.I.C. 2s. Bd. net. “ Modern Applications of Chemistry to Crop Production.” Sir E. J. Russell, O.B.E., F.R.S. 2s. net. “Chemists and the Patent Laws.” Horatio Ballantyne, F.I.C. 2s. net. “Some Aspects of the Law of England affecting Chemists.” E. J. MacGillivray, Barrister-at-Law. 29. net. “The Progress of Chemistry in Public Affairs.” J.T. Dunn, D.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. net. “Chemistry as a Career.” A Synopsis of Lectures given by the Registrar 1921-1923. 2s. net. “The Influence of Chemical Research on Medicine and Forensic Medicine. Sir William H. Willcox, K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G., M.D., F.I.C. 2s. net. “Notes on Contracts of Service.” G. S. W. Marlow, B.Sc., F.I.C., Barrister-at-Law. 2s. net. “Copyright : with special reference to Scientific Papers and Publice- tions.” E. J. MacGillivray, Barrister-at-Law. 29. net. FOR THE ADMISSIONOF STUDENTS, ASSOCIATES REGULATIONS AND FELLOWS.Gratis. PROCEEDINGS(prior to 1920). Four Parts annually. 1s. net. AND PROCEEDINGSJOURXAL (1920 and after). Six Parts annually. 29. each net. EXAMINATIONPAPERS.Annual Sets (prior to 1917), 6d. each (7d. by post). After 1917, Is., post free. OFFICIAL CHEMICAL APPOINTMENTS.5th Edition, 1924. 59. net. (To Registered Students, 2s.) OF FELLOWS,ASSOCIATESREGISTER AND STUDENTS,1926. 69.net. ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS.-The terms for advertisements in the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on applicationto the Registrar. The circulation is approximately 6000-chiefly to analytical, con-sulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry. The advertisement pages are ofrered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware, porcelain, and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally ; also to publishers of scientific books and to booksellers.Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9265000001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1926

