THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1886. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART I: 1940. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secvetavv. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, January, rgqo. Publications Committee, 1939-40. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, H. E. COX, G. M. DYSON, A. FINDLAY, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, H. HUNTER, J. R. JOHNSON, EDGAR LEWIS, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. J. NOLAN, F.M. ROWE, S. B. WATKINS. Photo by W. A. S. CALDEIC [H.J. Whitlock & Sons, Lid.President: I 939-1940. 3 upon to assist the State in securing the services of scientific personnel, so necessary in such critical times. The ready response of the chemist, in common with other professional men, to the call of the Minister of Labour for the formation of the Central Register, from which could be drawn those with special experience in any branch of work, has proved invaluable. It is supplemented by the service of the Institute in supplying technical personnel for Industry, as well as for pur- poses of defence,-notably in securing volunteers as Gas Identi- fication Officers under the Air Raid Precautions organisation of the Home Office. An Emergency Committee consisting of all the Honorary Officers of the Institute, with power to co-opt was appointed to deal with any emergency that might arise in connexion with the affairs of the Institute.The executive officers of the Institute have endeavoured to keep themselves fully informed as to the progress of affairs, in order to be able to answer enquiries regarding many questions arising especially among students and younger members with regard to military and other forms of service. The Council of the Institute has also been interested in matters relating to the decontamination of food affected by poison gas during air raids, the decontamination of leather similarly affected, the position of chemical research students and part-time technical college students in relation to military service, and the supply of labor at ory apparatus.Incidentally, the Council has dealt with the possibility of emergency organisations, while awaiting the call of regular duty, interfering with the private practice of independent consultants. 3. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. This record covers the twelve months ending 26th January, 1940. Since the publication of the Report for 1938-39, 86 new Fellows have been elected, of whom 72 were formerly Associates, and I Fellow has been re-elected. 426 new Associates have been elected, of whom 129 were Registered Students, and 8 Associates have been re-elected. 196 new Registered Students have been admitted, and 2 Students re-admitted. 5 The Council records with regret the deaths of 34 Fellows, 10 Associates and z Students, namely:- Fellows Edward Richards Bolton.Chaales Herbert Bothamley. Henry Charles Brown. William Thomas Burgess. William Alexander Skeen Calder, President. John Alexander Cockburn. Archibald Edgar Collens. Alfred Colley. Reginald Craven. William Risdon Criper. Richard ,!UgUf3tUS Cripps.William Duncan. Frank George Edmed, O.B.E., Member of Coumil. Walter Myers Gardner. Thomas Hartley. Hubert Henry Hazel. Henry Francis Everard Hulton. Francis Herbert Jennison. Albert Theodore King. Frederick Charles Alfred Hyatt Lantsberry. Henry Turner Lea. Thomas Henry Lloyd. Edward Lodge. Henry Louis. Stevenson John Charles George Macadam. Edmund Neville Nevill, F.R.S. Sir William Jackson Pope, K.B.E., F.R.S.Eric Hanneford Richards. Frank Thomas Shutt, C.B.E. Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., F.R.S., President, 1927-1930. William Versfeld. Edward John Way. Richard Vernon Wheeler. Sidney Williamson. William Suddaby Cooper.William Collins Forsyth. Herbert John George. Charles Oswald Frewen Jenkin. John Nixon. Robert Christie Smith. Anthony Berry Trickett. Dudley Gordon Ward. John Henry Wesley Willstrop. John Alexander Wilson. Registered Students Stanley Thomas Hill. Arthur Stanley Moorey. 6 The Council has accepted the resignations of 5 Fellows, 31 Associates and 20 Students. The names of 4 Students have been removed from the Register in accordance with the By-laws. The Register at 26th January, 1940,contains the names of 2239 Fellows, 5315 Associates (in all 7554 members), and 781 Registered Students. The number of members has increased by 369 (48 Fellows and 321 Associates), and the number of Registered Students has increased by 42.At the date of this Report many Fellows, Associates and Registered Students are on National Service. 4. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIVES. The Council has held IZ meetings; the Committees, Sub- committees and Board of Examiners have held 52 meetings. COMMITTEESAND CHAIRMEN. Appointments .. .. . . Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Vice-President. Bernard F. Howard, Hon.Benevolent Fund . . .. Treasurer until May, 1939;Finance and House .. since, J. C. White. Legal and Parliamentary .. ..The President. Nominations, Examinations and The President, with Institutions .. .. .. Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe, Vice-President, as Vice-chairman. Pedler Scholarship Fund . . .. Dr. F. H. Carr. Publications and Library . . .. W. J. A. Butterfield. Joint Committee with the Board of Education (National Certificates inchemistry) .. .. .. The President. Joint Committee with the Scottish Education Department (National Certificates) .. G. G. Henderson, F.R.S. Supplemental Charter The President. STATUTORYAPPOINTMENT. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Vice-President,-on the Poisons Board, constituted under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933. The Institute has been represented as follows:- The (late) President,--on the Chemical Council, on the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Committee, the British Management Council, and the Industrial Chemistry Committee of the Ministry of Labour.Sir Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., Past President,---on the Parlia- mentary Science Committee. 7 Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., Vice-President, Past PrMident,-on the Advisory Council of the Ministry of Labour, and on the National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society. Sir Jocelyn Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President,-on the Chemical Council, and on the Advisory Committee on the Dyeing of Textiles of the City and Guilds of London Institute in connexion with the Examinations of the Department of Technology. (The late) Mr. F. G. Edmed, O.B.E., Member of Council,-on the Chemical Council.Professor H. V. A. Bnscoe, Vice-president, Mr. H. W. Cremer, Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., and Dr. E. Vanstone,-on the Joint Library Committee of the Chemical Society. Dr. Harold G. Colman,-on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. Mr. William Herbert Simmons,-on the Oils, Fats and Waxes Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute. Dr. J. F. Tocher,--on the Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act. Dr. Douglas F. Twiss, &!ember of Council,-at the Rubber Technology Conference. The Registrar,-on the Headmasters of Secondary Schools Employment Committee, Ministry of Labour, and on the Parliamen-tary Science Committee,-now the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. The Assistant Secretary,---on the Chemical Trades’ Advisory Committee, and the Chemical Trades’ Examination Board, of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes.Several conferences and congresses to which the Council had been invited to appoint, and had appointed, delegates, were not held owing to the war. Fellows have represented the Institute on the Council of the Chemical Division and on Committees and Sub-committees of the British Standards Institution and have co-operated in the drafting of Specifications for Standards and by giving their opinions on Draft Specifications. Mr. Leslie Aitchison,-Chemical and Chemical Plant for Electro-plating; Plated Finishes for Fittings and Equipment. Mr. S. A. Brazier,-Tests for Rubber and Rubber Products.(Draft Methods of Test have been prepared for Latex and Unvulcanised Rubber as well as for Vulcanised Rubber.) Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Vice-president, Dr. E. H. Farmer,Member of Council, Dr. A. G. Francis, Member of Council, Mr. W. G. Messenger, and the Assistant Secretary,-on Technical Committee CIS on Standardisation of Scientific Glassware. Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Member of CounciZ,--on the Chemical Divisional Council, and on a Committee to co-ordinate the work of the Building, Chemical and Engineering Divisional Councils in its Relation to Industrial Units and Data. 8 Dr. Harold G. Colman,-Benzole for Motor Fuel; Sampling of Tar Products. Dr. J.J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E.,-Analysis of Chemicals and Materi& used in Electro-plating.Mr. Walter C. Hancock,-High Alumina Cements. Mr. F. W. Harbord, C.B.E.,-Cement. Mr. William Herbert Simmons,-on a Technical Committee to examine the draft methods for the analysis of soaps and fats, prepad by the International Commission for the Study of Fats. Dr. James Watson,-Sand Lime Bricks; Portland Blast Furnrsoe Slag Cement; Containers for Heavy Acids and Solvents. In co-operation with the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, the Council carried out an inquiry into the practicability of securing the provision of hydrogen sulphide in cylinders. The conclusion was to the effect that the demand for such supply was too small to warrant its introduction. 5. THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. In April, 1939, the Council received with regret an intimation from Mr.Bernard F. Howard that, in accordance with medical advice, he felt obliged to relinquish his office as Honorary Treasurer. The Council recorded their high appreciation of Mr. Howard’s devotion to the service of the Institute, and wished him a speedy and complete recovery. In the following month, the Council invited Mr. John Christison White to accept the office, and he was duly appointed Honorary Treasurer in succession to Mr. Howard. The Accounts for 1939 are attached to this Report. Income during the year exceeded expenditure by L453 19. II~.,and after allowing for the 1938 deficit, there remained a balance of k69 13s. Iod. Subscriptions showed an improvement of k234 19s.5d. and Examination and Assessment fees of L282 19s. 6d., but dividends fell slightly on account of increased taxation; otherwise receipts were normal. The cost of Examina-tions, including apparatus and materials increased by EIOI 11s. IId., partly due to decentralisation of Examinations; further provision was made for staff superannuation, at an extra cost of E202 I~s.,in accordance with the powers vested in the Council at the last Annual General Meeting; lectures cost E229 0s. 6d. more, but this account included the lectures given by Professor Rowe, Mr. J. R. Nicholls and Dr. W. H. Hatfield in 1938. Exceptional expenses, amounting to L404 5s. 7d. were incurred on account of the Proposed Supplemental Charter, the Central 9 Register of the Ministry of Labour, the enrolment of Gas Identi- fication Officers and necessary Air Raid Precautions.A reserve fund (f1600) has been established to spread more evenly from year to year the cost of the intermittent publications. These increased and exceptional expenses were offset by reductions of k437 2s. 7d. in repairs and maintenance, of EIOO in renewals of office equipment, etc., of f1131 18s. 3d. in Members of Council Travelling Expenses, k112 0s. 7d. in Local Section grants, and by strict economy in other directions. The Chemical Council, by bringing into operation a provision in its Constitution, contributed a sum of Ez5o to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society. By this means the contribution of each participating Chartered Body was reduced ; otherwise the gross contribution of the Institute would have been increased by over f1120.The Council is making allowances to three members of the staff who are serving with the Forces, to supplement their service PayThe rooms of the Institute have been used by other chemical societies for meetings, and the basement of the premises is a public air-raid shelter. The premises of the Institute have been maintained in good repair. 6. THE BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE. The progress of the Benevolent Fund up to the the of the outbreak of war appeared to be fairly satisfactory, but towards the end of the year it was found necessary to issue an additional appeal, which resulted in the receipt of over E8o.At the close of the year, however, the current account remained overdrawn to the extent of L34 0s. II~. A new appeal was then issued, from which, in view of the need for economy, the full list of names of contributors was omitted. The Council has expressed its grateful thanks to all who subscribed to the Fund during 1939,and acknowledges especially the help of those who have collected group contributions, as well as the kindness of two members who left legacies to the Fund; Mr. W. S. Gilles (fl500) and Mr. Trenham H. Reeks (E5o). In all, 38 Fellows and Associates or their dependents have received assistance during the year ; regular allowances have 10 been made in 22 instances, loans have been made in 6, and grants have been made in 4.7. THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL. The Chemical Council has submitted a new scheme for co- operation between the three Chartered Chemical Bodies, the purpose of which is to endeavour to secure the more general support of chemists to the publishing societies,-the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. The Council approved the scheme in principle. The scheme in more definite form will come under further consideration by the three Chartered Chemical Bodies in due course. Under the Constitution of the Chemical Council, the partici- pating Chartered Bodies agreed to contribute to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society, the computation of their respective contributions being based on the number of members who had paid their annual subscriptions for the previous year, after allowing for the contributions received from other Societies and Institutions.The total expenditure on the Library of the Chemical Society for 1938, including the purchase of new books and periodicals, which remain the property of the Society, was E2640 3s. 7d., of which a sum of fT1917 10s. 6d. was accounted as maintenance. The contributions for maintenance received from other Bodies amounted to E222 IOS., and, for the year 1938, the Chemical Council itself contributed a sum of fJz50, leaving a sum of L1455 0s. 6d to be found by the three Chartered Bodies whose contributions were assessed as follows :-S s. d. Chemical Society . . .. 24 percent. .. 346 16 1 99 99Institute of Chemistry .. 49.5 .. 715 5 9 53 79Society of Chemical Industry 26.5 .. 382 18 8 $1,445 0 6 8. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY. The Proposed Supplemental Charter was discussed at meetings by the majority of the Local Sections before the outbreak of war, but the Council then deemed it desirable to postpone the further consideration of the subject until the new Session. 11 In collaboration with the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, and with the valuable help of members of the Parliamentary Science Committee, action was taken to secure the elimination from the Colne Valley Water Bill and the Metropolitan Water Board Bill of clauses which were regarded as inimical to the interests of the profession of chemistry.The promoters of the Colne Valley Water Board Rill withdrew the objectionable clause at the first reading, but, in the case of the Metropolitan Water Board Bill, it was found necessary to secure that the profession was represented before a Committee of the House of Lords, when their Lordships decided that the clause in question should not stand, and it was therefore deleted. The cost of the proceedings was shared with the Society of Public Analysts. In accordance with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act, 1935, the Minister of Health reviewed the qualifications which should be held by candidates for the position of public analysts, and forwarded to the Councilof the Institute the Regulation which he proposed to make under Section 66 (2) of the Act, as follows:- “A person shall not be qualified to be hereafter appointed as a Public Analyst under the Food and Drugs Act, 1938, unless either (a)he already holds an appointment as Public Analyst, or (b)he is the holder of the Diploma of Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland and is also the holder of a certificate granted by that Institute after an examination conducted by them in the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food, Drugs and Water.” The President and Council expressed their thanks to the Minister for transmitting the proposals for their consideration, and their satisfaction at the continued recognition accorded to the membership and certificates of the Institute.The Council has had occasion to protest against the terms offered for certain appointments and also against the action of Local Authorities in offering public appointments to tender and in this it has been supported by the Ministry of Health. The Home Secretary notified the Institute of the regulations which he had made in pursuance of the powers conferred upon him by Section I of the Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation) Act, 19.37, emphasising in his covering letter the importance of ensuring strict compliance with all the requirements of those regulations. The Council had also under consideration the conditions arising from new legislation by the Government of the United States respecting dyes intended for use in foodstuffs. It was proposed that every batch of dyestuffs for use in foodstuffs should be certified after analysis by a qualified person in the United States.It was represented by members of the Institute interested in the matter that the United States Government should be asked to accept certification by qualified analysts in this country. The Council addressed the Commercial Relations and Treaties Department of the Board of Trade on the matter. The Board replied to the effect that coal tar dyes used in food, drugs and cosmetics, no matter where manufactured, would have to be certified by the United States authorities. United Kingdom manufacturers would be able to submit their colours for listing and certification in the same way as American manufacturers, and the Board could see no reason to believe that this procedure would not, in the end, enable United Kingdom firms or their agents to secure that the list of colours finally approved was sufficiently extensive and general in its terms to cover the colours normally used in goods prepared for the United States market.The suggestion that certification should be undertaken by qualified British chemists raised several difficulties, especially as there was no corresponding provision in the United Kingdom. It would only be possible to issue certificates for listed colours, and they would be refused for any batches which did not conform to the United States standards of purity. Shortly after the outbreak of war, the Parliamentary Science Committee deemed it desirable that it should be dissolved, on the understanding that members of the Committee who were also members of the House of Lords or of the House of Commons would undertake to look into any representations with regard to legislation on which science had a bearing, which the professional institutions or scientific societies desired to bring to their notice.Subsequently, however, a meeting of representatives of the Bodies concerned decided that the dissolution of the Committee was undesirable, and it was reconstituted under the title of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. 