数据来源: RSC

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THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 7 877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1926. PART 11. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, vCT.C.1,LONDON, April, 1926. Publications Committee, 1926-27 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), G. G. HENDERSON (President), H. C. L. BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, J. C. DRUMMOND. W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, C. A. F. HASTILOW, I. M. HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer). A. W. KNAPP. W. H. LEWIS. THOMAS MACARA, B. G. McLELLAN. L. G. PAUL, L. G. RADCLIFFE. FRANK SOUTHERDEN. LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL For the Year ending 1st March, 1927.PRESIDENT: . GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, D.Sa., LL.D., F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS : EDWARD CHARLES CYRIL BALY, C.B.E., M.Sc., F.R.S. EDWARD RICHARDS BOLTON. ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S. HAROLD GOVETT COLMAN, D.Sc., Ph.D. THOMAS SLATER PRICE, O.B.E., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S. EDWARD WILLIAM VOELCKER, A.R.S.M. HON. TREASURER: PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: FRANCIS WILLIAM FREDERICK ARNAUD : (MAIDSTONE).HUGH CHARLES LOUDON BLOXAM : (NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE).ARTHUR JENNER CHAPMAN: (LONDON). GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., Ph.D., M.P. : (CHESTER).JOHN WILLIAM COBB, C.B.E., B.Sc.: (LEEDS).*WALTER HENRY COLEMAN: (GLASGOWAND W. OF SCOTLAND),WILLIAM MURDOCH CUMMING, D.Sc. : (GLASGOW)."FRANKLAND DENT, Ph.D., M.Sc.: (OVERSEASDOMINIONS,EMPIREOF INDIA,AND ABROAD).*LEONARD DOBBIN, Ph.D. : (EDINBUROHAND E. OF SCOTLAND).JACK CECIL DRUMMOND, D.Sc. : (LONDON).BERNARD DYER, D.Sc. : (LONDON).ALFRED VINCENT ELSDEN, B.Sc. : (WOOLWICH).*HERBERT JOHN EVANS, B.Sc. : (LIVERPOOLAND NORTH WESTERN). *WILLIAM ROBERT FEARON, M.A., Sc.D.: (IRISHFREESTATE).ARTHUR GORDON FRANCIS, B.Sc. : (LONDON).THOMAS GRAY, D.Sc., Ph.D., LL.D. : (GLASGOW).RICHARD HENRY GREAVES, DSc.: (WOOLWICH).*CYRIL ALEXANDER FREDERICK HASTILOW, M.Sc ., B.Corn. : (BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS).*ERNEST MOSTYN HAWKINS: (LONDONAND S.E. COUNTIES).ISIDOR MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., D.Sc., Ph.D.: (LIVERPOOL).EDWARD HINKS, M.B.E., B.Sc.: (LONDON).ARTHUR WILLIAM KNAPP, B.Sc.: (BIRMINGHAM).WILLIAM HENRY LEWIS, M.A. : (EXETER).THOMAS MACARA: (LONDON).BASIL GORDON McLELLAN: (YoRK)."SAMUEL ERNEST MELLING : (MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT),ROBERT SELBY MORRELL, M.A., Ph.D.: (WOLVERHAMPTON).*LEWIS GORDON PAUL, Ph.D. : (NORTH-EASTCOASTAND YORKSHIRE).FRANK LEE PYMAN, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S. : (MANCHESTER).LIONEL GUY RADCLIFFE, M.Sc.Tech. : (MANCHESTER).ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDEAL, M.B.E., D.Sc., B.A.: (CAMBRIDGE).WILLIAM RINTOUL, O.B.E.: (ARDROSSAN).FRED SCHOLEFIELD, M.Sc. : (MANCHESTER).*CLARENCE ARTHUR SEYLER, B.Sc. : (WALESAND MONMOUTHSHIRE).ARTHUR SLATOR, D.Sc., Ph.D. : (BURTON-ON-TRENT).*FRANK SOUTHERDEN, B.Sc. : (BRISTOLAND S.W. COUNTIES).JOCELYN FIELD THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.: (LONDON).JAMES FOWLER TOCIEER, D.Sc.: (ABERDEEN).*JOSEPH HAROLD TOTTON, B.A., B.Sc.: (NORTHERNIRELAND). *District Member. 66 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1926: APRIL 30~~. 1926: NOVEMBER 19~~. MAY 21s~. DECEMBER 17~~. JUNE 18~~. 1927: JANUARY 21ST. JULY 23~~. JANUARY 28~~. OCTOBER 22~~. FEBRUARY 18~~. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: TUESDAY, 1ST MARCH, 1927. CENSORS: 1926-1927: THE PRESIDENT, ex-oflcio. ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S. SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S. GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, K.B.E., n.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1926-27. CHAIRMAN * FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH E. R. BOLTON, ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, G. C. CLAYTON, HAROLD G. COLMAN, F. DENT, A. V. RLSDEN, R. H. GREAVES, E.M. HAWKINS, E. HINKS, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY*, THOMAS MACARA, J. F. THORPE, AND E. W. VOELCKER. GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE: Tm PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH F. W. F. ARNAUD, E. R. BOLTON*, 0. C. CLAYTON, F. DENT, B. DYER, W. R. FEARON, T. GRAY, E. M. HAWKINS, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, A. W. KNAPP, R. S. MORRELL, F. L. PYMAN, E. K. RIDEAL, W. RINTOUI; J. F. TOCHER, J. H. TOTTON, AND E. W. VOELCKER. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT" AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. (Vice-Chairman: PATRICK H. KIRKALDY .) PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. C. L. BLOXAM, ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, J. C. DRUMMOND, W. R. FEARON, R. H.GREAVES, C. A. F. HASTILOW, I. M. HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, A. W. KNAPP, W. H. LEWIS, T. MACARA, B. G. McLELLAN, L. G. PAUL, T. SLATER PRICE*, L. G. RADCLIFFE, AND F. SOUTHERDEN. 67 SPECIAL COMMITTEES, 1926-27. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, THE HON. TREASURER*, THE: FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, WITH A. COULTHARD (MANCHESTER),W. M. CUMMING (GLASGOW), LEONARD DOBBIN (EDINBURGH), W. H. GIBSON (BELFAST), C. A. F. HASTILOW (BIRMINGHAM), A. G. G. LEONARD (DUBLIN), R. D. LITTLEFIELD (BRISTOL), W. McD. MACKEY (LEEDS), B. G. McLELLAN, S. E. MELLING, L. G. PAUL (HUDDERSFIELD), G. H. PERRY, C. PROCTOR, F. SCHOLEFIELD, H. SILVESTER, C. J. H. STOCK (NEWCASTLE), G. TATE (LIVERPOOL), G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTH WALES), AND 0.TRIGGER (LONDON). In the case of Section representatives, the names of their respective towns or districts are inserted. PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH F. W. F. ARNAUD, H. C. L. RLOXAM, E. R. BOLTON*, A. CHASTON CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, C. R. CRIBB, F. DENT, J. T. DUNN, B. DYER, A. V. ELSDEN, H. J. EVANS, L. EYNON, A. G. FRANCIS, E. M. HAWKINS. E. HINKS, G. N. HUNTLY, S. E. MELLING, A. MORE, G. H. PERRY, J. C. PHILIP, P. A. ELLIS RICHARDS, W. H. ROBERlS, C. A. SEYLER, H. SILVESTER, A. SMITHELLS, C. J. H. STOCK, G. RUDD THOMPSON, J. F. THORPE, J. F. TOCHER, E. W. VOELCKER, AND J. A. VOELCKER. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: THE PRESIDENT*, WITH J. E. COATES, PATRICK H.KIRKALDY, G. T. MORGAN, 'R.H. PICKARD, T. SLATER PRICE, L. G. RADCLIFFE, AND ARTHUR SMITHELLS (Vice-Chairman). REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON THE SIR GEORGE BEILBY MEMORIAL COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH A. CHASTON CHAPMAN, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, E. C. C. BALY, E. R. BOLTON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, T. SLATER PRICE, ARTHUR SMITHELLS, AND E. W.VOELCKER. SPECIAL COMMITTEE re APPOINTMENTS REGISTER: THE PRESIDENl, WITH E. R. BOLTON", A. V. ELSDEN, L. EYNON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, B. D. PORRITT, W. RINTOUL, P. SCHOLEFIELD, AND J. F. THORPE. SPECIAL COMMITTEE re REGISTRATION : THE PRESIDENT*, THE VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND THE HONORARY TREASURER, WITH ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, G. C. CLAYTON, J. C. DRUMMOND, A. V. ELSDEN, H. J. EVANS, C.A. F. HASTILOW, E. M. HAWKINS, I. M. HEILBRON, S. E. MELLING, F. L. PYMAN, W. RINTOUL, AND F. SCHOLEFIELD. 68 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1926-27. Chairman: THE PRESIDENT. Three Representatives of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. Examiners for the Associateship : GEORGE NEVILL HUNTLY, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., D.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.S. Examzners for the Pellowship: Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., D.Sc. (Lond.); WILLIAM HENRY MERRETT, A.R.S.M. Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: JAMES CHARLES PHILlP, O.B.E., M.A., D.Sc. (Aberd.), F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: FRANCIS E. FRANCIS, D.Sc. (Vict.), Ph .D . (Erlangen). Branch AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: HENRY ALLEN DUG-DALE NEVILLE, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc.(Lond.). Branch E .-THE CHEMISTRY(including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs and of Water: WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, MSc. (Vict.). Branch F.-BIOLOCICAL CHEMISTRY, FERMENTATION,BACTERIOLOGY, AND ENZYMEACTION:HENRY STANLEY RAPER, C.B.E., D.Sc. (Leeds), M.B., Ch.B. (€.$?.%%.)-THERAPEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY, AND MICROSCOPY: SIR FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS, D.Sc. (Lond.), M.B. (Lond.), F.R.S. Branch G.-CHEMICAL ENGINEERING. As required. Branch H.-GENERAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. The Board. HON. AUDITORS : 1926-27. WALTER PIERPOINT HARMSWORTH AND CHARLES EDWARD BARRS. AUDITOR : 1926-27. DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant.. SOLICITORS : MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 6, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2.BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C.l. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., ChaTtered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY : RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (Cantab.), F.T.C. Forty-Eighth Annual General Meeting. MONDAY, 1st MARCH, 1926. THEForty-Eighth Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C., on Monday, 1st March, 1926, at 4.30 p.m., Prof. G. G. Henderson (President) in the chair. PRESENTATIONOF MELDOLAMEDAL. The President, having welcomed Mrs. Meldola, said that before the formal business of the meeting, he had a very pleasant duty to discharge, namely, to present to Dr.Henry Phillips the Meldola Medal for 1925. He need hardly remind the members that the Medal was the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans, and was awarded by the Council of the Institute with the concurrence of that Society. It was hardly the time, even if he felt qualified, to undertake the task of discussing the work done by Dr. Phillips: he would merely say that the Council was very favourably im- pressed by the quality of the work described in his published papers, particularly those investigations on the dependence of rotatory power on chemical constitution, on his discovery of a new type of optically active sulphur compounds, and the for- mulation of what he believed was a new hypothesis with regard to the asymmetry of certain atoms. The medal was given in memory of a distinguished President of the Maccabaean Society, who was also a former president of the Institute, the late Professor Meldola.Very wisely, the competition for the medal was restricted to young chemists. The significance of the restriction seemed to be that the medal was intended not so much as a reward for work already accomplished, but as an encouragement to the recipient to pursue the course on which he had already entered; and in that sense he had very great pleasure in handing to Dr. Phillips the medal, and in congratulating him very heartily on his success, and wishing him all encouragement and prosperity in his future course as an investigator. Dr. Henry Phillips thanked the Council of the Institute and the Society of Maccabaeans for the great honour which 70 they had conferred upon him.He thought it was rather a happy coincidence that his work was done at a Polytechnic, while he was receiving grants from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. It was an instance of the success which had followed the adoption of the policy which Professor Meldola himself advocated,-the encouragement of the research spirit in the technical schools and institutes of the country- (hear, hear)-and the subsidy of research by maintenance grants from the Government. He wished to express his indebtedness to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and also to Dr. Kenyon, the Head of the Chemical Department of Battersea Polytechnic, for his encouragement, because he had done so much to introduce the research spirit into the Poly- technic.He regarded the Medal not so much as a reward for work already accomplished as an incentive to future work. (Hear, hear.) The Minutes of the 47th Annual Meeting having been read and confirmed, the President said the next item of business was to receive and consider the annual accounts, and the report of the Auditors. ANNUALACCOUNTS. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treasurer, in moving that the Annual Accounts be received and adopted, remarked that there was very little to say on the accounts beyond what already appeared in the Report, but he would mention one or two matters of interest. There was the question of financing local sections, which had been put on a broader basis than formerly.Up to the present year the local sections had received a capitation grant of 2s. 6d. per head for every active member in the section. By an active member was meant a member who had signified to the Secretary of the local section his desire to become a member of the section. The Council thought that all members of the Institute should be interested, or should be entitled to participate, in the activities of the local sections, and therefore provided a grant of 2s. 6d. a head for every member resident in the district of each section. The sections undertook to circularise all the members resident in their respective districts, so that every member might be kept fully aware of their activities. Many of the local sections had levied local subscriptions, but under the new arrangement the local subscription could be dispensed 71 with; so that this represented a small saving to those who had been hitherto called active members.In several directions savings had been effected compared with the previous year. On the other hand, the receipts for the Appointments Register had diminished by a sum of E5o. That was not entirely repre- sented by a decrease in unemployment, although there was undoubtedly less unemployment than there had been at that time last year. The Council felt that the Appointments Register should be put at the disposal of members out of work at the lowest possible cost, and it had done what it could to reduce the cost to such members.It was proposed to spend more on advertising the Appointments Register in trade journals and such periodicals, and it was hoped that the extra expenditure would be justified by the results. Turning to the Report on the Benevolent Fund, it would be noticed that the amount of the contributions in I925 showed a marked increase over those of 1924, and that was a very gratifying fact. It appeared irom the figures in the first week or two of this year that there was going to be a similar increase, but un- fortunately that had not proved to be the case. Comparing the receipts for the first two months of the present year, with the first two months of last year, it was found that about L150less had been received in the present year. He strongly urged mem- bers who had not done so, and who could do so, to remember the Fund, and make it quite clear that the falling off was only a temporary one.It had been possible to put enough to the capital fund to enable the Committee to elect the first annuitant who was receiving LIper week. That was only a start, and he hoped as years went on, if the need for such annuities increased, it would be possible to give them. At the present time the Fund was assisting substantially several members who were in need, and in addition was assisting three widows of members who had been left with very slender resources and with families of young children to support. He thought he had said enough to show that the Fund was doing not only good work, but much needed work, and he was sure he could safely leave it in the hands of the members to supply the sinews of peace.In closing, he wished to express his indebtedness to his colleagues on the Finance Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee, and especially to thank those members who, under the rules of the Institute, had to retire. He was very grateful to them for the help they had given, and he was very sorry that their co-operation was to 72 cease, at any rate for a time. He should also like to thank Mr. Pilcher for all he had done during the year for him, and also to thank Mr. Aiken, the accounts clerk. Finally, in moving the reception and adoption of the accounts for 1925,he would like to ask the members to accord their very hearty thanks to the Honorary Auditors, Mr.Abell and Mr. Francis, for their services in auditing the accounts. Mr. C. E. Barrs seconded the motion. The President, having asked whether any member wished to raise any question on the accounts before the motion was put to the meeting,- Mr. A. Chaston Chapman said with reference to the Benevolent Fund it seemed to him that the funds received, having regard to the importance of chemistry as a profession, were inadequate. Of course, they had to cut their suits according to their cloth, and perhaps they had done a great deal; but he thought they ought to be in a position to do a great deal more. It was a question for all the members, and, having regard to the fact that there were nearly 5000 members, each member might be expected to contribute half-a-crown a year, which would produce an income of L600 or more, or if each member contributed 5s. it would produce an income of LIZOOa year.He did not believe that there was any Fellow or Associate to whom it would be a serious hardship to ask him to pay an additional half-crown or 5s. each year. That would not prevent the flow of the larger sums; those who were contributing larger sums would continue to do so, and those sums might be put to capital account from which a certain amount of income could be derived or used in the case of emergency. He congratulated the Honorary Treasurer on the statement of accounts. (Hear, hear.) The motion for the adoption of the accounts was carried unanimously. The President said that every member felt very greatly indebted to the Honorary Treasurer for his work on behalf of the Institute, and also thanked the Honorary Auditors for their services.Mr. C. T. Abell, in responding to the vote of thanks to the Auditors, said that, as he was retiring from the office, he would 73 like to say that it had been a real pleasure to him to serve, partly because the work more or less appealed to him, and partly because it had been a pleasure to be brought in contact with those who had to deal with the business of the Institute. He would like to thank them for their kindness to him, and also the Registrar and his staff for their readiness to give all the assistance that was necessary.The way in which any enquiry he wished to make was welcomed appealed to him as being exceptional, and it was something for which any Auditor would be grateful. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The President moved “that the Report of the Council for the year ending 1st March, 1926, be received and adopted.” (For the President’s Address, see pp. 77-86.) Mr. Andrew More, in seconding the motion, also moved that the thanks of the meeting be accorded to the President for his address, with the request that he be asked to allow it to be printed in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.He remarked that the Council still appeared to be troubled with the distinctions between Fellows and Associates, and the difficulty of framing a hard-and-fast regulation in raising Associates to Fellowship. With regard to the Benevolent Fund, he suggested that a special letter should be sent to all members of the Institute asking them to subscribe to the Benevolent Fund.The President said the Report of the Council was open for discussion. Mr. W. T. Burgess, in supporting the motion for its adoption, also thanked the President for his address, and expressed the hope that he would allow it to be printed in the Journal. Mr. C. E. Barrs drew attention to the resignation of 40 Associates, and asked how that number compared with the resignations in previous years. pj The President said the number of resignations of Associates received during the past year was considerably higher than might be considered normal, and for this reason he had thought it desirable to draw special attention to it.He thought it was explained very largely by the fact that many had experienced difficulty in finding occupations in chemistry. The motion was carried unanimously. 74 REPORTOF SCRUTINEERS. The Registrar read the Report of the Scrutineers, and the President declared the officers elected, as follows :-President: G. G. Henderson (838). Vice-Presidents: E. C. C. Baly (834), E. R. Rolton (831), A. Chaston Chapman (830), T. Slater Price (830), H. G. Colman (828), E. W. Voelcker (828). Hon. Treasurer: Patrick H. Kirkaldy (839). The number of valid votes cast for the General Members of Council was 841.The General Members of Council were declared elected as follows :-I. M. Heilbron (601), Wm. Rintoul (581), J. F. Thorpe (577), G. C. Clayton (567), F. L. Pyman (562), F. Scholefield (544), J. Mi. Cobb (530),W. M. Cumming (529), R. S. Morrell (525), Thomas Gray (517), A. W. Knapp (514), J. C. Drummond (506),Bernard Dyer (504), A. V. Elsden (499), Arthur Slator (491), B. G. McLellan (488), E. K. Rideal (485),IT. C. L. Bloxam (469), W. H. Lewis (467), R.H. Greaves (462), A. J. Chapman (456), Thomas Macara (455), L. G. Radcliffe (434), F. W. F. Arnaud (425),A. G. Francis (413),J. F. Tocher (409),Edward Hinks (397). The number of valid votes cast for the Censors was 841. The Censors were declared elected as follows:- A. Chaston Chapman (548), Sir Robert Robertson (454), Sir Herbert Jackson (436), Dr.G. T. Morgan (408). The President, in thanking the Fellows and Associates for his re-election, said that it was with very considerable doubt that he allowed his name to be put forward for a third year of office, because it seemed to him that it might be to the advantage of the Institute to make a change. (“No.”) He could only claim that he had had for many years a very great interest in the Institute, and what little he could do during the coming year would be done very gladly indeed. (Hear, hear.) He wished to move a hearty vote of thanks to the Scrutineers-Mr. Harley Knight and Mr. J. H. Lane. They had a most tedious, monoton- ous task to perform; they had performed it with the greatest good-will, and the members owed them a great debt of gratitude.The motion having been carried with acclamation, Mr. Lane briefly responded. ELECTIONOF AUDITORS. The President said the Institute was unfortunate in that both Mr. Abell and Mr, Francis had resigned office as Honorary Auditors-Mr. Abell having served for four years and Mr. Francis being elected to the Council: it therefore fell to the meeting to elect two Honorary Auditors. Mr. Abell, in sending in his 75 letter of resignation, had suggested that his colleague, Mr. Harmsworth, might be willing to act as an Auditor if the In- stitute saw fit to appoint him. Mr. Arthur J. Chapman said he had very much pleasure in proposing Mr. W. P. Harmsworth as Honorary Auditor.Mr. C. T. Abell seconded the motion, which was unanimously carried. Mr. Arthur J. Chapman moved that Mr. C. E. Barrs be ap- pointed as Honorary Auditor. Dr. H. E. Cox seconded the motion, which was unanimously carried. Mr. Harmsworth and Mr. Barrs were declared elected Honorary Auditors for the coming year. The Hon. Treasurer moved the re-appointment of Mr. David Henderson, Chartered Accountant, as Auditor at a remuneration of 30 guineas. The President said Mr. Henderson had acted as the Auditor of the Institute for some time past, and the members could not do better than reappoint him. The motion was carried unanimously. VOTE OF THANKS. Dr. G. McGowan moved that a very hearty vote of thanks be accorded to the retiring Vice-president and the retiring members of Council for their services.In looking over the Proceedings he noticed that the work of the Council had not diminished since he was on it himself a good many years ago, especially the work of the Nominations and Examinations Committee. The Pre- sident had already mentioned the names of those retiring. He could quite understand how much Professor Smithells had done, because of his wide knowledge of affairs and his keen interest. He would like, as an old Fellow of the Institute, to refer to two points which had nothing to do with the motion. He wished to second Mr. Chaston Chapman’s renewed appeal for the Benevo- lent Fund. Last year he ventured to suggest to the members that they might tie a knot in their handkerchiefs, because he was quite sure it was mere forgetfulness which prevented the majority of members sending in their subscriptions.With regard to the other point, he had been struck, in looking over the results of the examinations, in the last number of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,by a remark with reference to the paper examination in inorganic chemistry, namely, that the difficult questions were answered much more satisfactorily than 76 the simple questions. He had read a fascinating book by Pro-fessor Masson, and had sent the professor a few lines congratu- lating him, suggesting to him that, when a new edition came to be called for, perhaps for the benefit of an old stager like himself, who had only a bowing acquaintance with modern chemistry, he might perhaps elaborate the latter section of the book a little more.Professor Masson, in reply, had said that what weighed with him was partly that the young chemist, under the increasing pressure of work, failed to appreciate the preliminary stages in the history of chemistry which had led to the chemistry of to-day. Dr. A. D. Mitchell seconded the motion, which was carried with acclamation. The meeting then concluded. The President’s Address. 1st MARCH, 1926. BEFORE moving that the Report of the Council be received and adopted, I shall follow precedent by offering a few remarks on some of the more important features and events of the past year. The roll of members has substantially increased-by 236-although the increment is not up to the average of that recorded in the other reports which have been submitted to you since the war.No doubt, many possible aspirants to the profession have been discouraged by the tendency towards overcrowding, and consequent unsatisfactory prospects; and to that extent the falling off in numbers has its compensations. On the other hand, we have to deplore the loss by death of no less than fifteen Associates, nearly all young men, several of whom have suc- cumbed to the after effects of active service or war work. We have lost forty Associates by resignation, and of these a con-siderable number have changed their profession. I trust, however, that when the outlook, which is improving, has still further improved, some of them will return to the fold; in any case, I am confident that in their new spheres of work, their technical knowledge will yet be of service to the community.Of the Fellows who have passed away, several were men of mark in the profession. Horace Tabberer Brown was an original Fellow of the Institute, and his name will always be associated with the history of our science, for, as has been aptly remarked, the improvements which he introduced into the brewing industry were analogous to those achieved for surgery by Lister. His microscopic and chemical study of yeasts, and his researches on the transformation of the reserve carbohydrate in germinating grain and also on the changes in the green leaf during photo-synthesis and on the absorption of carbon dioxide through the stomata were of fundamental importance.The 78 quality of his work was recognised by the award of the Longstaff Medal by the Chemical Society, and a Royal Medal, and later, the Copley Medal by the Royal Society. John Young Buchanan was a representative of that now somewhat rare type of natural philosopher whose interests are spread over many branches of science. A member of the “Challenger” Expedition and one of the founders of modern oceanography, he was remarkable for his skill in the laboratory arts. He is not only known for the chemical and microscopical investigation of sea deposits, but also for valuable contributions to physical geography, and for four years he held an appoint- ment as lecturer on geography in the University of Cambridge. Professor Francis Robert Japp was associated for a con-siderable part of his early career in research with our first Presi- dent, Sir Edward Frankland, before he was appointed to the Chair at Aberdeen.An admirable teacher, he imparted new life to the school of chemistry in the northern University, while also finding time to pursue without intermission the research work which had for him an irresistible attraction. Sir John Burchmore Harrison went to Barbados in 1879 as Professor of Chemistry and Agricultural Science, ten years later was selected for the post of Government Analyst and Professor of Chemistry for British Guiana, and in 1905 received the ap- pointment of Director of the Department of Science and Agri- culture in that Colony.In conjunction with J. Itc. Bovell, he was a pioneer in raising sugar cane from seed in Barbados in the seventies of last century. Seedling canes proved to be the salvation of the West Indian sugar industry and are now grown in all sugar cane producing countries. I would mention also James Grant and Prof. Edriiund Knecht of the College of Technology, Manchester, and Professor William Robert Lane, of Toronto, all teachers of repute; William Joseph Dibdin, well known as a consultant in connection with matters relating to the purification of sewage and water; and Samuel Henry Davies, William Josiah Palmer, Daniel Rankin Steuart, and Leonard Ellerton Vlies, who occupied prominent positions in the realm of industrial chemistry.Passing to the consideration of what may be considered ordinary business- On the subject of the finances of the Institute, I will content myself with expressing my admiration for the care and devotion 79 with which this part of our business is supervised by the Honorary Treasurer, Mr. Kirkaldy, and his Committee. You have already received a statement of our position, and it is gratifying to lx able to say that our work is not seriously hanclicapped by lack of funds. You are aware also that Mr. Kirkaldy and his Committee are associated with the representatives of the Local Sections in the consideration of applications for assistance from our Benevo- lent Fund.This fund has made considerable progress, and has been further developed by the institution of an Annuities scheme. It was abundantly clear from the response received to the special appeal which was made at the close of 1924 that the members are ready, whenever necessary, to come to the aid of the Fund, and the most gratifying feature of the response was the fact that about 300 subscribed in 1925 who had not done so before. I feel sure that the Annuities scheme will appeal to the generosity of our members, and will be supported by a steady stream of donations. I also hope and believe that a constantly increasing number will add their names to the list of annual subscribers to the Benevolent Fund. One of the main objects of the fund is to assist members who are temporarily unemployed, and in several instances this has been done.In that respect it is, in a measure, linked up with the Appointments Register, the report on which appears to confirm the view which I have expressed that the outlook for chemistry is improving. Our records tend to show that not only in those industries which are strictly chemical in character, but in many others, chemists have recently been engaged to take their part in combating the effects of industrial depression, and we hope that further means may be taken to encourage the increased employment of chemists in the application of our science for the benefit of industry and commerce generally. The work of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee has been, on the whole, only slightly less heavy than in ;ecent years.To Mr. Kirkaldy, who as vice-chairman has so often presided in my absence over the work of this Committee, we are deeply indebted. You are aware that under the present policy it is open to any aspirant to membership of the Institute to submit particulars of his education and career, in order that he may be informed how his case stands, and with what further requirements he must comply in order to secure admission to 80 Studentship or to the examinations, or clrction to the As-sociateship or Fellowship. The close attention which those who regularly attend the meetings of the Committee give to every application and miscellaneous enquiry submitted for their consideration can only be properly realised by those who have actually had experience of this work.I may say that the Council very rarely, and indeed scarcely ever, finds it necessary to modify their recommendations. The paragraphs relating to the Legal and Parliamentary Committee and the Public Appointments Committee speak for themselves, and we are indebted to Prof. Smithells and Mr. Bolton for their services as Chairmen, respectively, of these Committees. The work done by the special Sub-committee appointed to confer with the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries on the draft schedules to the proposed Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Bill was particularly valuable, and was undoubtedly of great service to the Advisory Committee of the Ministry which had that matter in hand. You will observe that the thanks of the Council have been accorded to Sir Archibald Bodkin, the Director of Public Prose- cutions, for valuable advice on the question of fees allowed to professional chemists for attendance in Courts of law.The Public Appointments Committee, moreover, felt called upon to defend the interests of practitioners against certain opinions given before the Royal Commission on National Health Insurance, which appeared to cast some reflection on the accuracy of their reports. The Publications Committee, too, under the able Chairman- ship of Dr. Slater Price, has done much useful work, and I think particular mention might be made of its memorandum on Govcm-ment Scientific Publications, which appeared in Part 111.The JOURNAL has, as usual, contained reports of the meetings of the Local Sections. The continued and increasing activity of the Sections is a feature of the past year which to my mind justifies the most optimistic expectations with regard to the future of the Institute. The character of the papers read and of the discussions held emphasises the ever-growing enthusiasm for the welfare and advancement of the profession. To all 81 Chairmen, Officers and Committees of Local Sections, the Council is specially indebted for having awakened and encouraged this enthusiasm, which cannot but be to the advantage of the pro- fession as a whole. The new arrangements made by the Council for financing the Sections will, I believe, assist them to continue and develop their efforts.I have visited several of the Sections, and would like to say with what great pleasure I have met old friencls and made new ones, and how warmly I appreciate the kindness extended to me on all occasions. After discussion of the Report of the Conference on “The Place of Applied Chemistry in the Training of Chemists,” which was held in January of last year, the Council decided that in considering applications for admission to the Associateship without examination, honours degrees and diplomas in applied chemistry willbe recognised, provided that the candidates have passed examinations of ordinary degree standard in inorganic, organic and physical chemistry. This modification of the Regu- lations should remove difficulties which have been encountered in deciding upon the qualifications of graduates in Applied Chemistry, while at the same time the principle is maintained that a sound training in general chemistry is an indispensable preliminary to specialisation in technology.The Conference held at York last July undoubtedly served a useful purpose, if only by providing an opportunity for the full and free discussion of several important subjects, and I take this opportunity of again expressing the thanks of the Council to all those members who contributed to the proceedings. The Resolutions adopted by the Conference, although not in each case the expression of a unanimous opinion, have been carefully considered by the Council.Regarding admission to the Fellowship, the Council felt that the precautions now taken to ensure the competence of candidates are sufficient to safeguard the high standard of qualification required for this grade. I will deal with these precautions. Every candidate for the Fellowship-whether or not he has previously been an Associate-who does not pass through the full examination in one of the branches specified in the Regulations, is required to produce evidence of original research, or of the invention of processes, or of having attained such a position of responsibility and importance in the profession that his claims for election are beyond doubt. In the first instance, such candidates usually 82 consult the officers and, in consequence, many applications do not immediately come before the Committee; but in all cases where the applications are formally submitted, the candidates are required to produce full particulars of their work and to give the names of Fellows personally acquainted with it, who are prepared to support their claims.The names of the candidates are notified to all Members of Council before the meetings of the Committee at which the applications are to be considered. The Fellows who have been mentioned as referees are asked to give their views, in confidence, for the information of the Committee. The work submitted is then either assessed by the Committee or referred to special assessors for report.In many cases it is already well known, having passed the scrutiny of the Publica- tion Committees of the recognised scientific societies ; in others, the work is of a confidential nature, and is then submitted to assessors mutually agreed upon by the Council, the candidates, and other persons who may be concerned. Where it is thought necessary, this assessment is siipplemented by an oral examina- tion conducted by the Committee or its representatives. As the result of the operation of this machinery, during the past twelve months 56 Associates have been promoted from a roll of over 3200, of whom at least 2000 would have been eligible for the Fellowship had they been promoted by mere passage of time,-that is, by having been registered for three years; while the total number of elections to the Fellowship was 68.I may mention, in passing, that about 75 per cent. of the Associates who proceed to the Fellowship are over thirty years of age. Having reviewed the whole situation, the Council felt that the test applied in these cases was fully equivalent to a formal examination, and that the time has not yet come for revising the Regulations with regard to the Fellowship, on the lines of the resolutions passed at the Conference. The third resolution of the Conference called upon the Council to revise the Regulations for the admission of Associates, in order to meet certain cases of candidates who have had long experience in positions of high responsibility as chemists, but who have not fulfilled the exact requirements as to training.The object of this resolution was to provide for the possible admission of such candidates as Associates rather than as Fellows; because it must be remembered that hitherto the Charter has been interpreted to allow the- Council to admit an exceptional 83 case to the Fellowship, but not to the Associateship. At the same time, it must be admitted that there is force in the argument that a chemist who is not strictly eligible for the Associateship should not be elected to the Fellowship without passing through the junior grade. The Council recognises that there are many men engaged in chemistry, and occupying with credit positions of considerable importance, who could with advantage to themselves and to the Institute be admitted to our ranks.Let me remind you that, as early as 1913,the principles governing the present Regulations-in their main requirements- were advanced and generally accepted by a very representative body of professors and others and that, though these Regulations did not come into force until 1917,they were confirmed by a well-attended extraordinary general meeting of the Fellows and Associates in April, 1918. At that time, it was decided to extend the minimum period of training for the Associateship to four years, to eliminate the old Intermediate Examination, and to require intending Asso- ciates to pass only one examination, and that of a general char- acter. At the same time, it was decided to exempt from examination by the Institute those who had received the same training and had obtained a degree with first or second class honours in chemistry, or an equivalent diploma. Minor modi- fications have been introduced, but that is broadly the basis of the Regulations to-day, and I think that very strong reasons must be advanced before any drastic alteration in this system can be made.The main objects are to provide a hall-mark for those who may rightly be considered as competent, and to prepare a register of such; this duty, I maintain, has been carried out by the Council with every regard to the grave responsibility which is entrusted to it. The increasing extent and complexity of our science have rendered possible a great variety of ways in which a man can become useful in chemical work; but we cannot place our hallmark on any chemist unless he can show that he has received such an education and training as will give him a sound scientific outlook.It cannot be denied, however, that there are some chemists who, through circumstances over which they have had no control, have been debarred from following systematic courses of recognised study, but yet have acquired that philosophic outlook which we expect. I am glad, therefore, to be able to inform you that the Council has approved an addition to the Regulations, drafted by the Nominations and Examinations Committee, which will, I believe, permit of the admission of all who come within that definition.(See p. 88.) With regard to the resolution passed, on Mr. Scholefield’s motion, in favour of the establishment of a register of pro- fessional chemists, the formation of a registration council, and ultimately the possible acquisition of legislative authority, the Council has discussed the report of the Conference as well as a statement relating to this subject which was prepared for the Liverpool and Manchester Sections. Briefly, this statement advocates what amounts to the “setting up of a new register with a wider embrace ” than the Institute’s Register, involving the formulation of a minimum qualification which might con- ceivably be of a low standard for the first few years. The Council has decided to recommend the new Council to appoint a Com-mittee to investigate the whole question, to explore the possi- bilities of carrying into effect the proposals of the Conference and alternatively of instituting a third grade of membership of the Institute, and to draft a statement which will be submitted to the Local Sections for their consideration.The final resolution of the Conference urged the Council to enter into collaboration with other societies interested in chemistry and to formulate and press forward a scheme for bringing these societies into closer union. You will see by the report that, although the Council is ready to take part in any movement of the kind suggested, it feels that the position of the Institute is such that it should not take the definite lead in this matter, unless invited to do so by the other bodies concerned. I would repeat briefly what I said at York, that the Institute has co-operated with the Chemical Society in the unification of chemical libraries; with the Society of Public Analysts in matters affecting practising chemists; with other professional and tech- nical institutions in matters affecting patents, the appointments of professional civil servants, the protection of professional designations and the rights and privileges of chartered bodies and their members; while the Local Sections of the Institute have actively co-operated in all parts of the country with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and other allied societies.85 If further evidence were needed of our willingness to co-operate with other bodies, I think it can be found in the list of delegates mentioned in the Report who have represented us in matters of public and quasi-public interest.It should be obvious that the Council is always ready to ensure, so far as it is able, that the Institute is associated with any important matter in which the profession of chemistry may even remotely be able to render useful service, and, at the same time, is grateful to all those members who thus assist in this very essential part of its work. I think it advisable, although nothing has occurred to render it very necessary, to make a reference to the work of the Censors. In the majority of cases the few complaints which are received affect professional chemists who are engaged in public practice, and attention is still mainly directed to the use of certificates relating to advertised commodities.The Censors, however, almost invariably find that the members concerned are quite unaware that their certificates have been misused until we com- municate with them. It should not be necessary for a chemist to feel bound to indicate on a report that it is not given for publication. He has a copyright in his report and his client is not at liberty to make any use of it which is not stipulated at the time the report is given. It is objectionable that a report, even when it consists of straightforward scientific statements of fact, should be printed and attached to packages, bottles and containers of various sorts.Such procedure is an unwarrantable exploitation of the analyst, which is liable to abuse, since the report commonly refers only to a single sample and is often associated with other printed matter over which the analyst has no control. Trouble has also arisen in the past from the use of reports for an unlimited period, and instances have occurred where such reports have been used for many years after the analyst has died. It is part of the duty of the practitioner, therefore, to prevent so far as he is able such misuse of his certificates. Possibly due to depression in industry, there has been a tendency on the part of certain employers of chemists to ad- vertise themselves as consulting and analytical chemists, but, when our attention has been directed to the matter, successful efforts have been made to dissuade the companies from adopting unprofessional met hods.86 Reviewing the question as a whole, I must make it quite clear that, although the position of a Censor is far from an enviable one, the duties which fall to these officers-unpleasant though they may be-are fortunately by no means onerous. It reflects honour on the profession that such a high standard of professional conduct is maintained by our members , practically without exception. In accordance with the By-laws a number of members of Council have to demit office at this time. All of them have rendered good service to the Institute in one way or another, and especially the retiring Vice-president , Professor Smithells, whose wise counsel has always been of service, Dr.Pickard, whose critical acumen has helped towards the solution of many problems, and Professor Hale, Dr. McCombie, and Mr. Porritt, who have been faithful in attendance and in taking a full share of the work. Dr. Colman, who retires as a Member of Council, has been nominated as a Vice-president, and his return to the Council will be very welcome. I cannot bring these remarks to a close without expressing my very sincere thanks to all my colleagues of the Council, as also to Mr. Pilcher, Mr. Collett, Miss Cawston, Mr. Aiken, and all the other members of the staff, for their kindly and successful efforts to make my task as light as possible.It is a pleasure to know that the selection of Mr. Collett for the post of Assistant Secretary has been fully justified, for he has rapidly made himself familiar with his duties, and has discharged them with much acceptance. 87 Proceedings of the Council. FEBRUARY-MARCH, 7 926. -Council and Committees, 1 926-1 927.-Thenamesofthe Officers, General and District Members of Council, and Censors, who took office on 1st March, are given on pages 65-66. At the first meeting of the new Council, held on 13th March, the Standing and Special Committees and their Chairmen for the ensuing year were appointed. (See pages 66-67.) At a meeting of the Council, held on 26th February, the Board of Examiners was re-appointed, as on page 68.Belfast Resolutions.-The resolutions passed by the Belfast Section (see JOURNAL, Part I., p. 25) came under the consideration of the Council on the 26th February. The first, suggesting a reduction in the annual subscription of members, and the fifth suggesting that the whole of the expenses of Members of Council attending meetings should be defrayed, were referred to the Finance and House Committee for consideration and report. The second, suggesting that District Members of Council for districts which have Parliamentary institutions distinct from the Imperial Parliament should be elected members of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, was referred to the new Council, by whom the proposal has now been adopted.The third resolution, which suggested the appointment of sub-committees to deal with matters of special local interest, did not appear to call for immediate action; and The fourth, suggesting that it would be convenient if the business of the Council could be arranged so that at special meetings the position of each district could be reviewed, was considered; but the Council held that there was sufficient elas- ticity in the methods of procedure of the Council to provide for adopting this suggestion as and when necessary. Copyright,-On the 12th March at the Institute, Mr. E. J. MacGillivray, Barrister-at-law, gave a lecture on "Copyright-with special reference to Scientific and Technical Papers and Publications,"-the President in the chair.The lecture, with an abstract of the discussion which followed, will shortly be issued as a separate publication. 88 Appointments Register.-On a report from the Finance and House committee the Council has decided to provide funds to be placed at the disposal of the Special Committee which has been appointed to consider means for increasing the utility of the Appointments Register. The Special Committee has under consideration a scheme for advertising the Register in technical and trade journals. Regulations.-The Council has received a report from the Nominations and Examinations Commit tee regarding the resolution passed at the Conference held at York in July last, recommending that provision be made for admission to the Associateship of candidates who have had long experience in positions of high responsibility as chemists, but who have not exactly fulfilled the requirements as to training.The Council has decided thereupon to incorporate the following clause in the Regulations for the admission of Associates by examination :-C. The Council will consider an application for admission to an examination for the Associateship from a candidate who is not less than thirty years of age, but who cannot comply with 4 (above)," provided that the application be accompanied by the evidence required in 1, 2 and 3 (above),+ and by- (a) Evidence that he has had training in chemistry, physics and mathematics, and has acquired adequate knowledge of these subjects; (b) Evidence that he has been engaged in the study and practice of chemistry for at least twelve years, and attained a responsible position ; (c) The names of three referees, of whom one at least shall be a Fellow or an Assooiate of the Institute.The nature of the examination will be determined by the Council in each individual case. New Zealand.-On the consideration of a letter from Mr. W. Rest Mummery, one of the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries of the Institute in New Zealand, the Council has decided that a proposal to form a section in the Dominion would be welcomed, provided that a requisition is signed by fifteen members resident therein; and, in view of the wide distribution of the members in the Dominion, and the difficulty of arranging meetings, that the rule requiring four meetings tobe held annually should not for the present be rigidly enforced.* Evidence relating to systematic university or college corns. t Evidence of age, moral character and general education. 89 Chemical Society.-The Council has also referred to the Finance and House Committee for sympathetic consideration a letter from the Chemical Society reporting on the increased use of the Library of the Society during 1925 by the members of other bodies, including the Institute, expressing appreciation of the assistance afforded by other societies with the hope that they would continue to support the Library as generously as possible. Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee has reported that the amount of the contributions received during the first two months of the present year is about E15o less than that received during the corresponding period in 1925.In addition to the help afforded to cases referred to in the pamphlet issued at the close of last year, the Committee has already been called upon to make grants to several members who are temporarily in need of assistance, and has made provision for the widows of one Fellow and two Associates with families of young children. These cases will be reviewed in Octob.er, with a view to the continuance of the allowances so far as they are deemed to be necessary. The subscribers to the contribution from the staff of the Government Laboratory received in 1925 were :-Sir Robert Robertson, Mr.George Stubbs, Dr. J. Fox, Messrs. A. More, D. A. Gracey, J. F. Halpin, R. Rodger, T. H. Bowles, P. J. Sageman, F. S. Aumonier, A. J. H. Gauge, T. W. Harrison, J. R. Nicholls, C. A. Adams, J. E. Byles, F. R. Ennos, A. T. Parsons, A. H. Rheinlander, E. H. Nurse, J. Stephenson, B. A. Ellis, A. F. Weiss, R. Sutcliffe, J. King, J. A. Heald, J. W. Pooley, S. A. Ashmore, P. Mooney, L. C. Nicholls, R. H. Settle, E. H. Williams, B. A. Dixon, F. C. Randall, C. Chilvers, H. I,. Bolton, A. J. Hignett, S. J. Ireland, J. Hirst, W. G. Grindle, H. C. Stephenson, P. Smellie, Miss E. M. Chatt, Messrs. S. H. Wilkes, P. McGreqor, J. B. O’Sullivan, J. W. A. Woodley,J. R. Fraser, L. Nickels, E. L. Mendel, J. L. Collier, and R.Byrnes. Local Sections. Belfast and District.-A meeting of the section was held at Queen’s University, Belfast, on the 27th January, when Dr. Eric Cashmore of the Linen Industry Research Association, gave an interesting lecture on “The Chemistry of the Pectins.” A meeting of the section was held on the 24th February at QueenJs University, when a lecture was given by Professor Milroy on “Micro-Chemical Methods of Analysis.” Professor Milroy exhibited new and improved apparatus bearing on the subject. Prof. G. Scott Robertson presided at both meetings. Br i stol and South -Western Cou n ties.-On 4th February a meeting of the section was held jointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Chemical Department of the University of Bristol, Prof.F. E. Francis in the chair. Dr. Albert Parker read a paper on “The Smokeless Fuel Problem.” He said that so far as this nation was concerned, there appeared to be no prospect, for many years to come, of coal being replaced asthe cheapest and most important source of energy. The rising cost of coal and the gradual exhaustion of the more easily mined and richer seams rendered it imperative that the most economical methods of utilisation should be em- ployed. During the year 1924,of the 180 million tons of coal consumed at home, only about 40 million tons were used by gas works, coke ovens, and producer gas plants. The remaining 140 million tons were almost all consumed in the raw state, with consequent pollution of the atmosphere.The greatest offender in smoke production was the domestic hearth, for it had been shown by the Meteorological Office Advisory Committee on Atmospheric Pollution, that one pound of coal consumed in the average domestic appliance caused more than four times the amount of atmospheric pollution produced by the same amount of coal burned under the average factory boiler. From consideration of the requirements of typical households it was concluded that, although the amounts of both gas and 91 electricity consumed were sure to extend rapidly in the future, there was likely to be a big demand for solid fuel to meet the requirements of the average household, If, therefore, the emission of smoke from the domestic chimney were to be abolished it was essential that a satisfactory solid smokeless fuel should be found to replace coal.The logical method of preparing such a fuel was to distil away the smoke producing constituents of coal by a process of carbonisation in which the valuable products- gas, tar and ammonia were also recovered. Many attempts had been made to manufacture a suitable smokeless fuel by the low temperature carbonisation of coal; but although apparently satisfactory products had been obtained, the costs of the processes had been so great that it had not been possible to establish them on a sound commercial basis. Recent researches, however, had shown that there was every prospect of a solid smokeless fuel possessing all the desired properties, including ease of ignition, being marketed by the gas industry.The relationship between the structure of coke and its properties was discussed, and lantern slides of coke sections were shown. The paper was productive of a good discussion, and a hearty vote of thanks was tendered to Dr. Parker. On 27th February, the annual dinner of the local sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry was held at the Royal Hotel, Bristol, Sir Ernest Cook presiding. Mr. M. W. Jones, ex-chairman of the local section of the Society, in proposing the toast of “The Institute,” referred to the cordial co-operation between the sections of the two bodies : they had one single aim-the study and development of chemistry, pure and applied.He referred to the value of the diplomas of the Institute as evidence of professional qualification and in- tegrity, and congratulated the Institute on its present position. In coupling the name of Prof. Henderson with the toast, he remarked that the Society of Chemical Industry had the smug satisfaction of knowing that they had appreciated his worth ten years ahead of the Institute, Prof. Henderson having been President of the Society in 1916. The President, in reply, said that he was glad to find that in Bristol, as in other parts of the country, it had become an es-tablished custom for members of the different chemical societies to meet together for social and other purposes, instead of meeting 92 in individual compartments, because that was an advance towards the more complete unification of the profession of chemistry that they desired to bring about.Those joint meetings were a mutual advantage to the societies concerned, and, from the Institute point of view, they helped their brother chemists to realise that the Institute was not merely a piece of soulless mechanism designed to conduct examinations, and, incidentally, to extract fees from candidates, but a great incorporation whose principal function was to promote the welfare of their profession. (Hear, hear.) It must appeal to everybody that in any country that had passed beyond the more primitive stages of civilisation, the chemist was indispensable. The business of Government could not be carried out without the aid of the chemist.There was scarcely a productive industry in this country which was not ultimately dependent upon the work of the chemist. Further, unless the people of this country realised that the future prosperity of the country was dependent to a very large extent upon their attitude towards scientific work, and, in particular, chemical work, he believed the future of the country would be rather black. Their profession did not receive the recognition among their fellow-citizens which was its due-and the chemists were very largely to blame for that, being oppressed by a quite ex- aggerated modesty. (Laughter.) They appeared to be so wrapped up in their work that they did not care whether other people knew anything about it or not.The people must appreciate the work of scientific men if the prosperity of the country were to continue. How were they to get that impression on the minds of the citizens? It was no use to meet as they did that night and assure one another that they were the salt of the earth. They were, and they knew it-(laughter)-but their fellow citizens did not know it. (Laughter.) The public did not read their scientific journals; and the only way was to educate the great mass of their fellow citizens. When once that was achieved that education would actually enfiltrate upwards until it penetrated the minds of our legislators. (Laughter.) He claimed that the best method of education was through that great potential. if not actual, instru- ment of education, the public Press.With the help of the Press- and it was coming by degrees-they could bring about a change of mind; and if they could do so they could claim that they had done something worth doing for the country and not for their own individual profession’s sake only. (Applause.) 93 Professor W. H. Lewis, in proposing “The Chairman,” said that the members of the Institute were fortunate in having Sir Ernest Cook as chairman of the Bristol and South-Western Counties’ section, in which capacity he presided over a far-flung territory. Professor Lewis also alluded to the excellent work of the committee of the section, and of its active and efficient hon. secretary. Sir Ernest Cook, who was received with musical honours, said that they had all been delighted to have the President with them, and trusted that the hopes which he had expressed would be thoroughly realised.The war had shewn that when the necessity arose the chemists of Britain were able to hold their own. So far as industry was concerned, it was an immense advantage that they should have closely connected with the management skilled and trained chemists capable of carrying out the work required in the best scientific manner. (Hear, hear.) The * profession contained the greatest possibilities for the benefit of mankind, and the sooner there were trained and skilled chemists at the head of all manufacturing industries the sooner would they prosper to a much greater extent than they had hitherto done.But that placed an immense responsibility on those who took up the profession, to make themselves thoroughly competent to give substantial scientific advice. The Bristol and South-Western Counties Section would do its best to support the headquarters in maintaining the high standards of the Institute. -4musical programme was contributed by Miss M. Yacomeni, Mr. E. H. Cooke, and Mr. V. G. McAdams; recitations were given by Miss Dorothy Boorne and humorous sketches by Mr. A. L. V. Davis. On the 25th March, in the Chemical Department of the University, Sir Ernest H. Cook presided at the 6th Annual General Meeting of the section, when the Honorary Secretary submitted his report on the meetings of the session, of which five had been held jointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry. The financial statement showed a balance in hand.Mr. R. D. Littlefield and Dr. T. Malkin were elected to fill vacancies on the Committee caused by the retirement, by rota- tion, of Dr. David Hooper and Mr. F. Southerden. Mr. F. H. C. Bull and Mr. E. Lewis were reappointed auditors and received the thanks of the section for their services. 94 Birmingham and Midlands.