9. LOCAL SECTIONS. The activities of the Local Sections became somewhat restricted after the outbreak of war, 13 However, social meetings have taken place, and many interesting and useful papers have been submitted, of which the following is a record:-ABERDEENAND NORTHOF SCOTLAND *Professor James P.Kendall,F.R.S. .. .. . . “Ions and Isotopes.” Dr. A. B. Stewart . . . . “The Soil-a Source of Plant Nutrients.” Professor W. F. K. Wynne Jones “What is Chemistry ? ” Dr. Robert Roger .. . . “Recent Developments in Micro- and Semi-Macro- Methods of OrganicAnalysis.” * Joint meeting with the Chemical Socieby. BELFASTAND DISTRICT. Dr. R. H. Common .. .. “The Chemistry of the Egg” (Nov. 1938). Professor W. R. Fearon . . “The Use of Diffusion Methods in Chemical Analysis.” Mr. A. H. 0.Johnson .. “Absorption of Gases.” BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS Symposium on the History of Chemical Industry in the Midlands:- Introduction .... .. . . Mr. George King. Tar Distillation . . .. .. . . Mr. W. B. Robinson. Manufacture of Varnish and Lacquer . . Mr. G. N. Hill. Titanium Oxide in Paint Manufacture .. Mr. J. W. Rylands. Japanning, Lacquers, Printers’ Inks and Dry Colours .. .. .. .. Mr. W. E. Wornum. The Life of Alexander Parkes . . . . Dr. D. F. Twiss. Bakelite . . .. .. .. .. Mr. G. Dring. Non-Ferrous Metals .. .. . . Mr. J. R. Johnson. Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. Professor M. L. E. Oliphant, “Recent Developments of Nuclear Physics F.R.S. of Importance to Chemists.” BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERNCOUNTIES. Dr. T. J. Drakeley .. . . “Recent Advances in Rubber Tech-nology.” Professor H.V. A. Briscoe “Chemical Studies of Dangerous Siliceous (Vice-president) . . .. Dusts.” Visit to the Condensery of the Wilts. United Dairies, Ltd., Bason Bridge. *Mr. A. T. Green . . .. “Modern Trends in Refractory Materials.” *Dr. R. K. Schofield .. . . “The Specification of Colour.” * Joint meeting with the Clieniical Society and thc Society of Chemical Industry. CAPE OF GOODHOPE Professor W. F. Barker .. “Chemical Problems in the Leather Industries.” Dr. W. S. Rapson Colonel J. G, Rose . . .. .. .. “Synthetic Rubber.” “Water Sterilisation Couples.” by Means of 14 CARDIFITm~ DISTRICT Professor F. Challenger .. “Methylation-a Widespread Biological Phenomenon.” *Dr. L. H. Lampitt (Member of “The Organisation of a Laboratory in Council) .. .... a Commercial Firm.” Mr. 8. B. Watkins (Member of “A Review of the Position of ChemistryCouncil) . . .. .. in Everyday Life.” *Dr. W. H. Linnell . . . . “Some Aspects of Chenio-Therapy.” ?Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. *Joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry. t Joint meeting with the South Wales Section. DVBLIN. Mr. B. G. Fagan . . .. “What is Vinegar?” Visit to the Poulaphouca Hydro-electric Scheme. Dr. T. S. Wheeler .. . . “Feathering the Chemical Fledgling.” Professor Eayley Butler .. “Pests and their Prevention.” EAST ANGLIA Mr. H. M. Mason . . . . “Tasting Tests.” Mr. E. G. Couzens .. . . “A Survey of the Plastics Industry.” Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter.Informal meetings at Ipswich and Norwich. Mr. R. S. Colborne . . . . “The Chemist in Wartime.” EAST MIDLANDS Dr. A. E. Dunstan . . . . “Oil from the Earth.” Dr. Percy May .. .. “Patents and the Chemist.” Dr. S. H. Piper .. . . “Some Uses for X-rays in OrganicChemistry.” EDINBURGHAND EASTOF SCOTLAND Mr. W. A. Broom .. .. “Some Recent Advances in Biochemistryand Medicine.” *Professor J.W. Cook, F.R.S. “Carcinogenic Chemical Compounds.” Dr. G. A. Reay .. . . “Some Aspects of the Preservation of Fish for Food.” Mr. A. M. Campbell . . .. “Some Modern Developments in Fire-Extinguishing .” Professor James P. Kendall, F.R.S. .. .. . . “Breathe Freely.” Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. * Held jointly with tlir Cheiiiical Soriety and the Society of Chemical Iritfustry.GLAsaow AND WEST OF SCOTLAND Mr. E. J. Schorn . . .. “Recent Advances in Pharmaceutica ChemistryDr. W. G. Ogg .. .. “Peat.” *Dr. J. Monteith Robertson, “The Hydrogen Bond.” tDr. I. V. Hopper . . . . “The Correlation of Sciencs,,with Social and Economic Problems. *-4t the invitation of the Chemical Society. t At the invitation of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. “Coming of Age ” Celebration. Ramsay Supper and Dance. 16 HUDDERSFIELD. Dr. A. G. Quarrell .. . . “X-Rays, Electrons and the Structure of Metals.” Exhibition of Films lent by the Films Committee of the Association of Scientific n7orkers. Exhibition of Films lent by the Microchemical Club.INDIA. Symposium on “Food and Drug Adulteration.” Dr. P. Parthasarathy .. Mr. G. Narasimha Murthy .. . . “Adulteration of Foods and Drugs in “Adulteration of Milk and Milk My sore. ” Products.” Mr. V. M. Mascarenhas .. “Adulteration of Oils and Fats.” Mr. B. H. Krishna .. .. “The Control of Adulteration of Drugsin India.” LEEDSAREA. Dr. E. B. Maxted *Mr. K. MacLennan *Mr. L. Anderson .. .. .. .. . . . . “The Poisoning of Catalysts.” “The Harvest of the Seven Seas”; “Animal Nutrition -Pigs” and “Animal Nutrition-Poultry.’’ “The Manufacture of Fine Chemicals.” Professor F. M. Rowe (Member “The Chemistry of Commercial Anthra- of Council) . . .. .. quinonoid Dyestuffs.” *Jointly with the Leetls University Chemical Society.LIVERPOOLAND NORTH-WESTERN. Major-General C. H. Foulkes, “Chemical Warfare and the Civil Popula- C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O. .. tion.” Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw (Member of Council) .. .. ., “Quest for Colour.” Dr. H. E. Cox (Member of Council) . . .. . . “Some Aspects of Chemical Dermatitis.” Dr. D. A. Allan .. .. “Chemistry in the Museum Service.” Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. *Mr. G. W. Beaumont .. “The Private Practitioner.” *Dr. L. J. Burrage .. .. “Activated Charcoal.” *Held jointly with the Liverpool Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists. AND SOUTH-EASTERNLONDON COUNTIES. Professor E. J. Salisbury, F.R.S. “The Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing the Distribution of Plants.” Professor E.N. da C. Andrade, F.R.S. .. .. .. “The Viscosity of Liquids.” Visits to The Times, the British Launderers’ Research Association, the Forest Products Research Laboratories, British Industrial Solvents, Ltd., and the Distillers Co., Ltd. MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. Professor John Read, F.R.S. .. “Humour and Humanism in Chemistry.” Mr. W. I. Campbell . . .. “Chemical ,?actors Governing the Use of Wood. *Mr. C. I. Kelly . . .. “What Happens to Moto;,Oil, and What Happens to Engines?Dr. A. E. M. G. Gillam . . “Some Applications of Absorption Spectra to Problems in Organic and Biological Chemistry.” * Arranged by, and held conjointly with, the Institute of Petroleum. 16 UPON TYNEAND NORTH-EASTNEWCASTLE COAST.*Professor W. E. S. Turner . . “The Crystallisation of Glass.” Professor J.L. Morison . . “The Rights and Wrongs of Modern Nationalism.” Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. *Captain J. G.Bennett . . “Producer Gas-a Petrol Substitute.” * Held jointly with the Society of Chemical lndustry. NEW ZEALAND. MY.R. L. Andrew . . . . “The Level of Chemical Knowledge in the Community.” Visits to the Glaxo Laboratories (N.Z.), Ltd., the Plant Research Station, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Dairy Research Institute and Massey Agricultural College. SOTITIETVALES. *Professor W. Pugh . . . . “Gallium and Germanium.” -/-ProfessorW. F. K. Wynne Jones “Reactions Involving Proton Transfer.” SMr.A. 0.Thomas . . . . “Tin Recovery from Waste Materials.” Dr. F. Heathcoat .. .. “Some Modern Ideas or Coal.” Sir Robert Robertson, K.U.E., “Two Types of Diamond.” F.R.S. IIDiscussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. Twenty-first Anniversary Celebration. * Ry invitation of University College, Swansen. t Joint meeting with the Cheniical Society. $ Joint meeting with the Institiit,r of Metals. )I Joint meeting with the Cardiff Section. SOUTHYORKSHIRE. *Mr. F. G.Barker .. .. “Some Applications of the Spectrograph to the Quantitative Analysis of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals.” (Joicm. Iron & Steel Inst., 1939, No. 1.)Mr. A. Gillies .. .. . . “Benzole Refining.” * Joint meeting with the Sheffielcl Metallurgical Associ;ition.In March, the President, with Dr. E. B. Hughes, Chairman of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, and the Registrar, visited the East Anglia Section; in December, the President attended the Coming of Age celebration of the South Wales Section, at Swansea, and presided at the Ramsay Supper, at Glasgow. The President and Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Vice-president, met the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, in June. The Registrar attended a joint meeting of the Cardiff and South Wales Sections held at Cardiff, in April. 10. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The Council gratefully acknowledges the services rendered by the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries in the Overseas Dominions and in the Colonies for help in various matters 17 affecting the interests of the Institute and the profession in their respective districts.11. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee (the Council in Committee) has held 10meetings. The Committee has reported on 872 applications for Student- ship, Examination and Membership, and on numerous enquiries in connexion with the training for admission to the Associateship and Fellowship. Sub-Committees and Local Interviewing Committees have interviewed many candidates for the Associateship and Fellow- ship, and the Council records its indebtedness to the Advisory Committee in India, and particularly to its Honorary Secretary, Dr. Gilbert J.Fowler, for assistance and advice in connexion with applications and enquiries from that Empire. Applications for Studentship and Membership are summarised below :-Applications for Admission to Studentship, including re-admission Accepted . . .. .. .. .. .. 198 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 -"2 Applications for Admission to Examination for the AssociateshipAccepted . . .. .. .. .. .. 115 Applications for election (and re-election) to the AssociateshipAccepted . . .. .. .. .. .. 426 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 Referred for Examination .. .. .. 9 -443 Applications for Admission to Examina,tion for the FellowshipAccepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 -21 Applications from Associates for election to the Pellowship Accepted .... .. .. .. .. 72 Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. 2 -74 Applications from Non-Associa,tes for election to the FellowshipAccepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. 3 -16 Applications for re-election to the Pellowship Accepted , , .. .. .. .. .. 18 EXAMINATIoNS.-The usual examinations were held in April, 1939,but, owing to the outbreak of war, the examinations which were to have been held in September were postponed. By the courtesy and co-operation of the authorities of the Sir John Cass Technical Institute and of the proprietors of the Glaxo Labora- tories, Ltd., Greenford, it was found possible, however, to hold examinations in November. An examination for the Associate- ship was held by the courtesy of the University of London in its laboratories at South Kensington in January, 1940.The entries and results are here summarised:- S~ARYOF RESULTS. Associateship EXAMINED.PASSED. General Chemistry .. .. .. 147 85 FellowshipBranch A. Inorganic Chemistry .. 3 2 Branch B. Physical Chemistry . . .. 0 0 Branch C. Organic Chemistry .. .. 5 5 Branch D. Biochemistry .. .. .. 1 1 Branch E. Chemistry (including Micro- scopy) of Food and Drugs,and of Water . . .. 14 7 Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry .. 0 0 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry .. 5 3 Specid . . .. .. .. .. 2 -2-177 105 In the corresponding summary for 1938-39, the number of candidates examined for the Associateship was 147, of whom 67 passed; 31 candidates were examined for the Fellowship, of whom 17 passed.The total number of candidates examined for the Associateship and Fellowship was 178, of whom 84 passed. The Council records its indebtedness to the authorities of the following Universities and Colleges, Firms and to Fellows who have kindly provided facilities for the Examinations :-The Universities of London and Manchester. The Royal School of Mines. The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The Royal Technical College, Glasgow. The College of Technology, Manchester. Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. City Technical College, Liverpool. Central Technical College, Birmingham. The Proprietors of the Glaxo Laboratories, Ltd., Greenford. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners, to the Examiners in special subjects, and to the Assessors who have reported on records of research, specifications 19 for patents, etc., submitted by candidates for admission to the Fellowship.EXAMINERS.-Professor \V. Wardlaw has completed his term of office as Examiner for the Associateship and the Council has appointed Dr. H, J. T. Ellingham as his successor. Mr. H. W. Cremer has been appointed Examiner in General Chemical Technology for the Fellowship. STUDENTS.-Many Students have been unable to produce the usual reports on their progress, showing that they are complying with the Regulations with regard to attendance at systematic courses, but the Council realises that, in most cases, this is due either to their having been called up for military service, or being engaged upon war work.The Council has, therefore, found it necessary to remove only four names from this section of the Register. REGuLATIONS.-The Regulations were revised and reprinted. INSTITUTIONS.-The name of the North Staffordshire Tech- nical College, Stoke-on-Trent, has been added to the list of Institutions approved for training candidates for admission to the Associateship. Several further applications are under consideration. AwARDs-The Council, with the concurrence of the Society of Maccabaeans, the donors of the Meldola Medal, have awarded the Medal for 1939 to Henry Norman Rydon, DSc. (Lond.), D.Phi1. (Oxon.). Only three essays were submitted for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for 1938,and the Council could not find any one of them deserving of the Award.12. APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. For most ofthe year, the number of Fellows and Associates known to be without employment did not exceed go (about 1.2 per cent.), but subsequently there was an increase to 137 owing to the fact that some members who had retired came forward in order to be available for national service, and others had been engaged in industries adversely affected at the com- mencement of hostilities. At the date of this Report, the number of those disengaged has fallen to 109,and there are indications that the demand for the services of chemists is likely to increase. 20 The Appointments Register has been useful in securing chemists for work in industry of national importance, and, through the representation of the Institute on the Industrial Chemistry Committee of the Ministry of Labour, the Institute has been helpful in securing suitable personnel for appointments in Government Departments.A summary of the Remuneration Statistics based on the returns received from Fellows and Associates was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1939. 13. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShas been published in six Parts and the Institute has also published the lecture by Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., on “Ludwig Mond, F.R.S., 1839- 1909,” and Mr. A.W. Comber’s Streatfeild Memorial Lecture on “Magnesite.” The outbreak of war prevented the delivery of the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture by Dr.Francis H. Carr, C.B.E., Vice-president. A new feature, introduced during the year, appears to be ap- preciated; it is the publication of leaflets entitled “Laboratory Precautions.” This will be continued as and when accidents and unusual occurrences of sufficient importance are brought to the notice of the Institute. LIBRARY.-The thanks of the Council are accorded to authors, publishers and others, who have kindly presented journals and books to the Library of the Institute. Fellows, Associates and Registered Students have continued to enjoy the use of the Library of the Chemical Society, and of the Science Library, South Kensington. LANTERNSLIDEs.-The Institute’s collection of lantern slides has continued to be useful to Fellows and Associates for the illustration of lectures.The Publications Committee, with the concurrence of the Council, hopes to make arrangements with Messrs. Constable & Co. for the production of a new edition of What Industry Owes to Chemical Science, the copyright of which has been offered by the Registrar to the Institute, for the benefit of the Benevolent Fund. The Council has decided that, in future, the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSshould not include advertisements, except such as are of a non-commercial character. 21 14. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry con-ducted under the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Board of Education (England and Wales), the Scottish Education Department and the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) have been continued.Professor T. Slater Price, O.B.E., F.R.S., has retired from the appointment of Assessor for National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales), and Professor William Wardlaw has been appointed Assessor in his place, Sir Gilbert Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., continuing as Chief Assessor.” 15. PEDLER RESEARCH SCHOLARSHIP. Dr. Charles Simons, Associate, has carried on his research, on “The Formation of Volatile Compounds of Arsenic and Selenium by Micro-organisms,” under the direction of Professor Challenger, at the University of Leeds. 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I.26th January, 1940. * Sir Gilbert Morgan died on 1st February. 22 THE INSTITUTE OF CHKMISTRY OF GRPlAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 23 AND ACCOUNT 1939.INCOME EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEARENDED 31s~DECEMBER, 1938 EXPENDITURE. 1939 1938 INCOME. 1939 € 8. d.’To Premises- E s. d. E s. d. € s. d. € s. d. 3y Subscriptions-E s. d. E s. d. 300 0 0 Rent .. .. .. ., 300 0 0 3,580 19 0 Fellows .. .. .. .. ..3,661 0 0509 12 5 Rates andschedule ATax . . 550 2 10 111 13 8 Insurance .. .. .. 106 8 6 7,589 10 4 Associates . . .. .. .. ..7,749 3 9 686 16 3 RepairsandMaintenance .. 249 13 8 415 15 0 Students . . .. .. .. .. 411 0 0 1,206 5 0 11,821 3 91,808 2 4 Staff-11,586 4 43’ 5,274 4 6 Salaries, Wages, Gratuities.. 5,283 5 5 1,160 5 0 ’* Examination and Assessment Fees .. .. 1,443 4 6223 4 0 SuperannuationPremiums.. 375 16 3 ---Superannuation Reserve ., 50 0 0 1,141 17 6 Dividends and Interest .. ..1,191 19 0 5,709 1 8 308 8 7 Less IncomeTax .. .. .. 394 19 3 5,497 8 6 833 8 11 796 19 9 99 House and Office Expenses- )Y264 7 0 Repairs and Renewals .. 164 6 9 295 4 6 Appointments Register .. .. .. 277 5 0 51232 19 4 Fuel, Water, Light .. .. 225 14 11 141 17 11 Advertisements in Journal .. .. .. 143 1 1 34 5 3 Telephone . . .. .. 31 3 0 37603 7 3 Printingandstationery .. 565 1 11 44 11 3 Sale of Publications .. .. .. .. 49 0 1 99591 4 11 Postage . . .. .. 686 13 11 776 Fees Forfeited .. .. .. .. 660 30 6 0 Travelling Expenses .. 18 17 3 National Certificates- 242 12 6 Advertisements ... . 208 17 6 31 42 0 0 Auditors’Honorarium . . 42 0 0 100 0 0 England and Wales A/c .. .. 75 0 0 100 19 8 Miscellaneous .. . . 97 18 11 25 0 0 ScotlandA/c . . .. .. 50 0 0 _-_____ 1,940 14 2 125 0 I 125 0 02,142 1 11 b 3)32 Sundry Receipts .. .. .. .. 14 3 9%800 10 5 Membersof CouncilTravelling Expenses . . 668 12 2 133 10 i: Australian and New Zealand A/c . . .. 121 4 213 f) 9,524 13 0 555 11 11 Excess of Expenditure over Income .. .. -99 Publications-1,123 3 0 Journal 5729 0s. 6d., Postage E343 12s. 10d. 1,072 13 4 -898 3 7 Register . . .. .. .. .. -12 15 11 “Official Chemical Appointments ” .. -215 11 7 “Profession of Chemistry” . . .. ..Intermittent Publications Reserve .. 600 0 0 9)303 6 9 Lectures andLanternSlides .. ,. 532 7 3 2,205 0 7 2,543 0 10 79 Examinations-Examiners, Assessors, Assistants and 734 6 4 Accommodation . . .. .. .. 916 19 1 218 15 6 Apparatus and Materials .. .. 137 14 8 --1,054 13 9 953 1 10 97 Local Sections- 574 13 4 Grants .. .. .. .. . . 452 4 4 54 12 1 Section Secretaries’ Conference . . .. 65 0 6 --617 4 10 629 5 5 ___-YY10 10 0 FranklandMedal Award .. .. .. 10 10 0 9132 13 9 Library .. .. .. .. .. 31 2 2 Chemical Society Library .. 715 5 9 567 0 4 LessTaxonE550underDeed 192 10 0 522 15 9 ---553 17 11 599 14 1 ’959 13 0 Donations .. .. .. .. .. 59 13 0 * 7% Proposed Supplemental Charter Expenses .. 117 15 7 3339 16 8 LegalExpenses .. .. .. .. 92 0 8 99 ---National Register Expenditure .. .. 65 19 11 ---YY A.R.P. and Gas Identification Service .. 128 9 5 Excess of Income over Expenditure .. 453 19 1199 -$14,883 5 01 €14,783 18 7 €14,883 5 1 €14,783 18 7 24 BALANCE SHEET as at 31st December, 1939. 1938. LIABILITIES. 1939. 1938. ASSETS. 1939.E 5. S s. d. € s. d S s. d. 236 16 Sundry Creditors .. *. .. .. 180 18 8 417 17 3 Balance at Bankers in London 1,677 10 1 87 10 0 IncomeTaxReserve,ScheduleA 103 17 8 Balance at Bankers in Australia 132 5 6 )I *$ Schedule D 199 9 0 and New Zealand (inSterling219 15 303 6 8 812 3 1 value) .. .. .. 938 12 3 119 14 Subscriptions paid in advance .. .. .. 96 0 6 1,230 0 4 2,616243 02 48221 11 Examination Fees paid in advance ..126 0 0 209 17 2 Sundry Debtors, Rates, etc., paid in advance . . .. Application Fees- 33,896 19 i Investments at Cost (including Redemption Fund) .. 34,746 7 0 Retained pending further application- Income and Expenditure Account Balance 1st Januarv. 1939 . . .. 54 12 0 384 6 Balance at Debit, 1st January, 1939 .. .. ---Add Fees retained d&g year . . 660 60 18 0 Lesa Fees Forfeibed during year .. 660 54 12 0 54 12 0 In abeyance awaiting 307 8 5 decision . . .. .. 344 11 11 362 0 399 3 11 34.561 5 Investment Account .. .. .. 35,780 6 5 Reserve Accounts- Intermittent Publications .. .. 600 0 0 Staff Superannuation Reserve . . 50 0 0 650 0 0 Income and Expenditure Account- Excess of Income over Expenditure for the year ended 31st December, 1939 .... .. .. .. 453 19 11 Less Balance at Debit, 1st January,1939 .. .. .. .. .. 384 6 1 69 13 10 ~ f35,721 3 f37,605 10 0 f35,721 3 $37,605 10 0(I 26 Subscriptions and Fees Paid in and Retained (in Currency) in Australia and New Zealand. Receipts. Expenditure.E s. d. € s. d. % s. d. By Balance, 1st January, 1939-On Deposit . . . . 921 0 0 Current Account .. . . 94 3 10 1015 3 10 33 Subscriptions-Fellows .. .. .. 51 19 6 Associates .. .. 74 16 3 -~ 126 15 9 9) Entrance Fees .. .. .. *. 550 w Deposit Interest (including interest on Fixed Deposits, 1938-39) .. .. 37 1 4 To Bank Charges . . .. .. .. 107 77 Local Section Grant. . .. .. .. 10 0 0 37 Balance at Bankers, 31st December, 1939- Deposit Accounts ..1112 13 8 Current Accounts .. 60 11 8 1173 5 4* --~ €1184 5 11 €1184 5 11 * Equivalent in Sterling, aE938 12s. 3d. OF AND FEESRECEIVEDSTATEMENT SUBSCRIPTIONS LESS OUTGOINGS. € s. d. € s. d. Subscriptions-Fellows . . .. .. .. .. 51 19 6 Associates . . .. .. .. .. 74 16 3 126 15 9 Entrance Fees .. .. .. .. .. 550 Deposit Interest . . .. .. .. .. 37 1 __--- 4 169 2 1 Less Bank Charges . . Local Section Grant .. .. .. .. .. .. 107 10 0 0 11 0 7 158 1 6 Less Adjustment on Exchange into Sterling . . 31 12 4 ~ - c 126 9 2 Less Entrance Fees taken to Investment Account 550 Amount (in Sterling) taken to Income and Expenditure Account El21 4 2 27 Investment Account €or the year ended 31st December, 1939.s. d. € s. d. Balance of Accumulated Fund, 1st January, 1939 . . .. .. 34,561 5 5 Funds received for Investment during year-Entrance Fees . . .. .. .. 1,137 3 0 Entrance Fees, Australia and New Zealand ($4 4 0 in Currency, ' augmented) .. .. .. .. 550 Life Composition Fees . . .. .. 76 13 0 1,219 1 0 €35,780 6 5 Investments, at cost, held at 1st January, 1939 (including Redemption Fund Policy) . . .. .. .. 33,896 19 2 Investments made during year- $750 34% Conversion Loan €738 19 6 Redemption Fund Policy Premium . . .. 110 8 4 849 7 10 34,746 7 0 Amount not yet invested .. .. 1,033 19 5 €35,780 6 5 STATEMENT OF INVESTMENTS HELD AND DIVIDENDS RECEIVED THEREFROM.Holding. Cost. Market Gross. Tax. I;&. Value.-)€ € s. d. € s. d. € a. d. E a. d. E s. d. Great Western Railway 24% Debenture Stock 500 384 16 3 300 0 0 12 10 0 318 3 8 11 9 L.M.S. Railway 5% Redeemable Preference Stock .. .. .. .. .. 500 503 0 0 393 15 0 25 0 0 7 16 3 17 3 9 L.M.S. Railway 4% Preference Stock .. 2,000 1,843 15 1 1,195 0 0 80 0 0 25 0 0 55 0 034y0War Stock.. .. .. .. .. 13,000 13,554 16 8 12,138 15 0 455 0 0 159 5 0 295 15 0 34% Conversion Loan .. .. .. .. 750 738 19 6 7 04 13 26 5 0 842 18 0 10 Dominion of Canada 3f%-Loan, 1950-55 .. 1,000 973 17 0 1,006 50 32 10 0 11 7 6 21 2 6 Dominion of Canada 4% Loan, 1953-58 . . 1,000 1,090 3 0 1,057 00 40 0 0 12 10 0 27 10 0 Government of Commonwealth of Australia 34% Stock, 1964-74 .... .. 4,000 3,985 5 7 3,320 00 130 0 0 40 12 6 89 7 6 Union of South Africa 5% Loan, 1946-75 . . 1,000 1,136 8 0 1,062 00 50 0 0 15 12 6 34 7 6,Union of South Africa 3&%Loan, 1953-73 700 670 7 0 687 50 24 10 0 8 11 5 15 18 7 00 New Zealand 5% Loan, 1949 .. .. .. 1,000 1,141 8 0 1,010 00 50 0 0 17 10 0 32 10 0 3% Local Loans .. .. .. .. 4,800 4,329 15 0 3,864 00 144 0 0 45 0 0 99 0 0 Port of London Authority 34% RegisteredStock, 1965-75 .. .. .. .. 1,000 1,033 4 9 912 10 0 35 0 0 10 18 9 24 1 3 Southern Railway Conipany 5% Redeemable Guaranteed Preference Stock, 1957 .. 1,000 1,174 6 2 1,062 10 0 50 0 0 15 12 6 34 7 6 Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. ---37 4 0 13 0 5 24 3 7 €32,560 2 0 ;E28,714 11 3 €1,191 19 0 €394 19 3 S796 19 9 *Redemption Fund Policy (Accumulated Pre- mi-) .... .. .. .. 2,186 5 0 €34,746 7 0 -)At 31st December, 1939. *To realise di50,OOO in year 2010. 29 Intermittent Publications Reserve Account. (The Register, ‘‘ Official Chemical Appointments ” and “The Profession of Chemistry.”) 1939 1930 $ s. d. f s. d. Reserve for Register, Balance, 31st December, transferred from In-1939 . . .. . . 600 0 0 come and Expenditure Account .. . . 600 0 0 f600 0 0 I 3x00 0 0 Staff Superannuation Reserve Account. ;E s. d. s. d. Transferred from Income Balance, 31st December, and Expenditure Ac- 1939 .. .. .. 60 0 0 count. . .. .. 50 0 0 250 0 0 $50 0 0 BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for the year ended 31st December, 1939.Income. 1938. Receipts. 1939. 1938. Payments. 1939. € s. d. $ s. d. € s. d. 2 s. d. ---Balance, 1st January, 1939 . . .. 87 1 47 9 9 Dr. Balance, 1st January, 1938 . . ---828 0 2 Subscriptions .. .. ,. . . 860 4 5 189 14 4Grants .. .. .. .. .. 154 3 4 569 7 11 Annual Subscriptions .. .. . . 540 9 8 1,206 13 4 Regular Payments .. .. .. 1,433 5 0 157 10 10 Dividends and Interest .. .. 169 10 10 87 2 3 Printing .. .. .. .. .. 51 7 4 34 11 10 Income Tax recovered (1938 ale.) .. 28 0 11 5 5 0 Audit Fee .. .. .. .. 550 ---Income Tax recovered (1939 ale.) .. 87 16 10 14.5 0 0Loans granted during 1939 .. .. 95 0 0 125 1 OLoans repaid . . .. .. .. 35 10 0 25 0 0 Donation to London Orphan School . . 25 0 0 ---Dr. Balance, 31st December, 1939 ..34 0 11 8 7 1 Balance, 31st, December, 1938 .. ---1€1,714 11 9 $1,764 0 8 $1,714 11 91 $1,764 0 8 -______ Capital. f s. d. $ s. d. $ s. d. 338 6 7 Balance, 1st January, 1939 . . .. 165 11 11 583 3 11 Investment, €750 Local Loans 3% .. 621 6 5 285 9 3Donations . . *. .. .. 245 5 0 165 11 11 Balance, 31st December, 1939 . . 339 10 6 .. 550 0 0 -$748 15 101 $960 16 11 $748 15 101 Statement € 8. d. 2 s. a. 2 s. d. $ s. d. 2,417 6 0 Loans to 31st December, 1938 .. 2,562 6 0 1,309 3 4Loans repaid to 31st December, 1939 1,344 13 41145 0 0 Loans granted during 1939 .. .. 95 0 0 654 0 0 Loans written off prior to 31st Decem- I ber, 1938 .. .. .. .. 751 14 0 97 14 0 Loans written off during 1938 . . ---501 8 8 Loans outstanding at 31st December, 1939 .... .. .. .. 560 18 8 ~~ I~____ €2,562 6 01 .€2,657 6 0 $2,562 6 0 $2,657 6 0 -__~ BENEVOLENT FUND : Investments held and Dividends received therefrom. 1938. 1939. Value. cost. t Value. Gross. Tax. Net. € s. d. 2 6. d. S s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. 1.045 0 0 21,000 Consols 4% .. .. .. 1,077 13 0 1,033 15 0 40 0 0 11 0 0 29 0 0 1,173 0 0 $1,200 War Loan 39% .. .. . . 1,296 3 0 1,120 10 0 42 0 0 ---42 0 0 1,245 0 0 21,500 increased to S2,250 Local Loans, 3% .. .. .. .. .. 1,973 6 1 1,811 5 0 61 17 6 17 0 4 44 17 2 475 0 0 $500 Port of London Authority 3&y0 Registered Stock, 1965-75 .. 516 7 11 456 6 0 17 10 0 4 16 2 12 13 10 490 0 0 f500 Dominion of Canada 3f%, 1950-55 486 8 6 503 2 6 16 5 0 5 13 9 10 11 3 2400 Commonwealth of Australia 3$9& 324 0 0 Stock.1964-74 .. .. . . 398 0 7 332 0 0 13 0 0 3 11 6 !) 8 6 480 0 0 $500 Xew Zealand5yo Loan, 1949 . . 570 14 (i 605 0 0 25 0 0 8 15 0 10 5 0 165 11 11 Balance, 31st December, 1939 . . .. 339 10 6 339 10 6 -. ___~~ $5,397 11 11 S6,669 14 1 56,101 8 0 5215 12 6 $60 16 9 Sl64 15 9 ~~ -t At 31st December, 1939. 32 SIR ALEXANDER PEDLER SCHOLAFtSHIP ACCOUNT 31st December, 1939. Receipts. Expenditure. € s. d. € s. d. To Balance, 1st January, 1939 .. .. .. .. 525 16 8 39 Dividends and Interest . . .. .. .. .. 179 1 10 9) Income Tax recovered . . .. .. .. .. 35 1 10 By Payments to Scholar .. .. .. .. .. 300 0 0 39 Purchase of 5300 3% Local Loans .... .. 248 14 9 99 Balance at Bankers, 31st December, 1939- DepositCurrent . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 91 0 6 0 7 ____- €740 0 4 €740 0 4 Securities held at 31st December, 1939-cost. t Value. CfTOSS. TUX. Net. €s.d. €s.d. €s.d. €s.d. €s.d. €100 Great Western Rail-way 5yo Consolidated PreferenceStock .. 94 0 O* 87 10 0 6 0 0 1 7 6 3 12 6 €900 Royal Mail Steam Packetordinary .. 787 10 O* ----€2,600WarLoan3iy0 .. 2,808 6 0 2,427 15 0 91 0 0 -91 0 0 €500 Port of London Authority 34y0 Re-gistered Stock, 1965- 75 . . .. 516 17 11 456 6 0 17 10 0 4 16 4 12 13 8 5500 Southern *RailwayCompany 5% Re-deemable Guaranteed PreferenceStock,1957 587 4 10 533 15 0 25 0 0 6 17 6 18 2 6 €500 New Zealand 6% 1949 .... .. 570 14 6 505 0 0 25 0 0 8 15 0 16 5 0 €300 4% Consols .. .. 32310 31026 1200 360 8140 5500LocalLoan~3~~.. 433 13 3 402 5 0 12 15 0 3 10 3 9 4 9 €500 Dominion of Canada 3&y0L0~195O-55.. 486 18 6 503 2 6 16 5 0 5 13 9 10 11 3 56,608 6 0€5,225 15 0 €204 10 0 €34 6 4 €170 3 8 The total value of the original legacy was €4,785 16s. 2d. net. * Value when bequeathed. t Value at 31st December, 1939. 33 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture Fund. €200 34y0War Loan. tValue $186 15s. Od. 2 s. d. € s. d. Balance, 1st January, LectureExpenses .. 2 13 8 1939 . . .. .. 53 11 1 Balance onDeposit .. 58 4 11 Dividends and Interest 7 7 6 260 18 7 .€60 18 7 Meldola Library Fund. €75 Government of Commonwealth of Australia 3&% Stock1964-74 tValue €62 5s.Od. € s. d. $ s. d. Balance .. .. 3 13 4 Meldola Award, 1939 .. 1 17 6 Dividends and Interest 1 15 11 Amount due to Institute repaid .. .. 107 Balance onDeposit .. 2 11 2 $5 9 3 25 9 3 S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture Fund. 6: s. d. 2 s. d. Balance .. .. 18 10 LectureExpense .. 2 6 6 Dividends and Interest 6 2 4 Balance .. .. 8 3 11 IncomeTaxrecovered 3 9 3 €10 10 5 g10 10 5 7 Value.at 31st December, 1939. 34 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS. We have examined the Balance Sheet at 31st December, 1939, of the Institute of Chemistry, also the Statements of Accounts for the year ended 31st December, 1939, with the books and vouchers. The values of the Lease. and Premises of the Institute, Furni- ture, Library, Apparatus, etc., are not included in the Balance Sheet. Subject to that remark, we have obtained all the in- formation and explanations we have required and in our opinion the Balance Sheet and Statements of Accounts are properly drawn up and are in accordance with the entries in the books.We certify that we have received from the Bank of England, the Westminster Bank, Ltd., the Bank of Montreal, Ltd., and the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Ltd., certificates that they hold on behalf of the Institute the Investments shown on the Statement of Investments. We have inspected the Certificates for the Registered Stocks, and on this occasion also the Bonds to Bearer, the Lease and the Redemption Fund Policy. J. Y.FINLAYDAVID HENDERSON )Chartered Accountants, C. L. CLAREMONT Hon. Auditors, J. G. A. GRIFFITHS 10th January, 1940 35 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 19th January, 1940.-Before pro-ceeding to the business of the meeting, Sir Robert Pickard, Senior Vice-president, referred to the death of the President, Mr. W. A. S. Calder. Sir Robert recalled Mr. Calder’s services to the profession as well as to the Institute, adding that throughout his active association with the Council, and particularly during his term of office as President-so suddenly terminated-Mr. Calder had commanded the esteem of all his colleagues for his practical good sense and business ability, and had endeared himself to them by his personal charm and courtesy. A resolution was passed tendering the sincere sympathy of the Officers, Council, Fellows and Associates of the Institute to Mrs.Calder and other members of his family, and the Council stood for a minute in silence. Messages of sympathy were received by the Council from the Chemical Council, the Chemical Society, Society of Chemical Industry, Society of Public Analysts, Institution of Gas Engineers, the Institute of Physics, the Local Sections, absent Members of Council and many others. The Emergency Committee reported that it had been called, on the sudden death of the President, to consider the nomination of his successor. In view of the circumstances, that only seven weeks would elapse before the Annual General Meeting and that the Council would be required, in the meantime, to .nominate Officers and Council for election on 1st March, the Senior Vice- President, Sir Robert Pickard, had been asked to undertake the Presidential duties until the new President had been elected.The Report of the Committee was confirmed, and Sir Robert agreed to act accordingly. A letter was received from the Colonial Office regarding admission to the Examinations of the Institute of persons holding chemical appointments on the staffs of various Colonial Govern- ments, or coming to England to take up scholarships or student-ships awarded in the Colonies. The Institute had suggested- 36 and the Secretary of State agreed-that it was desirable that such persons should be fully informed as to the Regulations of the Institute before coming to attend its Examinations, and accordingly the representations made by the Institute in the matter would be brought to the notice of the authorities in specified Colonies and Dependencies. A communication was received from the President of the Society of Public Analysts directing attention to the circumstance that, under the Food and Drugs Act, 1938,a number of public analysts would be deprived of appointments which they had previously held, and therefore sought for advice as to how they should proceed to obtain compensation under Part VI (95) of the Act.The matter was referred for enquiry.* The Council received the Fourth Annual Report of the Chemical Council.Mr. A. W. Comber, who was to have delivered the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture in October, but was prevented from doing so by the National Emergency, and whose lecture on “Magnesite” was published recently, attended, at the invitation of the Council, and received from Sir Robert Pickard the medal presented by the City and Guilds of London Institute and a portrait of St rea t feild. Sir Robert remarked that the Institute had received many favourable comments on the lecture, for which the Fellows and Associates tendered Mr. Comber their best thanks. Mr. Comber, in reply, thanked Sir Robert for his remarks, adding that he knew that he would not be misunderstood when he expressed his deep regret that he was unable to receive the medal from the hands of the late President, from whom he had received a kind letter of appreciation immediately on the publication of the lecture.Further consideration was given to the procedure of the Joint Recruiting Boards with regard to students of chemistry and military service, a matter which is being carefully watched by the Council. *Section 95 of the Food and Drugs Act, 1938, prescribes that the analyst shall be entitled to compensation from the authority which has ceased to be an authority under the Act, or from such authority and in such proportions as the Minister may determine. The scale of compensation is provided in Sub-Sections 2-6 of Section 150 of the Fourth Schedule of the Local Government Act, 1933, in which the Public Analyst is specifically mentioned as a person to be compensated. 37 The attention of the Council was directed to the decision of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge to relax their regu- lations for the award of degrees on account of the war.An enquiry was received as to whether this would affect the ad- mission of graduates from those universities to the Associateship of the Institute. The Council postponed consideration of the question pending decisions by the other universities. The Finance and House Committee reported that the accounts for the year 1939 had been duly audited for inclusion in the Report of Council. The Committee recommended contributions to the British Standards Institution and to the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee.On a Report from the Publications Committee, the CounciI directed that the question of printing a new edition of the Register should be referred to the new Council in March. It was not deemed practicable to attempt the publication of a new edition of “Official Chemical Appointments ” in 1940. The Senior Vice-president reported briefly on the work of the Censors. Only a few complaints had been received, and the Censors had taken appropriate action on them. The Council proceeded with the arrangements for the nomina- tion of the new Council. Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., was nominated for election as President; Mr. John C. White was nominated for re-election as Honorary Treasurer ; and the following were nominated for election as Vice-presidents :-Professor H.V. A. Briscoe, Dr. F. H. Carr, Professor T. P. Hilditch, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert H. Pickard and Dr. H. A. Tempany. Nominations for election as Members of Council were received under By-law 26 in favour of Mr. E. E. Ayling, Dr. A. Coulthard, Mr. E. S. Hiscocks and Dr. P. Lewis-Dale. The Council nominated the following Fellows for election as General Members of Council:-Mr. E. B. Anderson, Mr. A. L. Bacharach, Professor W. M. Cumming, Professor J. C. Drummond, Mr. F. P. Dunn, Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Mr. L. Eynon, Dr. E. H. Farmer, Professor A. Findlay, Dr. P. F. Gordon, Professor I. M. Heilbron, Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Mr. T. R. Hodgson, Dr. R. H. Hopkins, Dr. H. Hunter, Mr. G. King, Dr. L. H. Lampitt, Dr. G.W. Monier-Williams, Mr. J. R. Nicholls, Dr. W. S. Patterson, Mr. A. J. Prince, Mr. T. F. E. Rhead, Miss Muriel Roberts, Professor W. H. Roberts, Professor F. M. Rowe, and Dr. J. Weir. 38 The following were nominated, from whom four are to be elected as Censors at the Annual General Meeting:-Dr. F. H. Carr, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Sir Gilbert T. Morgan*, Sir Robert H. Pickard, Sir Robert Robinson and Sir Jocelyn F. Thorpe. Messrs. C. A. Bassett and B. A. Ellis were nominated as Scrutineers to report on the ballot for the election of Council and Censors. Dr. J. J. Fox was nominated as a representative on the Chemical Council in the place of the late Mr. W. A. S. Calder. It was decided to hold the Annual General Meeting at 3 p.m. on 1st March.Council Meeting, 26th January, 1940.-Sir Robert H. Pickard, Senior Vice-president, referred to the death of Mr. F. G. Edmed, O.B.E., Member of Council, and it was resolved that a letter of sympathy be sent to Mrs. Edmed and her family. Replies were received from Fellows accepting nomination as candidates for election as Officers, Members of Council and Censors. A letter was received regarding the technical pay allowed to certain officers with professional qualifications. The matter is receiving attention. The Council received from the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section a letter from the Association of Scientific Workers suggesting that conferences should be held to discuss such questions as salaries, increments, holidays, contracts, unemployment, etc., of industrial scientists.While fully realising that the matters referred to were of great importance to the profession and therefore to the Institute, the Council felt that the methods which had been suggested for dealing with the problems did not coincide with those of the Institute, and that it was inexpedient, especially at the present time, that the Institute or its Local Sections should participate in the proposed conferences. The Council felt that publicity given to isolated cases where chemists, or groups of scientific workers, were offered unsatisfactory conditions, was of doubtful utility. In a specific instance mentioned by the Association, it was learned that there had been a misunderstanding. The Draft Report of the Council for the year 1939-40, prepared by the Publications Committee, and the Financial Statements prepared by the Finance and House Committee, * Sir Gilbert Morgan died on 1st February.39 were amended and approved for issue to the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students. The Report of the Publications Committee dealt with the terms suggested by Messrs. Constable & Co., Ltd., regarding the proposed publication of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science,” the copyright of which had been offered by the Registrar to the Institute for the benefit of the Benevolent Fund. The terms were regarded as favourable, and the Publications Com- mittee was authorised to proceed with the matter, subject to satisfactory arrangements being made with the authors who will be invited to participate in the work.Subject to the receipt of a satisfactory estimate for the cost involved, the Committee also recommended the publication of the Registrar’s lecture, “A Century of Chemistry: From Boyle to Priestley,” which had been given from time to the before various Sections. The Assessor on the Essays submitted for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize reported that only three essays had been received, and that none of these was deserving of the award. The Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee embodied the Report of the Board of Examiners on the January Examinations, and a recommendation regarding the award of the Meldola Medal, to which reference is made in the Report of Council.40 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussions.] Belfast and District.-Owing to the difficulties of travel and the spare time occupation of most of the members, no meetings of the Belfast Section were held in the Autumn of 1939. In Belfast most of the members have attended courses for A.R.P. Gas Identification Officers. Similar courses will be given in other important centres in Northern Ireland. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held on 25th January, at Bristol University, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society.Mr. A. Sanders, Chairman of the Bristol and South W’estern Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, presided, and a lecture on Photographic Materials-what they are and how they work,” was given by Dr. H. Baines, Assistant Director of Research, Kodak, Ltd. Dr. Baines said that photographic materials consisted essentially of a support or base (usually glass, film or paper), to which was applied a light-sensitive layer. The latter was termed a photographic emulsion, and it was generally a suspension of silver halide crystals in a colloid medium, the choice of halide and medium depending on the type of product required. Silver chloride in gelatin is used for slow development payers of the velox type and for lantern slides, and in gelatin or collodion for printing out papers.A mixture of chloride and bromide in gelatin was used for a series of warm-toned development papers, but by far the most important type of emulsion was silver bromide containing up to 7 per cent. silver iodide dispersed in gelatin. Iodobromide emulsions were employed for all types of negative materials, including X-ray film and for many positive materials, such as cine positive film and bromide papers. The manufacture of an iodobromide emulsion was described. The initial precipitation of the silver salt in gelatin was termed emulsification, after which the grain size distribution was adjusted by a heat treatment known as ripening. The excess 41 soluble halide and alkali nitrate were next removed by water washing, and a digestion process adjusted the sensitometric characteristics as desired.The emulsion was coated in the liquid form after melting and doctoring. (Typical coating machines for plates, films and papers were described, and an account of the means for obtaining high latitude, freedom from curl on film and from halation was given.) One of the most important aspects of the manufacture of modern photographic materials was that of optica! sensitising by dyestuffs. (Numerous applications of high speed material and of specially sensitised material were given.) The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides. Cardiff and District.-With the outbreak of war it was found impossible to continue with the programme arranged for the year 1939-40, and the Section Committee decided to call a general meeting (conjointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) to discover the wishes of members about a modified programme.A Social Gathering of chemists took place on 4th November, 1939, in the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, when it was decided that, for the duration of the war, meetings should be held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry. A meeting of the Section took place on 8th December, 1939, in the University Union Building, Cardiff, and, despite the difficulties of “black-out” travel, the attendance created a record for a business meeting held by the Section. After a discussion, partly on the question of compensation for injury to Gas Identification Officers, the meeting adjourned to the Cardiff Technical College, where Dr.W. H. Linnell (of the College of the Pharmaceutical Society, London) gave a lecture on “Some Aspects of Chemotherapy. ” Chemotherapy should include a consideration of all remediable agents of a chemical nature: anaesthetics as well as bactericides, antipyretics as well as the organic arsenicals. The restriction of the subject to substances which combat an invading organism is purely artificial. Many new chemotherapeutic agents owe their origin to work done on some natural substance which possessed a therapeutic value. The isolation, characterisation and synthesis of the active principle is accompanied by enquiries concerning the biological reactions not only of the active principle itself but 42 also of many intermediate products and chemical “copies.” Thus much knowledge is gained of the effect of a large number of chemical groupings.This type of work is well illustrated by the anti-malarials. Progress is always slow until the infection concerned, or a similar one, can be induced in experimental animals. In malaria the discovery that canaries and Java sparrows could be used to evaluate substances capable of controlling the parasite at two different stages of its life history was of paramount im- portance. Canaries are used for substances which affect the parasite in the same manner as quinine (schizontocidal) and sparrows for compounds like plasmoquine which attack the gametes.First the relative activities of the various natural cinchona alkaloids were explored, followed by a consideration of those compounds which could be prepared from them by chemical means, such as the alkylhydrocupreines and the ape-bases. It thus appeared that neither the 6-methoxy group in the quinoline nucleus nor the vinyl group of the quinuclidine nucleus were essential, but that chemical alteration (esterification, oxidation, reduction, etc.) of the secondary alcohol serving as a link between them resulted in complete loss of activity. The position of this group relative to the nitrogen of the quinuclidine nucleus appeared to be critical. Antimalarial activity had been noticed in methylene blue and in salvarsan, and attention was turned to the former on account of the difficulty of synthesising substances related to quinine.Increase of activity was obtained by sub- stituting one of the dimethylamino groups in methylene blue with a more complex basic chain of the type, -NH.R.N(alk),. This chain was then introduced into position 8 of the 6-alkoxy- quinoline nucleus and into the 5-position in 2-chloro-7-alkoxy- acridine, producing plasmoquine and atebrin, respectively. The former compound is gametocidal, whilst the latter affects the schizonts, as does quinine. Much information has been obtained concerning the results of lengthening or branching of the basic chain and of altering the nature of the alkoxy groups.In such ways as these, knowledge has been gained and may be utilised in further endeavours. The only essential requirements for antimalarial activity appear to be the quinoline nucleus and a basic group. The introduction of prontosil into medicine may be rated as the biggest achievement of chemotherapy and in this instance no natural drug formed the starting point. Prontosil and 43 soluble prontosil are azo dyes formed from p-aminobenzene- sulphonamide, and have made possible the cure of such scourges as puerperal fever-they are predominently streptococcicidal. Shortly after their introduction in 1935 it was found that the active agent was the p-aminobenzenesulphonamide produced from them by reduction. Over 200 derivatives or relatives of this molecule have been made and tested, from which it appears that the nitrogen must be para to the sulphonamide group; that substitution in this nucleus is dystherapeutic; that the hydrogens of the amino group may be replaced with some degree of freedom; and that the hydrogens of the sulphonamide may be.replaced only by certain groupings. Extension of the application of such compounds to other streptococcal infections, and to pneumococci and gonococci infections has occurred, and attempts have been made to discover the best compound for each specific job. M and B 693-0ne of the hydrogens of the sulphonamide group replaced with a-pyridyl-has thus become established in pneumonia. Another nucleus, p:p’-diamino-diphenylsulphone, has been found to be effective and bids well to open a new chapter in this story.In the natural substances founded upon the cyclopenteno- phenanthrene nucleus Nature provides an excellent example of the profound changes in physiological effect brought about by comparatively small changes in structure, as witness the sterols, the bile acids, pro-vitamin D, the female sex hormones, the male sex hormones and the aglucones of the cardiac glycosides. All these substances possess essentially the same nucleus but differ according to the nature of a side chain and the number of double bonds. Considerable success has been achieved in obtaining more simple chemical structures possessing oestrogenic properties and a comparison of the formula of the trans form of 4 :~+’-dihydroxydiethylstilbene(stiboestrol) with that of oestradiol exhibits architectural similarities.Activity has also been noticed in derivatives of diphenyl and in propylbenzene : these two structures may be considered to be part of the molecule of the natural substance. It is, as yet, too early to expect the advancement of general theories to explain chemotherapeutic activity, as the science is only in its infancy. A theory founded upon a knowledge of all the facts often becomes a law: if based upon a sufficient number of facts it may form a working hypothesis; while if too few facts are available it cannot be other than an indiscretion. It may, however, be said that all properties of a compound- 44 chemical, physical and physiological-must have their genesis in the molecular architecture.If the shape of the molecule could be immediately and completely correlated with the various properties of the substance much of the uncertainty-and most of the pleasure-of research would’ be destroyed. Through unforeseen circumstances Professor C. S. Gibson, O.B.E., F.R.S., was obliged to cancel the lecture which he had proposed to give in Cardiff on 26th January. The Local Section and the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry intend to organise a social meeting for 16th March, details of which will be circularised in due course. East Ang1ia.-Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton presided at a meeting held in the Lido, Aylsham Road, Norwich, on 30th January, when Dr. J.W. Corran, Honorary Secretary of the Section, gave a lecture on bb Gas Warfare and the Civil Population.” The meeting, which was held under the auspices of the East Anglia Section, was attended not only by many members of the Section, but by representatives of the City of Nonvich and County of Norfolk A.R.P. organisations, and was fully reported in the local press. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Section has held two evening meetings. At the first, Professor James P. Kendall, F.R.S., of Edinburgh University, gave a resum6 of the matter in his book entitled “Breathe Freely”; at the second, Professor W. T. Astbury, of Leeds University, discussed “The Examination of Proteins by X-ray Photography.’’ The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held towards the end of February, and a further meeting will take place before Easter.Many members of the Section have volunteered as Gas Identification Officers. Throughout the winter, the Honorary Secretary of the Section has arranged a series of technical meetings for all members of the local Gas Identification Services. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-Members of the Section were invited to attend a meeting held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 19th January, when a lecture entitled ‘6 The Manufacture of Industrial Extracts for Leather and Textiles,” was delivered by Mr. Kennedy Campbell, British Dyewoods, Ltd. 45 The meeting was arranged by the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and was presided over by their Chairman, Mr.J. Simpson. Mr. Campbell traced the expansion and change in the manu- facture of water-soluble extracts over the past 50 years. Originally the wood, bark and leaves of the selected trees were ground up, put into bags and used as infusions for dyeing or tanning. Later, the French supplied dilute extracts which were subsequently concentrated to liquors containing approximately 50 per cent. dry matter. Turning to modern practice the lecturer discussed extraction under three headings, viz., preparation of raw material for easy extraction ; extraction of soluble portion ; concentration of extract. The raw material is of many varieties and comes from all over the world, but among the most important are-logwood, from the West Indies; quebracho, from Argentine; fustic, from South Africa; mimosa, wattle bark and many types of berries and flowers. The preparation of most of these involves the breaking down of the wood into small chips and for this, chipping machines showing great ingenuity and engineering skill are used.The prepared material is then extracted with hot water in open or closed cylindrical wooden vats. These vats are provided with false bottoms to facilitate the removal of spent material and the liquor pipes are so arranged that the hot water comes in at the top, passes from the bottom to the top of the next vat and so on through a series of vats. The closed vats are capable of working at higher temperatures, but as this is not always advan- tageous, both types are commonly used.The extracts thus obtained are very dilute and the next stage is their concentration, which may proceed until the extract contains only 20 per cent. of water. Various methods of con-centration are in use, such as the standard single or multiple effect evaporators. Kestner evaporators with tubes of some 20 feet in length or the Multiplex modification with tubes of 6 to 8 feet are also used, and the time of concentration can be reduced to as little as one and a half minutes. The finished extract is usually solid and is finally broken into granules for easy solution. The foregoing part of the lecture dealt mainly with logwood, and was plentifully illustrated by excellent slides showing the 46 many machi~ies used, and was concluded by a series of slides showing a Jamaica logwood factory.The lecturer next dealt briefly with quebracho from Argentine. This wood has been known for over a hundred years, and its extreme hardness is indicated in its name, which means “axe breaker.” The extract from this wood is excellent for tanning hides, as it strikes through the thickest of leather and produces a more uniform treatment than other tanning materials. Quebracho extract is now all manufactured in Argentine, but, unfortunately the forests are wearing out and the trees are not being replaced. As originally prepared, the extract was very difficult to dissolve, even in hot water, but chemical treat- ment with sulphur dioxide compounds, a process discovered by an Italian, now renders it very soluble in cold water.The lecture concluded with the showing of samples of various extracts and many beautiful examples of dyed fabrics and dyed and tanned hides. An interesting discussion followed in which Messrs. J. W. Kerr, E. J. Schorn, F. Rumford and J. Reid took pa.rt. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held on Wednesday, 17th January, the Chair being taken by Mr. W. D. Scouller, in the unavoidable absence of Dr. Everest. Mr. B. J. Habgood gave a talk entitled ‘‘ Synthetic Rubber.” After a brief historical r6sum6, the lecturer indicated the constitutions of the more successful types of synthetic rubber, notably Buna (developed in Germany) and Neoprene (developed in the U.S.A.).These two chemically different types of syn- thetic rubber, whilst similar in physical properties, differed in one or two important respects: for example, Neoprene could be fabricated in the same way and with the use of the same machinery as natural rubber, while with the Buna product the output was only about 25 per cent. of that of natural rubber using the same machinery, Neoprene, which is derived from chloroprene, had the further important advantage of .being practically non- inflammable because of its high content of chlorine. The lecturer indicated that for very many purposes Neoprene was superior to natural rubber. It was not soluble in petroleum hydrocarbons and hence could be used in contact with these bodies, which was not true of natural rubber.On the other hand the solubility of Neoprene in aromatic hydrocarbons made it unsuitable for use with them. Other striking examples of the superiority of Neoprene over natural rubber were its high resistances to heat, to ozone and to moisture. It was pointed out, however, that the electrical conductivity of Neoprene was, because of its polar character, greater than that of natural rubber, and this was apparent when it was used as an insulator for cables carrying high voltage currents. The difficulty could be overcome by using an inner coating of natural rubber to give the necessary insulation and an outer covering of Neoprene to give the resistance to corrosion.The fabrication of articles from Neoprene presented no difficulty when once the correct technique had been mastered: it could, for example, be bonded to almost any metal without the preliminary brass plating necessary for natural rubber. The lecture, which was illustrated by lantern slides and by a large number of specimens kindly loaned by Messrs. Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., was followed by an interesting dis- cussion in which many members took part. Liverpool and North-Western.-The Section, together with the Liverpool Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists, met on 7th December, 1939, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool, with Mr.G. C. Corbett (Chairman of the Liverpool Section of the British Association of Chemists) in the chair. Lecturettes were given by Dr. F. W.Kay, Mr. M. Rosebery, and Mr. L. Wild. Dr. Kay discussed bb The Chemistry of Photosensitizers.” He mentioned briefly the imperfections of the photographic silver bromide emulsion, notably its insensitivity to red light and in less degree to yellow, and the attempt by Wortley in the early seventies to overcome this by coating the emulsion with a preservative film containing a yellow dye, with the object of filtering out the more actinic blue component of day- light; the other ingredients, being mostly bromine or iodine absorbing agents, were intended to act as assistants in the reduction of silver sub-bromide to metallic silver.Vogel, on the basis of an analysis of Wortley’s protective “over-coating,” conceived the idea of staining the emulsion with a yellow-light 48 absorbing dye , which simultaneously would chemically absorb photochemically liberated bromine or iodine, and for this purpose chose, with conspicuous success, aurine-a yellow, phenolic, triphenylmethane dye which gave an intense sensitivity to yellow as to indigo blue of daylight-and subsequently with malachite green achieved sensitivity far into the red. Other aniline dyes such as rosaniline, methyl violet, cyanine as well as the natural pigment chlorophyll were shortly found to produce similar sensitizing effects. Edwards commercialised these ideas by introducing orthochromatic plates partially corrected by using eosin (green and yellow sensitive) , whilst the associated erythrosin and rose bengal are still employed for the purpose.Greville Williams’ cyanine ,discovered in 1856,having proved unsatisfactory, Miethe in 1903 introduced ethyl red-an iso-cyanine-the effect of which is evenly distributed over the whole spectrum from ultra-violet to orange and is therefore panchro- matic ; finally, following further investigations by Konig, carbocyanine was put on the market by the German dyestuff- makers in 1906. Following upon the outbreak of war in 19x4,and this country’s complete dependence upon Germany at that time for panchro- matic sensitizers, Pope and his collaborators, W. H. Mills and Miss Hamer, successfully cleaned up the whole field both ana- lytically and synthetically by intensive work, which led also to striking improvements and extensions in the preparations in the cyanine group of dyes.The lecturer then discussed the ammonium base ,-carbin01 base, tautomerism of alkyl quinolinium hydroxide and the activity of the methyl group in certain ortho and para positions in the quinoline, isoquinoline and thiazole nuclei, and the bearing of these phenomena on the mechanism of cyanine for-mation. The view was advanced that the carbinol bases con- densed with these methyl heterocyclic homologues by loss of the elements of water , yielding hydrogenated cyanines as inter-mediate products, which were subsequently oxidised by the auto-reduction of a portion of the basic mixture itself. The lecture concluded with a description of Miss Hamer’s elegant method of synthesizing carbocyanines and analogues by the action of ethyl orthoformate on alkyl quinolinium- halide mixtures in boiling pyridine, i.e.in a basic medium as opposed to Konig’s obviously inappropriate use of acetic anhydride, patented some years earlier. The application of the method to the sulphur and oxygen analogues was also mentioned, as well as the extension of the class of dye by the prolongation of the conjugated, unsaturated chain linking the quinoline and/or benzthiazole nuclei. Mr. Rosebery dealt with ‘‘Colour Photography .” After a brief reference to a hypothetical ideal colour sensitive substance, he related how du Hauron, in 1869, wrote a book in which he outlined many processes for the production of colour photographs. Clerk-Maxwell’s work on the matching of colours by the mixing of lights of three primary colours was next described and an outline was given of his historic demonstration of its truth by the production of a picture in colour.After an explanation of the principle of the screen-plate, the lecturer gave a brief account of the principal processes utilising this idea to date, culminating in the latest development, the Dufaycolor film. The modern application of Clerk-Maxwell’s method, in which three negatives are required, was then described. The types of camera necessary to effect the analysis of the image were dealt with, and the typical processes for producing prints explained.They included the Carbro and Vivex, as examples based on Manly’s Ozobrome process, and the Eastman Wash-off Relief and Duxochrome as examples of imbibition methods. Multipack films were then mentioned, reference being made, in particular, to Kodachrome and Agfa. In conclusion, a brief account was given of cinematography in colour, the processes described being the Kodacolour and Dufaycolor as examples of screen plate methods, the Technicolor, which is carried out by imbibition, and the Gasparcolor, which is a combination of colour separation and multipack methods. The lecturer emphasised that the processes mentioned by name are typical, and not the only successful ones in use to-day, and he concluded by saying that photography in natural colours is an established industry in which the method so popular in ordinary snapshot work , namely the developing and printing idea, is now beginning to be applied.The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides. 50 Mr. Wild’s paper dealt with ‘‘ Colour Printing.” Mr. Wild outlined the salient features of letterpress, offset lithographic and photogravure printing processes. He men-tioned the important work done comparatively recently on the nature of the lithographic printing surface on which adsorbed films of fatty acid and gum arabic play a vital part in the accept- ance and rejection of ink in the design and non-design parts of the plate.The lecturer said that, in discussing colour reproduction requiring superimposition of coloured inks with gradation of tone, it was necessary to note that offset litho with its thin ink film on relatively rough dull paper tended to need more printings than letterpress with thicker film on bright coated paper or photogravure with its film of varying thickness, which provided high potentiality for contrast. This influenced the number of colour separation negatives involved, while letterpress half-tone could also take advantage of fine etching on the block in addition to dot retouching on the screen negative. The usefulness of colour transparencies as copy lay in saving the cost. of a sketch or in affording convenient reproduction of some subject not easily available or transient in character.It was necessary to control the moisture content of paper or board in order to prevent change of dimensions between printings, which could take place rapidly in atmospheres varying in percentage humidity. Moisture content also strongly in-fluenced the light sensitivity of bichromated colloid films on which the preparation stages of printing so largely depend. The lecturer reviewed the range of manufactured mineral colours and organic pigment dyes or lakes used in printing inks, and mentioned the introduction of mixed crystal pigments and the work done by X-ray methods to explain the crystalline state of lead chromes and the constitution of Prussian blues. The importance of the physical and chemical character of the pigment in its effect on the flow and transfer of inks on the printing machine was referred to, and mention was made of such considerations as the effect of pigment dispersion on flow, particle size on thixotropic behaviour, interaction of pigment and vehicle on the structure of the ink system, and the changes in adhesive property brought about by drying of ink on the press.51 Many examples of colour printing were shown by the lecturer to illustrate the various processes. . Each short lecture was followed by a brief discussion. A vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. G. W. Beaumont (Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute of Chemistry), who congratulated the speakers on having overcome the difficulties of dealing with wide subjects in a brief space of time.Mr. G. Sowler seconded the vote of thanks. The foregoing. abstracts were provided by the speakers. The fourth Joint Meeting of the programme arranged by the Emergency Joint Committee and the Standing Joint Committee representing the Locxl Sections of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists was held on 25th January, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool. The meeting was under the auspices of the British Association of Chemists,-Mr. L. Wild in the Chair. Mr. W. Doran spoke on Microchemical Methods.” The lecture took the form of a review of some of the more important applications of micro and semi-micro technique to the practical problems of analytical, industrial and biological laboratories.After a brief discussion of the scope indicated, respectively, by the terms macro-, semi-micro-, micj 0, and ultramicro-, the type of balance suited to each field of work was described and the main precautions to be observed in using microbalances were outlined. Physical micro-methods were next reviewed, including melting point, boiling point and molecular weight determinations, viscometry, electrolysis, distilla- tion, sublimation and extraction. A short account of chromatographic adsorption methods followed, after which the handling of precipitates and solutions, filtration, evaporation and drying on the micro-scale were described. Gravimetric and volumetric micro-technique was mentioned and reference was made to processes, originally evolved by Emich, Pregl and others, for purposes of academic research, which have proved useful when applied to routine analytical practice ; examples are-the use of the Emich capillary technique, the Pregl micro-muffle, and the Parnas-Wagner modification of 52 Kjeldahl’s apparatus.A short account of modern “Spot analysis” by the Feigl technique concluded the lecture. Lantern slides were used to illustrate typical apparatus. In the discussion, the lecturer, replying to the Chairman, said that for academic organic analysis micro-methods had displaced macro-. A similar tendency was also noticed in many general analytical determinations.In reply to a question by Mr. B. D. W. Luff, he said that radiation of heat from the operator had to be. guarded against, principally by reducing to a minimum close approach to the balance and handling. Dr. J. B. Firth made a comparison between British and foreign types of micro-balance and said that facilities for service and repair had now to be carefully considered. He also referred to the difficulty of obtaining supplies of adsorbent materials of uniform quality for use in chromato- graphic analysis. The lecturer suggested that this might possibly be overcome by workers pre-treating for themselves commercially obtainable materials. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The first lecture of the present session was given in the Hall of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, on 17th January.Mr. J. R. Nicholls, Chairman, presided and introduced Dr. J. T. Martin, of the Dept. of Insecticides and Fungicides, Rothamsted Experimental Station, who delivered an address entitled ‘‘ Plant Insecticides.” The author has kindly supplied the following abstract :-The lecture, which was illustrated by lantern slides, dealt with laboratory methods of testing insecticides and with in-secticidal plant products. Contact insecticides may be evaluated by the deposition of a film containing the poison upon a surface supporting the insects (e.g. the methods of Tattersfield, O’Kane and Campbell) or by the atomisation of the spray fluid into a chamber containing the insects (eg.the methods of Richardson and Peet and Grady). The toxic effect may then be assessed by taking the percentage mortality of the insects after the poison has been exerting its action for a given time. If the percentage mortalities are plotted against different concentrations of poison used, sigmoid curves result, and the toxicities of two poisons may be compared by the determination of the concentrations of each required to give 50 per cent. mortality of the insects. The more exact interpretation of dosage-mortality curves is possible by the application of methods due to O’Kane, Hemmingsen, Gaddum and Bliss. The plotting of the “probits” (inferred dosages ex- pressing the mortalities observed) of Bliss against the logarithms of the concentrations of poison transforms the sigmoid curves into straight lines, and enables a definite expression of significance to be given to toxicity results.The time required to secure a given toxic effect may also be determined, its reciprocal indicating the “speed of toxic action.” The lecturer described the “leaf sandwich” method of testing stomach poisoning insecticides, and a type of apparatus used in evaluating fumigants. In the biological work, insects have to be bred for the purpose, and for testing, individuals should be of the same age and size and if possible the sex ratio should be constant. Male houseflies have shown a greater susceptibility to certain contact sprays than female house flies. The effect of a period of starvation upon the degree of resistance of insects was shown.In discussing nicotine, the recent use of fixed nicotine pre- parations, nicotine oleate, nicotine peat and nicotine bentonite was described. Mention was made of neo-nicotine, and of its optically active form, the alkaloid anabasine, isolated from the Russian weed Anabasis aphylla. Slides were shown demonstrating the use by natives of plants for the catching of fish. Some of the plants concerned have now come into prominence as insecticides, species of Deguelia (Derris) and Lonchocarpus being of great economic importance. Rotenone, a highly toxic constituent, may easily be isolated, but it has long been recognised that the rotenone-free extract is strongly in- secticidal. The lecturer described the separation and constitution of four other naturally occurring active principles, toxicarol, sumatrol, elliptone and malaccol.Active deguelin has yet to be isolated. All six poisons contribute, in varying degrees, to the toxicity of the economic species of derris. There is also the possibility of synergistic action between the active principles. In discussing pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium), slides illustrating the production, in Kenya Colony, of this important insecticidal plant were shown. There the plant flowers for ten months of the year, permitting the harvesting of flowers 54 in the optimum condition. The product is of high quality, and a total poison content of not less than 1-3per cent. is guaranteed.The active principles, the pyrethrins I and 11, are esters of a cyclic ketone, pyrethrolone and two acids, chrysanthemum mono-and di-carboxylic acids. In pyrethrin I1 the second carboxyl group is methylated. With the possession of analytical methods, the investigation of the effect of cultural and environ- mental conditions upon the production of flowers and their content of the pyrethrins became possible. The flowers were found to contain a maximum content of the pyrethrins when in the fully-open condition, while the pyrethrin I content was not to any material extent influenced by manuring. Experiments showed the importance in flower production of a dormant or rest period. It was shown that the loss of activity of pyrethrum could be partly prevented by the incorporation of antioxidants.The lecturer referred to the controversy regarding the relative toxicity of the two pyrethrins, and pointed out the importance of medium in insecticidal action. The physiological action upon insects of rotenone and both the pyrethrins was discussed. Finally the lecturer gave instances of important economic uses of these plants, the utility of which is by no means fully worked out; Many speakers took part in a lively discussion at the con- clusion of the lecture. During the discussion, a member suggested that the informa- tion contained in the paper should be available in extenso, instead of in the condensed form usually quoted in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. (A copy of the paper is available at the Institute to any member desiring fuller information than the abstract conveys.) Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-A joint meeting of the above Section with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held under the Chairmanship of Professor H.L. Riley at the Royal Turk’s Head Hotel, Newcastle upon Tyne, 19th December, 1939, and was attended by about sixty members and guests. Following an informal luncheon an address entitled 66 The Coal Industry in Wartime.” was delivered by Mr. E. M. Myers, Hon. Secretary of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. 55 Drawing upon his experience of the Great War, Mr. Myers was able to institute a number of interesting comparisons between conditions then and those which obtain now.He substantiated the view that the industry now laboured under difficult conditions, but he made it quite clear that despite adverse circumstances, coal-producing undertakings were aiming at maintaining the quality of their products. Enterprising firms, he was sure, realised the importance of that somewhat intangible asset known as goodwill, and would not allow it to be lost by any falling off in the quality of the fuel supplied locally or intended for the export market. He pleaded, however, for some easement of Govern- mental control and described how the industry was hedged about by provisions and regulations, greatly astonishing some members of his audience by citation of the number of forms upon which coal producers were obliged to make returns.Both coal producers and consumers participated in an interesting discussion which followed the address, elaborating their own specific view-points of the situation. South Wales.