-At a meeting of the the section, held in Birmingham, on 24th February, Mr. J. F. Liverseege gave an address on “The Experiences of a City Analyst.” Prof. A. R. Ling occupied the chair. Mr. Liverseege, in relating various analytical experiences in connection with adulteration, pointed out the responsibility of a public analyst in making his own standards, since there are no legal standards and only a few legal limits.In 1873,66 per cent. of the samples taken in Birmingham under the Sde of Food and Drugs Acts were adulterated; last year the proportion was only 4-5 per cent. In 1898, which was the first year in which food was systematically examined for preservatives, 4 per cent. were adulterated with preservative as compared with the 0.1per cent. of last year. Samples of sponge cake taken in 1921 contained on the average 22 grains of boric acid per pound, but, as the result of a letter sent to bakers and a prosecution, in I923 all the samples of sponge cake were free from this preservative. The speaker emphasised that the limits for milk prescribed by the Board of Agriculture were only presumptive, and that an “appeal to the cow” may condemn milks above these limits and pass milks below them.Particulars were given of a prose- cution in which the defence of the farmer was that the increased yield and the inferior quality of the milk was due to the cows being moved from old turf to aftermath. Subsequent samples from Birmingham cows showed that aftermath did not have the alleged effect. Samples taken from a farm this year on a number of consecutive days, showed that there was very little variation in the percentages of solids-not-fats, although there was considerable fluctuation in temperature. Recent samples of “cooking lard” and “pastry lard” had been found to be “compound lard,” and the speaker stated that, after enquiries, he was satisfied that only genuine pigs’ fat should be sold under these names.A war-time bread improver, for which great things were claimed, was found to contain 34 per cent, of Epsom salts. In relation to false labels, reference was made to the importance of Section 27 of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, and particulars were given of action taken under this Section. Solutions of ferric chloride and quinine sulphate were quoted as illustrations of difficulties caused by inadequate Pharmacopceia descriptions. Experiments with potassium carbonate showed the importance 95 of having this drug kept in hottlos that were free from lead and arsenic.Comparative analytical figures for the old water supply and that from Wales were shown on the screen, and also a com-parison of the Soot Gauge deposit of Birmingham and other places, showing that one of the Birmingham stations took the second place on the list. Investigation of the stoppage of a sewer with calcium sulphate showed that the trouble was due to adjacent works discharging sulphates and calcium chloride in their effluents. Samples were shown of curiosities of adulteration, e.g. white crystal sugar containing 25 per cent. of calcite; “chocolate chumps” which were sticks of glucose coated with paraffin wax; Gorgonzola cheese coated with a paste made of barium sulphate and tallow, and tea adulterated with 20 per cent. farinaceous substance prepared under let ters-pat en t.A cordial vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Liverseege, on the proposal of Mr. H. Silvester, seconded by Mr. F. H. Alcock. G lasgow and West of Scotland.-The Sub-committee of the section which deals with publicity has continued to arrange for the contribution of fortnightly articles as a special feature of the Glasgow Herald, and in addition for many special articles which have appeared in the Glasgow Everving Times. The topics treated have not been confined to those directly connected with chemistry, but have covered a wide range, being extended, to meet the suggestions of the Editor, to embrace such subjects as “Mendelism and Social Problems,” “Weather Forecasting,” “Clydeside Cranes,” “Saxophones,” ‘‘Hair Troubles,” “Euclid,” and the “Anatomy of the Spider.” The Sub-committee ac- knowledges the help of the following members who have supplied the necessary articles:-Messrs.T. Brown, G. S. Ferrier, A. D. Gardiner, W. C. Harris, J. Henderson, M. Herd, A. R. Jamieson, J. M. Leitch, and J. Montgomery. Huddersfie1d.-An ordinary meeting of the section was held on 19th February in the Technical College,-Dr. H. H. Hodgson presiding. Prof. E. C. C. Baly gave a very interesting lecture on “High Energy Chemistry.” In introducing his main subject-sugars from carbonic acid under the influence of ultra-violet light- the lecturer gave a survey of the earlier attempts to explain the 96 chemical processes taking place in the leaves of plants.He then outlined the work now in progress on the synthesis, by the influence of ultra-violet light on carbonic acid, of the various substances actually produced by the living leaf. The lecture was greatly appreciated by a large audience of members and students, and, after a brief discussion, a very hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Prof. Baly. The fiml meeting of the session 1925-26 was held on March 8th, in the Technical College,-Dr. Hodgson presiding. A lecture was given by Prof. W. L. Bragg on “The Function of Oxygen in the Structure of Inorganic Salts.” Summarising the various states of matter the lecturer defined the crystal as the “Utopian state ”--as perfect, as well regulated and as dull. Giving brief reference to metals, organic compounds and inorganic salts, he indicated the comparatively simple nature of these salts for the purpose of study, and outlined the methods used in X-ray examination of these crystals.As a result of these investigations the importance of oxygen, in defining the structure of a crystal, was stressed. Many models and lantern slides were exhibited clearly indicating the *various points. A short discussion followed. The lecture was enjoyed by a very large audience, and a cordial vote of thanks was given to Prof. Bragg. Liverpool and North-Western.-Recent meetings of the section have been devoted to the consideration of the registration of chemists and the possibility of instituting a publicity scheme on the lines of that which has been so successful at Glasgow.London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 16th February the section held a very successful dance at the Hotel Russell. Two hundred and fifty members of the section and their guests were present, and a most enjoyable evening was spent. On 17th March, the section held a discussion on “The R81e of Chemical Research in Industries other than the Manufacture of Chemicals.” The discussion was opened by Mr. B. D. Porritt, Director of the Research Association of British Rubber and Tyre Manu- iacturers, and short papers were read by Mr. T. Macara, Director, 97 British Association of Research for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar, Confectionery, and Jam Trades, and Mr. R. G. Parker, Director, British Launderers Research Association.Mr. Porritt said that, since the war, much had been said about “key industries” and the importance of building up a trade in fine chemicals, dyestuffs, and pharmaceutical products ; and much eloquence had been devoted to the subject of the importance of the chemist and chemical research in these in-dustries. What really constituted a key industry was still an open question. Was the title reserved merely for trades which were of vital importance in war time, or should it include those which contributed substantially to our economic well-being in times of peace? Whichever definition were taken, many in- dustries besides the purely chemical ones must be included. He suggested that the rubber industry might well claim to rank equally with the manufacture of dyestuffs, judged either by the standards of war requirements or the statistics of the Board of Trade.The only industry whose claim to the title of a key industry seemed to be indisputable was that of agriculture. From the point of view of the chemist, moreover, it seemed possible that undue attention has been focussed upon the requirements of the purely chemical industries. What proportion of the members of the Institute who were engaged in manu- facturing work could fairly be said to be supervising purely chemical operations? He would hazard a guess that the figure would not exceed 25 per cent. In entering upon a course of training for industrial work the student of chemistry had to face the prospect of the chances being about 3 to I that his future lot would be cast in some trade in which purely chemical work played a comparatively subordinate part.The r6le of the chemist in the rubber industry was fairly easily defined; but what constituted chemical research in this field was a much more debatable matter. A brief consideration of the fundamental problems which underlie the manufacture of rubber at once raised the question why we should find chemists rather than physicists predominant in the scientific work relating to this unique product. The constitution of caoutchouc, the main constituent of raw rubber, had occupied the attention of scientific men since the time of Graham and Faraday, and he would recall the fact that Harries attempted to solve the problem by the use of the ozone treatment which had proved so fruitful in his investigations into the constitution of the vegetable oils.98 We were, however, still in the dark as to the exact nature of the basic material upon which the rubber industry depended, and everything pointed to the solution of the problem coming from physical rather than chemical methods. This matter was of more than mere academic interest, since upon its solution depended the clear understanding of the changes which rubber underwent during the processes of manufacture and vulcani- sation, and the relation between rubber and its allied products, gutta percha and balata. The changes in the plasticity of rubber which took place during the process of mastication again presented a problem calling for physical treatment ; purely chemical methods could scarcely be expected to provide the explanation for the remark- able changes in the physical properties of rubber conferred by the introduction of certain compounding ingredients, or for the mechanism of the process of vulcanisation.It should not be inferred that chemistry did not play an important part in the scientific work of the industry. During recent years the organic chemist had provided a wide range of compounds for assisting vulcanisation, and this work had considerably modified the technique of the industry. The recent work of Stafford Whitby on the composition of rubber resins had thrown considerable light on the changes taking place during the process of vulcanisation , while much useful work had been done on the methods for the analysis of rubber goods and the ingredients used in the processes of manufacture.However, the fact must be faced that the fundamental work which may transform the manufacture of rubber from a more or less empirical operation to one under scientific control was essentially physical in character, and this applied not merely to the rubber industry, but to many others which involved the use of colloidal materials. This being the case it was surprising to find that the scientific control of many such industries was entrusted to the chemist, and that this control showed no signs of passing into other hands. It was a striking tribute to the value of a general scientific training, in comparison with one of a more highly specialised character. From the beginning the student of chemistry had to face the fact that he must consider not only the chemical reactions, but also the physical properties of the substances with which he may be called upon to deal.He was brought to realise that chemistry was merely a means to an end, and that the physical properties of the final product were of 99 first importance. In studying the constitution of a dyestuff, he could not overlook its tinctorial properties or its affinity for different types of fibre; in analysing a metal he was brought to realise the effect of traces of various constituents on the technical applications of the product.This training gave that wide point of view which was all-important in industrial work. With this breadth of outlook, the chemist was able to adapt himself successfully to the requirements of the many industries which were not essentially chemical in character, and to take up investigations which might involve such varied subjects as statistics, engineering, biology and physics. However, the advancement of knowledge was making specialisation necessary in almost every branch of human activity, and pure and applied science would have to follow suit. Chemists had to consider what effect this change might have on the hold which they possessed on the various industries in which the scientific problems were as much physical as chemical in nature.They had to recognise that the day of the physicist was coming, and that they would have to leave some of their pioneer work to others to bring to fruition; but he felt that the chemist might view the future without misgiving. Symbiosis existed in science equally as in nature, and the results of specialised research needed further treatment before they could be assimilated by industry and applied to the benefit of the community. Whatever differences of opinion might exist on matters of policy between the various Research Associations established by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for the study of the basic problems of our industries, those responsible for their direction were, he thought, agreed that their difficulties were to be found not so much in the intricate nature of the scientific work as in the problem of translating the results of their research into technical practice.They should postulate therefore the co-existence of two forms of industrial research, each of equal importance and each dependent upon the other for its success. In dwelling upon the importance of fundamental research they should not overlook the fact that its value depended on the less spectacular work which must follow in the general surround- ings ofEeveryday factory practice. Fundamental research was the province of the specialist, but, generally speaking, there was no room for him on the staff of the average works. What was required was the man with a good all-round scientific knowledge, 100 able to assimilate the results of research over a wide field of subjects, and possessing the temperament and practical ability to apply this information to the processes and products of the factory.That was the explanation for the predominance of the chemist in the non-technical industries. Originally introduced to carry out routine tests on the raw materials, he had gradually extended his sphere of influence, and had tackled to the best of his ability the various problems of the works, whether chemical, physical, or biological in character. With the advancement of science the investigations of the fundamental problems of industry might be passing into other hands, but simultaneously the need for technical research and the accurate control of factory operations was becoming more pressing every day.As chemists they might hope for the day when every large factory would possess a laboratory to serve as the gateway through which the spirit of science might enter and permeate the works. Mr. Macara said that, to the uninitiated, chemical research in connexion with foodstuff manufacture might appear to be unnecessary. Until comparatively recent times little was done in this direction, except in the analytical examination of food- stuffs. On the other hand it must be remembered that the large scale manufacture of foodstuffs had only developed within recent times. One had only to look through the list of the old city companies to realise this: while there were the Fishmongers, the Leathersellers, the Salters and others, there was no reference to fruit preservers, confectioners, etc.It would be safe to say that practically all the large foodstuffs concerns, with the ex- ception of the brewing and sugar industries, had come into being within the last IOO years, many within the last 50 years. In the earlier period, foods were largely prepared in a back shop and sold over the counter in the front shop. Under these conditions there was little need, and less opportunity, for the help of the scientist. All that had gradually changed, and, as in other industries, the tendency was towards concentration of production in large factories. When goods were made and sold locally they were seldom kept for more than a day or two, and the maker saw to it that stocks were not allowed to accumulate.When the preparation was carried on in factories and the goods had to be transported 101 to considerable distances, being sold afterwards by retailers, who took less interest in keeping stocks fresh, the manufacturer first began to meet with troubles. The introduction of pre- servatives and special methods of preservation were thus the first directions in which chemical aid was sought. The next stage was the employment of chemists to check the purity of raw materials, as the result of the operation of the Food and Drugs Acts; and later still the effects of competition forced the manufacturers and others to introduce research in order to maintain uniformity in their products and to find out the causes of, and the remedies for, the defects to which the present-day system of distribution had given rise.Probably no foodstuff industry, other than the sugar and brewing industries, had chemists until within about the last 30 years, and some of the largest have only employed chemists for a much shorter period. There were now, however, companies and firms employing as many as 20 qualified men, with laboratory assistants of a lower grade. Since the war there had been a great development in this direction, and now there were many research organisations devoted to problems connected with the storage, manufacture and transport of foodstuffs.A large number of research organisations dealt with agri- cultural problems, which of course meant ultimately the pro- duction and marketing of foods. The most important of these organisations was the Food Investigation Board, which had dealt with the preservation of beef, fish, apples, and eggs. Research under the auspices of the Development Commissioners was also carried on at Long Ashton and Campden. Mr. Macara proceeded to enumerate other investigations which were 'receiving attention and the associations which were controlling the work. That research was being more and more appreciated by manufacturers was evidenced by the fact that several of the larger manufacturers had established research laboratories in addition to their analytical laboratories.Mr. Parker said that the need for research in connection with laundering was sufficiently obvious : the only question was whether that industry was one which lent itself to syste- matic study. Improvements in laundering depended not so much upon the acquisition of new knowledge as upon the ap- plication of existing knowledge. The immediate requirements of the launderer who wished to improve his work were (a) 102 accurate process instruction; (b) plant with which this could be put into force; and (c) operators having sufficient skill to carry out the instructions. At present all three were lacking. There was no technical information and no grade of skilled operative corresponding to the foreman of a chemical works.There was also very little knowledge upon which to base a course of instruction in anything but rule-of-thumb methods. The operations of laundering were :-Sorting ;washing, including the use of detergents, bleaching and blueing; hydro-extracting ; starching, ironing and calendering ; and packing. The cleaning processes involved the treatment of valuable fabrics, which might be dyed or undyed, with cold and hot aqueous solutions. Fabrics lost much of their strength when hot and wet, and were, therefore, liable to damage in those conditions. White fabrics became stained in use, and had to be submitted to mild blwching treatment to restore their white colour. Much research was needed to enable this to be done with the minimum of damage.Correct concentrations of solutions and correct temperatures were thus important, and it was necessary to avoid excessive mechanical motion. He estimated that the value of the materials passing through the laundries in this country annually was of the order of fifty million pounds. A prolongation of the life of the goods by 5 per cent., therefore, represented a very large sum. Research work could be conducted with advantage upon such subjects as the detergent action of solutions of soap and soda; the mechanism of detergent action, and study as to the best concentrations and temperatures; methods of softening water; the effect of continual deposition of impurities in the fabric; variations in strengths of fabrics when immersed in hot and cold aqueous solutions; the application of starches to fabrics; and the design and improvement of machinery.There was, therefore, much need for technical research in the laundering industry and the problems must be dealt with by collaboration between the chemist and the physicist, with the help of the chemical engineer in matters of plant design. The industry owed much to fundamental research, conducted by other in- vestigators, in wider fields. Dr. Geoffrey Martin said that the manufacture of cement should be a chemically controlled industry, but was largely in the hands of the engineer. The chemist was often given too little opportunity to prove his value. 103 Mr. R. V. Storr said that in the photographic iriclustry thc chemist and physicist were now corning into their own.He emphasised the point that Mr. Parker had made with regard to the interdependence of research in various industries. Mr. H. Lloyd Hind pointed out the relation of research work carried out in brewing and in agriculture. The Institute of Brewing was working in conjunction with Rotharnsted, Wyc, and other agricultural stations. Research in brewing had led to great expansion of knowledge in wider fields in which bio- chemistry was involved, He instanced the work of Pasteur, originally a brewing chemist. Mr. H. J. Young said that we should clear our minds as to the meaning of the word “research”: it did not mean works control. Research Associations should confine themselves to fundamental work and need not usurp the province of the works and consulting chemists. If a chemist was not given a chance it was often his own fault and due to his lack of personality.Mr. John Rhodin urged that all research should be devoted to some definite object for the good of humanity. Mr. L. D. Goldsmith said that in the electrical industry the importance of “traces” was becoming of great importance. The work of the chemist was difficult to distinguish from that of the physicist. Dr. W. R. Ormandy gave some instances of the valuable work which was being done, for example-on the conversion of sawdust into sugar, of coal into oil, and on the production of glycerine and power alcohol from waste materials such as maize cobs. Fermention processes and physical chemistry were becoming more important.Sir Robert Robertson, in closing the discussion, said that the proceedings of the evening had demonstrated the necessity for broad scientific training. The man of character would con-stantly find problems requiring attention and, by their solution, would ensure due recognition of his services. He expressed the thanks of the section to the openers and to all those who had taken part in the discussion. Manchester and District.-On the 22nd February, Dr. H. Levinstein presided at a meeting of the section held at the Textile Institute, when Prof. H. E. Armstrong gave an address entitled “The Nescience of Science and the Conceit of Ignorance.” 104 The training and organisation of industrial chemists was the subject of a paper read by Dr.W. H. Gibson, of Belfast, before a meeting of the Section held on 11th February. Dr. Gibson said chemists generally realised that a gradual alteration was taking place in their position in relation to industry. The serious recognition of chemistry as a profession, even amongst chemists themselves, dated roughly from the foundation of the Institute in 1877. Before that time chemists were, in a sense, amateurs, and were not much concerned as a class with the commercial effect of their activities. Industrial applications of chemical discoveries were, in general, not consciously sought ; they just happened. Chemists were estab- lished in those industries which owed their origin to the progress of chemical discovery.In older industries the chemist for a long time failed to gain a footing, although he was employed, as a consultant, on the rare occasions when the business man realised that he was encountering a difficulty of a chemical nature. To-day the chemist was beginning to be regarded as necessary in nearly every industry. The employer of a chemist, his business colleagues, and the chemist himself, should mutually be aware of their proper places in the business organisation. The primary reason why a chemist was of value in industry was that he was a close and systematic observer of the chemical and physical properties of substances. He was the authority on materials and processes. Dr. Gibson criticised the training of the chemist in that it did not fit him for applying his knowledge and skill in modern industry. He agreed with those people who insisted so em-phatically that students must receive before everything a training in pure chemistry.While there would always be much for the chemist to learn by actual experience in a works, his progress could be rendered easier by suitable instruction before- hand. Applied chemistry should be taught by an industrial chemist and developed from an industrial standpoint. The formation of character was as essential in the training of an industrial chemist as the acquisition of chemical knowledge. The suggestion of a course of instruction in general applied chemistry, said Dr. Gibson, might be unfamiliar; but something of the kind should precede specialisation in any particular industry.TBy this he did not mean a course of chemical engineering.The opportunities for chemical engineers, in his 105 opinion, were rather limited, and for industrial chemists much more numeroiis. In the average non-chemical industry the cheinist would get on better if he r-eliccl on thc engineer for the engineering side of his work. An intelligent understanding of engineering principles was quite sufficient. He had no illusion that it would be a simple matter to devise a satisfactory course of instruction in general applied chemistry, but he thought that if the attempt were made it would be crowned with success. In a general course time could well be spent on the technology of those materials with which a chemist had inevitably much to do, whatever branch of industry he might enter, such as fuels, water, lubricating oils, the uses of the commoner metals and alloys, paints and building materials.Subsidiary subjects to the training in applied chemistry should be the principles and machinery of business, economics, and a training in statistics. It would quite frequently be found that the chemist could make use of business statistics neglected otherwise by the firm. A business training would also help him immensely in costing problems. Mr. C. H. Manley, who opened the discussion, said if he might be permitted to quote his own experience at Oxford he would say that pure chemistry was the only kind of chemistry in which he had any training whilst there, and it was only when he had graduated that he realised what applied chemistry was.Dr. Gibson seemed to have assumed that, before the war and after, the majority of those who were trained in chemistry went into industry. The speaker’s own experience was to the contrary. Those who were at Oxford looked rather to the Universities, the public schools, and the secondary schools as the places where later they would be earning their living, and it was only after the war that some of the chemical firms offered salaries that would induce chemists to enter industry. It was only really when the war came, and some of them were called to Birmingham, Manchester, London, and other centres like Gretna and Queensferry, to aid in the preparation of war material, being paid on a poor basis he came to receive a reasonable salary.Mr. L. Guy Radcliffe, Chairman of the Manchester Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, said that for a number of years he had travelled about the country listening to addresses on the training of the chemist, and he had probably read even more than he had heard. He had never yet met two individuals who agreed upon the subject. In his opinion the chemical 106 training givcn in our universities should be as pure as they could make it. In pure chemistry there was quite as much as a student could acquire in the three or four years of his training. Almost throughout the country, with the exceptioii of Oxford and Cambridge, the universities were in the centres of industrial communities, with governing bodies largely leavened from industry.Those governing bodies sometimes had very strong views as to what a particular faculty of a university should teach from the point of view of the good of the community wherein the particular university was situated. They had in Manchester the University proper, in which they had preserved very largely the teaching of pure chemistry, and the College of Technology, in which they superimposed a technical type of chemistry upon the training in pure chemistry. Mr. F. Scholefield congratulated Dr. Gibson on his paper. In industry science did not matter except in so far as it enabled a particular firm to show a better balance sheet at the end of the year.The tendency at the present time was to make the training a purely chemical one. The student had no time, for instance, to get hold of the principles of enqineering, which were so desirable to a young man entering a works. On the question of costing, the ideas of many would-be in- dustrial chemists on going into a works were deplorable; it took them years to get any commonsense idea of the principles underlying costing. In these days of continuous changes in the cost of labour, and so on, the relative importance of the various factors was changing so quickly that results were going to be a long way out unless careful attention was paid to the subject. Costing was essentially a matter that the chemist ought to take under his charge.Messrs. W. A. Silvester, J. Greenwood, L. Mills, and F. Lcslic Barrett also participated in the discussion. Dr. Gibson having replied to some of the points raised, a vote of thanks was moved by Mr. Radcliffe, seconded by Mr. D. M. Paul, and carried with enthusiasm. NewcastI e-on-Tyne and N orth-East Coast,-A meetingof the section was held in the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club on 17th February,-Mr. A. Short taking the chair in the unavoidable absence of Dr. J. T. Dunn. Prof. H. J. Hutchens, D.S.O., Professor of Bacteriology at Armstrong College, delivered a lecture on "Susceptibility to 107 Disease,” dealing with the subject under two headings :-(r) Natural Immunity and (2) Acquired Immunity.He described the classical experiments of Metchnikoff, which proved that the primary defence of the body against invading micro-organisms lay in the activities of the white cells of the blood. He described how these cells congregate at the point of infection and proceed to engulf and digest the organisms. The process is known as phagocytosis. He then proceeded to explain that one attack of a disease will protect the individual against a further attack of the same disease, owing to the property of the animal body of elaborating substances which antagonise the action of invading organisms or even of foreign proteins. These substances, known as anti- bodies, exist in the blood serum after an attack of a disease. They act by causing the organisms to clump together (agglu- tination) and dissolve (bacteriolysis) .Prof. Hutchens emphasised the striking specificity of antibodies. The antibody to one organism shows its action most strongly on that particular organism and similarly, antibodies to proteins are so specific that they distinguish between substances which appear identical to the chemist. This is where the collaboration of chemistry is needed in elucidating the problems connected with immunity. It must be determined whether there are actual differences in the chemical constitution of substances which at present are only distinguished by the production of different antibodies. Among other practical considerations the lecturer mentioned the phenomenon of racial immunity. He instanced the great susceptibility of the natives of the South Sea Islands when measles was first introduced there.This was presumably due to their lack of inherited or acquired immunity, which other races possess through constant contact with the disease. A long and interesting discussion followed. Prof. Clemo agreed that biological tests were much more delicate at present than chemical tests. Referring to the action of antibodies, the problem, as he understood it, was to determine exactly in what order the amino-acids forming a protein were linked together. When this was possible the chemist might be able to distinguish between, for example, the albumins derived from different animals. Much work had already bem done, and he believed that a few years would see the solution of the problem.Mr. F. 11. Walker said that thc theory of imniunity appeared 108 to be based on very slender evidence. Recent disasters in attempting to immunise children against diphtheria led to the suspicion that the original work was unsound. He could only judge by results. Following on the death of six children at Baden, and the serious injury of 34 others, the Schick test for diphtheria and the subsequent irnmunisation tests had actually been prohibited in Austria, but were still used in this country. Was the number of observations and number of controls in the original work sufficient, and was it assumed that bio-chemical actions in a guinea pig or other animal were the same as in human beings? Dr.Stich defended the Schick test, and said it had come to stay. He did not agree that biological tests were more delicate than chemical tests. Mr. A. Trobridge said that he himself had suffered from three attacks of measles, and quoted numerous cases of diseases oc- curring more than once in the same individual. The mathe- matical study of the statistics of small-pox showed that the number of persons attacked more than once by that disease was just what might be expected according to theory. There was no ground for the assumption that one attack of a disease conferred immunity from further attacks. Some explanation was required as to why the number of deaths from chicken pox, a disease described as rarely, if ever, fatal, was five times greater than the number of deaths from small-pox.Prof. Hutchens having replied to the discussion, was accorded a very hearty vote of thanks. South Wales.-A joint meeting of local sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, with the Wales and Monmouthshire Junior Gas Association, was held on 6th February, at University College, Swansea, when Mr. C. A. Seyler read a paper on “The Microscopy of Coal.” Prof. J. E. Coates presided. The members had an opportunity of inspecting the chemical and engineering departments of the College, and were enter- tained to tea by Prof. and Mrs. Bacon after the lecture. Mr. Seyler laid stress on the fact that coal was not, in a scientific sense, a mineral, but a stratified rock.Quite apart from layers of shale, it had in general a banded structure, and consisted of laminae, which had long been roughly described as bright and dull. These terms, however, were relative, and 109 their vagueness had retarded the study of the character of the different bands. The introduction by Dr. Stopes of the terms vitrain, clarain, durain, and fusain had made possible an accurate definition of the lithological characters of coal, and had been a great stimulus to the study of its structure. There was nothing mysterious about these terms; they involved no theories, nor were they intended to ‘I explain ” the nature of coal, but served simply the purposes of exact description. These banded con- stituents had proved to be of great industrial importance.They differed not only in the amount and nature of their mineral impurities, but also in chemical composition and characters, especially in coking power. It was no longer sufficient to study coal in average samples; we required the more intimate ac-quaintance with it which the microscope alone could give. Mr. Seyler then described the results which had hitherto been obtained as to the microscopic characters of these bands. He said that the interest had, for the moment, shifted from the duller bands, which were rich in plant remains of all sorts, to the brightest ones, which had been considered void of structure. Into this void had been thrust many wild theories as to the nature of coal, and our knowledge of the subject had been Greatly confused thereby.On the other hand the American workers, Dr. White and Dr. Thiessen, asserted that “bright coal” (by which they evidently meant vitrain, though they did not use the term) was not structureless; but when cut thin enough proved to be always derived from the woody parts of plants, stems and roots. This would solve the long-standing mystery of what had become of the wood of the palEozoic forests. Mr. Seyler then described his own methods and results. He had developed the metallurgical method of polishing and etching, first applied to coal by Dr. Winter, of Bochum. As now modified, the method was applicable to all kinds of coal, not only bituminous, but anthracitic. In the case of anthracite the method of cutting thin sections failed, but the metallo- graphic method brought out the structure wonderfully, and showed that the plant remains in anthracite were similar to those in bituminous coals.The task of interpretation of the results of the new method was a difficult and laborious one, but great progress had been made, especially by comparing the results of the two methods on bituminous coals. Mr. Seyler then described how the minute details of plant tissue, such as the middle lamellae and intercellular spaces, 110 could be made out, even where the tissues had been much crushed and fractured. He showed how by cutting coal in three planes at right angles at one spot, solid models of the structure of coal could be made.By this means all the details of wood were shown in the bands of vitrain studied, and it was even possible to name the kind of tree from which the coal originated. He then turned to the problem of what had become of the “bark” of the trees. The palzozoic trees depended largely for their strength upon their thick cortex. He demonstrated by the aid of models constructed as above that all the characters of a very complex cortex (“bark”) could be shown in a particular bright band of gas-coal, and that the kind of tree (a sigillaria) from which it was derived could be identified. In conclusion, Mr. Seyler expressed the opinion that the first step to the understanding of the chemical nature of a given band of coal was to determine the kind of plant tissue from which it originated.The chemical nature of this original material being known, we could proceed with some chance of success to investigate the changes, both bio-chemical and dynamo-chemical, which had resulted in its conversion into a coal of specific composition and properties. He hoped shortly to publish a further account of his investigations during thz last year. An informal dinner of the South Wales sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 5th March at Thomas’ Cafe, Swansea. Prof. J. E. Coates, chairman of the local section of the In- stitute, presided, and the chief guest was Mr. R. Leslie Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, this being the occasion of his first visit to the section.Proposing the toast of “The Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry,” Mr. Geo. Madel, after giving a hearty welcome to Mr. Collett, referred to the status conferred by the diplomas of the Institute. He regarded the Fellowship as implying not only a thorough knowledge of chemistry, but also extensive experience in chemical practice and in the realities of life. He urged the younger members to bear in mind that success depended on something more than a knowledge of pure chemistry. Responding on behalf of the Institute and the Society, Mr. Collett, after thanking the South Wales chemists for inviting 111 him to be their guest, expressed his hearty agreement with the policy of co-operation adopted by the two bodies, in arranging joint meetings, and thus bringing together chemists in a way most beneficial to themselves and their profession. The In- stitute, with its membership roll of 5000 British chemists, was a body to which any chemist might be proud to belong.He reminded those chemists who were not within its ranks that the Institute was the properly authorised registration body for chemists. It was, however, not merely a registering and ex-amining body, but a corporate body of professional men, united for a common purpose, and pledged to a strict ethical code, claiming therefore for its members the public recognition and privileges of professional men. It was the duty of members of the Institute to support the various chemical societies.Each corporate body could co-operate and strer,gthen the chemical army without any danger of losing its individuality. He would like to ask those qualified chemists who remained outside the Institute, and any Fellows and Associates who neglected to support their local section, this one question: “Can you afford to stay outside the corporate movement of your profession? ” To these he would quote the line of Rudyard Kipling--“For the strength of the pack is the wolf, and the strength of the wolf is the pack.” The Chairman proposed the toast of “Kindred Societies and Guests,” to which Messrs. J. H. Wells and Capt. L. Taverner responded, the latter paying a special tribute to the secretariat for the great part it had played in building up the present strong position of the Institute.In proposing the toast of “The Hon. Secretary,” Mr. Collett referred to the constant and multifarious labours involved in the affairs of a local section, and reminded members that the efforts of the keenest honorary secretary were largely nullified in the absence of their active support. The Honorary Secretary, who was received with musical honours, in replying, acknowledged the great help he always received from the Chairman and Committee. An excellent musical programme was provided by an instru- mental quartette of chemists from the Mond Nickel Co., and Mr. P. V. Lloyd’s songs were greatly appreciated. 112 The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London).ON the 25th February, Mr. F. H. Carr, a Director of British Drug Houses, Ltd., delivered an address entitled “The Transference of Chemical Processes to the Large Scale ”-Professor Smithells, President of the Association, in the chair. Mr. Carr emphasised the importance of students keeping the economic aspects of chemistry in view during their training. To illustrate his remarks he gave a brief sketch of certain manu- facturing processes, especially the production of insulin, which had proved a problem of unusual difficulty. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides. A very cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Carr was carried, on the proposal of the Chairman. On 20th March, the annual dance was held at Gunter’s, Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, W.On 25th March, the Association accepted an invitation from the Chartered Secretaries Students’ Society to a debate held in the Hall of the Institute of Journalists, the Registrar of the Institute, Vice-president of the Chartered Institute of Secretaries, presided. Mr. C. F. Tumber proposed, and Mr. A. J. Hillier seconded- “That, in the opinion of this meeting, the interests of members of professions would be safeguarded and furthered by the institution of unions, and by compulsory membership thereof of all qualified workers.” Mr. A. J. Sumner and Mr. G. G. Pullen opened for the op- position. A large number of members of both Associations took part in the discussion. On a division, the motion was lost by a small majority.113 Notes. Cann izzaro.-The Council of the Institute has been invited by the Associazione Italiana di Chimica to appoint represen- tatives to attend the Celebration of the Centenary of the birth of Stanislao Cannizzaro, to be held in Palmer0 in May. The Council will be glad to hear from any Fellows of the Institute who intend to be present. Societh de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-The Council of the Institute has been invited to appoint representatives to attend the 6th Congress of Industrial Chemistry, which will be held at Brussels from the 26th September to 3rd October, next. The Council will be glad to hear from any Fellows who intend to be present. United States,-Enquiries are received from time to time from Associates who appear to be under the impression that good openings are likely to be offered chemists in the United States, provided always that they are permitted by the Immigration authorities to seek appointments in that country.Dr. T. R. Duggan has forwarded to the Registrar a cutting from the New York Herald Tribune, which indicates the value put on the services of the average American University graduate. In the list prepared by the Yale University Bureau of Appoint- ments, prospective employers offer salaries ranging from 1250 to 1500 dollars for a graduate who has been a leader of his fellow students, who has had an outstanding scholastic record, and possesses a strong personality. For the initial salary men-tioned he must be prepared to go anywhere, “from South America to the Congo.” This corresponds with a starting salary of less than E5 a week, which is certainly not encouraging to British chemists who contemplate seeking a career in the United States.Dr. E. C. Edgar, Head of the Chemistry Department at the Polytechnic, Regent Street, has been appointed Principal of Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. On 13th M.arch the Registrar visited Wellington College, Berks., where he delivered a lecture on “Alchemists,” illustrated by lantern slides, before a well-attended meeting of the Science Club. I14 Obituary. WILLIAMRANSOMCOOPER died at Tulse Hill, on 15th March, in his 59th year. Educated at the City and Guilds Central Technical College and King’s College, London, he obtained the diploma of A.C.G.I.in Elec- trical Engineering. He graduated at the Royal University of Ireland as M.A. in Mathematics and Mathematical Science in 1891, and as B.Sc. with honours in Chemistry and Experimental Physics in 1895. In that year he became electro-chemical assistant to Mr. James Swinburne, with whom he was subsequently in partnership as a consulting engineer. From 1899 to 1901, he wtw the editor of Science Ahtracts and, from 1906, for more than ten years he was editor of The Electrician, to which journal he had contributed numerous articles since 1893. He was the author of a work on Primary Batteries, and edited Macmillan’s Electro-Metallurgy. He contributed numerous papers covering a wide range of electrical engjneering and electro-chemical subjects to the various engineering societies.He was ra Vice-president, Honorary Secretary and Treasurer of the Physical Society, and a Vice-president of the Faraday Society. He was a Member of the Council of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and, during the war, served on the Advisory Panel of the Ministry of Munitions and the Nitrogen Products Committee. He passed the Final Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1897. SIR JOHN HARRISONBURCHMORE died on 8th February in his 70th year. Born in Birmingham, he was educated at the Birmingham and Edgbaston Proprietary School, where he studied under Dr. George Gore and Mr. Woodward. He obtained a Scholarship to Christ’s College, Cambridge, and graduated with honours in the Natural Scicnce Tripos in 1877.He continued at Cambridge for a further year, and was for six months science master at Berkhampsted Grammar School, before he was appointed Professor of Chemistry and Agricultural Science, and Government Analyst, at Barbados. While so engaged he studied the geological resources of the West Indies and British Guiana. In 1889, he became Government Analyst and Professor of Chemistry in British Guiana, where, in 1904, he was also appointed Director of Science and Agriculture. In 1901 he was appointed C.M.G., and in 1921 received the honour of knighthood in recognition of his scientific services in the West Indian Colonies. His numerous official reports contained many records of valuable investigations on the chemistry of tropical products.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888 and was for manyyears the Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute in British Guiana. 115 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented recently by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Aggregation, The States of.” The changes in the state of matter in their dependence upon pressure and temperature. G. Tammann, translated from the second German edition by R. F. Mehl. Pp. xi.+zg7. (London: Bombay and Sydney: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 24s. Equilibria between vapor and liquid ;equilibrium curves ;polymorphism; the phase diagram; deformation of crystals; transition of an unstable into a stable state of aggregation; liquid crystals.‘ Bleaching Industry, Concerning the.” Compiled by Sir A. J. Sykes. The History of the Bleaching Industry. Pp. viii.+ 120. (Manchester: The Bleachers’ Association, Ltd.) “Chemistry, Three Centuries of.” Phases in the Growth of a Science. I. Masson. Pp. vii. + 191. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. The rise of scientific thought; the genesis of modern chemistry; the search for the elements; the search for the structural units; postscript on professional chemistry. “Metallurgy and its Influence on Modern Progress, with a Survey of Education and Research.’’ Sir Robert A. Hadfield, Bart. Pp. xvi.+388. (London: Chapman &-Hall, Ltd.) 25s.Part I.:-Historical; Part 11.:-Metallurgy: iron and steels; Part 111.:-Fuel Economy; Part IV. :-Education and Research. “ Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Recent Advances in.” A. W. Stewart. 5th edition. Pp. xi.+311. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 18s. The Older and the New Chemistry; X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Numbers; Elements of the Rare Earths; Hafnium; the Phenomena of Radio-activity; the Disintegration Theory and the Radio-active Series; Radon, Thoron and Actinon; Isotopes and Isobares; the Analysis of Positive Rays; the Results obtained with the Mass Spectrograph; the Atomic Nucleus and its Artificial Disruption; the Outer Sphere of t,he Atom; Active Hydrogen and Nitrogen; Some New Hydrides; Some Effects of Intense Drying; Tesla-Lumincscence Spectra. “ Qualitative Tnorganic Analysis.” D.R. Snellgrove and 3. I,. White. Pp. xii.+zSo. (London: Methuen &-Co., Ltd.) 7s. 6d. Principles; dry tests; separations; tables; reactions to metals and acids. 116 The Library. Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11. 1925,the Lectures and Library Committee have had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts :-MESSRS. HENRY CAREY BAIRD& Co., INC.: The Metallurgy of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys. Robert J. Anderson, B.Sc. New Yorlc, 1925. MESSRS. G. BELL& SONS, LTD.: An Introduction to Industrial Chemistry. S. I. Levy, M.A., Ph.D:, F.I.C. London, 1926. MESSRS. ERNEST BE”, LTD.: British Chemicals. Their Manufacturers and Uses.Being the Official Directory of the Association of British Chemical Manu- facturers for 1925. London, 1925. Chemical Engineering Library. Second Series, London, 1925 :-The Design and Arrangement of Chemical Plant in relation to its Economic Control. Geoffrey Weyman, D.Sc., F.I.C. The Chemistry of Power Plant. W. M. Miles. The Conversion of Coal into Oils. Dr. Franz Fischer. Authorised English Translation, edited with a Foreword and Notes by R. Lessing, Ph.D. London, 1925. Intermediates for Dyestuffs. A. Davidson, B.Sc., A.I.C. London, 1926. The Synthesis of Benzene Derivatives. Stanley C. Bate, B.Sc., F.I.C. London, 1 926. Three Centuries of Chemistry. Phases in tho Growth of a Science. Irvine Masson, M.B.E., D.Sc., F.I.C.London, 1925. LTD., AND THE ELECTROLYTICTHE BRITISH METAL CORPORATION, ZINC Co., OF AUSTRALASIA,LTD.: Cadmium: Its Metallurgy, Properties and Uses. Norman F. Budgen, Ph.D., M.Sc. London, 1924. THE CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY :PRESS Volumetric Analysis. A. J. Berry, M.A. Third Edition. Cam-bridge, 1925. MESSRS. CEAPMAN& HALL, LTD.: Organic Syntheses. An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals. Vol. IV. Oliver Kamm, Editor-in-Chief. London, 1925. Organic Syntheses. An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals. Vol. V. Carl S. Marvel, Editor. London, 1925. Principles and Practice of Industrial Distillation. E. Hausbrand. Translated from the Fourth new and enlarged German edition by E.Howard Tripp, Ph.D. London, 1925. 117 MEBSRS. CHAPMAN & HALL,I~TD.---COni%nUed.’ The Technology of Wood Distillation, with Special Reference to the Methods of obtaining the intermediate and fhished products from the Primary distillate. M. Klar. Translated by Alexander Rule, M.B.E., D.Sc.. Ph.D., F.I.C. With an additional chapter by the Translator. London, 1925. The Use of Solvents in Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Donald W. MacArdle, S.B. London, 1926. MESSRS. CONSTABLE& Co., LTD.: Introduction to Theoretical Physics. Vol. 11. Arthur Haas, Ph.D. Translated from the Third and Fourth Editions by T. Verschoyle,B.Sc., A.R.C.S. London, 1925. The Science of Soils and Manures.J. Alan Murray, B.Sc. Third Edition, revised and enlarged. London, 1926. The States of Aggregation. The Changes in the State of Matter in their dependence upon Pressure and Temperature. Gustav Tammann. Authorised Translation from the Second German Edition by Robert Franklin Mehl, Ph.D. London, Bombay and Sydney, 1926. MESSRS.CROSBY, & SON:LOCKWOOD Applied Chemistry. A Practical Handbook for Students of House-hold Science and Public Health. Vol. 11. Foods. C. Kenneth Tinkler, D.Sc., F.I.C., and Helen Masters, B.Sc. London, 1925. Companion to the First Edition of Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names. William Gardner. London, 1925. EVERS, NORMAN, B.Sc., F.I.C. : The Chemistry of Drugs. Norman EversJ B.Sc., F.I.C. London, 1925. HADFIELD,SIR ROBERTA., Bt., D.Sc., D.Met., F.R.S., F.I.C.: Metallurgy and its influence on Modern Progress, with a Survey of Education and Research. Sir Robert A.Hadfield, Bt., D.Sc., D.Met., F.R.S., F.I.C. London, 1925. MESSRS. LONOMANS,GREEN & Co.: A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. VI. J. W. Mellor. D.Sc. London, 1925. Elementary Inorganic Chemistry. F. W. Hodges, B.Sc. London, t’jx1925.Hexosamines and Microproteins. P. A. Levene. London, 1925. Modern Inorganic Chemistry. J. W. Mellor, D.Sc. London, 1925. Photosynthesis. The Assimilation of Carbon by Green Plants. Walter Stiles, Sc.D. (Cambridge). London, 1925. Recent Advances in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry. Alfred W. Stewart, D.Sc. Fifth edition.London, 1926. A System of Physical Chemistry. William C. McC. Lewis, M.A., D.Sc. Vol. 11. Thermodynamics. London, 1925. The Fats. J. B. Leathes, M.A., M.R., F.R.S., and H. S. Raper,C.B.E., M.B., Ch.B., D.Sc. Second edition. London, 1925. The Nature of Enzyme Action. Sir W. M. Bayliss, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Fifth edition. London, 1925. MESSRS. METRUEN & Co., LTD.: Qualitative Inorganic Analysis. D. R. Snellgrove, Ph.D., M.Sc., A.I.C., and J. L. White, D.Sc. London, 1926. 118 MESSRS. A. J. RAYMENT: Refrigeration in the Chemical Industry. G. W. Daniels. London, 1925. THE RIBBLE JOINT :COMMITTEE Ribble Joint Committee Proceedings, 1924-1925. Preston, 1925. ROLFE, R. T., F.I.C.: The Romance of the Fungus World. An Account of Fungus Life in its numerous guises both real and legendary.R. T. Rolfe, F.I.C., and F. W. Rolfe. With Foreword by J. Rarnsbottom, O.B.E.,M.A., F.L.S. London, 1925. THE SHELDON PRESS: Science, Religion and Reality. Edited by Joseph Needham. London, 1925. STEWART,Dr. A. W., F.I.C. Quatorze Rbgles A l’usage de ceux qui font des RBcherches en Chimie Organique. Emile Fischer. Traduit par H. Decker. Paris, 1906. Les Theories Physico-Chimiqucs. Par le Dr. A. Reychler. TroisiGme Edition. Entibrement ltdfondue et Complktke. Brussels, 1903. Vade-Mecum du Chimiste. Ouvrage publid sous les auspices du Syndicat des Chimistes de Belgique. Paris, 1903. SYKES, SIR ALAN JOHN, Bart.: Bleaching Industry, Concerning the. Compiled by Sir Alan J.Sykesto mark the completion of the first quarter of a, century’s work of the Bleachers’ Association. Munchestw, 1926. THORPE, Prof. JOCELYNFIELD, C.B.E., F.R.S., AND WHITELEY, Dr. MARTHAANNIE, O.B.E. : A Students’ Manual of Organic Chemical Analysis, Qualitative and Quantitative. Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.I.C., and Martha Annie Whiteley, 0.B.E ., D .Sc., A .R.C.S., F.I.C. London, 1925. Books Purchased. Annual Reports of the Society of Chemical Industry on the Progress of Applied Chemistry. Vol. VI., 1921; Vol. VII., 1922; Vol. VIII., 1923; Vol. IX., 1924. London. The British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1923. An Imperial Dispensatory for the use of Medical Practitioners and Pharmacists. New and revised edition.London, 1923. The Chemistry and Analysis of Drugs and Medicines. Henry C. Fuller, B.Sc. New York and London, 1920. A Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. Sir Edward Thorpe, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S. Assisted by eminent contributors. Vol. VI. Revised and enlarged edition. London, 1926. A Handbook of Organic Analysis. Qualitative and Quantitat>ive. Hans Thacher Clarke, D.Sc., F.I.C. With an introduction by J. Norman Collie, Ph.D., LL.D., F.R.S. London, 1923. 119 The Microscopy of Vegetable Foods, with special reference to the Detection of Adulteration and the Diagnosis of Mixtures. Andrew L. Winton, Ph.D., with the collaboration of Dr. Josef Moeller and Kate Barber Winton, Ph.D. Second edition. New Yo& and London, 1916. The Mineral Industry.Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1924. Edited by G. A. Roush, A.B., M.S. Vol. XXXIII. London, 1925. Practical Organic Chemistry. Julius B. Cohen, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.S. London, 1924. Practical Organic Chemistry. J. J. Sudborough, 1’h.D ., D.Sc., F.I.C., and T. Campbell Jafies, M.A., D.Sc. London, Glasgow and Bombay, 1920. The Rothamsted Memoirs on Agricultural Science. Vol. V1II.-Vol XII. Harpenden (1899-1926). Squire’s Companion to the British Pharmacopoeia. Peter Wyatt Squire. Nineteenth edition. London, 1916. A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Edited by J. h’ewton Friend, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C. Vol. III., Part I. The Allkcline Earth Metals. May Sybil Burr (n6e Leslie), D.Sc. London, 1925. The Sale of Food and Drugs Acts and Forms, Rzgulations, Orders and Notices issued thereunder, with Notes and Cases by the late Sir William J.Bell. Seventh Edition, by Charles F. Lloyd. London, 1923. Aggregation and Flow of Solids. Bsing thc Records of an Experimental Study of the Micro-Structure and Physical Properties of Solids in Various States of Aggregation, 1900-1921, by Sir GeorgeBeilby, F.R.S. London, 1921. 120 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 26th February, 1926, one new Fellow was elected, one Associate was elected to the Fellow- ship, 35 new Associates were elected, and 16 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 2 Fellows by death. New Fellow. Briacoe, Professor Henry Vincent Aird, M.Sc. (Dun.), D.Sc. (Lond.), A.R .C.S ., D .I.C., Armstrong College, Newcastle -on -Tyne .Associate elected to the Fellowship. Beesley, Darrell Webb, 17, Harley Avenue, Victoria Park, Manchester. New Associates. Alexander, James Dickson, B.Sc. (Edin.), 11, Wellington Street, Edin- burgh.Ansell, Raymond Ernest, M.Sc. (Birm.), 15, Showell Green Lane, Sparkhill, Birmingham.Bcrnstein, Samuel John, B.Sc. (Glas.), 139, Rutherglen Road, Glasgow, C.6. Bullin, Lawrence, B.Sc. (Manc.), Messrs. H. Richards Tile Co.. Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent. Christian, John Austen, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), The College of Technology,Sackville Street, Manchester. Craig, Robert Mackie, B.Sc. (Glas.), Wincot, Matheson Street, Arkleston, Paisley.Cunningham, David, B.Sc. (Glas.), 40, Lawrence Street, Dowanhill, Glasgow, W.1. Dicken, Walter Hassall, M.Sc. (Liv.), 31, Birch Road, Bebington, Cheshire. Edgar, Sydney Hugh, B.Sc. (Birm.), 56, Clifton Road, Rugby. Ellison, Thomas, M.Sc. (Leeds), 163, Uttoxeter New Road, Derby. Gardam, George Euan, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 10, Cosbycote Avenue, Heme Rill, London, S.E.24 Gillbe, Henry Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Myddelton Buildings, High Street, Islington, London, N.l. Harman, Miss Annie, B.Sc. (Lond.), Eastwood, The Mount, New Malden, Surrey.Henry, Miss Kathleen Mary, A.R.C.Sc.I., Debenham, Stowmarket, Suffolk. Hickson, Louis Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Devonshire Villas, Whit0 Hart Lane, London, N.17. Hood, Miss Williamina, B.Sc. (Glas.), Primrosebank, Mauchlina, Ayrshire. Hughes, Samuel Percy, B.Sc.(Wales), 122, Walsall Road, Lichfield, Staffs. Jarman, Arthur William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Crouch Hill, Finsbury Park, London, N.4. Jones, Arthur Edward, B.Sc. (Bris.), 1, Devonshire Road, Redland, Bristol. 121 Jones, Robert, B.Sc. (Wales), 13, Smithfield Road, Aberystwyth. Kelly, Francis Charles, B.Sc. (Aberd.), c/o Principal Medical Officer, Medical Department, Nairobi, Kenya Colony, E. Africa,. Minster, John Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 59, Glengall Road, Kilburn, London, N.W.6. McEllin, Patrick Edward, M.Sc. (Liv.), Brampton, Off Cottam Lane, Ashton-on-Ribble, Preston, Lanes. Naylor, William Haydn, M.Sc. (Leeds), 40, Station Avenue South, Fence Houses, Co. Durham. Newall, Harold Earle, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 45, Sydney Road, Steel Bank, Sheffield.Payne, Reginald William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Charnwood Street, Derby. Ramsay, Max William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 23, Sycamore Road, Higher Tranmere, Birkenhead. Riley, Kenneth, M.Sc. (Mane.), 13, Park Avenue, Burnley. Sellick, Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Bishop’s Road, Fulham, London, S.W.6. Singh, Kishen, B.Sc. (Punjab), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 65, Cecil Street, Whitworth Park, Manchester. Stephenson, George Edward, B.Sc. (Dun.), c/o University Club, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Tasker, Cyril, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), The Brothers’ House, Toc H, 119, Kennington Park Road, London, S.E.11. Turner, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 235, College Street, Long Eaton, Notts. Waters, Walter Frederick, B.Sc. (Wales), 12, Glanmor Crescent, Swansea.Way, Christopher, B.Sc. (Wales), Bryn Coed, Old Road, Briton Ferry, Glam. New Students. Brewin, Albert, 80, Rosebery Street, Leicester. Brown, George, 11, Polwarth Gardens, Edinburgh. Campbell. Malcolm Colin, 61, Downs Road, Lower Clapton, London, E.5. Goldberg, Alan August, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, Earlham Grove, Forest Gate, London, E.7. Hall, Cecil Charles, 52, Wiverton Road, Sydenham, London, S.E.26. Hawkins, Frank Swain, Leighton, Rainsford Avenue, Chelmsford, Easex. Mallinder, Raymond, 18, Masonic Street, Halifax. McNiven, David James Lindsay, Bellfield, Eddleston, Peebles-shire. Quin, James Paterson, 2, Morton Terrace, Edinburgh. Rawstron, Frank Cecil, 219, Church Hill Road, Birchfield, Birmingham. Scott, William Dallas, Eldercroft, Cassio Road, Watford, Herts.Shilling, William Henry, 48,Byne Road, Sydenham, London, S.E.26. Smee, Frederick Henry, 10, Tower Terrace, Wood Green, London, N.22. Snedker, Stanley James Corrall, The Rowans, Wood Hey, Rock Ferry, Cheshire. Ure, John, 39, McDonald Road, Edinburgh. Yoxall, Douglas Arnold, Glanaser, Lower Cefn, nr. Wrexham, N. Wales. DEATHS, Fellows. Sir John Burchmore Harrison, C.M.G., M.A. (Cantab.). Charles Joseph Wilson. 122 General Notices. September Examinations, 1926.-Examinations will be held from 20th to 25th September, and 27th September to 2nd October next. The list of entries will close on 19th July. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to April, 1923, who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations for admission to the Fellowship.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the lnstitute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the court.esy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen GeseI1schaft.- The Council will be grateful to any member who will assist in making up the Institute’s set of the Berichte for the years 1924 and 1925 and since, Changes of Add ress.-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered-Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms :-Buckram case, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. 9d. ; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lectures.--Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who 124 wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose.The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. Sir George Beilby Memorial.-The Joint Committee of Officers and representatives of the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Metals, and the Society of Chemical Industry will be glad to receive further contributions towards the fund for the establishment of a memorial to the late Sir George Beilby. From the income of the Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, awards will be made to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work in science, bearing in mind the special interests of Sir George Beilby, viz., applied chemistry chemical engineering and metallurgy.The proposal does not imply an award on the result of a competition for work on a set theme or the solution of a definite scientific problem, but the recognition of work of exceptional merit. The sum received to 31st March was E1572 gs., and the expenses incurred to date, k64 IS. 8d. The Joint Committee hopes to raise a sum of not less than E5ooo-providing an income of about E250 a year for awards. Contributions may be addressed to the Hon. Secretaries, Beilby Memorial Fund, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9265000063

出版商:RSC    

年代:1926

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1926. PART 1x1. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C. 1. June, 1926. Publications Committee, 1926-27 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), G. G. HENDERSON (President), H. C. L. BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, J. C. DRUMMOND. W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, C. A. F. HASTILOW, 1. M. HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer). A. W. KNAPP. W. H. LEWIS. THOMAS MACARA, B. G. McLELLAN. L. Q. PAUL, L. G. RADCLIFFE. FRANK SOUTHERDEN. 127 Proceedings of the Council.APRIL-MAY, 1926. Congress of Chemists, London, 19th-23rd July, 1926. -Under the patronage of H.M. the King, the Society of Chemical Industry, with the co-operation of other societies and institutions, is organising a Congress of Chemists to be held in London from 19th to a3rd July, inclusive. The programme of arrangements includes :-On Monday, 19th July, Annual Meeting and Annual Dinner of the Institution of Chemical Engineers; Opening of an Exhi- bition of ChemicaI Plant, at the Central Hall, Westminster; at the Mansion House, in the presence of H.R.H. the Duke of York, presentation by the Lord Mayor of the Messel Medal of the Society of Chemical Industry to the Earl of Balfour, who will deliver the Messel Memorial Lecture; Reception by the President of the Society of Chemical Industry, followed by a Smoking Concert at the Hotel Great Central.The Exhibition of British Chemical Plant will be open on Monday, the 19th July at 11.30a.m. until Saturday, the 24th July, at 8 p.m. On Tuesday, 20th July,-Annual Meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry (for members only); a Symposium on “Corrosion,” at a joint meeting of the British Chemical Plant Manufacturers’ Association, the Institute of Metals, the Institu- tion of Chemical Engineers, and the Chemical Engineering Group; a joint meeting of the Bio-Chemical Society with the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, to discuss “The Scientific and Industrial Problems presented by The Hormones-the Natural Drugs of the Body ”; Luncheon, by invitation of the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry; Annual Meeting and Annual Dinner of the British Chemical Plant Manufacturers’ Association ; Discussion on “Chemistry House,” open to members of any of the participating Societies at the Hotel Great Central; Garden Party at the Royal Botanic Gardens; and Reception and Dance at the Hotel Great Central.128 On Wednesday, the aIst July,-Annual Meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry, continued: Visits to Works and Laboratories ; Reception, and Annual Dinner. On Thursday, the aand July,-Annual Meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry, continued: A joint meeting of the Chemical Engineering Group, the Institution of Petroleum Technologists, and the Institution of Chemical Engineers, on “Power Alcohol ”; Joint Meeting of the Institution of the Rubber Industry and the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association; Visits to Works and Laboratories ; Conversazione.On Friday, the a3rd July,-Excursions and Visits to Works; Meeting of the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association; Meeting of the Fuel Section; Launch Trip from Westminster to Greenwich. As a contribution to the programme, the Council of the Institute, with the concurrence of the General Committee of the Congress, proposes to afford facilities for an exhibition to be held at 30, Russell Square, of laboratory apparatus and instru- ments, reagents, filter papers, scientific books, etc.The object of the exhibition will be to afford companies and firms which are concerned with laboratory equipment an opportunity of showing recently introduced and improved forms of apparatus and instru- ments and other British products of interest to chemists. This exhibition will be open from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. on each day, to all holders of Congress tickets, and to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute. Members of the allied societies which are co-operating with the Society of Chemical Industry in arranging the Congress are entitled to apply for tickets for the various functions on the same terms as members of the Society and to attend meetings for which no tickets are necessary; but only members of the Society may attend its annual business meeting to be held on Tuesday, the 20th July.Applications should be sent as early as possible to the General Secretary, Society of Chemical Industry, Central House, Finsbury Square, London, E.C.2. The form of application must be accompanied by the appropriate remittance. 129 The offices of the Society during the Congress will be in the Brown Room, Hotel Great Central, and members are requested to attend there, on arrival to register their names and receive their tickets for the various functions. It is expected that accommodation in London will be limited during June and July. Members are advised to make early application for rooms. Belfast Resol utions.-The Finance and House Committee has reported on the resolutions received from the Belfast and District Section which have been referred to it by the Council.The Committee reports that the proposal to reduce the annual subscriptions of Fellows and Associates would involve a loss of approximately -&oo to the income of the Institute; but as the margin of income over expenditure in 1925 was only about j5300, the Committee regrets that it is unable to make any recommendation for such reduction at the present time. Regarding the proposal to defray the whole of the expenses of Members of Council attending meetings, the Committee points out that the present system of making allowances towards expenses was adopted in June, 1923,and amended, in May, 1925, to include allowances towards expenses of attending Committee meetings.The Committee does not see its way at present to recommend any further change. Indian Ordnance Department.-In the Report of the Royal Commission on the Superior Civil Services in India, published in March, 19~4,certain provisions were made for specialised officers of the Superior Civil Service, but the civilian officers of the Indian Ordnance Department , including the chemists, appeared to have been overlooked in the Orders, which were subsequently made in accordance with the recommen- dations of the report. Correspondence has passed between the Council of the Institute and the India Office on this matter and a reply has lately been received to the effect that the Secretary of State has sanctioned the application of the new pension rules to such Superior Gazetted Civilians (including chemists) of the Indian Ordnance Department as are on a pensionable basis.The new passage rates, with some modification, have also been applied with a proviso, in the case of those whose contracts are terminable at six months’ notice on either side, that five years must intervene between two successive passages. As regards 130 pay, the Council is informed that it is not possible to apply exactly the new rules to the class of personnel in question since they have not hitherto drawn overseas pay in any form; but the Secretary of State has decided, in the case of those drawing not more than Rs. 1000 per mensem, that Rs. 250 per mensem of their pay may be converted into sterling overseas pay of E25 per mensem, and in the case of those drawing more than Rs.1000 per mensem, that Rs. 300 per mensem may be similarly converted into j630 per mensem. Associazione ltaliana Di Chimica.-On the occasion of the Second National Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, held under the auspices of the Associazione Italiana di Chimica, at Palermo, in May, the centenary of the birth of Stanislao Cannizzaro was celebrated. Prof. Sir William Pope, attending as the representative of the Chemical Society and of the Institute, presented an address conveying fraternal greetings from the Institute to the Asso-ciazione and paying a tribute to the memory of Cannizzaro. National Milk Conference.-The National Milk Con-ference which was to have been held on the 8th June, has now been fixed for Tuesday, the 16th November next. The Institute will be represented by Mr.E. M. Hawkins. The Register, 7 926.-The publication of the Register of Fellows, Associates and Students has been delayed owing to recent labour conditions, but it is hoped that it may be issued during the present month. New Zealand.-Exception has been taken to some of the remarks in a paragraph referring to New Zealand which appeared in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI, Igz5,-especially to those remarks which refer to the number of chemists employed in industry in the Dominion. It is also held that the opinion that industries in New Zealand do not utilise science to the extent that they might for their own benefit, applies to the industries of the mother country,-a fact which is not disputed.That the number of chemists engaged in industry was considerably under-stated is shown by a return which has since been prepared in the Dominion and forwarded to the Institute, through the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. This return shows that the chemists engaged in industries (including the milk and meat industries) in various capacities as directors, managers, superintendents, works chemists, shift chemists, and assistants, and as consultants, number 61; and an additional return shows that nine physicists are employed, three of whom are also included in the list of chemists, while several others also are engaged as chemists.Although the return is more comprehensive than the reference in the paragraph in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSand shows that the position, so far as the employment of chemists is concerned, was much understated, it is to be hoped that no harm, but rather good, may result from directing attention to the matter; since it cannot be held that science is well represented even by 67 chemists and physicists where the industries concerned represent an annual productive value of 76 million pounds. The original paragraph was prepared from information received directly from a responsible source in the Dominion with the sole object of discouraging Fellows and Associates from emigrating to overseas Domminions without definite appoint- ments in view.It appears probable that in the near future steps will be taken to form a Section of the Institute in New Zealand, Honorary Correspon ding Secretar ies.-The Council has appointed the following Honorary Corresponding Secretaries,- Mr, Robert Boyd (British Columbia), Mr. William Francis (British Guiana), Mr. James Gray (South Africa), Professor Matthew A. Parker (Manitoba), and Professor D. H. Peacock (Burma). The Journal and Proceedings,-In view of the criticism of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSat a meeting of the Manchester and District Section, the Publications Committee wishes to state that the reports of meetings of Sections are, in the main, practi- cally verbatim reproductions of the reports received from the Sections themselves.The Publications Committee considers it desirable to maintain a record in the Journal of the meetings and proceedings of the Sections, but is not permitted to allow any Section more than about a page for any meeting devoted to technical subjects, because the Council holds that other journals should deal with such matter. The reports received are not cut down unless the matter exceeds the allotted space. The Com- mittee, however, is prepared to give more space to matters of general professional interest and, when they are of exceptional 132 and far-reaching importance, may consider their publication as separate monographs. The Committee necessarily reserves the right to withhold the publication of any matter which is considered undesirable.Regulations.-At the suggestion of the Board of Exam- iners, the Council has resolved that when Associates who are not engaged in industry desire to present themselves for examination for the Fellowship in Branches A (Inorganic Chemistry), B (Physical Chemistry), or C (Organic Chemistry), they may, in special cases, be allowed to take their examination in either of these Branches, without being expected to show an intimate knowledge of its application to a particular industry. Therapeutic Substances Act.-In accordance with clause 4 of the Therapeutics Substances Act, the Council has appointed Dr. James Fowler Tocher as the representative of the Institute to serve as a Member of the Advisory Committee which is concerned with the preparation of regu-lations relating to the manufacture, sale, and the importation of vaccines, sera, and other therapeutic substances. Ben evoI ent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee has reported that the total sum received for the fund during the year in subscriptions and donations amounts to i1794s.5d. less than that received during the corresponding period of 1925. The committee is receiving urgent appeals for deserving cases and expresses the hope that every Fellow and Associate will endeavour to make a small contribution, if only 2s. 6d. or 5s. annually, in order that all cases may be dealt with adequately. 133 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Section held on 30th March in the Chemistry Department of Queen’s Uni- versity, a discussion took place on Chemical Education, Dr.W. H. Gibson being in the chair. The discussion was to have been opened by Mr. J. C. A. Brierley, but as he was unfortunately unable to be present, the Chairman called upon Mr. William Honneyman, the Honorary Secretary. Mr. Honneyman said that he intended to look at the subject from the point of view of its importance to industry. By far the larger number of persons trained to be chemists had to go into industry to earn a living; teaching could absorb only a very limited number. He would like to consider how a graduate could be better fitted to take up an industrial post. He called attention to a conference of metallurgical chemists which had recently discussed a similar problem at Birmingham, and read some of the findings of that conference-notably the suggestion that a student should spend at least six months in a works before the granting of his degree.He felt that there was some truth in the comment often heard that a university man frequently did not have the viewpoint of industry. He imagined that some kind of apprenticeship before the university course might solve the problem. Jf a boy left school-say at 17years of age-he might profitably spend two years in a works, keeping up his studies at an evening technical school in the meantime, and then proceed to his university training. When he graduated -say at 22 or 23 years-he would have behind him the industrial experience of the bottom rung of the ladder, and could start out in industry knowing what to expect and how to deal with the people amongst whom he would work.Mr. A. Percy Hoskins did not think that apprenticeship was always successful; but if the man in charge were sympathetic, the apprentice would do well. He recalled several such cases. However, the apprentice did not only have to deal with chemists. The foreman often was a man of much practical experience, and, 134 unless met with tact, might possibly resent what he might construe as the interference of young people. Everything depended, in his opinion, on the training of character. He mentioned that an apprentice trained in a particular works might be subjected to restrictive clauses in a contract hampering his future movements.The young chemist should endeavour to win the confidence of the non-chemical people around him in the works. Dr. W. G. Bennett thought the chief difficulty was the educa- tion of the chemist before he went to the university. The school- boy who intended to become a chemist should start earlier in chemistry than was now the case and cover a wider course. He thought a student entering the university should have become already proficient in qualitative and quantitative analysis, and simpler organic preparations. The university should lay greater stress on chemical engineering-an essential thing for the industrial man-and give a wide general training. Mr.Bainbridge did not think that the human side had had adequate discussion. He agreed with Mr. Hoskins that the chief function of the University was the training of character. The apprenticeship system might be good, but he objected to any system which had as its object the training of a particular type of chemist. He thought training should be very general. Specialisation was neither necessary nor desirable at the uni- versity; it should come much later. The idea of putting a student into a job at a mere retaining wage was good, if, and it was a big if, the sympathy of all concerned, employers and employees, was ensured. The object of industry was to make money, not to train chemists. University training was most useful to a man in later years.It was his experience that although a purely technical man got on better in the earlier years of life, he very much questioned whether this was true in later years. Technical training was the job of the technical schools; a student could usually get that at any time. The graduate must go to a works like a new boy to a new school. He really needed a father-confessor to tell him he must spend his first few years in low paid employment at the bottom of the ladder until he had made good in industrial life. A man so advised would be likely to do much better than one who thought he knew the last word on the particular technical subject. Mr. Thompson thought a thoroughly trained man should not have much difficulty in adapting himself to his new conditions.135 Six months’ experience after graduation would be sufficient to make a student appreciate the problems of industrial life. Employers in notifying posts often required experience in a particular line, and this debarred a student from applying. He suggested that not infrequently a man not so competent, or so well trained, got a post merely on the strength of some ex- perience. He thought that managers and foremen often trusted those who would give an opinion without the painstaking experimentation of the chemist. Dr. Gibson thought that speakers had taken a rather narrow view of the subject. He asked to what extent people at large should receive a chemical education? The importance of chemistry to the general public was not sufficiently emphasised.He thought that education should aim at pointing out the contacts of chemistry with everyday life. An attempt should be made to make a school boy realise, at an early age, how much, and in what way, chemistry would influence his life. Students at large should be trained to be users rather than knowers of chemistry. When a student entered life outside the university he came in contact at once with people who do not make a living out of chemistry. If these people knew some chemistry inculcated as he suggested, the chemist would get on better with them. With regard to the chemist himself, he noticed recently in the JOURNAL a terrible indictment of present training. A report by the Board of Examiners stated that the advanced questions asked were well answered, but the elementary questions were very badly dealt with.He must stress this point about elementary knowledge, since the groundwork must be known well. He thought that academic chemists were leading chemists astray in their study. The teacher often made his own specialised subject preponderate, and that was bad for industry, although helpful for research at the university. In industry a man found that he had to tackle the problems facing him. Industry rarely had the kind of problems which academic people in general regarded as essential to a training in research. The academic problems were often of interest only to a very limited circle of specialists. Many of the problems in industry were practically insoluble; at best, only a partial solution could be found, and to attain even that a wide groundwork was usually necessary.Recent advances were often made a strong point in training, on the principle that they might be asked in examinations. But recent ideas were never so important as basic facts, and in any 136 case were frequently superseded in a few years. He was inclined to think that the system of industrial fellowships in the U.S.A. was a good one, where a firm maintained a graduate at an institute doing work in which the firm was interested. One difficulty in training chemists for industry was that there were practically no teachers, A supply of industrial chemists as teachers was badly needed: the majority of teachers at the present time had practically no works’ experience, and this was not good for the student.As an illustration of what he meant, he instanced the subject of bleaching. This was not merely a collection of chemical facts. To teach such a subject properly you must have an industrial man who has been through the mill, and who can bring the feeling of the works to bear on the student. In chemical training, many points of much importance to an industrial chemist were usually completely neglected. Micro-methods were rarely included, although often essential in practice. The use of instruments should be made a strong point. Refractometers, polarimeters and such like instruments were in common use in industry, but were often cursorily dealt with by teachers; so that the young graduate entering industry did not know how to use his tools.The course should include some business training in such matters as costing, methods of saving waste, difference of the scale of operations affecting reactions, the preparation of specifications and the ability to use them. He felt hopeful of the future, but the industrial chemist must come out of his shell and tell the people responsible for training chemists what kind of training was suitable for a chemist who is to work in industry. Mr. Honneyman, replying to the discussion, thought that the situation seemed to be that academic life was not sufficiently in touch with industrial life. One way which occurred to him to bring a more industrial trend into training would be for the universities to co-opt more frequently well known industrial chemists on their boards of examiners.In that way questions bearing on industry would be more adequately dealt with, and the courses would become modified accordingly. Birmingham and Midlands.-On 31st March, members of the Section visited the Brewery of Messrs. Bass, Ratcliff & Gretton, Ltd., at Burton-on-Trent. This privilege and the demonstration of the processes of brewing were much appreciated, and the visitors were also greatly impressed with the remarkable output of barrels by the electric cooperage plant. Subsequently a meeting of the Section was held at Burton, when a vote of thanks was accorded to the Company on the motion of the Chairman, Prof. A.R. Ling. Dr. Arthur Slator, Member of Council, then opened a discus- sion on “The Functions of a Chemist in the Fermentation Industries.” He dealt in some detail with the important question of the determination of the original gravity of beers, and also referred to the routine work of testing beers for traces of metallic impurities and to the biological work necessary to control the flavours in beers. Mr. C. G. Matthews contributed a paper, in which he outlined the progress made in the application of chemistry to brewing since he first commenced practice in Burton in 1878. With humorous anecdote to illustrate his point, he described the introduction into the brewery of various pieces of scientific apparatus such as the polarimeter, and he emphasised the importance of the experimental forcing tray.He also remarked that successful brewers no longer feared, so much as formerly, that they might give away valuable information by open discussion. Prof. A. R. Ling then discussed the university training of the would-be brewer and advised the sound basis of a degree course in chemistry before taking the specialised diploma. Mr. N. C. Beetlestone concluded the discussion by referring to other fermentation industries, such as vinegar brewing, power alcohol production, and fermentation for acetone and glycerine. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-On the 3rd July, the members of the section hope to visit the Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station of the University of Bristol at Long Ashton, by kind permission of the Director.Those intending to be present are requested to notify the Honorary Secretary not later than 28th June. Sir Ernest H. Cook has been re-elected Chairman of the Committee and of the Section for the ensuing session. Cape.-The Cape Explosives Works, Ltd., entertained the members of the Cape Chemical Society and the Cape Section of the Institute during the week-end 18-20th April, at Somerset West, the local members providing hospitality for those who 138 carne from a distance. Dr. R. Marloth presided, and Dr. C. F. Juritz acted as secretary. A paper on “Sulphuric Acid Concentration” was read by Dr. E. Taberner. After referring to the lead chamber process and the introduction of the Glover Tower, Dr.Taberner dealt with four types of acid concentration plant, namely, the Cascade, the Kessler, the Gilchrist, and the Gaillard systems. The hearty thanks of the meeting were accorded to Dr. Taberner for his interesting and valuable contribution. A paper was then submitted by Mr. W. J. Copenhagen on “Notes of Chemical Work performed at Sea.’’ Mr. Copenhagen referred to the important part played by chemistry in modem oceanographic investigation. The practical applications of oceanography were mainly on the biological side. Just as in agriculture, so in “aquaculture,” the nomad and hunter would have to develop into the settled farmer if his harvest was to be less precarious.In both pursuits the problems were susceptible of scientific treatment, and in this connection chemistry was of considerable value. Variations in ocean currents might account for movements or abundance of migratory fishes, and changes in the physico-chemical characters of the sea corresponded with distribution of the microscopic organisms which, amongst other factors, had a relation to our marine harvests analogous that which similar organisms on land had to soil fertility. The con- cluding portion of the paper dealt with the subject of the salinity of seawater, the author mentioning that, as the ingredients nearly always bore the same ratio to each other, the sum of them all, in any particular sample of sea-water, could be most rapidly ascertained by finding the amount of chlorine in the water.From the figure thus arrived at the specific gravity of the water could be calculated, by a simple formula, up to the fifth decimal place. This specific gravity was oceanographically of great importance, as the ocean currents were largely due to differences in the specific gravity of the layers of surface water. The thanks of the meeting were expressed to Mr. Copenhagen for his paper. The Chairman, on behalf of the visiting members of the two societies, proposed a hearty vote of thanks to the local members and to the Cape Explosives Works for their hospitality and for the facilities given for holding the meeting. The Cape Section has elected the following officers:-Chairman, Prof.J. Smeath Thomas; Secretary, Dr. C. F. Juritz; 139 Treasurer, Mr. E. H. Croghan; Members of Committee, Prof. E. Newbery and Mr. G. C. Scully; Auditors, Dr. W. Pugh and Mr. M. H. Hallack. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Mr. J. Adam Watson has retired from the position of Honorary Secretary on account of pressure of work, and Mr. Charles Forrester, A.I.C. has been elected in his place. Edinburgh and Glasgow.--In furtherance of the scheme of co-operation among societies interested in chemistry, a joint meeting of the Scottish Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry was to have been held at St. Andrews on 28th and 29th May. However, owing to circum- stances following upon the general strike, Principal Sir James Irvine, who was to have addressed the meeting on “Polysac- charides ” was compelled to alter his arrangements and this, coupled with the difficult conditions of transport, rendered it necessary to cancel the meeting.Future arrangements will be notified in due course. Liverpool arid North-Western. On 8th April, at St. George’s Restaurant, the members of the section enjoyed a smoking concert arranged by Mr. F. J. Smith. Mr. Alfred Smetham presided. Manchester and District.-On the 8th March the Section held a meeting at The Manchester Caf6,-Dr. Herbert Levinstein in the chair. The Chairman welcomed as a visitor Mr. Valentine Rawson, a member of the Australian Chemical Institute, whom he asked to convey the best wishes of the Section for the further progress and success of the Australian organisation.Mr. Rawson, in reply, promised to convey the message to the proper quarter, and said that the Australian Institute was endeavouring to follow the lead given by the old country. Mr. Garfield Thomas opened a discussion on the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute, with special reference to the reports on Section meetings. Mr. Thomas expressed the opinion that while the reports often contained matter that was trivial, lectures by very eminent men were omitted or so curtailed that the reports were of no value. He thought that fuller reports were desirable. He commented on the meagre description of some of the papers given on technical subjects. Space was given 140 to personal affairs at the expense of really interesting matter, and no more space was occupied in dealing with an important paper than in describing a cabaret evening. He suggested that the Sections should ensure that their meetings were adequately reported, and that the Publications Committee should give further attention to the editing.He suggested the appointment of an Editor and a Sub-Editor, who should ensure good reports and avoid trivialities. The Chairman said that the members were grateful to Mr. Thomas for his criticism, which was in some respects very sound, and suggested that his notes should be sent to the Local Section committee in order that they might be considered more closely. One important point to be borne in mind was the extreme difficulty, in the chemical world, in financing the journals already in circulation. The proper place for the publication of the technical matter, to which Mr. Thomas had referred, was the Review Section of Chemistry and Ikd&Yy.He, personally, would use all his influence to dissuade the Institute from develop- ing a journal and publishing papers in competition with other societies. The Committee of the Section subsequently forwarded a resolution to the Council advocating that manuscripts of lectures delivered before sections be kept in the Library of the Institute and be available for perusal by Fellows and Associates, and that lists of such manuscripts should appear periodically in the proceedings, together with a short synopsis of the contents. On the same evening, Dr.Meredith Young read an interesting paper on “The Endocrine Glands,” describing the chemical contents of these glands, including the thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, postpituitary, pineal, and suprarenal glands. He touched on their functions and the variability of their secretions with age, sex, diet, and health conditions. He considered that we had not yet arrived at the point at which, from an examination of the blood or serum, we could tell whether the endocrine glands were functioning normally, but thought this would be possible in the near future. In the discussion which followed, Dr. Levinstein, Mr. Melling, Mr. Scholefield, Dr. Ardern, Mr. L. G. Radcliffe, Mr. Hanna, Mr.Manley, Mr. Rawson, Mr. G. Thomas, and Dr. McClure participated. A vote of thanks, proposed by Mr. Melling, and seconded by Mr. Scholefield, was accorded the lecturer. 141 Notes. Regist ration.-Having regard to the question of registration which is now under consideration of a Special Committee, it is interesting to record that the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec has adopted an Act, which came into force on the 11th March, to incorporate the Association of Professional Chemists of Quebec wherein the title of ‘‘Professional Chemist ” is reserved to members of the Association. The Act, however, does not prevent any other person from practising chemistry provided that he does not assume the name of professional chemist or any other abbreviation thereof.A suggested clause providing for a “closed profession ” was refused reconsideration by the Public Bills Committee. American Chemical Society.-The American Chemical Society celebrates its fiftieth anniversary in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from the 6th to 11th September next, when it is anticipated that 3500 chemists from all parts of the world will be present. Arrangements are being made for meetings in eighteen divisional gatherings devoted to various branches of chemistry. In addition there will be two general meetings of the whole Society with evening entertainments open to mem- bers and visitors. The Society will send no direct invitations for the appointment of specialdelegates from other organisations, but publicly invites all non-American chemists to attend and take part in the meeting on the same basis and under the same conditions as members of the Society.The Society promises a warm welcome is full fellowship to the visiting chemists, who are invited to communicate at once with Mr. Charles L. Parsons, Secretary, Mills Buildings, Washington, D.C., U. S. A. 142 Soci6t6 de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-The Council will be glad to hear from any Fellows who intend to be present at the Sixth Congress of Industrial Chemistry which is to be held at Brussels from 26th September to 3rd October, 1926. The Seventh Congress will be held in Paris in October, 1927, when the Societ6 de Chimie Industrielle will celebrate the centenary of the birth of Marcelin Berthelot.Mr. Herbert Lambourne, formerly Senior Lecturer in Organic Chemistry, University College, Nottingham, from 1919-24,and, later, Head of the Chemistry Department, Borough Polytechnic, has been appointed Head of the School of Chemistry at the Regent Street Polytechnic, in succession to Dr. E. C. Edgar, who has been appointed Principal of the Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Mr. Bernard Cracroft Aston has been elected President of the New Zealand Institute, which holds a place in the Dominion similar to that of the various Royal Societies in the Australian States, and administers government grants for scientific research. At the Science Congress held in Dunedin in February, Mr. Aston received the Hector Research Medal which is awarded annually in rotation for the Sciences-Botany, Chemistry, Ethnology, Geology and Physics.A donation of E250 has been made from the general funds of the Institute to the Library of the Chemical Society for the year 1926. The Council of the Society will continue to allow the use of the Library to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute as before. 143 The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). ON 29th April, a meeting of the Association was held at the Institute, Professor Arthur Smithells, President, in the Chair. The Registrar and Mr. C. F. Tumber, Vice-president of the Association, dealt with the subject of “Alchemy, Past and Present,”-the former showing a considerable number of lantern slides indicating the nature of the activities of the early alchemists, and the latter dealing with the more modern developments, indicating the present possibilities of “transmutation.” The President, in thanking the lecturers, gave a brief summary of the position.Owing to the inconvenience caused by the strike and also owing to a prospective alteration in the constitution of the Association, the Annual General Meeting has been postponed until October. 144 Agril-May Examinations, 1926. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places scheduled below. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed was :-For the Associateship- No.examined. No passed. At the Institute, 19th to 24th April .. 21* 9 At the Indian Institute of Scienco, Bangalore, in April .. .. .. 2 0 For the Fellowship- At the Institute and the Royal School of Mines: Branch (A), Section 11, Metallurgy; 26th to 30th April .. At the Institute: SBranch (B), Physical Chemistry, with special reference to Cereals; 26th April .. .. .. At the Royal College of Science: Branch (B),Physical Chemistry with special reference to Electro-chemical Pro-cesses, 19th to 22nd April .. .. 1 1 At the Institute: Branch (C), Organic Chemistry with special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes; 26th to 30th April .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 At the Institute: Branch (C), Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Paints and Varnishes, 26th to 30th April .... .. .. .. 1 0 At the Institute: Branch (E),The Chemistry, including microscopy, of Foods and Drugs, and of Water, 26th April to 1st iWay . . .. 7 At the University, Manchester : SpecialOral examination in Bio-Chemistry 1 -36 -* Six candidates failed only in the translation of French and German literature, and one only in the translation of German literature. One candidate passed the examination in the translation of French and German literature, one in French translation, and two in German translation, thus completing their examination. 145 PASS LIST. Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. Bond, Edward John, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Ham Municipal College.Bothamley, Richard Parkinson, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Nottingham. Bourns, Frank, The Technical College, Loughborough. Coucill, Joe Harrop, A.M.C.T., Manchestcr College of Technology. Elvidge, Wilfred Farrand, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Nottingham. Groves, Ida Mary, B.Sc. (Birm.), The University, Birmingham. Henshaw, Charles Royston, A.M.C.T., Manchester College of Technology. Massie, Duncan MeRobert, A.M.C.T., Royal Technical College, Salford; and Manchester College of Technology. Reid, Eric, Liverpool Central Technical School. Examination for the Pellowship. In Brunch A: Inorganic Chemistry, Section II: Metallurgy. Forrester, Charles. In Branch B: Physical Chemistry. Byrne, Laurence James Patrick, B.Sc.(Birm.). Herd, Clifford William, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E: The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Pood and Drugs, and of Water. Chalmers, Frederick Grant Duncan, M.A., l3.S~.(Ahrd.). Fraser, James Ross, A.C.G.F.C., I3 .Sc. (Lond.) . Hope, William Plenderleith Lewellen, B.Sc. (Ediii.). House, Cecil John, A.R.C.S., l3.S~. (Lond.). McKean, John Brown. Napier, Oswald James Walter, M.A. (Cantnb.). In Brunch P: Biochemistry. Boyd, Major Thomas Crawford, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. (Ireland), D.P.H. 146 FOR INEXAMINATIONTHE ASSOCIATESHIP GENERAL CHEMISTRY. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The compulsory question in the first paper elicited very fair answers as regards the work of Mendeleev, except that candidates did not always bear in mind that some elements had been discovered since his presentation of the Periodic Law.As regards the atomic number, most of the replies were very vague, and only one candidate hazarded a definition. Essays on the specific heats were dis- appointing : the candidates who chose this question appeared to be ignorant of work subsequent to that of Dulong and Petit. More care is required in reading the questions; several candidates gave information not demanded. The work as a whole was very fair, the weakest answers being given to questions dealing with inorganic chemistry. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-The answers to questions in organic chemistry were more satisfactory than on the two previous occasions. LANGUAGES.-sP€!Cial attention is called to the failure of six candidates in the translation of French and German literature.The importance of this part of the examination does not seem to be sufficiently realised by some of the candidates. PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS.-In the practical work the candidates continue their experiments until a few minutes before the close of the examination with the result that in many instances the quantitative results are either left uncalculated or are vitiated by mistakes in arithmetic. This observation applies to both the inorganic and organic sections of the practical work. EXAMINATION THE FELLOWSHIP.--In the examination FOR in Branch E., The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Foods and Drugs, and of Water, the work showed a general, marked improvement on that of previous examinations. The micros- copical work was somewhat weak, and much more attention should be paid to this branch of the subject.More attention should also be given to Statutory Regulations, and to the wording of certificates under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. The following papers and exercises were given in the:- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 19th APRIL, 1926. 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions to be attempted, of which No. 1 is compulsory.) 1. Give an account of the periodic law as presented by MendelBev. To what extent have Mendelhev’s conclusions been modified and extended by the discovery of the atomic numbers? 2. Give an account of the preparation, properties and reactions of THREE of the following:- Pure 30 per cent.hydrogen peroxide, Caro’s acid, nitrosyl chloride, potassium borofluoride, cuprous chloride (dry), hypophos- phorous acid. 3. Either Describe current processes for the manufacture of hydrochloric acid on the industrial scale, indicating the conditions which would determine the choice of process. Or Describe the by-products in the Leblanc, Solvay and electrolytic processes for the manufacture of caustic soda from salt. Shew how these by-products have been utilised and discuss tho effect of this utilisation on the choice of process. 4. What is the action of water on the following:-Sodium peroxide,aluminium carbide, pyrophosphoryl chloride, lead tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride.5. Discuss the influence of the work of Black, Cavendish and La- voisier on the development of chemical theory. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions to be attempted.) 1. What is implied by the term “allotropy”? Give an account, with examples, of the application of physico-chemical methods to the study of allotropes. 2. Draw up a scheme for the determination of ONE of the following:- (a) Zinc oxide and antimony sulphide; (b) Aluminium, titanium, iron and thorium in a mineral. (c) Hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen cyanide, and carbon dioxide in a gas mixture containing these three gases in quantity. 3. Mention the chief orzs of nickel. Describe tho processes now 4. Discuss at least two different methods for the determination in use for the extraction of the metal.For what purposes is nickel useful? of atomic weights. 5. Write a short essay on either (a) The effect of surface on the reaction velocity of gases, or (b) The atomic heat of tho solid dements. TUESDAY, 20th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. By what industrial processes can glacial acetic acid be manu- factured ? Outline methods for converting this acid into (u) acetic anhy- dride, (b) acetonitrile, (c) ketene, (d) diethyl malonate. 148 2. Write an account of the preparation and properties of hydro- carbons having the general formula CnR2n-2. Give TWO examples o the application of these hydrocarbons in chemical industry. 3. Describe the practical working of the Grignard reaction and give a theoretica,l explanation of the process.Illustrate the utility of the reaction by one example of each of the following synthetic operations :-(a) production of tertiary alcohols, (b) synthesis in the terpene series. 4. Give a general description of the preparation and properties of aldo-and keto-oximes. Illustrate your answer by TWO typical examples each of (a) stereoisomerism of oximes, (b) the Beckmann change. 5. Either Write graphic formulae for anthracene ancl anthraquinone and adduce evidence in support of these chemical constitutions. Givo TWO examples of the employment of anthraquinone in the production of synthetic colouring matters, Or Write a concise essay on the diazo-reaction, giving examplcs of the use of this general reaction in (a) determining orientation of substituents in aromatic nuclei, (b) the production of technically important azo-dyes.2 to 3.30 p.m. The candidates wero required to translate into English passages from the Berichte and from Chimie et Industrie. WEDNEXDAY, 21st APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Solution A contains two organic liquids and an organic solid. Identify these three constituents ancl submit your report to the examiners immediately on completing t'he qualitative analysis. (A1=Methyloxalate, methyl alcohol, and chloroform ; A2 = iwethyl oxalate, acetone, and carbon tetrachloride. 2. Estimate the amount of the solid constituent present in a litre of solution A. (This exercise may, if necessary, be completed to-morrow.) T'HURSDAY, 22nd April, 1926: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Ascertain the nature of the dissolved substance in aqueous L= m-zylidine; B2= p-xylidine).solution B and if possible identify it. (B1 2. Ascertain the amount of orgcwic compound in solution l3 expressingthe result in grams per litre. FRIDAY, 23d APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. lo 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the solution C, (C'ornmercial water glass2. Determine tho iron, potassium and oxalic acid in solution D. containing excess of Silica). (This exercise may be continued on the following day.) SATURDAY, 24th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Conclude the analysis of solution D. 2. Determine the ratio of sodium to silica in solution C. 148 Branch A.-Inorganic Chemistry.Section 11. Metallurgy. MONDAY, 26th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. How would you sample :-(a) A cargo of 1,000 tons of blende, while unloading? (b) Two hundred pigs of rich argentiferous lead? (c) Ten 500 oz. ingots of gold bullion, obtained from the zinc box precipitate of a cyanide plant? 2. Give the charges you would consider suitable for the dry assay of the following gold ores:- (a) A telluride ore. (b) A basic ore, containing barytes. (c) A highly pyritic ore, containing blende. 3. What do you understand by the Calorific Power of a coal? In what units may this be expressed? Show tho relationship existing between these units. 4. Outline the method you would adopt for tho rapid estimation of tho principal constituents of the slag from a blast furnace producing copper matte.5. Give methods for the determination of (a)phosphorus in a phos- phor bronze, (b) antimony in a bearing metal. 6. Describe the determination of carbon in a steel rail by a suitable combustion method. 7. Describe briefly the methods you would use for the determination of (a)the chief constituonts of a producer gas, as a control of tho running of the producer; (b) the sulphur dioxide in the flue from a battery of roasting furnaces. 8. What are the principal by-products obtained from coke-oven gases? Describe the method of treatment for the recovery of these by- products on a large scale. 2 to 6 p.m. (SIX questions only to be answered.) 1.Give the chemistry of tho process of iron smelting in a blast furnace in which coke and hot blast) are used for the reduction of the iron ore when limestono is added as a flux. 2. Give an outline of the various changes which take place in the bmic Bessemer and basic open-hearth processes. Compare the relative advantages and disadvantages of the two processes. 3. Describe the process you would recommend for the treatment of an ore of the following composition in order to obtain those metals which can be economically extracted. Give your reasons for the process you select:-Iron pyrites .. .. .. 15 per cent. Copper pyrites .. * * 3 ,, I, Galena .. .. --5 ,I 9) Zinc blendo . . .. '' I) IJ Lime . . .. .. * 12 )J Magnesia .. .. * 3 ,, >* Alumina .. .. * >J J2 Silica, . . .. .. * ' 60 1, 2, Silver . . .. .. .. 40 02;s. per ton. Gold .. .. .v .* 5dwts. per ton. 150 4. Describe the process for the desilverisation of argentiferous lead by means of zinc. Illustrate Tour answer with the aid of sketches of the plant used. 5. What ores are used for the production of aluminium? Describe their preparation, and the method of obtaining aluminium from them. 6. Discuss the changes undergone by a metal during the operations of grinding, polishing and etching, and state the conditions that must be fulfilled if a surface satisfactory for microscopic examination is to be obtained. 7. Describe a research form of pyrometer, suitable for investigating small thermal changes in alloys. How would you calibrate the instrument ? 8.Two ores (A) and (B) have the composition shown in the table. These ores are to be smelted in the proportions:- (A) 600 lbs. (B) 2,500 lbs. Calculate: (a) The amount of limestone to be added to yield a sesqui-silicate slag. (b) The percentage loss of sulphur and copper if the matte produced weighs 1,000 lbs., and assays:-Copper . . .. .. 35 per cent. Sulphur . . .. -. 25 ,, ,, Iron .. .. * * 40 8, J8 How would you expect the above slag to behave in the running of the furnace? TABLE. SiO, Fe CaO A1,0, CU s Yo Yo % Yo % % Copper ore (A) .. . . 2.5 37.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 46.0 Copper ore (B) . . .. 58.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 13-0 1.0 Limestone .... .. --55.0 ---TUESDAY, 27th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the chief constituents, including gold and silver, in a sample of Broken Hill Ore. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, 28th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Make a qualitative analysis of the sample of bearing metal and determine the percentages of the chief constituents. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, 29th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the percentages of carbon, silicon, phosphorus and manganese in a sample of steel. (Thk exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 30th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Submit the given samplo of steel to a complete examination under the microscope, report on its structure, especially in connection with the heat-treatment it has recently received.Branch 6.-Physical Chemistry, with special reference to Cereals. MONDAY, 26th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions to be answered. The candidate can pass by answering four.) 1. Explain exactly what is meant by “the PHvalue” of an aqueous solution. How may it be determined ? Represent graphically the change in PHvalue during neutralisation and discuss in this connexion the significance of “buffer solutions.” 2. Deduce the thermodynamic relationship which exists between the osmotic pressure and the rise of boiling point for a solution of a non-volatile solute in a volatile solvent. The osmotic pressure of an aqueous soluton of a certain carbohydrate is 10 atmospheres at 25°C.Calculate the boiling point of this solution under a pressure of 760 mm. 3. What explanation have you to offer of the following facts? Correlate these as far as you can with recognised general principles:- (a) The freezing point depression found for a solution is smaller than that calculated from the constant for the solvent and the simple molecular formula of the solute. (b) The heat of neutralisation of a strong acid with a strongbase is a constant. (c) A salt solution can be raised to its boiling point at (say)105”, by injecting steam generated at 100”. (d) A partially hydrolysed salt has an abnormally high electrical conductivity. (e) Silver acetate is more soluble in dilute nitric acid than in pure water.4. Discuss the bearing of the following factors on the conductivity of an electrolyte solution :-(a) degree of ionisation; (b) viscosity of the medium; (c) tcrnperature; (d) complexity of the ions. 5. Discuss the evidence in support of the view that colloid particles carry an electric charge, and show how the properties of the colloid are affected by this charge. 6. What do you understand by “the Avogadro number ? ” Describe two lines of experimental research which have led Lo the evaluation of this constant. 7. Contrast the characteristics of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, illustrating your remarks by references to experimental work which has been carried out in recent years.8. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) The Le Chatelier-Braun principle of mobile equilibrium. (b) Van’t Hoff’s contribution to the basis of physical chemistry. (c) The scope and significance of Hittorf’s work. 152 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions to be answered. The candidate can pass by answering four questions.) 1. Write a short account of the interaction between mono-calcium phosphate and (a) calcium hydroxide, (b) sodium bicarbonate. How does the hydrogen ion concentration alter as the reactions proceed and what light does this throw on the nature of the products formed ? Discuss the reactions in connection with the leavening process. 2. In 1920, 293 samples of hard spring wheat grown in N.Dakota were examined and it was found that the correlation co-eflcient connectingtest weight per bushel and yield of flour was + 0.822 f0.019. lridicate briefly how the probable error (P.E.)and correlation coefficicnts are cal- culated. Discuss the significance of a high positive coefficient and of the P.E. 3. Two duplicate lots of No. 1 N. Manitoba wheat are cleaned and milled under identical conditions, the one difference in treatment being that one lot is passed direct from the hydrolyser (T = 110°F.)to the grinding bin (T. of the wheat on reaching the bin = 90°F.). the other lot is cooled to 70°F. before reaching the bin. Time in bin = 48 hours. Draw up a scheme of laboratory and baking tests that would afford maximum information concerning the effects of these different treatments on the baking quality of the flour.Give details of the baking tests you would employ and indicate to what extent the usual commercial baking test is unsatisfactory in this case. 4. Discuss the significance to the miller of the ash content of flour. To what extent is the ash content correlated with other properties of flour ? 5. Write a short account of the principal enzyme reactions that occur in a fcrrnenting dough. To what extent, if any, is the ripening process modified by the atlclitiori of “yeast such as malt extract and/or ammonium phosphate ? 6. Discuss the changes that take place in flour during storage. How are such storage changes affected by (a) moisture, (b) temperature? glutenin content x gluten quslity factor b 7.It has been stated that --~~----’---A=loaf volume a constant. Explain this and describe in some detail the evidence on which it is based. To what extent is the above statement supported by recent work? 8. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) Wheat conditioning. (b) Flour bleaching. (c) Past and present theories of the “strength” of flour. (d) Tho function of the chemist in flour mill control, Branch B.-Physical Chemistry, with special reference to Electro-Chemical Processes. MONDAY to T’HURSDAY, 19th to 22nd APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Report on the eficiency of the secondary cell supplied. 2. Make an experimental study, as complete as time will permit, of the yield of ammonium persulphate obtainable by electrolysing am-monium sulphate solutions, more especially in relation to such factors as electrode material, current density, condition of electrode surface, temperature and acidity.Branch C.--Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Paints and Varnishes. MONDAY, 26th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Two questions to answered out of Part I and THREE out of Part II.) PARTI. 1. Discuss the development of our present views on the relationship between the optical activity of certain organic substances in solution and the molecular structure of such substances. How far may the disappearance, change or reversal of tho former be interpreted in terms of the latter? 2.Write an essay on the part aceto-acetic ester has played in the development of organic chemistry. 3. Give a brief account of the influence of unsaturation on the physical and chemical properties of organic compounds. PART11. 4. Illustrate by examples the valuc and limitations of the following methods employed for the determination of the structure of organiccompounds : Zinc dust distillation, fusion with potash, treatment with ozone, the Beckmanil change, X-ray analysis. 5. What views are held at present on the indcpcndent existence of free radicals ? 6. Give an account of the manufacture of one of tho following: (a) Calcium carbide and substances derived therefrom; (b) The synthetic perfumes. 7.Discuss the following statement: “The entrance of oxygeninto a carbon compound cawes in gencral an increase in the velocity of react,ions and tends to overcome the iiicrtia of carbon compounds.” TUESDAY to THURSDAY, 27th to 29th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse tho specimcn nurnbcrcd 1 arid report on its suitability or 2. Analyse the specimen numbered 2. (Awhite paint.) otherwise for interior and exterior application. (A nitro-cellulose Varnish.) FRIDAY, 30th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p-m. Carry out a complete examination of the pure organic substance in the solution supplied. (Di-ethyl. phthalate.) Branch C.-Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes. MONDAY, 26th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. As for previous Branch. 154 2 to 5 p.m. 1. What physical and chemical tests would you employ in tho examin- ation and valuation of mineral lubricating oils ? 2. Describe methods suitable for use on a large scale for the con- version of oleic acid into candle material. 3. Give a short description of the methods and plant employed for the production of petrol and light burning oil from crude mineral oil. 4. What oils and fats are used in the preparation of margarine? Describe briefly the methods employed in the manufacture of margarine. 6. Write a brief account of the preparation of essential oil of bitter almonds. To which groups of compounds do essential oils owe their principal characteristics ? TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, and THURSDAY, 27th to 29th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Analyse and report upon the foI1owing:- 1. The mixture of oils A. (Mineral and rosin oils.) 2. The sample of woolsuds B. 3. The wax C. (A beeswm substitute.) FRIDAY, 30th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. As for previous Branch. Branch E.-The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 26th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 pm. 1. What is meant by the term P, value? How may this value be determined by other than electrometric methods ? 2. Explain the following terms : Colloid, Dialysis, Gel, Adsorption,Enzyme. 3. Discuss the application of the spectroscope to examinations conducted in the laboratory of a Public Analyst. (Answer in a separate notebook.) 1.State what is known concerning the active principles contained in digitalis leaves, and discuss the therapeutic use of preparations made from these leaves. 2. What precisely are “Tincturae ” and “Extracta Liquida” ? 3. What symptoms follow upon an overdose of opium? State Mention three examples of each, giving their medicinal doses. fully and exactly the methods you would employ for the detection of morphia in a case of supposed poisoning by that alkaloid. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. State what you know of the official regulations governing the labelling and sale of Dried Milk and Condensed Milk. 2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of colouring matters in food. Which, if any, of such colouring matters do you regard as injurious to health ? 155 3.Give the method of preparation, and some uses to which they are put in analysis, of the following substances: (a) Hydroxylamine. (b) Potassium perchlorate. (c) Hydrogen peroxide. 4. Outline a scheme for the bacteriological examination of Milk. 5. Describe the methods you would employ to determine whether or not a sewage effiuent complies with the Royal Commission standards for an effluent fit for discharge into a stream. TUESDAY, 27th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Analyse the sample of butter and report upon it on the accompanying form. (Amixture of butter and cocoa-nut oil.) WEDNESDAY, 28th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. From a microscopical examination only, report as far as you can on the specimens, A, B, and C.(A. Pepper and rice starch ; B. around cinnamon ; C. Mixture ojstarches.) 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the specimen D, which is a mixture of two substances only. (Phenacetin and cafSeeine.) 3. Determine the Nitrogen as Nitrates in the sample of Water E. THURSDAY, 29th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse as fully as possible the Milk Powder F. 2. Identify the irritant poison in the specimen of Beer G. (Phenol one per cent.) FRIDAY, 30th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The Medicine M is supposed to have been dispensed in accordance with the following prescription :-Spirit Ammon Aromat. 3iv Sodii Bicarb. 3ii Sodii Salicyl. 3ii Aqua ad. 'piii Analyse the medicine and report as to the correctness of the dispensing.(Deficient in Sod. salicylate and Sod. bicarbonate.) SATURDAY, 1st May, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Assume that the apple provided has been subjected to "rayingwith an arsenical preparation. Decide whether the amount presentis likely to be harmful to a consumer. 2. Examine the two samples of blood, A and B, microscopically.Decide which, if either, is of a mammalian origin. Make permanent preparations to show the form of the corpuscles. 3. Report on the objects to be seen microscopically in the sediment C, 156 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented recently by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Antiques : Their Restoration and Preservation.” A.Lucas. Pp. i to viii+136. (London: Edward Arnold & Co.) 6s. Restoration : cleaning; repairing; strengthening; renewing. Preser-va.tion: light; moisture; duht ; insects; bacteria; handling. Prescr-vative coatings; application of methods to specific materials ; simplephysical and chemical tests. “Chimie G4n@rale et Industrielle.” Vol. V. E. Molinari, translated from the Italian by 13. de Vivik and M. Amic. Pp. 793. (Paris: Dunod). 109 frs. Completes “ Organic Chemistry,” of which tho first part was the subject of Vol. IV. Vols. I and I1treated of gcneral laws and metalloids, and Vol. 111, of metals. ‘‘ Chemistry in Modern Life.” Svante Arrhenius, translated from the Swedish and revised by C.S.Leonard. Pp. xvi t 286. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 15s. Ancient ideas about the constitution of matter; the groundwork of scientific chemistry; fire, oxidation and reduction ; tools and metals ; the cultural value of silica; the chemistry of the earth’s crust; ores and fossil fuels; the chemistry of water and air; sources of energy; electricity and chemistry; the course of a chemical process; dym, perfumes and drugs; cellulose and rubber; chemistry and thc bread question ; housekeeping with the treasures of nature. “Dyestuffs and Coal Tar Products: Their Chemistry, Manu- facture and Application.” Edited by Geoffrey Martin. 4th edition. Pp. xi + 168. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son.) 16s. Industry of coal tar and coal tar products, synthetic colouring matters and natural dyestuffs ; the dycing and colour-printing industry; modern inks; saccharine and other sweetening chemicals; modern synthetic drugs; photographic chemicals.“Glass Manipulation, Practical.” D. B. Briggs. Pp. xvi + 29. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son.) 2s. 6d. 157 “Zinc Oxide.” D. B. Faloon. Pp. x + 145. (London: Bombay and Sydney: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 12s. History of zinc; ores; technical study of the pigment; French and American processes ; physical and chemical specifications of all grades of zinc oxide ; physical and analytical testing methods; Government specifications. Organic Compounds, The Preparation and Analysis of .” J. B. Coleman and F. Arnall. Pp. xvi. + 352.(London: J. & A. Churchill.) 15s. A comprehensive course of practical organic chemistry for students. Section I : General processes of manipulation ; Section I1: Preparations ; Section I11 : Qualitative identification of compounds ; Section IV : Processes of ultimate analysis ; Section V : Determination of molecular weights and estimation of typical groups. 0bituary. BERNARDCECIL HARTLEYdied at Bradford on the 24th March in his 47th year. Born at Bradford, Yorkshire, he was educated at New York High School, and passed the preliminary examination of the College of the City of New York. From 1903 to 1907 he took the full diploma course of the Bradford Technical College, and then became an Assistant Chemist with Messrs. Lever Bros., Ltd.In 1911 he was appointed Chemist to the Bradford Corporation Electricity Department, and in 1913 held an appoint- ment with Messrs. Hill, France & Gardiner, Dyers, at Yeadon. He served throughout the war in the R.A.M.C., and in 1919 obtained an appointment as Chemist to the West Riding Chemical Co., Ltd., Mirfield. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. 158 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 30th April, 1926,6 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 24 new Associates were elected, and 16 Students were admitted. The list of Fellows, Associates and Students elected in June will be published in Part IV. The Institute has lost I Fellow and I Associate by death. Assoaiates elected to the Fellowship.Bennett, William Gordon, D.Sc. (Leeds), Ardlea, Waterloo Gardens, Antrim Road, Belfast. Burton, Donald, M.B.E., D.Sc. (Leeds), Messrs. W. Walker & Sons, Ltd., Rose Hill Tannery, Bolton, Lancs. Callister, Cyril Percy, M.Sc. (Melb.), Annandale, Lockwood Avenue,N. Brighton, Victoria, Australia. Jones, Alfred Owen, 390, Wakefield Road, Huddcrsfield. Matthews, Marcus Aurelius, D.Sc. (Lond.), 28, The Crescent, Loughton. Robinson, Percy Lucock, M.Sc. (Dun.), 60, Earl’s Dene, Low Fell, Gates- head. New Associates. Askew, Henry Oscar, M.A. (N.Z.), Chemistry Department, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Bangham, Philip Fletcher, M.Sc. (Liv.), 91, Wellington Avenue, Wavertree, Liverpool.Boyd, George Hanson, B.Sc. (Glas.), 31, Second Avenue, King’s Park, Cathcart, Glasgow. Cooper, James Marchbanks, 79, Balgreen Road, Murrayfield, Edinburgh. Edmondson, William, B.A. (Oxon), Magdalen College, Oxford. Fawson, Harold Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 67, Marriott Road, Tollington Park, London, N.4. Gaj jar, Madanlal Jekisanlas, M.A. (Bombay), Vanita Vishram Buildings, Sandhurst Road, Girgaum, Bombay, 4, India. Gardner, William Kidston, B.Sc. (Glas.), Dorra-Tor, Cambridge Avenue, Clydebank, Glasgow. Gupta, Setysranjan Das, M.Sc. (Cal.), Dr. Ing. (Darmstadt), Hooghly College, Chinsura P.O., Bengal, India. Henderson, Stanley Thomas, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), The Cottage, Balmoral, Belfast. Jackson, Charles Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 113, Victoria Road, Alexandra Park, London, N.22.Johnson, Christopher Hollis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Craven Road, Reading. Marshall, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 434, Halifax Road, Buttenshaw, Bradford Martin, Austin Raymond, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 4, Alexandra Villas, Dorchester, Dorset. 159 Puttick, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 61, The Grove, Hammersmith, London, W.6. Rees, Ralph Llewellyn, B.A. (Cantab.), Ty Gwyn, Pembroke Dock. Rogers, Edward, Ph.D. (Liv.), Woodlands, Llanasa, Holywell, N. Wales. Rothwell, Raymond Seymour, Dunham, The Grove, Radlett, Herts. Stephen, Herbert William, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 28, Alexandra Place, Stirling, Scotland. Stern, Isaac, B.Sc. (Lond.), 120, Sidney Street, Mile End, London, E.l. Sutton, George Donald, M.Sc.(Liv.), 9, Blundell Avenue, Birkdale, Southport. New Associates (by Examination). Hatt, Harold Herbert, Weybrook Farm, Sherborne St. John, Basingstoke,Rants. Smith, Ernest Lester, 637, Garratt Lane, Earlsfield, London, S.W. 18. Smith, Norman Heath, B.Sc.Tech. (Vict.), Hillcroft, Spencer Avenue, Leek, Staffs. New Students. Abercrombie, John Calder, 14, Ardeer Cottages, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Coppock, Philip Dalton, 60, Albany Road, Victoria Park, Manchester. Craddock, Thomas John, 75, Endsleigh Gardens, Ilford, Essex. Dearnley, Frank, 138, Worsley Road, Winton, Patricroft, Manchester. Field, Thomas Howard John, 20, Ellkcombe Road, Charlton, London,S.E.7. Gordon, Joseph, 6, Tinkler’s Terrace, Lumley, Fence Houses, Co. Durham. Hutchings, George Charles, 109, Palmerston Road, Wimbledon, London, S.W.19. Lawrence, Arthur Jack Lloyd, Halkyn, Rhyl, N.Wales. Lindsey, Arthur James, 3, Clifton Avenue, Walthamstow, London, E. 17. Meggy, Francis Alfred, 60, Alleyn Road, Dulwich, London, S.E.21. Mollet, Tom Vincent, 98, Inderwick Road, Hornsey, London, N.8. Roberts, Arthur Loten, 44, Blenheim Street, Prince’s Avenue, Hull. Rogers, Reginald Charles, 11, Waddon Road, Croydon, Surrey. Storm, Francis Cecil, 36, Margravine Gardens, Baron’s Court, London, W.6. Thorn, Miss Vera Millicent, 72, Harlescott Road, Nunhead, London, S.E.16. Wilson, Thomas Norman Gold, 6, Caledonian Road, Ardeer, Stevenston, Ayrshire. DEATHS. Fellow. Charles James Shaw Makin. Associate. Bernard Cecil Hartley.160 General Notices. September Examinations, 1 926.-Examinations will be held from 20th to 25th September, and 27th September to 2nd October next. The list of entries will close on 19th July. Notice to Associates,-Associates elected prior to June, 1923, who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations for admission to the Fellowship. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s.6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. 161 The Library,-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held.The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemica1,Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesel1schaft.-- The Council will be grateful to any member who will assist in making up the Institute’s set of the Berichte for the year 1924.Dr. R. S. Cahn, A.I.C., has kindly presented the volume for 1925; and Mr. John Wilson, A.I.C., is continuing to lend the Institute the current numbers of this journal. Changes of Add ress.-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanenzt addresses for registration. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal.Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms:-Buckram case, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and pasking, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. 162 Lanter n SI ides for Lect u res,-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry.Sir George Beilby Memorial.-The Joint Committee of Officers and representatives of the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Metals, and the Society of Chemical Industry will be glad to receive further contributions towards the fund for the establishment of a memorial to the late Sir George Beilby. From the income of the Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, awards will be made to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work in science, bearing in mind the special interests of Sir George Beilby, viz., applied chemistry, chemical engineering, and metallurgy. The proposal does not imply an award on the result of a competition for work on a set theme or the solution of a definite scientific problem, but the recognition of work of exceptional merit.The Joint Committee hopes to raise a sum of not less than .&ooo-providing an income of about L250 a year for awards. Contributions may be addressed to the Hon. Secretaries, Beilby Memorial Fund, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9265000125

出版商:RSC    

年代:1926

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1926. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secrcttrq. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, August, 1926. Publications Committee, 1926-27 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), G. G. HENDERSON (Presideat). H. C. L. BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, J. C. DRUMMOND. W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, C. A. F. HASTILOW, 1. M. HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KI RKALDY ( Treasurer). A. W. KNAPP. W. H. LEWIS. THOMAS MACARA, B. G. McLELLAN. L. G. PAUL, L. G. RADCLIFFE. FRANK SOUTHERDEN. Proceedings of the Council.JUNE-JULY, 1926. Congress of Chemists, London, 1 926.-Under the patronage of H.M. The King, the Society of Chemical Industry, with the co-operation of allied Societies and Institutions, successfully carried out the programme, of which particulars were published in Part I11 of the Journal, for the Congress of Chemists, which was held in London from 19th to 23rd July. A full report of the proceedings has appeared in Chemistryand Industry, Vol. 45, NOS. 30-33. The Exhibition of Laboratory Apparatus, Instruments, Fine Chemicals, Reagents, Filter Papers, Scientific Books, etc. which was arranged at the Institute during the week of the Congress, was fully appreciated by the visitors. This Exhibition, which was provided as a contribution to the programme of the Congress, afforded the exhibitors an opportunity of showing many recently introduced and improved forms of apparatus, instruments, and other products of interest to chemists.A list of the exhibitors is given on pages 200-202. Public Appointments Committee.-Under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1899,the Minister of Health is empowered to define the qualifications which must be possessed by candidates for appointment as public analysts; the Act provides that any public analyst appointed shall furnish such proof of competency as may from time to time be required by regulation framed by the Ministry. The regulation framed in March 1900requires that the public analyst shall furnish such proof as the Ministry may deem sufficient of competent skill in and knowledge of analytical chemistry, therapeutics and microscopy.Such evidence is furnished by the public analyst to the local authority by whom he is appointed and transmitted to the Ministry by the authority when applying for the Ministry’s approval of the appointment. The regulation stated that it had been the practice of the Ministry to accept as sufficient documentary evidence of the requisite qualification, the diploma of Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute, together with the certificate granted by the 166 Institute after an examination conducted on lines approved by the Ministry in therapeutics, pharmacology and microscopy ; but the Ministry also accepted the diploma of a registered medical practitioner as sufficient proof of competence in microscopy and therapeutics where the medical practitioner was also able to furnish evidence of competent skill in and knowledge of analytical chemistry.The Council, on the advice of the Public Appointments Com- mittee, has represented to the Ministry that in view of the present position of the profession of chemistry it is no longer necessary to suggest that medical men as such should become candidates for appointments as public analysts since the ordinary curriculum for the practice of medicine does not cover the necessary knowledge of and skill in the chemistry and microscopy. of foods and drugs, and has also expressed the opinion that the standard of competence in the three necessary subjects, analytical chemistry, therapeutics, and microscopy, should, in all cases, be equivalent to that standard required for the Examination of the Institute in the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs and of Water. In co-operation with the National Union of Scientific Workers, the Council has been in communication with the Air Ministry with reference to the terms and conditions of appointments of chemists and other scientists under the Ministry.A deputation, consisting of Dr. G. C. Clayton, M.P., together with the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary, representing the Institute, and Major Church, representing the National Union of Scientific Workers, was received at the Ministry on the 29th June by Mr.H. W. W. McAnally, Principal Assistant Secretary, and Mr. J. B. Abraham, Assistant Secretary, when the subject was discussed. An appointment had been advertised for a man to take charge of the Chemical and Physical Testing Laboratory at Kidbrooke. Applicants were required to have had previous experience of directing analytical work on such materials as paints, varnishes, fuels and lubricants, rubber, timber, adhesives, and textiles, and to hold a B.Sc. or equivalent degree in chemistry andlor physics--the post to carry a salary of j5200-~400 per annum plus Civil Service bonus, bringing the total remuneration up to approximately j5306-;6558 per annum. The commencing salary was stated to be kzs less than the minimum agreed upon for 167 chemists by Committee ‘*C” of the Civil Service National Whitley Council, and it appeared that the position was of such responsibility that the commencing salary should be higher, and should correspond with the salary agreed upon for “a chemist in charge.’’ The position was actually filled by the promotion of a chemist already on the staff.Major Church directed attention to the terms of the decision of Committee “C” of the National Whitley Council, and urged that the Air Ministry should regard the appointment as corres- ponding with that of a chemist in charge at the Royal Naval Cordite Factory, Holton Heath, whose scale would be E350, rising by increments of LI~per annum to &450 PZus cost of living bonus. Dr. Clayton urged the importance of employing chemists of the highest competence in positions where they were not only responsible for investigations which might bear upon the safety of airmen, but were expected to uphold their opinions against those of chemists employed by contractors. The Registrar indicated that the Institute was ready at all times to assist departments in securing the services of competent chemists, and showed that the additional cost of securing the services of first-class men was very slight in comparison with the advantages to be gained.The Assistant Secretary of the Institute pointed out that if the salaries and prospects offered to chemists by Government departrnents were materially inferior to those offered in industry the result would be that the Government would not secure and retain the services of the best men.Mr. McAnally, in reply, said that the Air Ministry could not agree that it was bound by the findings of Committee “C” of the National Whitley Council, and mentioned that the chemist who had been promoted had actually been placed on the scale at a commencing salary of k50 higher than that advertised. He was fully alive to the services which the Institute had rendered and was rendering to Government departments. He was impressed with the remarks made by Dr. Clayton on the subject of responsibility, and would bear all the points which had been brought before him in mind. The deputation thanked Mr. McAnally for receiving them. On receiving a report of the interview, the thanks of the Council were accorded Dr.Clayton for his services. The opinion was expressed that the Air Ministry should come 168 into line with other departments by adopting a similar scale of remuneration and other conditions of employment. The Council has also been in correspondence with the Institu- tion of Professional Civil Servants, which officially represents chemists in the Civil Service upon Committee (‘C ” of the National Whitley Council. The Council of the Institution is desirous of co-operating with the Council of the Institute in any matter of mutual interest which may concern chemists in the Service, and proposes to set up a special sub-committee to deal with problems affecting scientific staffs.As chemists will preponderate on this Committee the Institute will be asked to appoint representatives to serve thereon. Another matter which calls for consideration is the action of the Joint Substitution Board of the Treasury and Ministry of Labour regarding chemical appointments. The Board, in fulfil- ment of promises given by the Government, undertakes to do all that is possible to secure employment for ex-service personnel, even though its action may involve the removal of a fully qualified chemist already in Government employ, whether such chemist was prevented from serving with the forces or was too young to be called on active service. The Institute has, in fact, been asked to assist by means of its Appointments Register in seeking ex-service men, and thus possibly introduce candidates not actually out of work for appointments already held by other chemists.No objection can be raised to preference being given to suitable ex-service personnel wherc: definite vacancies exist, but even when the Board has no names on its books it makes a determined effort to find an ex-service man to substitute for a non ex-service man. While the Council has every desire to help ex-service men, it is felt that in the public interest the Department should endeavour to secure the services of those who are best qualified to do the work, and that it is not the best policy to make changes, otherwise unnecessary, which would inflict considerable hardship if the action of the Joint Substitution Board were continued.Therapeutic Substances Act, 1 926.-The Joint Com- mittee appointed for framing the regulations to be made under the Therapeutic Substances Act, 1925, consists of the Minister of Health, the Secretary for Scotland, and the Minister of Home Affairs for Northern Ireland; and the Advisory Committee for 169 assisting the Joint Committee in framing the Regulations has now been constituted as follows :-Sir George Newman (chair- man), appointed by the Minister of Health; Mr. John Jeffrey, Scottish Board of Health; Mr. Thomas Houston, Minister of Home Affairs for Northern Ireland; Mr. H. H. Dale, Medical Research Council; Sir Nestor Tirard, General Medical Council ; Mr. C. 0. Hawthorne, British Medical Association; Dr.J. H. Burn, Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain; Dr. J. F. Tocher, Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts.-The Lord President of the Council has appointed a Committee, consisting of :-E, A. Mitchell-Innes, Esq., C.B.E., K.C. (chair- man) ;L. G. Brock, Esq., C.B. ; Sir Malcolm Delevingne, K.C.B. ; F. W. Gamble, Esq. ; Sir William M. Graham-Harrison, K.C.B. ; Sir Donald MacAlister, Bt., K.C.B., M.D.; E. T. Neathercoat, Esq., C.B.E. ;Colin Smith, Esq. ; G. Stubhs, Esq., C.B.E., F.T.C.; Sir William H. Willcox, K.C.I.E., C.K., C.M.G., M.D., F.I.C.; A. E. Young, Esq. M. D. l’errins, Esq. (Hoine Office), and Dr. E. W. Adams, O.B.E., M.D. (Ministry of Health), Joint Secretaries to the Committee. The terms of reference are: To consider and report whether any modifications are necessary or desirable in the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts: (I) in regard to the conditions relating to the sale of poisons; (2) in regard to the procedure for the modification or exten-sion of the Schedule of Poisons to which the Acts apply; (3) in the system of making and enforcing Regulations in regard to the keeping, selling and dispensing of poisons; (4) in regard to the Central Authority for the purposes of the Acts; and (5) in regard to any other matters to which the attention of the Committee may be drawn.The Committee will inquire generally into the existing machinery regulating the sale (retail and wholesale), keeping, distribution and supply of poisons, Any consideration of pro- posals for the inclusion in or exclusion from the Schedule of Poisons of any specific substance is not held to fall within the Committee’s terms of reference.The Committee has decided to take evidence on matters within its terms of reference. Any person, association or firm 170 wishing to give evidence or place views before the Committee should communicate as soon as possible with Mr. M. D. Perrins (Joint Secretary), Home Office, Whitehall, S.W. I. Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs.-Section 23 of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Bill, which was before Parliament in July, provides that the Minister and the Board of Agriculture for Scotland jointly may, after consultation with the Advisory Committee to be constituted under this Section, make regulations for prescribing anything which under this Act is required or authorised to be prescribed, and generally for carrying this Act into operation; .. . . This section also provides that for the purpose of assisting and advising them with respect to the making of regulations under this Act, the Minister and the Board shall jointly appoint an Advisory Committee consisting of repre-sentatives of manufacturers and importers of articles used as fertilisers of the soil or food for cattle and poultry, and of the agricultural industry, together with such other persons as the Minister and Board may think desirable. It will be noticed that no specific reference is made to chemists or official agricultural analysts.The Council, therefore, have directed the attention of the Ministry to this oversight. The scope and objects of the proposed regulations are indicated under six different headings in Section 23. Four of the six require for their proper framing scientific knowledge of a chemical character. The Council felt bound, therefore, to urge the Ministry as strongly as possible to amend the section to include specific mention of official agricultural analysts and other scientific officers. The Ministry, in reply, has stated that it recognises that it will be essential that the Advisory Committee should include both agricultural analysts and other agricultural scientists, but as it is clear that the clause gives the Ministry power to appoint such persons it is not thought necessary that an amendment should be moved to make specific provision for this.The amendment of the clause is under consideration, however, with a view to avoiding as far as possible the difficulties likely to arise from the specific mention of particular interests. Registration.-Attention is directed to the statement on registration which>is published in this Part (page 174). Local Sections have been asked to make provision for the discussion 171 of this subject in their programmes for the forthcoming session and to forward any concrete suggestions which they may wish to submit for the consideration of the Special Registration Commit tee.In Journal Part 111, page 141, reference was made to the Association of Professional Chemists in Quebec having secured the title of “professional chemist” in an Act adopted by the Legislative Assembly of the Province in March last, Measures of this kind are not within the jurisdiction of the Dominion or Federal Government, but of the Legislative Assemblies of the provinces severally. The provinces can make reciprocal arrange- ments to recognise degrees or qualifications conferred in any of them, but the Dominion Government cannot legislate for the Dominion as a whole in such a matter. The Association of Professional Chemists of the Province of Quebec is now in the course of formation. If the chemists in other provinces follow the lead of Quebec it will probably be the endeavour of the Canadian Institute of Chemistry to co-ordinate and link together the different provincial associations.The Act does not restrict the practice of chemistry, but, from a report of the 9th Annual Dominion Convention of Chemists, it appears that an effort will be made in the near future to secure a closed profession within the Province. On the other hand, it is to be noted that Prof. R. Harcourt of the Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, the retiring President of the Canadian Institute of Chemistry, in the course of his address, expressed some doubts on the desir- ability of this course. According to the Report published in the Montreal Gazette on the 2nd June, Prof. Harcourt said:- “One of the important things for members of this Institute to consider is whether they find their views on restrictive legislation changing as the years go by.Is restrictive legislation possible or desirable? Who are to be restricted, and where is the line to be drawn ? Is the problem really a professional, a scientific or an economic one? Is the ideal solution to be secured by education, or legislation, or both ? Does restrictive legislation open the door to a variety of situations where collective bargains may be entertained ? Is it possible for a profession that operates almost entirely on a salary basis, not even an hourly basis, to copy a profession that operates entirely on a fee basis ? Is the labour union idea superior to the self-grading idea, when the objective desired is considered from a practical standpoint ? As the interests of the individuals become diversfied, the difficulties of legislation are increased.These are serious matters, worthy of much consideration. Frankly, my own personal views are changing, and I now serioudy question the wisdom of seeking restrictive legislation at present in Ontario.” 172 Continuing his remarks on the Canadian Institute, he said:- “Starting from nothing, with an unorganised profession of a type not easily organised, the Institute has gone a long way, in a short time, toward creating a body of chemists in Canada to whom anyone interested may look for the highest professional qualities in this country. I feel that what is most essential to our success at t8he present time is a continued effort to improve our status and tho cdtivating of R sympatheticappreciation of what wt? arc: seeking to accomplish by rmn of other professions and business men in general.United, let us continue to raise the status of our chosen profession in our own minds and in the minds of those we seek to serve.” Finsbury Technical College.-On the closing of the Finsbury Technical College the Institute has been offered the Meldola Library consisting of 160 volumes together with a sum of about E35 on that account, and also the Streatfeild Memorial Fund comprising @oo 4 per cent. War Loan and a further sum of about E35. The Meldola Library was formed as a memorial to the late Prof.Raphael Meldola, and with this gift is included a coloured photograph of Prof. Meldola. The Chemical Library of the College will also be presented to the Institute. The Streatfeild Memorial Fund was founded to provide for the delivery of an annual lecture as a memorial to Frederick William Streatfeild, to be given, so far as is possible, for some years to come, by former students of Finsbury Technical College. The Council has gratefully accepted these gifts, and a Special Committee has been appointed to consider and report to the Council on the arrangements to be made to meet the conditions which accompany them. National Certificates in Chemistry.-An abstract of the report of the Assessors upon the recent examinations for National Certificates conducted jointly by the Board of Education and the Institute, is published in this Part of the JOURNAL.Chemists’ Dinner, 1 926.-Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to co-operate with the Chemical Industry Club in the arrangements for a Dinner to be held in London, at the Connaught Rooms, on Friday, 12th November, Other societies interested in chemistry will also participate. (Tickets -12s. 6d. each, not including wines-will be obtainable from the Assistant Secretary, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London. W.I.) 173 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on the 26th May in the Chemistry Depart- ment of Queen’s University, Prof.G. Scott Robertson in the chair. The annual report and financial statement were received and approved. Votes of thanks were accorded the retiring officers for their services, and the University authorities, for the use of a. room for meetings. The following officers were elected for the session 1926-27: Dr. W. H. Gibson, Chairman, Mr. William Honneyman, Won. Treasurer, Messrs. Blake, Brierley, Cashmore and Hoskins, and ex officio, Mr. J. EI. Totton, District Member of Council, were elected members of the committee of the section. Mr. G. Thompson was elected Hon. Secretary, but he sub- sequently obtained an appointment outside the district, and the committee has elected Mr. J. C. A. Brierley in his place. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The Section visited the Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station of the University of Bristol, at Long Ashton, on 3rd July, when there was a large attendance.After the plantations and laboratories had been inspected under the guidance of Prof. B. I. P. Barker, Director of the Station and Mr. T. Wallace, the party cnjoyed the hospitality provided, and votes of thanks were accorded the Director for the privilege given them, for the interesting and profitable afternoon spent, and for their being made acquainted with the important research work which is in progress at the Station. In the absence of the Chairman of the Section (Sir Ernest H. Cook), Mr. R. D. Littlefield presented a cheque to Mr. V. L. S. Charley and Mr. E. R. Harris, as the joint winners of the prize, offered to registered students attached to the Section, for the best essay on “The Trend of Modern Organic Chemistry.” 174 Special Committee on Registration.The President: Prof. G. G. Henderson. The Vice-presidents: Messrs. E. C. C. Baly, E. R. Bolton, A. Chaston Chapman, H. G. Colman, T. Slater Price, E. W. Voelcker. The Honorary Treasurer : Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy. The following Members of Council: Messrs. A. J. Chapman, G. C. Clayton, J. C. Drummond, A. V. Elsden, H. J. Evans, C. A. F. Hastilow, E. M. Hawkins, I. M. Heilbron, S. E. Melling, F. L. Pyman, William Rintoul, and F. Scholefield. The Special Committee was appointed by the Council, in March last, to consider the whole question of registration as it affects the profession of chemistry, to explore the possibilities of carrying into effect any proposal for the more complete registration of chemists and, alternatively, of instituting a third grade of membership of the Institute.The Special Committee was also asked to draft a statement which would be submitted to the Local Sections for their consideration. An endeavour has been made to summarise below the con- siderations which have been reviewed by the Special Committee in order that they may be discussed by the Local Sections, who are asked to report to the Council and to forward any concrete suggestions on the matter which may arise in the course of such discussions. I. The question of taking steps to unify and organise the profession of chemistry to a greater degree than it has been organised hitherto is constantly recurring. It is suggested that one of the steps to be taken towards achieving this object would be to establish a register of all those who can reasonably claim to be chemists-actual and prospective.The Council of the Institute has received a statement, prepared for the Manchester and Liverpool Sections of the 175 Institute, in favour of the establishment of such a register under the control of a specially constituted Registration Council, and the exploration of possible legislative authority for the future maintenance of such a register. The statement-which has been transmitted to the Special Registration Committee-is here abstracted.It suggests, in effect, an extension of the Institute’s Register of Fellows and Associates, by the “setting up of a new register with a wider embrace.” This involves the formulation of a minimum qualifi- cation for registration. This qualification would have regard to the academic and professional distinction and experience of each chemist. The standard might conceivably be a moderate one for the first few years and, thereafter, the Registration Council could from time to time raise it. In some such way would be brought into existence a general chemical register, and thus “the profession of chemistry in its personal aspect will take form and shape and size.” The function of the Registration Council would be “to make the register complete and exhaustive, and to maintain as high a standard for admission as is com- patible with reality.” The statement deals with objections which have been advanced to the proposal.For example, it has been contended that some legal title must first be acquired; also, that the chemists already officially recognised as such by the Institute would suffer in status by the registration of many who have not complied with the conditions fulfilled by Fellows and Associates of the Institute. However, it is held, by those responsible for the statement, that there is no ground for the view that the acquisition of a statutory title should take precedence over the initiation of the Register; that the establishment of a register of chemical practitioners would tend to enhance the importance of the Fellowship of the Institute; and, since it would not increase the number of professional chemists, it would not “dilute” the profession.It is held that the cost of maintenance of the Register after the preliminary years would be small, and that there is no reason to expect that the vast majority of chemists would not take advantage of the facilities afforded. The diversity of occupation in the profession is considered no greater than in the medical profession, in which one register serves for practitioners of all kinds; and it is held that the institution of a register would be useful as a list of those entitled to call themselves professional 176 chemists according to the standard prevailing at the particular time.Its main value, however, would be that it would stand for the united profession of chemistry, would achieve the first stage in the organisation of any movement for the improvement of the status of the whole chemical profession, and would focus any effort of the professional chemist in the service of the com- munity. A movement for the institution of a register of all professional chemists would be definitely a step towards an attempt to obtain more complete authority for the government of the profession, subject only to the authority of, say, the Privy Council. The foregoing paragraphs summarise the statement, except that the preamble contains a complaint that the services which are and could be rendered to the community by chemists are not sufficiently appreciated by the general public or by the legislature.11. The Special Committee has had regard to the present constitution of the profession. It has been ascertained that the number of individuals attached to organised chemical bodies in Great Britain and Ireland is about 10,000;but many graduates in chemistry (including at least 2000 engaged in teaching in schools, etc.) are not attached to any chemical society. Chemists (i.e. persons earning a livelihood mainly by chemistry) not at present registered by the Institute would probably not exceed 5000-consisting of :-I. A comparatively small number of chemists of established repute who would be eligible as Fellows without examination. 2.Honours graduates, qualified to be admitted as Associates without examination under the present regulations, but who have not applied or do not desire to apply for admission. 3. Chemists who have been practising for some years, but whose earlier training does not bring them within the regulations. 4. Partly trained younger persons who are not yet eligible in accordance with the regulations of the Institute, and who are not registered as Students. 111. Next-coming to the possibility of the proposition- the Committee considered whether Registration might be 177 COMPULSORY or VOLUNTARY, and who should constitute the Registration authority. Whether compulsory or voluntary, the work must be entrusted to a properly constituted authority.In the statement referred to above, it was suggested that the Institute of Chemistry should collaborate with other bodies, such as universities and chemical societies, in the formation of a Registration Council. It is clear, however, that the functions of the universities are to educate and to preserve and to advance knowledge; they are not directly concerned with professional organisa t ion. Societies, such as the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, are not concerned with qualifications and registration, and may include in their ranks persons who are not necessarily chemists. The British Association of Chemists is not concerned with qualification and registration, although its membership is limited to persons possessing certain qualifications.The Institute of Chemistry is the only body specifically empowered by Royal Charter to register persons competent to practise chemistry in the sense here understood. IV. If the ultimate object is to make registration COMPULSOKY with a view to controlling and restricting practice, it will obviously be necessary-as in the medical profession-for the Government eventually to prevent unregistered persons from practising for profit on and after a specified date. (The restriction could only be limited to practising fur prujit, since it would be unreasonable to restrict private experi- mental work. In this connection, it must be remembered that in the Law, Medicine, and Nursing, absolute restriction cannot be enforced; and that in Pharmacy the object of the restriction is to regulate the sale of poisons.) Further, any legislation for such restriction must obviously be urged on the ground of public interest.What is the object? Is it to limit the profession or to provide against existing abuse? It must not be merely selfish, and it must be shown that fresh legislation is necessary, that the public is not sufficiently pro- tected against the charlatan, and that restriction of practice will be to the advantage of the public. Is it sought to secure registration of all chemists, in whatever 178 branch they may be engaged? If so, the following must be included :-A. In Private Practice, Principals and assistants. comprising analysts, metallurgists, chemical advisers, patent agents, scientific journalists, etc.: B. In Industry: Directors or partners, managers, chemists in control of plant, research chemists, analysts and assistants. C. Governmental or muni- Heads of departments, superin- cipal employ : tendents, public analysts, official agricultural analysts, gas examiners, research chemists, analysts, and assistants. D. Teaching: Principals, professors, lecturers and demonstrators in uni-versities ; teachers in public, secondary and private schools, and tutors. E. Miscellaneous: Persons engaged in two or more of the above; or other employ- ment-possibly of a com-mercial or administrative character-on which chemical knowledge has an important though possibly a secondary, bearing.Proceeding to consider these groups individuauy- With reference to A, it might be feasible to seek statutory powers to prevent unregistered persons suing for fees, or having their evidence accepted in Courts of Law where such practice affects the health or safety of the people. (In some measure, the regulations as to competency of public analysts provide for this.) With regard to B-viz., chemists engaged in industry-the question arises whether it is practicable to enforce registration, 179 and whether industry would tolerate legislation controlling the employment of chemists-particularly persons engaged in routine work. It might be feasible to ask for powers to prevent un- registered persons being placed in charge of manufacturing operations where the safety and health of the workers or of the public are concerned; but it must be allowed that the training and experience necessary for such positions can only be obtained in actual practice on the works.Could the need for such legislation be proved ? With regard to C-Governmental and municipal (whole- time) appointments-it may be held that the authorities con- cerned invariably have due regard to the qualifications of the personnel employed. Could it be shown that compulsory registration is necessary for this class ? With regard to D-teaching-it is held that the qualifications required include evidence of ability to teach, as well as knowledge of the science.Few persons can pretend to teach a subject if they have not obtained a recognised degree or diploma, and the duly constituted educational authorities are well able to judge candidates for appointment on their merits. E-miscellaneous-the importance of restriction in this class can only be determined according to the particular circum- stances. On the general question, some hold that it would not be in the public interest to attempt to restrict the freedom of anyone to practise any profession or craft in which he can prove himself able to earn an honest living without hurt to his fellow citizens. It is questioned whether the legislature would debar a person from earning his living in the practice of chemistry because his qualifications, although such that he could be useful and earn his living in some restricted domain of work, were not sufficiently high to entitle him to the Associateship of the Institute.V. Presumably, in the event of any movement in the direction indicated, the Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute would form the nucleus of such a register, and a general invitation, by public announcement, would be issued to all other chemists to apply for registration. A minimum standard of qualification would be formulated; forms of application would be prepared, and a committee or board appointed to consider applications. A fee would be necessary, especially if the register, when prepared were to be published and issued. The Register 180 would be useless unless kept constantly revised.Clerical assistance, therefore, would be necessary for correspondence, scheduling applications, registration, and book-keeping. Would this machinery be effective? What purpose would it serve? Provided that the response proved satisfactory, a more extended list of chemists would be available in any emergency than at present exists. Possibly some chemists would feel an obligation to apply for membership of the Institute, since they would prefer not to be registered except in the class for which they were qualified; and thus the greater unity of the profession might be fostered. On the other hand, a lower standard of qualification than that demanded for the Associateship of the Institute would acquire a measure of recognition.(Possibly, also, in any voluntary scheme some chemists might prefer this form of registration to membership of the Institute, since it would secure their names on a recognised Register at less cost.) VI. The question has also been considered whether it is desirable to formulate means for including classes I and 2 (see Section 11, p. 176), other than normally as Fellows and Associates, and whether class 3 could be provided for by the institution of a Third Grade of Institute membership. The Third Grade should imply a qualification which cannot be confused with the Fellow- ship or Associateship, yet it must not imply a definite lack of qualification. Such a term as “probationer” would not bc applicable, but “Affiliated Member” (without the right to use the distinctive letters F.I.C.and A.I.C.) might be acceptable, although possibly open to misinterpretation. “Fellowship ” and “Associateship” are so clearly established and have so much “goodwill” attached to them that it would be undesirable to change these. The constitution of the Third Grade should be such that it offers a definite inducement to proceed to the Associateship or Fellowship of the Institute, while the members of the Institute must retain their present privileges in full. It is suggested that the Third Grade might be allowed membership of the Local Sections of the Institute with the right to vote for the District Member of Council, but not a vote for the General Members of Council.In the event of compulsory registration being possible, persons in the third grade qualifying for the Associateship would be required to proceed to the Associateship, and no person qualified to become an Associate would be admitted to the Third Grade. 181 VII. It is understood that any proposals involving the rights of the Institute under its present Charter will need to be submitted to Extraordinary General Meetings of the Institute for approval, and if it is found to be desirable an application would be made for revision of the Charter. VIII. The Special Committee finds that compulsory registra- tion is not a practical proposition at the present time, and is doubtful whether such registration could be enforced to apply to the profession as a whole, especially to chemists engaged in industry.Some members of the Special Committee still regard it as necessary to give a title to those who are to be registered, that is, to determine, in the first place, who is to be recognised as a chemist. On the proposal to introduce a system of VOLUNTARY registra-tion-apart from the improbability that there would be a general response from persons who are not at present on the roll of the Institute-the proposition for enlarging the scope of the register of the Institute by the establishment of a third grade is held by some to be contrary to the best interests of the existing Fellows and Associates. By others, however, it is also thought that although the third grade might not be popular in the early stages, it would have an increasing significance in the future and provide for a means for registering all who could reasonably be recognised as chemists. For the present, no doubt many who are not registered by the Institute might prefer not to be included in the third grade, although they might not be eligible for the Associateship or desire to join the Institute either as Fellows or Associates.Other members of the Special Committee can see no advantage in voluntary registration, and are doubtful whether compulsory registration is desirable in the public interest, since they hold that the Institute should seek to secure the adherence of the really competent chemists and aim at maintaining the status of the profession, rather than to establish a larger register, including those who are unable to comply with the present conditions for the Associateship of the Institute.IX. On the whole, the Special Committee arrived at the conclusion that compulsory registration was not practicable at 182 present, that it was questionable whether any form of volun-tary registration, other than that existing at present, would be effective, and that the establishment of a third grade was un- desirable. The Special Committee, asked, however, that it be not discharged, that a statement of its proceedings be transmitted to the Local Sections with an intimation that the Committee will be glad to receive concrete suggestions on the matter. On receipt of replies from the Local Sections, the Special Committee will take them into consideration and report further to the Council. Substitutes for Et hyI Alcohol.-An Inter-Departmental Committee, under the Chairmanship of Mr.C. J. T. B. Grylls, C.B.E., one of the Commissioners of Customs and Excise, and including representatives of the Government Chemist, the Board of Trade and the Ministry of Health, has been set up with the following terms of reference :-“To consider and report what duties, restrictions or prohibitions, if any, should be imposed upon substances other than ethyl alcohol which are capable of being used as substitutes for ethyl alcohol by reference to :-(a) the maintenance and safety of the spirit revenue. (b) the various uses to which they are or may be put ; (c) the public health ; (d) the desirability of avoiding any restriction which might unnecessarily hamper trade progress or discourage experiment .” The Institute has been asked to assist by submitting, for the consideration of this Committee, a memorandum of any information or opinions which it may think desirable to offer on questions within the terms of reference. Fellows and Associates who wish to express views on these matters are invited to communicate with the Registrar as soon as possible, 183 Notes.Honours.-The names 01 the following Fellows of the Institute were mentioned in the list of honours recently conferred :-George Clarke, C.I.E. Colonel G. C.Sturrock, C.B.E. A. Vincent Elsden, M.B.E. Mr. George Patchin has been appointed Principal of the Sir John Cass Technical Institute on the resignation of Dr. Charles A. Keane. Mr. Frank George Edmed has been appointed Admiralty Chemist at H.M. Dockyard, Portsmouth, in succession to Mr. Arnold Philip, Contracts of Service.-On the 17th June, in the Mayor’s and City of London Court, an analytical chemist brought an action claiming three months’ salary and damages for wrongful dismissal. The main question to be decided was what con-stituted reasonable notice. The chemist had been dismissed at a week’s notice, and a week’s salary paid. In the absence of any service agreement, Judge Shewell Cooper took the view that a man of the qualifications and experience of the plaintiff was entitled to three months’ notice, and, accordingly, gave judgment for three months’ salary, with costs, deducting one week’s salary already received.This case illustrates the advisability of provision for notice being included in every contract, having due regard to the im- portance, responsibility and nature of the position to be occupied by the chemist. Three months’ notice on either side, would be considered reasonable in the majority of cases, and six months in the case of highly paid appointments. In contracts for appointments outside Great Britain six months’ notice should be insisted upon. 184 Professional Certificates-The President, in his address at the Annual General Meeting held in March last, referred to complaints which had been received regarding the use for advertisement purposes of professional certificates.The President remarked that it was invariably found that until the members concerned were communicated with they were quite unaware that their certificates had been used. This kind of case is illustrated by the following letter which appeared in The Gas Joumal on the 14th May last. THE CHALK FUEL CORPORATION, LTD. Sm,-In the prospectus issued by the Chalk Fuel, Power-Gas, and Hye-Products Corporation, Ltd., on which you recently commented, there is what purports to be a certificate (undated) of mine; and the Registrar of the Institute of Chemistry has very properly called my attention to it. I had difficulty in tracing any such certificate, but I find that in 1914 I gave one troanother Company, certifying that six briquettes described as “chalk composition briquettes ” had a calorific value of 9060 B.Th.U.-t)he figureappearing over my name in the prospectus-but in the certificate of 1914 I find I have added, what is here omitted, “the calorific value of coal ranges from 12,000 B.Th.U.up.” Immediately above what purports to be my certificate there is another (also undated), in which a Mr. G. H. Frankin, Engineer, says: “I estimate that one ton of your best chalk briquettes is equal to 14 tons of averagecoal.” It will bc, readily seen that, had my certificate of 1914 been given in its entirety, it would have amounted to a flat contradiction of what appears over Mr.Franklin’s name. Neither the Chalk Fuel Corporation nor the Company to which I gave the 1914 certificate had any authority t80use my namc or certificate in a prospectus or for advertising purposes. It may give a little humour to the situation if I add that the fee for the 1914 Certificate still remains in my books unpaid. WM. MCD. MACKEY,F.r.c. Victoria Chambers, South Parade, Leeds, July 9, 1926. Taxat ion of Scientific I nstitution s.-The Commissioners of Inland Revenue are investigating the rights of scientific societies to exemption from the payment of income tax and have notified the Chemical Society of their intention to challenge the right of that Society to recover the tax deducted at the source from dividends on its invested capital.From a statement reviewing the cases relating to this subject, prepared and pub- lished by the British Science Guild, it appears that although provision has been made for exempting from taxation, to some extent at least, property or the income therefrom devoted not only to charitable purposes, but also to the advancement ot 185 science, literature and the fine arts, the Commissioners do not lightly grant such exemption. It should be possible, however, under the law as it at present exists for scientific institutions to obtain complete or part exemption from taxation either under the provisions specifically mentioning such institutions or on the ground that their property is utilised for charitable purposes only. The legal definition of charitable purposes embraces the relief of poverty, the advancement of education, the advance- ment of religion, and other purposes beneficial to the community; but professional bodies such as the Institute, which embraces objects other than the advancement of science, are debarred from claiming any such exemption.The Institute, however, heartily sympathises with the Chemical Society, feeling that its rights should not be questioned, since it has for 80 years consistently advanced science by the publication of new know- ledge, while its members, in addition to paying their own personal taxes, have thereby borne a financial burden in a manner that has only been rendered possible by the Society enjoying rent free accommodation and relief from taxation.This subject has also been under the consideration of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in collabora- tion with representatives of other bodies, and it has been proposed that two test cases should be heard, the Treasury paying ihc cost for both sides of thew actions, but tlie costs on behalf of the Societies coiicerncd being limited by a prescribed scale of costs. Sixth Congress of Industrial Chemistry, Brussels, 1 926.-The sixth Congress of Industrial Chemistry will be held at Brussels from the 26th September to the 3rd October next. Enquiries should be addressed to M. H. Van Laer, Secrktaire GknCral, Rue Berckmans 83, Bruxelles. Arrangements include excursions and visits to several Belgian factories.SpeciaI Librapies Directory.--Ail Association, styled The Association of Special Libraries and lnforinatioii Bureaux, has been formed to facilitate the co-ordination and systematic use of sources of information in science, industry, commerce, public affairs, etc., and thus to render available scientific and other specialised information to those who wish to obtain it. 186 The Carnegie United Kingdom Trust is assisting the Association in an endeavour to compile a directory of sources of specialised information in Great Britain and Ireland. The General Editorship of the work has been entrusted to Mr. G. F. Barwick, late Keeper of Printed Books at the British Museum. Particulars of the Association can be obtained from Mr.Guy,W. Keeling, the General Secretary, 38, Rloomsbury Square, London, W.C. I. Membership is open to individuals and institutions directly concerned in the control or operation of library, research, statistical or information services. Associate Membership is open to individuals and institutions interested in but not directly engaged upon those services. The Association is holding its Third Conference during the week-end September zqth-z7th, at Balliol College, Oxford. The Conference is open to all interested; as accom-modation is strictly limited, those wishing to attend should communicate with the Secretary without delay. 187 National Certificates in Chemistry, 1926. The Council has received from the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute the report of the Assessors on the examination for National Certificates held in 1926.Assessors :-Dr. Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.K.S. and Prof. J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc. I. Two additional schools have, for the first time, submitted candidates for the Ordinary grade, and one school for the Higher grade. The number of entries in the Ordinary grade was 102, compared with 87 in 1925. In the Higher grade there were 51 candidates, compared with 59 in 1925; of these 27 passed the Ordinary certificate in previous years, of whom 16 were success- ful in obtaining the Higher certificate this year. 11. General Impression of the Examination Scripts.--With only one exception the written papers were forwarded by the colleges and schools in a satisfactory manner and in most cases appropriate keys were submitted to the answers in the practical examinations.Schemes of marking were not, however, always enclosed with the scripts. In a few instances candidates had written on both sides of loose sheets of paper without margins. (It is very desirable that all schools should provide proper answer books.) A commendable feature of this year’s papers was the neatness of scripts submitted for the practical examinations. The candidates had written up their results in orderly fashion. In one group of schools in which this neatness in the practical work was particularly noticeable, only one candidate failed to secure pass marks.The Assessors feel justified in laying stress on the great improvement in the writing up of laboratory exercises because this neatness is seldom seen in practical examinations. It may be mentioned that the Northern Schools as a general rule submitted neater practical scripts than those from schools in the South. 188 This year there were two cases of scripts with missing pages. (The collection of all written papers is included in the duties of the Examination Superintendent .) 111. Standavd of Marking.-The tendency to mark weak candidates leniently was less general this year than on previous occasions, although it was not entirely absent. In certain cases there was considerable overmarking in physics. Leniency was more noticeable in the advanced grade than in the senior grade.(In the advanced grade weak candidates should not be allowed to gain a bare pass by generous marking of very in- complete answers; it is truer kindness to recommend them to repeat the course.) Several quite satisfactory answer books came from candidates who failed last year. IV. Writtertz Pa@rs.-More care was shown in answering the compulsory questions, although in one instance the instruction to make a certain question obligatory was disregarded by the school authority. The compulsory question on the periodic classification and valency brought forth many thoughtful answers, although it also showed that candidates sometimes prefer to learn off by heart the contents of their lecture notes, rather than to think for themselves.A candidate, who had dealt fully with the recondite topic of the discovery of rubidium and caesium in the waters of Ilurkhcim, stated in another answer that sodium was bivalent and mentioned at the same time that the valencies of manganese and lead were one and three respec- tively. In answers to questions on physical chemistry, candidates showed some confusion in defining critical temperature and critical pressure, and were not clear in explaining why liquid chlorine and sulphur dioxide could be stored in closed vessels whereas liquid air could only be kept in open containers. The answers to the clectro-chemical questions in the physics papers were, on the whole, badly done. Answers to the compulsory question in organic chemistry (senior grade) indicated a belief, which in certain schools appeared to be general, that diazotisation is carried out in practice on a free aromatic primary amine rather than on its hydrochloride in acid solution.The distinction is not merely academic, but of considerable practical and industrial importance. This was exemplified in one school where, with one exception, all the candidates gave the incorrect method, but the exceptional one, 189 who had evidently had works experience in the preparation of “Paranitraniline red,” furnished an explanation of the importance of free acid in the process of diazotisation. V. Practical Examinations. As already noticed in earlier reports, candidates, in the flurry of a practical examination, frequently either make arithmetical errors in their calculations or leave their experimental numbers without making the final calculations.(It might be advisable for Superintendents to impress upon candidates the importance of completing their notes.) The scripts of the advanced grade occasionally showed evidence of overmarking. In some cases only a few of the exercises cited in the practical physics paper were actually set, and the method of allotting the exercises to candidates was not stated. In those cases where practical exercises were set in the three divisions of inorganic, organic and physical chemistry, it was noticed that high marks were obtained in the physico-chemical exercises by candidates who had failed in one or both of the other sections.This difference suggests that analytical exercises are the more searching test of the candidates’ chemical ability, and as such should remain a predominant feature in examinations carried out under the auspices of the Joint Committee. VI. Technological Subjects.-The scripts in technological subjects were generally of high standard, but there was often a lack of theoretical knowledge regarding processes with the practical side of which candidates were evidently quite familiar. The industrial use of “Naphthol A.S.” was accurately described by one candidate, but the substance was described as an anilide of naphthoic acid. I90 Obituary. ALEXANDERJOHNATKINSONdied at Newport, Monmouthshire, on 22nd April, in his 70th year.Educated at University College School, London, he matriculated in 1874 and pursued his scientific studies under Williamson at University College, under Frankland at the Royal School of Mines, and Winkler at the Mining School at Freiberg, Saxony. After working for a short time with Sir I. Lowthian Bell, at Middlesbrough, he was for three years Chief Chemist at the Blaenavon Iron Works. In 1883 he joined his brother, R. W. Atkinson, in general analytical practice in Cardfff, from which he retired in 1914. He then devoted himself to local public affairs until 1924, when he retired owing to ill-health. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. RICHARDBODMERdied at Eastbourne on the 5th July at the age of 70 years. He was born in Switzerland, came to England in early manhood, and studied chemistry at the Royal School of Mines.Re was assistant to A. H. Allen, of Sheffield, and later, in 1881, to Dr. (afterwards Sir) Thomas Stevenson at Guy’s Hospital, with whom he was engaged in connection with several important criminal trials. In 1889 he was appointed public analyst for St. Saviour’s Board of Works, and, after the passing of the Local Government Act, continued in the same capacity for the Borough of Bermondsep. In 1908 he was appointed public analyst for the Borough of Northampton. He held both these appointments at the time of his death. He was also for many years one of the Gas Examiners of the London County Council.He made several contributions to The Analyst, both independently and in association with A. H. Allen, A. W. Stokes and C. G. Moor. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, and he passed the special examination in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopyin 1900. JOHN died on 27th February at Kaingaroe, NorthJAMESBROADBENT Auckland. He studied chemistry under Prof. C. W. Heaton at Charing Cross Hospital, London, where he was subsequently demonstrator in practical chemistry. In 1883 he commenced practice as a consulting chemist at Greenwich, but at the end of the year moved to Manchester, where he extended his activities to technological problems, and continued until 1908, when he proceeded to Now Zealand. He passed the Examination for the Associateship in 1882 a.nd was elected a Fellow in 1885.ALLINCOTTRELLdied at Ashton Infirmary on 18th August in his 41st year. Educated at Waterloo Science School, Oldham, he proceeded to the University of Manchester, where he graduated as B.Sc., Honours in Chem- istry in 1907 and later M.Sc. During the following year he continued his studies at the Manchester College of Technology, and having obtained. a First Class Teacher’s Certificate, wa8 appointed Chemistry Master in 191 Oldham Grammar School, and later Science Master at Dewsbury Technical School, where he became Head of the Chemistry Department. In 1915, he was engaged by the Ministry of Munitions, trained at the Cotton Powder Co.’s works, Fsversham, and at H.M.Factory, Oldbury, and then transferred to Queensferry, where he had cha,rge of nitric acid retort houses until he was appointed manager of the Acids Section at Gretna, where he was eventually a chief chemist. He remained at Gretns until 1920, and in the following year was appointed lecturer in technical chemistry in the University of Edinburgh, which position he held at the time of his death. He was the author of a comprehensive monograph on the manufsct,ure of nitric acid and nitrates, which was issued as Volume VI. of “The Manufacture of Acids and Alkalies,” by George Lunge, revised by A. C. Cumming (London, 1923). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917 and, three years later, on the nomination of the Gretna Local Section, was rlccted and served for three years as 8 Member of the Council.ALFREDWOODFIRBYdied at Starbeck, Yorkshire, on the 14th July, in his 74th year. Educated at Leeds Grammar School and Leeds School of Scicnce, he studied chemistry with Mr. Thomas Fairley, and subse-quently practised as a consulting and analytical chemist in Leeds and London, specialising in the analysis of fertilisers and feeding stuffs. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1878, and n Fellow in 1892. CHARLES JAMES MAKIN died at Parnharn, Surrey, on the 25th SHAW-May, in his 64th year. He was educated at Uppingham and after several years experience in business, studied chemistry and physics from 1891 to 1893 at the Royal College of Science. He then worked with Frensenius at Wiesbaden, at first as a student and later as an assistant.He travelled in many parts of the world, lectured on various subjects, and published several books, including The Evolution of Socialism, With Pen and Camera in Three Continents, and a small volume on Japan and the ,Tapanese. During the war he worked in the Bermondsey Division for the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Families’ Association ;later he offered his services and received a commission unattached from the m7ar Ofiice, in July, 1916, when he was graded as Staff Lieut. First Class and became VCTar Office Inspeckor of one of the Government War Factories at Woolwich for manufacturing mt’i-gas masks. Finally, he worked with Col. Harrison as an officer in the R.E. Anti-Gas establishment.On the termination of the war, Mr. Makin was elected Honorary Secretary of the Association of Ex-officers of the Anti-Gas establishment, many of the members being Fellows of the Institute. He passed the examination of the Institute and was electod a Fellow in 1897. LESTERREEDdied at South Park Hill Road, South Croydon, on 5th August, in his 66th year. He studied at the Royal School of Mines, and, after passing the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1883, worked for a year with Mr. Charles E. Groves at Guy’s Hospital, before establishing a practice at Croydon, where he became Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Anal>st for the County Borough, and continued to hold these appointments throughout his professional career.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1883 and a E’elluw in 1886. 192 CLAUDE SMITHmet his death by drowning while teaching some scouts to swim, in Morecambe Bay, on 7th July in his 58th year. He was educated at King’s College, London, where he obtained the Associateship of the College in General Literature in 1888, and studied chemistry, under Professors Bloxam and Millas Thomson, from 1886 to 1890. He passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in ,July of the same yeas, and for several years continued in the College as an Assistant in the practical classcs. He also assisted Mr. C. F. Cross in his investigations on fibre and cellulose. In 1899 he moved to Lancaster, where he worked at Mr. J.S. Riming-ton’s Agricultural Experimental Station, which was moved in 1901 to Aynsome, Cartmel, but was closed down at the outbreak of the war. In 1915 he became Chemist at Low Mill Tannery, Ulverston. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1890 and a Fellow in 1894. BERNARD a Registered Student of the Institute, died CHARLESTOLLEY, on the 30th July, in his 21st year. Educated at the City of London School, he matriculated at London University and completed the eourso for the Associateship of the City and Guilds, Finsbury Technical College, which he obtained in 1925. He had since worked for a year in the laboratory of the Home arid. Colonial Stores, and would shortly have becm elected to the Associateship. 193 Books and their Contents.The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:- “Air Liquide, Oxygene, Azote, Gaz Rares.” G. Claude. Prkface de M. d’Arsonval. zme edition, rcvis6e et mise a jour. Pp. 424. (Paris: Dunod.) Frs. 32. lhe partie: La liqu4faction des gaz. 2mo partic: La liqu8faction in- dustrielle de l’air. 3me partie: Conservation et, propridt& cle l’air liquide. 4me partie: La sdparation dc l’air en ses d1Bments. “Cement, Concrctc and Bricks.” A. R. Searle. 2nd edition. Pp. x. + 442. (1,ondon: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 24s. Cement :Raw materials ;methods of manufacture ;chemical and physical changes; changes on setting and hardening; testing. Concrete : Com-ponents anti their properties ; preparation; reinforced concrete ;special properties ; testing. Bricks : Raw materials ;methods of brickmaking;chemical and other changes in drying and burning; properties ;siliceous bricks; basic and neutral bricks. “Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names.” A Dictionary and Commercial Handbook. W.Gardner. 3rd edition, con-taining approximately 20,000 definitions and cross-refer- ences. Pp. 355. (London: Crosby, Lockwood & Son.) 30s. “Constants, Physical and Chemical, and some Mathematical Functions.” G. W. C. Kaye and T. H. Laby. 5th edition. Pp. 161. (London: Longmans, Green Lt Co.) 14s. “Inorganic Chemistry, A Text-book of .” I;.Ephraim, translated by P. C. L. Thorne. Pp. xii. + 805. (London: Gurney & Jackson.) 28s.The elements; halogen compounds; oxides of hydrogen and of the metals ; compounds of sulphur, selenium and tellurium ; the nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic group; elements of the fourth group (and boron); the rare earths, alloys, radioactivity; Appendix and Tables. “Metallography of Steel and Cast Iron, The.” W. E. Woodward. Pp. xii. + 143. (London: Crosby, Lockwood & Son.) 15s. Alloys of iron and carbon; thermal critical points in iron and steels; special steels; theories of hardening, etc. ;cast iron; pyrometry ;bihlio-WPhY * 194 “Oils and Fats, The Chemistry and Examination of Edible; Their Substitutes and &4dulterants.” G. D. Elsdon. Pp. xix. + 521. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 45s. Jntroduction :Classification of oils and fats ;occurrence and preparation.Properties of oils and fats : Physical constants, etc. Composition of oils and fats ; hydrolysis. Properties of individual glycerides, acids and alcohols. Examination and separation of fatty acids. Qualitative, physical and chemical tests. Drying oils : soya-bean. Semi-drying oils : cotton-seed, rape, sesame. Non-drying oils : almond, arachis, and olive oils. Vegetable fats: cacao butter, palm oil, coconut and shilar oils. Animal and milk fats. Margarine; dairy products; marine and medicinal oils; rosin and rosin oils ;hydrogenated oils ; appendices:indices. “Organic Chemistry, A Text-book of, Historical, Structural and Economic.” J. Read. Pp. xii. + 679. (London: G. Bell st Sons, Ltd.) 12s.6d. Historical development ; molecular diagnosis ; aliphatic or open-chain compounds; cyclic or closed-chain compounds. ‘I Organic Syntheses.” An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals. Vol. VI. Edited by H. Gilman. Pp. vii.+Izo. (London: Chapman st Hall, Ltd.) 7s. 6d. “Potentiometric Titrations.” A Theoretical and Practical Treatise. I. M. Kolthoff and N. H. Furman. Pp. xii.+345. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 22s. Gd. Part I.:Fundamental Principles : Principles of precipitat,ion and neutra- lisation reactions ; electrode potentials, oxidation and reduction ;oxida-tion and reduction reactions and their equilibrium constants ; relation between the change of the ion concentrations and electrode potential in combinations of ions ; relation between change in the ratio oxidant : reductant and the electrode potential in oxidation-reduction reactions ; general conditions for the performance of potentiometric titrations.Part 11.: Practical Applications : A.-General considerations : techniqueof potentiometric titrations ;detection of the end-point of a potentio- metric titration. B.-Special Determinations : Precipitation and complex-formastion reactions with metallic or non-metallic electrodes ; neutralisations; oxidation-reduction reactions. Bibliography. “Proteins, The Chemistry of the, and its Economic Applications.” D. Jordan Lloyd. Introduction by Sir Fredcrick Gowland Hopkins. Pp. xii.+qg. (London: J. & A. Churchill.) 10s.6d. Nature and constitution of the proteins ; methods of protein analysis ; different classes of proteins ;identification of proteins and the structure of the protein molecule; proteolyt,c enzymes and the linkages in the protein molecule ;chemistry of protein foods ; problems of food preser- vation; combination of proteins with acids and alkalis ; properties of protein solutions; absorption and loss of water by gels and tissues; influence of salts on protein solutions; theory of protein solutions; de-naturation and coagulation ; irreversible protein gels ;industrial uses of the proteins. 195 “Rubber, Synthetic.” S. P. Schotz. Pp. r44. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 21s. Raw materials for the production of synthetic rubber; isoprene; buta- diene ; dimethylbutadiene ;polymerisation ;vulcanisation ;stahilisation ; properties and constitution of natural caoutchouc and synthetic rubber ; history of synthetic rubber.“Soap and Detergent Industry, The Modern, including Glycerol Manufacture.’’ G. Martin. Vol. I11: The Manufacture of Glycerol, with index to the complete work. Pp. xi. + 245. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son.) 30s. A treatise in three volumes on the manufacture of laundry, toilet, pharmaceutical, textile, abrasive, scouring, and powdered soaps ; also detergent compositions and soap substitutes of all kinds, including analyses of raw materials, modern patents and literature, recent machinery and processes, together with numerous practical recipes, and lay-out of modern soap factories.“Surface Chemistry, An Introduction to.” E. K. Rideal. Pp. vi. + 336. (Cambridge: The University Press.) 18s. Surface tension of liquids and solutions ; surface films of insoluble matorials ;liquid-liquid interfaces ;gas-solid interface ;liquid-solid inter- face; differences of potential at interfaces; conditions of stability in snspensions and emulsions ;gels and hydrated colloids. The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 18th June and 23rd July, 1926, 5 new Fellows were elected, 18 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 69 new Associates were elected, and 20 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 6 Fellows and I Student by death. New Fellow (by Examination). Boyd, Major Thomas Crawford, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.(Ireland), D.P.H., c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co., 54, Parlmment St,reet, London, S.W.1. New Fellows. Donovan, William, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Dominioil Labnrfltnry, TYcIllington, XPW Zedand. JaffB, Adolph, 8, Leybixm Grovc, Shipley, Yorks. Medel, George, Bryn Nant, Rafod, Swansea, Glam. Ray, Professor Rames Chandra, D.Sc. (Lond.), M.Sc. (Cttloutkn), Pntne College, Moradpur P.O., Patma, India. Associates elected to the Fellowship (by Examination). Byrne, Laurence James Patrick, B.Sc. (Birm.), 17, Glenliice Road, Black- heath, London, S.E. Chalmers, Frederick Grant Duncan, MA., B.Sc. (Abed.), 60, Norfolk Road, Erdington, Birmingham.Forrester, Charles, 4, Barclay Terrace, Edinburgh. Fraser, James Ross, A.C.G.F.C., B.Sc.(Lond.), 13, Archibald Road, Tufnell Park, London, N.7. Herd, Clifford Walter, B.Sc. (Loncl.),c/o Messrs. Woodlands, Ltd., Granville Street, Dover. Hope, William Plendcrleith Lcwellen, B.Sc. (Edin.), 6, Cornw-all Avcnnc, Church End, Finchley, London, N.3 Houso, Cecil John, H.Sc. (Lon(].), R.K.C.S., 38, EdmuntZ Road, Sctlt~lcy,Birmingham.McKean, John Brown, Williamsvillc, Hawkhencl Road, Paisley. Napier, Oswaltl James Walter, M.A. (Cantah.), 4 4, Hrompton Sqnarr, London, S.W.3. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Anderson, George James William, Gr. Ing. (Hanover), 2, Wickham Road, Brockley, London, S.E.4. Donald, Maxwell Bruce, M.Sc. (Mass.), A.R.C.S., Cadla 223, Antofagasta,Chile, S. America. Hammond, David William, B.Sc.(Glas.), Enys, Heatherfield, Totley, Sheffield. lY7 Loasby, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Birm.), 19, Middleborough Road, Coventry. Phillips, Rarbert Adie, B.Sc. (Lorid.),Wellcorne Club & Institute, Dartford, Kent. Ridge, Bert, Pusey, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), Shirlcy Institute, Didsbury, Manchester. Scott, John Richard, Ph.13. (Leeds), 19, Kingscote Road, Addiscombc, Surrey.Wood, Cecil William, National Oil Refineries, Ltd., Skewen, Glam. Wright, Nevi11 Lushanus, D.I.C.,37, Muswell Road, Muswell Hill, London, N.lO. New Associates (by Examination). Bond, Edward Job-n, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Kings Avenue, Buckhurst Hill, Esseu. Bothamley, Richard Edrkinson, B.Sc. (Lond.), Fernhurst, Gregory Boule- vard, Nottingham. Bourne, Frank, 12, Herbert Strcet,, Loughborough.Coucill, Joe Harrop, A .M.C.'I'. , 217, Margaret Street, Asht on-under -Lyae . Elvidge, Wilfred Farrand, B.Sc. (Loncl.), 171, Harrington Drive, Lenton, Not tingham . Groves, Miss Ida &lary, l3.S~.(Birm.), 39, I4arlsbury Gardens, Handsworth, Birmingham. Henshaw, Charles Royston, A .M.C.'F., 43,BLtcker Road, Jjirkby, Hud&*rs-field. Massie, Duncan IlkRobert, A.M.C.T., 11, Cleveleys Grove, Higher Broughton, Manchester. Prior, Philip Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Messrs. A. E. Reed & Co., Larkfield, Maidstone, Kent. Reid, Eric, 78a, New Chester Road, New Ferry, Cheshire. New Associates. Asquith, William Arthur Hirst, B.Sc. (Liv.), Holmdene, Walthew Avenue, Holyhead.Barraclough, Edward, M.Sc.(Leeds), Court House, Grove Street, Uewsbury,Yorks. Burgess, Stanley Grove, €3.8~.(Lond.), 283, l'utney Bridge Road, Putney, London, S.W.15. Burrage, Leslie James, M.S(c.. (LoJJc~.),32, Eiricrsori Roatl, Ilford, Esses. Crossloy, Harold Edgar, H.Sc.Tech. (Manc.),24, H.eys Road, Ashtoii-irrider-Lyne, Lartncs. Dearnaley, Sam, M.Sc. (Manc.), 40, Tht: Avenue, Hadfield, Nr. Maiicticster. Dickinson, Robert, B.Sc. (Liv.), Heimherg, Ulverston, Lanes. Edgeworth- Johns tonc, Robert, B.Sc .Tech. (Manc. ), 12, Sutherland Road, West Ealing, London, W. Fleming, James Sinton Bruce, B.Se. (Edin.), 47, Montpelier Park, Edin- burgh.Forbes, William Bulloch, M.Sc. (Manc.), 38, Balhousie Street, Perth, Scotland. Foster, Graham Edward, I3.Sc.(Lond.), Mowell Lodge, St. Peter's Houd, Broadstairs. Free, Oliver, B.A.(Oxon.),Rydal Mount, Mount Pleasant, Redditch, Worcs. Garfield, Francis;, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 69, Dover Street, Crurnpsall, Man-Chester. Glovcr, Donald Williani, R1.8~. (1Llaiic:.),7, Hamilton Koad, Dollis Mdl, London, N.W.lO. Grindley, William Harry, B.A. (Calltub.), J3.s~.(Lond.), 24, Granville Tcrrace, Stone, Staffs. 198 Karding, Alec Lower, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Trelawne, St. John Street, Lichfield, Staffs. Hill, Douglas William, B.Sc. (Bris.), 21, Gratitude Road, Green Bank, Bristol. Holt, Edward Victor, B.Sc. (Lonci.), A.R.C.S., 91, Herno Hill Road, Herne Hill, London, S.E.24. Houlbrooke, Albert, B.Sc. (Liv.), Shocklach, Malpas, Cheshire.Howes, Herbert Stanley, B.Sc. (Bris.), 61, Goldsmith Avenue, Acton, London, W.2. Hurtley, William Robert Hardy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 28, Chestnut Road, West Norwood, London, S.E.27. Jones, Idwal George, B.Sc. (Wales), 52, Garden City, Rhymney, Cardiff. Karim, Ali, B.Sc. (Cal.), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 21, Cromwell &ad, London, S.W.7. King, Reginald Benjamin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 62, Mostyn Road, Merton Park, London, S.W.19. Klein, Louis, M.Sc. (Lond.), 44, Downs Park Road, Hackney, London, E.8. Knight, Harry Richard, A.R.S.M.,Casilla 91, Valparaiao, Chile, S. America. Lewin, John Upton, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., c/o Mrs. Upton, 14, Golden Bank, Horsforth, Leeds, Lewis, Philip Stacey, B.Sc. (Liv.), Musprutt 1,itboratory of Yhysical Chemistry, The University, Liverpool.Lovett, Trevor, 3l.S~. (Wales), 6, Cerdin Avenue, Pontyclun, Glam. Marsh, John Thompson, M.Sc. (Mane.), 30, Granville Road, Fallowfield, Manchester. Mathews, Amphlett Christopher Buckston, A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 12, StanleyCrescent, London, 14'. 11. Mattana, Solomon, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., 100, Hrondesbury Villas, London, N.W.6. McCronc, Robert Osborri Orr, B.Sc. (Glas.), 15, Montgomerie Quadrant, Kelvinside, Glasgow, W.2. Nabar, Parashurttm Malhar, B.A., B.Sc (Bombay), B.Sc.Toch. (Mauc.),3-38, Mohomadi Building, Sadashiv Street, Girgaum, Bombay, India. Nicholson, Vincent Stanley, B.Sc. (Dun.), 32, Rullingdon Road, Oxford. North, Charles William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Ashlone Road, Putney, Londoti, s,w.,15. I'eard, William Leopold, B.Sc., (Lond.), 4.2,Dingwall Koad, Croydoii,Surrey.I'ike, Herbert, B.Sc.(Lond.), 94, C'orbyn Street, Pinsbury Park, London, N.4. Pool, Clarence John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Penscot, Highbridge Common Road, Rishopsworth, Bristol. Raven, Miss Sarah Eleanor, A.H.W.C., 5, Mackenzie Place, Edinburgh. Richardgon, Henry Lorimer, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Organic Research Department. Imperial College of Science, London, S.W.7. Robert, Roger Folix Laurent, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 56, Northern Grove, West Didsbury, Manchester. Sanigar, Edward Browning, M.Sc. (Xheff.), Dr.Nat.Sc. (Prague), 127, Pomona Street, Sheffield. Simpson, Ian Alexander, B.Sc. (Liv.), 21, Gambier Terrace, Hope Street, Liverpool. Singleton, Frederick, B.Sc. (London),c/o Mrs.Jardine, 11, Windsor Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7. Solomons, Reuben, BSc. (Lond.), 42, Cephas Street, Mile End, London, E.l. Spencer, Geoflrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.C.T., 10, School Lane, Heatori Chapel, Stockport. 199 Spiller, Reginald Harvey, A.R.C.S., Stonewall, Limpsfield, Surrey. Streat, George Herbert, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), Filatura, Di Vimercatc, Vimercate, via Bergamo I.,Italy.Thakore, Ramanik Kalyanray, B.Sc. (Bombay), A.R.S.M., Royal School of Mines, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Thimann, Kenneth Vivian, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 28, Manor Drive, Wembley Park, Middlesex. Thomson, William Brown, B.Sc. (Glas.), Marathon, Kilbirnie, Ayrshire.Thurlow, Harry John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Meadow Road, Merton, London, s.w.19.Town, Bernard William, J3.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 79, The Grove, Hammersmith, London, W.G. Tree, Francis Thomas, B.A. (T.C.D.), Muar, Johore, Malaya. Walker, Arthur John, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Bramham, Boston Spa, Yorks. Walker, James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., La Carriere, Pointe-A-Pierre, Trinidad, B.W.I. Webb, Walter Weston, B.Sc. (Lond.), Inglenook, Heathcote Grove, Chingford, London, E.4. Wormell, Robert Louis, M.Sc. (Birm.), Coniston, Stoke Park, Coventry. New Students. Barr, Miss Mollie, Langton, 'Erith Road, Belvedere, Kent. Biggar, David Gardiner, Rockvale, Westerton Drive, Bridge-of -Allan. Brown, James, Nobel Lodge, Ardeer, Stevenston. Ayrshire. Buckley, Frank Eric, 19, Central Road, Gorton, Manchester. Charley, Vernon Leslie Smith, 25, Morley Square, Bishopston, Bristol.Cross, John Edward, 96, Northumberland Avenue, Fountain Road, IrIuli. Davis, Sydney Art'hnr, 206, Wells Road, Knowle, Bristol. Eccott, Eustace Nevill, Crofton Acre, Orpington, Kent. Field, VC-illiam Thomas, 140, Franklin Road, King's Norton, Birmingham. Gell, Miss Gwenyth Mary, 123, Upper Tollington Park, London, N.4. Harris, Edgar Richard Hammond, Grendon House, Grendon Road, Exeter. Hayward, Donald Robert, 11, Spencer Park, London, S.W.18. Littlejohn, William Rowe, 46, Dolcoath Road, Camborne, Cornwall. Morison, James Smart, 29, Roseneath Place, Edinburgh. Pethybridge, Walter Heather, Barclays Bank, Bodmin. Peutherer, Willison Bryce, Hope Cottage, Winchburgh. Revie, Gilbert Neil, 114, Sefton Park Road, St.Andrews, Bristol. Shepherd, Matthew Moncrieff, Mornington, Abernethy, Perthshire. Waterhouse, James Roy, Station Street, Meltham, nr. Huddersfield. Wood, Frank, 156, Scar Lane, Milnbridge, nr. Huddersfield. DEATHS. Fellows. Alexander John Atkinson. Richard Bodmer. John James Broadbent. Allin Cottrell, M.Sc. (Mane.).Alfred Wood Firby. Lester Reed. Student. Bernard Charles Tolley. 200 Congress of Chemists, 1926. Held under the Auspices of the Society of Chemical Industry and Allied Societies. Catalogue of the exhibition of laboratory apparatus and instruments, fine chemicals, reagents, filter papers, scientific books, etc., held at the Institute, 19th to 24th July, 1926. In the Main Laboratory. 1.DOULTON& Co., LTD., Royal Doulton Potteries, Lambeth, London, S.E.1. Chemical Laboratory Porcelain. , 2-3. THE BRITISH DRUG HOUSES, LTD., 16-30, Graham Street, City Road, London, N.1. Chemicals for scientific purposes. 4. EVANS,ADLARD& Co., LTD., Postlip Mills, Winchcombe, S.O., Glos. Filtering Paper. 5. STANDLEY & MASOW,LTD.,BELCHER Church Street, Birmingham. Micro-Chemical and Graduated Glass Apparatus. 6. THETHERMAL LTD.,SYNDICATE, 28:6Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W.1. Vitreosil” pure fused quartz laboratory ware and transparent pure fused quartz glass apparatus. 7. TOWNSON& MERCER, LTD., 34, Camomile Street, London, E.C.3. Special Apparatus. 8. HARRINGTON LTD.,BROTHERS, 6, Oliver’s Yard, City Road, London, E.C.l.Inorganic and Organic Chemicals for Analytical, Research I Technical, and Educational purposes. Specially grown Crystals of various Salts. 9. W. & R. BALSTON, LTD., Maidstone, Kent. Full range of Whatniari Filter Papers ; Fat Extraction Thimbles, Diffusion Shells, Fat-Free Strips. 10. BAIRD & TATLOCK LTD.,(LONDON), 14, Cross Street, Hatton Garden, London, E.C. Chemical and Industrial Laboratory Apparatus. 11. WOODBROTHERS’GLASSCOMPANY,LTD., Barnsley. (Agents: Baird & Tatlock (London), Ltd.) Laboratory Glassware. 12. THE STREAM-LINE Co., LTD.,FILTER 64, Victoria Street, London, S.W.l. Filtration of colloidal precipitates ; laboratory filters. 201 13. JOHNJ.GRIFFIN & SONS, LTD., Kemble Street, London, W.C.2. (In association with Baird & Tatlock, Ltd.) Bomb Calorimeter; Oil Testing Apparatus ; Spectrometer: Cement Testing Apparatus ; Colorimeter; New Micro-Balance by Sartorius. 14. DUROGLASS, LTD., 40, Norfolk Street, Strand, London, W.C.2. Chemical Glass Beakers, Flasks, Graduated Ware. 15. BROWN& SON (ALEMBIC WORKS),LTD., 9, Wedmore Street, Holloway, London, N.19. Autoclaves; Stills; Ovens; and General Laboratory (Chemical) Apparatus. 16. W. & J. GEORGE,LTD., Great Charles Street, Birmingham. ScientZic Apparatus. 17. SOUTHMETROPOLITANGAS COMPANY, 709, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.15. (Messrs. A. R. Pearson and J. S. G. Thomas.) Gas Circulating Apparatus.(See J.C.S., Vol. 127, 1925.) 18. S. BORNETT& Co., LTD., 7, Idol Lane, London, E.C.3. (a) The “Eta” Pressure Filter (Laboratory type), filtering through porous plates of fire-clay, silica or carbon. (b) Lumina Spectacles, enabling accurate colour estimations to be made by ordinary electric light. 18a. HOPKIN& WILLIAMS, LTD., 16, Cross Street, Hatton Garden, London, E.C. 1. Fine Chemicals and Reagents recently added to the firm’s list of Chemical Products. 19. JOHNMONCRIEFF, LTD., Perth, Scotland. Monax Laboratory Glassware and similar goods. 20. THE WORCESTER Co., LTD., ROYALPORCELAIN Worcester. Laboratory Porcelain, comprising Pyrometer and Combustion Tubes and Boats, Crucibles, Evaporating Basins, Beakers, Funnels, etc.21. BOOT’SPUREDRUGCOMPANY,LTD., No ttingham. Rare synthetic organic products. 22. A. GALLENKAMP& Co., LTD., 19, Sun Street, London, E.C.2. Mason’s M.P. Apparatus; Oil Testing Apparatus; Electru-metric Titration Apparatus ; Coal Analysis Apparatus ; “Technics” Graduated Glassware ;Soil Examination Apparatus Electric Laboratory Furnaces. 23. THE: SCIENTIFIC Co.,GLASSBLOWING 95, Gray’s Inn Road, London, W.C.1. Scientific Glass Apparatus. (Exhibition of Glsss-blowing.) 24. PLOWDEN& TEOWSON, LTD., Dial Glass Works, Stourbridge. Glass Tubing and Rod for all purposes. Test-Tubes, Specimen Tube, etc. Pyrex Laboratory ware. Chemical and General Laboratory Apparatus. 202 248. OZONAIR,LTD., 96, Victoria Street, London, S.W.l.Ozone apparatus for laboratory, research work and technical applications. 34b. THESCIENTIFICSUPPLIESGo., LTD., 52, Hatton Garden, London, E.C.l. Jelly testing apparatus. 24c. Cox’s IGNITECOMBUSTORS, Millbank House, Wood Street, Westminster, London, S.W.1. In the Balance Room. 25. L. OERTLING,LTD., Turnmill Street, London, E.C.l. Chemical and Assay Balances and Weights. In the Rostrum. 26. H. K. LEWIS& Co., LTD., 136, Gower Street, London, W.C.l. Scientific and Technical Books ; Eesearch Stationery. In the Council Room. 27. R. & J. BECK, LTD., 63, Cornhill, London, E.C.3. Microscopes;Spectroscopes and Polarimeters ;Optical elements used in experimental work and in construction of instruments.88. ADAM HILGER, LTD., 75a, Camden Road, London, N.W.1. Refractometers, Polarimeters, Spectroscopic and Spectro-graphic Apparatus. 29. W. WATSON & SONS,LTD., 313, High Holborn, London, W.C.1. Microscopes;Yhotomicrographic Cameras ;Apparatus for Fine Measurements, etc . PENCILCOMPANY,30. THE ROYAL SOVEREIGN LTD., Britannia Pencil Works, Neasden, London, N.W.lO. Chinagraph Pencils; Dermatogreph Pencils ; Pencils far general use, 203 General Notices. MeI doIa Medal.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award; without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, the administrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928 the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age, provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval, military or air service.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The Council will be glad to have attention directed to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1926 will be made in January, 1927. Examinations in 1 927.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1927 are as follows:- Dates of Exams.Entries close. 3rd to 8th Jan. Monday, 15th Nov., 1926. OY 10th to 15th Jan. 25th to 30th April. Monday, 14th Feb., 1927. or and to 7th May. 19th to 24th Sept. Monday, 18th July, 1927. or 26th Sept. to 1st Oct. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. Notice to Associates-Associates elected prior to August, 1923, who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations for admission to the Fellowship.204 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library coiisists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books.Members and Students of the Institute using the library 205 of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Covers for Journal.--Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal. Arrangements have been made with Messrs, A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, onto bind volumes of the JOURNAL ,~ND PROCEEDINGSthe following terms:-Buckram case, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. 9d. ; postage and packing, 912.; in all, 4s. 8d.Lantern SIides for Lectures.-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. Sir George Beil by Memorial.-The Joint Committee of Officers and representatives of the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Metals, and the Society of Chemical Industry will be glad to receive further contributions towards the fund for the establishment of a memorial to the late Sir George Beilby.From the income of the Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, awards will be made to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work in science, bearing in mind the special interests of Sir George Beilby, viz., applied chemistry, chemical engineering, and metallurgy. The proposal does not imply an award on the result of a competition for work on a set theme or the solution of a definite scientific problem, but the recognition of work of exceptional merit. The Joint Committee hopes to raise a sum of not less than NC'5ooo-providing an income of about Lz50 a year for awards. The amount received up to the 31st August was E2152 8s. sd., and the expense incurred was E128 5s.zd. Contributions may be addressed to the Hon. Secretaries, Beilby Memorial Fund, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. 206 Register, 1926. ERRATA. In addition to numerous changes of address, the Registrar has been notified of the following errors and omissions :-Page 34. Smith, H., for “J. W. Matthews & Co., Ltd.” read ‘-.John Matthews & Co., Ltd.” ,, 36. Munro, L. A., for “12, Park Road, Winnington” read “Ingle-wood, Park Road, Hartford.” ,, 69. Wishart, R. S., for “B.Sc.” read “D.Sc.” ,, 71. Campbell, A. F., delete from page 71 and insert in page 78. ,, 76. Delete entry for J. B. Speakman,-see below, pp. 202 and 209. ,, 113. Francis, A. G., for “Class 11.”read “Class I.” ,, 131. Murray, H. D., for “B.A. (Cantab.)” read “B.A. (Oxon.).” )) 144.Thorpe, Prof. J. F., for “Imperial Inst’itute” read “ImperialCollege of Science and Technology.” ,) 202. For “Speakman, Gruffyd Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales) ” read “Speak-man, John Bamber, M.Sc. (Vict.).” ,) 209. Under “Carnarvonshire” insert LL Carnarvon. a.1919. Speak- man, Gruffyd Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales), Penisarwaen, Llanrug .” ,, 268. Atkinson, John, transfer to p. 41-c.0. Ferodo Ltd , Chapl-en-€e Frith, Buxton, Derbyshire. ,, 272. Buck, J. S., after “A. 1920. insert F. 1923.” ), 298. Harley, D., insert B.Sc. (Edin.). Changes of Add ress.-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their .permanent addresses for registration.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9265000163

出版商:RSC    

年代:1926

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1926. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registvrrv niid Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, October, 7926. Publications Committee, 1926-27 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairmatz) G. G. HENDERSON (President), H. C. L. BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, J. C. DRUMMOND, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, C. A. F. HASTILOW, I. M. HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer), A. W. KNAPP, W. H. LEWIS, THOMAS MACARA, 6. G. McLELLAN, L. G. PAUL, FRANK SOUTHERDEN. 209 Proceedings of the Council. AUGUST-OCTOBER, 1926.Finsbury Technical College.-The Meldola Library and the Chemical Library of Finsbury Technical College, which have been presented to the Institute, have been placed in a room adjoining the Library of the Institute. The Streatfeild Memorial Fund has also been transferred to the Institute, and arrangements have been made for the delivery of the ninth annual Streatfeild Memorial Lecture by Mr. F. C. Robinson on ‘‘The Chemist in the Non-Ferrous Metallurgical Refinery” at the Institute on Friday, 19th November, at 8 p.m. The President of the Institute will preside, and the lecture will be open to Fellows, Associates and Students. Tickets of admission will be obtainable by other persons on application to the Registrar. Frederick William Streatfeild, F.I.C., was on the staff of the City and Guilds Technical College, Finsbury, as a teacher of applied chemistry, from 1883until his death in March 1918.He won the esteem and affection of several generations of Finsbury students, who established a fund for the provision of an annual Memorial Lecture to mark their appreciation of his work and worth. Previous Streatfeild Memorial Lecturers have been : for 1918, Sir William J. Pope; 1919, Prof. G. T. Morgan; 1920, J. H. Coste; 1921, W. P. Dreaper; 1922, Prof. C. H. Desch; ~923,E. M. Hawkins; 1924, Julian L. Baker; and 1925, Francis H. Carr. ReguI ation s.-Intending candidates for the Associateship are notified that owing to changes in the regulations for the B.Sc.Degree in Chemistry of London University this degree will only be recognised in future, under the Regulations for the admission of Associates without Examination, if the candidate has taken the Special Examination and has obtained first or second class honours. The General Examination for BSc. will not be so recognised. Owing to changes in the regulations for the award of the Associateship of the Royal College of Science (in Chemistry) 210 and of the Royal School of Mines (in Metallurgy), these diplomas will only be recognised under the Regulations for admission to the Associateship without examination if obtained with first or second class honours. Institutions.-The following have been added to the list of Universities, Colleges and Institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the Examinations of the Institute : University College, Leicester.Wigan and District Mining and Technical ’College. Poisons and Pharmacy Acts-on the advice of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee the Council has made certain representations to the Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts, on which further information will be published in due course. Mines Department.-In conjunction with the Institution of Professional Civil Servants, a letter has been addressed to the Mines Department concerning an advertisement which appeared in the public press in September regarding an appointment as Research Chemist under the Safety in Mines Research Board. The post was a temporary whole-time appoint-ment tenable at Sheffield, and candidates for it were required to possess good scientific qualifications.The scale of salary offered was only k160-10-190 PZws cost of living bonus, representing the minimum and maximum salaries of k246 and E285 15s. respectively. The duties of the appointment appeared to call for a higher standard of qualifications and experience than those expected from unestablished junior assistants in other Government Depart- ments for which, in accordance with the recommendations of Committee “C” of the National Whitley Council, a scale of E160-10-220 plus cost of living bonus applies, while officers of the latter grade have prospect of promotion to the higher established staff.Having regard to these considerations and the importance in the public interest of attracting the type of candidate most suitable for the post, the Institute and the Institution of Professional Civil Servants urged that before the appointment was made the salary scale proposed should be re-considered with a view to its improvement. 211 A reply has been received to the effect that these repre- sentations will be borne in mind, should it be found necessary to review the scales of pay of the Research Staff employed under the Board. Substitutes for Ethyl Alcohol.-In Part IV of the Journal the appointment of an Inter-Departmental Committee on Substitutes for Ethyl Alcohol was announced, with an intimation that the Institute had been asked to assist by submitting for the consideration of the Committee any informa- tion or opinions which it might think desirable to offer on questions within the terms of reference; Fellows and Associates who wished to express views on matters coming within the terms of reference were invited to communicate with the Registrar.The following memorandum, signed by Messrs. J.W. Blagden, Oliver Chick, Bernard F. Howard, and S. Gordon Liversedge, has been under the consideration of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute, by whose direction it has been forwarded to the Inter-Departmental Committee, with a state-ment that as a general principle the Institute has always favoured the unrestricted use of duty-free solvents for industrial purposes.MEMORANDUM. The Terms of Reference submitted to the Inter-DepartmentalCommittee on substitutes for ethyl alcohol are such that one is justified in assuming that the Commissioners of Customs and Excise, while keeping in view the proviso contained in (d),* contemplate the imposition of duties on all kinds of technical solvents, which have at some time taken, or maytake, or do now take, the place of ethyl alcohol. In fact the Terms may be interpreted in a wider sense than this, since ethyl alcohol is not merely one of the best solvents, but also a raw material for the preparation of a number of fine and technical chemical products, and actually has been replaced in such processes by other substances. In view of tho vagueness of the meaning of the word “spirit” in the Spirit Act, it would appear that this might possibly be extended to include substitutes for ethyl alcohol, which latter term again might be said to embrace almost any organic solvent whether on the market as yet, or not.It must be emphasised that ethyl alcohol is a solvent of almost universal applicability, which, but for the restrictions on its use, might be employed as a solvent in a very large number of trades which now use “substitutes” found after laborious research and trial. The number of such solvents is added to daily, and the demand for them is very much on tho increase. In the last few years a number of alcohols have become technical products which up till then were more or less laboratory curiosities.For exaniple, we cite normal propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, tertiary butyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, cyclohexanol, methylcyclohexanol and diacetone alcohol. From these, corresponding derivatives, such as the * (d) The desirability of avoiding any restriction which might unnecessarily hamper trade progres or discourage experiment. 212 acetates of isopropyl, normal propyl, and normal butyl alcohols and of cyclic hexanols, have also become commercial products. A great number of new esters have appeared as technical solvents at low prices, such as methyl acetate, the acetates mentioned above, diethyl lactate, diethyl carbonate, etc. ;also the number of technically available ket,ones has been increased by the addition of ethyl methyl ketone, cyclohexanone,cyclopentanone, etc.A large number of derivatives of glycol,and of ethers and esters have been put on the market in the United States of America. These substances have appeared in response to demands from the lacquer, varnish, artificial leather, and other industries, and although it is true that many of these solvents aim at physical properties differing from those of ethyl alcohol, i.e. higher boiling point, lower inflammability, yet it is impossible to rule them out as substitutes for ethyl alcohol regarded simply as a solvent; or even if so, in special cases, to know where to draw the line. Many of the above mentioned solvents are entirely water miscible ; for example,diacetone alcohol, normal propyl alcohol, tertiary butyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, glycol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone; others are soluble to a considerable degree, such as butyl alcohol and cyclohexanol ; others only slightly soluble, such as t,he acetates.Many of these technical solvents have a greater degree of volatility than ethyl alcohol, as, for instance, acetone, methyl acetate and methyl alcohol; others rather less, such a.s propyl and isopropyl alcohol and acetates, methyl ethyl ketone, and butyl alcohol; and there is a gradual change in the physical properties which makes it quite impossible to exclude any one as a possible substitute for ethyl alcohol in cases where the restrictions in the case of the latter make it imperative to use a substitute. For it must be remembered tha,t duty free ethyl alcohol is a very cheap solvent; in fact, cheaper than any of the solvents quoted above.The hydrocarbons alone, which for the most part do duty as fuel, are at, a lower price, and although even these might be classified among the possible substitutes for ethyl alcohol, we are omitting them from the argument as their solvent powers, though over-lapping frequently those of an alcohol, are on the whole distinct from them. Having now pointed out the menace to the manufacturers and users of organic solvents which trhe contcmphted restrictions contain, we will deal in order with the other Terms of R.eference submitted to the Com- mittee. (a)* It is evidently the main object of the Committ,ee to protectthe spirit revenue from possible loss resulting from the use of substitutes.It is almost impossible to calculate what such loss is, or whether there is any loss at all, as it is shown above that solvents are used a,s substitutes for spirit because of the rest,rictions on the latter. If these were removed the consumption of ethyl alcohol as a solvent would increase, but no revenue woulcl result to tho Customs and Excise. In those industries from which the Customs and Excise derive the major part of the spirit revenue, viz., alcoholic beverages, foodstuffs and the perfumery trade, there has been no loss of revenue to the Customs a,nd Excise, as either the “substitutes” are not used a.t all, or, if used, they do not substitute ethyl alcohol, but make possible the manufacture of new and cheaper com-modities appealing to a public unable to pay the price of an article made with duty paid spirit; in fact, there is fairly good evidence to show that the amount of duty paid spirit used is caeteris paribus increased by the introduct’ion of these cheaper lines, as it is only in mixtures with ethyl alcohol that satisfactory results are obtained. We are confident in stating tha,t of all the known substitutes, not one can be regarded as * (a) The maintenance and safety of the spirit ievenue.213 potable or has actually in this country been used as a substitute for, or in addition to, ethyl alcohol in potable liquors. The decline in the spirit revenue is traceable to two causes: (1) the diminished purchasing power of the public, especially of the middle classes, and (2) the greater sobriety of the nation.(b)* It is quite evident that an organic solvent such as those enumer- ated above may be put to many different uses in accordance with certain outstanding properties it may have, such as (1) solvent power, (2) smell, (3) volatility, (4)miscibility with water. No substitute for ethyl alcohol can replace this substance in all these four points, but a large number will satisfy one or more of the requirements to a great degree. No solvent can exactly match ethyl al3ohol in the matter of smell, but some, having at ordinary temperatures no smell at all, such as glycol, can replace it where absence of smell is more important than the imitation of it.The solvents which perhaps most closely match ethyl alcohol in points (l), (3) and (4) are normal propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and tertiary butyl alcohol, but even in these three points they are all different from ethyl alcohol and from each other; having higher flash-points, different solvent powers, and, though miscible with water, not soluble in salt solutions, i.e. separating from these. In the matter of smell they are quite distinct from each other and from ethyl alcohol. Again, these substitutes for ethyl alcohol may find other uses in manufacttiring processes in which they are obviously not substitutes for ethyl alcohol. They may lead a double existence owing to the possession of some properties in which they replace ethyl alcohol well; as, for instance, glycol, by virtue of its lack of smell and its miscibility with water; and on the other hand, the same stuff may find other use on account of its high boiling-point or its capacity to lower the freezing point of water. It is, in short, impossible to define any solvent as a substitute or not a substitute for ethyl alcohol.(c)t The Ministry of Health can be interested in the consumption of substitutes for ethyl alcohol in various ways: (1) the solvents may be actually consumed by the public in foodstuffs; (2) the vapours of such substitutes may be inhaled by the public in perfumes, sprays and perfumed articles; (3) industrial workers may be subjected to the action of such substitutes as vapour or their skin brought in contact with them in liquid form.It is evident that no manufacturer introducing a new solvent for industrial uses, whether it reaches the public or not, would omit to study the toxicological side of the question, either by consulting existing publications on the subject, or failing these, by having such physiological tests made on his own behalf. To sum up, we have endeavoured to show in the first part of this memorandum which deals mainly with section (d) of the Terms of Reference that it is impossible to impose duties or restrictions on substi- tutes for ethyl alcohol without seriously interfering with the development of the industries manufacturing and consuming organic solvents-that in answer to (a),no loss of revenue has resulted or is likely to result by the introduction of these new solvents-to (b), that the use of them is very varied and that not one can be regarded as a real substitute for ethylalcohol-to (c), that in view of the care exercised by all reputable British chemical manufacturers, there is no menace to the public health in using them.We therefore submit that restrictions and prohibitions on substitutes for ethyl alcohol would not benefit the spirit revenue, but would seriously menace the development of trade and thus strike a blow at the revenue obtainable from other sources. * (t) The various uses to which they are or may be put. (c) The public healch. 214 Local Sections. BristoIand South-Western Count ies.-Mr. T. Wallace has been elected to the Committee in the place of Dr.C. H. Christie, who has removed from the district. The Registrar will visit the Section on the 8th November, and other meetings have been arranged for 19th December and 11th March-the last for the discussion on Registration. Capn.-A meeting of the Section was held on 17th September in the chemical laboratories of the University of Cape Town. Prof. J. Smeath Thomas (Chairman of the section) presided, and, after. having welcomed the visiting chemists, called on Prof. Newbery to open a discussion on “The possibilities of electro- chemical industries in South Africa.” Prof. Newbery said that the conditions for the success of any industrial chemical process were fourfold : (I) Raw material, cheap and plentiful; (2) cheap power; (3) cheap transport; and (4) a ready market.South Africa possessed raw materials of various kinds, and their relative importance varied greatly. Enormous quantities of raw materials were sent out of the country the loss whereof would be regretted later. For example, fluorspar was being sent to America, but when the South African iron industry developed it would be wanted badly. Between one-half and three-fourths of the world’s supply of chrome ore came from Rhodesia; nothing was worked up in the country. The working up was done elsewhere by electro-chemical pro- cesses. Transport was a very important question, which pre- sented a real difficulty, but in that again lay another reason against the export of ore.Local market problems varied enormously, and that uncertainty was in many cases an obstacle to development. In such circumstances it became necessary to find markets abroad. The question of labour was not so serious: they had any amount of unskilled labour, and certain types of skilled labour could be entirely dispensed with by utilising electrical power. Prof. Newbery proceeded to deal with electrolytic processes and electric furnaces, and the uses to which they could be put 215 in South Africa. As far as the application of electrolytic processes went, he instanced the case of copper. The copper market there seemed to be going down, due to the enormous discoveries of copper in the Congo. About 80 to go per cent. of the world’s copper was obtained electrolytically, and in the Congo region some very large electrolytic tanks had been set up.Moreover, the value of the impurities in the copper ore was so great as sometimes to do more than pay for the whole process of copper refining. Silver ores, as such, were not known in South Africa, but a good deal of silver was present in South African lead ores, in the form of argentifcrous galena, and he had hopes that the extraction of silver from galena might become profitable by the use of electrolysis by the fluo-silicate process. That would lead to the production of all the lead arsenate that South Africa required. In any case, the argentiferous lead ores near Pretoria should be capable of being worked clectro- lytically.Electrolytic zinc extraction was carried on largely in Tasmania, but, unfortunately, South African zinc ores were scattered and not much good, hence zinc was not now being extracted in South Africa. Nickel and cobalt ores, however, occurred in the Transkei, at Insizwa, near Mount Ayliff, and along the Bushveld, and these ores were very similar to those of Sudbury in Canada, where they were being treated electro- lytically. Tin occurred in small quantities all over the sub- continent, but he was doubtful whether there would be any outlet for electrolytic tin thence obtained. On the other hand, he believed that the amount of scrap paraffin tins to the square yard of South African soil was greater than in any other part of the world; the tin could be recovered electrolytically, by the agency of chlorine, to make which would mean that their many salt pans would be brought into use and further lead to the manufacture of caustic soda.The future of the alkali industry was largely wrapped up in the production of chlorine, and if a sufficient outlet could be found for the latter the future of that industry in South Africa was assured. Touching on the possibilities of bismuth, cadmium and aluminium ores, Prof. Newbery remarked that sometimes the silver content- and occasionally the gold content-of bismuth was very pro- mising for the application of electrolytic extraction. Aluminium was obtained by electrolysis from bauxite, but it was uncertain whether there were any appreciable occurrences of this ore in South Africa.216 Passing on to the possibilities of electric furnace work, Prof. Newbery said that for this the great need was the existence of iron and coal deposits in close proximity. If high tension current could be supplied where refractory magnetite occurred there would doubtless follow great results in the iron industry, as had been the case in Canada. There were possibilities in regard to manganese. The extent of the seam of manganese in the Hout Bay area had never been fully ascertained. The production of ferro-manganese could well be carried out by means of electric furnaces from psilomelane. Furnaces should be erected to deal with the chromite which occurred so abundantly in Rhodesia, and so save the transport not only of the valuable chromium, but also of the large quantities of relatively valueless gangue which invariably accompanied it.South Africa had one of the best supplies of vanadium in the world. Large quantities of vanadinite (lead vanadate) occurred not only in the Transvaal, but also at Tstimeb. Amongst other electric furnace products, Prof. Newbery mentioned carbide. Provided pure limestone were available, cyanide could be produced in large quantities near the coal mines of the Transvaal. For the preparation of carbon bisulphide, the sulphur, of which they imported so much, could, together with locally occurring coal, provide a simple means of manufacture, and there should be a far bigger use made of carbon bisulphide, for agricultural purposes, than at present was the case in a land so pest-ridden as South Africa.He concluded with a few words on the subject of power for the production of electricity. Of available water power there were, in addition to the Victoria Falls, some falls in Natal, and one or two in the Orange Free State. There was, of course, a good deal to be derived from coal, and in some cases steam power at the pit mouth was obtainable; in many cases power could easily be procurable if there was any guarantee that the demand would be constant. In the discussion which followed, Prof. Smeath Thomas said that although raw material was in many cases cheap and plentiful, one thing which was very necessary for chemical manufacturing processes was a good supply of water.Often the water supply available was not enough even to carry out the ordinary processes of mining, let alone any refining. In Namaqualand, for example, much of the copper ore was of low grade, and if only water were available, even if it could be conveyed from the Orange River, electrolytic processes could 110 doubt be applied with success to working this ore. 217 Mr. E. H. Croghan spoke of the trial of the Siemens-Halske process on the Rand about 25 years ago, and of the subsequent introduction of the zinc precipitation process. What appealed to him was the possibility of combining a cyanide industry with gold extraction. He also referred to the possibilities of utilising chlorine in connection with the purification of water for domestic purposes, and for the prevention of corrosion.The country was making great progress, and he had no doubt that eventually electro-chemistry in South Africa would come into its own. Mr. G. C. Scully said that the address had given them much material for thought. As an industrial country South Africa was young, and its industrial development had taken place practically around the gold mines. Chemical industries in South Africa had grown up mainly in association with the manufacture of explosives and of acids; then further development had come in the direction of fertilisers and agricultural products, but the basic fact was that the demand for such articles as lead arsenate and carbon bisulphide in South Africa was after all relatively small at the best.So far as carbide was concerned, he believed that there was now very little carbide used on the Rand that was not manufactured locally. One process that he hoped would still be successfully introduced would be that of providing the soil with an effective phosphatic fertiliser. He had quite recently heard of a Russian method which seemed as if it might solve that problem. It consisted in electrolysing sodium perchlorate, producing caustic soda and perchloric acid. The perchloric acid was led over phosphate rock and phosphoric acid was thus produced which was easily converted into an available lime phosphate. Such a process, it was suggested, could be applied to the hitherto comparatively useless phosphatic deposits at Saldanha Bay.The meeting adjourned for refreshments, after which Prof. Smeath Thomas exhibited a collection of mineral specimens which he had received from Tsumeb, including samples of cerussite (lead carbonate), vanadinite, germanite (containing the rare metal, germanium), the copper ores cuprite, azurite and dioptase, calamine (zinc ore), and several others. The exhibition formed a fitting conclusion to the lecture, and was a striking evidence of the mineral wealth of that region. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The annual meeting of the Section will be held on the 29th October. Arrangements 218 have been made for the discussion on the registration of chemists to be held on 26th November, and the Ramsay Chemical Dinner on the 8th December. Joint meetings will be held with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on 9th November and 21st January, and a smoking concert on 25th March.A joint meeting of the Ardeer Club will be held in February. Irish Section.-The annual meeting of the Section will be held on Wednesday, the 24th November, at 4.30 p.m. in the Chemistry Department , Trinity College, Dublin. Nominations for election to the Committee signed by two members must be lodged with the Secretary by the 10th November. Liverpool and North-Western -The Section met at St. George’s Restaurant, Liverpool, on 9th September, Mr. Alfred Smetham in the chair. In view of the new scheme of grants to Local Sections from the general funds of the Institute, Mr.E. Gabriel Jones submitted a resolution proposing a reduction in the subscription paid by members to the Local Section, but as the proposal involved a change in the rules, it was agreed that the consideration of the matter be postponed, and that a special meeting be convened for the purpose in October, when the Hon. Treasurer would present a statement on the financial position of the Section. Mr. Rideout asked what had been done with regard to the subject of the registration of chemists. The Secretary promised to make enquiries and to report progress. (Subsequently a letter was received from the Registrar asking the Committee of the Section to arrange for the consideration of the statement which had been published in the Journal, and inviting concrete suggestions thereon .) Members also considered matters relating to co-operation of the Learned Societies in Liverpool and district, particularly the suggestion that a central meeting place should be provided for these Societies; that a scientific library should be part of the scheme; that the scheme should include a scientific club; and that the Corporation and University should be asked to give countenance to it.Consideration was also given to the subject of arranging an Annual Dinner with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Northern Section of the Society of Public Analysts. Notes. Members Abroad ,-Fellows and Associates resident in the Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad are reminded that they are represented on the Council by Dr.Frankland Dent, who is glad to meet such members (when home on leave) at the Institute by appointment. They will always find a welcome at headquarters, and it is proposed, when a number of such members are in London, to arrange meetings for them in order to facilitate an exchange of views regarding the interests of the profession in different parts of the Empire. Civil Service Chemists.-Attention has been directed to the reference to Committee "C '' of the National Whitley Council in Journal, Part IV (page 168), which is liable to misinterpreta- tion since it indicated that the Committee was still in existence, and that chemists in the Civil Service had been officially repre- sented thereon solely by the Institution of Professional Civil Servants.The Committee has not met since it presented its report early in 1924. The Staff side of the Committee consisted of Major A. G. Church (chairman), representing the National Union of Scientific Workers; Dr. Herbert Smith, representing the Society of Civil Servants; and Professor J. S. S. Brame, Mr. J. H. Oates, Mr. F. Wade, Dr. S. W. Smith, and Mr. W. H. Stephens, Members of the Institution of Professional Civil Servants. Regist ration -Reports from the Local Sections of discussions on the Report of the Special Committee on Registration will be published in Journal Part VI. 220 September-October Examinations, 1926. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners.Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned below; the number of candidates examined and of those who passed was :-For the Associateship- *No. examined. No.passed. CURRENTREGULATIONS. At the Institute : General Chemistry,20th-27th September .. .. .. 28 12 REGULATIONSPRIOR TO MARCH, 1920. At the Institute: Branch (e), The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water, 27th September-2nd October .. .. 1 0 At Sheffield University : Branch (g), Chemical Technology with special reference to low temperature carboni- sation, 27th September-1st October .. 1 1 For the Fellowship- At the Institute: Branch (L4), InorganicChemistry, Section I, Mineral Pro-ducts, 28th September-1st October .. 1 At the Institute: Branch (C), OrganicChemistry, 28th-30th September .. 1 ,4t the Institute: Branch (E),The Chemis- try (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water, 27th Sep- tember-2nd October .. .. ,. 7 At Manchester University : Branch (F),Biochemistry, with special reference to Vitamines, 20th-24th September .. 1 At the Institute : Branch (H), General Analytical Chemistry, 28th July .. 1 At Sheffield University : Fuel Technology, with special reference to Coal and its Derivatives, 27th September-1stOctober .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 42 21 -I * Two candidates failed only in the translation of German and French literature, and two candidates only in the translation of German literature.Six candidates passed the examination in the translation of French and German literature, and two in the translation of German literature, thereby completing their examination. EXAMINATIONTHE ASSOCIATESHIP GENERALFOR IN CHEMISTRY. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The answers to the questions in Inorganic and Physical Chemistry were very un-equal. Those parts of the questions on silver and on beryllium depending on memory only were well done, but where some chemical reasoning was necessary, the answers were very poor. Some of the answers in the physical chemistry questions were very good, but many candidates showed a lack of systematic training in that subject. In the practical examination, although only two candidates were able to prove the presence of uranium in pitchblende, the qualitative work was, on the whole, very good.On the quantita- tive side, the work was not so good. (Candidates do not seem to be prepared to deal with quantitative separations; they spend much time in searching text-books, and do not always choose their methods wisely.) ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-~Theoretica~-Less than half of the Candidates satisfied the Examiners in this part of the examination. The weaker candidates had forgotten much of the theoretical knowledge they had gained in their College courses. They also did not see the relevancy of their theoretical knowledge to their daily work in industry. Practical-The practical exercises seemed, on the whole, to be within the scope of the candidates.One error, however, deserves mention. Most of the candidates who were given a mixture containing isopropyl alcohol returned this liquid as ethyl alcohol. Only one candidate oxidised the alcohol syste- matically and identified the resulting acetone. EXAMINATION THE FELLows€iIP.-In the examination FOR for the Fellowship in Branch E, the Chemistry (including Micro- scopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water, some of the candidates were thoroughly well acquainted with the subject, but others were inexperienced, and showed evidence of having been insufficiently trained. These latter showed a lack of knowledge of the optical principles of the instruments which they used, a very meagre knowledge of microscopical work, general weakness in accuracy of analysis, and insufficient experience of the drafting of Certifi- cates under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts.PASS LIST. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBEREXAMINATIONS. Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. Allison, Cowan, Technical College, Paisley. Dixon, Frederick, The University, Leeds. Gillam, Albert Edward Maxwell George, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Palmer, Herbert John, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, and King’s College, London. Pollard, Robert, College of Technology, Manchcster. Reid, John Wardlaw, Chelsea Polytechnic. Robinson, Adeline Joan, University College, London. Savage, Ronald Henry Maxwell, The University, Cambridge. Tarbert, David John, trained under G. E. Johnson, Esq., F.I.C., at the Municipal Technical School, Hull.Tayar, Robert Alfred Victor, Municipal Technical School, Birmingham. Thomas, Edward Boaden, Birkbeck College. Todd, James Ross, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh, and Northern Polytechnic Institute, London. In Fuel Technology, with special reference to Low Temperature Curbonisution. Muddiman, Ernest Walter. EXAMINATION THE FELLOWSHIP.FOR In Brunch A :Inorganic Chemistry, Section I, Mineral Products. Rogers, Cecil William. In Brunch C : Organic Chemistry. Nisbet, Hugh Bryan. In Branch E : The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Wuter. Butler, John. Roberts, Muriel. Snelus, Suzanne Mabel Lavinia. 1% Brunch P : Biochemistry, with special reference to Vitamins. %Tokes, Frank.In, Branch H :General Analytical Chemistrg. Peace, Gordon. In Fuel Technology, with special reference to Coal and its Derivatives. Taylor, Robert Arthur Acton. The following papers and exercises were given in the Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be answered 1. What substances are produced when chlorine is passed (u) Into a solution of ammonia in water; (b) Into a suspension of yellow mercuric oxide in water; (c) Over dry iodine? State how you would isolate the main product of each reaction. 2. Draw up a scheme for the determination of either (u) Titanium and phosphorus in a coal ash; or (b) Ferrous and ferric iron in a mineral silicate.3. Give an account of the methods employed to find the number of molecules participating in a reaction. 4. Give an account of the methods by means of which the existence of intermetallic compounds has been established. Give three examples of such compounds. 5. Write a short essay on either (a) Nernst’s heat theorem; OT (b) The application of organic compounds to inorganic separations, for the purpose of analysis and for the preparation of pure salts. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be unswered.) 1. The following data are given by Kruss from analysis of auric chloride and potassium auribromide : 3AgCl:Au = 100 :45.824. KAuBr,:Au = 100:35-461. Give the methods by which the analyses wcre (or might have been) carried out, and deduce the values for the atomic weight of gold. Assume the following atomic weights in your calculations : Silver, 107.880. Chlorine, 35.457.Bromine, 79.916. Potassium, 39-10. 2. State the chief sources of silver, and describe the methods by which the metal is obtained. Give the more irnportant uses of the motal and it’s salts, and describe how you would prepare from the commercial metal a specimen of silver of atomic weight purity. 3. By warming a mixture of potassium chlorate, arsenious acid and dilute nitric acid an explosive gas is obtained which was at one time described as CIAO3,but is now regarded as a mixture of chlorine and chlorine peroxide. Give the evidcncc for and against these two views. 4.State Ostwald’s dilution law, and give the assumptions involved 6. Write a short essay on in its proof. Discuss the exceptions to this law. either (u) Beryllium, its history, sources, production and properties. or (b) The determination of the true transport number of the ions. 224 TUESDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Describe processes for the preparation of organic amides and for the conversion of these amides into primary amines. Give ONE exampleof an industrial application of these reactions. 2. The products of reaction are largely determined by the conditions of interaction. Illustrate this statement by reference to the following chemical changes :-(a) Ethyl alcohol and sulphuric acid. (b) Glycerol and oxalic acid.(c) Toluene and chlorine. 3. Describe the preparation of an aldose containing six carbon atoms starting from the natural sources. How is this aldohexose converted into (a) an aldose containing one additional carbon atom; (b) a ketose containing the same number of carbon atoms; (c) an aldose containing one carbon atom less? 4. Select any ONE of the purine bases and show how its constitutional formula has been demonstrated. 5. Write an essay of not less than 600 words on ONE of tho following subjects :-(a) Manufacture of organic substances by processes of fermen- tation. (b) Methods of determining the molecular weights of organiccompounds. PRACTICAL. WEDNESDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1926: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Report on the nature of the organic substance A. Having identified the elements in this substance submit to the Examiners a method for the quantitative estimation of one of these constituents. (A’: thiourea with a little allylthiourea ; A”: allylt,hiourea with a little thiourea.) (This estimation may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1926: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Solution B contains an organic substance dissolved in an organic solvent. Identify the two constituents of the solution. Determine the amount of dissolved solid, expressing your result in grams per litre. (B’: resorcinol dissolved in isopropyl alcohol; B”: quinol dissolved in normal propyl alcohol.) PRIDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1926: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.?~ Determine the lead and tin in the sample of foil C.One of the metals is to be determined by two independent methods. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) SATURDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1926: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Report on the nature of the substance D. (Pitchblende.) Examinations for the Fellowship. Branch A.-Inorganic Chemistry. Section I Mineral Products. PRACTICALONLY. TUESDAY, 28th SEPTEMBER, 1926: 10 a.m lo 5 p.m. Identify the solid A and determine the main constituents. (Cobaltaluminate and cobalt phosphate.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, 29th SEPTEMBER, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Make a qualitative and quantitative examination of the liquid B and the solid C. (B: Beryllium nitrate solution.C: Aluminium ammonium fluoride. ) (These exercises may be completed during the next two clays.) THURSDAY, 30th SEPTEMBER, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify D and determine the mttin constituents. (Wolfram.) (Thisexercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 1st OCTOBER, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 pm. Proceed with the work of the second and third days. Branch C.-Organic Chemistry. THREEDAYS’ PRACTICAL WORK-SPECIAL. TUESDAY to THURSDAY, 28th to 30th SEPTEE=MBER,1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Make a complete examination of the pure organic substance A, and prepare from it two derivatives (about 10 grams each). (Benzyl-phenylacetate .) 2. Write a report on the Dye B, and from it prepare specimens of the “intermediates” from which it was obtained.(Helianthine.) Branch E.-The Chemistry (includin2 Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 27th SEPTEMBER, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. State the optical principles on which the construction of the 2. Give the formula and method of preparation of phenylhydrazine. refractometer is based. Give examples of its use as an analytical reagent. 3. Discuss critically the addition of “improvers” to wheat flour. (Answer in a separate notebook.) 1. Enumerate the official preparations of Digitalis Folia, giving the medicinal dose of each. Discuss the therapeutic employment of digitalis and mention other drugs which resemble it in action. 226 2. Describe the symptoms which are associated with acute and chronic poisoning by lead.State how you would detect and estimate the small amounts of metal which may be present in the excreta of a worker in a white lead factory. 3. Writs a short essay on the use of the microscope in the practice of an analytical chemist. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. 1. A shallow well water yielded on analysis the undermentioned figures :-Parts per 100,000. Total solid matter .. .. . . 37.10 Oxygen required 1 in 15 minutes . . 0.036 to oxidise j in 3 hours .. 0.064 Ammonia .. .. .. .. 0.009 Ammonia from organic matter by distillation with alkaline perman- ganate .. .. .. ., 0.006 Nitrogen-as nitrates .. .. 0.37 Nitrogen-as nitrites .. .. Traces Combined chlorine .. .. .. 2.90 Discuss its suitability for human consumption.Assuming it to be the only available supply, what, if any, treatment would you advise before its consumption ? 2. Outline a scheme for the estimation of the sugars in a jamcontaining glucose. 3. Brie& describe Stas’ method for the extraction of alkaloids. Explain what is meant by the “Co-efficient of Distribution” in relation to the removal of an organic substance from one solvent to another. 4. State the provisions in the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts affecting the composition and sale of butter and margarine. 5. What impurities are liable to be present in the following manu- factured commodities :-Glucose, baking powders, acetic acid, tinned foods, and magnesia. State what you would regard as safe limits for these impurities. PRACTICAL.TUESDAY, 28th SEPTEMBER, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The sample A is submitted to you as a sample of lard. Analyse it and report upon its composition. (Lard with beef stearin and cotton seed oil.) (This exercise my be completed to-morrow.) WEDhTESDAY, 29th SEPTEMBER, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Continue the analysis of the sample of lard. 2. Identify by micro-chemical methods the ingredients in the 3. Examine the specimens C, D, E, F and G microscopically. Make specimen B. (Canvas coated with paint.) rough drawings of and name the diagnostic structures in each. (C: Un-decorticated liquorice root with olive stones; D: cocoa husk; E: a linseed meal residue conhining castor seed; F :precipitated sulphur with calcium sulphate; G: jalap.) THURSDAY] 30th SEPTEMBER, 1926: 10 a.m.to 5 pm. Analyse the three preparations HI J and K, and state whether or not they comply with the requirements of the British Pharmacopceia :-H. Tinctura nucis vomicae. J. Seidlitz powders. K. Unguentum zinci. FRIDAY, 1st OCTOBER, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse qualitatively the powder L, which is a mixture of two substances only. (Tartar emetic and lithium citrate.) 2. Idantify the sugar M. (Dextrose; maltose; lactose.) 3. A sample of milk on analysis yielded the following results:- Per cent. Per cent. Fat .. .. .. 2.70 Ash .. .. .. 0.74 Non-fatty solids . . 7.65 Nitrogen .. .. 0.36 Write an official certificate for it on the form provided. SATURDAY] 2nd OCTOBER, 1926: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. 1. The medicinal mixture A should, according to prescription,contain 10 grains of sodium salicylate and 1 dram of syrup to the ounce. Determine whether it has been correctly dispensed in respect of the salicylate. 2. The preparation B was sold by a herbalist as a “Heart powder.” Examine it microscopically and state what you can as to its probable nature. Make drawings of any recognisa.ble structures. 3. Examine microscopically the urinary deposit C and report upon its nature. Eranch F.-Biological Chemistry, with special reference to Vitamins. MONDAY, 20th SEPTEMBBR, 1926: 10 am. to 1 p.m. (Only FOUR questions to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the chemistry of the nucleoproteins. 2. What compounds of carbohydrates with phosphoric acid have been found in the animal body? Discuss their importance.3. What is glutathione, and what is its importance in the oxidative processes of the cell? 4. Describe a method whereby the oxygen consumption of a, surviving tissue may be obtained. What is the value of such measurements? 5. What is known of the mode of breakdown of fatty acids in the animal body? Give evidence in support of your statements. 6. Describe the chemical processes which are believed to occur in the fermentation of glucose by yeast,, and give the evidence on which your statements are based. 228 MONDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1926: 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (Only FOUR questions to be answered.) 1. Describe in detail how you would compare the antirachitic potency of two samples of cod liver oil.2. Discuss the relation between irradiation of animals by ultraviolet light and the action of vitamins. 3. What evidence do we possess regarding the nature of vitamin A, and how has it been obtained? 4. Discuss what is known regarding the general mode of action of vitamins in nutrition. 5. What methods, apart from animal experiment, have been brought forward for the detection and estimation of vitamins ? TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 21st and 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. Identify the digestive enzyme in solution A. Determine (1) the limits of P, between which it acts, (2)the optimum P, for its action, and (3) the effect of heat upon it at three different P, values.THURSDAY and If’RIDAY, 23rd and 24th SEPTEMBER, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. 13 is a two per cent. solution of an amino acid. Identify it and prepare a crystalline derivative. 2. Estimate the total fatty acids and cholesterol in the animal tissue provided and determine the iodino valuc of the mixcd fatty acids. Fuel Technology. FRIDAY, 1st OCTOBER, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than THREE questions rnust be answered from ench Purt.) PARTI. 1. I~iscuss the thermal conductivity of a gas and describe means for its experimental determination. 2. Give a general description of the manner of propagation of flame in homogeneous gaseous mixtures and discuss in particular the incidence of t’he detonation-wave. 3.What is Stefan’s law ? Explain how formulz deduced from this 4. Outline the more important views that have been expressed law have been used to determine the temperature of hot bodies. regarding the phenomena of “catalysis.” PART11. 1. Describe a8ny one commercial system of refrigeration. 2. Describe the principal processes of manufacture of hydrogen for commercial use. Iliscuss the importance of a cheap source of hydrogen in connection with the synthesis of liquid fuel. 229 3. What is the effect on the refractoriness of a fireclay of the presence of small quantities of (a)lime, (b)iron pyrites, and (c) felspar? How are these effects influenced by the presence of free quartz in the fireclay? 4. To what use is isopropyl alcohol put in industry, and how is it best prepared on a large scale? 2 p.m.to 5 p.m. (Not more than SIX questions must be answered.) 1. What general considerations would prompt you to employ the “room and pillar” method of developing tho workings of a coal seam in preference to the “longwall” ? 2. In what ways has work on (a)the extraction of coal by solvents and (b)its destructive distillation, assisted towards our prescnt knowledge of the constitution of coal ? 3. Enumerate, with brief descriptions, all the suggested methods with which you are acquainted for the production of liquid fuel for internal combustion engines from coal. From your knowledge of the results so far obtained by the various methods, discuss their prospects of commercial success.4. Explain fully what considerations would lead you to advise the installation of pulverised fuel firkg in preference to chain-grate stokers for a municipal power plant. 5. “The coking power of coal depends essentially on the resinic constituents that it contains.” Discuss this st,atement in the light of modern researches on the subject. 6. Outline the principles upon which the washing of coal depends. 7. Draw up a scheme for preparing the product of a poor seam of coal (friable and of high ash-content) for the market, with particular reference to the utilisation of fines. 8. Motor benzol can be extracted from coke-oven gas at a cost of 9d. per gallon, and can be sold for Is. 9d. per gallon. Under what condi- tions would you advise a manager of a gas-works (town’s gas) to practise benzol recovery.PRACTICAL. MONDAY to THURSDAY, 27th to 30th SEPTEMBER, 1926: 10 u.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Ascertain in what proportions the given samples of anthracite A and bituminous coal B should be mixed in order to produce the strongest coke when carbonised at a temperature of 900” C. 2. From your examination of the sample of oil supplied, report as to its probable source. 3. Determine the calorific value of the sample of coal C in the two forms of calorimeter supplied. In reporting the results of your determi- nation, state which you regard as the more reliable, and why. 230 Obituary. LEONARDCARPENTER died at Buxton Cottage Hospital, after an operation, on 1st October, in his 33rd year.He was the youngest son of the late William Carpenter, J.P., of Southgate, and was educated at University College, London, graduating as B.Sc. with Honours in Chemistry in 1914. He served in the Army from November of that year until August, 1916, and was then transferred as works and research chemist to Gray’s Chemical Works until April, 1918, when he was recalled to the colours until the end of the war. Early in 1920 he obtained an appoint- ment as chemist and manager with the East Anglian Chcmical Co. at Sutton Bridge, Lincolnshire, and in 1924 joined the Derbyshire Silica Firebrick Co. at Buxton, with whom he was engaged as chemical engineer at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919.ARNOLDWILLIAMGREGORYdied-on 25th August in his 42nd year. He was educated at Derby Technical College, and after studying for a, further year at the Royal College of Scicnce graduated as B.Sc. with Honours in the University of London in 1908. In 1905-6 he was assistant chemist for nearly a year with the Frodingham Iron & Steel Co., and then for over two years head chemist with the Appleby Iron Co., Scun- thorpe. From 1910 he was engaged in private practice as an analytical and consulting chemist and metallurgist in London. He published several papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society and the Chcmical News on methods of analysis, and was the inventor of processes for the separation of iron from metallic salts, the production of pig iron from scrap, the recovery of tin from tin-plate and of improvements in the recovery of tin compounds.He was also engaged in connection with the manufacture of important substances for war purposes, and went to America in 1918 to demonstrate his processes there. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. WILLIAM SPILLER died at Lindfield Gardens, Hampstead, on 12th October, aged 90 years.He was a Student at the Royal College of Chemistry in 1851 and 1852, and was chemist with Messrs. Simpson Made & Nicholson at Locksfields, Tf7andsworth, before he was transierred to their aniline dye works at Hackney Wick. In 1868 the factory was taken over by Messrs. Brooke, Simpson & Spiller, in which he was a partner, and the business was subsequently incorporated wit,h that of Messrs.Perkin & Sons, of Greenford Green. Mr. Spiller introduced “Spiller’s purplc,” and is credited with several improvements in the manufacture of coal-tar products.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878, and served as a Member of Council from 1893 to 1896. 231 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:- “Chemistry in the World’s Work.’’ H. E. Howe. Pp. vii. +q4. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 15s. A work designed for those not technically trained, to emphasise the part which chemistry has played in the attainment of the present level of civilisation.“Organic Chemistry, Theoretical.” Part I. F. Arnall and F. W. Hodges. Pp. xi. + 372. (London: J. & A. Churchill.) 10s. 6d. A text-book for the use of students for chemical and pharmaceutical examinations and for the B.Sc. degree. “Organic and Biochemistry, Practical.” R. H. A. Ylimmer. New Edition. Pp. x. + 568. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) LI IS. od. A comprehensive text-book and practical handbook of organic chemistry as the basis of physiological chemistry. “Problems in Chemistry, Classified.” D. B. Briggs. Pp. viii. + 152. (London: Sidgwick & Jackson.) 3s. Gd. A collection for students working for examinations buch as The Higher Certificate, The School Certificate, Oxford and Cambridge Locals, The London Matriculation, and other examinations of the same order.“Volume Alterations on and in Solution.’’ F. L. Teed. Pp. x. + 62. (London: H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd.) 3s. 6d. A monograph divided into three sections : (1) A method for ascertainingthe volumes of the constituents of a mixture, after mixture; (2) a method for ascertaining the rate of expansion by heat of the con-stituents of a mixture, after mixture; (3) a suggested working hypothesis to explain certain abnormal specific heats of alcohol mixtures. “Zinc Oxide.” History, Manufacture and Properties as a Pigment. D. B. Faloon. Pp. x. + 145. (London: Con- stable & Co., Ltd.) 12s. Location and supply of zinc ores; technical study of the chemical and physical characteristics of zinc as a pigment ; French and American processes of manufacture ; physical and analytical testing methods ; Government specifications.232 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 22nd October, 1926, 10 new Fellows were elected, 5 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 87 new Associates were elected, and 28 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost z Fellows and 2 Associates by death. New Fellows. Lloyd, Percy Vivian, 6, Woodlands Terrace, Swansea. Pearse, Leonard Edward Beard, A.R.S.M., 1, Elers Road, Ealing,London, W.13. Taylor, George, c/o Frigorifico Anglo, Campana, F.C.C.A., Buenos Aires. New Fellows (by Examination). Butler, John, B.Sc.(Liv.), 5, Wellesley Terrace, Prince’s Park, Liverpool.Nisbet, Hugh Bryan, B.Sc.(Edin.), 3, Maurice Place, Edinburgh. Peace, Gordon, Agricultural Gardens, Nawabgunj , Cawnpore, India. Roberts, Miss Muriel, B.Sc.(Liv.), 36, The Judges Drive, Newsham Park, Liverpool.Rogers, Cecil William, B.Sc.(Lond.), 179, Watling Street Road, Fulwood, Preston. Taylor, Robert Arthur Acton, M.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., 24, Tredown Road, Sydenham, London, S.E.26. Wokes, Frank, B.Sc.(Liv.), Grassendale, Liverpool. Associates elected to the Fellowship, Carter, Sydney Raymond, M.Sc.(Birm.), Chemistry Department, The University, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Hay, Neil Thomson, A.R.T.C., c/o Dunlop North British Rubber Shoe Co., Pty., Ltd., 108, Flinders Street, Melbourne, Australia. Mitchell, Alee Duncan, D.Sc.(Lond.), 38, Beehive Lane, Ilford.Rhead, Thomas Fred Eric, M.Sc.(Rlanc.), 10, Malvern Road, Acocks Green, Birmingham. Weighell, Arthur, No. 1, Bungalow, Lakheri, R.S., B.B. 85 C.I. Ry., India. New Associates (by Examination). Allison, Cowan, 106, Neilston Road, Paisley. Dixon, Frederick, B.Sc. (Leeds), 10, Victoria Street, Wolverhampton. Gillam, Albert Edward Maxwell George, 2, Lear Road, Old Swan, Liver- pool.Palmer, Herbert John, 41, Newcastle Street, Cubitt Town, London, E.14. Pollard, Robert, A.M.C.T., Highbury, Vale Road, Whitby, nr. Birkenhead. 233 Reid, John Wardlaw, 96, Howson Road, Brockley, London, S.E.4. Robinson, Adeline Joan, B.Sc. (Lond.), Nether Hall, Widford, Herts. Savage, Ronald Henry Maxwell, B.A. (Cantab.), 16, Elm Park Road, London, N.21.Tarbert, David John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 48, Margaret Street, Hull. Tayar, Robert Alfred Victor, 265, Gillott Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, Thomas, Edward Boaden, B.Sc. (Lond.),2, Henstridge Villas, St. John’s Q700d, London, N.W.8. Todd, James Ross, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Woodland Road, Stoke Newingtoii, London, N.16. Muddiman, Ernest Walter, 45, Grantham Road, Jesmond, Newcastle-on- Tyne. New Associate (elected after Oral Examination). Meyer, Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 200, McLeod Road, Abbey Wood, London, S.E.2. New Associates elected after Oral Examination under clause “c”of regulations (fi. 14.) Barker, Francis George, Admiralty Inspection Laboratories, Janson Street, Sheffield. Blyth, William, 20, Francis Road, Ashford, Kent.McConnell, Francis John, H.M. Building Research Station, Long Drive, East Acton, London, W.3. Tofts, Crozier Fullerton, Chief Mechanical Engineer’s Office, Parel, Bombay.Woodrow, Walter Ambrose, 10, Clarence Road, Manor Park, London, E.12. New Associates (elected without Examination). Anderson, Miss Muriel Blanche, B.Sc. (Glas.), 8, Mariscat Road,Pollok- shields, Glasgow, S.1. Bacon, Eric Sidney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 78, South Street, Ponders End, Middx. Bayley, Dudley Perrin, A.R.S.M., B.Sc. (Lond.), Oban, Greenbank Road, Latchford W., Warrington. Beeching, Miss Ethel Irene, M.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Eastmearn Road, Dulwich, London, S.E.21. Benigan, John Menzies St’ewart, B.Sc. (Edin.), 24, Meadowbank Terrace, Edinburgh.Bevan, Miss Lilian Collier, M.Sc.(Wales), 3, Oxford Street, Barry, Glam. Booth, James, B.Sc. (Aberd.), 174, Mid Stocket Road, Aberdeen. Bowyer, Cyril Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 84, Hargwyne Street, London, S.W.9. ,Butterworth, Samuel Walter, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), A.M.C.T., 3, WoodgateAvenue, Bamford, Rochdale, Lanes. Cholmeley, Miss Eveline Claire, A.R.C.S., Rahere, Milford-on-Sea, Hants. Clay, Charles Nightingale, B.Sc. (Lond.), Winnington Hall, Northwich, Cheshire. Cockcroft, James Philip, M.Sc. (Mane.), Birks House, Walsden, Todmorden. Compton, lcliss Margaret Kathleen, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Honywood Road, Colchester. Conncl, John Arthur, B.Sc. (Edin.), Braeside, Burntisland, Fife. Davies, Drury Norman, B.Sc. (Birm.), Mowbray House, Worcester Road, Redditch.Dollery, Cyril Robert, B.A. (Oxon), 67, Wantage Road, Reading. 234 Dolton, Robert Hugh, A.C.G.F.C., 82, Wormholt Road, London, JV.12. Donnelly, James Thomas, A.R.C.Sc.I., 30, Finglas Road, Glasnevin, Dublin. Drummond, Robert McMaster, B.Sc. (Glas.), 1, Rosemount Terrace, Ibrox, Glasgow. Edwards, Owen Kempster, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 6, Dacre Park, Lee, London, S.E.13. Evans, Richard Evan, M.Sc. (Wales), Glanrafon Farm, Llawrybettws, Corwen, Merionethshire. Gerrard, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, South Side, Clapham Common, London, S.W.4. Gordon, James Gray, B.Sc. (Aberd.), 50, West Church Street, Buckie. Hammond, Roy Albert Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 52, Bloomfield Road, Plumstead, London, S.E. 18.Hardy, Douglas Vernon Nclmar, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Holyrood Avenue, Highfield, Southampton. Harrison, Philip William Benson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 86, Crouch Hill, Hornsey, London, N.8. Hill, Ronald Alfred, B.Sc. (Birm.), 29, Prospcct Hill, Redditch. Hourigan, Harry Francis, B.Sc. (Liv.), 41, Alired Road, Sparkhill,Birmingham.Hugh, Wilfred Eynon, B.Sc. (Wales), 4, Upper Frog Street, Tenby, Pcm. Humphreys, Robert William, M.Sc. (Wales), West End P.O., Pwllheli, N. Wales. Hutchinson, Christopher West, B.Sc. (Bris.), Yafflcsmcad, Kingsley Green, Haslemere, Surrey. Johnson, Michael Roscoe, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), Brooklands, Church Stretton, Salop.Jones, David James, B.Sc. (Wales), 3, Emlyn Villas, Aberarad, Newcastle Emlyn, South Wales. Jones, Frederick Elston, B.Sc.(Wales), 17, Queen’s Road, Abcrystwyth. Jones, Wilfred Edmondson, 13.S~.(Mane.), 4, API-y-Gztrth, Caernarvon. Lennox, John Gordon, Rose Bank, Dunnikier Road, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Lloyd, Thomas Newton, B.Sc. (Edin.), 197, Newhaven Road, Leith. MacGillivray, William Eoghan, B.Sc. (Edin.), 19, Douglas Crescent, Edinburgh.Mackie, Alexander, B.Sc. (Edin.), c/o Mrs. Brown, 125, Trinity Road, Leith. Morris, Richard William, A.C.G.F.C., 21, Montserrat Road, Putney, London, S.W.15. RiIcCullagh, Douglas Roy, B.A., M.Sc. (Manitoba), Department of Bio-chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. Orton, Eric Charles, B.Sc. (W.A.), Epsom Avenue, Relrhont Park, Western Australia. Pakes, Reginald Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 97, Hammcrsmith Road, West Kensington, London, W.14.Peerce, Arthur Hugh, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chelsea Polytechnic, Manresa Road, Chelsea, London, S.W.3. Quin, James Paterson, B.Sc. (Edin.), 2, Moston Terrace, Edinburgh. Raybould, William Edward, B.Sc. (Birm.), 32, Station Street, Sutton Coldfield. Redpath, Gilbert, M.Sc. (Leeds), 29, Travis Street, Bricllington. Ricketts, Harold Neil, A.C.G.F.C., B.Sc. (Lond.), 157, Rushmore Road, Clapton, London, E.5. Rowland, William Weir, B.Sc. (Edin.), 10, Wardie Avenue, Edinburgh. Rowlands, Clifford Baden, M.Sc. (Wales), Menevia, Cefn Road, Blackwood, Mon. 235 Rumbold, John Storrow, B.Sc. (Lond.), 48, Wiverton Road, Sherwood Rise, Nottingh am. Sadler, Miss Eileen Sybella, M.Sc.(Liv.), 2, Dovedale Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Samuel, Joseph, B.Sc. (Manc.), 1, Smedley Lane, Cheethem, Manchester. Sastry, Balajapalli Dwarakanatha, Oficiating Chemical Examiner, Agra, U.P. India. Saxby, Derrick John, A.C.G.F.C., 31, Cliftonville Avenue, Margate. Scarlett, Claude Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Market Street, Dover, Kent. Seath, Tiilliam Henry, A.C.G.F.C., Park Farm, Folkestone Kent. Sim, Arthur Henri, B.Sc., B.Sc.Agric. (Aberd.), Pressendye, Milltimber, Aberdccnshire. Soar, Reginald Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Colin Deep, Bromley Common, Kent. Spears, Thomas James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Morden Road, Stechford, Birmingham. Stark, Allan Ramsay, B.Sc. (Glas.),61, St. Vincent Crescent, Glasgow, C.3. Steenkamp, Johannes Lodewikus, M.Sc.(Stellenbo sch), Lincoln College, Oxford. Stothart, Sydney Norman Herbert, B.Sc. (Liv.), 15, Gannock Street, Edge Lane, Liverpool. Ure, John, B.Sc. (Edin.), 39, ~lcDonalc1 Road, Edinburgh. Urry, William Donald, B.Sc. (Walcs),69, Kimberley Road, Roath, Cardiff. MWiams, Ralph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, St. Vincent Road, Newport, Mon. Winterbottom, Arthur Baker, R.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 38, Parlifield Road, New Moston, Failsworth, Manchester. Yeaman, James Ferguson, B.Sc. (Glas.), 8, Apsley Street, Partick, Glasgow. New Students. Bagg, Douglas Gordon, 34, Granville Road, Finchley, London, N. 12. Cadwallader, Wilfred Donald, 20, Upper Grosvenor Road, Handsworth, Birmingham.Caws, Alfred, 116, Comiston Road, Edinburgh. Cole, Louis Caul, 122, Poplar Avenuc, Edgbaston, Birmingham.Cooper, Norman Eric, 31, Nicholls Street, West Bromwich, Staffs. Cowpe, William, Rimington, Clarcndon Road, Ashford, Middx. Crawford, Robert Craig, 10, George Street, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Currie, Alexander Monteith, 29, Ardeor Cottages, Stevenston, Ayrshire Dixon, Miss Edith May, Wcllington Street, Alvcrthorpe, Wakefield, Yorks. Fenner, Joseph, 7, Cobham Avenue, Aintree, Livcrpool. Ferguson, George T'C'illiam, 24, Gorringe Park Avcnuc, Rlitcham, Surrey. Gilson, George Richard, c/o 16, Durham Street, €1~11. Green, William Douglas, 2, Slaithwaite Road, Lewisham, London, S.E.13. Grcig, Thomas Russell, 173, Glasgow Street, Ardrossan, Ayrshire. Hollister, Alee Headley, 55, Manor Road, Brocklay, London, S.E.4.Houghton, Gilbert Underwood, 59, Beechhill Road, Eltham, London, S.E.9. Lloyd, Douglas Howard, 364, Dudley Road, Rotton Park, Birmingham. Morrison, Robert Edward, c/o Clayton, 14, Edgeley Road, Clapham, London, S.W. McIntyre, Joseph, 44, Ardoch Crescent, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Pilling, James, 79, Long Lane, Dalton, Huddersfield. Robinson, John George, Meadowlands, Uttoxeter Road, Mickleover, Derby.Sergeant, Stanley Victor, 21, Walter Street, Stepney, London, E.l. Shackleton, Leslie Robert Burgess, 135, Fawnbrake Avenue, Heme Hill, London, S.E.24. 236 Sully, Bernard Thomas Dudley, 10, Old Town, Clapham Common, London, S.W.4. Walters, John Alan, 77, Ritherdon Road, Balham, London, 5.11.17. White, John Henry, “ Frampton,” Pembury, Kent.Williams, Edgar Percival Gamon, 231, Park Road, Cwmpark, Rhondcla , Glam . Wilson, Mathhew Sillars, Cessnock, Mill Road, Irvine, Ayr. DEATHS. Fellows. Alfred Mica Smith. William Spiller. Associates. Leonard Carpenter, B.Sc. Arnold William Gregory, B.Sc. 237 General Notices. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-The Ninth Annual STREATFEILD will be delivered by Mr. F. C.MEhloRIAL LECTURE Robinson at THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, Russell Square, THE I~TH NOVEMBER,London, W.C.1, on FRIDAY, 1926, AT 8 P.M.; subject, The Chemist in the Non-Ferrous A4etnllwgical Rejnery ; Professor G. G. Henderson, D.Sc., F.R.S., President of the Institute, in the chair. The Lecture is open to all Fellows, Associates and Registered Students.Tickets of admission (gratis) are obtainable by other persons on application to the Registrar, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. I. M eI doIa Med al.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award; without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, the administrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928 the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age, provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval, military or air service.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The Council will be glad to have attention directed (before 1st January, 1927) to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1926 will be made in January, 1927. 238 Sir George Beilby Memorial.-The Joint Committee of Officers and representatives of the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Metals, and the Society of Chemical Industry will be glad to receive further contributions towards the fund for the establishment of a memorial to the late Sir George Beilby, towards which a sum of E3000 has already been subscribed.From the income of the Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, awards will be made to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work in science, bearing in mind the special interests of Sir George Beilby, viz., applied chemistry, chemical engineering, and metallurgy. The proposal does not imply an award on the result of a competition for work on a set theme or the solution of a definite scientific problem, but the recognition of work of exceptional merit. Contributions may be addressed to the Hon. Secretaries, Beilby Memorial Fund, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. Examinations in 1927.--The arrangements for examina- tions during 1927 are as follows:- Dates of Exams.Entries close. 3rd to 8th Jan. Monday, 15th Nov., 1926. or 10th to 15th Jan. 25th to 30th April. Monday, qih Feh., 1927. or 2nd to 7th May. 19th to 24th Sept. Monday, 18th July, 1927. or 26th Sept. to 1st Oct. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to October, 1923, who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations for admission to the Fellowship. 239 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to 5 p.m.1. 240 Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but.not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Tnstitute using the library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Covers for Journal,-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Jo urn a1 . Arrangements have been made with Messrs, A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms :-Buckram case, IS. 2d. ; binding, 2s. 9d. ; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern SI ides for Lectu res-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to 5e kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose.The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. Changes of Address,-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments : 6th Edition, 1 927.-The sixth edition of A List of Oficial Chemical Appointments is now in preparation. Corrections, and suggestions which may increase the usefulness of the List, will be welcomed. Com-munications should be addressed to the Registrar. 241 Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of Council, nominations should be received at the office of the Institute on or before Monday, 13th December, 1926. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting, held on 7th March, 1921, and amended on 1st March, 1923:- Birmingham and Midlands, including thc Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottinghwm, Leicester, Lincoln, Rutland and Northampton.Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of thc line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of m7igan and Warrington and all towns on the line of which the greater portion of the postd district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-gastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Bucking ham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Huntingdon, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands.Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster arid Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. Korth-East Coast and Yorkshire, including the Counties of Northumberland, Durham and York. Xdinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh. Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherlanci, Ross and Cromarty, Inverness, Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirdcudbright, and Dumfries.Wales (excluding tho Count,y of Flint, see iii). The Couiity uf Monmouth. Northern Irelaid, as defined in the Coveriiinent of 11eltiiicl Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Cornmoilwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Cnriade, th Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, thc: Empire of India, the Crown Colonies, and elsewhere abroad. 242 The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council:-11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as dehed and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a) may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election (2) Any nomination made under these Iiules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday iiz December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B.,of (registered address) , a, Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XI1 should be received not later than 31st August. 711. (1) On or bcfore the fifth clay of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law S1, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for surli District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; cxccpt that in the case of District (xi;) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting-(u) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council bymaking a cross against the name of the candidate for whosc: election he desires to voto, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(6) Shall deliver or transmit his ballotiiig list in a sealed cnvcloyc, bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, arldrrssecl to thc Secretary at the office of the Institute, so that it Ix received not later than by the first post on the third Moilday in January in the year for which the election is being held.IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting lists shall, on the third Thursday in January in the year in which thc election is held, lm opened by two Scrutineers, not Members-of the Council, nor raiididatr~ nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in Deccmbcr of the ycar prweding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose. 243 (2) The balloting list of any member who on the third Thursday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable byhim to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed.(3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting on the Third Friday in January specially oonvened for that purpose. (4)The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (6) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nominations or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V.(6) "he election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. After the fbst election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section, in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Notice convening a meeting for this purposeshall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be fXed by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii),such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The following Fellows are the present District Members of Council for the Districts indicated, and the names of those who are eligible for re-election are marked.* The District Members of Council for (i), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (ix) and (xi) retire in accordance with By-Law 23.(i) Birmingham andMidlands ::Cyril Alexander Frederick Hastilow, M.Sc. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties :Frank Southerden,* B.Sc. (iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast: Herbert John Evans, B.Sc. (iv) London and South-Eastern Counties :Ernest Mostyn Hawkins. (v) Manchester and District: Samuel Ernest Melling. (vi) North-East Coast and Yorkshim: Lewis Gordon Paul, Ph.D. 244 (vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Leonard Dobbin, Ph.D. (viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland: Walter Henry Coleman." (ix) Wales and the County of Monmouthshire: Clarence Arthur Seyler, B.Sc .(x) Northern Ireland: Joseph Harold Totton,* B.A., B.Sc. (xi) Irish Free State: William Robert Fearon, M.A., Sc.D. (xii) The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : Frankland Dent,* M.Sc., Ph.D. Annual Chemical Dinner, 12th November, 1926.-Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to participate in the arrangements for the Annual Chemical Dinner which will be held in London at the Connaught Rooms on Friday, the 12th November, at 7 for 7.30 p.m. The Dinner will be followed by music and dancing. Tickets, 12s. 6d., not including wines, are obtainable from S. E. Can-, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London,W.I.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9265000207

出版商:RSC    

年代:1926

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1926. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, December, 1926. Publications Committee, 1926-27 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman) 0. G. HENDERSON (President), H. C. La BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, J. C. DRUMMOND, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, C. A. F. HASTILOW, I, M. HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasuver), A. W. KNAPP, W. H. LEWIS, THOMAS MACARA, B. G. McLELLAN, L. G. PAUL, FRANK SOUTHERDEN. 247 Proceedings of the Council. NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1926.Death of Sir William Tilden.-The Council regret to record the death of Sir William Augustus Tilden, who was President of the Institute during the years 1891 to 1894. During his presidency the affairs of the Institute were placed on a more stable foundation. It became for the first time possessed of its own premises and laboratories, at 30, Bloomsbury Square; the scheme of training for the Associateqhip was thoroughly revised, and the basis of professional ethics in chemistry was more clearly establislied. Sir William served as a Member of Council from 1881-84, and 1885-1890; he was an Examiner from 1883-87; a Vice-President from 1894-97, 1899-1902, and 1911-14; and a Censor, from 1891-1901 , 1902-06, and 1910-13.Poisons and Pharmacy Acts.-On the 7th October the Council forwarded a Memorandum on the title "Chemist," to the Departmental committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts. The Committee was also informed that the Institute would be prepared to appoint a representative to appear before: the Committee to support the views expressed in the niemo- randum and to supply further information should it be desired. The Departmental Committee, however, has expressed the desire that all evidence submitted should, for the present, be treated as confidential. The publication of the Memorandum of the JOURNAL has, therefore, been postponed, but full information will be given in due course. Sir Edward Frankland Prize and Medal.-On a sug-gestion raised by the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, and a motion thereon submitted by Prof.E. C. C. Baly, the Council referred to the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee, for consideration and report, a proposal to award prizes for essays by registered Students of the Institute. 248 Acting on the recommendation of the Committee the follow- ing scheme has been adopted:- I. As an inducement to registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit, and to devote some thought to questions of professional organisation and to the position of chemists in the life of the community, the Council will offer, annually, a Medal and Prize for the best essay not exceeding three thousand words, on a set subject of professional, as opposed to technical, or purely chemical, importance.2. Entries will be limited to registered students under the age of twenty-two years. 3, The Medal will be awarded in niemory of Sir Edward Frankland, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., first President of the Institute (1877-ISSO),and there will be, in addition, a Prize of Ten Guincas. 4. (a) Intending competitors will be required to send their essays to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which they reside, on or before 31st December in each year. (h) Each essay must be accompanied by a signed declara- tion that it is the independent work of the candidate. (c) The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from among the essays received, not more than three considered to be most worthy of the award of the Medal and Prize. (a)The essays will be valued partly for their literary style and technique, but niainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.(e) The essays selected will be sent to the Council, and will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council. (I)On receiving the report of the Assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. 5. The Medal and Prize will be presented to the successful candidate, by the President of the Institute, at the Annual General Meeting, or by the Chairman of the Local Section to which the successful candidate belongs, at a meeting of the Section. Further arrangements will be aniiounced in due course.249 Substitutes for Ethyl Alcohol.-In Part V of the Journal, particulars were given of the Memorandum received from Messrs. J. W. Blagden, Oliver Chick, Bernard F. Howard and S. Gordon Liversedge, which was forwarded by the Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute to the Inter- Departmental Committee on Substitutes for Ethyl Alcohol, together with a statement to the effect that the Institute, as a general principle, favoured the unrestricted use of duty free solvents for industrial purposes. In response to an invitation from the Inter-Departmental Committee, the Council appointed Mr. E. Richards Bolton, Vice-president, to give evidence on the matter. Mr. Bolton attended before the Committee on Thursday, the 25th November.Lecture.-Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, Past President, has kindly consented to give a lccture before the Institute in March next when he will deal with the general progress of the profession of chemistry during the past fifty years. Further particulars will be issued in due course. Factory and Workshop Act.-Information was recently received that a Borough Council had demanded the right to inspect a private house where a member of the Institute had a small chemical laboratory exclusively for his own use, without assistants, and in which no form of manufacture was conducted. An enquiry was, therefore, addressed to the Home Office, as to whether a local authority had any such right and, particularly, whether a laboratory for professional practice of chemistry was regarded as a factory. In reply, the Deputy Chief Inspector of Factories stated that such a chemical laboratory as that described would not come within the scope of the Factory and Workshop Act.Appointments.-The Chemical Warfare Research Depart- ment recently advertised for an engineer with works experience for chemical plant design, erection and maintenance. The candidate was required to have University or similar training and it was stated that preference would be given to ex-Service men. The salary advertised for the position was only @65, which appeared to be absurdly inadequate fof the services expected. An enquiry was, therefore, addressed to the Department; but a reply was received confirming the amount, though expressing doubt 250 whether the type of man required would be obtained for the remuneration stated, in which case the question of an increased rate would have to be considered.A further letter was addressed to the Department expressing surprise at the offer of a salary which would not in ordinary circumstances attract a man competent for the design and erection of plant and for the responsibilities attached to such work. It would seem that the committee hoped to take ad- vantage of the present industrial depression, as the result of which a good man temporarily out of work might be disposed to accept an appointment at a salary far below his real market value. It was pointed out, moreover, that such conditions as those proposed could only result in disappointment in the long run, because any such man would grasp the first opportunity of obtaining an appointment elsewhere, and that would obviously not be in the best interests of the Department.In this connection, it was also mentioned that foremen of chemical works frequently earn more than k5 per week, and it might very well happen that the Department would be employing workmen whose wages would come to more than the pay of the man who was directing them, since chemical plumbers and lead burners, for example, earn 2s. 6d. an hour on a forty- eight hour week. The Council of the Institute trust that although representa- tions of this kind do not always immediately produce the results hoped for, yet in the course of time the authorities concerned will have regard to the danger of a cheese-paring policy where scientific work of vital importance and of highly responsible character is involved.British E n gin eering Standard s Asso c i ation .-Mr . Ronald George Browning has been appointed representative of the Institute on the Aircraft Dope Ingredients Panel of the British Engineering Standards Association in the place of Dr. 0. L. Brady who has retired from the panel owing to pressure of other duties. Local Sections.-The Council has received a letter from the Manchester Section recommending that manuscripts of lectures delivered before Local Sections should be kept in the Library of the Institute, and be available for perusal by 251 Fellows and Associates, and that lists of such manuscripts should appear periodically in the Journal with a short synopsis of the contents. The matter having been referred to the Publications Com- mittee, the Council has decided, on receiving a report from that Committee, that, if any Section considers a paper of sufficient merit and interest to be filed at the Institute, the necessary space will be provided on the condition that the Section supplies a short synopsis of the paper, which, if it is approved by the Publications Committee, shall be published in the Journal.The Council realises, however, that it may not always be possible to make it a condition that a lecturer should provide and deposit a copy of his paper. Election of Council.-On a suggestion from the North- East Coast Executive Committee, consisting of representatives of Leeds, Huddersfield, and the North-East Coast Sections, the Council has referred to the -consideration of the Local Sections a proposal to the effect that the Council be asked to reconsider the advisability of electing its members by districts alone.The Committee also suggested that it would be desirable that the Council should consider the advisability of altering the regula- tions governing the composition of the Council so that it might include Associates. The Council has replied, however, that the latter proposition wmld be contrary to the constitution of the Institute. Council Attendances-A record of the attendances of Officers and Members of Council at meetings held during the present session is given on page 307.New Zealand.-The Council has sanctioned the formation of a local section for the Dominion of New Zealand. The chairman of the section is Prof. T. H. Easterfield, the committee consists of-Prof. T. H. Easterfield, Messrs. B. C. Aston, T. A. Glendinning and J. Sword with Mr. W. Rest Mummery as Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. W. Donovan has been appointed Hon. Auditor. 262 Local Sections. Belfast.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department of Queen’s University, on 27th October, when Dr. W. H. Gibson read a paper on “Some Difficulties in the Applica- tion of Science to Industry.’’ Dr. Gibson said that a young chemist on entering industry frequently found himself unhappy because he was in a strange land and it took him some time to become acclimatised to his new surroundings, conditions and difficulties which were not merely of a technical nature.He had generally been brought up in an atmosphere of pure chemistry and found it difficult not merely to appreciate industrial chemical problems but also to realise exactly the requirements of the management. The em- ployer, usually untrained in scientific matters ,failed to appreciate the chemist’s point of view. Dr. Gibson advised any chemist entering industry to look at his work from an industrial point of view and not from that of pure science: to realise ‘that the business man had only one object, which was to make a success of the business.In the course of time business men would gradually acquire the scientific attitude of mind because in the face of severe competition industry must of necessity be con- ducted on more scientific lines, and as a consequence the relation- ship between the employer and employed would become easier. The raw recruit to industry should not rate recent discoveries too highly from the business point of view. These were not generally or largely used. It was of the utmost importance that he should make sure of the fundamental principles of his subject and be able to apply them to the problems with which he was confronted. He should not be always striving after novelty but should make use of well-tried and reliable methods.Dr. Gibson said that he realised that the Universities gave a thorough training in pure science without special reference to industry, but he suggested that some stress should be laid on commercial problems. He thought that the courses of the technical colleges were often defective, largely because the right type of 253 teacher could not be obtained for the work, since those who were thoroughly versed in the requisite knowledge were paid better in industry than by the educational authorities. It was the business of the scientist in industry, just as it was the business of the manufacturer, to study the needs and requirements of the public. An interesting discussion followed on some of the points raised by Dr. Gibson who received a cordial vote of thanks. On the 23rd November, the Section was visited by the Pre- sident, who was entertained to dinner at Thompson’s Restaurant.Dr. Gibson presided, and a number of distinguished guests, includ- ing representatives from the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Education, were present. On the evening of the 24th November, the President gave a public lecture on “The Chemist and the Community” in the Belfast Municipal College of Technology. Dr. Gibson, who presided, explained that the Institute was a professional body which was concerned with the interests of chemists who looked to it as guide, philosopher and friend. The Belfast Section was an offshoot from the parent body devoted to the interests of chemists residing in the Belfast district. In the course of his address, Prof.Henderson deplored the indifference of the community towards science and particularly towards chemistry. The future progress and prosperity of industries depended upon the appreciation of the results of scientific research, and the utilisation of the services of scientific men. The majority of ordinary citizens were unaware of the far-reaching effects of chemistry upon the welfare of the com- munity. The science had a direct bearing on the daily life of the people in respect of fundamental things such as food, water, air, light and heating. After referring to the various food adulteration Acts passed to protect the public, he said that the chemist played an important part in safeguarding the health of the nation.He put before them two propositions:-First, that the import- ance of the services which the chemist renders to the community could hardly be exaggerated; and, second, that the great majority of their fellow-citizens were pathetically ignorant of the part which the chemist played in promoting the welfare of the com- munity, and in ameliorating existing conditions. Without the profession of chemistry the future of the country would be in danger. 254 The business of the Government could not be carried out efficiently without the aid of the chemist: practically all Govern- ment departments found it necessary to employ members of their profession. They were employed in the fighting forces, in the departments of industry and manufacture, and in the Govern- ment laboratories.They played an important part at the British Museum and also at the Imperial Institute, where information and advice on industrial development and tropical agriculture were given. Prof, Henderson mentioned the services rendered by members of the profession to county and municipal authorities, drainage boards, &c; and repeated the statement that the assistance of the chemist was essential in the discharge of local, as well as imperial, government, for the safe-guarding of public health, and in the vital matter of preventing the adulteration of food. He laid emphasis on the manner in which chemists services were utilised in agriculture and productive industries.When they considered what the chemist was doing in all these matters, and further the dependence the engineer had on the chemist for the investigation of the most suitable materials for the manufacture of ships, motor cars, aeroplanes, &c., and of the fuels most suitable for such, from the power and economic points of view, he thought it would be agreed that the chemist had not yet reached the status to which his profession was entitled. Chemists must form themselves into a united body which could speak with authority for the profession, and then aim at educating the public as to the value of their work, and its wide- spread importance in the affairs of the world. Such an organisa- tion, they already possessed in the Institute of Chemistry, which represented to-day the great majority of the qualified chemists in the country.The proceedings concluded with a cordial vote of thanks to the President. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the White Horse Hotel, Birmingham, on 24th November. Prof. A. R. Ling in the Chair. The accounts for the past session were presented and adopted, and the Officers and Committee for the current session were elected. The Chairman delivered an address on “Chemistry as a Career.” 255 After referring to the foundation of the Chemical Society, the Pharmaceutical Society and the Institute and to their various objects and functions, Prof. Ling said that at the time the Institute was founded, Chemistry was unrecognised as a pro- fession in this country, Many of the Public Analysts’ appoint- ments which existed were held by medical practitioners with oiily a smattering of chemical knowledge, who sometimes served in the dual capacity of Public Analyst and Medical Officer of Health.It was also a rare thing for a factory to employ a chemist to control the processes carried out. The Pharmacist at the time the Institute was founded had appropriated the title Chemist, and medical men occupied some of the official positions which should properly have been held by professional chemists. The position was outlined most lucidly by the late Dr. Alder Wright in an article published in the Chemical News in 1876. It was there shown that, in the absence of organisation and without due recognition by the public of the existence of the profession of chemistry, the work of the chemist was commonly shared by medical men, engineers, and others, many of whom had little or no qualifaction for such practice.There was a general feeling that unless some steps were taken to ensure the proper training of professional chemists, their calling would be reduced speedily to a low standing in the public estimation; few men of culture would follow it, and the progress of chemical science would be thereby retarded. Most, if not all these evils had been corrected by the Institute, and when it was stated, as it sometimes was, that the Institute had done little to help the profession, he suggested that those who made such a statement should cast a retrospective glance into the early days when the Institute was first incorporated.Chemists were now recognised as belonging to one of the learned professions by the better informed of the public and also by the Government. This recognition was tardy in coming about but it was a con-summation brought about entirely through the influence of the Institute. The Institute, through its Council and its censors had raised the status of the profession and established a code of professional ethics which did not exist before its foundation. The Institute had aiso exerted a profound influence on the education and training of chemists. It was the first body to establish a scheme of practical examinations which was as near perfection as possible.The student instead of relying entirely on his memory was put in the same position as a qualified 256 chemist in practice to whom a problem was submitted for solution. He was allowed free access to books, periodicals and apparatus required for the solution of the problems submitted to him, and aU these could be obtained by him by asking for them. It was gratifying, therefore, that the principle of the Institute’s examination came nearer to the ideal as a test than that of any of the University examinations which were previously in vogue, and it was a significant fact that most, if not all of the Universi- ties had remodelled their examinations on the same plan.Before a young chemist could start on his career he had to be trained. The applications of chemistry were very wide and there should be plenty of scope for young chemists to obtain employment if they were trained in such a manner as to fit them for the positions awaiting them. It was necessary that the student before he entered the University or College should have received a sound education in the ordinary elementary subjects. Schoolmasters aimed at teaching science and as a rule taught it on didactic lines- as if our knowledge of any branch of science were complete -instead of encouraging their students to think and reason. The consequence of this was that some students who came to the Universities-even those, in some cases, with the Higher School Certificate-had the conceit of ignorance and had to be un-taught what science they had been taught at school.The chemistry student might take up, as his career, pure science in which he would devote himself specially to academic studies, or he might take up one of the numerous branches of applied chemistry, such as analytical chemistry, applied inorganic and physical chemistry, organic chemistry including the manufacture of synthetic chemicals and dyes, public health, food and drugs, agriculture, fermentation, biochemistry, etc. But whatever branch he adopted, a sound training in pure chemistry, physics and mathematics was necessary. In the University of Birmingham a student who entered his studies with a definite object-let us say to bccome a biochemist-was required, after passing the matriculation examination, to take chemistry as principalsubject, with physics and some other branch of science as subsidiary subjects.The chcmistry course included a thorough training in inorganic, physical and organic chemistry, and it extended over three years, or two years if the student entered with the Higher School Certificate. He could then proceed to the ordinary degree of B.Sc. In the majority 267 of cases he did not stop at that, but without taking the ordinary degree-merely qualifying for it-entered the Honours School in one of the departments. In the Honours year he received instruction in methods which would prepare him to carry out original research, and having completed this and satisfied the examiners, he was awarded the degree of BSc., with Honours in Class I, 11, or 111.After this stage there were no more examinations. Should a student proceed to higher degrees, the test imposed was the quality and quantity of the research work he had performed under the guidance of his teachers. In his (Prof. Ling’s) opinion-which was shared by all his colleagues in the University-a student should be compelled to read throughout the whole of his training. The plan, formerly in vogue, of advising students to regard their lectures as text- books, was deprecated. Lectures should be merely guides to reading. They should give in succinct terms the main points of the subject matter, leaving the details to be acquired by reading.Advanced students should be advised to consult original papers rather than textbooks, although at the present time some excellent books of the latter class were published which, unlike those of former years, did not pretend to be more than indexes to original literature, to which they gave copious refer- ences. In all branches of chemistry, analysis was of fundamental importance, and the consulting and analytical chemist of to-day was one who should have received a thorough training in analyti- cal technique in addition to having acquired a sound knowledge of scientific principles. A student trained in analytical chemistry should be able to devise methods of analysis to meet his require- ments and to solve the problems submitted to him.In former years the so-called analyst was little better than an empiricist. Nowadays, however, thanks to the training afforded by our Universities and Science Colleges, he was a highly trained scientific man, and this change was largely due to the Institute. A young chemist who had been well grounded in the principles of the science would do well in all cases to study routine com- mercial analysis, not, however, as some people imagine on lines in which accuracy was sacrificed to speed. Indeed, in com-mercial work the highest accuracy was called for. The student who had learnt how to carry out single determinations must be taught to perform, with equal accuracy, the analysis of a dozen or 258 more samples at one and the same time.Even those who intended pursuing an academic career would do well to acquire a certain amount of practice in routine methods of analysis. The chemist attached to modern industries required not only a sound knowledge of chemistry, physics and mathematics, but also some acquaintance with engineering. For some years it had been the fashion to plead for the training of a specialist who had been termed a chemical engineer. Personally he (Prof. Ling) felt that to devote more than a very limited portion of his train- ing to engineering might prove waste of time to the chemist. He should undoubtedly be acquainted with the principles of steam raising and generally be able to appreciate the difference between work in the factory and in the laboratory, but beyond these he would readily acquire that special engineering knowledge which was needful to him in the factory itself.The aim of the industrial chemist should be to free himself as soon as possible from the trammels of routine analysis and to prove his value to his employer as a research worker, with the ultimate object of becoming a works manager. Some might think that such a position could only be held by an engineer. Numerous cases could be mentioned in which men, trained in the first place as chemists, occupied positions as works managers, having ac-quired the necessary engineering knowledge and experience for such posts. Indeed, chemists could say without any egotism that an engineer could be made of a chemist, but that the con- verse was a very different if not an impossible operation.This was because chemistry and physics were fundamental branches of scientific knowledge. Among the careers open to chemists most of those of which he could claim a knowledge were concerned with some branch of organic chemistry. He would not venture to express views on the preparation and manufacture of fine chemicals and the various industries in which synthetical methods played a part, but he had given special attention to bio-chemical processes- more especially those connected with food and drugs, sugar, fermentation, general plant biochemistry, and bacteriology. Each of these furnished an avenue for study in the Honours’ School or for post-graduate research.The importance of the study of food and drugs was such that it offered an increasing number of positions both at home and in various parts of the Empire to chemists who had received the necessary training. Among these positions might be mentioned those of the public 259 analyst and the agricultural chemist, and those connected with the manufacture of foods and of pharmaceutical products. The sugar industry, which was now establislietl in this country, offered positions which might be regarded as stepping stones to positions concerned with research and factory control and management. A knowledge of physical, iiiorganic and organic chemistry as well as of the subsidiary subjects of engineering, agriculture and bacteriology, was required.The sugar factory was so much concerned with engineering, that that subject might almost be regarded as of primary importance, and students who intended taking up the manufacture of sugar as their career, certainly required more training in engineering than those attached to most other branches of manufacture. The fermentation industries in their wider sense offered a great prospect for a young chemist. Not only was there scope in the great industries of malting, brewing and the distillation of potable alcohol, but even more in the manufacture of industrial alcohol and power alcohol which sooner or later must take the place to a large extent of petrol. With regard to the raw materials from which alcohol could be obtained by fermentation, the British Empire furnished limitless sources and even in this country there were possibilities of utilising for this purpose materials which were now counted as waste.But fermentation by yeast was not the only type of fermentation which offered practical possibilities. There were certain forms of bacteria which were likely to be harnessed in the future for the fermenta- tion of cellulose and other polysaccharic es. In connection with fermentation he mentioned the direct conversion of starch into alcohol by the so-called amylo process which consisted of a symbiotic fermentation with a variety of mould belonging to the ~UCOYiamily, and the so-called Chinese yeast, developed in France by Professor Calmette. Surely the time had arrived for the successful working of the many processes of making alcohol by fermentation from some product, waste or otherwise, eniana- ting from plant life.Fermentation played an important role in many other processes such as the curing of tobacco, and the maturing of the tea leaf. In this latter connection, he referred to the fact that three past students of Birmingham University held responsible positions with the Tea Associations in India where they were carrying out research work for tea growers. It would seem that many of the distinctive flavours of tea were to be ascribed 260 to fermentation by different yeasts indigenous to the leaf. Ferrnentation also played an important part in the manufacture of cocoa and chocolate from the cacao bean. The resources of the British Empire in plant products, which at the present time remained uninvestigated, offered possibilities for the employment of chemists who were properly trained for attacking the problems presented.Further, in many cases products of vegetable origin were imported into this country from many parts of the Empire where they were obtained by barter with the natives. In other words, they were derived from wild crops which sooner or later must be exhausted. This state of affairs was to be compared with living on capital, and it would seem that the time had arrived when trees and other vegetable growths should be systematically cultivated just as the rubber trees had been cultivated successfully in the plantations of the Malay Peninsula.In conclusion, Prof. Ling emphasised that the profession of chemistry demanded a high standard of general education : this could not be too strongly brought to the notice of parents who wished their sons to enter it as a career. Such education should include at least one foreign language, preferably German, whilst a knowledge of Latin would help the student to write and think clearly. The study of scientific subjects was not so necessary during the period the student was at school and was best left to University teachers. On entering the University the student should not attempt to specialise, but should spend his time, up to the pass degree stage, practically entirely in pure science.He would then have a sufficient insight into the science to be able to judge which of its departments to choose for his career. Bristol and South Western Counties.-On 8th November, the Section met at the University of Bristol, and the Registrar gave his lecture on “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature,” illustrated by lantern slides. Sir Ernest Cook presided. The lecture was also given in the Chemical Department of the University College of the South-West of England, Exeter, on 9th November, when, in addition to the students, a considerable number of members from the neighbourhood attended. Mr. Frank Southerden has been nominated for re-election as District Member of Council. 261 The next meeting of the Section will be held on the 19th January, at 7.30 p.m., in the Chemical Department of the University of Bristol, when a paper on “Researches on the Nutrition of Fruit Trees,” illustrated by lantern slides will be given by Mr.T. Wallace. Cape.-On 22nd October the Section met in the Physico- Chemical Laboratories of the University of Cape Town, Prof. J. Smeath Thomas, Chairman of the Section, presiding. The financial statement for the year was received and adopted. The Secretary announced that Mr. Croghan had been appointed to represent the Section on the South African National Commit- tee of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Prof. J. Smeath Thomas gave an address on “The Spectro- scope and its Applications in Industry.” After pointing out that the function of the spectroscope was primarily to analyse the radiations emitted by any source of radiant energy, Prof.Smeath Thomas dealt with the measurement of radiation. The length of the spectrum capable of being seen by the human eye extended from 3,900 to 7,600 Angstrom units. A very much wider range, however, could be photographed. Attention had in the past been principally focussed upon the short wave radiations, chiefly because of the study of X-rays and because of the development of modern theories of atoms and crystal structure. Comparatively little was known of the infra-red region, but he felt that when this had been more fully investi- gated it might rival the short wave region in importance. Beyond the infra-red region there were still longer waves measurable in metres.These, however, were outside the scope of spectro- scopy. The two instruments principally employed in industry for spectroscopic measurement were the spectrometer and the spectrograph. Prof. Smeath Thomas exhibited types of these instruments and explained their construction. One type of spectrometer was particularly useful in the dyeing industry : with this, the purity of a dye could be tested, and even the quan- tities of impurities present could be determined. In the glass industry these instruments were in use every day and they were also used in connection with lighting problems, and in the iron and steel industries. Greater sensitiveness was obtained with the spectrograph, and when the optical parts of the instrument were constructed of quartz a very much wider range of the spectrum could be investigated.Spectrographs were extensively used in testing all kinds of materials, e.g. minerals and soils, al- kaloids, water, etc. In dealing with the application of the spectroscope in metal- lurgy, Prof. Smeath Thomas explained the method adopted for comparing the spectra of pure metals with those of metals whose purity it was desired to check. It was extremely useful in detecting the presence of small traces of impurities. The presence of very small quantities of metals in explosives might be extremely dangerous. One ten-millionth part of a gramme of mercury in an explosive could be determined spectroscopically. In conclusion, the lecturer gave an illustration of the quantita- tive use of absorption spectra; by this means the quantity of nitrogen peroxide formed during the decomposition of explosives in moist air had been found to be far greater than had been previously imagined.Mr. E. H. Croghan proposed a hearty vote of thanks to Prof. Smeath Thomas for his most interesting lecture. Prof. Newbery, in seconding, referred to the use of the spec- troscope for estimating organic acids by means of absorption bands. Mr. P. L. Malan also mentioned instances of the extreme delicacy of spectroscopic tests. Prof. Smeath Thomas in reply warned his audience that there was a tendency to over-estimate the possibilities of identification of substances from absorption bands.He had in his laboratory one of the largest quartz spectro- graphs and he would be glad to give a demonstration to any member who cared to see it. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-A Special Meeting was held in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on zIst October, when the statement of the Special Committee on Regis- tration was considered. Dr. J. F. Tocher presided and in opening the proceedings referred to the question of a statutory title and the possibility of some compromise being ultimately arrived at with the phar- maceutical profession. Mr. John Hanley, Hon. Secretary to the Liverpool and North- Western Section, in response to an invitation from the chair, dealt with the discussions upon Registration, which had taken 263 place in his locality, and, in conjunction with those of the Man- Chester Section, had led to the preparation of the statement laid before the Special Committee.He said that opinions were divided, and whilst some members desired to restrict the profession others would like to have a closer relationship with their friends in other Societies. A lively discussion followed and the debate covered a wide field, but no point was raised which had not been dealt with to some extent by the Special Committee. Most of the speakers proved to be in favour of definitely restricting registration authority to the Institute and a motion to this effect was adopted. On a further motion the meeting expressed the view that it would be in the interests of the Institute to seek an amendment of the PharmacyAct,1868,to make it clear that the title “chemist” was not restricted to pharmacists ;so that those withqualifications such as the Fellowship and Associateship of the Institute could legally be described as chemists.Thc meeting closed with a vote of thanks to Mr. Hanley for at tending. The first Ordinary Meeting of the new session was held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry in the Pharmaceu- tical Hall, Edinburgh, on 26th October. Mr. W. A. Williams gave his Inaugural Address as Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. Dealing with “Costs in Industry” Mr. Williams paid attention especially to the questions of labour and power, and referred to his own experience and to the methods adopted in order to obtain the maximum efficiency from workers and plant.In the discussion a number of those present spoke in apprecia- tion of the address and Mr. Williams replied to questions. The meeting closed with a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Williams. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders on the 29th October, Prof. Forsyth J. Wilson in the chair. The Honorary Secretary, Dr. Cumming, reported on the proceedings of the Section during the past 12 months, mentioning that six meetings had been held, most of them jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and submitting an encouraging report on the work of the Sub- committee on Publicity.Twenty-four articles had been pub-lished in the Glasgow Herald and about fifty short articles and answers to queries in the Evening Times. 264 The thanks of the Sub-committee were due, he said, to Sir Robert Bruce, the Editor of the Glasgow Herald, to Mr. Davidson of the Evening Times, and to all who had contribute3 articles, The articles contributed to the Glasgow Herald were :-Author. Title. Dr. R. Burns A Cup of Tea. Prof. R. M. Caven Elements and Compounds. How Atoms Hold Together. The Air of a City. Mr. W. H. Coleman The Motor Industry. The Alcohol Problem. Dr. J.A. Cranston Matter and Energy (2 articles). Dr. A. B. Crawford Electric Incandescent Lamps (2 articles).Dr. W. M. Cumming Motor Industry and Research. The Alkaloids. Congress of Chemists. Dr. W. B. Davidson Gaseous Fuels. Prof. D. Ellis Ferments and their Work. Edible Oils and Fats. Colour in Food. Dr. G. S. Ferrier Matter in t.he Wrong Place. Dr. J.D. Fulton The Relation of Chemistry to Pharmocology. The Proteins. Mr. J. W. Hawley The Microscope. The Polarimeter. Mr. J. Henderson My Lady’s Gems. Dr. I. V. Hopper British Chemical Industry (2 art icles). Mr. A. Kent The Picaresque in Alchemy (2 articles). Dr. J. Knox The Chemist in Industry. Dr. E. C. Pickering Precious Stones. Dr. C. Smith The Application of Colloids. Dr. J. Sword Essential Oils (2 articles). Dr. S. H. Tucker Benzene.Benzene Inside. Prof. F. J. Wilson Colours and Perfumes of Plants. The fifth Ramsay Dinner was held-under the joint auspices of the Local Sections of the Institute, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Society of Dyers and Colourists, together with the Glasgow University Alchemists’ Club, the Andersonian Chemical Society, and the Ardeer Chemical Club-in the Gros- venor Restaurant, on 9th December. Sir Donald MacAlister, Bart., Principal of the University of Glasgow, presided over a company numbering about 250, including ladies. After the loyal toasts had been received, Sir Gregory Foster proposed the toast of “Sir William Ramsay and his profession.” 265 He said it had been his privilege to know Sir William Ramsay for nearly 30 years.He was an undergraduate when Ramsay was elected to the Chair of Chemistry at University College, London. He remembered the advent of the new professor with peculiar vividness. A week or two after the opening of his first session Prof. Ramsay came to a students’ social gathering. There was an awkward pause, until the professor sat down at the piano and played a tune to a whistling accompaniment (laughter). The incident illustrated his faculty for winning the hearts of his associates (applause). Later, said sir^ Gregory Foster, he had served for many years under Sir William at University College, and knew him as a wonderful and inspiring teacher. There was no need to tell to-day how he had rapidy built up in London a brilliant school of chemistry, or to dwell upon his scientific research work, the value of which had been recognised by the award of a Nobel Prize.When Sir William came to London the University was nothing but an examining board. He was one of the leading spirits in bringing about a transformation, which had elevated the University of London into an organisation to unite the various colleges existing in the metropolis. Sir William had been instrumental, among others, in convincing government of the country that university education was worthy of the financial support of the State. Two years after he had come to London the first small government grant for university education was given. No one had had a more remarkable memorial than that represented by the Ramsay Fellowship.From every part of the world contributions had been made to that scheme, and an endowment had been raised for a chair that was to express the aspirations of the great scientist, the Chair of Chemical Engineering (applause). Prof. G. G. Henderson, President of the Institute, in reply, having mentioned that he began his studies in chemistry in the last year that Sir William Ramsay was at the University of Glasgow, dealt with the importance of the services which the chemist rendered to the community, following the lines of his address at Belfast (p. 252). Mr. Archibald Crawford, K.C., proposed “The City of Glasgow.” The Lord Provost (Mr. David Mason), in reply, referred to the many directions in which municipal service was now aided by the work of the chemist.Mr. M’illiam Rintoul proposed “The Guests,” and Mr. Francis H. Carr, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, replied. The company afterwards engaged in dancing till midnight. 266 The Section has appointed a Registration Committee :-I. To enquire into the statements that : compulsory Registra- tion is at present impossible ; voluntary Registration would serve no useful purpose; Registration, so far as this question had been as yet outlined, is impracticable. 2. To report if Registration is at all desirable. 3. To examine and to report on a scheme which Dr. Gordon has suggested for increasing the scope and influence of the Institute. 4. To consider the formation of a third grade of Institute membership.Huddersfie1d.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Queen Hotel, on the 15th October, Dr. H. H. Hodgson in the chair. The accounts for the past session were received and adopted, and a donation was voted to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute out of the balance of unofficial funds. It was decided to suspend for one year the Local Section subscription. Mr. H. W. Moss was elected Honorary Auditor, and Mr. A. 0. Jones was elected to the Committee in the place of Mr. J. H. Wilson who retired after several years’ service. A discussion ensued on the subject of Registration, but no definite suggestions were put forward for transmission to the Council. The following points were raised :-That if ultimately steps are taken to attain a statutory title, a Voluntary Register would be almost a necessity as a nucleus on which to base a request for legislation. That whatever protection is at present afforded the public by chemists would be considerably enhanced by Registration, in that a “Registered Chemist ” could be bound to an undertaking not to indulge in any fraudulent practice nor to condone such on the part of his employer.These points expressed the feelings of the meeting although no vote was taken. Future arrangements include: a paper by Prof. R. Robinson on “Electronic Displacement Theories in Organic Chemistry,” on a date to be fixed in January, 1927;a paper on “Transmission of Reactivity in Molecules,” by Prof.C. K. Ingold, on the 9th February; and a paper on a political topic to be introduced by Prof. Heilbron, on the 11th March. Irish Free State-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 24th November, in Trinity College, Dublin, Prof. W. E. Adeney presiding. The reports of the Secretary and Treasurer were received and adopted and the Committee was re-elected as follows:-Prof. W. E. Adeney, Mr. B. G. Fagan, Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Dr. J. H. Millar, Mr. A. O’Farrelly, Mr. J. W. Parkes and Prof. S. Young. Messrs. G. Brownlee and P. O’Callaghan were re-elected Honorary Auditors. After the meeting, Mr. John Hanley, of Liverpool, gave an exhibition of lantern slides illustrating the processes and types of machines employed in oil milling and extraction.A short discussion followed and the meeting terminated with a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Hanley. Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting was held in the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds, on 1st November. Mr. J. T. Thompson took the Chair in the absence of Professor J. W. Cobb. The Treasurer’s report was read and approved. Messrs. W. McD. Mackey, A. H. Clucas, G. Hagues and A. Jaffe were elected to fill vacancies on the Committee. Messrs. R. Gawler and J. Firth were elected auditors. Mr. H. J. Hodsman, M.B.E., MSc., F.I.C., was appointed Honorary Secretary in place of Dr. R. B. Forster. Dr. L. L. Lloyd (Bradford) opened a discussion on “The Training of a Textile Chemist.” He favoured a course of training covering four years, which included the principles of inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry.He deprecated the insistence on memorising extreme detail in any of these branches which the examination system and present curricula seemed to exact. The cultivation of powers of observation was, in his opinion, more important. A certain knowledge of colour chemistry, of the processes of textile manufacture and of engineering was necessary. Bacteriology had its bearing on the detection and avoidance of some types of faults. The refinement of textile manufacture called for increasing control on the part of the chemist. An acquaintance with one or two foreign languages was desirable,. and more attention needed to be paid to the economic side of industry.The discussion ranged round the time for training. Dr. Lloyd’s opinion that four years should suffice for thp normal case found favour, and there was agreement that the memorising of detail for examination purposes should be reduced in favour of training 268 in observation. The cultivation of personality was advocated. The chemist had often of necessity to concentrate on the minutiae of experimental technique, which hindered his acquiring experi- ence of men and of affairs. Young chemists were advised to use what means were available to them to overcome this disability, which was often shown, as one speaker stated, in the lamentable way in which so many men drafted applications for appointments. Dr. Lloyd’s paper was the first of a series, covering various industries, which is being arranged by the Section, which should be valuable to Associates and Students, as indicating the scope of the chemist in various indiistries, as well as enabling them to benefit by the experience of the older members. Prof.Cobb will read a paper on “The Training of the Fuel Chemist,” on 24th January, and Mr. B. G. McLellan a paper on “The Work of the Chemist in the Food Industry,” on 14th February. On 3rd December, in the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds, a “Chemists’” dinner was held for the first time in this district. It was jointly arranged by the Leeds Area Section of the Institute and the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. Nearly 80 guests, including ladies, were present.The Chairmen of the two Sections, Prof. J. W. Cobb and Mr. B. A. Burrell presided jointly, and the President of the Institute attended as guest. Mr. Burrell, in proposing the toast of “Our Profession,” alluded to the need for perfecting our organisations so as to restrain those who indulge in unscrupulous and unprofessional practices, which bring loss and deception to the general public. Prof. Cobb, in supporting the toast, contrasted the service rendered by chemistry to industry, to medicine, etc., with the inadequate recognition on the part of the general public. The President, Prof. Henderson, spoke of the desirability of unifying the profession and the good which would accrue to joint social meetings. He stressed the importance of educating the general public in the matter, advocating for the purpose the more extensive use of the Press and the opportunities presented by Broadcasting.The success of the venture encourages the idea of making this an annual event in the district. Liverpool and North-Western.-A meeting of the Section was held on the 14th October, Mr. Alfred Smetham in the Chair. 269 Prof. Roberts having explained a new scheme for housing the Scientific Societies in Liverpool in the Liberty Building, the matter was referred to the Publicity Department of the Section, Dr. R. A. Morton then gave an account of the discussion on the subject of Registration of Chemists by the Manchester Section, and was thanked for his report. Mr.Bennett expressed disappointment with the statement on the subject which had appeared in the Journal of the Institute: it consisted only of the views of the Liverpool and Manchester Sections and the views of the Council. Mr. Hanley thought that if that was a correct description, the account should be adjudged satisfactory as a comprehensive statement of the views expressed up to the present. Mr. Bennett said that a suggestion had been thrown out at Manchester that the Registers of the Institute and of other chemical bodies should be bound in one volume, to constitute a Register of Chemists. The situation had not been eased by the Registrar’s statement at a dinner held by the British Association of Chemists that the Institute only could deal with the question of Registration.Prof. Roberts suggested that that was a statement of the powers vested in the Institute by the Charter. Mr. Hanley thought that the Registrar’s utterance was not to be interpreted as raising difficulties but as a statement of the position which had to be faced in dealing with the subject. Mr. Lunt referred to Prof. Roberts’ proposals regarding a General Chemical Council and the public benefit which would accrue therefrom. It was resolved that Prof. Heilbron be asked to represent the Section at the meeting to be held in Edinburgh for the discussion of this subject; that failing Prof. Heilbron, Mr. H. J. Evans be asked, and failing him, the Honorary Secretary. Mr. Bennett thought that the representatives of the Liverpool Section who were members of the Registration Committee should have been specially invited to be present when the subject was being discussed, and that pressure should be exerted to secure better attendance.He would be interested to know what other chemical societies thought of Registration. It was decided that Prof. Heilbron and Mr. Evans be asked to represent the Section on the Joint Committee with the Man- Chester Section which was to be appointed to prepare a statement 270 showing the ground for the contention that registration was in the publicinterest, and that they should have power to co-opt other members. Dr. Morton proposed that in future notices of discussions, members should be invited to send their views in writing if they were unable to attend.Mr. Bennett asked what was the feeling in Manchester regarding the third grade. Dr. Morton replied that it did not appear to be well defined; but the members seemed to realise how difficult the problem was. It seemed to be held that the registering body should be an independent one. Mr. Bennett suggested that the “B” qualification of the British Association of Chemists might be regarded as the minimum standard of the third grade. The Section considered the question of the local subscription and came to the conclusion that it should be discontinued. If the Institute’s subsidy were found insufficient for the needs of the Section, a hospitality fund could be founded. The Secretary distributed tickets for the Hurter Memorial Lecture and stated that he had for disposal tickets for the cinema exhibition of scientific films organised by the Learned Societies in Liverpool and district.At the Annual General Meeting of the Section held on 11th November at St. Georges Restaurant, Redcross Street, the committee for the present session was appointed. Prof. I. M. Heilbron was elected Chairman. Four new members, Messrs. Bennett, Hilditch, Rideout and Turnbull were elected to take the place of the retiring members. It was agreed that the offices of Secretary and Treasurer be separated, Prof. W. H. Roberts being appointed Treasurer. The Secretary and Assistant Secretary were re-appointed and Messrs. Hardwick and Knowles were appointed as Auditors.Dr. Tate was re-appointed representative for the Benevolent Fund. A resolution was carried that the Section subscription be abolished. A proposal was submitted that the subscriptions should be diverted to the Benevolent Fund, and Prof. I. M. Heilbron was apppointed as a collector for that fund. An appeal was made for contributions to secure the Old Blue Coat School for housing the scientific societies of Liverpool. Dr. Morton invited further articles for the Liverpool Daily Post. 271 The remainder of the evening was devoted to the consideration of further action to be taken by the Section with regard to Registration. London and South-Eastern Counties.-% Robert Robertson presided at a Meeting of the Section held at the Institute on 20th October. There were present only 48 members despite the urgency of the notice convening the meeting.The subject for discussion was the Report of the Special Committee upon Registration. The Chairman introduced the discussion by summarising the report. Since there are already two grades of membership of the Institute, Fellowship and Associateship, the question of establishing a third grade-consisting of persons not at present in the Institute and not all qualified for admission-had been raised. There appeared to be three main headings under which the discussion should be held and upon which the Council wished for the views of the Section. These were:- I. Is a Third Grade of chemists desirable for the purpose of Registration ? This heading might be sub-divided as follows:-(a) Is a Third Grade of chemists, within the Institute, desirable for purposes of Registration? or (b) Is a Third Grade of chemists, apart from membership of the Institute, desirable for purposes of Registration? 11.If a Third Grade be desirable, should Registration be compulsory or voluntary? 111. If a Third Grade be undesirable, should Registration be compulsory or voluntary? He doubted whether the third conclusion would logically arise. Mr. Pooley suggested that the Third Grade was necessary; otherwise Registration would imply the inclusion of many chemists who were not up to the standard of the Institute. Mr. Aspland doubted the desirability of registering persons who were not up to the Institute’s standard since it would be difficult to exclude any who had no sense of professional responsibility or but little professional integrity.Mr. McLachlan suggested that a Third Grade was necessary, but that they should be styled Licentiates rather han members. 272 Mr. Hawkins pointed out that the suggestion that a Third Grade should be inaugurated had first arisen in 1917,and that the Institute had since then consistently taken steps to include so far as it reasonably could, all who might legitimately be termed chemists. He reminded the meeting of the new Regula- tion adopted by the Council which permitted chemists of not less than 30 years of age, whose training had been not strictly in accordance with the normal regulations, to apply for an examina- tion for the Associateship.This examination was not necessarily the full ordinary Associateship examination. He felt that there was now no ground for a Third Grade of membership since no man who could not comply with this Regulation could legitimately claim to be a chemist. He emphasised that, in all the discussons on the subject, no suggestion had been made as to the standard of qualification of those whom it was decked to register, but did not come within the wide terms of the Institute’s Regulations. Mr. Gatehouse suggested that there should be more con-sideration of the views of those who were not members of the Institute. The Third Grade did not necessarily affect member- ship of the Institute.Mr. A. J. Chapman suggested that it was undesirable to register and hall-mark those who were unable to come within the Institute. Mr. Barrett, in answer to Mr. Hawkins, suggested that the minimum qualifications should be 10years’ experience and such theoretical training by evening classes or otherwise as was necessary. Mr. Golding said that F.I.C. and A.I.C. were prized because they carried a qualification. Any admission to the Institute of members with slight qualifications would inevitably harm the Institute. He would therefore vote against such people being admitted. Mr. Barrs thought that the discussion had really originated with the desire for the Institute to widen its scope. At least two bodies had been formed within recent years to deal with matters which had been deemed to be outside the scope of the Institute.He felt therefore that Registration must be the function of the Institute. Mr. Aspland suggested that qualified workers who wanted to be registered should continue their studies until they were able to join the Institute. 273 Mr. Lipscombe thought that there was no necessity for a Third Grade. He doubted whether there would be any sympathy in the medical profession for the registration of qualified nurses by the British Medical Council. Mr. Johnstone thought that at first the Third Grade would consist of younger qualified men, of experienced men who might well come within the Institute under the new Regulation and of men in private practice, of wide practical knowledge and no theory.He gave examples of the danger of according any hall-mark of alleged competency to the Third Grade cases. Messrs. Eynon, Tritton, Kent- Jones, Innes, Cosbie and other members contributed to the discussion. The following motions were put to the meeting:- I. Is a Third Grade of chemists within the Institute desirable for the purpose of Registration? There voted for the motion I and against 47. 11. Is a Third Grade of chemists, who shall not be included on the Institute’s Register, desirable for the purpose of Registration ? There voted for the motion 20 and against 23. The meeting proceeded to discuss the other points mentioned by the Chairman but, in view of the above voting, no further motions were put to the meeting, It was pointed out that those present were obviously in favour of voluntary Registration by the Institute. The eighth annual general meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on 17th November, Sir Robert Robertson in the Chair.The Committee’s report and the financial statement for the past year were received and adopted. The report stated that four meetings had been held in addition to a dance, and that the Section had paid a visit to the Government Laboratory. The social functions had proved especially successful. The Committee had given serious thought to the results of the voting for General Members of Council at the annual general meetings. It appeared that despite the fact that the Section represented more than one-third of the total membership of the Institute, certain London and South-Eastern Fellows who were able and willing to do excellent work for the Institute had failed to secure election.The solution under the present by-laws lay with the members of the Section, who were urged to exercise their right to vote. 274 The CoInniittee had been gratified to note the larger attend- ance at meetings of the Section, partly due, no doubt, to the fact that every member of the Institute resident in the area was now a member of the Section without the necessity of paying a separate subscrip tion. The Committee looked to the continued support of the members in expressing the views of a large proportion of the Institute upon the many topics of professional interest which might engage the attention of the Council from time to time.The Officers and Committee were elected as follows:-Chairman, Sir Robert Robertson; Vice-Chairmen, Messrs. E. R. Bolton and G. S, W. Marlow; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. Arthur J. Chapman; Hon. Secretary, Mr. E. B. Hughes; Committee, Messrs. C. E. Barrs, E. T. Brewis, L. E. Campbell, Frankland Dent, J, C. Drummond, Lewis Eynon, B. F. Howard, S. J. Johnstone, D. W. Kent- Jones, J. L. Rosedale, G. T. Morgan,P.J.Sageman (Fellows), Messrs. A. W. Barrett, A. V. Hussey, Miss S. M. L. Snelus, Messrs. C. W. Spiers, S. G. Stevenson and F. J. Tritton (Associates). Messrs. R. A. 0. Claudet and J. McAulay were elected Honorary Auditors..On the conclusion of the official business, light refreshments were served, and an enjoyable smoking concert was held, the artistes being :-Mrs. Boseley, Miss Maconochie and Messrs. Burrage and Harrnsworth. hlr. Boseley played the accompani- ments, and the company, led by the Chairman, Hon. Secretary and spontaneous volunteers, joined in singing choruses and sea chanties. A vote of thanks was accorded the artistes. Manchester and District.-A meeting of the Section was held on 11th October, to consider the statement of the Special Committee on the Registration of Chemists. Dr. Herbert Levinstein in the Chair. In the absence of Mr. F. Scholefield, who was to have opened the discussion, a few preliminary observations were made by the Chairman, who expressed the hope that it would be possible to put forward proposals which would alter the views taken by the Registration Committee.He considered that registration would add to the social position of the chemist which at present was not commensurate with the intellectual work necessary to obtain qualification and was not adequately recognised by society in 276 general. He regarded a legal definition of the word “ chemist” which would restrict other persons from using the title as desirable. It was necessary to get the general body of chemists, including pharmacists, to agree with the definition and in order to make registration effective to have a legislative enactment. He thought that if the minds of chemists were made up clearly as to what they wanted they would, with perseverance, attain their wishes.Mr. S. E. Melling (District Member of Council), commented on the excellently reasoned statement of the views subscribed to by the Manchester and Liverpool sections, and said that the Council was greatly impressed by it and appreciated the principles laid down, Registration, however, must be shown to be in the public interest and for the public good, before it could be supported by Parliament. He pointed out the difficulty of drawing a line of demarcation between men engaged in the widely differing branches of the profession, and the variations in the necessary skill required in various branches. The workers in each and all these branches might fairly claim to be chemists.A man might claim to be a chemist who was not a member, nor eligible to become a member of the Institute. Was such a man to be stopped from using the title Chemist? The Chairman asked the meeting whether any divergency of opinion existed as to the desirability of Registration. There was a unanimous expression in favour. In order to expedite Registration, Mr. A. J. Hall advocated the formation of a third class of members in the Institute, with the simple title of “Members,” and that such members having their qualifications approved by the Institute should come under the title ‘‘Chemist ” along with Fellows and Associates. Mr. Melling pointed out that this had already been considered by the Council in May last, but was not then found feasible.What was to be done with a man not considered eligible for the associateship, who refused to come into this third grade, and with the man fully entitled to use the name chemist who would not come into the Institute at all and desired no privileges from the Institute? The Chairman suggested a collaboration with the Engineers, who had a similar problem. He thought a good deal of advice and assistance might be obtained from the Engineers. Mr. Rogers, in assuming that Mr. Hall did not intend anyone io be a member of the Institute who was in a position inferior 276 to an F.I.C. or A.I.C., said that a fully skilled chemist would probably object to be classified in a third grade. If a “member” was considered as well qualified as an A.I.C.this difference would be largely overcome. Mr. Wilde thought that Parliament would have to carry out an enactment similar to that in the case of the dentists and that anyone remaining out of the Institute after a given period should be ruled out of consideration. Mr. Melling pointed out that this might affect an independent practitioner, but would not touch the academic chemist who did not earn fees by a practice. The Chairman raised a number of practical points, such as the question of paying a subscription to the Institute: was any man calling himself a chemist to be charged a fee? Was a man automatically a chemist after passing a certain examination ? Mr. Bate said he thought a great number would stay out of an Institute Register, and suggested that only new recruits to the profession should be required to join the Institute and pay the necessary fees.Dr. Morton (delegate from Liverpool) questioned whether at a Council Meeting, the question of the desirability of Registration, apart from its practicability, would have received a unanimous vote in favour. Did the Council really believe in Registration, but regard it as impracticable ? Again, would the Council change its opinion about the impracticability if registration could be carried out by a body apart from the Institute? There was a possibility that the members of the Council individually might desire Registration but might not desire it through the Institute. Mr. Melling replied that the first question was never put specifically; in regard to the second, he said that the Council felt strongly that if ways and means of controlling Registration could be found, they would rather keep it to themselves. He had the impression that, individually, the majority of members of Council were in favour of Registration, but found difficulty in the method of effecting it.Mr. Rogers said that he had not quite the same impression as Mr. Melling; although Registration appealed to the Council as a form of unity he did not think they were unanimous on the principle of Registration up to January last. Mr. Wood alluded to the Registration of School Teachers. He would not include Members of the Institute on a register unless they applied.He thought it would be a mistake for the 277 Institute to take a lead on Registration without holding conver- sations with other Chemical Societies. Mr. Mills thought that discussing what to do with people who would not enrol on a register was beside the point. After reading the August number of the Journal of the Proceedings he felt that Registration was damned. He agreed with the suggestion of the Chairman that we should get in touch with the Engineers and not waste time in discussing what should be done with men who would not form a register. The Chairman said that although the criticism did not appear to be helpful to those desiring Registration it could not be ignored. It was fair criticism that had to be met.Mr. Marchant discussed the method of formation of a register. He pointed out that, according to the findings of the Special Committee, the Universities were not considered suitable, the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the British Association of Chemists were dismissed as not being concerned with qualifications and Registration, and that the only suitable body remaining was the Institute. He suggested that this was not the case. He stated that ever since the formation of the B.A.C., Registration had been one of the main planks in its platform. He proposed that representatives of the various societies, including the Universities, should be invited to meet together to discuss the matter, and that whether they were or were not suitable, should be left to their representatives to determine.In this way he thought a skeleton register might be evolved. Mr. Mills seconded the proposal. The Chairman said he would be quite willing to accept the proposal later on, but that he would like to have a resolution passed which would crystallise the complete point of view of the meeting. He referred to the possible financial effect on the Institute, and considered it too much to expect hearty support in the Council or from the Officers of the Institute to a proposal which might have a deleterious effect on the financial stability of the Institute. Mr. Hall thought this point could be met by the Institute acting in a dual capacity-granting diplomas and compiling the register.All subscriptions paid for the purpose of Registration would be taken to cover the financial obligations incurred by the Institute. Mr. Stern advocated co-operation with the British Association 278 of Chemists. He considered it by no means unreasonable for a man to pay the necessary expenses of being enrolled on a register even if he had previously practised as a chemist. Such expenses might, of course, be reduced in the case of members of the Institute. Mr. Rogers asked whether the discussion was considered as being between members of the Institute or between individual chemists. The Chairman held that the discussion was informal and stated that any resolution passed would be submitted to the Institute. Mr.Rogers stated that he believed the financial effect upon the Institute was a fundamental point in the minds of many of the members of the Council, and that if Registration was to come it must operate through the Institute. The Chairman agreed that in any scheme of Registration the Institute must play an important part. Dr. Lewis Dale said that chemists might prefer a form of Registration, rather than membership of the Institute, on account of the probable lower cost; but if through the Institute, the result would be greatly to the good of that body. An extension of the Institute Register would carry great weight ;a register without the hearty support of the Institute would not be very helpful. The really great point he considered was that Registration should be in the public interest, and should be considered from that point of view.He stated that he had three men workingeight- hour shifts, one an Honours B.Sc. of London, and, the other two, men who had been laboratory boys. How could the former be enrolled as a chemist and not the latter? He thought that an analyst testing steel rails was definitely working in the public interest. He did not consider the case of the Engineers to be on all fours with that of the chemists. Dr. Morton suggested the publishing of a list of the members of the various chemical bodies as a nucleus of a register. Mr. Hall thought the Council should decide who should be called a chemist. Mr. Fairbrother was of the opinion that closer co-ordination between all qualifying authorities was desirable and asked for the relative number of men qualified by the Institute, the Universities and other bodies.Mr. Rogers proposed and Mr. Wilde seconded: “That a small sub-committee be formed to draw up a case showing that Registration would advantageously affect the public interest .” 279 To this was added, on the motion of Mr. Stern: “That the Man Chester Section co-operate with Liverpool in preparing the report.” This motion was carried unanimously. (The previous motion by Mr. Marchant was withdrawn by consent until the report of the sub-committee was to hand.) The annual general meeting of the Section was held on 25th October at “The Manchester,” Ltd., and was attended by the President, Prof.G. G. Henderson. The Chairman of the Section, Dr. Levinstein,gave a short resum6 of the activities of the past session, commenting on the keen interest which had been shown by the members. The Hon. Treasurer’s report was read and unanimously adopted. Messrs. T. R. Hodgson and F. Scholefield were elected Hon. Auditors, and Dr. A. Coulthard was re-elected as Hon. Secretary. Four places on the Committee were filled by the appointment of Dr. P. Lewis Dale, Messrs. T. R. Hodgson, W. D. Rogers and G. D. Elsdon. The President, having extended a hearty welcome and presented certificates to several new members, gave an address on “The Chemist and the Community.” (This address was also given before the Belfast Section, see p. 252.) Prof.H. B. Dixon, in proposing a vote of thanks to the President for bringing such important facts to notice, said he was glad that Prof. Henderson did not despair of the republic of chemists, and he felt sure that ultimately the general public would realise the share of the chemist in the promotion of civilisat ion. Mr. L. G. Radcliffe seconded the vote of thanks. He con- sidered the greatest obstacle to a proper understanding bythe public of the work of the chemist was the jargon used by the chemist. He thought it possible to describe scientific facts in language which could be understood by everybody. The Manchester Guardian and its auxiliary journal, the Man-Chester Guardian CovnnzerciaZ were now publishing articles on chemical subjects, by acknowledged experts, in language which, if not intelligible to the man in the street, might be understood at any rate by the man in the suburb.The vote of thanks was carried with great enthusiasm. Mr. William Marshall has been adopted as District Member of Council, and the following have been appointed members of a Sub-committee to confer with the Liverpool Section on zsv the question of Registration :Messrs. F. Scholefield,W. F. Rogers, G. D. Elsdon, E. N. Marchant and A. Coulthard. NewcastIe -on-Tyn e and North-East Coast.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Industry Club, on 17th November,-Dr. J. T. Dunn in the Chair. The report of the Committee for the year and the financial statement of the Treasurer were adopted.Five meetings had been held during the session and a dinner, jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry, at which the President of the Institute occupied the chair. The following were elected as members of Committee for the ensuing year:-Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe, Mr. H. C. L. Bloxam, Prof. G. R. Clemo, Mr. H. R. Whitehead, Dr. A. A. Hall, Mr. J. Hamilton, Mr. T. Wallace (Hon. Treasurer), and Mr. F. H. Walker (Hon. Secretary). Messrs J. B. Duncan and A. Short were re-elected Hon. Auditors. The following arrangements for meetings were announced :-1st December, Mr. J. F. Wood, on “The X-ray Analysis of Crystal Structure ”; 12th January, 1927, Mr. T. Wallace, on “The Production of Caustic Soda” ; 9th February, Prof.G. R. Clemo, on a subject to be arranged later; and 9th March, Mr. T. Russell Goddard, on “The Preservation of Museum Specimens.” The disposal of part of the Balance of funds in hand was discussed, and it was agreed that such portion as could be spared should be devoted to the Benevolent Fund. A discussion then took place, as requested by the Council, on the subject of “The Registration of Chemists.” Mr. H. C. L. Bloxam, opening the discussion, said he thought that the members ought to know if bodies outside the Institute had initiated this question and if so what were their views; for it was difficult to see why the demand for registration should come from those who were already registered. Registration had been forced upon other professions by the public for its own protection.This was not so with the chemists. Registration had been refused to the accountants. The difficulty of obtaining legal sanction would be very great. The question had been before the Council during the last two or three years. The Special Committee appointed by the Council had approached the matter with the greatest sympathy, but had been overwhelmed by the numerous difficulties which it presented. It was desirable that candidates for registration should be examined by one and 281 the same body. He realised that the great progress and rapid growth of chemistry in recent years probably accounted for the pressure for an enlarged register and thought that such a register would be a very good thing, but the difficulties were insurmount- able.He was of opinion that it was desirable to have the ideas of those who were outside the Institute. The Chairman (Dr. J. T. Dunn) emphasised the fact that the Institute was already a registering body. The difficulty was that all Chemists were not members of the Institute. He agreed with Mr. Bloxam that they should have all the available evidence before them before coming to a decision, including the views of chemists who were not members of the Institute. Mr. T. Wallace said that this matter had been raised by two local sections of the Institute, and their views should be con- sidered very carefully. The Institute need not necessarily consider the views of those who were not members.The main question was whether the Register proposed would be in the public interest. Chemists would have to demonstrate that it was in the public interest before legal sanction could be obtained. Public Analysts were already adequately provided for by legisla- tion. He was opposed to the introduction of a third grade and thought that the standard of competence ought not to be lowered. It might be a good thing, however, if it could be brought about that only qualified chemists be allowed to give evidence in courts of law on chemical matters, or in cases of accidents in works. There was more hope of raising the status of the chemist on those lines. Dr. A. A. Hall said he would like to know what were the “vital interests ” referred to in the statement of the Manchester and Liverpool sections.Were outsiders trying to get the benefits of the Institute without having the qualifications? He agreed that the standard of competence ought nut to be lowered. Mr. H. R. Whitehead said that, in order to obtain legal sanction, there must be some ultimate altruistic motive in forming a Register, as in the case of the medical profession, where the object was to prevent quackery and protect human life. Mr. J. Hamilton hoped that the Institute would continue to explore the matter. The status of the profession would be enhanced if unqualified people were eliminated, but they desired to help those not in the Institute to become members. Prof. G. R. Clemo thought that the movement for registration arose mainly from a desire for unity.He was not satisfied that 282 the objections raised against forming a register could not be overcome. Dr. P. E. Bowles said there were many good chemists who were not in the Institute, and he wondered whether the Council had explored all the avenues whereby such men could be admitted to the Institute, while at the same time maintaining the full dignity of the profession. Dr. W. B. Davidson said that during the war there arose an agitation among chemists for the recognition of their status. This was most marked amongst younger and less fully qualified men. Under pressure, the Institute at that time admitted to the Associateship large numbers of chemists without examination on the production of other evidence of their attain- ments.Since then the prescribed conditions of admission had again been brought into strict operation. He did not think that chemists who neglected the opportunity of becoming Associates under those relaxed conditions ought to be admitted too readily now. He was not in favour of instituting a third grade with a distinctive title. On the other hand it was difficult to say what real good the Institute did to its Fellows and Associates. In some respects membership was apparently a detriment, for in the analytical business Fellows were debarred from advertising or touting for work or charging less than the recognised fees, while analytical chemists who were not members were not hampered in this way.For this reason a general register or union would be welcome. Mr. C. H. Ridsdale wrote that he regretted being unable to attend the meeting. He had followed the question very care- fully during the many years it had been, under one guise or another, before the Institute. He was pleased to see that the Special Committee had arrived at the views expressed in VIII and IX, p. 181of the August proceedings for 1926. He believed this was the only equitable and wise conclusion and thought it ought to be adopted by the section and the Institute as a whole. As one of the few surviving older Fellows (viz. since 1887) he had always felt that the recent attempts to elevate the Fellowship by classing all chemists who for any reason had not submitted to the requirements of the Institute as inferior, and the wish to debar such men from practising were derogatory to the dignity of an Institute which purported to follow high ideals and the elevation of the profession.He failed to see that such views could spring from any but selfish motives. Moreover, as the Committee had 283 indicated, if put into force they would be futile. It was high time the energies of the members were directed to a more useful purpose. Mr. J. F. S. Gard said that Civn Servants and Public Analysts were already provided for, and the employer could look after himself as regards industrial chemists. Registration as suggested was impracticable. Mr. S. A. W. Wikner thought that the whole weight of industry would be against such a move.Mr. J. Graham agreed with the findings of the Special Com- mittee. Everything possible ought to be done to get all com- petent chemists into the Institute. Some general discussion followed as to the possibility of sending some definite expressions of opinion from the meeting. The following resolutions were carried unanimously :-I. “That the meeting expressed its appreciation of the work done by the Special Committee on Registration and agrees with the policy of keeping the matter open for the present.” 2. “That this discussion be adjourned until further in-formation had been received and until the views of the Manchester and Liverpool sections on the objection raised were made known.” 3. “That the Secretary be instructed to ask Council if any information or proposals on this matter were avail- able from bodies outside the Institute of Chemistry.” 4.“The Local Section Committee be asked to consider the invitation of speakers, who advocated Registration, from other Local Sections to address the members of this Local Section on the subject.” South Wales.-A large gathering attended the first meeting this session of the South Wales Section, held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry at the Technical College, Swansea, on 27th October, when Mr. C. M. W. Grieb, read a paper on “Anti-knock Compounds.” The Chair was taken by the new Vice-chairman, Mr. A. M. O’Brien of the National Oil Refineries. Mr. Grieb said that the automobile engine was very inefficient, due principally to incomplete combustion and to the fact that there was a limit to the compressibility of the explosive mixture of fuel and air.Beyond a certain compression, “knocking” or 284 “pinking” was caused. Of the many theories which had been propounded to explain this phenomenon, Mr. Grieb favoured the detonation theory. Anti-knocking was the description applied to certain substances with respect to their property of preventing “ knocking ” in internal combustion engines, when added in very small proportions to the fuels used in such engines. The object of anti-knocking agents when added to fuels was to cause the latter to burn rapidly and completely, without detonat- ing. The addition of such agents to fuel gave the following advantages :-(a) conservation of petrol due to increased mileage obtainable in a high compression motor; (b) reduction of CO contamination of the air due to increased efficiency of combustion ; and (c) reduced first cost of the motor, as the explosive mixture could be compressed more highly and would thus do more work on ignition: a smaller motor would therefore suffice.Such fuels as benzol or alcohol were not anti-knock sub- stances in the strict sense of the word, as large proportions of these fuels had to be mixed with petrol before compression could be much increased. On the other hand, with certain anti-knock substances, only 0.2 per cent. by volume-or even less-would have this effect.Mr. Grieb dealt with the work on this subject by Midgley and others in America, and by the Air Ministry Laboratory in this country. Lead tetra-ethyl was being used in America and iron carbonyl in Germany. The manufacture of these substances and also of nickel car- bony1 was described, and comparisons were drawn between them as to their efficacy as anti-knocking substances, whilst a detailed chemical and physical explanation of their action was given. The Chairman, in opening the discussion, said that he thought the lecturer’s view of the theory of prevention of knocking or pre-ignition was open to criticism. Various explanations were given as to what was “Pre-ignition ”; the lecturer stated that the production of small waves, before the large explosion wave, prevented a detonation, thus obviating knocking.The ionisation theory of the prevention of knocking, pro- pounded by the lecturer, was criticised by Prof. Coates who described experiments conducted with a cylinder in a strong 285 magnetic field, which continued to knock when the particles had been deflected to the cylinder walls. The Meeting terminated with a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Grieb. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Swansea, on 26th November, when the annual report and state- ment of accounts for the year ending 31st October, were received and adopted. The annual report showed that the new arrangements for grants to local sections had proved satisfactory and had led to an increased interest being shown in the affairs of the Institute by members in South Wales. Joint Meetings had been held with the local sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, and one with the Wales and Monmouthshire Junior Gas Association, in addition to a dinner, which was attended by Mr.R. Leslie Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute. Although local subscriptions had been discontinued, the financial statement showed a substantial balance. The meeting then proceeded to discuss the question of the Registration of Chemists and decided to transmit the following resolutions to the Special Committee on Registration :-This Meeting is in favour of the general principle of Registration. This Meeting is of the opinion that compulsory Registration is practicable and advisable in the national interest and considers that a case to the contrary has not been made out in the Report.This Meeting suggests that in pursuing its investigation of the subject the Institute should actively co-operate with the British Association of Chemists. With reference to para. 3, this Meeting, whilst not question- ing the desirability of the Institute functioning as the registering body, is of the opinion that it is by no means essential that the registering body be also the qualifying body, since, in other closed professions this is not always the case. If a separate registering body be created there would be no necessity to create a lower grade of Institute membership.It is suggested that when the Special Registration Com- mittee issues its next Report, the inclusion of a Minority Report would be desirable. 286 Notes. Income Tax.-In the case of Daphne v. Shaw (Inspector of Taxes), heard before Mr. Justice Rowlatt, reported in The Tirnes, on 10th November, a solicitor claimed abatement of tax in respect of professional books. He contended that, under Section 16 of the Finance Act of 1925, which extends to pro- fessions, employments, vocations, and offices the allowance granted to traders by the Income Tax Act, 1918 (Schedule D, cases I and 2, rules 6 and 7), in respect of the wear and tear of machinery and plant, and in respect of expenses incurred in replacing obsolete machinery and plant, he was entitled to prefer a claim for expenses for wear and tear, during the year, of his law library, that being his machinery or plant for the purposes of his profession; and, further, that he was entitled to claim allowance for certain legal books which had become obsolete in consequence of new legislation.The Commissioners held that the books in the law library of the appellant were neither machinery nor plant, and that he was not entitled to relief for either wear and tear or obsolescence in respect thereof. His lordship in giving judgment, on appeal, said that he was unable to say that the books of a solicitor or of a barrister, or of a judge, which were used in the sense of being consulted, were plant. It was impossible to deny the suggestion one naturally conjured up when the word “plant ” was added to the word “machinery.” Though section 16 of the Finance Act, 1925, had extended the provisions of Schedule D, that extension did not involve an extension of the sense in which the word plant was used.Un-doubtedly there were many professions or avocations where plant and machinery were used which would be covered by the use of the words as ordinarily understood. He was sure gg out of every IOO persons would exclude from machinery and plant the books of reference on their shelves. Undoubtedly the books which were used in the professions did entail a great expense, but he had to administer the law as he found it, and must, therefore, dismiss the appeal, with costs. 257 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.The President, in opening the proceedings, said that when Finsbury Technical College came to the close of its career, the Institute was asked to administer the Streatfeild Memorial Fund, which had been instituted by a number of past students of the College in memory of Frederick William Streatfeild. Mr. Streatfeild was for many years the friend, and even more than the friend of so many students of the College. The Institute very willingly undertook to administer the Fund and to secure that the memorial lecture should be delivered, though under somewhat new conditions, in the future. The lectures had, so far, been by former Finsbury Technical College students. He called upon Mr. Francis C. Robinson, another former student of the College, to address the meeting. Mr.Robinson chose as his subject “The Chemist in the Non-Ferrous Metallurgical Refinery.’’ He stated that he had been guided in the choice of his subject by the principles under- lying the practical training given at Finsbury Technical College and so conscientiously practised by Mr. Streatfield, whose willing assistance and genial character were still remembered by his old students. He proposed to confine his remarks rather to the works chemist than to the academic or research chemist. As Mr. F. H. Carr in his lecture last year had pointed out the need for men who could apply chemistry to industry, the present lecture would be devoted to a consideration of some of the duties and experiences falling to the lot of a chemist in the non-ferrous refinery, with particular reference to the precious and noble metals, followed by some suggestions on the training of the chemist and his assistants.THECHEMIST’SRANGEOF ACTIVITIES. Each class of smelting, extraction or refining works had its own special problems. Apart from the routine and research work usually associated with the laboratory, the chemist would be required to undertake the supervision of most scientific or 288 technical tests, unless the works were very large, in which case there might be a metallographic expert, and special departments for pyrometric, electro-chemical or potentiometer tests and for work connected with smelting operations. In any case the technical manager of all these departments must have had a broad training, of which the principal constituents should be chemistry, chemical engineering, and plant.The lecturer’s own experiences had been in connection with the extraction and refining of the precious and noble metals, but he said such experiences were typical of other non-ferrous metals. After a brief outline of the work of smelting and refining of gold, silver and the platinum metals, a review was given of the developments of the past 30 years, noting the more important changes. New and quicker methods of analysis had become necessary, the result being a great saving of time and increased accuracy in many cases, as for example : the volumetric determination of lead by a standard solution of ammonium molyb- date; iodometric determination of copper in the presence of nitrates; cyanometric methods for nickel, etc.; Volhard’s thiocyanate method for silver-preferred by several public assay offices to the Gay Lussac or salt method; the discovery of dimethylglyoxime as a precipitant for nickel and its separation from cobalt. In electro-analysis, the rotating electrode method had enabled the determination of copper to be carried out in one-twentieth of the time formerly required. 0 NEW METHODS. Some of the greatest developments had taken place in the extraction, separation, and refining of the noble metals, and the increased demand for these metals in a state of purity, coupled with an enormous rise in price, had given a stimulus to work in this connection.Methods of analysis and refining had had to be worked out on very meagre outside information, and all those who had to tackle these problems would agree that they were probably the most difficult which had to be solved. With the advance of scientific methods had necessarily come increased work for the chemist. In investigations of faulty metal, complete analysis was no longer considered sufficient to explain some defects. An examination of the metal for its physical properties, fracture, and constitution as revealed by etching and the micro- scope, often threw light on the character of a commercially pure metal or alloy and faults for which the refinery had often been blamed, were now easily traceable to improper melting, casting, rolling and annealing.The science that had made the most profound advance and change in industry in the last 30 years was electricity, and the electro-refining of silver and its separation from gold and platinum had exhibited such economy and efficiency that the old processes had become a back number. Electro-refining was being used successfully for the refining of gold from the anode slimes, and its separation from small quantities of silver and platinum. Electri-city had also been applied to the melting of silver, although not so largely as in connection with alloys of the base metals. We in this country, had not developed the use of electricity for melting metals other than steel to the extent that had taken place in the United States, although the Ajax-Northrup high frequency induction furnace was being used in small sizes for melting 70 to IOO 02. of platinum successfully.Another application of electri- city which was finding favour among smelters was the electrostatic precipitation of fume from waste flue gases, the principle of which was first applied by Sir Oliver Lodge, but developed and adapted commercially by Cottrell in the United States. Some plants for this purpose were installed in this country, one having been erected to save the potash salts in blast-furnace gases. The refining of gold and platinum was still mostly a wet chemical process, and in recent years there had been a move in the direction of the wet extraction of the metals from their ores and products.THE HANDLINGOF MEN. These various developments had involved greater and greater demands on the chemist in the non-ferrous metallurgical industry. Mr. Robinson emphasised the importance to chemical students of visits to works during their period of train- ing, and pointed out to employers the advantages to themselves of affording their junior assistants opportunities of attending evening classes. He urged upon the works chemist the need for tact in order to secure the necessary co-operation in intro- ducing new processes. Some time ago he worked out a method of making the action of boiling sulphuric acid selective in the solution of certain metals in an oxidised residue, leaving others unattacked.By previous reduction with sulphur dioxide the desired object was obtained, but after the process had been performed successfully by the men in the works for some time the 290 results became unsatisfactory, and it was found that the men were not continuing to carry out instructions. Since this difficulty had been overcome the process had continued to be a success. This difficulty with workmen manifested itself in all directions. Some workmen of the old school had strange notions, and passed them on to others. Nevertheless, it was impossible not to have great respect for the experienced and intelligent workman who took a pride in his job. It must not be inferred that when a process was working with clock-work precision a chemist was no longer needed, because without the supervision of the chemist and the analyst it was more than probable that things would not con- tinue to go on satisfactory.There had often been noticed a ten- dency for men, if left too much to their own devices, to revert to the primitive way of doing things in preference to keeping the plant provided up to concert pitch. Speaking in defence of labora- tory experiments on any contemplated new process, Mr. Robinson said that, if properly performed, experimental melts in a No. 5 Battersea crucible gave, on the whole, a good indication of what would happen in the reverberatory furnace,although the conditions of time and atmosphere were so different. A charge could then be tried in the reverberatory furnace without much risk or special outlay.In wet processes, too, the laboratory results could be further tested in larger and provisional plant. It was important to consider the health of the employees, and not merely in a degree sufficient to satisfy the Home Office Regulations. It must be recognised that some men were more liable to skin troubles than others in working with certain chemicals, and such men should be transferred to other work. On the other hand, perhaps quite a simple alteration by way of a preventive measure would remove the difficulty. The real point to bear in mind, said the lecturer, was that men were more important than machinery. THEEDUCATIONOF THE CHEMIST. As regards the education of the chemist, a good general education at school was a necessary foundation.The chemical student desiring to enter metallurgical industries, besides acquiring a knowledge of chemical principles and analysis, must also know something of theoretical and practical physics, electricity, mathematics, and engineering. He must also study metallurgy and metallography and endeavour to extend his studies, perhaps at evening classes, to geology, mineralogy and mining, whilst it 291 would well repay him to retain the knowledge he had of French and German, and even to increase his acquaintance with these languages. When it was realised what a chemist had to learn, perhaps it was not surprising that he was not always found to be a good business man.Nevertheless, if he aspired to control commercial processes, he must interest himself in the commercial aspect. Looking back, concluded Mr. Robinson, he could consider the Finsbury chemical course a very suitable one for the works chemist, but two years was not adequate in these times. At the same time, if a student stayed too long at a college or university he became less inclined for the commercial application of his knowledge in the works and it took him longer to adapt himself to the works way of doing things. He was doubtful whether the present system of university training, with its lure of degrees and honours, was the best for our industries, or as suitable for the works chemist or chemical engineer as it was for the research chemist or the teaching profession, but the facilities offered by some of the universities for post-graduate courses were excellent.It would be a great help if a chemist or metallurgist could finish his training with the facilities that were offered to the engineer in many universities and have access to chemical plant and large scale apparatus similar to the experimental workshop and engi- neering and electrical plant, which was provided at the old Fins- bury Technical College. In any event, the managers of works should be prepared to give facilities for their chemists to become acquainted with the processes used on the works and to have a plan for training them to greater utility. If the practical chemist were required he must not be shut up in the laboratory too long with his books and beakers, but must have opportunities of gaining experience of men, methods, material and money.At the conclusion of the lecture, the President proposed a very hearty vote of thanks. If it was true to the type of the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, the Institute would look forward with pleasant anticipation to future lectures. In thanking Mr. Robinson for his lecture, he had a pleasant duty to perform-to ask his acceptance of the Streatfeild Memorial Medal, with a portrait of Mr. Streatfeild. Prof. Gilbert T. Morgan said that before the meeting closed he desired to express on behalf of former Finsbury Students their thanks to the President for having presided, and also to the 292 Institute of Chemistry for taking over the scheme by which they commemorated the name of Streatfeild.This was the ninth Lecture. Streatfeild died on 24th March, 1918, and before the end of the year the first lecture was given by Sir William Pope. Year by year the memory of this teacher had been recalled in this way and, as the President had said, the lectures had all been given by old students of the College. If Streatfeild could have heard the Lecture it would have delighted him-it was so practical and had covered the ground so fully. Streatfeild was a sceptical chemist with a very slight regard for theory. The lecturer had referred to the fact that the course at Finsbury Technical College was rather in chemical engineering, and it seemed the irony of fate that now Finsbury Technical College was closed chemical engineering should be so much in the fore- ground.Prof. Morgan thanked the President and the Institute. The President, in reply, assured those present that it was not the fault of the Institute that the Finsbury Technical College was closed. The Council did all that was possible to prevent this, but other powers prevailed. Not only had the Institute under- taken the administration of the Streatfeild Memorial Fund, but it had been approached and had gladly housed the Meldola Library. Some of those present might like to see the Library. He was very proud to have had the privilege of presiding at the first of the Streatfeild Memorial lectures held under the auspices of the Institute. He could foresee that they would enjoy a continued series of brilliantly practical lectures from old Finsbury students.Mr. Robinson, having acknowledged the vote of thanks which had been accorded to him, the meeting was dissolved. 293 Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). The fourth Annual General Meeting was held at thc Institute, on 28th October, when the Report of tlw Committce for the Session 1925-1926 was received. In addition to several evening meetings, two dances and a debate, the Association arranged visits to the following works during the year :-Messrs. Pears’ Soap Works ;The Royal Arsenal, Woolwich; The Gas Light and Coke Co.; Messrs. J. Lyons and Co. (Cadby Hall and Greenford) ;Messrs.Watney, Coombe and Reid’s Brewery, and the Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers. The thanks of the Committee were accorded to all who had afforded these facilities to members of the Association, and also for their hospitality. The following officers have been appointed for the session 1926-27:-President, Prof. Arthur Smithells ; Vice-president, C. F. Tumber (University College); Hon. Treasurer, R. B. Pilcher; Won. Secretary, F. E. Joselin (Birkbeck College) ; Hon. Secretary for Works Visits, D. C. Reese (Sir John Cass Technical Institute); Committee, A. Wilson (Battersea Poly-technic), Miss G. M. Gel1 (Bedford College for Women), W. S. Ferguson (Chelsea Polytechnic), A. Brewin (East London College), E. S. Hawkins (Imperial College of Science and Technology), R.K. Christy (King’s College), D. T. Purdie (Northern Polytech- nic, J. 13. Hamence (Thc Polytechnic, Regent Street), H. Gardner (West Ham Municipal College), R. I,. Collett, and G. S. W. Marlow. A programme of works visits and meetings is in course of preparation for the session 1926-1927. 294 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:- “Essential Oils, The.’’ H. Finnemorc. Pp. xv. -1 880. (?,ondon: Ernest Berm, Ltd.). L3 TOS. A comprehensive account of the ctssential oils arranged iii the order of the botanical classification of the plants from which t,hey are derived. “Indicators.” Their use in quantitative analysis anti in the colorimetric determination of hydrogen-ion concentration.I. M. Kolthoff, translated by N. H. Furman. Pp. xii. +z6g. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.). 17s. 6d. Neutralizations ; amphoteric compounds ; colour change of indicators ; colorimetric determination of hydrogen-ion concentrations and its applications ; indicator papers ; theory of indicators. “Oil Industries, Chemistry of thc.” J. E. Southcombe. Pi). ix.+224. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.). 12s. 6d. Introductory organic chemistry ; theory of the colloidal state ; mineral oils; natural sources ; preparation, composition and properties of the saponifiable oils and fats ; impurities and methods of removal ;natural waxes ; analytical methods ;industrial application ; burning oils, edible oils and margarines ; saponification on a technical scale ; candle mmii -facture; soap; glycerine.“Organic Chemical Analysis, Qualitative and Quantitative, A Student’s Manual of.” J. F. Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley. Re-issue with appendix on new methods of organic analysis, by H. Ter Meulen and J. Heslinga. Pp. x+250. (London: Longmans Green & Co.). 9s. “Petroleum Technology, The Scientific Principles of .” L. Gurwitsch, translated and revised by H. Moore. Pp. xvi.+470. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.). 25s. Part I : Raw material; constituents of petroleum ; natural gas ;physicalproperties; characteristics of crude petroleum oils. Part I1: Manu-facture ; distillation ; cracking ; sulphuric, alkali and other processes of refining; distillation of waste products.Part I11 : Products; benzine ; illuminating and lubricating oils; paraffin wax and vaselines. 295 “Tobacco Culture: A Comparison of methods adopted in the United States and in Nyasaland.” A. J. W. Hornby. Pp. 89. (Zomba: The Government Printer, Nyasaland.) 5s. 6d. The Institute has received a copy of Art de L’Ingknieur et M&allurgie : Risistance des Materiaux et Donnies Numeriques Diverses rkdigkes par L. Descroix. This publication is produced as one of the series of Tables Annuelles de Constantes et Donnbes Numbriques, published under the patronage of the International Council of Research and of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, by the International Committee ap- pointed at the Seventh Congress of Applied Chemistry, held in London in June, 1909.The section dealing with “Engineering -Metallurgy,’’ ex-tracted from Volume V, is being issued at special rates to the members of recognised societies : Fellows and Associates of the Institute can obtain bound copies at 94.50 frs. instead of 126 frs., and paper-bound copies at 78.75 frs. instead of 105 frs. Applications for copies should be made to Dr. Ch. Marie, 9, Rue des Bagneux, Paris, VI. 296 Obituary. ~COBERT NWOLLENNOXdied at Lewisham, on 1st Novoinber, in his G7th year. He was a pupil of and afterwards assistant to Professor Dittrnar at Anderson’s College, Glasgow, and during that time was engaged on chemical investigations in connection with the ChallengerExpedition. In 1881, he was appointed chemical assistant in the labora- tories of the Royal Institution where he remained until 1910, being asso- ciated with Sir James Dewar in his experimental work on the lique-faction of gases, and in his chemical aid physical researches at low tempera- tures.He had much to do also with acid resisting alloys, etc., such as “tantiron,” which are much used in chemical works. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1916. CHARLESRUMBLEdied at Streatham on the 14th October in his 74th year. He attended courses at the Birkbeck College and King’s College, London, and also at the Royal College of Science and in 1889 became assistant to Mr.W. H. Hatcher in the Belmont Works of Price’s Candle Company, where in due course he became managing chemist, which position he retained until his retirement some years ago. He devised an instrument for testing viscosity of oils, of which the standard Redwood Viscometer is a modification. This, Sir Boverton Redwood acknowledged in a paper read before the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in March 1886. In conjunction with Mr. Sear, he patented a method of preparing safety cloth oils, and his name is also associated in a patent for improvement in the production of glycerine. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. WILLIAMAuGusTus TILDENwas born in London on 15th August, 1842. He was educated at Kidderminster Grammar School, at various private schools, and at Bedford Modern School, and studied science at the School of t’ho Pharmaceutical Society, where he won the first Bell Scholarship.He attended Hofmann’s lectures at the Royal College of Chemistry from 1860 until 1862, when he became engaged in the research laboratory of Dr. Stenhouse at Islington, where he was associated with the late Prof. Meldola, Charles E. Groves and Mr. Thomas Bolas. In 1863 he was appointed Demonstrator in chemistry at the Phar- maceutical Society, where he remained for seven years, during which time he obtained the degree of B.Sc. (London) being placed first in the honours list. In 1871, ho proceeded to the higher degree of D.Sc., and in 1872 was appointed senior science master at Clifton College, where he remained until 1850, in which year he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.In the same year he was elected to the Chair of Chemistry at Mason College,-now the University,-Birmingham, which he occupied until 1894. He then succeeded Prof .-later Sir Edward-Thorpe, as Professor of Chemistry in the Royal College of Science, London, where he remained until 1909. He was President of the Chemical Section of the British 297 Association at its meeting in Bath in 1888, and President of the Institute from 1891 to 1894. He was Treasurer of the Chemical Society from 1899 to 1903 and President from 1903 to 1905. He was appointed Dean of the Royal College of Science in 1905, received the Davy Medal of the Royal Society in 1908.He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Science of the University of Dublin in 1892, and on his retirement, in 1909, was appointed Emeritus Professor in the Imperial College of Xcicnct. and Technology and received the honour of Knighthood. His publishd work iiwlutles ail Inlrocluctioia to C‘hernical Philosophy ( 187Ci), Practical Cherktvy (1880), Hints on il’cachiny C‘heinistry (1895), ,Short History of the Progrebs of Scientijiic Chemistry ( 1899), The Elements (1910), Chemical Discovery and Irwention ii~the l’werbtieth C’entuiy (1917), The Life of Sir Williurn Rarnsay (1918), and E’arnous Chertiists ; illhe Men and their Work (1921). Sir William was known for hi5 work on the specific heat of metals and the relation of specific heat to atomic weight, arid for his invcstigations into the nature of terpenes and the hydrocarbons derived from pinewood.In 1874, he prepared the nitroso-chloride of pinene, and, by showing how isoprene can be polymerized irit,o rubber, he indicated the possibility of its synthetic manufacture. He died at Northwood on 11th December, 1926. Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, Past President, and the Registrar represented the Institute at the funeral which took place iii Northwood Parish Church on the 15th December. 298 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on ~9thNovember and 17th December, 1926, 3 new Fellows were elected, 4 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 59 new Associates were elected and 31 Students were admitted.The Institute has lost 3 Fellows by death. New Fellows. Morgan, Howard Houlston, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.H.C.S., Revelstoke, Slough, Bucks. Oberlander, Otto, Ph.D. (Heid.), 29-31, Queen Street, London, Bl.C.4. Rakshit, Jitendra Nath, Ghazipur, United Provinces, India. Associate elected to the Fellowship (by examination). Snelus, Miss Suzanne Mabel Lavinia, 67, Elgin Mansions, London, W.9 Associates elected to the Fellowship, Gaunt, Eufus, M.Sc. (Leeds), Ph.D. (Rcrlin), 60, Bent Lane, Pretjtwich, Manchester. Gupta, Iresh Chandra, M.Sc. (Cal.), c/o H.M. Mint, Bombay. Woodhead, John Ezra, B.Sc. (Lond.),22, Sancroft Street, London, S.E.ll. New Associate elezted after Oral Examination under clause C” of regulations (fi. 14).Newington, Frederick Henry, 6, St. Ursula Grove, Southsoa. New hssooiates (elected without Examination). Bailey, Wilfred Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 16, Heathwood Gardens, Old Charlton, London, S.E.7. Barnicoat, Cuthbert Richmond, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 29, Brougham Street, Wellington, New Zealand. Bell, James, jr., B.Sc. (Glas.), 3, Finnart Terracc, Creenock. Blundell, Reginald Walter, M.Sc. (Sheff.), c/o Deputy Controller, Imperial War Graves Commission, Longuenesse, St. Omer, Pas-de -Calais France. Bond, Arthur James, B.Sc. (Birm.), 142, Broinsgrove Street, Birmingham. Bowles, Reginald Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Lambourn Road, Clapham, London, S.W.4. Butcher, Noel Felix Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.), Broadway, Waywards Heath, Sussex. Charles, Frank Roland, 1B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., 186, Eswyn Road, Tooting, London, S.W.17. Cochran, Kenneth Haldane, M.A., B.Sc. (St. Andrews), Duneam, Hamilton Road, Mount Vernon, Glasgc )\v. Colyer, Miss Brenda Hastings, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Palace Road, Streitthani Hill, London, S.W.2. Corran, Robert Frederick, B.Sc. (Liv.), 86, Upper Hill Street, Prince’s Park, Liverpool. 299 Davies, Walter Culr, B.Sc. (Wales), 9, Grove Place, Penarth, S. Wales. Duffin, Walter Mark, I3.Sc. (Lond.), A R.C.S., 35, Binfield Road, Clapham, London, S.W.4. Eaves, Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 112, Russell Avenue, Wood Green, London, N.22. Evans, Sidney Ungoed, B.Sc. (Wales), Ungoed Stores, Gorseinon, Swansea. Ferrey, George James Watson, B.Sc. (Mane.), Newlyn, Campbell Road, Swinton, nr.Manchester. Fleming, Peter, B.Sc. (Edin.), Main Street, Balerno, Midlothian. Foster, Laurence Dallington, &l.Sc. (N.Z.), Chemistry Section, Depart- ment of Agriculture, JT7ellington, New Zealand. Foxton, Frederick, B.Sc. (Liv.), 9, Scarisbrick Avenue, Litherlaiitl , Liverpool.Gait, Alban JamtAs, M.Sc. ( liontl.), Allandalc, Feltham Road, Ashford, Middlesex. Gardner, Alexander, M.Sc. (S.A.),21, Tliomson Street!, Clydebank, Glasgow. Grieve, Henry Osburn, B.Sc. (Eclin.), The Square, Kirkliston, Scotland. Grieve, Stanley Trothowa, M.cCc. (Louisiana), 43, Grove Park Gardens, Chiswick, London, W.4. Hamer, Philip, B.A. (Oxon.), 108, Idmiston Road, West Norwood, London, S.E.27. Hayes, Richard Sydney, 13.8~.(Birm.), 19, Woodbrooke Road, Bournville Birmingham.Hedges, Ernest Sydney, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Mane.), Bedford College, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 1. Hillman, Herbert Colston, B.Sc. (Bris.), 5, Pembroke Street, Swindon. Huntley, Arthur Ryland, R.Rc. (Bris.), Kosemount, Lyncornbe Hill, Beth. Ingharn, Bcrtram Hobart, M.So. (Manc.), Yew Hank, La,ngham Road, Bowdon. James, William Stanley, B.Sc. (Wales), 13, Digby Mansioris, Harnmtr- smith Bridge, London, MT.6. Jones, Arthur Frederick, B.Xc. (Lond.), Wesleyan Methodists’ Missionary Society High School, Belize, British Honduras. Kieser, Miss Margaret Elizabeth, B.Sc. (Bris.), 42, ttavenswood Road, Redland, Bristol. Levy, Miss Eva Rebecca, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, St. James’ Mansions, West Hampstcaci, London, N.W.6.Lloyd, Ellis, B.Sc. (Wales), Bronwydd, Griffithstown, nr. Newport, Mon. Lyle, William Claude, B.Sc. (Glas.), 308, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow. Macleod, Donald Hamilton, B.Sc. (Glas.),3, Burnbank Terrace, Glasgow. Macmillan, William George, B.Sc. (hbercl.),32, Ferryhill Place, Aberdeen. Maw, William, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dun.). Governmcnt Laboratory, Clement’s Inn Passage, Strand, London, W.C. 2. Menon, Chenglath Kunhirsma, B.A. (Madras), B.hlct. (Sheff.), ‘rho University, St. George’s Square, Shefield. Mukerjee, Binay Chandra, iL1.Sc. (Cd.), Office of the Metallurgical Inspector, Indian Stores Department, Jamshedpur, U.P., India. McDowoll, Charles Stophen, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.),33, Wellington Park, Belfast. Nuttall-Smith, Ralph Nuttall, B.A.(Oxon.), 13, Northam Road, Oxford, Orrell, William Ramsden, K.Sc. (Mane.), 17,Wyresdale Road, Bolton, Lancs. Pouncy, Allan Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Tanntifelcl Road, Sydenham. London, S.E.26. Pounder, Donald Whitworth, B.Sc. (Birm.),79, Springfield Road, Moseley, Birmingham. Riddell, Andrew Campbell, 1B.Sc. (Glas.), 57, Albert Road, Gourock, Renfrewshire. Shipp. Henry Leigh, B.Sc. (Lond.), Wayside, The Ridge Way, Sanderstead Smith, Miss Margaret Llowellyn, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, The Grove, Highgate, London, N.6. 300 Smith, Robert Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.). 254, Higham Hill Roar\, ITal-thamstow, London, E.17. Spencer, John Herbert, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon .), 22, Highfield Terrace, Parkinson Lane, Halifax. Spilhaus, Karl Wilhelm, B.Sc. (Lond.), Lubeck, Lochiel Road, Rondebosch, Cape, S.Africa. Storm, Herbert Carl, B.A. (Cepe), Ph.D. (Zurich), Glen School of Agri-culture, Glen, O.F.S., S. Africa. Walkden, James, M.Sc. (Vict.), 33, Hemming Street, Winnington, North- wich. Walker, Leslie Arthur, B.Sc. (Birm.), 61, Pershore Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Watson, Eric Mervyn, R.Sc. (W.A.), 12, Bernard Street, Claremont, Western Australia. White, Leonard John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Hrocklehurst Street, London, S.E.14. Willavoys, Herbert James, R.Sc. (Bns.), Gordon Terrace, Brimscombe, nr. Stroud, Glos. W7itt, Frank, R.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 136, Manners Road, Southsea. New Students. Baker, Herbert Charles, 22, Birchington Road, Kilburn, London, N.W.6. Bennett, William Herbert, 16, Warrender Road, Tufnell Park, London, N.19.Burt, Rex, Hinton, Druid Stoke Avenue, Stoke Bishop, Bristol. Cameron, Allan, A.M.C.T., 16, Scarsdale Road, Victoria Park, Manchester. Charlton, Frank Evan, 17, Bath Street, Finsbury, London, E.C.l. Clark, James Frederick, 35, Ennismore Street, Burnley. Coats, Percy Murray, University Union, College Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Courtier, Geoffrey Bernard, Mount View, Dollis Avenue, Finchley, London, N.3. Cowan, Harold McNeill, 35, Ward Avenue, Bangor, Co. Down. Davies, David Percy, 231, Cowbridge Road, Cardiff. Dudman, Miss Violet Dorothy, 42, Garfield Road, Lavender Hill, London, S.W.11. Farmer, Charles Sandell, Marlborough House, Wardle Road, Sale, Farmer, Philip Arnold, 7, Upper Park Fields, Putney, London, S.W.15.Foster, Denis, 22, Duffield Road, Pendleton, Manchester. Hamence, Jack Hubert, 18, Cranfield Road, Brockley, London, S.E.4. Hatcher, Frederic William, Standene, Bridge Road, Epsom. Kempton, William John Horell, 34, Raglan Road, Plum?tead, London, S.E.18. Newns, John Edward, 8, Glen Street, Cheetham Hill, Manchester. Oliver, George Frederick, 39, Cantcrbury Road, Brixton, London, S.W.9. Parker, Miss Margaret, 91, Armadale Street, Dennistoun, Glasgow. Rosen, Miss Olga Naomi, 59, Brondesbury Road, London, N.W.6. Saunders, Sydney Leonard Morgan, 6, Woodgrange Gardens, Woodhouse Road, N. Finchley, London, N.12. Sellman, Miss Tillie, 27, Osbaldeston Road, London, N. 16. Shaw, Otto Leslie, Betula, Park View Road, London, S.E.9.Smith, Percy, 23, Langworthy Road, Salford. Spackman, Norman, Craigside, Bath Road, Worcester. Statton, Archibald George, Forest Cottage, Kensington Road, Redland, Bristol. Tomlinson, Leslie George, 34, Haddon Street, Derby. Warren, Leonard Arthur, 16, Bourne Hill, Palmers Green, London, N.13. Weston, Bernard Allan, 51, Queens Road, Leigh-on-Sea. Younger, James John, 637, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.16. 301 DEATHS. Fellows. Robert Nicol Lennox. Charles Rumble. Sir William Augustus Tilden, D.Sc., F.R.S. REGISTER-ADDRESSES UNKNOWN. The Registrar would be greatly obliged if any member who knows the address of any of the following Fellows and Associates would kindly communicate with him, giving the required information.F. Alford, H. J. A. McParland, A. Q. A. Allan, H. A. Morris, E. F. A. Asherson, N. A. Neilson, J. F. A. F. a. A. Bamford, F. Beynon, E. 31. Brazier, W.E. Bayley, F.s. A. F. A. A. Newton, A. U. Norris, W. H. H. Oriel, J. A. Purdon, A. 0. A. Brown, I. V. F. Reeve, H. T. A. Burton, J. A. Richards, C. H. A. Cousins, F. G. A. Richards, 144. ill. A. A. Coyle, V. I. Craddock, G. L3 A. A. Richardson, E. Robinson, E. A. A. F. Crook, S. E. Cunningham, H. J. Davies, P. M. F. A. A. Roos, C. B. Scott, $3. H. Scott, J. L. A. Evans, H. G. F. Scott-Smith, G. E. F. A. Fraser, J. I). Gartlner, illrs. U. E. P. A. A. Sellars, E. L. Siderfin, N. 3:. A. 3’. A. A. F. A. F. A. A. A. A. Gifford, E. C. Goldsbrough, H.A. Hampson, 33. E. V. Harrap, F. N. Hay, J. G. Hazeldoii, J. N. Head, C. J. Highfield, A. Hodkin, I?. W. Holligctn, P. T. Holmes, F. H. A. A. A. I?. A. F. A. A. h. I!. A. Singh, K. Smith, H. L. Stern, H. Stevens, 31. 11-. Storer, G. 1’. Stuart, C. M. Sugden, It. Talbot, Ic. Thudichum, G. P. Wallace, Miss D. 0. Sykes, 1,. S. A. A. Hughes, E. W. Jarrard, mT.J. A. A. Waters, P. MT. Webster, T. A. F. Johnson, E. E. A. Weil, J. A. A. Judd, Miss H. M. A. JVeil, V. M. A. A. A. A. A. A. Kear, 1. E. Kenny, T. C. Kotihhaskar, M. (4. Mackley, F. McLaren, Mias M. C. Lodge, (2. A. I?. A. A. A. A. Weston, E. 1’. Whewell, G. Wignall, H. Wisp, J. F. Worcester, D. Yeats, H. 302 General Notices. MeI doI a MedaI.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award; without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, the administrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928 the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age, provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval, military or air service.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person.The Council will be glad to have attention directed (before 1st January, 1927) to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1927will be made in January, 1928. Sir George Beilby Memorial.-The Joint Committee of Officers and representatives of the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Metals, and the Society of Chemical Industry will be glad to receive further contributions towards the fund for the establishment of a menlorial to the late Sir George Beilby, towards which a sum of i3260 has already been subscribed. From the income of the Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, awards will be made to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work in science, bcaring in mind the special interests of Sir George Beilby, viz., applied chemistry, chemical engineering, and metallurgy. The proposal does not imply an award on the result of a competition for work on a set 303 theme or the solution of a definite scientific problem, but the recognition of work of exceptional merit.Contributions may be addressed to the Hon. Secretaries, Beilby Memorial Fund, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. Examinations in 1 927.-The arrangements for exaniina- tions for Associateship and Fellowship during 1927 are as follows: Dates of Exams. Entries close. 25th to 30th April. Monday, 14th Feb., 1927. or 2nd to 7th May. 19th to 24th Sept. Monday, 18th July, 1927. or 26th Sept, to 1st Oct.Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to January, 1924, who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations for admission to the Fellowship. Appointments Registep.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry 'who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications €or this privilege be endorsed by their Professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary.304 The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail-able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on weekdays (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal.Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms :-Buckram case, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. 9d.; pQstage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern SIides for Lectu res.-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose. The collection 305 includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry.Changes of Address,-In view of the expciise involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments : 6th Edition, 1927. --The sixth edition of A List of Oficial Cheunical Appoi?ztments is is now in preparation. Corrections and suggestions which may increase the usefulness of the List, will be welcomed. Com-munications should be addressed to the Registrar. District Members of Council.-The following have been returned as District Members of Council to take office at the Annual General Meeting to he held on Tuesday, 1st March, I927 :-(ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties : Frank Southerden, B.Sc.(iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast : Two Fellows have been nominated and balloting papers are being cir- culated to members in this District. (iv) London and South-Eastern Counties: Lewis Eynon, B.Sc. (v) Manchcster and District : William Marshall. (vi) North-East Coast and Yorkshire : Percy Ewart Bowles, Ph.D. (vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: John Adam Watson, A.C.G.I. (viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland: Walter Henry Coleman. (ix) Wales and the County of Monmoutlishire: Christopher Maurice Walter Grieb, BSc. (x) Northern Ireland: Joseph Harold Totton, B.A., BSc.(xi) Irish Free State: Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.C.Sc.1. (xii) The Overseas Dominions, The Empire of India, and Abroad: Frankland Dent, Ph.D., M.Sc. 306 Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council:-By-law 26. (1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidatc. for election as a General Member of the Coimcil, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form : “We the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland do hereby certify that A.B., of (registeredaddress) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Councilof the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in likr? form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24 (2). No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer, for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council arid the vacancy shall be filled up as on a, casual vacancy.Nominations must be received before 4 9.m. on Tuesday, 18th January, 1927. The Annual General Meeting will be held on Tuesday, Ist March. The names of the President, Vice-presidents and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, and who are ineligible for re-election as such, are as follows: President: George Gerald Henderson, D.Sc., F.R.S. ; Vice-Presidents : Edward Charles Cyril Baly, C,B.E,, F.R.S., Alfred Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., Thomas Slater Price, O.B.E., F.R.S., Edward William Voelcker, A.R.S.M. ; Members of Council : Richard Henry Greaves, D.Sc., William Henry Lewis, M.A., Robert Selby Morrell, M.A., Ph.D., Frank Lee Pyman, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S., Clarence Arthur Seyler, B.Sc., Arthur Slator, D.Sc., Ph.D., Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.R.E., F.R.S., James Fowler Tocher, DSc.307 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES, MARCH TO DECEMBER, 1926. Council. Council in Committees. Uommittee. G. G. Henderson, Pres. Glasgow . . E. C. C. Baly, V.P. LiverpoolE. R. Bolton, V.-P. London .. A. Chaston Chapman, V.-P. London .. .. .. .. .. 6 1 7 3 31 3 19 7 4 1 10 1 T. Slater Price, V.-P. London E. W. Voelcker, V.-P. London €1. G. Colman, V.-P. London 1’. H. Kirkaldv. Trects. London . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 5 6 7 11 19 22 31 I1 16 14 31 F.W. F. Arniud ..Maidstone .. 3 0 5 2 H. C. L. Bloxam A. J. ChapmanG. C ClaytonJ. W. Cobb .. .. .. .. Newcastle-on-Tyno 3 London .. .. 6 Chester .. .. 3 Leeds .. .. 0 0 ti 0 0 8 18 15 0 0 12 1 0 W. H. Coleman .. London .. .. 1 2 0 0 W. l\iI GummingFrankland Dent L. Dobbin .. J. C. Drummond .. .. .. .. GlasgowLondon .. Edinburgh London .. .. .. .. .. 1 7 2 4 0 5 2 0 10 1(j 10 1 0 16 2 0 13. Dyer .. A. V. Elsden .. .. London London .. . . .. .. 6 5 2 3 5 1 3 3 8 11. J. Evans . W. 1%. Fearori .. .. Dublin .. Liverpool .I .. 1 3 1 0 ) I 2 0 A. G. Francis .. London . . .. T n 3 3 T. Gray . . R.H. Greaves C. A.I!. Hast-ilow Ei. M. Hawkins I. M. Hailbroil E. Hinks .. .. .. .. .. .. .. London .. Glasgow BirminghamCanterbury LiverpoolLondon .... .. .. .. .. .. .) 2 3 7 3 ) 7 3 1 1 7 0 5 2 1ti 12 27 7 14 0 1 23 1 14 > I A. W. KnappW, H. Lewis T. LMacara .. H. G. niIcLellaii .. .. .. .. BirminghamExeter . . Londoii . . Yorlr .. .. .. .. .* 5 4 (i 3 0 0 5 3 7 5 I (i 10 1 0 13 0 S.E. MellingR. S. Morroll L. G. Paul .. .. .. .. Manchestor . . Huddersfield .. Wolverhamptori I 4 3 0 1 0 1 0 2 10 2 1 0 F. L. PymaiiL. G. Radcliffe .. .. Mancliester Manchester .. . . 5 2 0 3 4 1 1 0 E. K. Rideal W. Rintoul .. .. .. CambridgeArdrossan .. .. 3 1 3 1 2 4 0 0 I?. Scholefield .. Manchester .. 1 0 7 1 C. A. Seyler .. A. Slator . . .. .. Swansea .. .. Burton -on-Treil t 2 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 F. Southerden .. Exeter .. .. T I 5 0 J. F. ThorpeXJ. F. Tocher .... London .. Aberdeen .. .. 4 5 1 1 14 5 0 0 J. H. Totton .. Belfast .. .. 1 0 2 1 * Abroad for three months.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9265000245

出版商:RSC    

年代:1926

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

308 Index. Accounts (1925), 18, 70 Address, Pwsident’s, 77 American Chemical Society, 141 Annual Chemical Dinner, 12th November, 1926, 244 Annual General Meeting, 69 Aiiiiual Report, 3 Anti-Knock Compounds, 283 Applied Chemistry in the Training of Chemists, Place of, 11 Appointments, 249 Appointments Register, 14, 59, 67, 88, 122, 160, 204, 239, 249, 303 Asaociazor~e ltaliaria Di Chemica, 130 Attendances at Meetings of the Council and Committees, 1926, 307 ,4uditors (1926-1927), ti8 Auditors Report of, 17 Belfast and Dis1,rict Xectioii, 25, 00, 133, 173, 252 Belfast Resolutions, S7 Benevolent Fuid, 7, 21, 62, 67, 89, 132 Birmingham tmd Micllatlds Bectiurl, 25, 94, 136, 251 huh a~itltheir Contmth, 45, 115, 156, 193, 231, 294 Botany, Soirio ICuonoiiiiu ,Ispects of,30 Bristol arid South-Western Coun-ties Section, 30, 90, 137, 173, 214 British Empire Exhibition, 5 British Engineering Standards Asso- ciation, 5, 260 Cape Town Section, 137, 214, 261 Censors (1926-1927), .66 Chemical Control in the Beet Sugar Industry, 30 Ulicmical l<ducation, 133 Chemical Industry Club, 40 Chemical Society Library, 5, 89, 142 Chemical Trades Advisory Corn-mitteo, U.L.C.I., G Chemistry as a Career, 254 Chemist and the Community, 653 Chemists’ Dinner, 1926, 172 Civil Service Chemists, 219 Committees (1926-1927), 66 Congress of Chemists, 23, 127 165, 200 Contact Process for thc Manu-facture of Sulphuric Acid, The, 30 Contracts of Service, 183 Copyright, 87 Council, Committees and Reprc-sentativcs, 4, 87 Council, Nominatioris of the (1926-1927), 27 (1927-1928) 306 Council, Report of, 3, 73 Deaths, 3 Disease, Susceptibility to, Edinburgh and East of Section, 139, 262 Election of Council, 251 107 Swtlaiitl Election of District Aleirihers of Council, 241, :I06 Electro Chcmical hdmtries iii South Africa, The Possibilities of, 214 Evolution CJf thc Chcriiixt, and Ilia Position iii lnclust,ry, 32 Exa,riiiiitttions, 10, 41, 144, 203, 220, 238 Examiners Board of, (19%- 1W7), 68 Exhibition of Laboratory Ap-paratus, 165 Experiences of a City Analyst,The, 94 Factory and Workshop Act, 249 Faraday Centenary, 5 Federal Council, 36 Feeding Stuffs, 23 Fermentation Industries, The Fuiiu-tions of a Chemist iii the, 137 Fertilisors and Feeding Stuff F Bill, S, 12, 170 Fifth Ramsay Jlirincr, The, 264 309 Finance and House Committee, 6, 129 Finsbury Technical College, 8, 172, 209 Food and Drugs Act, 165 General Purposes Committee, 8, 66 General Notices, 59, 122, 160, 203, 237, 302 Gifts, 6 Glands, The Endocrine, 140 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 95, 217, 263 Blasgow Herald, Articles contributed to, 264 Glassware, Standardisation Com-mittee, 5 Heat Engine Trials, 5 High Energy Chemistry, 95 Honorary Corresponding Secre- taries, 14, 131 Honours, 183 Huddersfield Section, 95, 266 Income Tax, 286 Indian Ordnance Department, 129 Industry, Sonie Difficulties in the Application of Science to, 252 Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London), 112, 143, 293 Institute, Roll of, 3 Institutions, 210 Irish Free State Section, 30, 267 Journal and Proceedings, 11, 40, 130, 131, 139 Junior Chemist, What the Manu- facturer Expects of the, 48 Lecture, 249 Leeds Area Section, 31, 267 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 8 Libraries Directory, Special, 185 Library, The, 60, 116, 123, 161, 204, 239, 304 Liverpool and North Western Sec- tion, 33, 96, 139, 218, 268 Local Sections, 13, 25, 90, 133, 173, 214, 250, 252 London and South Eastern Counties Section, 34, 96, 271 Nanchester and District Section, 37, 103, 139, 274 Meldola Library, 209 Meldola Medal, 11, 69, 203,237, 302 Members Abroad, 2 19 Metals and Alloys, The Crystallisa- tion of, 38 Microscopy of Coal, The, 108 Milk, 24 Mines Department, 210 Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 5 Ministry of Education (NorthernIrelancl) 13 Ministry of Health, 5 Ministry of Labour, 5 Molecules, Long Chain, 37 National Certificates in Chemistry, 13, 187 National Health Insurance, 13, 46 National Milk Conference, 130 Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast Section, 38, 106, 280 New Zealand, 88, 130 Nomenclature, Chemical, 37 Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 9 Notes, 113, 141, 183, 219, 286 Notices, General, 59, 122, 160, 203, 237 Obituary, 44, 114, 157, 190, 230, 296 Officers and Council, List of, 65 Official Chemical Appointments : 6th Edition (1927), 240, 305 Optical Convention (1926), 24 Oxygen in the Structure of In-organic Salts, The Function of, 96 Pectins, The Chemistry of the, 90 Pharmacy and Poisons Acts, 169, 210, 247 Pharmacy and Poisons Bil1,Northern Ireland, 8 President’s Address, 77 Proceedings of the Council, 23, 87, 127, 165, 209, 247 Professional Certificates, 184 Progress in the Fine Chemical Industry, Five Years of, 34 Public Appointments, committee, 12, 165 Publications Committee, 2, 11, 64, 66, 126, 164, 208, 246 Publicity, 23 Regent Street, Polytechnic, 11 Register, 4, 57, 130, 158, 196, 206, 232, 298 Registration, 24, 141, 170 Regulations, 88, 132, 209 Resistance Glasses, Modern, 38 Rble of Chemical Research in Industries other than the Manu- facture of Chemioals, The, 96 3 10 Roll of Institute, The, 3 Science and the Conceit of Ignorance, The Nescienct of, 102 Scottish Board of Health, ti Scrutineers, Report of, 74 Sewage Analysis, 5 Sir Edward Frankland Prize arid Medal, 247 Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, 5, 16, 61, 124, 162, 205, 238, 302 Sir William Tilden, Death of, 247 Sixth Congress of Industrial Cheil.istry, Brussels, 1926, 185 Smokeless Fuel Problem, The, 90 Socidt6 do Chimie Industriolle, 5, 113, 142 South Wales Section, 38, 108, 283 Special Comrnittecs (1926-1927), Special Committee on Registration, Report of, 174 Spectroscope and its Applications in Industry, The, 261 Streatfeild Memorial Leetiire, 209. 237, 287 Substitutes for Ethyl Alcohol, 182, 211, 249 Sulphuric Acid Concentration, 138 Taxation of Scientific Institutions, 184 Teachers in Technical Institutions, D Textile Institute, 5 Textile Chemist, The Training of a, 267 Therapeutics Substances Act, 13, 132, 168

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9265000308

出版商:RSC    

年代:1926

数据来源: RSC