-Members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged by the Chemical Society on 7th December, 1939,in the Royal Institution of South Wales, Swansea, with Prof. J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc., presiding, when Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., delivered a lecture on bb Two Types of Diamond.” After describing his experimental researches in collaboration with Dr. J. J. Fox and Dr. A. E. Martin on the optical and electrical properties of diamonds, which led to the recognition and characterisation of an uncommon type of diamond, sharply differentiated from the common type by its isotropy, laminar structure, greater transparency in both infra-red and ultra-violet, and remarkable photo-electric conductivity, the lecturer dealt with the theory of the two types of diamond and presented strong evidence for the view that the exceptional type has a relatively strainless mosaic structure due to some exceptional conditions of formation from the plastic state.Prof. E. J. Evans, Dr. N. H. Hartshorne, Dr. C. A. Seyler, Dr. F. L1. Jones, Mr. E. Thornton, Mr. A. Stuart, Dr. P. Davidson, and Mr. F. G. Willson took part in the discussion. 56 Examinations:January, 1940 Report of the Board of Examiners. 24th.-January, 1940. Examinations were held as under:- No, No.Entered. Passed. For the Associateship in General ChernistTy- At the Institute, in the Laboratories of the London University, South Kensington,and-for theory papers-at a number of local centres. Theoretical-Tuesday and Wednesday,9th and 10th January, 1940. Practical-Tuesday to Friday, 2nd-5th January, inclusive .. .. . . -22* 12* For the Fellowship- Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Cocoa and Chocolate .. 1 1 -23 13 * One candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the examination, and 1 candidate satisfied the Examiners in those parts of the examination in which he had previously failed. INORGANICPHYSICALAND CHEMISTRY. Few candidates attempted the question on the specific heats of gases from the standpoint of the kinetic theory, and many answers to the question asking for an account of the develop- ment of modern views on the construction of the atom were neither concise nor to the point.Many candidates avoided the question, in the second paper, involving a calculation, and the number of correct answers was not large. The practical work was well done on the whole, although the gravimetric determina- tion of aluminium in the given alloy proved a stumbling block to certain candidates. ORGANICTHEORY. With the exception of the problem in question 8, each of the questions was attempted by approximately an equal number of candidates; the few who tackled the problem did it well. The 57 most unsatisfactory answers were those given to the question dealing with the reduction of nitrobenzene under different con- ditions. A better acquaintance with this well-known piece of book work should have been shown.Several candidates gave formulae in which nitrogen functioned as a penta-covalent element and a few even gave the obsolete cyclic formula for azoxybenzene. It was clear from the nature of the answers to the question on the preparation of benzene diazonium chloride that some candidates had never diazotised aniline in the laboratory. Several of the answers to the question on the Walden Inversion indicated lack of acquaintance with work carried out on this subject during the last twenty years. The few answers dealing with the electronic theory of valency were hazy and showed a lack of appreciation of the content of the question.ORGANICPRACTICAL. The first day’s work calls for no special comment. The exercises set on the second day were designed to circumvent that injudicious appeal to tables of melting points to which reference has been made in previous reports. Several candidates went astray, on either the first day or the second, through the non- detection of either halogen or nitrogen, and a few assumed that a halogen present in an organic compound must be chlorine. Translations were generally done quite satisfactorily. The following exercises were given :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. TUESDAY, 9th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FOUR questions only.Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of the development of modern views on the structure of the atom. 2. Describe exactly how you would obtain a specimen of:- (a) potassium permanganate from pyrolusite;(b) sulphur from sulphuric acid; (c) oxygen from quicklime;(d) azoimide (N,H) from ammonia; (e) chromium from chromic acid. 3. In the light of (a) the Law of Mass Action, (b) the Phase Rule, discuss the conditions of equilibrium for a solid which gives rise to gaseousdecomposition products. 4. Name some of the natural sources of iodine and discuss the chemical reactions by which iodine is obtained from these sources.Explainthe reactions which take place when iodine reacts with (a)sodium hydroxide solution; (b) potassium iodide solution; (c) potassium chlorate solution; (d) nitric acid. 6. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) the use of complexes and complex salt formation in analytical chemistry; OR (b) artificial radioactive elements. 6. Discuss the specific heats of gases from the standpoint of the kinetic theory. 2 to 6 p.m. (Attempt FOUR qumtions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give fmulae and equati0n.s where possible.) 1. Write an historical and critical essay on the principles underlying the determination of the atomic weights of the elements. 2. By what methods may the absolute velocities of ions in solution be determined9 Describe TWO methods and criticise the nature of the results obtained.3. Give an account of ONE ‘of the following:- (a) acid and base catalysis; (b) per-acids and their salts; (c) the corrosion of metals. 4. When 25 C.C. of hydrogen and 18 C.C. of iodine were allowed to react at 465OC. it was found that, at eq;ilibrium, 30.8 C.C. of hydrogen iodide were formed. Calculate (a) the equilibrium constant” of the reaction and (b) the “equilibrium mixture” which is formed by heating 30 C.C. of iodine and 10 C.C. of hydrogen at 465’. What is the degree of dissociation of pure hydrogen iodide at 465” C. ? (All volumes have been reduced to N.T.P.) 5. Write short accounts of TWO of the following:- (a) rhenium and its compounds; (b) the carbides and carbonyls of the metals; (c) the parachor; (d) the stereochemistry of 4 covalent metals.6. Describe the preparation and properties ofFOUR ofthe following :-(a) thionyl chloride; (b) sodium hydrosulphite (Na,S,O,) ; (c) barium silicofluoride (BaSiF,) ; (d) ammonium molybdate ; (e) vanadium. WEDNESDAY, 10th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point.Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Describe TWO convenient methods of preparing methyl ethyl ketone. By means of equations and short notes indicate how this com pound can be converted into (a) sec-butyl alcohol; (b) methyl diethyl carbinol; (c) p-butylamine; (d) di-acetyl; (e) a-hydroxy a-methyl butyric acid; (f) 8-hydroxy 8-methyl valeric acid.59 2. Describe the usual method of preparing malonic ester. Illustrate its uses as a synthetical reagent in the preparation of the following com- pounds :-(a) methylbenzylacetic acid; (b) glutaric acid; (c) cyclopentane1,3,dicarboxylic acid; (d) /3-phenylglutaric acid. 3. Give an account of the reactions which occur when nitrobenzene is reduced under different experimental conditions. 4. Giving the necessary experimental details, describe how you would prepare a solution of benzene diazonium chloride ; indicate how you would employ this solution in the preparation of the following compounds :-(a) iodobenzene; (b) phenylhydrazine ; (c) thiophenol ; (d) benzene sulphinic acid.Illustrate its use in the conversion of cc-naphthol into an amino-naphthol. 5. Give an account of the stereochemistry of:-(a) oximes, OR (b) the tartaric acids. 6. Write a short essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) Fischer’s indole synthesis-and its mechanism; (b) the Walden inversion; (c) the structure of glucose. 7. By means of suitable examples show how the electronic theory of valency has proved helpful in explaining the reactivity of organic compounds. 8. A neutral compound (C12H,,0,) on hydrolysis yields an acid A (CIoH,O,), which on oxidation yields an acid B (C,H,O,): when heated with hydriodic acid B is converted into an acid C (C,H,O,); on heating with soda lime C yields catechol (o-dihydroxy benzene).By means of equations indicate how you would prepare the original neutral compound from catechol. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translation from French and German technical literature. TUESDAY, 2nd JANUARY, 10 a&. to 4.30p.m. Identify compounds (A) and (B). A = Acetyl salicylic acid, OT salicyl anilide; B = n -butyl oxalate, or bromoform). WEDNESDAY, 3rd JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Investigate as completely as time allows compound (C). (C= 4-chloro-2-nitro -aniline, or 2-chloro -4-nitro -aniline. ) THURSDAY, 4th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. (D) is an aluminium alloy. Identify the other metallic constituents and determine gravimetrically the percentage of aluminium in the alloy.The QUALITATIVE EXERCISE must be completed by 11.30 a.m. when candidates will be informed of the constituents of the alloy. The GRAVI-METRIC DETERMINATION must be completed TO-DAY. (D contained zinc, lead, iron, nickel and manganese.) PRIDAY, 5th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. (E) is an impure sample of ammonium persulphate. Identifythe impurity and estimate the percentage of pure ammonium persulphate in (E). (E contained 20 per cent. ammonium sulphate.) 2. Identify the constituents of the mixture (F). (F = Potassium titanifluoride and sodium chloride.) 60 PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Aesociateship : Beer, Charles Thomas, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol. Birtwell, Stanley, Blackburn Technical College.Boscott, Ronald Joseph, Technical College, Cardiff; The Polytechnic, Regent Street, and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Bower, Leonard Tandy, City Technical College, Liverpool. Cooper, Leslie Ernest, Technical College, Hull. Graham, Kenneth Lindley, Central Technical College, Birmingham, and Technical College, Coventry. Lees, Byrom, B.Sc. (Lond.), College of Technology, Manchester, Royal Technical College, Salford, and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Reid, William Walter, Chelsea Polytechnic. Roberts, Carl Brian, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Leicester. Twiselton, Maurice Samuel James, Derby Technical College. Walker, Harold Augustus, City Technical College, Liverpool, and Battersea Polytechnic, London.Winteringham, Francis Peter Worsley, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol. Examination for the Fellowship : In Branch G: Industry Chemistry, with special reference to Chocolate and Cocoa. Harris, Clifford. Notes. Leverhulme Research Fellowships, 1940.-Application from British subjects resident in Great Britain are invited for (i) Fellowships or (ii) grants in aid of research, which are intended for senior workers who are prevented from carrying out research work by routine duties or pressure of other work. In exceptional circumstances the Trustees may waive the condition as to residence. The Trustees are also prepared to consider applications from groups of workers. Fuller particulars and forms of application may be obtained from the Secretary, Dr.L. Haden Guest, M.C., M.P., Leverhulme Research Fellowships, Kingscote House, I, Watergate, Black- friars, London, E.C.4. Applications must be received on or before 1st March, 1940. Awards will be announced in July and will date from xst September, 1940. The Ministry of Supply has set up an Advisory Council on scientific research and technical development to ensure that scientific and technical work controlled by the Ministry of Supply is conducted with due regard to recent advances in knowledge. The Advisory Council will initiate new proposals for research and technical development and will make recom- mendations as to the most effective use of personnel. Lord Cadman is Chairman of the Council, which includes the following Fellows :-Professor Ian M.Heilbron, D.S.O., F.R.S., Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., F.R.S., Sir Robert Robinson, F.R.S., and Mr. John Rogers, O.B.E. Lord Suffolk has been appointed liaison officer in Paris, between the Director of Scientific Research (Ministry of Supply) and French scientists. The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee.-The newly-constituted Parliamentary and Scientific Committee is a non-Party Committee formed with the object of providing a permanent liaison between scientific institutions and societies and Parliament. It is felt that substantial benefit should result from such organisations using their influence to ensure that Parliament shall have due regard to the importance of science in relation to public affairs.In particular the Committee will endeavour:- (1) To provide Members of Parliament with authoritative scientific information from time to time in connexion with debates. (2) To arrange for questions to be put in Parliament and other suitable action to be taken to ensure that proper regard is had for the scientific point of view. (3) To examine all legislation with the above objects in mind and (4) To watch the financing of scientific research from public funds, take such action as may be suitable. to secure that such research is ,administered by persons of adequate scientific qualifications and that scientific and technical workers employed by the State and public bodies shall have adequate opportunities for advancement.(5) To provide its members with a regular summary of scientific matters dealt with in Parliament. SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT. Bread (Vitamin Content).-On 14th December, 1939,in the House of Commons, Sir Joseph Leech asked the Minister of Health whether he would require that bread supplied in insti- tutions controlled by public authorities should be made of flour 62 containing the wheat germ with the B series of vitamins, so that growing children in particular might not suffer from malnutrition owing to being given bread deprived of its full food value; and whether he would confer with the service authorities with a view to providing the forces of the Crown with bread containing the wheat germ.Mr. Walter Elliot replied that he had not the power to give any general direction such as had been suggested. As to the second part of the question, the Armed Forces were under the medical charge of highly skilled personnel who had devoted much attention to questions of dietetics, and he did not think that he could usefully adopt the suggestion. Government Research Departments.-On the same day, Captain L. F. Plugge, Chairman of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, asked the Priine Minister whether, in view of the need for talent in the reconstruction period after the war, he would instruct the different Departments to record and encourage any inventive or scientific ability capable of develop- ment in the national interest.The Prime Minister replied that the civil departments con- cerned with research maintained in peace time a close contact with universities, other institutions and private firms engaged in research. The research departments of the Service Depart- ments, which had been much expanded for war purposes, were in close touch with outside bodies engaged on work bearing on their problems and had a close and satisfactory liaison with the civil research departments. Careful records were kept of any new ideas which could not be applied to an immediate war problem, but might be applicable to post-war needs. The records included details of the originators. In addition there was in the Central Register of the Ministry of Labour and National Service a very comprehensive record of men and women with scientific, technical and professional qualifications.All this material would be available when the problems of post-war reconstruction were considered. He did not think any new instructions were required. Skilled Men (Military Service).-In reply to Mr. E. Smith, Sir Victor Warrender, on behalf of the Secretary of State for War, stated that arrangements for thc release of skilled men from the Army had already been applied, and a very large number 63 of such men had been released either indefinitely or for a limited period. The civil qualifications of skilled men remaining in the Territorial Army were being carefully classified, and such men, if not already employed in the most suitable positions, were being transferred, as rapidly as it could reasonably be done, to other duties.Good progress had already been made. Dr. Cecil Henry Desch, F.R.S., Fellow, has retired from his appointment as Superintendent of the Department of Metallurgy and Metallurgical Chemistry, National Physical Laboratory, and has been succeeded by Dr. C. Sykes of the Metropolitan Vickers Research Laboratories. Dr. Richard Maling Barrer, FeZlow, has been appointed Head of the Chemistry Department of the Technical College, Bradford, in succession to Dr. Robert Duncombe Abell, Fellow, who has recently retired. Obituary. NICHOLAS ANFILOGOFFALEXANDER died suddenly at Red Croft, Paglesham, on 27th January, at the age of 65 years.Born at Riga, he graduated as a chemical technologist from the Russian Imperial Technical Institute at Moscow in 1895, and was a Gold Medallist. After some experience with the Rilsky Petroleum Refinery and on the Baku Oilfields, he came to London and worked for some months with the Light and Heat Co., Ltd., then under the managing directorship of the late Dr.Dvorkovitz, and for seven years with the European Petroleum Co., before he joined the staff of the Rumanian Oil Trust Refinery at Thames Haven. When this company was taken over by what is now the London and Thames Haven Oil Wharves, Ltd., Mr. AnfilogofT was retained as chemist and later was refinery manager. He was reponsible for the design, erection and maintenance of what for a period of many years was the largest petroleum refinery in England.In 1910 he became general works manager of the company, and saw the largest public wharfaging plant quadruple its storage capacity. Duringthe Great War he rendered valuable service to the Admiralty. In 1930 he became a director of the London and Coastal Oil Wharves, Ltd., and was responsible for the construction of another wharfaging plant. His scientific achievements included the discovery of aromatic hydrocarbons in Asiatic petrol, the isolation of sulphur compounds in Mexican and Persian petroleum and desulphurising on the works scale. Hebecame a naturalised British subject in 1903. 64 He was interested in public work, being a me'mber of the parish councils of Corringham and Stanford-le-Hope, and of the Orsett Rural District Council, and represented the Tilbury Division on the Essex County Council.He was also chairman of the Orsett Board of Guardians and a Justice of the Peace for the County of Essex. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. WILLIAM ALEXANDERSKEENCALDER died suddenly at Worthing, on 6th January, in his 67th year. Born in London, of Scottish parents, he was educated at Wilson's Grammar School, Camberwell, and after some business experience with a London East Indian merchant, turned to science, and from 1889 to 1891 studied chemistry and physics at the Royal College of Science and the Royal School of Mines, and engineering and bacteriology at King's College, London. He became an assistant to R.H. Harland, Fellow, consultingchemist and public analyst in practice in the City and then, from 1892 to 1899, was engaged as a chemist in the sulphuric acid works of Messrs. F. C. Hills and Co., of Deptford and East Greenwich, before he joined the staff of Messrs. Chance and Hunt, Ltd., Oldbury, Birmingham, with whom he became managing director in 1917. In 1927 the company was eventually merged in Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., in which Mr. Calder was appointed a member of the Delegate Board of the General Chemical Group and chairman of the Control Committee of the Midland and South Wales Division of the Group. Jointly with Dr. C. C. Fox, he invented the Calder-Fox Scrubber, for removing liquids and solids from industrial gases. He was Chairman of the Birmingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1930, and became President of that Society in 1935-36.He was President of the Institution of Chemical Engineers in 1931-32. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917, and was for several years chairman of the Birmingham and Midlands Section, before he served as a Member of Council from 1935 to 1938, and then for a yearas a Vice-president and a Censor. He was elected President of the Institute in March, 1939. At the time of his death he represented the Institute on the Chemical Council, and was a member of the Industrial Chemistry Committee of the Ministry of Labour. THOMAS died in Edinburgh on 25th January, WILLIAM DRINKWATER in his 87th year. Born in Ireland, he studied chemistry under A.J. Bernays, at St. Thomas's Hospital, London, and after some experience with Francis Sutton, at Norwich, and Dr. Stevenson Macadam in Edinburgh, became engaged as an assistant chemist and, later, chief chemist to Messrs. Hope PS. Go., at Leith. From 1878 he was an extra- mural University lecturer in Edinburgh Medical School, and later was a teacher in the Royal High School, and a University lecturer on Toxicology. After qualifying SLS L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S. (Edin.), he was appointed an examiner in chemistry for the Diploma in Public Health of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh. He also conducted a consulting and analytical practice in the city. He mas public analyst and official agri- cultural analyst for the county of Rosshire and Cromarty, and the Burgh of Fortrose, and public analyst for the Royal Burgh of Inverness.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1901, and served as a Member of Council from 1921 to 1924. The death of WILLIAM DUNCAN of Bath Row, Birmingham, which has only lately been reported to the Institute, occurred in May, 1939, in his 70th year. He received his training in science at Yorkshire College-now the University-Leeds, from 1885 to 1889, and thereafter devoted himself especially to the chemistry of brewing, in which branch he subsequently established and conducted a practice for many years in Birmingham. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1891. FRANKGEORGEEDMEDdied at Southsea on 22nd January, in his 64th year.He was the son of Frank Tomlin Edmed of Brighton, and was educated at Brighton Grammar School. He obtained his scientific training at the Royal College of Science, London, gaining the Associateship of the College in 1897, and graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry in the same year. In July, 1898, he obtained an appointment as chemist to the Anglo-Colonial Chemical Co., Ltd.; in October, 1899, he joined the research staff of the Jenner Institute, and in the following year was appointed to the staff of the War Department chemist, in which he continued until November, 1919, when his services were transferred to the Admiralty as a Superintendent Chemist in the Naval Inspection Department. In 1926 he succeeded Mr.Arnold Philip, Pellow, as Admiralty Chemist, from which appointment he retired on the 1st January this year. During the world war he was Deputy Head Chemist, Directorate of Chemical Inspection, Ministry of Munitions, and in 1918 was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in recognition of his services. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1900 and proceeded to the Fellowship in 1903. He’ served as an active and enthusiastic Member of Council from 1928 to 1931 and from 1932 to 1933. He was a Vice-president from 1933 to 1936 and again a Member of Council from March, 1937, until his death. He was also for some years Chairman of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, and representative of the Institute on the Chemical Council from 1935 to 1939.At the funeral service the Institute was represented by Mr. R. IT. Watridge. WALTERMYERS GARDNER died at Chipstead, Surrey, on 22nd December, in his 79th year. Educated at Ackworth Friends’ School and Yorkshire College-now the University-Leeds, he was in due course awarded the degree of M.Sc. of that University. He continued on the staff of the college as assistant lecturer and later lecturer in dyeing, until 1895, and was a Victoria University I3xtension Lecturer from 1892 to 1897. In 1895 he was appointed Head of the Chemistry Department, and in 1905 Principal of Bradford Technical College. From about 1912 he was associated in a scheme for standardisingevening classes in Yorkshire technical colleges, in order to facilitate the work of students passing from one institution to another, whereby these institutions were already prepared for coming within the scheme of examinations for National Certificates, in which the Institute has co-operated with the Board of Education since 1921.He held the Chair in Chemistry at Bradford until 1919 and the Principalship of the College until 1921, when he retired. He was chairman of the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry from 1908 to 1910. Ho was joint inventor with A, Dufton of a “daylight lamp” for viewing and matching colours in artificial light, patented in 1899. He was editor (sometime jointly with Ur. E. Knecht) of the Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists from 1900 to 1932.He was joint author with Rawson and Laycock of a Dictionary of Dyestufl8 and Dyers’ Chemicals, 66 he contributed a chapter on dyeing to Barker’s Textiles, and many papers on technical subjects to the Journal of the Chemical Society, the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Allen’s Commercial Organic Analysis, and Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1913, and acted occasionally as examiner of candidates taking the subject of dyeing in examinations for the Fellowship. THOMAS died at Worthing on 16th December, 1939, in hisHARTLEY 70th year. Educated at the Modern School, and at Leeds School of Science, he gained a Brown scholarship and continued his studies at the Yorkshire College-now the University-Leeds, from 1887 to 1890.Thereafter, until 1904, he was engaged as a science teacher successively at St. George’s School, Roundhay, Leeds, Belle Vue School, Norwich, King’s School and Sexey’s School, Bruton, Somerset. In 1904 he was appointed lecturer in chemistry at the Swindon and North Wilts Technical School, and later became headmaster of the Commonweal Secondary School, Swindon, from which appointment he retired at the close of 1931. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900. His son, Mr. K. T. Hartlsy, is an Associate of tho Institute. The death of JOHN which occurred on 5th June, 1939, atHAYCOCK, the age of 56 years, has recently been reported. Educated at Great Glep School and Alderman Newton’s Higher Grade School, Leicester, he attended the Technical School in that City, and was originally trained and qualified as a pharmaceutical chemist.He also took courses at University College, Nottingham, and had special training with Mr. W. S. Clark and the late Mr. S. F. Burford. In 1908 he became engaged in the analytical laboratory of Howard Lloyd & Co., Ltd., manufacturingchemists in Leicester, where he was subsequently concerned with the production of lanoline and other pharmaceutical products, on which he published a number of papers in the pharmaceutical press. In 1924 he obtained an appointment as chief chemist to Messrs. E. W. Sleath & Co., of Manchester, with whom he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920 and a Fellow in 1923. THOMASHENRYLLOYDdied at Thorpe, near Newark, on December, in his 66th year.He was for about three years an assistant in the labora- tories of the Dowlais Iron Co., for one year in the Public Health Laboratory at Merthyr TydG1, and for ten months with the Pottsville Iron and Steel Co., Philadelphia, U.S.A., before he underwent three years’ training at University College, Cardiff, in preparation for the Associateship of the Institute. While at college, he assisted Dr. E. P. Perman in research. He then made a special study of physiology and histology, and took a course in bacteriology under Professor R. T. Hewlett at King’s College, London. He engaged in practice as an analyst and bacteriologist at Penygraig, where he continued for three years before joining the staff of Messrs.J. Bibby & Sons, Liverpool, and in 1903 he was appointed chemist in charge of the laboratories of Messrs. Quibell Brothers, Ltd., Manufacturing Chemists-later Kerol, Ltd.-where he continued until 1923, when he became a director,-then general manager and ultimately vice-chairman, of Messrs. Cooper, McDougall & Robertson, Ltd., of Berkhamsted, with whom he remained associated until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1909. 67 SIR GILBERT THOMAS MORGANdied at Richmond on 1st February,in his 70th year. He was educated at the Central Foundation School, Cowper Street, in the City of London, and studied from 1886 to 1889 at Finsbury Technical College.After four years experience as a works and research chemist with Messrs. Read Holliday & Sons, Huddersfield, he returned to London to resume his studies under Professor-later Sir-William Tilden, at the Royal College of Science. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1896 with first class honours in chemistry, and gained the Frank Hatton Prize of the College, where he continued as a demonstrator and research worker. Between 1897 and 1901, he published several papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society, and proceeded to D.Sc. (Lond.). Subsequently, he was appointed Assistant Professor in the College, and thereafter was, successively, Professor in the Faculty of Applied Chemistry in the Royal College of Science for Ireland, Professor of Applied Chemistry at the Finsbury Technical College, and Mason Professor of Chemistry at the University of Birmingham.From 1925 until 1938 he was Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory, at Teddington, under the Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research, and, at the time of his death, was Chairman of the Research Fund Committee of the Institute of Brewing. He was an Associate of the Royal College of Science, London, a Fellow of the City and Guilds of London Institute, an Honorary Associate of Manchester College of Technology, and an Honorary Member of the Society of Public Analysts, Hon. M.Sc. (Birm.), Hon. LL.D. (Birm. and St. Andrews), Hon. Sc.D. (Trin. Coll., Dublin). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1015.During 1914-1918 he was an Associate Member of the Chemical Warfare Committee and, in January, 1920, was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in recognition of his ser- vices. He received the honour of Knighthood in 1936. He was for some years Editor of the Journal and Publications of the Chemical Society, and contributed numerous papers to its Transactions, as well as to Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry and the Encyclo-paedia Britannica, 1920. He was also the author of Organic Compounds oJ Arsenic and Antimony (1918), Inorganic Chemistry, a Survey of Modern Developments ( 1936), British Chemical Industry, It’s Ri8e and DeveEopment (1938), and of Cantor Lectures delivered before the Royal Society of Arts, entitled “Achievements of the British Chemical Industry in the last 25 years” (1939).The Survey of Inorganic Chemistry, written jointly with F. H. Burstall, was developed from a series of three lectures given before the Institute in 1933. He served &s a Member of the Council of the Chemical Society from 1909 to 1910, as HonorarySecretary of the Society from 1910 to 1912, Vice-president from 1912 to 1915, and again from 1923 to 1926, and 1932 to 1933, was President of the Society from 1933 to 1935, and was one of the representatives of the Society on the Chemical Council from 1935 to 1939. He was a Past-President of the Society of Chemical Industry, and received the Society’s Medal in 1939 in recognition of his services to industry.He was President of the British Association of Chemists from 1926 to 1928. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1897 and a Fellow in 1901. He served as a Vice-president from 1919 to 1922, he was an Examiner in General Chemistry for the Associateship of the Institute from 1925 to 1929, and served as a Censor from 1922 to 1927 and from 1935 to 1940. He was also Chief Assessor for the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry from the inauguration of the scheme in 1921 until his death. At the service at Golders Green on 6th February, the Institute was represented by Professor W. Wardlaw and by the Registrar. 68 FRANKMOUL died at Gerrard’s Cross on 8th February, at the age of 77 years.He was trained under Williamson at University College,London, and took short courses under Landolt, Hofmann and Helmholtz at Berlin University, and in 1884 he became engaged at the Aldersgate Chemical Works, Southall, where he became Manager, and continued throughout his career until his retirement in January, 1926. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. EDMUNDNEVILLE NEVILL died at Eastbourne on 14th January, in his 91,st year. Early in his career he used the name Edmund Neison, and under that name was one of the original Fellows of the Institute and a member of its first Council, having been previously, with C. T. Kingzett, among the younger Fellows of the Chemical Society who agitated in the early ’seventies of the last century for the establishment of an Institute to represent the profession of chemistry.He was, for many years, Government Chemist for Natal Province, but he was perhaps better known as an astronomer, and as such made a special study of the moon. In February, 1873, he was elected to the Royal Astronomical Society. In June of that year he conimunicated a paper suggesting,contrary to views then generally held, the existence of definite lunar atmosphere, and in 1876 he published an authoritative work on our satellite. In 1882 he was asked to go to Natal as an observer of the transit of Venus across the sun’s disk, a phenomenon useful in determining the distance of the sun by observations made from various parts of the earth. An observatory established by residents and by the Corporation of Durban was taken over by the Government of Natal, and Neison was appointed as its director, which position he held until 1911.Between 1873 and 1910 he contributed over fifty papers to the “Monthly Notices” of the Royal Astronomical Society, and in 1908 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. As indicated above, he was an original Fellow of the Institute, and served on the Council from 1877 to 1880. He was for several years Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute for Natal Province, before his return to England in 1912. From 1888 he reverted to his original name. BENJAMINDAWSONPORRITTdied at Croydon on 28th January, at the age of 56 years. The son of Herbert Thomas Porritt of Armley, Yorks, he was born in Canada, educated at Whitgift Grammar School, Croydon, and received his training in chemistry from 1903 to 1906 at University College, London, graduating B.Sc.in 1908, subsequently proceeding to M.Sc. After spending a year on research with Sir William Ramsay and Professor Norman Collie, he was appointed chemist to the North British Rubber Co., where he had charge of the laboratories in 1910, and soon after became works superintendent. In 1912 he was chief chemist, and in 1916 research superintendent. During 1914-1918 he did valuable work for the fighting services. In 1920 he was appointed director of the Research Association of the British Rubber and Tyre Manufacturers, which position he held at the time of his death.He was a Fellow of the Institution of the Rubber Industry, a member of its Council from 1922 to 1935, and vice-president and chairman of the Examinations Board from 1936 to 1939. In 1938 he was awarded the Colwyn Medal. He was a member of the Council of the Chemical Society from 1925 to 1927, and was a Fellow of the Institute of Physics. He was the author of many scientific and technical papers relating to rubber, and of a monograph on The Chemistry of Rubber. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1908, and a Fellow in 1911. He served as a Member of Council from 1920 to 1922, and again from 1923 to 1926, 69 FRANKTHOMASSHUTT died at Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa, Canada, on 6th January, in his 81st year.The son of William Denis Shutt, he was born in London, and while yet a boy, went with his parents to Canada, where he was educated privately before matriculating at the University of Toronto, where he graduated B.A. in 1885, proceeding to M.A. in 1886. Dr. Shutt rendered highly valuable service for many years as Dominion Chemist and Director of the Dominion Experimental Farms, paying particular attention to the chemistry of the soil and the destruction of insect pests and fungus diseases, on which subjects he contributed many papers to the Journal of Agricultural Science, the Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture, and the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Canada. In 1914 he received the honorary degree of D.Sc. from his Almcl Mater. In 1932 he retired, but continued his interest in agriculture and stock breeding. In 1935 he was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire.He was also awarded the Sir Joseph Favelle Medal for merit in science, and a prize of 1,200 dollars from the American Society of Agronomy. He was chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry for four years, and a member of many other societies. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1899 and was Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute in the province of Ontario for over twenty years. GEORGESTUBBSdied at Finchley on 3rd February, in his 76th year. The son of W. Blount Stubbs, of Hawksworth, Notts., he was educated at Cowhill School, Oldham.At the outset of his career, he was trained as a teacher and became a master at an Elementary School in the same town; but in 1884 he entered the Civil Service by open competition, gained an Inland Revenue Scholarship, and attended the Royal College of Science, London. In 1889 he matriculated at London University. From 1887 he was continuously engaged in the Government Laboratory, for many years in charge of the Department dealing with samples referred by magistrates under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Acts and Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, in which capacity he had frequently to give evidence in court. He served on many Government Committees and participated in many public inquiries. In January, 1920, he was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire.In 1921, he was appointed Deputy Government Chemist, and in 1929, retired from the service, He was for some time a lecturer on Oils and Fats at East London Technical-now Queen Mary-College. He was joint author with Sir Edward Thorpe of “Taxine” and wrote the article on “Butter” in Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. With colleagues in the Government Laboratory he devised the electrolytic methods for the determination of arsenic. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1911, served as a Member of Council from 1916 to 1919, as a Vice-president and Chairman of the House Committee from 1919 to 1922, and again as aMembt.r of Council from 1930 to 1933. At the service at Finchley on 8th February, the Institute was represented by Dr.J. J. Fox, C.B., and by the Registrar. HENRYLIVINGSTONESULMANdied at Croydon on 31st January, in his 80th year. He was trained under Professors A. W. Williamson and Charles Graham at University College, London, where among other swards he gained the Gold Medal for Analytical Chemistry in 1880. He 70 had experience aa a works chemist with llessrs. Hugh Wallace and Co., at Battersea, and with Messrs. R. Wallace and Co., at Southall; then as chemist and sub-manager with Rlessrs. Lawson, Phillips and Billings, of Bristol, and with the Animal Charcoal CO.,at Bow Common, London, E. In 1885 he established an independent practice as a consulting chemist and chemical engineer in the City of London,-at first in Bucklersbury. Later, he continued in London Wall, and more recently in Salisbury House.In 1896 he was joined by Mr. Hugh F. K. Picard, with whom he was associated until his retirement about three years ago. He contributed many papers on analytical and industrial subjects to chemical and other technical journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. DUDLEY GORDON WARD died at Bath on 17th November, 1939, in his 35th year. He was educated at Chatham House School, Ramsgate, St. Paul's Preparatory School, Colet Court, London, the Royal Grammar School, Worcester, and Trowbridge High School. He studied science at the University of Bristol from 1923 to 1927, graduating B.Sc. in the Honours School of Chemistry.He was engaged in teaching at Bakewell and Trowbridge for about eighteen months, and in 1929 obtained an appointment as works chemist at the Somerton Factory of Cow and Gate, Ltd. He was elected as Associate of the Institute in 1931. JOHNWILLIAM WESLEY WILLSTROP died at Farnborough, Hants, on 28th December, 1939, at the age of 45 years. Educated at Birmingham Central Secondary School and the University of Birmingham, he graduated B.Sc. in the first division in 1915, specialising in metallurgy. He was thereafter engaged, under Dr. W. Sydney Smith, at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, where he continued, and was a Scientific Officer at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. 71 Books and their Contents.The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-‘I Chemistry in the Service of Man.” Alexander Findlay. 5th (Revised) Edition. Pp. xx + 398. (London: New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co.) 8s. 6d. net. Introduction; radioactivity and atomic structure; the gases of the atmosphere ;combustion and the production of fire; fuels and illuminants; matter, energy and explosives ; cellulose and cellulose products ; metals and their alloys; velocity of reactions and catalysis; chemistry and agriculture : potash, phosphate and nitrogenous fertilisers ; glass, soda, soap, lime and clay; electricity and chemistry; the colloidal state; molecular structure ; synthetic chemistry; fernientation and the action of enzymes and micro-organisms ; vitamins and hormones.Index. Portraits, diagrams and illustrations. “Corrosion of Iron and Steel, The.” A general Account of the Work of the Corrosion Committee of the Iron and Steel Institute and the British Iron and Steel Federation. J. C. Hudson. Introduction by W. H. Hatfield and T. Swinden. Pp. xvi + 320. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 18s. net. The economic evil of rust; the work of Corrosion Committee; the significance of rolling scale in the rusting process with some notes on the oxidation of iron and steel at elevated temperatures; the rusting of un- protected iron and steel in the atmosphere; the prevention of rusting in the atmosphere by means of paints; protective coatings for iron and steel; the rusting of iron and steel when immersed in sea-water; the rusting of iron and steel in other fields of service; fundamental research in laboratory work; other researches on corrosion conducted in Great Britain and abroad; what remains to be done in preventing rusting.Index. ‘‘ Electrocapillarity ” : The Chemistry and Physics of Elec-trodes and other Charged Surfaces. J. A. V. Butler. Pp. x + 210. (London: Methuen & Co., Ltd.) 12s. 6d. The seat of electromotive force in the galvanic cell; the thermodynamics of electrode potentials ; the mechanism and energetics of reversible electrode potentials ; electrical double layers ; electro-kinetic phenomena; electrode reactions and overvoltage ; concentration polarisation and the deposition of metals ; some electrode processes.Index. 72 Sulphated Oils and Applied Products” : Their Chemistry and Analysis. Donald Burton and George F. Robertshaw. Foreword by T. P. Hilditch. Pp. vi + 164 + iv. (London: A. Harvey.) 12s. 6d. Historical survey; raw materials and methods of sulphation; the chemistry of sulphation; the analysis of sulphated oils; the analysis of sulphated fatty alcohols; the analysis of petroleum sulphinic acids. Index. British Pharmacopoeia Commission.-The Institute has received copies of further Reports of Committees of the British Pharmacopceia Commission. No. 13.-Report of the Committee on Pharmacy and Pharma- cognosy contains Section I, Report of the Sub-committee on Crude Drugs.The Sub-commit tee has carefully reviewed 82 monographs submitted to them by the Commission. Four complete monographs are included in the Report. No. 14.-Report of the Committee on General Chemistry includes Section I, Report of the Sub-committee on Alkaloids and Alkaloidal Salts, and Section 2, Report of the Sub-committee on General Organic chemicals. Copies of the Reports (No. 13, price 2s. 6d.; No. 14, price IS. 6d.) can be obtained on application to the British Pharma- copceia Commission, General Medical Council Offices, 44, Hallam Street, London, W.I. The Institute has received from the British Standards Institution the following new Standards :-No. 443-1939. The Testing of the Zinc Coating on Galvanised Wires.No. 878-1939. Code for Comparative Commercial Tests of Coal or Coke Appliances in Small Steam-Raising Plants. No. 881-1939. Nomenclature of Hardwoods (including Botanical Names and Sources of Supply). and the following Addendum slips:- C.F. (ME) 2729. Vertical Cross Tube Boilers (B.S. 665-1936). 99 2730. Cylindrical Vertical Multi-tubular Boilers (B.S. 761 -1937). 99 2731. Lancashire and Cornish Boilers (B.S. 537-1934). 9) 2732. Cast Iron Boilers for Central Heating and Hot Water Supply (B.S. 779-1938). 99 2733. Riveted Steel Boilers for Hot Water Central Heating and Hot Water Supply (B.S. 780-1938). 99 2734. Multi-tubular Horizontal Boilers (Dryback and Waste Heat) (B.S. 609-1935).C.F. (IS) 4084. Wrought Iron for General Engineering Purposes (Grades A, B and C) (B.S.51-1939). 73 C.F. (B) 4200. The Use of Structural Steel in Building (B.S. 449 -1937).C.F. (B) 4241. Dimension? and Workmanship of Asbestos Cement, Spicot and Socket Rainwater Pipes, Cutter and Fittings (B.S. 569-1934).C.F. (C) 4398. Determining the Percentage of Fat in Milk and Milk Products by the Gerber Method (B.S. 696 -Part 1-1936).C.F. (ELG) 4399. Road Traffic Control (Electric) Light Signals(B.S. 505-1939). National Physical Laboratory.-The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has issued a collection of Abstracts of Papers on work carried out at the National Physical Laboratory during the year 1938, published by H.M.Stationery Office, IS. net. Messrs. Henry Wiggin gL Co., Ltd., Thames House, Millbank, London, S.W.1, have forwarded a brochure giving an account of the properties, typical uses and fabrication of ‘‘Inconel,” a corrosion-resisting alloy containing approximately 80 per cent. nickel, 12-14 per cent. chromium, the balance mainly iron. The Indian Lac Cess Committee has published the Annual Report of the London Shellac Research Bureau, 1938-1939, by A. J. Gibson, Special Officer, Lac Inquiry, dealing with India’s Lac Exports, the Lac Market in the United Kingdom, and Lac Research in the United Kingdom. (India House, Aldwych, London, W.C.2.) The Director of the Rothamsted Experimental Station has notified the publication of Vol. XXII of the Rothamsted Memoirs on Agricultural Science, containing 56Memoirs produced during 1937-1939. Royal 8vo.Half Calf. Price, 36s. net.; U.S.A., India and Ceylon: 3s. 9d. extra; Canada, 4s. 3d., Norway and Sweden, 3s. Messrs. Methuen & Co., Ltd., 36, Essex Street, Strand, W.C.2, have announced the publication of the third edition (completely revised) of Physico-Chemical Methods, by Jcseph Reilly and William Norman Rae. Volume I, “Measurement and Manipulation ” ; Volume 11, “Practical Measurements.’’ k4 4s. net. 74 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on xgth and 26th January, 1940,I new Fellow was elected, 7 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 35 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and zg Students were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 16 Fellows and two Associates. New Fellow.Blount, Bertie Kennedy, MA., B.Sc. (Oxon), D.Phil.Nat. (Frankfurt),Glaxo Laboratories, Ltd., Greenford, Middx. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Banfield, Francis Harrold, M,Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 15, Beechdale, Winch- more Hill, London, N.21. Bowles, Reginald Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Bourne Hill, Palmers Green, London, N.13. Evans, Cyril Harry, 125, Monkhams Lane, Woodford Green, Essex. Gaardurn, George Euan, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 1, Sketty Park Drive, Swansea. Harris, Clifford, 32, Park Road, Keynsham, nr. Bristol. Loudon, Alexander, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), M.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C., 58, Fairlawn Avenue, London, W.4.Robinson, Frank Arnold, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 2, Priory Gardens, Sudbury, Middx. New Associates. Alexander, Eric Albert, M.Sc. (S.A.), Hertford College, Oxford. Baxendale, Fred, BSc. (Lond.), 9, Gloucester Avenue, Farington, Leyland, Lancs. Beer, Charles Thomas, 12, Kingshill Road, Dursley, Glos. Boscott, Ronald Joseph, 67, Upper Tollington Park, London, N.4. Bower, Leonard Tandy, 111, Albert Road, Widnes. Chatt, Joseph, B.A. (Cantab.), Friar House, Bene’t Street, Cambridge. Cobb. Leslie Hamilton, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 6, Chesswood Road, Worthing.Cooper, Leslie Ernest, 109, Grafton Street, Beverley Road, Hull. Dalley, Richard Arthur, Army School of Hygiene (Staff), Ash Vale, nr. Aldershot. Foley, Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Newark Street, Wigan.Graham, Kenneth Lindley, 13, Humphrey Burton’s Road, Earlsdon, Coventry.Heywood, Basil Jason, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Manor Way, North Harrow, Middx. Hickman, John Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), Two Bridges, Embercourt Road, Thames Ditton. Hodpson, Joseph Sandemon, HSc. (Lond.), 35, Nene Parade, Wisbech. Jarvis, Frank Woolgar, B.Sc. (Sheff.),6, Wharncliffe Road, Sheffield, 10. Lees. Byrom, B.Sc. (Lond.), 60, Foyle Road, London, S.E.3. 75 Lewin, John Buckingham Gfey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 64, Deanhill Court, East Sheen, London, S.W.14. Lunn, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 43, Charles Street, Redcar, Yorks. MacLennan, Hugh Neil Cameron, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), P.O. BOX 119, Luanshya, Northern Rhodesia. Marrian, Stanley Frederic, B.Sc.(Glas.), 36, Hathaway Drive, Giffnock, Renfrewshire. Oldham, Graham, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Bowen Road, Rugby. Owen, Keith, B.Sc. (Lond.), 44, The Greenway, Uxbridge. Pink, Gordon William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Eastbourne Road, London, S.W.17. Pringle, Harry, B.A. (T.C.D.), 34, Trinity College, Dublin. Ray, Allan Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Ashfield Road, London, W.3. Rayner, Geoffrey James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Rothsay, Pierremont Avellue, Broadstairs. Reid, William Walter, 54, Julien Road, S. Ealing, London, W.5. Richardson, Alexander Robert, 23, Walker Avenue, Prestwich, Manchester. Roberts, Carl Brian, B.Sc. (Lond.), 103, Forest Gate, Anstsy, nr.Leicester. Rowe, Donald Skidmore, B.Sc. (Dunelm), 24, Richmond Terrace, Monk-seaton, Northumberland.Simpson, George Kirkwood, B.Sc. (Glas.), 447, Hawthorn Street, Glasgow, N. Twiselton, Maurice Samuel James, 15, Grange Road, Alvaston, Derby. Walker, Harold Augustus, 51, Rosecroft Gardens, Whitton, Middx. Way,Arthur Chandler, B.Sc. (Lond.), 13, Udney Park Road, Teddington. Winteringham, Francis Peter Worsley, 5, Luccombe Hill, Bristol, 6. Re-elected Associate. Boorman, Harry George Trench, 4, Grove Park Road, London, W.4. New Students. Adamson, Miss Helen Haxton, c/o Mrs. Carruthers, 14, Viewforth Square, Edinburgh.Ashman, Robert, 11, Laburnum Road, Redcar, Yorka. Baldit, Gerald Lucien, 49, Gracefield Gardens, London, S.W. 16. Brooks, Joseph Henry, 7, Queens Drive, Windle, St. Helens. Burnett, Robert, 50, Sandhurst Street, Liverpool, 17.Christie, George Shearer, The Beeches, Cowdenbeath, Fife. Clark, Ronald, 39, Strode Road, London, E.7. Clarkson, Alan, 33, Deardengate, Haslingden, Rossendale, Lancs. Henderson, William, 133, Wishart Street, Glasgow, E. 1. Holden, Wilfrid, 33, Bailey Avenue, ElIesmere Port, Wirral, Cheshire. Jailler, Richard Samuel, 47, Lyndhurst Road, Hove, Sussex. Mackay, Eric John, 17, Grantham Road, Kingswood, Bristol. McKerrigan, Angus Alexander, Y .M.C.A., Whetstone Lane, Birkenhead. Neave, John, 16, Wellington Terrace, Woodborough Road, Nottingham. Pillatt, Norman Frank, 25, Fairburn Road, Liverpool, 13. PoweI1, Roy, I, Sherburn CIose, Barlows Lane, Liverpool, 9. Pritchard, Reginald Raymond, 36, Butterbache Road, Huntington, Chester.Renders, Henry John, 36, Anson Road, London, N.W.2. Roberts, David John, 47, Egsrton Street, Liverpool, 8. Scott, Walter George, 61, Erskine Hill, London, N.W.ll. Shrewsbury, John Cheverton Cooper, 53, Marine Avenue, Hove, 3, Sussex. Sloan, John George, 13, Clonaver Crescent North, Belfast. Thorburn, Samuel, 115, Glaisnock Street, Cumnock, Ayr. 76 Ward, John Edward Vincent, 10, Green Lane, Vicar’s Cross, Cheater. Whincup, Sydney, 17, Orvietto Avenue, Pendleton, Salford. 6. Wilding, Basil Raymond, 9, Grantham Road, Kingswood, Bristol. Williams, Francis Derek, 27, Palm Street, Slade Lane, Manchester, 13. Worsley, Richard, Treelands, Blackburn Road, Rishton, nr. Blackburn. Wright, Stanley, 3 1, Ullswater Street, Liverpool, 5. DEATHS.Fellows. *Nicholas Alexander Anflogoff, J.P. William Alexander Skeen Calder, M.I.Chem.E., President. *Thomas William Drinkwater, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S. (Edin.).William Duncan. Frank George Edmed, O.B.E., B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R..C.S., Member of Council. Walter Myers Gardner, M.Sc. (Leeds). Thomas Hartley, B.Sc. (Lond.), L.C.P. *John Haycock, Ph.C. Thomas Henry Lloyd. *Sir Gilbert Thomas Morgan, O.B.E., H0n.LL.D. (Bkrn. and St. Andrews), D.Sc. (Lond.), Hon.ScD. (T.C.D.), A.R.C.S., F.R.S. *Frank Moul. Edmund Neville Nevill, F.R.S. *Benjamin Dawson Porritt, M.Sc. (Lond.). Frank Thomas Shutt, C.B.E., MA., D.Sc. *George Stubbs, C.B.E. *Henry Livingstone Sulman. * Reported since the preparation of the Rrport of the Council. Associates. Dudley Gordon Ward, B.Sc.(Bris.). John William Wesley Willstrop, B.Sc. (Birm.). Coming Events. FEBRU~RY 21 INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties OF CHEMISTRY Section): “The Hydrides of Silicon and Some of Their Simpler Derivatives,” by Dr. H. J. Emelbus, at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, %6, Portland Place, London, W.l, at 5.0 p.m. &kRCH 1 INSTITUTE : Annual General Meeting, at 30, Russel1OF CHEMISTRY Square, London, W.C.l., at 3 p.m. 19 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Joint Meeting with the London and Home Counties Branch of the Institute of Physics. “Colour Photography,” by Dr. D. A. Spencer, at the Royal Institution, 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 7.30 p.m.77 General Notices. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute on Friday, 1st March, 1940, at 3 p.m. Election of Officers and Council.-The Balloting List for the election of Officers, Censors and Members of Council was issued at the end of January. The Registrar regrets that in the balloting list for the election of Council, the name of Dr. A. E. Dunstan was inadvertently given as Albert Edward instead of Albert Ernest, and the Section with which Miss Muriel Roberts is associated was given as London instead of LivevpooZ. Votes should be received at the office of the Institute not later than 3 o’clock on 29th February.In accordance with By-Law 29 (2) the vote of any member who is in arrear with his annual subscription must be disallowed. Examinations.-Arrangements have been made to hold examinations for the Fellowship and Associateship in April. It is hoped that examinations will also be held in September. Full information will be given at a later date. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 78 Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are ordinarily required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. For the time being the payment of 6s. 6d. is suspended. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours.It will be open from 10a.m. to I p.m. and from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to I p.m.). Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, 79 whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library.All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library will expire on 1st March. The subscriptions rates are 6s. 6d., for Class B, and 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Root’s Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute.A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927, with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. ,Bain 8i Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terns: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s.gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 80 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses .for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.Copies of ''The Profession of Chemistry" (Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis- tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar. Journal and Proceedings, Part VI, 1939.-A few copies of Part VI of the JOURN~L AND PROCEEDINGS,1939, were imperfect owing to faulty collation before binding. Anyrecipient of an imperfect copy will be sent a good copy on com-municating with the Registrar. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT FUND,INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON, W.C.1.APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar.