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THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1886. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART I: 1940. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secvetavv. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, January, rgqo. Publications Committee, 1939-40. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, H. E. COX, G. M. DYSON, A. FINDLAY, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, H. HUNTER, J. R. JOHNSON, EDGAR LEWIS, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. J. NOLAN, F.M. ROWE, S. B. WATKINS. Photo by W. A. S. CALDEIC [H.J. Whitlock & Sons, Lid.President: I 939-1940. 3 upon to assist the State in securing the services of scientific personnel, so necessary in such critical times. The ready response of the chemist, in common with other professional men, to the call of the Minister of Labour for the formation of the Central Register, from which could be drawn those with special experience in any branch of work, has proved invaluable. It is supplemented by the service of the Institute in supplying technical personnel for Industry, as well as for pur- poses of defence,-notably in securing volunteers as Gas Identi- fication Officers under the Air Raid Precautions organisation of the Home Office. An Emergency Committee consisting of all the Honorary Officers of the Institute, with power to co-opt was appointed to deal with any emergency that might arise in connexion with the affairs of the Institute.The executive officers of the Institute have endeavoured to keep themselves fully informed as to the progress of affairs, in order to be able to answer enquiries regarding many questions arising especially among students and younger members with regard to military and other forms of service. The Council of the Institute has also been interested in matters relating to the decontamination of food affected by poison gas during air raids, the decontamination of leather similarly affected, the position of chemical research students and part-time technical college students in relation to military service, and the supply of labor at ory apparatus.Incidentally, the Council has dealt with the possibility of emergency organisations, while awaiting the call of regular duty, interfering with the private practice of independent consultants. 3. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. This record covers the twelve months ending 26th January, 1940. Since the publication of the Report for 1938-39, 86 new Fellows have been elected, of whom 72 were formerly Associates, and I Fellow has been re-elected. 426 new Associates have been elected, of whom 129 were Registered Students, and 8 Associates have been re-elected. 196 new Registered Students have been admitted, and 2 Students re-admitted. 5 The Council records with regret the deaths of 34 Fellows, 10 Associates and z Students, namely:- Fellows Edward Richards Bolton.Chaales Herbert Bothamley. Henry Charles Brown. William Thomas Burgess. William Alexander Skeen Calder, President. John Alexander Cockburn. Archibald Edgar Collens. Alfred Colley. Reginald Craven. William Risdon Criper. Richard ,!UgUf3tUS Cripps.William Duncan. Frank George Edmed, O.B.E., Member of Coumil. Walter Myers Gardner. Thomas Hartley. Hubert Henry Hazel. Henry Francis Everard Hulton. Francis Herbert Jennison. Albert Theodore King. Frederick Charles Alfred Hyatt Lantsberry. Henry Turner Lea. Thomas Henry Lloyd. Edward Lodge. Henry Louis. Stevenson John Charles George Macadam. Edmund Neville Nevill, F.R.S. Sir William Jackson Pope, K.B.E., F.R.S.Eric Hanneford Richards. Frank Thomas Shutt, C.B.E. Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., F.R.S., President, 1927-1930. William Versfeld. Edward John Way. Richard Vernon Wheeler. Sidney Williamson. William Suddaby Cooper.William Collins Forsyth. Herbert John George. Charles Oswald Frewen Jenkin. John Nixon. Robert Christie Smith. Anthony Berry Trickett. Dudley Gordon Ward. John Henry Wesley Willstrop. John Alexander Wilson. Registered Students Stanley Thomas Hill. Arthur Stanley Moorey. 6 The Council has accepted the resignations of 5 Fellows, 31 Associates and 20 Students. The names of 4 Students have been removed from the Register in accordance with the By-laws. The Register at 26th January, 1940,contains the names of 2239 Fellows, 5315 Associates (in all 7554 members), and 781 Registered Students. The number of members has increased by 369 (48 Fellows and 321 Associates), and the number of Registered Students has increased by 42.At the date of this Report many Fellows, Associates and Registered Students are on National Service. 4. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIVES. The Council has held IZ meetings; the Committees, Sub- committees and Board of Examiners have held 52 meetings. COMMITTEESAND CHAIRMEN. Appointments .. .. . . Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Vice-President. Bernard F. Howard, Hon.Benevolent Fund . . .. Treasurer until May, 1939;Finance and House .. since, J. C. White. Legal and Parliamentary .. ..The President. Nominations, Examinations and The President, with Institutions .. .. .. Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe, Vice-President, as Vice-chairman. Pedler Scholarship Fund . . .. Dr. F. H. Carr. Publications and Library . . .. W. J. A. Butterfield. Joint Committee with the Board of Education (National Certificates inchemistry) .. .. .. The President. Joint Committee with the Scottish Education Department (National Certificates) .. G. G. Henderson, F.R.S. Supplemental Charter The President. STATUTORYAPPOINTMENT. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Vice-President,-on the Poisons Board, constituted under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933. The Institute has been represented as follows:- The (late) President,--on the Chemical Council, on the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Committee, the British Management Council, and the Industrial Chemistry Committee of the Ministry of Labour.Sir Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., Past President,---on the Parlia- mentary Science Committee. 7 Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., Vice-President, Past PrMident,-on the Advisory Council of the Ministry of Labour, and on the National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society. Sir Jocelyn Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President,-on the Chemical Council, and on the Advisory Committee on the Dyeing of Textiles of the City and Guilds of London Institute in connexion with the Examinations of the Department of Technology. (The late) Mr. F. G. Edmed, O.B.E., Member of Council,-on the Chemical Council.Professor H. V. A. Bnscoe, Vice-president, Mr. H. W. Cremer, Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., and Dr. E. Vanstone,-on the Joint Library Committee of the Chemical Society. Dr. Harold G. Colman,-on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. Mr. William Herbert Simmons,-on the Oils, Fats and Waxes Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute. Dr. J. F. Tocher,--on the Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act. Dr. Douglas F. Twiss, &!ember of Council,-at the Rubber Technology Conference. The Registrar,-on the Headmasters of Secondary Schools Employment Committee, Ministry of Labour, and on the Parliamen-tary Science Committee,-now the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. The Assistant Secretary,---on the Chemical Trades’ Advisory Committee, and the Chemical Trades’ Examination Board, of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes.Several conferences and congresses to which the Council had been invited to appoint, and had appointed, delegates, were not held owing to the war. Fellows have represented the Institute on the Council of the Chemical Division and on Committees and Sub-committees of the British Standards Institution and have co-operated in the drafting of Specifications for Standards and by giving their opinions on Draft Specifications. Mr. Leslie Aitchison,-Chemical and Chemical Plant for Electro-plating; Plated Finishes for Fittings and Equipment. Mr. S. A. Brazier,-Tests for Rubber and Rubber Products.(Draft Methods of Test have been prepared for Latex and Unvulcanised Rubber as well as for Vulcanised Rubber.) Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Vice-president, Dr. E. H. Farmer,Member of Council, Dr. A. G. Francis, Member of Council, Mr. W. G. Messenger, and the Assistant Secretary,-on Technical Committee CIS on Standardisation of Scientific Glassware. Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Member of CounciZ,--on the Chemical Divisional Council, and on a Committee to co-ordinate the work of the Building, Chemical and Engineering Divisional Councils in its Relation to Industrial Units and Data. 8 Dr. Harold G. Colman,-Benzole for Motor Fuel; Sampling of Tar Products. Dr. J.J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E.,-Analysis of Chemicals and Materi& used in Electro-plating.Mr. Walter C. Hancock,-High Alumina Cements. Mr. F. W. Harbord, C.B.E.,-Cement. Mr. William Herbert Simmons,-on a Technical Committee to examine the draft methods for the analysis of soaps and fats, prepad by the International Commission for the Study of Fats. Dr. James Watson,-Sand Lime Bricks; Portland Blast Furnrsoe Slag Cement; Containers for Heavy Acids and Solvents. In co-operation with the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, the Council carried out an inquiry into the practicability of securing the provision of hydrogen sulphide in cylinders. The conclusion was to the effect that the demand for such supply was too small to warrant its introduction. 5. THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. In April, 1939, the Council received with regret an intimation from Mr.Bernard F. Howard that, in accordance with medical advice, he felt obliged to relinquish his office as Honorary Treasurer. The Council recorded their high appreciation of Mr. Howard’s devotion to the service of the Institute, and wished him a speedy and complete recovery. In the following month, the Council invited Mr. John Christison White to accept the office, and he was duly appointed Honorary Treasurer in succession to Mr. Howard. The Accounts for 1939 are attached to this Report. Income during the year exceeded expenditure by L453 19. II~.,and after allowing for the 1938 deficit, there remained a balance of k69 13s. Iod. Subscriptions showed an improvement of k234 19s.5d. and Examination and Assessment fees of L282 19s. 6d., but dividends fell slightly on account of increased taxation; otherwise receipts were normal. The cost of Examina-tions, including apparatus and materials increased by EIOI 11s. IId., partly due to decentralisation of Examinations; further provision was made for staff superannuation, at an extra cost of E202 I~s.,in accordance with the powers vested in the Council at the last Annual General Meeting; lectures cost E229 0s. 6d. more, but this account included the lectures given by Professor Rowe, Mr. J. R. Nicholls and Dr. W. H. Hatfield in 1938. Exceptional expenses, amounting to L404 5s. 7d. were incurred on account of the Proposed Supplemental Charter, the Central 9 Register of the Ministry of Labour, the enrolment of Gas Identi- fication Officers and necessary Air Raid Precautions.A reserve fund (f1600) has been established to spread more evenly from year to year the cost of the intermittent publications. These increased and exceptional expenses were offset by reductions of k437 2s. 7d. in repairs and maintenance, of EIOO in renewals of office equipment, etc., of f1131 18s. 3d. in Members of Council Travelling Expenses, k112 0s. 7d. in Local Section grants, and by strict economy in other directions. The Chemical Council, by bringing into operation a provision in its Constitution, contributed a sum of Ez5o to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society. By this means the contribution of each participating Chartered Body was reduced ; otherwise the gross contribution of the Institute would have been increased by over f1120.The Council is making allowances to three members of the staff who are serving with the Forces, to supplement their service PayThe rooms of the Institute have been used by other chemical societies for meetings, and the basement of the premises is a public air-raid shelter. The premises of the Institute have been maintained in good repair. 6. THE BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE. The progress of the Benevolent Fund up to the the of the outbreak of war appeared to be fairly satisfactory, but towards the end of the year it was found necessary to issue an additional appeal, which resulted in the receipt of over E8o.At the close of the year, however, the current account remained overdrawn to the extent of L34 0s. II~. A new appeal was then issued, from which, in view of the need for economy, the full list of names of contributors was omitted. The Council has expressed its grateful thanks to all who subscribed to the Fund during 1939,and acknowledges especially the help of those who have collected group contributions, as well as the kindness of two members who left legacies to the Fund; Mr. W. S. Gilles (fl500) and Mr. Trenham H. Reeks (E5o). In all, 38 Fellows and Associates or their dependents have received assistance during the year ; regular allowances have 10 been made in 22 instances, loans have been made in 6, and grants have been made in 4.7. THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL. The Chemical Council has submitted a new scheme for co- operation between the three Chartered Chemical Bodies, the purpose of which is to endeavour to secure the more general support of chemists to the publishing societies,-the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. The Council approved the scheme in principle. The scheme in more definite form will come under further consideration by the three Chartered Chemical Bodies in due course. Under the Constitution of the Chemical Council, the partici- pating Chartered Bodies agreed to contribute to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society, the computation of their respective contributions being based on the number of members who had paid their annual subscriptions for the previous year, after allowing for the contributions received from other Societies and Institutions.The total expenditure on the Library of the Chemical Society for 1938, including the purchase of new books and periodicals, which remain the property of the Society, was E2640 3s. 7d., of which a sum of fT1917 10s. 6d. was accounted as maintenance. The contributions for maintenance received from other Bodies amounted to E222 IOS., and, for the year 1938, the Chemical Council itself contributed a sum of fJz50, leaving a sum of L1455 0s. 6d to be found by the three Chartered Bodies whose contributions were assessed as follows :-S s. d. Chemical Society . . .. 24 percent. .. 346 16 1 99 99Institute of Chemistry .. 49.5 .. 715 5 9 53 79Society of Chemical Industry 26.5 .. 382 18 8 $1,445 0 6 8. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY. The Proposed Supplemental Charter was discussed at meetings by the majority of the Local Sections before the outbreak of war, but the Council then deemed it desirable to postpone the further consideration of the subject until the new Session. 11 In collaboration with the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, and with the valuable help of members of the Parliamentary Science Committee, action was taken to secure the elimination from the Colne Valley Water Bill and the Metropolitan Water Board Bill of clauses which were regarded as inimical to the interests of the profession of chemistry.The promoters of the Colne Valley Water Board Rill withdrew the objectionable clause at the first reading, but, in the case of the Metropolitan Water Board Bill, it was found necessary to secure that the profession was represented before a Committee of the House of Lords, when their Lordships decided that the clause in question should not stand, and it was therefore deleted. The cost of the proceedings was shared with the Society of Public Analysts. In accordance with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act, 1935, the Minister of Health reviewed the qualifications which should be held by candidates for the position of public analysts, and forwarded to the Councilof the Institute the Regulation which he proposed to make under Section 66 (2) of the Act, as follows:- “A person shall not be qualified to be hereafter appointed as a Public Analyst under the Food and Drugs Act, 1938, unless either (a)he already holds an appointment as Public Analyst, or (b)he is the holder of the Diploma of Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland and is also the holder of a certificate granted by that Institute after an examination conducted by them in the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food, Drugs and Water.” The President and Council expressed their thanks to the Minister for transmitting the proposals for their consideration, and their satisfaction at the continued recognition accorded to the membership and certificates of the Institute.The Council has had occasion to protest against the terms offered for certain appointments and also against the action of Local Authorities in offering public appointments to tender and in this it has been supported by the Ministry of Health. The Home Secretary notified the Institute of the regulations which he had made in pursuance of the powers conferred upon him by Section I of the Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation) Act, 19.37, emphasising in his covering letter the importance of ensuring strict compliance with all the requirements of those regulations. The Council had also under consideration the conditions arising from new legislation by the Government of the United States respecting dyes intended for use in foodstuffs. It was proposed that every batch of dyestuffs for use in foodstuffs should be certified after analysis by a qualified person in the United States.It was represented by members of the Institute interested in the matter that the United States Government should be asked to accept certification by qualified analysts in this country. The Council addressed the Commercial Relations and Treaties Department of the Board of Trade on the matter. The Board replied to the effect that coal tar dyes used in food, drugs and cosmetics, no matter where manufactured, would have to be certified by the United States authorities. United Kingdom manufacturers would be able to submit their colours for listing and certification in the same way as American manufacturers, and the Board could see no reason to believe that this procedure would not, in the end, enable United Kingdom firms or their agents to secure that the list of colours finally approved was sufficiently extensive and general in its terms to cover the colours normally used in goods prepared for the United States market.The suggestion that certification should be undertaken by qualified British chemists raised several difficulties, especially as there was no corresponding provision in the United Kingdom. It would only be possible to issue certificates for listed colours, and they would be refused for any batches which did not conform to the United States standards of purity. Shortly after the outbreak of war, the Parliamentary Science Committee deemed it desirable that it should be dissolved, on the understanding that members of the Committee who were also members of the House of Lords or of the House of Commons would undertake to look into any representations with regard to legislation on which science had a bearing, which the professional institutions or scientific societies desired to bring to their notice.Subsequently, however, a meeting of representatives of the Bodies concerned decided that the dissolution of the Committee was undesirable, and it was reconstituted under the title of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. 9. LOCAL SECTIONS. The activities of the Local Sections became somewhat restricted after the outbreak of war, 13 However, social meetings have taken place, and many interesting and useful papers have been submitted, of which the following is a record:-ABERDEENAND NORTHOF SCOTLAND *Professor James P.Kendall,F.R.S. .. .. . . “Ions and Isotopes.” Dr. A. B. Stewart . . . . “The Soil-a Source of Plant Nutrients.” Professor W. F. K. Wynne Jones “What is Chemistry ? ” Dr. Robert Roger .. . . “Recent Developments in Micro- and Semi-Macro- Methods of OrganicAnalysis.” * Joint meeting with the Chemical Socieby. BELFASTAND DISTRICT. Dr. R. H. Common .. .. “The Chemistry of the Egg” (Nov. 1938). Professor W. R. Fearon . . “The Use of Diffusion Methods in Chemical Analysis.” Mr. A. H. 0.Johnson .. “Absorption of Gases.” BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS Symposium on the History of Chemical Industry in the Midlands:- Introduction .... .. . . Mr. George King. Tar Distillation . . .. .. . . Mr. W. B. Robinson. Manufacture of Varnish and Lacquer . . Mr. G. N. Hill. Titanium Oxide in Paint Manufacture .. Mr. J. W. Rylands. Japanning, Lacquers, Printers’ Inks and Dry Colours .. .. .. .. Mr. W. E. Wornum. The Life of Alexander Parkes . . . . Dr. D. F. Twiss. Bakelite . . .. .. .. .. Mr. G. Dring. Non-Ferrous Metals .. .. . . Mr. J. R. Johnson. Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. Professor M. L. E. Oliphant, “Recent Developments of Nuclear Physics F.R.S. of Importance to Chemists.” BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERNCOUNTIES. Dr. T. J. Drakeley .. . . “Recent Advances in Rubber Tech-nology.” Professor H.V. A. Briscoe “Chemical Studies of Dangerous Siliceous (Vice-president) . . .. Dusts.” Visit to the Condensery of the Wilts. United Dairies, Ltd., Bason Bridge. *Mr. A. T. Green . . .. “Modern Trends in Refractory Materials.” *Dr. R. K. Schofield .. . . “The Specification of Colour.” * Joint meeting with the Clieniical Society and thc Society of Chemical Industry. CAPE OF GOODHOPE Professor W. F. Barker .. “Chemical Problems in the Leather Industries.” Dr. W. S. Rapson Colonel J. G, Rose . . .. .. .. “Synthetic Rubber.” “Water Sterilisation Couples.” by Means of 14 CARDIFITm~ DISTRICT Professor F. Challenger .. “Methylation-a Widespread Biological Phenomenon.” *Dr. L. H. Lampitt (Member of “The Organisation of a Laboratory in Council) .. .... a Commercial Firm.” Mr. 8. B. Watkins (Member of “A Review of the Position of ChemistryCouncil) . . .. .. in Everyday Life.” *Dr. W. H. Linnell . . . . “Some Aspects of Chenio-Therapy.” ?Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. *Joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry. t Joint meeting with the South Wales Section. DVBLIN. Mr. B. G. Fagan . . .. “What is Vinegar?” Visit to the Poulaphouca Hydro-electric Scheme. Dr. T. S. Wheeler .. . . “Feathering the Chemical Fledgling.” Professor Eayley Butler .. “Pests and their Prevention.” EAST ANGLIA Mr. H. M. Mason . . . . “Tasting Tests.” Mr. E. G. Couzens .. . . “A Survey of the Plastics Industry.” Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter.Informal meetings at Ipswich and Norwich. Mr. R. S. Colborne . . . . “The Chemist in Wartime.” EAST MIDLANDS Dr. A. E. Dunstan . . . . “Oil from the Earth.” Dr. Percy May .. .. “Patents and the Chemist.” Dr. S. H. Piper .. . . “Some Uses for X-rays in OrganicChemistry.” EDINBURGHAND EASTOF SCOTLAND Mr. W. A. Broom .. .. “Some Recent Advances in Biochemistryand Medicine.” *Professor J.W. Cook, F.R.S. “Carcinogenic Chemical Compounds.” Dr. G. A. Reay .. . . “Some Aspects of the Preservation of Fish for Food.” Mr. A. M. Campbell . . .. “Some Modern Developments in Fire-Extinguishing .” Professor James P. Kendall, F.R.S. .. .. . . “Breathe Freely.” Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. * Held jointly with tlir Cheiiiical Soriety and the Society of Chemical Iritfustry.GLAsaow AND WEST OF SCOTLAND Mr. E. J. Schorn . . .. “Recent Advances in Pharmaceutica ChemistryDr. W. G. Ogg .. .. “Peat.” *Dr. J. Monteith Robertson, “The Hydrogen Bond.” tDr. I. V. Hopper . . . . “The Correlation of Sciencs,,with Social and Economic Problems. *-4t the invitation of the Chemical Society. t At the invitation of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. “Coming of Age ” Celebration. Ramsay Supper and Dance. 16 HUDDERSFIELD. Dr. A. G. Quarrell .. . . “X-Rays, Electrons and the Structure of Metals.” Exhibition of Films lent by the Films Committee of the Association of Scientific n7orkers. Exhibition of Films lent by the Microchemical Club.INDIA. Symposium on “Food and Drug Adulteration.” Dr. P. Parthasarathy .. Mr. G. Narasimha Murthy .. . . “Adulteration of Foods and Drugs in “Adulteration of Milk and Milk My sore. ” Products.” Mr. V. M. Mascarenhas .. “Adulteration of Oils and Fats.” Mr. B. H. Krishna .. .. “The Control of Adulteration of Drugsin India.” LEEDSAREA. Dr. E. B. Maxted *Mr. K. MacLennan *Mr. L. Anderson .. .. .. .. . . . . “The Poisoning of Catalysts.” “The Harvest of the Seven Seas”; “Animal Nutrition -Pigs” and “Animal Nutrition-Poultry.’’ “The Manufacture of Fine Chemicals.” Professor F. M. Rowe (Member “The Chemistry of Commercial Anthra- of Council) . . .. .. quinonoid Dyestuffs.” *Jointly with the Leetls University Chemical Society.LIVERPOOLAND NORTH-WESTERN. Major-General C. H. Foulkes, “Chemical Warfare and the Civil Popula- C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O. .. tion.” Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw (Member of Council) .. .. ., “Quest for Colour.” Dr. H. E. Cox (Member of Council) . . .. . . “Some Aspects of Chemical Dermatitis.” Dr. D. A. Allan .. .. “Chemistry in the Museum Service.” Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. *Mr. G. W. Beaumont .. “The Private Practitioner.” *Dr. L. J. Burrage .. .. “Activated Charcoal.” *Held jointly with the Liverpool Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists. AND SOUTH-EASTERNLONDON COUNTIES. Professor E. J. Salisbury, F.R.S. “The Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing the Distribution of Plants.” Professor E.N. da C. Andrade, F.R.S. .. .. .. “The Viscosity of Liquids.” Visits to The Times, the British Launderers’ Research Association, the Forest Products Research Laboratories, British Industrial Solvents, Ltd., and the Distillers Co., Ltd. MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. Professor John Read, F.R.S. .. “Humour and Humanism in Chemistry.” Mr. W. I. Campbell . . .. “Chemical ,?actors Governing the Use of Wood. *Mr. C. I. Kelly . . .. “What Happens to Moto;,Oil, and What Happens to Engines?Dr. A. E. M. G. Gillam . . “Some Applications of Absorption Spectra to Problems in Organic and Biological Chemistry.” * Arranged by, and held conjointly with, the Institute of Petroleum. 16 UPON TYNEAND NORTH-EASTNEWCASTLE COAST.*Professor W. E. S. Turner . . “The Crystallisation of Glass.” Professor J.L. Morison . . “The Rights and Wrongs of Modern Nationalism.” Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. *Captain J. G.Bennett . . “Producer Gas-a Petrol Substitute.” * Held jointly with the Society of Chemical lndustry. NEW ZEALAND. MY.R. L. Andrew . . . . “The Level of Chemical Knowledge in the Community.” Visits to the Glaxo Laboratories (N.Z.), Ltd., the Plant Research Station, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Dairy Research Institute and Massey Agricultural College. SOTITIETVALES. *Professor W. Pugh . . . . “Gallium and Germanium.” -/-ProfessorW. F. K. Wynne Jones “Reactions Involving Proton Transfer.” SMr.A. 0.Thomas . . . . “Tin Recovery from Waste Materials.” Dr. F. Heathcoat .. .. “Some Modern Ideas or Coal.” Sir Robert Robertson, K.U.E., “Two Types of Diamond.” F.R.S. IIDiscussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. Twenty-first Anniversary Celebration. * Ry invitation of University College, Swansen. t Joint meeting with the Cheniical Society. $ Joint meeting with the Institiit,r of Metals. )I Joint meeting with the Cardiff Section. SOUTHYORKSHIRE. *Mr. F. G.Barker .. .. “Some Applications of the Spectrograph to the Quantitative Analysis of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals.” (Joicm. Iron & Steel Inst., 1939, No. 1.)Mr. A. Gillies .. .. . . “Benzole Refining.” * Joint meeting with the Sheffielcl Metallurgical Associ;ition.In March, the President, with Dr. E. B. Hughes, Chairman of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, and the Registrar, visited the East Anglia Section; in December, the President attended the Coming of Age celebration of the South Wales Section, at Swansea, and presided at the Ramsay Supper, at Glasgow. The President and Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Vice-president, met the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, in June. The Registrar attended a joint meeting of the Cardiff and South Wales Sections held at Cardiff, in April. 10. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The Council gratefully acknowledges the services rendered by the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries in the Overseas Dominions and in the Colonies for help in various matters 17 affecting the interests of the Institute and the profession in their respective districts.11. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee (the Council in Committee) has held 10meetings. The Committee has reported on 872 applications for Student- ship, Examination and Membership, and on numerous enquiries in connexion with the training for admission to the Associateship and Fellowship. Sub-Committees and Local Interviewing Committees have interviewed many candidates for the Associateship and Fellow- ship, and the Council records its indebtedness to the Advisory Committee in India, and particularly to its Honorary Secretary, Dr. Gilbert J.Fowler, for assistance and advice in connexion with applications and enquiries from that Empire. Applications for Studentship and Membership are summarised below :-Applications for Admission to Studentship, including re-admission Accepted . . .. .. .. .. .. 198 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 -"2 Applications for Admission to Examination for the AssociateshipAccepted . . .. .. .. .. .. 115 Applications for election (and re-election) to the AssociateshipAccepted . . .. .. .. .. .. 426 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 Referred for Examination .. .. .. 9 -443 Applications for Admission to Examina,tion for the FellowshipAccepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 -21 Applications from Associates for election to the Pellowship Accepted .... .. .. .. .. 72 Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. 2 -74 Applications from Non-Associa,tes for election to the FellowshipAccepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. 3 -16 Applications for re-election to the Pellowship Accepted , , .. .. .. .. .. 18 EXAMINATIoNS.-The usual examinations were held in April, 1939,but, owing to the outbreak of war, the examinations which were to have been held in September were postponed. By the courtesy and co-operation of the authorities of the Sir John Cass Technical Institute and of the proprietors of the Glaxo Labora- tories, Ltd., Greenford, it was found possible, however, to hold examinations in November. An examination for the Associate- ship was held by the courtesy of the University of London in its laboratories at South Kensington in January, 1940.The entries and results are here summarised:- S~ARYOF RESULTS. Associateship EXAMINED.PASSED. General Chemistry .. .. .. 147 85 FellowshipBranch A. Inorganic Chemistry .. 3 2 Branch B. Physical Chemistry . . .. 0 0 Branch C. Organic Chemistry .. .. 5 5 Branch D. Biochemistry .. .. .. 1 1 Branch E. Chemistry (including Micro- scopy) of Food and Drugs,and of Water . . .. 14 7 Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry .. 0 0 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry .. 5 3 Specid . . .. .. .. .. 2 -2-177 105 In the corresponding summary for 1938-39, the number of candidates examined for the Associateship was 147, of whom 67 passed; 31 candidates were examined for the Fellowship, of whom 17 passed.The total number of candidates examined for the Associateship and Fellowship was 178, of whom 84 passed. The Council records its indebtedness to the authorities of the following Universities and Colleges, Firms and to Fellows who have kindly provided facilities for the Examinations :-The Universities of London and Manchester. The Royal School of Mines. The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The Royal Technical College, Glasgow. The College of Technology, Manchester. Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. City Technical College, Liverpool. Central Technical College, Birmingham. The Proprietors of the Glaxo Laboratories, Ltd., Greenford. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners, to the Examiners in special subjects, and to the Assessors who have reported on records of research, specifications 19 for patents, etc., submitted by candidates for admission to the Fellowship.EXAMINERS.-Professor \V. Wardlaw has completed his term of office as Examiner for the Associateship and the Council has appointed Dr. H, J. T. Ellingham as his successor. Mr. H. W. Cremer has been appointed Examiner in General Chemical Technology for the Fellowship. STUDENTS.-Many Students have been unable to produce the usual reports on their progress, showing that they are complying with the Regulations with regard to attendance at systematic courses, but the Council realises that, in most cases, this is due either to their having been called up for military service, or being engaged upon war work.The Council has, therefore, found it necessary to remove only four names from this section of the Register. REGuLATIONS.-The Regulations were revised and reprinted. INSTITUTIONS.-The name of the North Staffordshire Tech- nical College, Stoke-on-Trent, has been added to the list of Institutions approved for training candidates for admission to the Associateship. Several further applications are under consideration. AwARDs-The Council, with the concurrence of the Society of Maccabaeans, the donors of the Meldola Medal, have awarded the Medal for 1939 to Henry Norman Rydon, DSc. (Lond.), D.Phi1. (Oxon.). Only three essays were submitted for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for 1938,and the Council could not find any one of them deserving of the Award.12. APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. For most ofthe year, the number of Fellows and Associates known to be without employment did not exceed go (about 1.2 per cent.), but subsequently there was an increase to 137 owing to the fact that some members who had retired came forward in order to be available for national service, and others had been engaged in industries adversely affected at the com- mencement of hostilities. At the date of this Report, the number of those disengaged has fallen to 109,and there are indications that the demand for the services of chemists is likely to increase. 20 The Appointments Register has been useful in securing chemists for work in industry of national importance, and, through the representation of the Institute on the Industrial Chemistry Committee of the Ministry of Labour, the Institute has been helpful in securing suitable personnel for appointments in Government Departments.A summary of the Remuneration Statistics based on the returns received from Fellows and Associates was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1939. 13. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShas been published in six Parts and the Institute has also published the lecture by Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., on “Ludwig Mond, F.R.S., 1839- 1909,” and Mr. A.W. Comber’s Streatfeild Memorial Lecture on “Magnesite.” The outbreak of war prevented the delivery of the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture by Dr.Francis H. Carr, C.B.E., Vice-president. A new feature, introduced during the year, appears to be ap- preciated; it is the publication of leaflets entitled “Laboratory Precautions.” This will be continued as and when accidents and unusual occurrences of sufficient importance are brought to the notice of the Institute. LIBRARY.-The thanks of the Council are accorded to authors, publishers and others, who have kindly presented journals and books to the Library of the Institute. Fellows, Associates and Registered Students have continued to enjoy the use of the Library of the Chemical Society, and of the Science Library, South Kensington. LANTERNSLIDEs.-The Institute’s collection of lantern slides has continued to be useful to Fellows and Associates for the illustration of lectures.The Publications Committee, with the concurrence of the Council, hopes to make arrangements with Messrs. Constable & Co. for the production of a new edition of What Industry Owes to Chemical Science, the copyright of which has been offered by the Registrar to the Institute, for the benefit of the Benevolent Fund. The Council has decided that, in future, the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSshould not include advertisements, except such as are of a non-commercial character. 21 14. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry con-ducted under the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Board of Education (England and Wales), the Scottish Education Department and the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) have been continued.Professor T. Slater Price, O.B.E., F.R.S., has retired from the appointment of Assessor for National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales), and Professor William Wardlaw has been appointed Assessor in his place, Sir Gilbert Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., continuing as Chief Assessor.” 15. PEDLER RESEARCH SCHOLARSHIP. Dr. Charles Simons, Associate, has carried on his research, on “The Formation of Volatile Compounds of Arsenic and Selenium by Micro-organisms,” under the direction of Professor Challenger, at the University of Leeds. 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I.26th January, 1940. * Sir Gilbert Morgan died on 1st February. 22 THE INSTITUTE OF CHKMISTRY OF GRPlAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 23 AND ACCOUNT 1939.INCOME EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEARENDED 31s~DECEMBER, 1938 EXPENDITURE. 1939 1938 INCOME. 1939 € 8. d.’To Premises- E s. d. E s. d. € s. d. € s. d. 3y Subscriptions-E s. d. E s. d. 300 0 0 Rent .. .. .. ., 300 0 0 3,580 19 0 Fellows .. .. .. .. ..3,661 0 0509 12 5 Rates andschedule ATax . . 550 2 10 111 13 8 Insurance .. .. .. 106 8 6 7,589 10 4 Associates . . .. .. .. ..7,749 3 9 686 16 3 RepairsandMaintenance .. 249 13 8 415 15 0 Students . . .. .. .. .. 411 0 0 1,206 5 0 11,821 3 91,808 2 4 Staff-11,586 4 43’ 5,274 4 6 Salaries, Wages, Gratuities.. 5,283 5 5 1,160 5 0 ’* Examination and Assessment Fees .. .. 1,443 4 6223 4 0 SuperannuationPremiums.. 375 16 3 ---Superannuation Reserve ., 50 0 0 1,141 17 6 Dividends and Interest .. ..1,191 19 0 5,709 1 8 308 8 7 Less IncomeTax .. .. .. 394 19 3 5,497 8 6 833 8 11 796 19 9 99 House and Office Expenses- )Y264 7 0 Repairs and Renewals .. 164 6 9 295 4 6 Appointments Register .. .. .. 277 5 0 51232 19 4 Fuel, Water, Light .. .. 225 14 11 141 17 11 Advertisements in Journal .. .. .. 143 1 1 34 5 3 Telephone . . .. .. 31 3 0 37603 7 3 Printingandstationery .. 565 1 11 44 11 3 Sale of Publications .. .. .. .. 49 0 1 99591 4 11 Postage . . .. .. 686 13 11 776 Fees Forfeited .. .. .. .. 660 30 6 0 Travelling Expenses .. 18 17 3 National Certificates- 242 12 6 Advertisements ... . 208 17 6 31 42 0 0 Auditors’Honorarium . . 42 0 0 100 0 0 England and Wales A/c .. .. 75 0 0 100 19 8 Miscellaneous .. . . 97 18 11 25 0 0 ScotlandA/c . . .. .. 50 0 0 _-_____ 1,940 14 2 125 0 I 125 0 02,142 1 11 b 3)32 Sundry Receipts .. .. .. .. 14 3 9%800 10 5 Membersof CouncilTravelling Expenses . . 668 12 2 133 10 i: Australian and New Zealand A/c . . .. 121 4 213 f) 9,524 13 0 555 11 11 Excess of Expenditure over Income .. .. -99 Publications-1,123 3 0 Journal 5729 0s. 6d., Postage E343 12s. 10d. 1,072 13 4 -898 3 7 Register . . .. .. .. .. -12 15 11 “Official Chemical Appointments ” .. -215 11 7 “Profession of Chemistry” . . .. ..Intermittent Publications Reserve .. 600 0 0 9)303 6 9 Lectures andLanternSlides .. ,. 532 7 3 2,205 0 7 2,543 0 10 79 Examinations-Examiners, Assessors, Assistants and 734 6 4 Accommodation . . .. .. .. 916 19 1 218 15 6 Apparatus and Materials .. .. 137 14 8 --1,054 13 9 953 1 10 97 Local Sections- 574 13 4 Grants .. .. .. .. . . 452 4 4 54 12 1 Section Secretaries’ Conference . . .. 65 0 6 --617 4 10 629 5 5 ___-YY10 10 0 FranklandMedal Award .. .. .. 10 10 0 9132 13 9 Library .. .. .. .. .. 31 2 2 Chemical Society Library .. 715 5 9 567 0 4 LessTaxonE550underDeed 192 10 0 522 15 9 ---553 17 11 599 14 1 ’959 13 0 Donations .. .. .. .. .. 59 13 0 * 7% Proposed Supplemental Charter Expenses .. 117 15 7 3339 16 8 LegalExpenses .. .. .. .. 92 0 8 99 ---National Register Expenditure .. .. 65 19 11 ---YY A.R.P. and Gas Identification Service .. 128 9 5 Excess of Income over Expenditure .. 453 19 1199 -$14,883 5 01 €14,783 18 7 €14,883 5 1 €14,783 18 7 24 BALANCE SHEET as at 31st December, 1939. 1938. LIABILITIES. 1939. 1938. ASSETS. 1939.E 5. S s. d. € s. d S s. d. 236 16 Sundry Creditors .. *. .. .. 180 18 8 417 17 3 Balance at Bankers in London 1,677 10 1 87 10 0 IncomeTaxReserve,ScheduleA 103 17 8 Balance at Bankers in Australia 132 5 6 )I *$ Schedule D 199 9 0 and New Zealand (inSterling219 15 303 6 8 812 3 1 value) .. .. .. 938 12 3 119 14 Subscriptions paid in advance .. .. .. 96 0 6 1,230 0 4 2,616243 02 48221 11 Examination Fees paid in advance ..126 0 0 209 17 2 Sundry Debtors, Rates, etc., paid in advance . . .. Application Fees- 33,896 19 i Investments at Cost (including Redemption Fund) .. 34,746 7 0 Retained pending further application- Income and Expenditure Account Balance 1st Januarv. 1939 . . .. 54 12 0 384 6 Balance at Debit, 1st January, 1939 .. .. ---Add Fees retained d&g year . . 660 60 18 0 Lesa Fees Forfeibed during year .. 660 54 12 0 54 12 0 In abeyance awaiting 307 8 5 decision . . .. .. 344 11 11 362 0 399 3 11 34.561 5 Investment Account .. .. .. 35,780 6 5 Reserve Accounts- Intermittent Publications .. .. 600 0 0 Staff Superannuation Reserve . . 50 0 0 650 0 0 Income and Expenditure Account- Excess of Income over Expenditure for the year ended 31st December, 1939 .... .. .. .. 453 19 11 Less Balance at Debit, 1st January,1939 .. .. .. .. .. 384 6 1 69 13 10 ~ f35,721 3 f37,605 10 0 f35,721 3 $37,605 10 0(I 26 Subscriptions and Fees Paid in and Retained (in Currency) in Australia and New Zealand. Receipts. Expenditure.E s. d. € s. d. % s. d. By Balance, 1st January, 1939-On Deposit . . . . 921 0 0 Current Account .. . . 94 3 10 1015 3 10 33 Subscriptions-Fellows .. .. .. 51 19 6 Associates .. .. 74 16 3 -~ 126 15 9 9) Entrance Fees .. .. .. *. 550 w Deposit Interest (including interest on Fixed Deposits, 1938-39) .. .. 37 1 4 To Bank Charges . . .. .. .. 107 77 Local Section Grant. . .. .. .. 10 0 0 37 Balance at Bankers, 31st December, 1939- Deposit Accounts ..1112 13 8 Current Accounts .. 60 11 8 1173 5 4* --~ €1184 5 11 €1184 5 11 * Equivalent in Sterling, aE938 12s. 3d. OF AND FEESRECEIVEDSTATEMENT SUBSCRIPTIONS LESS OUTGOINGS. € s. d. € s. d. Subscriptions-Fellows . . .. .. .. .. 51 19 6 Associates . . .. .. .. .. 74 16 3 126 15 9 Entrance Fees .. .. .. .. .. 550 Deposit Interest . . .. .. .. .. 37 1 __--- 4 169 2 1 Less Bank Charges . . Local Section Grant .. .. .. .. .. .. 107 10 0 0 11 0 7 158 1 6 Less Adjustment on Exchange into Sterling . . 31 12 4 ~ - c 126 9 2 Less Entrance Fees taken to Investment Account 550 Amount (in Sterling) taken to Income and Expenditure Account El21 4 2 27 Investment Account €or the year ended 31st December, 1939.s. d. € s. d. Balance of Accumulated Fund, 1st January, 1939 . . .. .. 34,561 5 5 Funds received for Investment during year-Entrance Fees . . .. .. .. 1,137 3 0 Entrance Fees, Australia and New Zealand ($4 4 0 in Currency, ' augmented) .. .. .. .. 550 Life Composition Fees . . .. .. 76 13 0 1,219 1 0 €35,780 6 5 Investments, at cost, held at 1st January, 1939 (including Redemption Fund Policy) . . .. .. .. 33,896 19 2 Investments made during year- $750 34% Conversion Loan €738 19 6 Redemption Fund Policy Premium . . .. 110 8 4 849 7 10 34,746 7 0 Amount not yet invested .. .. 1,033 19 5 €35,780 6 5 STATEMENT OF INVESTMENTS HELD AND DIVIDENDS RECEIVED THEREFROM.Holding. Cost. Market Gross. Tax. I;&. Value.-)€ € s. d. € s. d. € a. d. E a. d. E s. d. Great Western Railway 24% Debenture Stock 500 384 16 3 300 0 0 12 10 0 318 3 8 11 9 L.M.S. Railway 5% Redeemable Preference Stock .. .. .. .. .. 500 503 0 0 393 15 0 25 0 0 7 16 3 17 3 9 L.M.S. Railway 4% Preference Stock .. 2,000 1,843 15 1 1,195 0 0 80 0 0 25 0 0 55 0 034y0War Stock.. .. .. .. .. 13,000 13,554 16 8 12,138 15 0 455 0 0 159 5 0 295 15 0 34% Conversion Loan .. .. .. .. 750 738 19 6 7 04 13 26 5 0 842 18 0 10 Dominion of Canada 3f%-Loan, 1950-55 .. 1,000 973 17 0 1,006 50 32 10 0 11 7 6 21 2 6 Dominion of Canada 4% Loan, 1953-58 . . 1,000 1,090 3 0 1,057 00 40 0 0 12 10 0 27 10 0 Government of Commonwealth of Australia 34% Stock, 1964-74 .... .. 4,000 3,985 5 7 3,320 00 130 0 0 40 12 6 89 7 6 Union of South Africa 5% Loan, 1946-75 . . 1,000 1,136 8 0 1,062 00 50 0 0 15 12 6 34 7 6,Union of South Africa 3&%Loan, 1953-73 700 670 7 0 687 50 24 10 0 8 11 5 15 18 7 00 New Zealand 5% Loan, 1949 .. .. .. 1,000 1,141 8 0 1,010 00 50 0 0 17 10 0 32 10 0 3% Local Loans .. .. .. .. 4,800 4,329 15 0 3,864 00 144 0 0 45 0 0 99 0 0 Port of London Authority 34% RegisteredStock, 1965-75 .. .. .. .. 1,000 1,033 4 9 912 10 0 35 0 0 10 18 9 24 1 3 Southern Railway Conipany 5% Redeemable Guaranteed Preference Stock, 1957 .. 1,000 1,174 6 2 1,062 10 0 50 0 0 15 12 6 34 7 6 Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. ---37 4 0 13 0 5 24 3 7 €32,560 2 0 ;E28,714 11 3 €1,191 19 0 €394 19 3 S796 19 9 *Redemption Fund Policy (Accumulated Pre- mi-) .... .. .. .. 2,186 5 0 €34,746 7 0 -)At 31st December, 1939. *To realise di50,OOO in year 2010. 29 Intermittent Publications Reserve Account. (The Register, ‘‘ Official Chemical Appointments ” and “The Profession of Chemistry.”) 1939 1930 $ s. d. f s. d. Reserve for Register, Balance, 31st December, transferred from In-1939 . . .. . . 600 0 0 come and Expenditure Account .. . . 600 0 0 f600 0 0 I 3x00 0 0 Staff Superannuation Reserve Account. ;E s. d. s. d. Transferred from Income Balance, 31st December, and Expenditure Ac- 1939 .. .. .. 60 0 0 count. . .. .. 50 0 0 250 0 0 $50 0 0 BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for the year ended 31st December, 1939.Income. 1938. Receipts. 1939. 1938. Payments. 1939. € s. d. $ s. d. € s. d. 2 s. d. ---Balance, 1st January, 1939 . . .. 87 1 47 9 9 Dr. Balance, 1st January, 1938 . . ---828 0 2 Subscriptions .. .. ,. . . 860 4 5 189 14 4Grants .. .. .. .. .. 154 3 4 569 7 11 Annual Subscriptions .. .. . . 540 9 8 1,206 13 4 Regular Payments .. .. .. 1,433 5 0 157 10 10 Dividends and Interest .. .. 169 10 10 87 2 3 Printing .. .. .. .. .. 51 7 4 34 11 10 Income Tax recovered (1938 ale.) .. 28 0 11 5 5 0 Audit Fee .. .. .. .. 550 ---Income Tax recovered (1939 ale.) .. 87 16 10 14.5 0 0Loans granted during 1939 .. .. 95 0 0 125 1 OLoans repaid . . .. .. .. 35 10 0 25 0 0 Donation to London Orphan School . . 25 0 0 ---Dr. Balance, 31st December, 1939 ..34 0 11 8 7 1 Balance, 31st, December, 1938 .. ---1€1,714 11 9 $1,764 0 8 $1,714 11 91 $1,764 0 8 -______ Capital. f s. d. $ s. d. $ s. d. 338 6 7 Balance, 1st January, 1939 . . .. 165 11 11 583 3 11 Investment, €750 Local Loans 3% .. 621 6 5 285 9 3Donations . . *. .. .. 245 5 0 165 11 11 Balance, 31st December, 1939 . . 339 10 6 .. 550 0 0 -$748 15 101 $960 16 11 $748 15 101 Statement € 8. d. 2 s. a. 2 s. d. $ s. d. 2,417 6 0 Loans to 31st December, 1938 .. 2,562 6 0 1,309 3 4Loans repaid to 31st December, 1939 1,344 13 41145 0 0 Loans granted during 1939 .. .. 95 0 0 654 0 0 Loans written off prior to 31st Decem- I ber, 1938 .. .. .. .. 751 14 0 97 14 0 Loans written off during 1938 . . ---501 8 8 Loans outstanding at 31st December, 1939 .... .. .. .. 560 18 8 ~~ I~____ €2,562 6 01 .€2,657 6 0 $2,562 6 0 $2,657 6 0 -__~ BENEVOLENT FUND : Investments held and Dividends received therefrom. 1938. 1939. Value. cost. t Value. Gross. Tax. Net. € s. d. 2 6. d. S s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. 1.045 0 0 21,000 Consols 4% .. .. .. 1,077 13 0 1,033 15 0 40 0 0 11 0 0 29 0 0 1,173 0 0 $1,200 War Loan 39% .. .. . . 1,296 3 0 1,120 10 0 42 0 0 ---42 0 0 1,245 0 0 21,500 increased to S2,250 Local Loans, 3% .. .. .. .. .. 1,973 6 1 1,811 5 0 61 17 6 17 0 4 44 17 2 475 0 0 $500 Port of London Authority 3&y0 Registered Stock, 1965-75 .. 516 7 11 456 6 0 17 10 0 4 16 2 12 13 10 490 0 0 f500 Dominion of Canada 3f%, 1950-55 486 8 6 503 2 6 16 5 0 5 13 9 10 11 3 2400 Commonwealth of Australia 3$9& 324 0 0 Stock.1964-74 .. .. . . 398 0 7 332 0 0 13 0 0 3 11 6 !) 8 6 480 0 0 $500 Xew Zealand5yo Loan, 1949 . . 570 14 (i 605 0 0 25 0 0 8 15 0 10 5 0 165 11 11 Balance, 31st December, 1939 . . .. 339 10 6 339 10 6 -. ___~~ $5,397 11 11 S6,669 14 1 56,101 8 0 5215 12 6 $60 16 9 Sl64 15 9 ~~ -t At 31st December, 1939. 32 SIR ALEXANDER PEDLER SCHOLAFtSHIP ACCOUNT 31st December, 1939. Receipts. Expenditure. € s. d. € s. d. To Balance, 1st January, 1939 .. .. .. .. 525 16 8 39 Dividends and Interest . . .. .. .. .. 179 1 10 9) Income Tax recovered . . .. .. .. .. 35 1 10 By Payments to Scholar .. .. .. .. .. 300 0 0 39 Purchase of 5300 3% Local Loans .... .. 248 14 9 99 Balance at Bankers, 31st December, 1939- DepositCurrent . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 91 0 6 0 7 ____- €740 0 4 €740 0 4 Securities held at 31st December, 1939-cost. t Value. CfTOSS. TUX. Net. €s.d. €s.d. €s.d. €s.d. €s.d. €100 Great Western Rail-way 5yo Consolidated PreferenceStock .. 94 0 O* 87 10 0 6 0 0 1 7 6 3 12 6 €900 Royal Mail Steam Packetordinary .. 787 10 O* ----€2,600WarLoan3iy0 .. 2,808 6 0 2,427 15 0 91 0 0 -91 0 0 €500 Port of London Authority 34y0 Re-gistered Stock, 1965- 75 . . .. 516 17 11 456 6 0 17 10 0 4 16 4 12 13 8 5500 Southern *RailwayCompany 5% Re-deemable Guaranteed PreferenceStock,1957 587 4 10 533 15 0 25 0 0 6 17 6 18 2 6 €500 New Zealand 6% 1949 .... .. 570 14 6 505 0 0 25 0 0 8 15 0 16 5 0 €300 4% Consols .. .. 32310 31026 1200 360 8140 5500LocalLoan~3~~.. 433 13 3 402 5 0 12 15 0 3 10 3 9 4 9 €500 Dominion of Canada 3&y0L0~195O-55.. 486 18 6 503 2 6 16 5 0 5 13 9 10 11 3 56,608 6 0€5,225 15 0 €204 10 0 €34 6 4 €170 3 8 The total value of the original legacy was €4,785 16s. 2d. net. * Value when bequeathed. t Value at 31st December, 1939. 33 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture Fund. €200 34y0War Loan. tValue $186 15s. Od. 2 s. d. € s. d. Balance, 1st January, LectureExpenses .. 2 13 8 1939 . . .. .. 53 11 1 Balance onDeposit .. 58 4 11 Dividends and Interest 7 7 6 260 18 7 .€60 18 7 Meldola Library Fund. €75 Government of Commonwealth of Australia 3&% Stock1964-74 tValue €62 5s.Od. € s. d. $ s. d. Balance .. .. 3 13 4 Meldola Award, 1939 .. 1 17 6 Dividends and Interest 1 15 11 Amount due to Institute repaid .. .. 107 Balance onDeposit .. 2 11 2 $5 9 3 25 9 3 S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture Fund. 6: s. d. 2 s. d. Balance .. .. 18 10 LectureExpense .. 2 6 6 Dividends and Interest 6 2 4 Balance .. .. 8 3 11 IncomeTaxrecovered 3 9 3 €10 10 5 g10 10 5 7 Value.at 31st December, 1939. 34 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS. We have examined the Balance Sheet at 31st December, 1939, of the Institute of Chemistry, also the Statements of Accounts for the year ended 31st December, 1939, with the books and vouchers. The values of the Lease. and Premises of the Institute, Furni- ture, Library, Apparatus, etc., are not included in the Balance Sheet. Subject to that remark, we have obtained all the in- formation and explanations we have required and in our opinion the Balance Sheet and Statements of Accounts are properly drawn up and are in accordance with the entries in the books.We certify that we have received from the Bank of England, the Westminster Bank, Ltd., the Bank of Montreal, Ltd., and the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Ltd., certificates that they hold on behalf of the Institute the Investments shown on the Statement of Investments. We have inspected the Certificates for the Registered Stocks, and on this occasion also the Bonds to Bearer, the Lease and the Redemption Fund Policy. J. Y.FINLAYDAVID HENDERSON )Chartered Accountants, C. L. CLAREMONT Hon. Auditors, J. G. A. GRIFFITHS 10th January, 1940 35 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 19th January, 1940.-Before pro-ceeding to the business of the meeting, Sir Robert Pickard, Senior Vice-president, referred to the death of the President, Mr. W. A. S. Calder. Sir Robert recalled Mr. Calder’s services to the profession as well as to the Institute, adding that throughout his active association with the Council, and particularly during his term of office as President-so suddenly terminated-Mr. Calder had commanded the esteem of all his colleagues for his practical good sense and business ability, and had endeared himself to them by his personal charm and courtesy. A resolution was passed tendering the sincere sympathy of the Officers, Council, Fellows and Associates of the Institute to Mrs.Calder and other members of his family, and the Council stood for a minute in silence. Messages of sympathy were received by the Council from the Chemical Council, the Chemical Society, Society of Chemical Industry, Society of Public Analysts, Institution of Gas Engineers, the Institute of Physics, the Local Sections, absent Members of Council and many others. The Emergency Committee reported that it had been called, on the sudden death of the President, to consider the nomination of his successor. In view of the circumstances, that only seven weeks would elapse before the Annual General Meeting and that the Council would be required, in the meantime, to .nominate Officers and Council for election on 1st March, the Senior Vice- President, Sir Robert Pickard, had been asked to undertake the Presidential duties until the new President had been elected.The Report of the Committee was confirmed, and Sir Robert agreed to act accordingly. A letter was received from the Colonial Office regarding admission to the Examinations of the Institute of persons holding chemical appointments on the staffs of various Colonial Govern- ments, or coming to England to take up scholarships or student-ships awarded in the Colonies. The Institute had suggested- 36 and the Secretary of State agreed-that it was desirable that such persons should be fully informed as to the Regulations of the Institute before coming to attend its Examinations, and accordingly the representations made by the Institute in the matter would be brought to the notice of the authorities in specified Colonies and Dependencies. A communication was received from the President of the Society of Public Analysts directing attention to the circumstance that, under the Food and Drugs Act, 1938,a number of public analysts would be deprived of appointments which they had previously held, and therefore sought for advice as to how they should proceed to obtain compensation under Part VI (95) of the Act.The matter was referred for enquiry.* The Council received the Fourth Annual Report of the Chemical Council.Mr. A. W. Comber, who was to have delivered the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture in October, but was prevented from doing so by the National Emergency, and whose lecture on “Magnesite” was published recently, attended, at the invitation of the Council, and received from Sir Robert Pickard the medal presented by the City and Guilds of London Institute and a portrait of St rea t feild. Sir Robert remarked that the Institute had received many favourable comments on the lecture, for which the Fellows and Associates tendered Mr. Comber their best thanks. Mr. Comber, in reply, thanked Sir Robert for his remarks, adding that he knew that he would not be misunderstood when he expressed his deep regret that he was unable to receive the medal from the hands of the late President, from whom he had received a kind letter of appreciation immediately on the publication of the lecture.Further consideration was given to the procedure of the Joint Recruiting Boards with regard to students of chemistry and military service, a matter which is being carefully watched by the Council. *Section 95 of the Food and Drugs Act, 1938, prescribes that the analyst shall be entitled to compensation from the authority which has ceased to be an authority under the Act, or from such authority and in such proportions as the Minister may determine. The scale of compensation is provided in Sub-Sections 2-6 of Section 150 of the Fourth Schedule of the Local Government Act, 1933, in which the Public Analyst is specifically mentioned as a person to be compensated. 37 The attention of the Council was directed to the decision of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge to relax their regu- lations for the award of degrees on account of the war.An enquiry was received as to whether this would affect the ad- mission of graduates from those universities to the Associateship of the Institute. The Council postponed consideration of the question pending decisions by the other universities. The Finance and House Committee reported that the accounts for the year 1939 had been duly audited for inclusion in the Report of Council. The Committee recommended contributions to the British Standards Institution and to the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee.On a Report from the Publications Committee, the CounciI directed that the question of printing a new edition of the Register should be referred to the new Council in March. It was not deemed practicable to attempt the publication of a new edition of “Official Chemical Appointments ” in 1940. The Senior Vice-president reported briefly on the work of the Censors. Only a few complaints had been received, and the Censors had taken appropriate action on them. The Council proceeded with the arrangements for the nomina- tion of the new Council. Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., was nominated for election as President; Mr. John C. White was nominated for re-election as Honorary Treasurer ; and the following were nominated for election as Vice-presidents :-Professor H.V. A. Briscoe, Dr. F. H. Carr, Professor T. P. Hilditch, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert H. Pickard and Dr. H. A. Tempany. Nominations for election as Members of Council were received under By-law 26 in favour of Mr. E. E. Ayling, Dr. A. Coulthard, Mr. E. S. Hiscocks and Dr. P. Lewis-Dale. The Council nominated the following Fellows for election as General Members of Council:-Mr. E. B. Anderson, Mr. A. L. Bacharach, Professor W. M. Cumming, Professor J. C. Drummond, Mr. F. P. Dunn, Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Mr. L. Eynon, Dr. E. H. Farmer, Professor A. Findlay, Dr. P. F. Gordon, Professor I. M. Heilbron, Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Mr. T. R. Hodgson, Dr. R. H. Hopkins, Dr. H. Hunter, Mr. G. King, Dr. L. H. Lampitt, Dr. G.W. Monier-Williams, Mr. J. R. Nicholls, Dr. W. S. Patterson, Mr. A. J. Prince, Mr. T. F. E. Rhead, Miss Muriel Roberts, Professor W. H. Roberts, Professor F. M. Rowe, and Dr. J. Weir. 38 The following were nominated, from whom four are to be elected as Censors at the Annual General Meeting:-Dr. F. H. Carr, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Sir Gilbert T. Morgan*, Sir Robert H. Pickard, Sir Robert Robinson and Sir Jocelyn F. Thorpe. Messrs. C. A. Bassett and B. A. Ellis were nominated as Scrutineers to report on the ballot for the election of Council and Censors. Dr. J. J. Fox was nominated as a representative on the Chemical Council in the place of the late Mr. W. A. S. Calder. It was decided to hold the Annual General Meeting at 3 p.m. on 1st March.Council Meeting, 26th January, 1940.-Sir Robert H. Pickard, Senior Vice-president, referred to the death of Mr. F. G. Edmed, O.B.E., Member of Council, and it was resolved that a letter of sympathy be sent to Mrs. Edmed and her family. Replies were received from Fellows accepting nomination as candidates for election as Officers, Members of Council and Censors. A letter was received regarding the technical pay allowed to certain officers with professional qualifications. The matter is receiving attention. The Council received from the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section a letter from the Association of Scientific Workers suggesting that conferences should be held to discuss such questions as salaries, increments, holidays, contracts, unemployment, etc., of industrial scientists.While fully realising that the matters referred to were of great importance to the profession and therefore to the Institute, the Council felt that the methods which had been suggested for dealing with the problems did not coincide with those of the Institute, and that it was inexpedient, especially at the present time, that the Institute or its Local Sections should participate in the proposed conferences. The Council felt that publicity given to isolated cases where chemists, or groups of scientific workers, were offered unsatisfactory conditions, was of doubtful utility. In a specific instance mentioned by the Association, it was learned that there had been a misunderstanding. The Draft Report of the Council for the year 1939-40, prepared by the Publications Committee, and the Financial Statements prepared by the Finance and House Committee, * Sir Gilbert Morgan died on 1st February.39 were amended and approved for issue to the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students. The Report of the Publications Committee dealt with the terms suggested by Messrs. Constable & Co., Ltd., regarding the proposed publication of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science,” the copyright of which had been offered by the Registrar to the Institute for the benefit of the Benevolent Fund. The terms were regarded as favourable, and the Publications Com- mittee was authorised to proceed with the matter, subject to satisfactory arrangements being made with the authors who will be invited to participate in the work.Subject to the receipt of a satisfactory estimate for the cost involved, the Committee also recommended the publication of the Registrar’s lecture, “A Century of Chemistry: From Boyle to Priestley,” which had been given from time to the before various Sections. The Assessor on the Essays submitted for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize reported that only three essays had been received, and that none of these was deserving of the award. The Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee embodied the Report of the Board of Examiners on the January Examinations, and a recommendation regarding the award of the Meldola Medal, to which reference is made in the Report of Council.40 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussions.] Belfast and District.-Owing to the difficulties of travel and the spare time occupation of most of the members, no meetings of the Belfast Section were held in the Autumn of 1939. In Belfast most of the members have attended courses for A.R.P. Gas Identification Officers. Similar courses will be given in other important centres in Northern Ireland. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held on 25th January, at Bristol University, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society.Mr. A. Sanders, Chairman of the Bristol and South W’estern Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, presided, and a lecture on Photographic Materials-what they are and how they work,” was given by Dr. H. Baines, Assistant Director of Research, Kodak, Ltd. Dr. Baines said that photographic materials consisted essentially of a support or base (usually glass, film or paper), to which was applied a light-sensitive layer. The latter was termed a photographic emulsion, and it was generally a suspension of silver halide crystals in a colloid medium, the choice of halide and medium depending on the type of product required. Silver chloride in gelatin is used for slow development payers of the velox type and for lantern slides, and in gelatin or collodion for printing out papers.A mixture of chloride and bromide in gelatin was used for a series of warm-toned development papers, but by far the most important type of emulsion was silver bromide containing up to 7 per cent. silver iodide dispersed in gelatin. Iodobromide emulsions were employed for all types of negative materials, including X-ray film and for many positive materials, such as cine positive film and bromide papers. The manufacture of an iodobromide emulsion was described. The initial precipitation of the silver salt in gelatin was termed emulsification, after which the grain size distribution was adjusted by a heat treatment known as ripening. The excess 41 soluble halide and alkali nitrate were next removed by water washing, and a digestion process adjusted the sensitometric characteristics as desired.The emulsion was coated in the liquid form after melting and doctoring. (Typical coating machines for plates, films and papers were described, and an account of the means for obtaining high latitude, freedom from curl on film and from halation was given.) One of the most important aspects of the manufacture of modern photographic materials was that of optica! sensitising by dyestuffs. (Numerous applications of high speed material and of specially sensitised material were given.) The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides. Cardiff and District.-With the outbreak of war it was found impossible to continue with the programme arranged for the year 1939-40, and the Section Committee decided to call a general meeting (conjointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) to discover the wishes of members about a modified programme.A Social Gathering of chemists took place on 4th November, 1939, in the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, when it was decided that, for the duration of the war, meetings should be held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry. A meeting of the Section took place on 8th December, 1939, in the University Union Building, Cardiff, and, despite the difficulties of “black-out” travel, the attendance created a record for a business meeting held by the Section. After a discussion, partly on the question of compensation for injury to Gas Identification Officers, the meeting adjourned to the Cardiff Technical College, where Dr.W. H. Linnell (of the College of the Pharmaceutical Society, London) gave a lecture on “Some Aspects of Chemotherapy. ” Chemotherapy should include a consideration of all remediable agents of a chemical nature: anaesthetics as well as bactericides, antipyretics as well as the organic arsenicals. The restriction of the subject to substances which combat an invading organism is purely artificial. Many new chemotherapeutic agents owe their origin to work done on some natural substance which possessed a therapeutic value. The isolation, characterisation and synthesis of the active principle is accompanied by enquiries concerning the biological reactions not only of the active principle itself but 42 also of many intermediate products and chemical “copies.” Thus much knowledge is gained of the effect of a large number of chemical groupings.This type of work is well illustrated by the anti-malarials. Progress is always slow until the infection concerned, or a similar one, can be induced in experimental animals. In malaria the discovery that canaries and Java sparrows could be used to evaluate substances capable of controlling the parasite at two different stages of its life history was of paramount im- portance. Canaries are used for substances which affect the parasite in the same manner as quinine (schizontocidal) and sparrows for compounds like plasmoquine which attack the gametes.First the relative activities of the various natural cinchona alkaloids were explored, followed by a consideration of those compounds which could be prepared from them by chemical means, such as the alkylhydrocupreines and the ape-bases. It thus appeared that neither the 6-methoxy group in the quinoline nucleus nor the vinyl group of the quinuclidine nucleus were essential, but that chemical alteration (esterification, oxidation, reduction, etc.) of the secondary alcohol serving as a link between them resulted in complete loss of activity. The position of this group relative to the nitrogen of the quinuclidine nucleus appeared to be critical. Antimalarial activity had been noticed in methylene blue and in salvarsan, and attention was turned to the former on account of the difficulty of synthesising substances related to quinine.Increase of activity was obtained by sub- stituting one of the dimethylamino groups in methylene blue with a more complex basic chain of the type, -NH.R.N(alk),. This chain was then introduced into position 8 of the 6-alkoxy- quinoline nucleus and into the 5-position in 2-chloro-7-alkoxy- acridine, producing plasmoquine and atebrin, respectively. The former compound is gametocidal, whilst the latter affects the schizonts, as does quinine. Much information has been obtained concerning the results of lengthening or branching of the basic chain and of altering the nature of the alkoxy groups.In such ways as these, knowledge has been gained and may be utilised in further endeavours. The only essential requirements for antimalarial activity appear to be the quinoline nucleus and a basic group. The introduction of prontosil into medicine may be rated as the biggest achievement of chemotherapy and in this instance no natural drug formed the starting point. Prontosil and 43 soluble prontosil are azo dyes formed from p-aminobenzene- sulphonamide, and have made possible the cure of such scourges as puerperal fever-they are predominently streptococcicidal. Shortly after their introduction in 1935 it was found that the active agent was the p-aminobenzenesulphonamide produced from them by reduction. Over 200 derivatives or relatives of this molecule have been made and tested, from which it appears that the nitrogen must be para to the sulphonamide group; that substitution in this nucleus is dystherapeutic; that the hydrogens of the amino group may be replaced with some degree of freedom; and that the hydrogens of the sulphonamide may be.replaced only by certain groupings. Extension of the application of such compounds to other streptococcal infections, and to pneumococci and gonococci infections has occurred, and attempts have been made to discover the best compound for each specific job. M and B 693-0ne of the hydrogens of the sulphonamide group replaced with a-pyridyl-has thus become established in pneumonia. Another nucleus, p:p’-diamino-diphenylsulphone, has been found to be effective and bids well to open a new chapter in this story.In the natural substances founded upon the cyclopenteno- phenanthrene nucleus Nature provides an excellent example of the profound changes in physiological effect brought about by comparatively small changes in structure, as witness the sterols, the bile acids, pro-vitamin D, the female sex hormones, the male sex hormones and the aglucones of the cardiac glycosides. All these substances possess essentially the same nucleus but differ according to the nature of a side chain and the number of double bonds. Considerable success has been achieved in obtaining more simple chemical structures possessing oestrogenic properties and a comparison of the formula of the trans form of 4 :~+’-dihydroxydiethylstilbene(stiboestrol) with that of oestradiol exhibits architectural similarities.Activity has also been noticed in derivatives of diphenyl and in propylbenzene : these two structures may be considered to be part of the molecule of the natural substance. It is, as yet, too early to expect the advancement of general theories to explain chemotherapeutic activity, as the science is only in its infancy. A theory founded upon a knowledge of all the facts often becomes a law: if based upon a sufficient number of facts it may form a working hypothesis; while if too few facts are available it cannot be other than an indiscretion. It may, however, be said that all properties of a compound- 44 chemical, physical and physiological-must have their genesis in the molecular architecture.If the shape of the molecule could be immediately and completely correlated with the various properties of the substance much of the uncertainty-and most of the pleasure-of research would’ be destroyed. Through unforeseen circumstances Professor C. S. Gibson, O.B.E., F.R.S., was obliged to cancel the lecture which he had proposed to give in Cardiff on 26th January. The Local Section and the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry intend to organise a social meeting for 16th March, details of which will be circularised in due course. East Ang1ia.-Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton presided at a meeting held in the Lido, Aylsham Road, Norwich, on 30th January, when Dr. J.W. Corran, Honorary Secretary of the Section, gave a lecture on bb Gas Warfare and the Civil Population.” The meeting, which was held under the auspices of the East Anglia Section, was attended not only by many members of the Section, but by representatives of the City of Nonvich and County of Norfolk A.R.P. organisations, and was fully reported in the local press. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Section has held two evening meetings. At the first, Professor James P. Kendall, F.R.S., of Edinburgh University, gave a resum6 of the matter in his book entitled “Breathe Freely”; at the second, Professor W. T. Astbury, of Leeds University, discussed “The Examination of Proteins by X-ray Photography.’’ The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held towards the end of February, and a further meeting will take place before Easter.Many members of the Section have volunteered as Gas Identification Officers. Throughout the winter, the Honorary Secretary of the Section has arranged a series of technical meetings for all members of the local Gas Identification Services. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-Members of the Section were invited to attend a meeting held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 19th January, when a lecture entitled ‘6 The Manufacture of Industrial Extracts for Leather and Textiles,” was delivered by Mr. Kennedy Campbell, British Dyewoods, Ltd. 45 The meeting was arranged by the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and was presided over by their Chairman, Mr.J. Simpson. Mr. Campbell traced the expansion and change in the manu- facture of water-soluble extracts over the past 50 years. Originally the wood, bark and leaves of the selected trees were ground up, put into bags and used as infusions for dyeing or tanning. Later, the French supplied dilute extracts which were subsequently concentrated to liquors containing approximately 50 per cent. dry matter. Turning to modern practice the lecturer discussed extraction under three headings, viz., preparation of raw material for easy extraction ; extraction of soluble portion ; concentration of extract. The raw material is of many varieties and comes from all over the world, but among the most important are-logwood, from the West Indies; quebracho, from Argentine; fustic, from South Africa; mimosa, wattle bark and many types of berries and flowers. The preparation of most of these involves the breaking down of the wood into small chips and for this, chipping machines showing great ingenuity and engineering skill are used.The prepared material is then extracted with hot water in open or closed cylindrical wooden vats. These vats are provided with false bottoms to facilitate the removal of spent material and the liquor pipes are so arranged that the hot water comes in at the top, passes from the bottom to the top of the next vat and so on through a series of vats. The closed vats are capable of working at higher temperatures, but as this is not always advan- tageous, both types are commonly used.The extracts thus obtained are very dilute and the next stage is their concentration, which may proceed until the extract contains only 20 per cent. of water. Various methods of con-centration are in use, such as the standard single or multiple effect evaporators. Kestner evaporators with tubes of some 20 feet in length or the Multiplex modification with tubes of 6 to 8 feet are also used, and the time of concentration can be reduced to as little as one and a half minutes. The finished extract is usually solid and is finally broken into granules for easy solution. The foregoing part of the lecture dealt mainly with logwood, and was plentifully illustrated by excellent slides showing the 46 many machi~ies used, and was concluded by a series of slides showing a Jamaica logwood factory.The lecturer next dealt briefly with quebracho from Argentine. This wood has been known for over a hundred years, and its extreme hardness is indicated in its name, which means “axe breaker.” The extract from this wood is excellent for tanning hides, as it strikes through the thickest of leather and produces a more uniform treatment than other tanning materials. Quebracho extract is now all manufactured in Argentine, but, unfortunately the forests are wearing out and the trees are not being replaced. As originally prepared, the extract was very difficult to dissolve, even in hot water, but chemical treat- ment with sulphur dioxide compounds, a process discovered by an Italian, now renders it very soluble in cold water.The lecture concluded with the showing of samples of various extracts and many beautiful examples of dyed fabrics and dyed and tanned hides. An interesting discussion followed in which Messrs. J. W. Kerr, E. J. Schorn, F. Rumford and J. Reid took pa.rt. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held on Wednesday, 17th January, the Chair being taken by Mr. W. D. Scouller, in the unavoidable absence of Dr. Everest. Mr. B. J. Habgood gave a talk entitled ‘‘ Synthetic Rubber.” After a brief historical r6sum6, the lecturer indicated the constitutions of the more successful types of synthetic rubber, notably Buna (developed in Germany) and Neoprene (developed in the U.S.A.).These two chemically different types of syn- thetic rubber, whilst similar in physical properties, differed in one or two important respects: for example, Neoprene could be fabricated in the same way and with the use of the same machinery as natural rubber, while with the Buna product the output was only about 25 per cent. of that of natural rubber using the same machinery, Neoprene, which is derived from chloroprene, had the further important advantage of .being practically non- inflammable because of its high content of chlorine. The lecturer indicated that for very many purposes Neoprene was superior to natural rubber. It was not soluble in petroleum hydrocarbons and hence could be used in contact with these bodies, which was not true of natural rubber.On the other hand the solubility of Neoprene in aromatic hydrocarbons made it unsuitable for use with them. Other striking examples of the superiority of Neoprene over natural rubber were its high resistances to heat, to ozone and to moisture. It was pointed out, however, that the electrical conductivity of Neoprene was, because of its polar character, greater than that of natural rubber, and this was apparent when it was used as an insulator for cables carrying high voltage currents. The difficulty could be overcome by using an inner coating of natural rubber to give the necessary insulation and an outer covering of Neoprene to give the resistance to corrosion.The fabrication of articles from Neoprene presented no difficulty when once the correct technique had been mastered: it could, for example, be bonded to almost any metal without the preliminary brass plating necessary for natural rubber. The lecture, which was illustrated by lantern slides and by a large number of specimens kindly loaned by Messrs. Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., was followed by an interesting dis- cussion in which many members took part. Liverpool and North-Western.-The Section, together with the Liverpool Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists, met on 7th December, 1939, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool, with Mr.G. C. Corbett (Chairman of the Liverpool Section of the British Association of Chemists) in the chair. Lecturettes were given by Dr. F. W.Kay, Mr. M. Rosebery, and Mr. L. Wild. Dr. Kay discussed bb The Chemistry of Photosensitizers.” He mentioned briefly the imperfections of the photographic silver bromide emulsion, notably its insensitivity to red light and in less degree to yellow, and the attempt by Wortley in the early seventies to overcome this by coating the emulsion with a preservative film containing a yellow dye, with the object of filtering out the more actinic blue component of day- light; the other ingredients, being mostly bromine or iodine absorbing agents, were intended to act as assistants in the reduction of silver sub-bromide to metallic silver.Vogel, on the basis of an analysis of Wortley’s protective “over-coating,” conceived the idea of staining the emulsion with a yellow-light 48 absorbing dye , which simultaneously would chemically absorb photochemically liberated bromine or iodine, and for this purpose chose, with conspicuous success, aurine-a yellow, phenolic, triphenylmethane dye which gave an intense sensitivity to yellow as to indigo blue of daylight-and subsequently with malachite green achieved sensitivity far into the red. Other aniline dyes such as rosaniline, methyl violet, cyanine as well as the natural pigment chlorophyll were shortly found to produce similar sensitizing effects. Edwards commercialised these ideas by introducing orthochromatic plates partially corrected by using eosin (green and yellow sensitive) , whilst the associated erythrosin and rose bengal are still employed for the purpose.Greville Williams’ cyanine ,discovered in 1856,having proved unsatisfactory, Miethe in 1903 introduced ethyl red-an iso-cyanine-the effect of which is evenly distributed over the whole spectrum from ultra-violet to orange and is therefore panchro- matic ; finally, following further investigations by Konig, carbocyanine was put on the market by the German dyestuff- makers in 1906. Following upon the outbreak of war in 19x4,and this country’s complete dependence upon Germany at that time for panchro- matic sensitizers, Pope and his collaborators, W. H. Mills and Miss Hamer, successfully cleaned up the whole field both ana- lytically and synthetically by intensive work, which led also to striking improvements and extensions in the preparations in the cyanine group of dyes.The lecturer then discussed the ammonium base ,-carbin01 base, tautomerism of alkyl quinolinium hydroxide and the activity of the methyl group in certain ortho and para positions in the quinoline, isoquinoline and thiazole nuclei, and the bearing of these phenomena on the mechanism of cyanine for-mation. The view was advanced that the carbinol bases con- densed with these methyl heterocyclic homologues by loss of the elements of water , yielding hydrogenated cyanines as inter-mediate products, which were subsequently oxidised by the auto-reduction of a portion of the basic mixture itself. The lecture concluded with a description of Miss Hamer’s elegant method of synthesizing carbocyanines and analogues by the action of ethyl orthoformate on alkyl quinolinium- halide mixtures in boiling pyridine, i.e.in a basic medium as opposed to Konig’s obviously inappropriate use of acetic anhydride, patented some years earlier. The application of the method to the sulphur and oxygen analogues was also mentioned, as well as the extension of the class of dye by the prolongation of the conjugated, unsaturated chain linking the quinoline and/or benzthiazole nuclei. Mr. Rosebery dealt with ‘‘Colour Photography .” After a brief reference to a hypothetical ideal colour sensitive substance, he related how du Hauron, in 1869, wrote a book in which he outlined many processes for the production of colour photographs. Clerk-Maxwell’s work on the matching of colours by the mixing of lights of three primary colours was next described and an outline was given of his historic demonstration of its truth by the production of a picture in colour.After an explanation of the principle of the screen-plate, the lecturer gave a brief account of the principal processes utilising this idea to date, culminating in the latest development, the Dufaycolor film. The modern application of Clerk-Maxwell’s method, in which three negatives are required, was then described. The types of camera necessary to effect the analysis of the image were dealt with, and the typical processes for producing prints explained.They included the Carbro and Vivex, as examples based on Manly’s Ozobrome process, and the Eastman Wash-off Relief and Duxochrome as examples of imbibition methods. Multipack films were then mentioned, reference being made, in particular, to Kodachrome and Agfa. In conclusion, a brief account was given of cinematography in colour, the processes described being the Kodacolour and Dufaycolor as examples of screen plate methods, the Technicolor, which is carried out by imbibition, and the Gasparcolor, which is a combination of colour separation and multipack methods. The lecturer emphasised that the processes mentioned by name are typical, and not the only successful ones in use to-day, and he concluded by saying that photography in natural colours is an established industry in which the method so popular in ordinary snapshot work , namely the developing and printing idea, is now beginning to be applied.The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides. 50 Mr. Wild’s paper dealt with ‘‘ Colour Printing.” Mr. Wild outlined the salient features of letterpress, offset lithographic and photogravure printing processes. He men-tioned the important work done comparatively recently on the nature of the lithographic printing surface on which adsorbed films of fatty acid and gum arabic play a vital part in the accept- ance and rejection of ink in the design and non-design parts of the plate.The lecturer said that, in discussing colour reproduction requiring superimposition of coloured inks with gradation of tone, it was necessary to note that offset litho with its thin ink film on relatively rough dull paper tended to need more printings than letterpress with thicker film on bright coated paper or photogravure with its film of varying thickness, which provided high potentiality for contrast. This influenced the number of colour separation negatives involved, while letterpress half-tone could also take advantage of fine etching on the block in addition to dot retouching on the screen negative. The usefulness of colour transparencies as copy lay in saving the cost. of a sketch or in affording convenient reproduction of some subject not easily available or transient in character.It was necessary to control the moisture content of paper or board in order to prevent change of dimensions between printings, which could take place rapidly in atmospheres varying in percentage humidity. Moisture content also strongly in-fluenced the light sensitivity of bichromated colloid films on which the preparation stages of printing so largely depend. The lecturer reviewed the range of manufactured mineral colours and organic pigment dyes or lakes used in printing inks, and mentioned the introduction of mixed crystal pigments and the work done by X-ray methods to explain the crystalline state of lead chromes and the constitution of Prussian blues. The importance of the physical and chemical character of the pigment in its effect on the flow and transfer of inks on the printing machine was referred to, and mention was made of such considerations as the effect of pigment dispersion on flow, particle size on thixotropic behaviour, interaction of pigment and vehicle on the structure of the ink system, and the changes in adhesive property brought about by drying of ink on the press.51 Many examples of colour printing were shown by the lecturer to illustrate the various processes. . Each short lecture was followed by a brief discussion. A vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. G. W. Beaumont (Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute of Chemistry), who congratulated the speakers on having overcome the difficulties of dealing with wide subjects in a brief space of time.Mr. G. Sowler seconded the vote of thanks. The foregoing. abstracts were provided by the speakers. The fourth Joint Meeting of the programme arranged by the Emergency Joint Committee and the Standing Joint Committee representing the Locxl Sections of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists was held on 25th January, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool. The meeting was under the auspices of the British Association of Chemists,-Mr. L. Wild in the Chair. Mr. W. Doran spoke on Microchemical Methods.” The lecture took the form of a review of some of the more important applications of micro and semi-micro technique to the practical problems of analytical, industrial and biological laboratories.After a brief discussion of the scope indicated, respectively, by the terms macro-, semi-micro-, micj 0, and ultramicro-, the type of balance suited to each field of work was described and the main precautions to be observed in using microbalances were outlined. Physical micro-methods were next reviewed, including melting point, boiling point and molecular weight determinations, viscometry, electrolysis, distilla- tion, sublimation and extraction. A short account of chromatographic adsorption methods followed, after which the handling of precipitates and solutions, filtration, evaporation and drying on the micro-scale were described. Gravimetric and volumetric micro-technique was mentioned and reference was made to processes, originally evolved by Emich, Pregl and others, for purposes of academic research, which have proved useful when applied to routine analytical practice ; examples are-the use of the Emich capillary technique, the Pregl micro-muffle, and the Parnas-Wagner modification of 52 Kjeldahl’s apparatus.A short account of modern “Spot analysis” by the Feigl technique concluded the lecture. Lantern slides were used to illustrate typical apparatus. In the discussion, the lecturer, replying to the Chairman, said that for academic organic analysis micro-methods had displaced macro-. A similar tendency was also noticed in many general analytical determinations.In reply to a question by Mr. B. D. W. Luff, he said that radiation of heat from the operator had to be. guarded against, principally by reducing to a minimum close approach to the balance and handling. Dr. J. B. Firth made a comparison between British and foreign types of micro-balance and said that facilities for service and repair had now to be carefully considered. He also referred to the difficulty of obtaining supplies of adsorbent materials of uniform quality for use in chromato- graphic analysis. The lecturer suggested that this might possibly be overcome by workers pre-treating for themselves commercially obtainable materials. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The first lecture of the present session was given in the Hall of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, on 17th January.Mr. J. R. Nicholls, Chairman, presided and introduced Dr. J. T. Martin, of the Dept. of Insecticides and Fungicides, Rothamsted Experimental Station, who delivered an address entitled ‘‘ Plant Insecticides.” The author has kindly supplied the following abstract :-The lecture, which was illustrated by lantern slides, dealt with laboratory methods of testing insecticides and with in-secticidal plant products. Contact insecticides may be evaluated by the deposition of a film containing the poison upon a surface supporting the insects (e.g. the methods of Tattersfield, O’Kane and Campbell) or by the atomisation of the spray fluid into a chamber containing the insects (eg.the methods of Richardson and Peet and Grady). The toxic effect may then be assessed by taking the percentage mortality of the insects after the poison has been exerting its action for a given time. If the percentage mortalities are plotted against different concentrations of poison used, sigmoid curves result, and the toxicities of two poisons may be compared by the determination of the concentrations of each required to give 50 per cent. mortality of the insects. The more exact interpretation of dosage-mortality curves is possible by the application of methods due to O’Kane, Hemmingsen, Gaddum and Bliss. The plotting of the “probits” (inferred dosages ex- pressing the mortalities observed) of Bliss against the logarithms of the concentrations of poison transforms the sigmoid curves into straight lines, and enables a definite expression of significance to be given to toxicity results.The time required to secure a given toxic effect may also be determined, its reciprocal indicating the “speed of toxic action.” The lecturer described the “leaf sandwich” method of testing stomach poisoning insecticides, and a type of apparatus used in evaluating fumigants. In the biological work, insects have to be bred for the purpose, and for testing, individuals should be of the same age and size and if possible the sex ratio should be constant. Male houseflies have shown a greater susceptibility to certain contact sprays than female house flies. The effect of a period of starvation upon the degree of resistance of insects was shown.In discussing nicotine, the recent use of fixed nicotine pre- parations, nicotine oleate, nicotine peat and nicotine bentonite was described. Mention was made of neo-nicotine, and of its optically active form, the alkaloid anabasine, isolated from the Russian weed Anabasis aphylla. Slides were shown demonstrating the use by natives of plants for the catching of fish. Some of the plants concerned have now come into prominence as insecticides, species of Deguelia (Derris) and Lonchocarpus being of great economic importance. Rotenone, a highly toxic constituent, may easily be isolated, but it has long been recognised that the rotenone-free extract is strongly in- secticidal. The lecturer described the separation and constitution of four other naturally occurring active principles, toxicarol, sumatrol, elliptone and malaccol.Active deguelin has yet to be isolated. All six poisons contribute, in varying degrees, to the toxicity of the economic species of derris. There is also the possibility of synergistic action between the active principles. In discussing pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium), slides illustrating the production, in Kenya Colony, of this important insecticidal plant were shown. There the plant flowers for ten months of the year, permitting the harvesting of flowers 54 in the optimum condition. The product is of high quality, and a total poison content of not less than 1-3per cent. is guaranteed.The active principles, the pyrethrins I and 11, are esters of a cyclic ketone, pyrethrolone and two acids, chrysanthemum mono-and di-carboxylic acids. In pyrethrin I1 the second carboxyl group is methylated. With the possession of analytical methods, the investigation of the effect of cultural and environ- mental conditions upon the production of flowers and their content of the pyrethrins became possible. The flowers were found to contain a maximum content of the pyrethrins when in the fully-open condition, while the pyrethrin I content was not to any material extent influenced by manuring. Experiments showed the importance in flower production of a dormant or rest period. It was shown that the loss of activity of pyrethrum could be partly prevented by the incorporation of antioxidants.The lecturer referred to the controversy regarding the relative toxicity of the two pyrethrins, and pointed out the importance of medium in insecticidal action. The physiological action upon insects of rotenone and both the pyrethrins was discussed. Finally the lecturer gave instances of important economic uses of these plants, the utility of which is by no means fully worked out; Many speakers took part in a lively discussion at the con- clusion of the lecture. During the discussion, a member suggested that the informa- tion contained in the paper should be available in extenso, instead of in the condensed form usually quoted in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. (A copy of the paper is available at the Institute to any member desiring fuller information than the abstract conveys.) Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-A joint meeting of the above Section with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held under the Chairmanship of Professor H.L. Riley at the Royal Turk’s Head Hotel, Newcastle upon Tyne, 19th December, 1939, and was attended by about sixty members and guests. Following an informal luncheon an address entitled 66 The Coal Industry in Wartime.” was delivered by Mr. E. M. Myers, Hon. Secretary of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. 55 Drawing upon his experience of the Great War, Mr. Myers was able to institute a number of interesting comparisons between conditions then and those which obtain now.He substantiated the view that the industry now laboured under difficult conditions, but he made it quite clear that despite adverse circumstances, coal-producing undertakings were aiming at maintaining the quality of their products. Enterprising firms, he was sure, realised the importance of that somewhat intangible asset known as goodwill, and would not allow it to be lost by any falling off in the quality of the fuel supplied locally or intended for the export market. He pleaded, however, for some easement of Govern- mental control and described how the industry was hedged about by provisions and regulations, greatly astonishing some members of his audience by citation of the number of forms upon which coal producers were obliged to make returns.Both coal producers and consumers participated in an interesting discussion which followed the address, elaborating their own specific view-points of the situation. South Wales.-Members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged by the Chemical Society on 7th December, 1939,in the Royal Institution of South Wales, Swansea, with Prof. J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc., presiding, when Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., delivered a lecture on bb Two Types of Diamond.” After describing his experimental researches in collaboration with Dr. J. J. Fox and Dr. A. E. Martin on the optical and electrical properties of diamonds, which led to the recognition and characterisation of an uncommon type of diamond, sharply differentiated from the common type by its isotropy, laminar structure, greater transparency in both infra-red and ultra-violet, and remarkable photo-electric conductivity, the lecturer dealt with the theory of the two types of diamond and presented strong evidence for the view that the exceptional type has a relatively strainless mosaic structure due to some exceptional conditions of formation from the plastic state.Prof. E. J. Evans, Dr. N. H. Hartshorne, Dr. C. A. Seyler, Dr. F. L1. Jones, Mr. E. Thornton, Mr. A. Stuart, Dr. P. Davidson, and Mr. F. G. Willson took part in the discussion. 56 Examinations:January, 1940 Report of the Board of Examiners. 24th.-January, 1940. Examinations were held as under:- No, No.Entered. Passed. For the Associateship in General ChernistTy- At the Institute, in the Laboratories of the London University, South Kensington,and-for theory papers-at a number of local centres. Theoretical-Tuesday and Wednesday,9th and 10th January, 1940. Practical-Tuesday to Friday, 2nd-5th January, inclusive .. .. . . -22* 12* For the Fellowship- Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Cocoa and Chocolate .. 1 1 -23 13 * One candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the examination, and 1 candidate satisfied the Examiners in those parts of the examination in which he had previously failed. INORGANICPHYSICALAND CHEMISTRY. Few candidates attempted the question on the specific heats of gases from the standpoint of the kinetic theory, and many answers to the question asking for an account of the develop- ment of modern views on the construction of the atom were neither concise nor to the point.Many candidates avoided the question, in the second paper, involving a calculation, and the number of correct answers was not large. The practical work was well done on the whole, although the gravimetric determina- tion of aluminium in the given alloy proved a stumbling block to certain candidates. ORGANICTHEORY. With the exception of the problem in question 8, each of the questions was attempted by approximately an equal number of candidates; the few who tackled the problem did it well. The 57 most unsatisfactory answers were those given to the question dealing with the reduction of nitrobenzene under different con- ditions. A better acquaintance with this well-known piece of book work should have been shown.Several candidates gave formulae in which nitrogen functioned as a penta-covalent element and a few even gave the obsolete cyclic formula for azoxybenzene. It was clear from the nature of the answers to the question on the preparation of benzene diazonium chloride that some candidates had never diazotised aniline in the laboratory. Several of the answers to the question on the Walden Inversion indicated lack of acquaintance with work carried out on this subject during the last twenty years. The few answers dealing with the electronic theory of valency were hazy and showed a lack of appreciation of the content of the question.ORGANICPRACTICAL. The first day’s work calls for no special comment. The exercises set on the second day were designed to circumvent that injudicious appeal to tables of melting points to which reference has been made in previous reports. Several candidates went astray, on either the first day or the second, through the non- detection of either halogen or nitrogen, and a few assumed that a halogen present in an organic compound must be chlorine. Translations were generally done quite satisfactorily. The following exercises were given :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. TUESDAY, 9th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FOUR questions only.Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of the development of modern views on the structure of the atom. 2. Describe exactly how you would obtain a specimen of:- (a) potassium permanganate from pyrolusite;(b) sulphur from sulphuric acid; (c) oxygen from quicklime;(d) azoimide (N,H) from ammonia; (e) chromium from chromic acid. 3. In the light of (a) the Law of Mass Action, (b) the Phase Rule, discuss the conditions of equilibrium for a solid which gives rise to gaseousdecomposition products. 4. Name some of the natural sources of iodine and discuss the chemical reactions by which iodine is obtained from these sources.Explainthe reactions which take place when iodine reacts with (a)sodium hydroxide solution; (b) potassium iodide solution; (c) potassium chlorate solution; (d) nitric acid. 6. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) the use of complexes and complex salt formation in analytical chemistry; OR (b) artificial radioactive elements. 6. Discuss the specific heats of gases from the standpoint of the kinetic theory. 2 to 6 p.m. (Attempt FOUR qumtions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give fmulae and equati0n.s where possible.) 1. Write an historical and critical essay on the principles underlying the determination of the atomic weights of the elements. 2. By what methods may the absolute velocities of ions in solution be determined9 Describe TWO methods and criticise the nature of the results obtained.3. Give an account of ONE ‘of the following:- (a) acid and base catalysis; (b) per-acids and their salts; (c) the corrosion of metals. 4. When 25 C.C. of hydrogen and 18 C.C. of iodine were allowed to react at 465OC. it was found that, at eq;ilibrium, 30.8 C.C. of hydrogen iodide were formed. Calculate (a) the equilibrium constant” of the reaction and (b) the “equilibrium mixture” which is formed by heating 30 C.C. of iodine and 10 C.C. of hydrogen at 465’. What is the degree of dissociation of pure hydrogen iodide at 465” C. ? (All volumes have been reduced to N.T.P.) 5. Write short accounts of TWO of the following:- (a) rhenium and its compounds; (b) the carbides and carbonyls of the metals; (c) the parachor; (d) the stereochemistry of 4 covalent metals.6. Describe the preparation and properties ofFOUR ofthe following :-(a) thionyl chloride; (b) sodium hydrosulphite (Na,S,O,) ; (c) barium silicofluoride (BaSiF,) ; (d) ammonium molybdate ; (e) vanadium. WEDNESDAY, 10th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point.Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Describe TWO convenient methods of preparing methyl ethyl ketone. By means of equations and short notes indicate how this com pound can be converted into (a) sec-butyl alcohol; (b) methyl diethyl carbinol; (c) p-butylamine; (d) di-acetyl; (e) a-hydroxy a-methyl butyric acid; (f) 8-hydroxy 8-methyl valeric acid.59 2. Describe the usual method of preparing malonic ester. Illustrate its uses as a synthetical reagent in the preparation of the following com- pounds :-(a) methylbenzylacetic acid; (b) glutaric acid; (c) cyclopentane1,3,dicarboxylic acid; (d) /3-phenylglutaric acid. 3. Give an account of the reactions which occur when nitrobenzene is reduced under different experimental conditions. 4. Giving the necessary experimental details, describe how you would prepare a solution of benzene diazonium chloride ; indicate how you would employ this solution in the preparation of the following compounds :-(a) iodobenzene; (b) phenylhydrazine ; (c) thiophenol ; (d) benzene sulphinic acid.Illustrate its use in the conversion of cc-naphthol into an amino-naphthol. 5. Give an account of the stereochemistry of:-(a) oximes, OR (b) the tartaric acids. 6. Write a short essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) Fischer’s indole synthesis-and its mechanism; (b) the Walden inversion; (c) the structure of glucose. 7. By means of suitable examples show how the electronic theory of valency has proved helpful in explaining the reactivity of organic compounds. 8. A neutral compound (C12H,,0,) on hydrolysis yields an acid A (CIoH,O,), which on oxidation yields an acid B (C,H,O,): when heated with hydriodic acid B is converted into an acid C (C,H,O,); on heating with soda lime C yields catechol (o-dihydroxy benzene).By means of equations indicate how you would prepare the original neutral compound from catechol. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translation from French and German technical literature. TUESDAY, 2nd JANUARY, 10 a&. to 4.30p.m. Identify compounds (A) and (B). A = Acetyl salicylic acid, OT salicyl anilide; B = n -butyl oxalate, or bromoform). WEDNESDAY, 3rd JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Investigate as completely as time allows compound (C). (C= 4-chloro-2-nitro -aniline, or 2-chloro -4-nitro -aniline. ) THURSDAY, 4th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. (D) is an aluminium alloy. Identify the other metallic constituents and determine gravimetrically the percentage of aluminium in the alloy.The QUALITATIVE EXERCISE must be completed by 11.30 a.m. when candidates will be informed of the constituents of the alloy. The GRAVI-METRIC DETERMINATION must be completed TO-DAY. (D contained zinc, lead, iron, nickel and manganese.) PRIDAY, 5th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. (E) is an impure sample of ammonium persulphate. Identifythe impurity and estimate the percentage of pure ammonium persulphate in (E). (E contained 20 per cent. ammonium sulphate.) 2. Identify the constituents of the mixture (F). (F = Potassium titanifluoride and sodium chloride.) 60 PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Aesociateship : Beer, Charles Thomas, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol. Birtwell, Stanley, Blackburn Technical College.Boscott, Ronald Joseph, Technical College, Cardiff; The Polytechnic, Regent Street, and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Bower, Leonard Tandy, City Technical College, Liverpool. Cooper, Leslie Ernest, Technical College, Hull. Graham, Kenneth Lindley, Central Technical College, Birmingham, and Technical College, Coventry. Lees, Byrom, B.Sc. (Lond.), College of Technology, Manchester, Royal Technical College, Salford, and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Reid, William Walter, Chelsea Polytechnic. Roberts, Carl Brian, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Leicester. Twiselton, Maurice Samuel James, Derby Technical College. Walker, Harold Augustus, City Technical College, Liverpool, and Battersea Polytechnic, London.Winteringham, Francis Peter Worsley, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol. Examination for the Fellowship : In Branch G: Industry Chemistry, with special reference to Chocolate and Cocoa. Harris, Clifford. Notes. Leverhulme Research Fellowships, 1940.-Application from British subjects resident in Great Britain are invited for (i) Fellowships or (ii) grants in aid of research, which are intended for senior workers who are prevented from carrying out research work by routine duties or pressure of other work. In exceptional circumstances the Trustees may waive the condition as to residence. The Trustees are also prepared to consider applications from groups of workers. Fuller particulars and forms of application may be obtained from the Secretary, Dr.L. Haden Guest, M.C., M.P., Leverhulme Research Fellowships, Kingscote House, I, Watergate, Black- friars, London, E.C.4. Applications must be received on or before 1st March, 1940. Awards will be announced in July and will date from xst September, 1940. The Ministry of Supply has set up an Advisory Council on scientific research and technical development to ensure that scientific and technical work controlled by the Ministry of Supply is conducted with due regard to recent advances in knowledge. The Advisory Council will initiate new proposals for research and technical development and will make recom- mendations as to the most effective use of personnel. Lord Cadman is Chairman of the Council, which includes the following Fellows :-Professor Ian M.Heilbron, D.S.O., F.R.S., Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., F.R.S., Sir Robert Robinson, F.R.S., and Mr. John Rogers, O.B.E. Lord Suffolk has been appointed liaison officer in Paris, between the Director of Scientific Research (Ministry of Supply) and French scientists. The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee.-The newly-constituted Parliamentary and Scientific Committee is a non-Party Committee formed with the object of providing a permanent liaison between scientific institutions and societies and Parliament. It is felt that substantial benefit should result from such organisations using their influence to ensure that Parliament shall have due regard to the importance of science in relation to public affairs.In particular the Committee will endeavour:- (1) To provide Members of Parliament with authoritative scientific information from time to time in connexion with debates. (2) To arrange for questions to be put in Parliament and other suitable action to be taken to ensure that proper regard is had for the scientific point of view. (3) To examine all legislation with the above objects in mind and (4) To watch the financing of scientific research from public funds, take such action as may be suitable. to secure that such research is ,administered by persons of adequate scientific qualifications and that scientific and technical workers employed by the State and public bodies shall have adequate opportunities for advancement.(5) To provide its members with a regular summary of scientific matters dealt with in Parliament. SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT. Bread (Vitamin Content).-On 14th December, 1939,in the House of Commons, Sir Joseph Leech asked the Minister of Health whether he would require that bread supplied in insti- tutions controlled by public authorities should be made of flour 62 containing the wheat germ with the B series of vitamins, so that growing children in particular might not suffer from malnutrition owing to being given bread deprived of its full food value; and whether he would confer with the service authorities with a view to providing the forces of the Crown with bread containing the wheat germ.Mr. Walter Elliot replied that he had not the power to give any general direction such as had been suggested. As to the second part of the question, the Armed Forces were under the medical charge of highly skilled personnel who had devoted much attention to questions of dietetics, and he did not think that he could usefully adopt the suggestion. Government Research Departments.-On the same day, Captain L. F. Plugge, Chairman of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, asked the Priine Minister whether, in view of the need for talent in the reconstruction period after the war, he would instruct the different Departments to record and encourage any inventive or scientific ability capable of develop- ment in the national interest.The Prime Minister replied that the civil departments con- cerned with research maintained in peace time a close contact with universities, other institutions and private firms engaged in research. The research departments of the Service Depart- ments, which had been much expanded for war purposes, were in close touch with outside bodies engaged on work bearing on their problems and had a close and satisfactory liaison with the civil research departments. Careful records were kept of any new ideas which could not be applied to an immediate war problem, but might be applicable to post-war needs. The records included details of the originators. In addition there was in the Central Register of the Ministry of Labour and National Service a very comprehensive record of men and women with scientific, technical and professional qualifications.All this material would be available when the problems of post-war reconstruction were considered. He did not think any new instructions were required. Skilled Men (Military Service).-In reply to Mr. E. Smith, Sir Victor Warrender, on behalf of the Secretary of State for War, stated that arrangements for thc release of skilled men from the Army had already been applied, and a very large number 63 of such men had been released either indefinitely or for a limited period. The civil qualifications of skilled men remaining in the Territorial Army were being carefully classified, and such men, if not already employed in the most suitable positions, were being transferred, as rapidly as it could reasonably be done, to other duties.Good progress had already been made. Dr. Cecil Henry Desch, F.R.S., Fellow, has retired from his appointment as Superintendent of the Department of Metallurgy and Metallurgical Chemistry, National Physical Laboratory, and has been succeeded by Dr. C. Sykes of the Metropolitan Vickers Research Laboratories. Dr. Richard Maling Barrer, FeZlow, has been appointed Head of the Chemistry Department of the Technical College, Bradford, in succession to Dr. Robert Duncombe Abell, Fellow, who has recently retired. Obituary. NICHOLAS ANFILOGOFFALEXANDER died suddenly at Red Croft, Paglesham, on 27th January, at the age of 65 years.Born at Riga, he graduated as a chemical technologist from the Russian Imperial Technical Institute at Moscow in 1895, and was a Gold Medallist. After some experience with the Rilsky Petroleum Refinery and on the Baku Oilfields, he came to London and worked for some months with the Light and Heat Co., Ltd., then under the managing directorship of the late Dr.Dvorkovitz, and for seven years with the European Petroleum Co., before he joined the staff of the Rumanian Oil Trust Refinery at Thames Haven. When this company was taken over by what is now the London and Thames Haven Oil Wharves, Ltd., Mr. AnfilogofT was retained as chemist and later was refinery manager. He was reponsible for the design, erection and maintenance of what for a period of many years was the largest petroleum refinery in England.In 1910 he became general works manager of the company, and saw the largest public wharfaging plant quadruple its storage capacity. Duringthe Great War he rendered valuable service to the Admiralty. In 1930 he became a director of the London and Coastal Oil Wharves, Ltd., and was responsible for the construction of another wharfaging plant. His scientific achievements included the discovery of aromatic hydrocarbons in Asiatic petrol, the isolation of sulphur compounds in Mexican and Persian petroleum and desulphurising on the works scale. Hebecame a naturalised British subject in 1903. 64 He was interested in public work, being a me'mber of the parish councils of Corringham and Stanford-le-Hope, and of the Orsett Rural District Council, and represented the Tilbury Division on the Essex County Council.He was also chairman of the Orsett Board of Guardians and a Justice of the Peace for the County of Essex. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. WILLIAM ALEXANDERSKEENCALDER died suddenly at Worthing, on 6th January, in his 67th year. Born in London, of Scottish parents, he was educated at Wilson's Grammar School, Camberwell, and after some business experience with a London East Indian merchant, turned to science, and from 1889 to 1891 studied chemistry and physics at the Royal College of Science and the Royal School of Mines, and engineering and bacteriology at King's College, London. He became an assistant to R.H. Harland, Fellow, consultingchemist and public analyst in practice in the City and then, from 1892 to 1899, was engaged as a chemist in the sulphuric acid works of Messrs. F. C. Hills and Co., of Deptford and East Greenwich, before he joined the staff of Messrs. Chance and Hunt, Ltd., Oldbury, Birmingham, with whom he became managing director in 1917. In 1927 the company was eventually merged in Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., in which Mr. Calder was appointed a member of the Delegate Board of the General Chemical Group and chairman of the Control Committee of the Midland and South Wales Division of the Group. Jointly with Dr. C. C. Fox, he invented the Calder-Fox Scrubber, for removing liquids and solids from industrial gases. He was Chairman of the Birmingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1930, and became President of that Society in 1935-36.He was President of the Institution of Chemical Engineers in 1931-32. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917, and was for several years chairman of the Birmingham and Midlands Section, before he served as a Member of Council from 1935 to 1938, and then for a yearas a Vice-president and a Censor. He was elected President of the Institute in March, 1939. At the time of his death he represented the Institute on the Chemical Council, and was a member of the Industrial Chemistry Committee of the Ministry of Labour. THOMAS died in Edinburgh on 25th January, WILLIAM DRINKWATER in his 87th year. Born in Ireland, he studied chemistry under A.J. Bernays, at St. Thomas's Hospital, London, and after some experience with Francis Sutton, at Norwich, and Dr. Stevenson Macadam in Edinburgh, became engaged as an assistant chemist and, later, chief chemist to Messrs. Hope PS. Go., at Leith. From 1878 he was an extra- mural University lecturer in Edinburgh Medical School, and later was a teacher in the Royal High School, and a University lecturer on Toxicology. After qualifying SLS L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S. (Edin.), he was appointed an examiner in chemistry for the Diploma in Public Health of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh. He also conducted a consulting and analytical practice in the city. He mas public analyst and official agri- cultural analyst for the county of Rosshire and Cromarty, and the Burgh of Fortrose, and public analyst for the Royal Burgh of Inverness.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1901, and served as a Member of Council from 1921 to 1924. The death of WILLIAM DUNCAN of Bath Row, Birmingham, which has only lately been reported to the Institute, occurred in May, 1939, in his 70th year. He received his training in science at Yorkshire College-now the University-Leeds, from 1885 to 1889, and thereafter devoted himself especially to the chemistry of brewing, in which branch he subsequently established and conducted a practice for many years in Birmingham. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1891. FRANKGEORGEEDMEDdied at Southsea on 22nd January, in his 64th year.He was the son of Frank Tomlin Edmed of Brighton, and was educated at Brighton Grammar School. He obtained his scientific training at the Royal College of Science, London, gaining the Associateship of the College in 1897, and graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry in the same year. In July, 1898, he obtained an appointment as chemist to the Anglo-Colonial Chemical Co., Ltd.; in October, 1899, he joined the research staff of the Jenner Institute, and in the following year was appointed to the staff of the War Department chemist, in which he continued until November, 1919, when his services were transferred to the Admiralty as a Superintendent Chemist in the Naval Inspection Department. In 1926 he succeeded Mr.Arnold Philip, Pellow, as Admiralty Chemist, from which appointment he retired on the 1st January this year. During the world war he was Deputy Head Chemist, Directorate of Chemical Inspection, Ministry of Munitions, and in 1918 was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in recognition of his services. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1900 and proceeded to the Fellowship in 1903. He’ served as an active and enthusiastic Member of Council from 1928 to 1931 and from 1932 to 1933. He was a Vice-president from 1933 to 1936 and again a Member of Council from March, 1937, until his death. He was also for some years Chairman of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, and representative of the Institute on the Chemical Council from 1935 to 1939.At the funeral service the Institute was represented by Mr. R. IT. Watridge. WALTERMYERS GARDNER died at Chipstead, Surrey, on 22nd December, in his 79th year. Educated at Ackworth Friends’ School and Yorkshire College-now the University-Leeds, he was in due course awarded the degree of M.Sc. of that University. He continued on the staff of the college as assistant lecturer and later lecturer in dyeing, until 1895, and was a Victoria University I3xtension Lecturer from 1892 to 1897. In 1895 he was appointed Head of the Chemistry Department, and in 1905 Principal of Bradford Technical College. From about 1912 he was associated in a scheme for standardisingevening classes in Yorkshire technical colleges, in order to facilitate the work of students passing from one institution to another, whereby these institutions were already prepared for coming within the scheme of examinations for National Certificates, in which the Institute has co-operated with the Board of Education since 1921.He held the Chair in Chemistry at Bradford until 1919 and the Principalship of the College until 1921, when he retired. He was chairman of the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry from 1908 to 1910. Ho was joint inventor with A, Dufton of a “daylight lamp” for viewing and matching colours in artificial light, patented in 1899. He was editor (sometime jointly with Ur. E. Knecht) of the Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists from 1900 to 1932.He was joint author with Rawson and Laycock of a Dictionary of Dyestufl8 and Dyers’ Chemicals, 66 he contributed a chapter on dyeing to Barker’s Textiles, and many papers on technical subjects to the Journal of the Chemical Society, the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Allen’s Commercial Organic Analysis, and Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1913, and acted occasionally as examiner of candidates taking the subject of dyeing in examinations for the Fellowship. THOMAS died at Worthing on 16th December, 1939, in hisHARTLEY 70th year. Educated at the Modern School, and at Leeds School of Science, he gained a Brown scholarship and continued his studies at the Yorkshire College-now the University-Leeds, from 1887 to 1890.Thereafter, until 1904, he was engaged as a science teacher successively at St. George’s School, Roundhay, Leeds, Belle Vue School, Norwich, King’s School and Sexey’s School, Bruton, Somerset. In 1904 he was appointed lecturer in chemistry at the Swindon and North Wilts Technical School, and later became headmaster of the Commonweal Secondary School, Swindon, from which appointment he retired at the close of 1931. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900. His son, Mr. K. T. Hartlsy, is an Associate of tho Institute. The death of JOHN which occurred on 5th June, 1939, atHAYCOCK, the age of 56 years, has recently been reported. Educated at Great Glep School and Alderman Newton’s Higher Grade School, Leicester, he attended the Technical School in that City, and was originally trained and qualified as a pharmaceutical chemist.He also took courses at University College, Nottingham, and had special training with Mr. W. S. Clark and the late Mr. S. F. Burford. In 1908 he became engaged in the analytical laboratory of Howard Lloyd & Co., Ltd., manufacturingchemists in Leicester, where he was subsequently concerned with the production of lanoline and other pharmaceutical products, on which he published a number of papers in the pharmaceutical press. In 1924 he obtained an appointment as chief chemist to Messrs. E. W. Sleath & Co., of Manchester, with whom he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920 and a Fellow in 1923. THOMASHENRYLLOYDdied at Thorpe, near Newark, on December, in his 66th year.He was for about three years an assistant in the labora- tories of the Dowlais Iron Co., for one year in the Public Health Laboratory at Merthyr TydG1, and for ten months with the Pottsville Iron and Steel Co., Philadelphia, U.S.A., before he underwent three years’ training at University College, Cardiff, in preparation for the Associateship of the Institute. While at college, he assisted Dr. E. P. Perman in research. He then made a special study of physiology and histology, and took a course in bacteriology under Professor R. T. Hewlett at King’s College, London. He engaged in practice as an analyst and bacteriologist at Penygraig, where he continued for three years before joining the staff of Messrs.J. Bibby & Sons, Liverpool, and in 1903 he was appointed chemist in charge of the laboratories of Messrs. Quibell Brothers, Ltd., Manufacturing Chemists-later Kerol, Ltd.-where he continued until 1923, when he became a director,-then general manager and ultimately vice-chairman, of Messrs. Cooper, McDougall & Robertson, Ltd., of Berkhamsted, with whom he remained associated until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1909. 67 SIR GILBERT THOMAS MORGANdied at Richmond on 1st February,in his 70th year. He was educated at the Central Foundation School, Cowper Street, in the City of London, and studied from 1886 to 1889 at Finsbury Technical College.After four years experience as a works and research chemist with Messrs. Read Holliday & Sons, Huddersfield, he returned to London to resume his studies under Professor-later Sir-William Tilden, at the Royal College of Science. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1896 with first class honours in chemistry, and gained the Frank Hatton Prize of the College, where he continued as a demonstrator and research worker. Between 1897 and 1901, he published several papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society, and proceeded to D.Sc. (Lond.). Subsequently, he was appointed Assistant Professor in the College, and thereafter was, successively, Professor in the Faculty of Applied Chemistry in the Royal College of Science for Ireland, Professor of Applied Chemistry at the Finsbury Technical College, and Mason Professor of Chemistry at the University of Birmingham.From 1925 until 1938 he was Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory, at Teddington, under the Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research, and, at the time of his death, was Chairman of the Research Fund Committee of the Institute of Brewing. He was an Associate of the Royal College of Science, London, a Fellow of the City and Guilds of London Institute, an Honorary Associate of Manchester College of Technology, and an Honorary Member of the Society of Public Analysts, Hon. M.Sc. (Birm.), Hon. LL.D. (Birm. and St. Andrews), Hon. Sc.D. (Trin. Coll., Dublin). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1015.During 1914-1918 he was an Associate Member of the Chemical Warfare Committee and, in January, 1920, was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in recognition of his ser- vices. He received the honour of Knighthood in 1936. He was for some years Editor of the Journal and Publications of the Chemical Society, and contributed numerous papers to its Transactions, as well as to Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry and the Encyclo-paedia Britannica, 1920. He was also the author of Organic Compounds oJ Arsenic and Antimony (1918), Inorganic Chemistry, a Survey of Modern Developments ( 1936), British Chemical Industry, It’s Ri8e and DeveEopment (1938), and of Cantor Lectures delivered before the Royal Society of Arts, entitled “Achievements of the British Chemical Industry in the last 25 years” (1939).The Survey of Inorganic Chemistry, written jointly with F. H. Burstall, was developed from a series of three lectures given before the Institute in 1933. He served &s a Member of the Council of the Chemical Society from 1909 to 1910, as HonorarySecretary of the Society from 1910 to 1912, Vice-president from 1912 to 1915, and again from 1923 to 1926, and 1932 to 1933, was President of the Society from 1933 to 1935, and was one of the representatives of the Society on the Chemical Council from 1935 to 1939. He was a Past-President of the Society of Chemical Industry, and received the Society’s Medal in 1939 in recognition of his services to industry.He was President of the British Association of Chemists from 1926 to 1928. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1897 and a Fellow in 1901. He served as a Vice-president from 1919 to 1922, he was an Examiner in General Chemistry for the Associateship of the Institute from 1925 to 1929, and served as a Censor from 1922 to 1927 and from 1935 to 1940. He was also Chief Assessor for the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry from the inauguration of the scheme in 1921 until his death. At the service at Golders Green on 6th February, the Institute was represented by Professor W. Wardlaw and by the Registrar. 68 FRANKMOUL died at Gerrard’s Cross on 8th February, at the age of 77 years.He was trained under Williamson at University College,London, and took short courses under Landolt, Hofmann and Helmholtz at Berlin University, and in 1884 he became engaged at the Aldersgate Chemical Works, Southall, where he became Manager, and continued throughout his career until his retirement in January, 1926. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. EDMUNDNEVILLE NEVILL died at Eastbourne on 14th January, in his 91,st year. Early in his career he used the name Edmund Neison, and under that name was one of the original Fellows of the Institute and a member of its first Council, having been previously, with C. T. Kingzett, among the younger Fellows of the Chemical Society who agitated in the early ’seventies of the last century for the establishment of an Institute to represent the profession of chemistry.He was, for many years, Government Chemist for Natal Province, but he was perhaps better known as an astronomer, and as such made a special study of the moon. In February, 1873, he was elected to the Royal Astronomical Society. In June of that year he conimunicated a paper suggesting,contrary to views then generally held, the existence of definite lunar atmosphere, and in 1876 he published an authoritative work on our satellite. In 1882 he was asked to go to Natal as an observer of the transit of Venus across the sun’s disk, a phenomenon useful in determining the distance of the sun by observations made from various parts of the earth. An observatory established by residents and by the Corporation of Durban was taken over by the Government of Natal, and Neison was appointed as its director, which position he held until 1911.Between 1873 and 1910 he contributed over fifty papers to the “Monthly Notices” of the Royal Astronomical Society, and in 1908 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. As indicated above, he was an original Fellow of the Institute, and served on the Council from 1877 to 1880. He was for several years Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute for Natal Province, before his return to England in 1912. From 1888 he reverted to his original name. BENJAMINDAWSONPORRITTdied at Croydon on 28th January, at the age of 56 years. The son of Herbert Thomas Porritt of Armley, Yorks, he was born in Canada, educated at Whitgift Grammar School, Croydon, and received his training in chemistry from 1903 to 1906 at University College, London, graduating B.Sc.in 1908, subsequently proceeding to M.Sc. After spending a year on research with Sir William Ramsay and Professor Norman Collie, he was appointed chemist to the North British Rubber Co., where he had charge of the laboratories in 1910, and soon after became works superintendent. In 1912 he was chief chemist, and in 1916 research superintendent. During 1914-1918 he did valuable work for the fighting services. In 1920 he was appointed director of the Research Association of the British Rubber and Tyre Manufacturers, which position he held at the time of his death.He was a Fellow of the Institution of the Rubber Industry, a member of its Council from 1922 to 1935, and vice-president and chairman of the Examinations Board from 1936 to 1939. In 1938 he was awarded the Colwyn Medal. He was a member of the Council of the Chemical Society from 1925 to 1927, and was a Fellow of the Institute of Physics. He was the author of many scientific and technical papers relating to rubber, and of a monograph on The Chemistry of Rubber. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1908, and a Fellow in 1911. He served as a Member of Council from 1920 to 1922, and again from 1923 to 1926, 69 FRANKTHOMASSHUTT died at Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa, Canada, on 6th January, in his 81st year.The son of William Denis Shutt, he was born in London, and while yet a boy, went with his parents to Canada, where he was educated privately before matriculating at the University of Toronto, where he graduated B.A. in 1885, proceeding to M.A. in 1886. Dr. Shutt rendered highly valuable service for many years as Dominion Chemist and Director of the Dominion Experimental Farms, paying particular attention to the chemistry of the soil and the destruction of insect pests and fungus diseases, on which subjects he contributed many papers to the Journal of Agricultural Science, the Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture, and the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Canada. In 1914 he received the honorary degree of D.Sc. from his Almcl Mater. In 1932 he retired, but continued his interest in agriculture and stock breeding. In 1935 he was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire.He was also awarded the Sir Joseph Favelle Medal for merit in science, and a prize of 1,200 dollars from the American Society of Agronomy. He was chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry for four years, and a member of many other societies. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1899 and was Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute in the province of Ontario for over twenty years. GEORGESTUBBSdied at Finchley on 3rd February, in his 76th year. The son of W. Blount Stubbs, of Hawksworth, Notts., he was educated at Cowhill School, Oldham.At the outset of his career, he was trained as a teacher and became a master at an Elementary School in the same town; but in 1884 he entered the Civil Service by open competition, gained an Inland Revenue Scholarship, and attended the Royal College of Science, London. In 1889 he matriculated at London University. From 1887 he was continuously engaged in the Government Laboratory, for many years in charge of the Department dealing with samples referred by magistrates under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Acts and Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, in which capacity he had frequently to give evidence in court. He served on many Government Committees and participated in many public inquiries. In January, 1920, he was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire.In 1921, he was appointed Deputy Government Chemist, and in 1929, retired from the service, He was for some time a lecturer on Oils and Fats at East London Technical-now Queen Mary-College. He was joint author with Sir Edward Thorpe of “Taxine” and wrote the article on “Butter” in Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. With colleagues in the Government Laboratory he devised the electrolytic methods for the determination of arsenic. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1911, served as a Member of Council from 1916 to 1919, as a Vice-president and Chairman of the House Committee from 1919 to 1922, and again as aMembt.r of Council from 1930 to 1933. At the service at Finchley on 8th February, the Institute was represented by Dr.J. J. Fox, C.B., and by the Registrar. HENRYLIVINGSTONESULMANdied at Croydon on 31st January, in his 80th year. He was trained under Professors A. W. Williamson and Charles Graham at University College, London, where among other swards he gained the Gold Medal for Analytical Chemistry in 1880. He 70 had experience aa a works chemist with llessrs. Hugh Wallace and Co., at Battersea, and with Messrs. R. Wallace and Co., at Southall; then as chemist and sub-manager with Rlessrs. Lawson, Phillips and Billings, of Bristol, and with the Animal Charcoal CO.,at Bow Common, London, E. In 1885 he established an independent practice as a consulting chemist and chemical engineer in the City of London,-at first in Bucklersbury. Later, he continued in London Wall, and more recently in Salisbury House.In 1896 he was joined by Mr. Hugh F. K. Picard, with whom he was associated until his retirement about three years ago. He contributed many papers on analytical and industrial subjects to chemical and other technical journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. DUDLEY GORDON WARD died at Bath on 17th November, 1939, in his 35th year. He was educated at Chatham House School, Ramsgate, St. Paul's Preparatory School, Colet Court, London, the Royal Grammar School, Worcester, and Trowbridge High School. He studied science at the University of Bristol from 1923 to 1927, graduating B.Sc. in the Honours School of Chemistry.He was engaged in teaching at Bakewell and Trowbridge for about eighteen months, and in 1929 obtained an appointment as works chemist at the Somerton Factory of Cow and Gate, Ltd. He was elected as Associate of the Institute in 1931. JOHNWILLIAM WESLEY WILLSTROP died at Farnborough, Hants, on 28th December, 1939, at the age of 45 years. Educated at Birmingham Central Secondary School and the University of Birmingham, he graduated B.Sc. in the first division in 1915, specialising in metallurgy. He was thereafter engaged, under Dr. W. Sydney Smith, at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, where he continued, and was a Scientific Officer at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. 71 Books and their Contents.The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-‘I Chemistry in the Service of Man.” Alexander Findlay. 5th (Revised) Edition. Pp. xx + 398. (London: New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co.) 8s. 6d. net. Introduction; radioactivity and atomic structure; the gases of the atmosphere ;combustion and the production of fire; fuels and illuminants; matter, energy and explosives ; cellulose and cellulose products ; metals and their alloys; velocity of reactions and catalysis; chemistry and agriculture : potash, phosphate and nitrogenous fertilisers ; glass, soda, soap, lime and clay; electricity and chemistry; the colloidal state; molecular structure ; synthetic chemistry; fernientation and the action of enzymes and micro-organisms ; vitamins and hormones.Index. Portraits, diagrams and illustrations. “Corrosion of Iron and Steel, The.” A general Account of the Work of the Corrosion Committee of the Iron and Steel Institute and the British Iron and Steel Federation. J. C. Hudson. Introduction by W. H. Hatfield and T. Swinden. Pp. xvi + 320. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 18s. net. The economic evil of rust; the work of Corrosion Committee; the significance of rolling scale in the rusting process with some notes on the oxidation of iron and steel at elevated temperatures; the rusting of un- protected iron and steel in the atmosphere; the prevention of rusting in the atmosphere by means of paints; protective coatings for iron and steel; the rusting of iron and steel when immersed in sea-water; the rusting of iron and steel in other fields of service; fundamental research in laboratory work; other researches on corrosion conducted in Great Britain and abroad; what remains to be done in preventing rusting.Index. ‘‘ Electrocapillarity ” : The Chemistry and Physics of Elec-trodes and other Charged Surfaces. J. A. V. Butler. Pp. x + 210. (London: Methuen & Co., Ltd.) 12s. 6d. The seat of electromotive force in the galvanic cell; the thermodynamics of electrode potentials ; the mechanism and energetics of reversible electrode potentials ; electrical double layers ; electro-kinetic phenomena; electrode reactions and overvoltage ; concentration polarisation and the deposition of metals ; some electrode processes.Index. 72 Sulphated Oils and Applied Products” : Their Chemistry and Analysis. Donald Burton and George F. Robertshaw. Foreword by T. P. Hilditch. Pp. vi + 164 + iv. (London: A. Harvey.) 12s. 6d. Historical survey; raw materials and methods of sulphation; the chemistry of sulphation; the analysis of sulphated oils; the analysis of sulphated fatty alcohols; the analysis of petroleum sulphinic acids. Index. British Pharmacopoeia Commission.-The Institute has received copies of further Reports of Committees of the British Pharmacopceia Commission. No. 13.-Report of the Committee on Pharmacy and Pharma- cognosy contains Section I, Report of the Sub-committee on Crude Drugs.The Sub-commit tee has carefully reviewed 82 monographs submitted to them by the Commission. Four complete monographs are included in the Report. No. 14.-Report of the Committee on General Chemistry includes Section I, Report of the Sub-committee on Alkaloids and Alkaloidal Salts, and Section 2, Report of the Sub-committee on General Organic chemicals. Copies of the Reports (No. 13, price 2s. 6d.; No. 14, price IS. 6d.) can be obtained on application to the British Pharma- copceia Commission, General Medical Council Offices, 44, Hallam Street, London, W.I. The Institute has received from the British Standards Institution the following new Standards :-No. 443-1939. The Testing of the Zinc Coating on Galvanised Wires.No. 878-1939. Code for Comparative Commercial Tests of Coal or Coke Appliances in Small Steam-Raising Plants. No. 881-1939. Nomenclature of Hardwoods (including Botanical Names and Sources of Supply). and the following Addendum slips:- C.F. (ME) 2729. Vertical Cross Tube Boilers (B.S. 665-1936). 99 2730. Cylindrical Vertical Multi-tubular Boilers (B.S. 761 -1937). 99 2731. Lancashire and Cornish Boilers (B.S. 537-1934). 9) 2732. Cast Iron Boilers for Central Heating and Hot Water Supply (B.S. 779-1938). 99 2733. Riveted Steel Boilers for Hot Water Central Heating and Hot Water Supply (B.S. 780-1938). 99 2734. Multi-tubular Horizontal Boilers (Dryback and Waste Heat) (B.S. 609-1935).C.F. (IS) 4084. Wrought Iron for General Engineering Purposes (Grades A, B and C) (B.S.51-1939). 73 C.F. (B) 4200. The Use of Structural Steel in Building (B.S. 449 -1937).C.F. (B) 4241. Dimension? and Workmanship of Asbestos Cement, Spicot and Socket Rainwater Pipes, Cutter and Fittings (B.S. 569-1934).C.F. (C) 4398. Determining the Percentage of Fat in Milk and Milk Products by the Gerber Method (B.S. 696 -Part 1-1936).C.F. (ELG) 4399. Road Traffic Control (Electric) Light Signals(B.S. 505-1939). National Physical Laboratory.-The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has issued a collection of Abstracts of Papers on work carried out at the National Physical Laboratory during the year 1938, published by H.M.Stationery Office, IS. net. Messrs. Henry Wiggin gL Co., Ltd., Thames House, Millbank, London, S.W.1, have forwarded a brochure giving an account of the properties, typical uses and fabrication of ‘‘Inconel,” a corrosion-resisting alloy containing approximately 80 per cent. nickel, 12-14 per cent. chromium, the balance mainly iron. The Indian Lac Cess Committee has published the Annual Report of the London Shellac Research Bureau, 1938-1939, by A. J. Gibson, Special Officer, Lac Inquiry, dealing with India’s Lac Exports, the Lac Market in the United Kingdom, and Lac Research in the United Kingdom. (India House, Aldwych, London, W.C.2.) The Director of the Rothamsted Experimental Station has notified the publication of Vol. XXII of the Rothamsted Memoirs on Agricultural Science, containing 56Memoirs produced during 1937-1939. Royal 8vo.Half Calf. Price, 36s. net.; U.S.A., India and Ceylon: 3s. 9d. extra; Canada, 4s. 3d., Norway and Sweden, 3s. Messrs. Methuen & Co., Ltd., 36, Essex Street, Strand, W.C.2, have announced the publication of the third edition (completely revised) of Physico-Chemical Methods, by Jcseph Reilly and William Norman Rae. Volume I, “Measurement and Manipulation ” ; Volume 11, “Practical Measurements.’’ k4 4s. net. 74 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on xgth and 26th January, 1940,I new Fellow was elected, 7 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 35 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and zg Students were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 16 Fellows and two Associates. New Fellow.Blount, Bertie Kennedy, MA., B.Sc. (Oxon), D.Phil.Nat. (Frankfurt),Glaxo Laboratories, Ltd., Greenford, Middx. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Banfield, Francis Harrold, M,Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 15, Beechdale, Winch- more Hill, London, N.21. Bowles, Reginald Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Bourne Hill, Palmers Green, London, N.13. Evans, Cyril Harry, 125, Monkhams Lane, Woodford Green, Essex. Gaardurn, George Euan, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 1, Sketty Park Drive, Swansea. Harris, Clifford, 32, Park Road, Keynsham, nr. Bristol. Loudon, Alexander, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), M.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C., 58, Fairlawn Avenue, London, W.4.Robinson, Frank Arnold, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 2, Priory Gardens, Sudbury, Middx. New Associates. Alexander, Eric Albert, M.Sc. (S.A.), Hertford College, Oxford. Baxendale, Fred, BSc. (Lond.), 9, Gloucester Avenue, Farington, Leyland, Lancs. Beer, Charles Thomas, 12, Kingshill Road, Dursley, Glos. Boscott, Ronald Joseph, 67, Upper Tollington Park, London, N.4. Bower, Leonard Tandy, 111, Albert Road, Widnes. Chatt, Joseph, B.A. (Cantab.), Friar House, Bene’t Street, Cambridge. Cobb. Leslie Hamilton, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 6, Chesswood Road, Worthing.Cooper, Leslie Ernest, 109, Grafton Street, Beverley Road, Hull. Dalley, Richard Arthur, Army School of Hygiene (Staff), Ash Vale, nr. Aldershot. Foley, Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Newark Street, Wigan.Graham, Kenneth Lindley, 13, Humphrey Burton’s Road, Earlsdon, Coventry.Heywood, Basil Jason, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Manor Way, North Harrow, Middx. Hickman, John Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), Two Bridges, Embercourt Road, Thames Ditton. Hodpson, Joseph Sandemon, HSc. (Lond.), 35, Nene Parade, Wisbech. Jarvis, Frank Woolgar, B.Sc. (Sheff.),6, Wharncliffe Road, Sheffield, 10. Lees. Byrom, B.Sc. (Lond.), 60, Foyle Road, London, S.E.3. 75 Lewin, John Buckingham Gfey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 64, Deanhill Court, East Sheen, London, S.W.14. Lunn, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 43, Charles Street, Redcar, Yorks. MacLennan, Hugh Neil Cameron, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), P.O. BOX 119, Luanshya, Northern Rhodesia. Marrian, Stanley Frederic, B.Sc.(Glas.), 36, Hathaway Drive, Giffnock, Renfrewshire. Oldham, Graham, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Bowen Road, Rugby. Owen, Keith, B.Sc. (Lond.), 44, The Greenway, Uxbridge. Pink, Gordon William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Eastbourne Road, London, S.W.17. Pringle, Harry, B.A. (T.C.D.), 34, Trinity College, Dublin. Ray, Allan Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Ashfield Road, London, W.3. Rayner, Geoffrey James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Rothsay, Pierremont Avellue, Broadstairs. Reid, William Walter, 54, Julien Road, S. Ealing, London, W.5. Richardson, Alexander Robert, 23, Walker Avenue, Prestwich, Manchester. Roberts, Carl Brian, B.Sc. (Lond.), 103, Forest Gate, Anstsy, nr.Leicester. Rowe, Donald Skidmore, B.Sc. (Dunelm), 24, Richmond Terrace, Monk-seaton, Northumberland.Simpson, George Kirkwood, B.Sc. (Glas.), 447, Hawthorn Street, Glasgow, N. Twiselton, Maurice Samuel James, 15, Grange Road, Alvaston, Derby. Walker, Harold Augustus, 51, Rosecroft Gardens, Whitton, Middx. Way,Arthur Chandler, B.Sc. (Lond.), 13, Udney Park Road, Teddington. Winteringham, Francis Peter Worsley, 5, Luccombe Hill, Bristol, 6. Re-elected Associate. Boorman, Harry George Trench, 4, Grove Park Road, London, W.4. New Students. Adamson, Miss Helen Haxton, c/o Mrs. Carruthers, 14, Viewforth Square, Edinburgh.Ashman, Robert, 11, Laburnum Road, Redcar, Yorka. Baldit, Gerald Lucien, 49, Gracefield Gardens, London, S.W. 16. Brooks, Joseph Henry, 7, Queens Drive, Windle, St. Helens. Burnett, Robert, 50, Sandhurst Street, Liverpool, 17.Christie, George Shearer, The Beeches, Cowdenbeath, Fife. Clark, Ronald, 39, Strode Road, London, E.7. Clarkson, Alan, 33, Deardengate, Haslingden, Rossendale, Lancs. Henderson, William, 133, Wishart Street, Glasgow, E. 1. Holden, Wilfrid, 33, Bailey Avenue, ElIesmere Port, Wirral, Cheshire. Jailler, Richard Samuel, 47, Lyndhurst Road, Hove, Sussex. Mackay, Eric John, 17, Grantham Road, Kingswood, Bristol. McKerrigan, Angus Alexander, Y .M.C.A., Whetstone Lane, Birkenhead. Neave, John, 16, Wellington Terrace, Woodborough Road, Nottingham. Pillatt, Norman Frank, 25, Fairburn Road, Liverpool, 13. PoweI1, Roy, I, Sherburn CIose, Barlows Lane, Liverpool, 9. Pritchard, Reginald Raymond, 36, Butterbache Road, Huntington, Chester.Renders, Henry John, 36, Anson Road, London, N.W.2. Roberts, David John, 47, Egsrton Street, Liverpool, 8. Scott, Walter George, 61, Erskine Hill, London, N.W.ll. Shrewsbury, John Cheverton Cooper, 53, Marine Avenue, Hove, 3, Sussex. Sloan, John George, 13, Clonaver Crescent North, Belfast. Thorburn, Samuel, 115, Glaisnock Street, Cumnock, Ayr. 76 Ward, John Edward Vincent, 10, Green Lane, Vicar’s Cross, Cheater. Whincup, Sydney, 17, Orvietto Avenue, Pendleton, Salford. 6. Wilding, Basil Raymond, 9, Grantham Road, Kingswood, Bristol. Williams, Francis Derek, 27, Palm Street, Slade Lane, Manchester, 13. Worsley, Richard, Treelands, Blackburn Road, Rishton, nr. Blackburn. Wright, Stanley, 3 1, Ullswater Street, Liverpool, 5. DEATHS.Fellows. *Nicholas Alexander Anflogoff, J.P. William Alexander Skeen Calder, M.I.Chem.E., President. *Thomas William Drinkwater, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S. (Edin.).William Duncan. Frank George Edmed, O.B.E., B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R..C.S., Member of Council. Walter Myers Gardner, M.Sc. (Leeds). Thomas Hartley, B.Sc. (Lond.), L.C.P. *John Haycock, Ph.C. Thomas Henry Lloyd. *Sir Gilbert Thomas Morgan, O.B.E., H0n.LL.D. (Bkrn. and St. Andrews), D.Sc. (Lond.), Hon.ScD. (T.C.D.), A.R.C.S., F.R.S. *Frank Moul. Edmund Neville Nevill, F.R.S. *Benjamin Dawson Porritt, M.Sc. (Lond.). Frank Thomas Shutt, C.B.E., MA., D.Sc. *George Stubbs, C.B.E. *Henry Livingstone Sulman. * Reported since the preparation of the Rrport of the Council. Associates. Dudley Gordon Ward, B.Sc.(Bris.). John William Wesley Willstrop, B.Sc. (Birm.). Coming Events. FEBRU~RY 21 INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties OF CHEMISTRY Section): “The Hydrides of Silicon and Some of Their Simpler Derivatives,” by Dr. H. J. Emelbus, at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, %6, Portland Place, London, W.l, at 5.0 p.m. &kRCH 1 INSTITUTE : Annual General Meeting, at 30, Russel1OF CHEMISTRY Square, London, W.C.l., at 3 p.m. 19 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Joint Meeting with the London and Home Counties Branch of the Institute of Physics. “Colour Photography,” by Dr. D. A. Spencer, at the Royal Institution, 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 7.30 p.m.77 General Notices. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute on Friday, 1st March, 1940, at 3 p.m. Election of Officers and Council.-The Balloting List for the election of Officers, Censors and Members of Council was issued at the end of January. The Registrar regrets that in the balloting list for the election of Council, the name of Dr. A. E. Dunstan was inadvertently given as Albert Edward instead of Albert Ernest, and the Section with which Miss Muriel Roberts is associated was given as London instead of LivevpooZ. Votes should be received at the office of the Institute not later than 3 o’clock on 29th February.In accordance with By-Law 29 (2) the vote of any member who is in arrear with his annual subscription must be disallowed. Examinations.-Arrangements have been made to hold examinations for the Fellowship and Associateship in April. It is hoped that examinations will also be held in September. Full information will be given at a later date. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 78 Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are ordinarily required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. For the time being the payment of 6s. 6d. is suspended. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours.It will be open from 10a.m. to I p.m. and from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to I p.m.). Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, 79 whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library.All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library will expire on 1st March. The subscriptions rates are 6s. 6d., for Class B, and 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Root’s Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute.A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927, with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. ,Bain 8i Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terns: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s.gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 80 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses .for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.Copies of ''The Profession of Chemistry" (Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis- tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar. Journal and Proceedings, Part VI, 1939.-A few copies of Part VI of the JOURN~L AND PROCEEDINGS,1939, were imperfect owing to faulty collation before binding. Anyrecipient of an imperfect copy will be sent a good copy on com-municating with the Registrar. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT FUND,INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON, W.C.1.APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9406400001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1940

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATEDBY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART 11: 1940. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee- RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary-30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. April, 1940. Publications Committee, 1940-41. -A. L. BACHARACH (Chairman), J. J. FOX (President), W. M. AMES, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, * A. COULTHARD, F. P. DUNN, A. E. DUNSTAN, L.EYNON, W. GODDEN, E. GREGORY, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H. HUVTER, G. KING, P. LEWIS-DALE, G. W.MONIER-WILLIAMS, A.C. MONKHOUSE, H. W. MOSS, J.R. NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, D. W. PARKES, SIR ROBERT PIC-, F. M. ROWE, S. B. WATKINS. Qfficers and Members of Council, 1940-41. PRESIDENT: JOHN JACOB FOX, C.B., O.B.E., D.Sc. VICE-PRESIDENTS: HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.I.C. FRANCIS HOWARD CARR, C.B.E., D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. THOMAS PERCY HILDITCH, D.Sc. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. SIR ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. HAROLD AUGUSTINE TEMPANY, C.B.E., D.Sc. HON. TREASURER: JOHN CHRISTISON WHITE, M.C., O.B.E., A.K.C. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: WILLIAM MELVILLE AMES, M.A., B.Sc.: Edinburgh and East 0s EDWARD BERTRAM ANDERSON, M.Sc. : London. [Scotland. ALFRED LOUIS BACHARACH, M.A. : London.MARK BOGOD, A.R.C.S. : London and South-Eastern Counties. RAYMOND RENARD BUTLER, M.Sc. :Liverpool and North- West Coast. ALBERT COULTHARD, Ph.D. : Manchester. WILLIAM MURDOCH CUMMING, D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : Glasgow.JACK CECIL DRUMMOND, D.Sc. : London. FREDERICK PERCY DUNN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S.: London. ALBERT ERNEST DUNSTAN, D.Sc. : London. LEWIS EYNON, B.Sc. : London. ERNEST HAROLD FARMER, D.Sc., D.I.C. : London. ALEXANDER FINDLAY, M.A., PH.D., D.Sc. : Aberdeen. WILLIAM GODDEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : Aberdeen and North of Scotland. PETER FERGUSON GORDON, PH.D., A.H.-W.C. :Coatbridge.EDWIN GREGORY, M.Sc., PH.D.: East Midlardt? and South Yorlcshire. ARCHIBALD ALEXANDER HALL, M.Sc., PH.D. :Newcastle upon Tyne[and North-East Comt.JOHN WILLIAM HAWLEY, B.Sc., A.M.I.CHEM.E. : Glasgow and West of IAN MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S. : London. [Scotland.HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, M.A., B.Sc., PH.D. : Huddersfield. THOMAS REGINALD HODGSON, M.A. : Mmchester. WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, B.Sc., PH.D.: Northern Ireland. REGINALD HAYDN HOPKINS, D.Sc. : Birmingham.HAROLD HUNTER, D.Sc., A.INsT.P., A.M.I.CHEM.E.: Cheadle. GEORGE KING, M.Sc. : Birmingham.LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT, D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : London. JOSEPH HENRY LESTER, M.Sc. : Munchester and District. PERCY LEWIS-DALE, PH.D. : Bournemouth. GORDON WICKHAM MONIER-WILLIAMS, O.B.E., M.C., M.A., Ph.D.: [London.ALLAJY CUTHBERTSON MONKHOUSE, B.Sc., PH.D. : Bristol and [South- Western Counties. HENRY WEBSTER MOSS, A.R.C.Sc.1.: Yorlishzre. JOHN RALPH NICHOLLS, B.Sc. : London. THOMAS JOSEPH NOLAN, B.A., D.Sc.: Dublin. DERIC WILLIAM PARKES, M.C., B.A., B.Sc. :Birminghamand Midlands. WILLIAM STEWART PATTERSON, PH.D., D.Sc. :Sunderland. ALFRED JOHN PRINCE, MSc., M.I.CHEM.E. : Billinghum.THOMAS FRED ERIC RHEAD, M.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : Birmingham.WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.Sc. : LiverpooZ.FREDERICK MAURICE ROWE, D.Sc. : Lee&. NORMAN LINDSAY SHELDON, C.I.E., PH.D. : The Overseas Dominions [and Elsewhere Abroad. SIDNEY BEVAN WATKINS, M.Sc., A.M.I.CHEM.E.: Warlea and the JOHN WEIR, M.A., PH.D. : Stevenston. [Countyof Monmth. 84 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1940: 1 9 ~ ~APRIL. 1940: 15~~NOVEMBER. 1~THMAY. 20~~DECEMBER. 21ST JUNE. 1941 : 24~~JANUARY.1 9 ~ ~JULY. 31ST JANUARY. 1STH OCTOBER. BlsT FEBRUARY. ANiWAL GENERAL MEETING: 3RD MARCH, 1941. CENSORS : 1940-41. THE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. G. ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. SIR ROBERT PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. SIR ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. SIR JOCELYN THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1940141. Chairman* FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, F. H. CARR, A. E. DUN-STAN, L. EYNON, A. FINDLAY, H. H. HODGSON, G. KING, L. H. LAMPITT, A. J. PRINCE, H. A. TEMPANY, AKD J. C. WHITE*. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*, WITH F. H. CARR, G. KING, L. H. LAMPITT, J. H. LESTER, P. LEWIS-DALE, G. ROCHE LYNCH, G. W. MONIER- WILLIAMS, H. ?V. MOSS, J. R. NICHOLLS, W.H. ROBERTS, AND H. A. TEMPANY. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT*- H. V. A. BRISCOE (VICE-CHAIRMAN);AND COUNCIL IN C~MMITTEE. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT, WITH W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH*,M. BOGOD,R. R. BUTLER, A. COULTHARD, F. P. DUNN, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, W. GODDEN, E. GREGORY, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEY- MAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H. HUNTER, G. KING, P. LEWIS-DALE, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A. C. MONKHOUSE, H. W. MOSS, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, D. W. PARKES, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, F. M. ROWE, AND S. B. WATKINS. SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, J. C. WHITE (HoN. TREASURER)*, THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, H.G. COLMAN, E. M. HAWKINS, C. PROCTOR, AND G. RUDD THOMPSOK. 85 APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, A. COULTHARD, H. E. COX, H. W. CREMER, C. J. T. CRONSHAW, J. C. DRUMMOND, €3. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, A. G. FRANCIS, P. F. GORDON, E. GREGORY, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, G.ROCHE LYNCH, C. A.MITCHELL, J.R. NICHOLLS, W. S. PATTERSON, A. J. PRINCE, W. H. ROBERTS, R. E. SLADE, H. A. TEMPANY", AND S. B. WATKINS. PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT, WITH 0. L. BRADY, H. BURTON, F. H. CARR*, W. CUMMING, E. H. FARMER, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, R. H. HOPKINS, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, L. H. LAMPITT, H. McCOMBIE, E. K. RIDEAL, SIR ROBERT ROBINSON, SIR JOCELYN THORPE, D. F. TWISS, AND WILLIAM WARDLAW.COMMITTEE RE PUBLICITY: A. L. BACHARACH*, L. EYNON, J. R. JOHNSON, AND A REPRE-SENTATIVE OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE LOKDON AND SOUTH-EASTERN COUNTIES SECTION, SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT*, WITH W. M. AMES, H. V. A. BRISCOE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, H. E. COX, A. E. EVEREST, T. P. HILDITCH, H. HUNTER, G. ROCHE LYNCH, D. W. PARKES, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, W. H. ROBERTS AND S. B. WATKINS. WAR EMERGENCY COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT", THE VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND THE HONORARY TREASURER. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON THE JOINT COMMITTEE WITH THE BOARD OF EDUCATION (ENGLAND AND WALES): THEPRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, A. E. DUNSTAN, LEWIS EYNON, AND SIR ROBERT PICKARD. THE SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT: THEPRESIDENT, WITH R.BRUCE, W. M. CUMMING, A. FINDLAY, P. F. GORDON, J. W. HAWLEY, G. G. HENDERSON*, F. D. MILES, N. PICTON, T. SLATER PRICE, J. WEIR, AND F. J. WILSON. THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, NORTHERN IRELAND : THE PRESIDENT, WITH J. C. A. BRIERLEY, W. H. GIBSOK, J. HAWTHORNE, W. HONNEYMAN, T. SLATER PRICE, AND G. S. ROBERTSON. REPRESENTATIVE ON THE POISONS BOARD (Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933) G. ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. 86 REPRESENTATIVES ON THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL: J. 3.FOX (PRESIDENT),H. A. TEMPANY, AND SIR JOCELYN THORPE. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: A. L. BACHARACH, H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. W. CREMER, AND ERNEST VANSTONE. BOARD OF' EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1940-41.Chai,rman : THE PRESIDENT. Representatives of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Com-mittee : H. V. A. BRISCOE, E. H. FARMER, G. ROCHE LYNCH. SIR ROBERT PICKARD, AND W. H. ROBERTS. Examiner8 for the Associateship : JOSEPH KENYON, D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S. HAROLD JOHANN THOMAS ELLIKGHAM, PH.D. (LoND.),A.R.C.S. Examiners for the Fellowship : Branch A.-INORGANIC CHENISTRY: WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc. (DUNELM). Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY:RONALD GEORGE WREYFORD NORRISH, Sc.D. (CANTAB), F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:JOSEPH KENYON, D.SC.(LOND.), F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY: HAROLD RAISTRICK, B.A., Sc.D. (CANTAB.),D.Sc. (LEEDS), F.R.S. Branch E.-CHEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: GEORGE DAVIDSON ELSDON, D.Sc.(BIRM.). THERAPEUTICS, ANDPHARMACOLOGY, MICROSCOPY:CHARLES HERBERT HAMPSHIRE, M.B., B.S., B.Sc. (LoND.), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Branch F.-AURICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: ERNEST VANSTONE, D.Sc. (BIRM.). Branch G.-INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY (General Chemical Technology) : HERBERT WILLIAM CREMER, M.Sc. (LoND.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed asrequired. 87 HON.AUDITORS, 1940-41: CLAUDE LEOPOLD CLAREMONT, B.Sc. (LoND.), HD JOHN GAIUSASHWELL GRIFFITHS, B.A., PH.D. (CANTAB.). AUDITORS, 1940-41: DAVID HENDERSON, in association with MESSRS. J. Y. FINLAY & CO., Chartered Accountant8. SOLICITORS: MESaas. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 6, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2.BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C.1. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICmD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY: RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CANTAB.), F.I.C. Chemists and National Service.-The Executive Officers of the Institute are prepared, so far as they are able, to deal with enquiries regarding chemists and national service. The business of the Institute has been carried on without interruption at its headquarters since the outbreak of war. Should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, enquiries may be addressed-for the present-to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, N.12. Telephone Number: Hillside 1859. 88 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 23rd February, 1940.-The Council received a letter from Lord Leverhulme, Chairman of the British Management Council, expressing sympathy with the Council of the Institute on the death of its President, who had for some years past represented the Institute on the British Management Council. A letter was received from the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section transmitting a copy of a report of a sub-committee which had been considering the general question of publicity as applied to the activities of the Institute and to the profession of chemistry. After discussion, the Council resolved to appoint a Special Committee to consider the matter,- the said Committee to consist of the Chairman of the Publications Committee (to be appointed by the new Council in March), Mr.A. L. Bacharach, Mr. J. R. Johnson (Birmingham), and a representative appointed by the Committee of the London and Sout h-East ern Counties Sect ion. Sir Robert Pickard, Senior Vice-president, who presided at the meeting, referred to the death of Sir Gilbert Morgan, and to the services which he had rendered to the Institute and to the profession. The Council stood in silence. A letter was received from the Press and Censorship Bureau informing the Institute that care should be taken to prevent the unauthorised disclosure of confidential matters which might be the subjects of discussion at meetings of professional institutions.The matter was referred to the executive officers for appropriate attention. Reports of the Standing Committees were received. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported on its proceedings in connexion with ten cases; also that a letter had been received from the London and South-Eastern Counties Section urging that further effort be made to secure support for the fund, and sug- gesting that the Committee would be assisted if the circum- stances, which enabled members in need to apply for assistance, were prescribed in a general way. The Committee reported that it had frequently considered 89 means whereby Local Sections might be utilised to secure further support for the fund, but had deprecated bringing pressure to bear on Fellows and Associates by making collections at meetings, because members who were keen in supporting the activities of Local Sections were usually regular supporters of the fund, and it was not fair that they should be called upon to contribute to such collections, which might also tend to dissuade members from attending meetings.The Committee felt that greater interest in the fund might be secured if the Honorary Secretary or Members of the Committee or District Members of Council could be allowed, on suitable occasions, to tell the members something more about the work of the Committee and the cases with which it dealt. With regard to the second enquiry from the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, the Committee did not feel that those who needed help had any difficulty in approaching the Institute.Every deserving case was dealt with promptly and without formality. The Committee felt that it was not neces- sary to prescribe, in any way, the circumstances in which appeals could be made to the fund. The Chairman of the Committee was gratified to report that, acting in conjunction with the Chairman of the Publications Committee, he had addressed a letter to a large number of Fellows and Associates who had been asked to collaborate in the new edition of What Industry Owes to Chemical Science, and, so far, had received only favourable replies indicating a general very willing desire to co-operate in the work, for the benefit of the fund.On the Report from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, the Stockport College for Further Educa- tion was added to the list of Institutions recognised by the Council for the training of candidates for the Associateship. The thanks of the Council were accorded to Dr. H. E. Cox, on his retirement from the Council, for his valuable services as a member of the Sub-committee for the oral examination of candidates, particularly those applying for admission to the Associateship under the provision of Regulation I11 and I (C). On the Report of the Publications Committee, the Council authorised the Committee to make arrangements for a lecture on the Chemistry of Enzyme Action. The Council received from Dr.C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Chair- man of the Appointments Committee, a report on the working of the Appointments Register (see page 91). 90 The Council confirmed the appointment of the Examiners, and re-appointed the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries and the Executive Officers of the Institute, for the ensuing year. The Senior Vice-president having expressed thanks to the retiring Vice-president, Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, and other Members of Council who would retire at the Annual General Meeting, in accordance with the By-laws, Mr. Butterfield and Mr. J. R. Johnson replied on their behalf. Council Meeting, 15th March, 1940.-The Council wel- comed the new President, Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., who, in turn, welcomed the new Members of Council who were in attendance for the first time,-Mr.E. B. Anderson, Mr. F. P. Dunn and Dr. A. C. Monkhouse,-and also those who had previously served on the Council and had been re-elected. In reviewing the matters which had been referred to the new Council,-(a) it was decided to postpone for a further six months the consideration of the Proposed Supplemental Charter; (b) it was decided to ask Dr. Francis H. Carr, C.B.E., Vice-president, to accept appointment as representative of the Institute on the British Management Council, in the place of the late Mr. W. A. S. Calder; (c) Dr. Norman Lindsay Sheldon, C.I.E., was elected District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad; (d) it was decided to publish a new edition of the Register of the Institute, without addresses and without any information regarding the appointments held by the Fellows and Associates; and (e) it was decided to ask the new Publications Committee to consider the question of the exchange of advertise- ments of the Institute with the advertisements of other Societies in their respective publications.The Committees for 1940-41 were appointed with their Chairmen, and the dates of future Council meetings were fixed. 91 The Appointments Register. The following statement was submitted to the Council on 23rd February :-The last Report on the working of the Appointments Register was presented to the Council in October, 1938, and covered the period 1st October, 1937, to 30th September, 1938.The usual Report was not presented in October, 1939. The following information is now submitted :-VACANCIES.-~,~~~vacancies were notified to members using the Appointments Register from 1st September, 1938, to 31st August, 1939, compared with 1,059 in the previous twelve months. From 1st September, 1939, to 13th February, 1940, 292 vacancies have been notified. There was, as might have been expected, some falling off in the earlier part of this period, but there are signs that the number of vacancies notified to the Institute and in the press is tending to increase. NUMBER REGISTER.-OF MEMBERSUSING THE APPOINTMENTS On the 1st September, 1939,266 members who held paid appoint- ments were using the Appointments Register.131 of these are still using the Register and 126have since enrolled, making a total of 392 members holding appointments who have used the Appointments Register at some time since September, 1939. At the date of this Report, 238 members holding appointments are using the Register. To this must be added 204 members who have been at various times recorded as unemployed, bringing the number of members who have had occasion to use the Appointments Register during the period under review to a total of 596. UNEMPLOYMENT.--On the xst September, 1939, 90 members (20 Fellows and 70 Associates) were recorded as unemployed. Of these, 45 still continue the use of the Appointments Register and are still disengaged. Since the above date, 114 members have enrolled, stating that they were either without employment or expecting to terminate their engagements.The above figures show that 204 have been recorded as unemployed at some time 92 during the period. At the date of this Report (14th February) IOS* are registered as unemployed. Of these 108-25 have been unemployed for over I year 20 ” Y9 ?> 3’ between IZ months and 6 months I2 ” 9) 7) ’ $9 99 6 9) )> 5 >> 918 ” ’J >> >> >> 3) $9 >I >> >> 5 4 >? 9) 7) 3) 4 3 >J >> 9 92 $9 >) >> >> 3 >J >> 2 >> 4 >J 95 >Y Y> YJ 2 9) 1) I >J 11 9J 9) 9) >’ under I month The peak of unemployment was reached on 27th November, 1939,when 137 were recorded as unemployed.It may be mentioned that the number unemployed includes several who were previously recorded as “retired” but who, owing to the war, are desirous of obtaining employment which may be useful to the nation. It also includes the names of a few members who had been engaged in consulting work but owing to the falling off of practice are now desirous of obtaining whole-time salaried employment. * On going to press, 92. 93 Sixty-Second Annual General Meeting. FRIDAY, 1st MARCH, 1940. The Sixty-Second Annual General Meeting of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Friday, the 1st day of March, 1940, at 3 p.m., Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., Senior Vice-president, occupying the Chair.THELATE PRESIDENT. The CHAIRMAN: “I did not expect to preside at an Annual General Meeting of the Institute again, but you will know that it is due to the unhappy circumstances in which we meet. You are all aware of the very grievous loss that the Institute has suffered in the sudden death of our distinguished President, Mr. W. A. S. Calder. Mr. Calder endeared himself to everybody who came in contact with him by his very friendly, cordial and sweet way of dealing with men, and while he served on the Council and for so short a time as President he did the Institute a great service by the interest that he displayed and the ready way in which he gave his wide experience of chemists, of chemical industry and of the chemical profession to the service of the Institute.We mourn his loss, and I willask you to signify that by rising in your places.” The members stood in silence for a few moments. PRESENTATION THE MELDOLA MEDAL. OF The CHAIRMAN: “It is customary at the Annual General Meeting, before proceeding to the ordinary business, to perform a very pleasant ceremony. “Professor Meldola, one of the most distinguished Presidents of this Institute, was also President of the Society of Maccabaeans, and, when he died, the Society decided to give annually a medal, to be awarded by the Council of the Institute in collaboration with a representative of the Society, to be used in distinguishing a man whose work before the age of thirty was deemed to be of outstanding merit.In making this award, the Council of the Institute has of late years alternated between the two main divisions of our science,-+hysical, inorganic and general chemistry on the one hand, and organic and biochemistry on the other. This year, other things being equal, it fell to the Council of the Institute to award the Meldola Medal to an organic chemist. Of the names brought to the notice of the Institute there was the name of a man whose work stood out from the others, and the Council decided to award the Medal on this occasion to Dr. Henry Norman Rydon. (Applause.) I will ask Dr. Rydon to come forward.” Presenting the MedaL to DY.Rydon, the Chairman said: “Dr.Rydon, you are to-day becoming one of the long succession of Meldola Medallists,-men who at the time of the award were under thirty years of age, and had done distinguished work. The list of Medallists includes many men who have since made a mark in the chemical profession ; and the Council of the Institute, in making this award to you, has no fear but that you will take your proper place among those in the list of Meldola Medallists. In making the award, the Council was particularly struck by your work on unsaturated compounds, and regarded as of special merit some of the work that you did on the Michael reaction, your work on one or two of the terpenes, and your work on the synthesis of bodies related to the sterols, which is of outstanding character.On behalf of the Council, I have much pleasure in handing you this Medal, with the congratulations of the Institute.” (Applause.) Dr. H. N.RYDON:“I wish to thank the Institute and the Society of Maccabxans very much for this award. It is an award which I, like many others, have coveted, but I never expected to get it; such a thing did not seem likely to happen to me; yet it has happened. I do not say that merely out of modesty;I feel it. But there is another side to the picture; it is incumbent upon me now to work several times as hard as I have been working in order to live up to this great award, and I shall try to do so. “If there has been any merit in my work, I do not think it is due to me alone.Credit is due, as would be the case with anyone’s research work, to those who have worked under me and my colleagues, and more especially have I to thank my teachers. Among my teachers I would mention Professor Linstead, himself a previous recipient of the Medal, with whom I worked for my Ph.D. in London and who started me on the path of research; Sir Jocelyn Thorpe, who gave me such wonderful 95 facilities at South Kensingtoil to work out my ideas; and latterly Sir Robert Robinson, who has proved such an inspiration to me at Oxford. “It would perhaps not be inappropriate if I were to remind the Institute that Professor Meldola was very anxious about British chemical industry at the beginning of and during the last war, and I think that probably it is fair to say that if he were alive to-day he would be very pleased to see in how much better a position we stand to-day as compared with that which we occupied in 1914.” The CHAIRMAN:“The Institute of Chemistry possesses a small fund which arose in an interesting way, mainly by the sale of the gold Davy Medal of the Royal Society, which had been awarded to Professor Meldola and bequeathed to the Institute by Mrs.Meldola. With the concurrence of the Royal Society and the surviving relatives of Professor Meldola, the Medal was sold and the proceeds invested, so that the Institute has been enabled to have a small prize fund associated with the Meldola Medal. The income has been sufficient to enable us to provide as a prize a book, selected by Dr.Rydon, entitled ‘The Principles of Bacteriology and Immunity,’ which I have much pleasure in presenting to the Meldola Medallist for 1939.” :Dr. RYDON “Thank you, Sir.” MINUTES. The notice convening the meeting was taken as read, as were also the Minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting, which had been circulated in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1939. The Minutes were signed. ANNUALACCOUNTS. The CHAIRMAK:“I will now ask the Honorary Treasurer to present the Annual Accounts, with the Report of the Auditors.” Mr. JOHN C. WHITE (Hon. Treasurer) : “I do not propose to read the Report of the Finance and House Committee or the Statement of Accounts, which will be found on pages 8 and g and pages 22 et seq.of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I, 1940. I would only add, to what has already been printed and is before you, the assurance-I hope an unnecessary assurance- that my Committee during the past year has endeavoured to ensure the carrying out of the objects and functions of the Institute, as interpreted by the Council, as fully and in as economic 96 a manner as is consistent with due efficiency. War-time con- ditions may call for further economies, and the Committee has acted accordingly. “I beg to move the adoption of the Accounts as printed in the copy of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSwhich is before you, and I have much pleasure in proposing also that a hearty vote of thanks be extended to the Honorary Auditors, Messrs.C. L. Claremont and J.G. A. Griffiths.” Dr. KENYOX:“I have much pleasure in seconding that proposal.” The CHAIRMAN: “Does any member of the Institute wish to raise any point or ask any question on the Accounts? ” Mr. C. E. BARRS:I should like to ask one question. I see from page 20 of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDIYGS,Part I, 1940, that advertisements in the JOURNAL are to be discontinued. Does that mean much loss of revenue ? ” Mi. JOHN C. WHITE (Hon. Treasurer) : “Advertisements of recent years have brought in something between LIOO and l200.” Mr. A. L. BACHARACH: “Is it not correct to say that no charge has ever been made against advertisements for the cost of setting and printing them, which has been covered by the general charge for the JOURNAL, and that in actual fact the Institute has gained little if anything from the printing of advertisements? ” The CHAIRMAN:“That is the explanation.If there are no further questions, I will put the motion.” The motion, including a vote of thanks to the Hon. Auditors, was carried unanimously. Mr. C. L. CLAREMONT(Hon. Auditor) : ‘‘I have nothing very much to say about the audit of the Accounts. Dr. Griffiths and I attended at the Institute on one or two occasions and were shown the books. We received every help and facility from the officers of the Institute and from the professional accountants; it was a very pleasant and easy task. I thank you on behalf of Dr. Griffiths and myself for your vote of thanks.” REPORTOF THE COUNCIL.The CHAIRMAN: “It is now my duty to move from the Chair that the Report of the Council be received and adopted. In the circumstances, you will not expect from me anything in the nature of a Presidential Address, but I think it would be fitting for me to make a few comments on the Report. 97 “In the first place, you will notice that the Report calls attention to the fact that we have lost not only our esteemed President but also many other good friends and supporters of the Institute. Two very prominent Fellows-Mr. E. R. Bolton and Professor Smithelk,-died between the publication of the last Report and the last Annual Meeting, and reference was made to them at that meeting. Our losses since the last Annual General Meeting, a year ago to-day, have been truly deplorable.They include, to mention only a few, Mr. F. G. Edmed, late Admiralty Chemist, an esteemed and very hard-working member of the Council; Professor Henry Louis, probably not known to the younger generation except by reputation, a notable metallurgist and mineralogist in Newcastle upon Tyne; and Sir William Pope, a brilliant research worker and for many years a leading figure in our profession. Lately, too, we have lost Sir Gilbert Morgan, who possessed perhaps as wide a knowledge of our subject as any man of our time. He did a great work for the Institute in that he acted from the start as our Chief Assessor in the examina- tions for National Certificates in Chemistry, and thereby did much to encourage the improvement of the standard of training in our technical colleges.We have lost also Mr. Edmund Neville Nevill, a chemist and also an astronomer. It is noteworthy that Mr. Nevill was a Founder Fellow and a member of our first Council. We have lost Dr. Frank Shutt, an eminent Canadian agricultural chemist; and-one whom some of us will remember very well,-Mr. George Stubbs, formerly Deputy Government Chemist. These and others who had attained a high reputation and success in chemistry leave with us many grateful memories. “After twenty-one years, we meet again under conditions of war, and again the Institute, as a professional organisation, is called upon to assist the Government in supplying its needs in technical personnel for industries essential to the success of our arms.In times such as these the existence of the Institute is a national asset, and, thanks to the support of the 7,500 Fellows and Associates, the requirements of the departments of State and of industry can usually be supplied. “We are sometimes told that chemistry needs greater publicity, and that we are too conservative, too apt to take the old British attitude of declining to ‘blow our own trumpet ’; but on occasions such as this we may perhaps reflect that the roll of the Institute continues to increase and is now more than five 98 times as great as it was at the corresponding period of the last war. Those of us who remember the position of the profession forty years ago and recall the difficulty which many experienced of making any headway in it in those days have watched, especially during the past twenty years, the astonishing increase in the number of qualified chemists, their growing influence, and, above all, the increasing application of science to and the steady absorp- tion of chemical talent in industry and commerce, in Government and municipal service, and in the affairs of everyday life.“Few of us thought in 1898, when I became a member of the Institute, that we should witness such progress, and no one can deny that the British profession of chemistry to-day stands high in the public esteem as a very essential service. The difference between the position to-day and that at the end of the last century is very marked indeed, and I do not think that the younger chemists fully realise that fact.It is not inappropriate to say from this Chair that the progress which has been made and the increase which has taken place in the public esteem in which chemistry as an essential ‘service is held are-not wholly, of course,-but very largely due to the policy and growth of the Institute. (Applause.) “You have heard from the Honorary Treasurer a satisfactory report on our finances, and I have no doubt that under his careful and expert guidance, having due regard to the progress of world affairs and its influence on our own, the financial position of the Institute will continue to be secure. “I wish, however, that I could say the same of other chemical organisations which have to meet the ever-increasing burden of publications and find serious difficulty in ensuring the adherence of sufficient members to pay for the maintenance of their essential work.It is to the Fellows and Associates of the Institute that the publishing societies, and particularly the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, look for further support, and I understand that the Chemical Council will suggest a scheme whereby the affairs of the publishing societies, with the help of the fund which has been raised by the Chemical Council from industry as well as from chemists themselves, may be placed on a sounder financial basis. “The action taken by the Institute in some public affairs affecting the interests of chemists is indicated in the section of the Report headed ‘Legal and Parliamentary,’ and this, I think, should be received with some satisfaction by Fellows and Associates.“In spite of the times, the Local Sections have shown a good record of activity. The Sections both at home and abroad continue to afford opportunities for social meetings, which are all helpful in promoting the best interests of the members and of the profession. The work of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee has been as heavy as usual, and, unless the war prevents students from continuing their training, as it has already done in many cases, it is hoped that we may continue to hold examinations, although we may-it is not obvious yet that we will-have fewer candidates presenting themselves, and we may have to rely upon other Institutions to allow us accommodation for the purpose.The Council, as is stated in the Report, is very grateful to those other Institutions who have already helped the Institute in this way. “I have referred very briefly to some of the more important sections of the Report, and should like to add a few words with regard to our publications. In doing so, I am sure the Council would desire me to acknowledge the valuable services of Mr. Butterfield (applause), who has been most energetic and efficient as Chairman of the Publications and Library Committee during the past three years. Under his guidance, the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShas acquired several new features; but we were unfortunately prevented from providing, during the year under review, as many separate monographs as usual.This was partly owing to the cost of the special lectures given in 1938 falling into the accounts for 1939, and partly because the incidence of the war prevented our having lectures in November and December. Moreover, we are advised now that, if the Register of the Institute is published this year, the production must not be in such a form as to give useful information to the enemy, and for the same reason the publication of a new issue of ‘Official Chemical Appointments ’ must be deferred. “The Publications Committee, however, will be entrusted in the coming year with another task, namely the supervision of the preparation of a new edition of a book entitled What IndzGstry Owes to Chemical Science, the copyright of which the Council has accepted for the benefit of the Benevolent Fund.Its revision 100 will be in the hands of Fellows and Associates of the Institute selected for the work, which, it may be anticipated, will provide a comprehensive summary of the value of chemistry to industry and the common weal. That book arose out of the last war, largely through the energy of our Registrar, and it is appropriate that a new edition should come out at this stage. It is hoped that it will be of material benefit to the Benevolent Fund. “By the operation of the By-laws we lose, at any rate temporarily, several members of the Council.To Dr. Ainsworth Mitchell, who retires from the office of Vice-president, the Institute is indebted for valuable help for six long years,-three years as a member of Council and three years as Vice-president. From among the District and Ordinary Members of Council, too, we lose for the time being the services of many who have given much time and thought to our affairs, which on behalf of the Institute and on your behalf I now gratefully acknowledge. (Applause.) “I move that the Report of the Council be received and adopted, and I will ask Professor Wardlaw to second the motion, after which there will be an opportunity for questions.” Professor W. WARDLAW:“I feel it a great privilege to be allowed to second the adoption of the Report of the Council.The fact that the Institute of Chemistry goes from strength to strength is a source of great satisfaction to all of us, and I think we realise that in the accomplishment of that very happy result the Council of the Institute plays a most important part. All the members of the Institute are obviously indebted to the Council for their work, but I do not think that one has a full appreciation of the work of the Council until one has had the privilege of sitting on that body. I have had that privilege on two occasions, and I can speak most sincerely of the devotion with which the Council looks after the welfare not only of members of the Institute but of chemists generally.’’ (Applause.) The CHAIRMAN:“Are there any questions? ” Mr.ASPLAND : “There is one matter which is not in the nature of a question but which, while the Chairman was speaking, it occurred to me might usefully be raised here. It is a question of the duty of the chemist as a citizen. I gather from what I have heard recently that there is much waste in connexion with national expenditure. I suggest that we might perhaps do some- thing in the matter; where instances come to our knowledge Fellows and Associates might communicate with the Institute, 101 or forward the information to their Parliamentary representatives. I may say that I have already done so myself in regard to matters which have come under my notice.” The CHAIRMAN:“I thank Mr.Aspland for what he has said. I am not certain that it does arise on the Report of the Council, except indirectly, but I may say that the Council does from time to time receive from the general body of members of the Institute and from its own members questions relating to topics such as Mr. Aspland has indicated. The officers of the Institute and the Council are in touch with the Government departments and, without taking public action, have been able on occasions to make very fruitful suggestions which have had an effect along the lines that Mr. Aspland suggests. Obviously, it would destroy the influence of our officers and of the Council to make public reference to some such matters, but I am quite certain that the Council and your officials can deal with instances of the type that have been indicated and can bring them to the notice of those in authority.” Mr. ASPLAND:“Thank you, Sir.” The CHAIRMAN: If there are no other questions, I will formally put to the meeting the motion that the Report of the Council be received and adopted.” The motion was carried unanimously. APPOINTMENTOF AUDITORS. The CHAIRMAN: “I now move from the Chair that Mr. David Henderson, in conjunction with Messrs. J. Y. Finlay & Co., Chartered Accountants, be re-appointed Auditor for the ensuing year at a fee of forty guineas, as before.” Mr. C. E. BARRS: “I beg to second that.’’ The motion was carried unanimously. The CHAIRMAN: “We have now to appoint Honorary Auditors, and I have much pleasure in proposing from the Chair the re-election of Mr.C. L. Claremont, who has acted before. It is usual for the second Honorary Auditor to be nominated from the body of the meeting, but I venture to say that we have had very good service in the past from Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths. Dr. Griffiths has been asked whether he would serve again, and he is prepared to do so. It is open to you to nominate Dr. Griffiths or anyone else.’’ 102 Mr. LEWIS EYNON: “I shall be very pleased to propose the name of Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths.” The motion was duly seconded and carried unanimously. :The CHAIRMAN“I declare Mr. C. L. Claremont and Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths elected Honorary Auditors.” VOTE OF THANKSTO THE RETIRING VICE-PRESIDENT AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL.Mr. EDWARDHINKS:“I have much pleasure in proposing a vote of thanks to the retiring Vice-president, Dr. Ainsworth Mitchell, and to the retiring Members of Council. The record of their deeds in this and previous years is contained in the Reports of the Council, and a very imposing record it is; and I think that these four walls could give a long account of their labours, their deliberations and their conclusions, and of the hard work that they have put in, for six years in the case of Dr. Mitchell-three years as Vice-president and three as Member of Council-and for three years in the case of the others. The members of the Institute are very much indebted to the Members of Council, who devote their time-in the case of those who have to travel long distances, a very considerable amount of time-to our interests and the interests of the profession in general.I have very great pleasure, therefore, in moving this vote of thanks.” The vote of thanks was carried unanimously. Mr. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD,replying, in the unavoidable absence of Dr. Mitchell: “It gives me very much pleasure to thank the meeting for according this vote of thanks to those of us who are retiring from to-day. It is a very great pleasure and privilege to serve on the Council of the Institute, because, directly one is in touch with one’s fellow members of that Council, one appreciates how fully the Council as a whole takes for its purpose the furtherance of the interests of the members of the Institute and of the profession of chemistry as a whole.It is on that account that it becomes such a pleasure to serve and to be privileged by one’s fellow members to represent them on that Council. I thank you very much on behalf of myself and of the others included in this vote of thanks.” REPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS. The CHAIRMAN:“The Report of the Scrutineers is on the table, and I will ask the Registrar to read the material portions of 103 it, which deal with the election of Officers, Members of Council and Censors for the ensuing year.’’ The REGISTRAR read the Report of the Scrutineers:- ELECTIONOF OFFICERS, MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND CENSORS. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 1,240.The following were elected:- President: J. J. Fox. Vice-presidents: H. V. A. Briscoe, F. H. Carr, T. P. Hilditch, G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Pickard, and H. A. Tempany. Hon. Treasurer: John C. White. The number of valid votes cast for General Members of Council was 1,235. The following were elected:- L. H. Lampitt, A. Findlay, I. M. Heilbron, A. E. Dunstan, J. C. Drummond, A. L. Bacharach, George King, W. M. Cwnming, John Weir, H. H. Hodgson, G. W. Monier-Williams, F. M. Rowe, H. Hunter, E. B. Anderson, T. F. E. Rhead, R. H. Hopkins, A. J. Prince, E. H. Farmer, J. R. Nicholls, W. S. Patterson, F. P. Dunn, W. H. Roberts, T. R. Hodgson, P. F. Gordon, L. Eynon, A. Coulthard, P. Lewis-Dale. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 1,168.The following were elected:- Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Robinson, Sir Robert H. Pickard and Sir Jocelyn F. Thorpe. The CHAIRMAN:“On behalf of the Institute, I should like to thank from the Chair the Scrutineers, Mr. C. A. Bassett and Mr. B. A. Ellis, for their services. Those services are very onerous and very monotonous, and require a great deal of patience and exactitude, and, if the scrutineers are here, I should like to tell them personally that we are deeply indebted to them. “1 have to declare that the Fellows of the Institute whose names have been read out by the Registrar are duly elected Officers, Members of Council and Censors of the Institute.” INDUCTIONTHE NEW PRESIDENT.OF The CHAIRMAN:“I have now to invite our esteemed Fellow, Dr.J. J. Fox, to assume the office of President.” Sir Robert Pickard then vacated the Chair, which was taken, amid applause, by the new President, Dr. J. J. Fox. The PRESIDENT:“It is a very proud privilege to be elected into this Chair. I do not intend to spend much time talking to you to-day; I want only to say this. To me, as to all of us here, it must be a matter for profound regret that the circumstances should have arisen which have caused my election to the Chair on this occasion. Sir Robert Pickard has spoken to you in moving 104 terms of our late friend, Mr. Calder. I can only hope that I shall be able to follow the example of Mr. Calder and of Sir Robert himself, and that I shall uphold the dignity of this office with as much distinction as they have done, It will be my object to further the interests of the Institute so far as I can, and, above all, the interests of its members.“There is one matter which I have much at heart, and I trust that here I shall have the support of those present. I feel that there should be some alteration in the proportion of Fellows and Associates among the members of this Institute, and that many more Associates should go forward to the Fellowship. (Applause.) (‘For the rest, I hope that in these troublous times we shall be able to keep the Institute on an even keel, and I feel sure that with your assistance I shall manage to accomplish that. I thank you once again for the honour you have done me by electing me President of this Institute.” That concludes the business of this meeting.The proceedings then terminated. 105 Local Sections. [TheInstitute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussions.] Birmingham and Midlands .-The Annual Meeting of the Section was held at the White Horse Hotel, Birmingham, on 20th March. The following Officers, Committee and Auditors were appointed for next Session :-Chairman, Mr. J. R. Johnson ; Vice-chairman, Mr. T. H. Gant; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. W. J. Hickinbottom; Hon. Secretary, Mr. E. M. Joiner; Committee, Dr. S. R. Carter, Mr. H. A. Caulkin, Prof. R. H. Hopkins, Mr. E-.G. K. Pritchett, Dr.D. F. Twiss, Mr. F. G. Broughall, Dr. R. A. Gregory, Mr. E. H. Steer, Mr. G. Thomas, and (ex-oficio) Mr. D. W. Parkes (District Member of Council); Auditors, Mr. W. T. Collis and Dr. A. G. R. Whit ehouse. On the motion of Dr. D. F. Twiss the following alterations in Local Section Rules were agreed to (subject to the approval of the Council *-): Rule 4 to read :-“The Section, in general meeting called with notice thereof, may determine what subscription, if any, shall be paid by the members in order to supplement the Annual Grant and other funds provided by the Council.” Rule 5 (a)to read :-“The Membership shall be limited to Fellows and Associates of the Institute. Any Fellow or Associate desirous of joining the Section shall notify the Secretary in writing of his desire to do so, and shall undertake to abide by the Rules of the Section.” Rule 5 (c)to be deleted.On the motion of the Chairman, supported by Professor R. H. Hopkins, a vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Honorary Secretary, Mr. Garfield Thomas, for his services. His successor, Mr. E. M. Joiner, has already held office as Honorary Secretary to several other societies and committees in the Midlands. * These proposals have not been considered by th Council. 106 A Report of a Symposium on 6b The History of Chemical Industry in the Midlands ” held under the auspices of the Section, at the Grand Hotel, Birmingham, on 25th January, 1939, will be published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111.Bristol and South-Western Counties Section.-A joint meeting of the Local Section of the Institute with Fellows of the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held at Bristol University on 29th February,- Professor E. L. Hirst in the Chair-when a lecture on “The Mechanism of the Synthesis of Large Molecules ” was given by Dr. H. W. Melville, who has provided the following summary :-A description was given of the application of the principles of chemical kinetics to the formulation of the mechanism of the polymerisation of vinyl compounds in the vapour phase. The only satisfactory method of starting polymerisation is by direct photo-activation of the molecule or by the addition of hydrogen atoms or methyl radicals to the monomeric vapour.In the latter case the active polymer is a free radical which may add on many monomeric units in a matter of a few milliseconds. The technique for measuring these short lifetimes, involving the use of rotating sectors and multiple sources of radiation, was described. These free radical polymerisations often differ markedly from the direct photo-polymerisation, from which it may be surmised that the latter reaction takes place by quite another mechanism. For example, this reaction is sometimes characterised by the fact that polymerisation in the dark, after illumination, occurs for extended periods. This not only allows of the construction of molecules of extremely high molecular weight but also provides a technique for building up molecular sandwiches of any desired constitution.Methods were described for determining kinetically the chain length of such photo- polymers. Cardiff and District.-A meeting of the Section took place on 8th February, in the University Union, Park Place, Cardiff. 107 When the business of the evening had been transacted, themeeting adjourned to University College, Cathays Park, to hear a lecture by Dr. K. W. Pepper, of the National Chemical Laboratory, on the subject of “Plastics and Coal,” of which the following is a brief abstract :-In a paper by N. J. L. Megson and K. W. Pepper, on “Plastics and Coal,” shortly to be published in Chemistry and Industry, the great number and variety of plastics obtainable from coal was emphasised. The following products, the raw material for which is coal, were described:-(I) the vinyl resins, which are polyrnerisation products and may be used for adhesives, safety-glass interlayers, electrical insulation, acid-resisting pipes and cosmetic containers; (2) the acrylate resins, which are colourless and clearer than glass and may be moulded or machined; (3) the phenolic resins, which can either be moulded, laminated or cast and used in such articles as radio cabinets, tabletops, etc.; (4) the urea resins, which can be treated in a similar manner to the phenolics, and give products with lighter colours; (5) the glyptal resins, which are used in coatings ; (6)Nylon, the U.S.A.fibre which is stronger than natural silk.The Plastics Industry was a small one, at present, but one which is rapidly growing. The lecture concluded with a plea for discrimination in the use of plastics. The excellent array of exhibits attracted much attention. The lecture was followed by a keen discussion in which several members took part. A Tea-Dance (held jointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) took place in the afternoon of 16th March, in the Ballroom, Carlton Hotel, Queen Street, Cardiff. A third social event will be organised for the Section before termination of the Session. It has been decided to hold a dinner in honour of Dr. J. H. Quastel, on his election to the Fellowship of the Royal Society.Dr. Quastel is a prominent member of the Cardiff and District Section, and his fellow- members join in heartily congratulating him on his achieve- ment. Full details of the arrangements will be circularised at the earliest opportunity. 108 Cardiff and District and South Wales.-A joint meeting of the Cardiff and District and South Wales Sections of the Institute with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and with the Food Group (Nutritional Panel) of that Society was held in the Physics Lecture Theatre of University College, Cardiff, on 8th March,-Mr. Frank Bird in the Chair. An informal lecture on “Links in Nutrition” was given by Mr. A. L. Bacharach, Member of Council (Honorary Secretary, Nutrition Panel of the Food Group, S.C.I.).Mr. Bacharach referred to the “newer nutrition’’ involving the study of the chemical nature and physiological r81e of individual metals and vitamins. Study of the recognised “major” con-stituents, fat, protein and carbohydrate, had progressed less rapidly during recent times: thus it was not known to this day what were the amino acid requirements of the human organism, except by analogy with the experimental rat. He then sketched the chemical relationship between certain vitamins and the co- enzyme molecules of which they form part. As illustration, he outlined the connexion between aneurin (vitamin B,), co-car-boxylase, carbohydrate metabolism and beri-beri, mentioning recent work that pointed to a “balance” between aneurin and magnesium, already shown to be part of the system, along with the holo-enzyme (apo-enzyme plus co-enzyme) , for de-carboxyla- tion of pyruvic acid.He also referred briefly to the relation be- tween nicotinic acid and co-dehydrases, especially co-zymase, and its relation to pellagra, and called attention to the curious “synthetic pellagra” apparently sometimes produced by sulphan- ilamide poisoning. Finally, he discussed some of the problems arising out of the intra-cellular r6les of the fat soluble vitamins, such as the method of conversion of carotene to vitamin A, the r8le of vitamin A in the visual purple cycle, with the adjuvant effectof vitamin C and lactoflavin. He also drew attention to the different part played by the phytyl residue in vitamin K where it appeared to be simply a “desolubilising” group, and in tocopherol, where it formed the part of the chroman ring system and was indispensable for vitamin E activity.Dublin.-At a meeting on zIst February, 1940,in Trinity College, Dublin, Dr. Kenneth Bailey, Professor of Physical Chemistry in the University of Dublin, lectured on 109 “The Retardation of Chemical Reactions.” Dr. Bailey sketched the development of the subject from such early observations as-those of Robert Boyle, that phos- phorus will not glow in the presence of oil of turpentine; of Thenard, that hydrogen peroxide is stabilised by acids; of Squibb, that alcohol checks the oxidation of chloroform; and of Bunsen and Roscoe, that oxygen interferes with the photochemical reactions of hydrogen and chlorine.The modern work on the subject began with the experiments of Moureu and Dufraisse on the stabilisation of acrolein and benzaldehyde. This important generalization,-that oxidations can only be retarded by substances capable of being oxidized,-had been foreshadowed by Henry in 1824. The great industrial extension of the subject, in preventing the deterioration of rubber, petrol, steel, and other substances was discussed, and various theories of retardation were compared. No single theory could explain all cases of retardation, but the chain theory of reactions had proved most fruitful. The con- nexion between reaction limits and retardation by added sub- stances was expounded. The lecture was fully illustrated by experiments.East Ang1ia.-At the Great White Horse Hotel, Ipswich, on 17th February, Mr. K. R. Price opened a discussion on ‘‘The Standardisation of Solutions.” Mr. Price dealt with the calibration of apparatus; the selection of various substances as standards, and their respective merits and demerits; and the use of suitable indicators. A discussion followed which was so vigorous that it had to be deliberately brought to a close to keep it within the bounds of time. Matters considered were procedures in laboratories of members and friends present, and the particular difficulties which had been experienced by individuals. The relationship of an analysis dependent upon a series of estimations to the precision of any one operation, the use of mixed indicators in sharpening end- points, and the problem of graduated glassware which required heating in certain standard methods of analysis, were matters which received a large share of the discussion.110 At a meeting held in Ipswich, on 16th March, Mr. G. H. Whyatt gave a short paper on “Registration.” After analysing the various approaches which may be made to the general problem of registration, Mr. Whyatt discussed the position achieved by other professions in each of their respective aspects. In the instances of Law and Medicine it had been possible to close completely the professions; but in other fields only those concerned with food, drugs and the compounding of medicines had obtained protection.In the latter categories many members of the Institute of Chemistry had benefited. Other members of the Institute were engaged chiefly in teaching, research or industry and, in these cases, it would be difficult to establish “public interest’’ as a fundamental reason for a statutory register. Any register, therefore, wouId have to be a voluntary one, and its value would be directly related to the prestige of the registering body and to the qualifications of those admitted to the register. In the vigorous discussion which followed, suggestions were made for achieving the objects of the proposed Supplemental Charter while avoiding those features to which objection could be taken.East Midlands.-At a joint meeting of the Section with the Nottingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held on 7th March, at the Welbeck Hotel, Nottingham, Professor E. C. Dodds gave a lecture on “Hormones.” The development of endocrinology, an almost unknown branch of medical knowledge until last century, has made very rapid progress in our own times. To-day the hormones are in various stages of development, some, such as thyroxine, having been isolated and synthesised, while others, such as insulin, have not yet been characterised chemically or synthesised, although they can be crystallised and obtained as active and stable preparations. Recently the most rapid developments have been made with the sex hormones. The results of castration both in male and female are amongst the first observations in the history of medicine, but it is only recently that there has been any real 111 understanding of the underlying cause.The first attempt to solve the problem on modern lines can be attributed to Brown- Skquard, who initiated hormonal therapy by injecting himself with testis-tissue extract. His experiment failed because testis-tissue contains only minute quantities of the male hormone. It was not long before Butenandt crystallised and established the formula of androsterone which is given below (Fig. I). Ruzicka then succeeded in synthesising androsterone and dehydroand- rosterone by the degradation of cholesterol, and testosterone (Fig. 3), which is many times more active, was later isolated by David and Laqueur from bull testis-tissue.Testosterone is now produced by a degradation of cholesterol. The study of the female sex hormone made no progress until Stockard and Papanicolaou showed that the rodent was a suitable test animal, and developed the technique of the vaginal smear to show the changes taking place during the menstrual cycle. Allen and Doisy were then able to test a series of ovarian extracts on rodents, and showed that a stable oestrus-producing hormone could be obtained from an alcoholic extract of ovaries. In 1927 Ascheim and Zondek established that the urine of pregnancy is a plentiful source of the hormone, and intensive chemical investigations were begun. Doisy in America and Butenandt in Germany independently crystallised oestrone from the urine of pregnant mares, whilst Marrian in England obtained a crystalline substance from human pregnancy urine which became known as oestriol. Their formu12 are given below.Oestradiol, which is now regarded as the natural oestrus principle, was later produced by Schwenk and Hildebrandt by a process involving the hydrogenation of oestrone, and Doisy succeeded in isolating it from follicular fluid, The use of Girard’s reagent, which reacts on organic ketones and makes them water-soluble, made the commercial production of these substances from pregnancy urine possible, and they became widely used clinically, usually in the form of their benzoate and in conjunction with the corpus luteum hormone progesterone.Many attempts were made to produce the pure compounds with the correct isomeric formulae, but the structure of the stereoisomeric forms proved too complex. An attempt to establish the specificity of the oestrus reaction led to the investigation of a large series of phenanthrene compounds, and in 1933 Cook, Dodds and Hewett described the compound 112 r-keto-I: 2 :3 :4-tetrahydrophenanthrene which showed low oestrogenic activity. When, however, Dodds and Lawson showed that the phenanthrene ring system was not, as had been thought, essential for oestrogenic activity, an intensive effort was made to simplify the molecule and obtain higher activity. This culminated in the s-ynthesis of a derivative of stilbene, 4: 4'-dihydroxy-a: p-diethyl stilbene (Fig.5), which was described by Dodds, Golberg, Lawson and Robinson in 1938. Its activity is much greater than that of oestrone, and since it can be produced in the OH Androsterone Dehydroandrosterone Testosterone Oestrone Oestriol Progesterone Stilboestrol laboratory from ordinary chemical starting materials cheaply, and is extremely potent when given by mouth, it has great clinical importance, and is now widely used. Another compound, 4:4'7 :8-diphenyl-a :6-hexadiene, has proved to be more active than stilboestrol by mouth, while dihydro-stilboestrol is also being investigated clinically, and appears to be highly potent. The female sex hormone must be considered in conjunction with the corpus luteum hormone, since it is impossible to reproduce 113 the sexual cycle in the higher animals with one alone.The existence of such an ovarian hormone was first demonstrated by Allen and Corner, and was crystallised independently by Allen and Butenandt. This hormone, which is known as progesterone (Fig. 6), is obtained by a process of sterol degradation as is the male sex hormone, with the soya bean as starting material. One of the outstanding features of modern endocrinology is the importance given to the pituitary. It has in recent years been established that the rest of the endocrine system is governed by the anterior lobe of the pituitary, and that the secondary endocrine organs only secrete their hormones under the influence of the different anterior lobe secretions.Whilst, however, understanding of the way in which the pituitary functions is growing rapidly, it is impossible at present to foresee any great advances from the chemical point of view, since organic chemistry is not yet fitted to undertake protein syntheses. The lecture was followed by a discussion in which a number of members took part. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 20th February,-Dr. W. G. Hiscock, Chairman of the Section, presiding. The Hon. Secretary’s Report and the Accounts were read and approved. The Hon. Secretary reported that the Section had held seven meetings and that the Committee had met on three occasions.He reported that the four evening meetings held since the outbreak of war had been very well attended and that it was intended to have as nearly normal a programme as possible next winter. Dr. W. G. Hiscock was re-elected Chairman, and Mr. W. M. Ames, District Council Member, Vice-chairman for the ensuing year. Messrs. W. A. Alexander, J. C. Brash, C. G. Cochrane, James Johnston and Professor G. F. Marrian were elected to fill committee vacancies. Mr. G. Elliot Dodds was re-elected Hon. Secretary. Thanks were accorded to Dr. Wylam, late Council Member, the retiring office-bearers and the Hon. Secretary for their services to the Section and the Institute. On the same evening, a meeting of the Section was held, 114 jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Mr.G. Elliot Dodds lectured on “Gas Identification.” After recounting the history of the service, the lecturer showed how it was linked up with the national service through the South-East district laboratory and the Senior Gas Adviser. At the end of the lecture a demonstration of apparatus used for gas detection was given by the lecturer, assisted by Mr. W. A. Alexander, who also demonstrated an apparatus of his own devising for the detection of mustard liquid or gas by decomposi- tion, with formation of sulphur dioxide. After an interval for social intercourse, Professor J. P. Kendall took the Chair and a long and interesting discussion ensued, and the. lecturer answered various questions which had been raised.Glasgow and West of Scotland.-Members of the Section were present, by invitation, at a meeting of the Chemical Society held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 16th February. The meeting was under the chairmanship of Professor T. S. Patterson and the lecturer was Professor W. I;. K. Wynne-Jones, of University College, Dundee, whose subject was “Ionization and its Chemical Significance.” The lecturer stated that despite all that had been said about the theory of ionization in the past it had, within comparatively recent years, been modified and by its use many valuable generalisations had been made possible, a case in point being in the definition of acids and bases.He referred to the late Professor H. E. Armstrong’s attacks on the theory and mentioned that while the theory as propounded by Arrhenius had both inaccuracies and omissions, it had survived because there was fundamental truth in it. He pointed to its survival as typical of how a theory may be discarded more than once, but, if there is a substratum of truth in it, will ultimately be rebuilt in an acceptable form. One of the notable omissions in the original theory was that of making allowance for any energy change during ionization and the lecturer quoted a scene from Tilden’s Life of Ramsay, in which Professor Fitzgerald, in discussing the theory with Ramsay, Lodge, Armstrong and others, is reported as “walking about with 115 his hand clasped on his brow and uttering in his rich Irish brogue, ‘I can’t see where the energy comes from’.’’ This fault in the theory has now been rectified and to-day the energy requirements, together with their significance, have been fully recognised, with the result that many interesting points regarding the nature of solution have been brought to light.The lecturer then cited the simple case of the solution of sodium salts in water. When this takes place the sodium passes from the atomic into the ionic form, a change involving the loss of an electron. This removal of one or more electrons from an atom requires energy and the measure of this energy is indicated by the “Ionization Potentials” (here a slide showing a table of such potentials for a number of elements was exhibited), which also showed that while the removal of the “valency electrons ” is comparatively easy, the removal of any others requires very much more energy.It was also evident from the table that the third and fourth group elements do not have a strong tendency to form ionic bonds. The change from an atom to an ion thus requires energy, and as this is what happens when sodium goes into solution in water, the source of this energy must be found. It has been suggested that as the ion forms it becomes surrounded by water molecules and that this tendency to hydration supplies the energy required for the formation of the ions. A slide of some “Ionic Heats of Hydration” (calculated) was shown and from it and the table of ionization potentials the stability or otherwise of various ions was deduced, the balance of energy between these two being the guiding factor.Thus, if the heat of hydration was the greater, the ion was stable; the greater the excess the more stable the ion and vice versa. In this connexion also it was shown that the heat of hydration increases with decreasing size of the ion and with increasing valency. Examination of oxidation-reduction potentials showed that there is a similarity between them and the energy required for the formation of an ion in solution. It was further pointed out that the formation of some “complexes,’’ e.g. with ammonia, was exactly like hydration and could be considered as stabilising the ion.In support of the theory of the hydration of the ion the case of acetic acid in aqueous solution was examined. According to the theory the ions are surrounded by hydration shells and, if this is true, certain consequences should be apparent. Thus, the 116 specific heat must be largely affected. It should be reduced, because prior to the ions being present and hydrated, the water molecules would have their own “degrees of freedom,” but after the change they would lose these and have only those of the ion. This was shown to be in accordance with experiment. In conclusion, it was pointed out that if the theory is correct the ions exist because of the energy of hydration and this fact can be used to interpret some of the finer points connected with ionization and solution. It is also obvious that the interaction of the ions with the medium must be considered and when this is done, it is possible to explain certain changes in rates of reaction such as in racemisation.Following the lecture discussion took place in which Professor Patterson spoke of the practicability and method of “stripping” the atom of its electrons. Dr. Cranston mentioned changes observed in the molecular volume of salts in solution due to ionization and Dr. Wright raised the question of the source of the energy required to keep a solid like sodium chloride in the ionic form when in such a case there can be no energy of hydration. Members of the Section were invited to attend the Jubilee Memorial Lecture of the Society of Chemical Industry which was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 1st March, when Sir John Boyd Orr, F.R.S., of the Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, dealt with “Chemical Aspects of Nutrition in Relation to Animals and Human Beings.” Dealing with the present food position, Sir John Orr said that, although there had been a remarkable improvement in the national diet and an improvement in national health, the diet of nearly one-third of the population was still not up to the standard we now knew to be necessary for health.Our war policy should be directed first and foremost to bringing the diet of the poor up to the new health standard. The food requirement of a man was increased by about one- third when he joined the Army; when the unemployed were taken into industry they also required more food.Thus we were faced with the necessity of increasing the total national food supplies by probably as much as 20 per cent., and that at a time when we had to economise in shipping space and in foreign exchange for food imports. 117 Home production would require to be pushed to the utmost limit in order to make our food position safe. We should have a definite plan of increased production based on the additional foods required. The ploughing up of so many acres of pasture without any guidance as to what additional crops should be grown was not sufficient to meet the situation. The Secretary of State for Scotland had wisely given a warning against ploughing up good pasture.Much of the ploughed-up pasture would be laid down to oats, which would be used for feeding. An acre of good pasture could give five or six tons of grass silage-equivalent to the feeding value of a ton of oats, the average yield of an acre-and in addition would provide valuable grazing in early spring and in autumn. Sir John contended that we should first decide what amounts of each of the different foods were required to meet the nutritional needs of the people and then offer the farmer guaranteed prices calculated to call forth these amounts. The total produced would be decided by the price offered and not by exhortations or compulsory orders. Milk, vegetables, and potatoes together supplied the vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients the body needed for health. If we produced sufficient of these at home we could, if need be, limit imports to the cheap energy-yielding foods-wheat, fats, and sugar.We could import as much of these as required with less than one-third of the shipping space devoted in peace-time to the imports of food and feeding stuffs. If we had plenty of milk, vegetables and potatoes there need be no malnutrition, and if we had plenty of wheat, fats (butter and margarine), sugar, and oatmeal there would be no starvation. There was a very large attendance, the audience being drawn not only from the various chemical societies but also from the Medical Profession, the University and the College of Domestic Science. The above report is mainly from The Glasgow Herald.A full report of the lecture will appear in Chemistry and Industry in due course. On 15th March an interesting social function took place in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, when a presentation was made to Mr. E. M. Melville, on his retirement from the post of Secretary to the Chemical Group of the Association of Secretaries of Scientific Societies in Glasgow and the West of Scotland. 118 This Association was brought into being 13 years ago through the instrumentality of the Local Section of the Institute. Its purpose was to co-ordinate the activities of the scientific societies and by a proper allocation of dates to prevent the overlapping of meetings.Mr. Melville acted as Secretary of the Chemical Group of ten societies for a period of fully seven years, and the presentation was on behalf of past and present members of the committees of the three Chartered Chemical Societies who had been associated with him during his term of office. Professor Cumming, Chairman of the Section, made the presentation,-a Buhl clock and a writing set,-which Mr. Melville acknowledged. After tea, three talking films were shown,-“Buried Treasure,” a film showing coal production and mining; “Cargoes for Ardrossan”; and a Silly Symphony, “The Orphans’ Benefit.” India.-On 3rd January, at a meeting of the Indian Science Congress Association held in Madras, Dr. Gilbert, J. Fowler, Fellow, on introducing a discussion on “ Chemistry in the Service of the Nation,” said that the qualities which were essential in a good chemist were also those which were characteristic of a good citizen. The consideration of the chemist’s function as a citizen would, therefore, have a bearing on his specific activities in the service of the nation.Dr. Fowler referred to the valuable Gluckstein Memorial Lectures and the Streatfeild Memorial Lectures, published by the Institute to perpetuate the memory and message, on the one hand, of a business man of courage and vision and, on the other hand, of a teacher of exceptional power and charm. Other discourses had been published by the Institute dealing with various aspects of the relation between the chemist and the community, and the importance of the topic could not be questioned.After referring to Joseph Priestley as one who was famous both as a chemist and as a citizen, and one who was willing to endure persecution for what he conceived to be truth, Dr. Fowler dealt with the essential quality of honesty in its relation to chemistry. He suggested that if Cavendish had yielded to the possible temptation to make his analysis of atmospheric air 119 “add up” to roo, we might have had to wait much longer for the discovery, by Rayleigh and Ramsay, of argon and other inert gases. He also referred to the importance of correctly recording observations, whether or not their final implications were thoroughly understood and appreciated at the time.The chemist in the laboratory, and as a citizen, needed both physical and moral courage and, in that connexion, Dr. Fowler commented on the leaflets entitled “Laboratory Precautions,” issued from time to time by the Institute, directing attention to possible sources of accident and unusual occurrences in the laboratory. He next dealt with the frequent undue eagerness for publication of scientific papers: one paper announcing the preparation of a new type of compound, or which described a new process, or initiated a new approach to the discussion of a problem, was worth more than scores of publications which were essentially repetitive. Patience and willingness to wait for truth to prevail required moral courage on the part of the chemist as on the part of the citizen or the politician. Another important direction in which the qualities of a good chemist coincided with those of a good citizen was in the preven- tion of waste.A lady member at a previous conference had suggested that it required the instinct of “good housekeeping’’ to prevent waste in a factory, as well as in its numberless aspects in the town and countryside. Another characteristic quality of the good chemist, as of a good citizen, was a sensitiveness to beauty. It used to be told of Carl Schorlemmer that he could do fractional distillation on the palm of his hand by noting the succession of smells detectable as the various ingredients of the mixture successively evaporated. The Mayor of Madras dreamt of a “city beautiful” and, in his efforts, he should have the full support of the chemical profession.It was good to hear that he would inaugurate a campaign of city cleansing. Another constantly recurring theme in the lectures of the Institute was the need for maintaining the supply of chemists possessing the qualities of leadership to enable them to take positions of control, including, particularly, economic and financial responsibility. The position of the chemist, inter- mediate between the business and operative activities of an industrial concern, especially fitted him to be a mediator between capital and labour: stress should be laid on the importance of his loyal and unselfish co-operation with others, 120 It was evident that only by acquiring a breadth of view and by getting away from the purely laboratory atmosphere that a chemist could take his share in the planning of industry and in the social development which was in the minds of all thoughtful people in these times of change.The chemist needed the true understanding of what was meant by the scientific spirit and outlook, which implied a reverence for truth, a power of just criticism, and a true valuation of com-parative policies. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held on 4th March, at the Hotel Metropole, Leeds,-Dr. H. Burton presiding, in the absence of Professor F. M. Rowe owing to illness. Professor D. T. A. Townend gave a lecture on “The Combustion of Hydrocarbons.” The lecturer has kindly supplied the following summary: Dr.Townend described the line of thought on the subject during the last century and indicated the re-discoveries, both in Manchester and Leeds, which led to Bone’s investigations into the slow and explosive combustion of hydrocarbons. Between 1900 and 1905,Bone carried out his classical work, discovering that during slow combustion intermediate oxidation products are formed, which, although the alcohols could not at that time be detected, were attributed to processes involving a sequence of hydroxylation stages. Some 30 years later, the missing alcohols had been found by Newitt at South Kensington working under high pressure conditions. The lecturer thought that the results of Bone’s contemporane- ous researches into the explosive combustion of hydrocarbons were nowadays better interpreted in the light of the chemical equilibria established in the explosion products at the tempera- tures attained, provided the durations of the flames in each particular case were adequate, than by the postulated thermal decompositions of intermediate products as suggested by Bone.Some explosion experiments were made during the lecture to illustrate these points. A quarter of a century had elapsed before the subject again received the active interest of chemists, and this was then due mainly to two causes, namely (a) the importance of the problem of “knock” in internal combustion engines, and (b) the develop- ment of the kinetic theory of gaseous reactions. At this period, 121 the recognition of the link between apparently abnormal happen- ings in both combustion and photochemical reactions led to views limiting the applicability of the Arrhenius thermal theory and replacing it by the chain theory; on such premises, reaction proceeds by a chain process involving active centres, the tempera- ture of the system as a whole not necessarily being raised until the process reaches an advanced stage. Such effects as the striking behaviour of inhibitors and promoters, e.g., the part played by lead tetraethyl in suppressing knock, now found a straight forward explanation.Difficulty at once became apparent in interpreting the newer observations on reaction velocity during the slow combustion of hydrocarbons on the assumptions that the initial product was an alcohol, because this view required either ternary collisions or a supply of oxygen atoms.Further, it was soon observed that slow combustion of hydrocarbons is autocatalytic, or in other words, it becomes self-propellant when an intermediate product is formed in adequate amount. As an outcome of researches with higher hydrocarbons, it was suggested by both Callendar and his collaborators and by Egerton that the initial product might be a peroxide, and Egerton proposed a chain mechanism involving peroxide formation as the source of reactive molecules. Bone insisted that the initial product was an alcohol and supported his view by a new series of systematic researches on the slow combustion of methane, ethane, ethylene and acetylene, which probably formed one of the best pieces of work of his career.He established, for example, that in the combustion of methane, reaction apparently sets in after a requisite amount of formaldehyde has been produced in the system. This accorded well with an oxygen atom chain mechanism proposed by Norrish at this time, but Bone argued that methyl alcohol was the primary product. One of the most interesting developments during the past decade had been the discovery that with higher hydrocarbons there was a temperature range (roughly 250-400°C.) in which reaction proceeded at a much faster rate than was possible at higher temperatures, and it had become obvious that this was attributable to the survival of an unstable product probably acting as a chain initiator in this range.It is in this range also that at low pressure cool flames are observed; and at higher pressures ignition occurs by a two-stage process, a brief interval sccurring between the moment of cool flame formation and of the 122 ignition which succeeds it. The unravelling of such phenomena was now providing a most fascinating study, and there could be little doubt that in some way peroxide bodies were involved. The lecturer described how, in a series of researches with the assistance of his collaborators, the pressure and temperature zones of reactivity leading to the complicated ignition phenomena discussed, both of the paraffins and olefines, together with certain of their derivatives, namely, aldehydes, ethers, ketones, etc., had been mapped out.This work had thrown new light on the problem of knock in internal combustion engines, for it soon became apparent that a very close relationship existed between the pressure and temperature conditions in the medium ahead of the flame in an engine when knock occurs, taken in relation to the speed of running, and those requisite for its spontaneous ignition within an appropriate time lag; and in such circumstances the spontaneous ignition would be very violent and akin to detona- tion. When the spontaneous ignition characteristics of any fuel were examined in the laboratory, the relationship referred to had always held good.In conclusion, Professor Townend drew attention to the remarkable progress which was now being made in the oil industry, so that to-day the higher grade fuels were not merely petroleum fractions, but synthetic products of higher knock rating than that of fuels obtained by means of distillation and cracking processes. Liverpool and North Western.-A joint meeting of the Local Section of the Institute with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists was held on 14th March, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool,-Mr. €3. D. W. Luff, in the Chair. Mr. P. Hamer, of Messrs. Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., spoke on “Water Treatment and the Efficient Management of Boiler Plant.” Mr.Hamer has kindly supplied the following summary, which was published in Chemistry and Industry on 27th January. The lecturer emphasised that war conditions made it impera-tive to get the maximum performances out of existing boiler plant, and this in turn focussed attention on efficient boiler water management. Dealing first with water supplies, he said that the composition of the raw water supply was the key to most boiler troubles, and he drew attention to the difficulties likely to be experienced with well, moorland, surface and town’s waters when used for boiler feed. Corrosion in storage tanks was difficult to avoid, but the application of corrosion-resisting paint to the carefully cleaned metal surface reduced the trouble to a minimum.To protect economisers and preheaters against corrosion it was essential to reduce the dissolved oxygen to not more than 0.05C.C. per litre for boiler pressures up to 450 lb. per sq. in., and to not more than 0.02 C.C. per litre for higher pressures. This could be effected by mechanical de-aeration, or chemically by means of sodium sulphite. Coming to the question of scale formation the lecturer stressed the necessity for applying a softening treatment to the water before it enters the boiler. Deposition of calcium sulphate could be prevented by Na,CO, but, at pressures above 200 lb. per sq. in., Na,CO, was largely decomposed into CO, and NaOH and this latter had no scale-preventing properties.In such cases sodium phosphate might be used and he recommended a reserve of 5-10 parts PO, per IOO,OOO in the boiler water to precipitate calcium entering either through condenser leakage or through accidental variation in softening treatment ; sodium phosphate had the further advantage of preventing calcium silicate scale. The problem of caustic embrittlement was, he said, still unsolved despite the large amount of work done in America, but experience had shown that a ratio Na,SO,/NaOH greater than 25 should give protection. Dirty steam, due to carry-over of small particles of boiler water, might lead to solid deposits in the superheater or on the turbine blades, and the lecturer gave figures for the maximum permissible total dissolved solid content for various pressures ; from these it was possible to calculate the amount of blow-down required.Continuous blow-down together with continuous sampling and conductivity measurements were essential for satisfactory boiler operation. During the discussion which followed, and in which the chairman, Messrs. E. T. Williams, G. Thompson, V. Biske and several others took part, Mr. Hamer said that silica in the water caused no trouble if no calcium was present in solution. Addition of hexametaphosphate caused precipitation of calcium, probably as apatite, because of its lower solubility. It was very difficult to define silicate scale, as it varied with the conditions of forma-tion. Dealing with the relationship between silica and caustic embrittlement, he said that, if silica were a cause, the necessary amount was less than that present in any natural water.The action of sodium aluminate when used as a coagulant was also explained. On the question of the relative merits of the “Per- mutit” and lime-soda methods of softening, Mr. Hamer said that both had their place,-the first for treating waters of low per- manent hardness and the second for dealing with those of high temporary hardness. Comparing chemical de-aeration with steam de-aeration he said that the former treatment (with sodium sulphite) removed oxygen only. Mr. H. E. Potts said that with the exception of the problem of caustic embrittlement, the major portion of the scientific investi- gation appeared to have been done and industry would now benefit from a more extended application of the results. London and South-Eastern Counties.-On the 21st February, a meeting of the Section was held in the Hall of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, at which Mr.J. R. Nicholls, chairman, presided. Dr. H. J. Emelkus, of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, gave a lecture on “The Silicon Hydrides and some of their Simpler Derivatives.” The lecturer has kindly supplied the following summary: Dr. Emel6us introduced his subject by referring to the pioneer work of Alfred Stock in this field. Had it not been for the develop- ment of special vacuum technique by Stock, the isolation of the silicon hydrides and their characterisation might have presented almost insuperable difficultics.A detailed account was given of the experimental technique now in use in the Chemistry Department of the Imperial College for isolating the individual hydrides SiH,, Si,H,, Si,H,, and Si,H,,, and reference was made to certain of the derivatives of these hydrides which were isolated by Stock. The latter part of the lecture was devoted to the description of recent experimental work which has led to the isolation of a number of new derivatives of monosilane. These included hydroxy- t richlorosilane, an intermediate in the pho t o-oxidation of silico-chloroform, and amine-like bodies of the formulae 125 N(SiH,),(CH,), and N(SiH,)(CH,),. A quaternary salt of the composition, N(SiH,) (CH,),Cl was then described. Finally the lecturer referred to the preparation of the hitherto unknown fluorides SiH,F, and SiH,F and of the iodides SiH,I, and SiH,I.The last of these substances has been shown to form a Grignard compound, and some of the interesting synthetic work which it was hoped to carry out with its aid was briefly men- tioned. Many of the derivatives described were exhibited and they included two on view publicly for the first time. On 14th February, members of the Section visited the Royal Flour Mills of Messrs. Charles Brown and Co., Ltd., Vauxhall. They were received by Mr. Brown, Mill Manager and Dr. Herd, Fellow, Chief Chemist, and were conducted through all depart-ments of the mill, commencing with the suction of the grain from barges into silos from which the different types are drawn and blended automatically on a continuous belt.Cleaning and conditioning then follow and the milling proper begins when the grain reaches the break rolls. Subsequently the reduced grain flows through a multiplicity of screenings in plansifters, a purifica- tion whereby the finer divisions of the flour are air-lifted from the denser which return for further reductions on the roller mills; screening and purifying. The finishing touches of bleaching and bagging were shown. Finally, an experimental mill, a diminu-tive replica of all that had been inspected, capable of prodwing 50 lbs. of flour an hour, was seen in operation, after which Dr. Herd demonstrated certain physical tests which are applied to flour in order to gauge its qualities.A model bakery was viewed and the visitors were entertained to tea. On the 13th March a party proceeded to Messrs. Whitbread’s Brewery, Chiswell Street, E.C. The tour commenced with an inspection of the chemical and bacteriological laboratories, after which the brewing processes were shown and described, starting with the crushing of the malted barley, screening, mashing, straining off the wort ,saccharification, boiling with hops, cooling, fermentation with yeast, settling and storage. Pure culture and yeast rooms were viewed, cask washing methods seen and the beers sampled. The guests were entertained to tea. Manchester and District.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with other Manchester Scientific Societies, on 27th 126 January, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University.The meeting was preceded by a luncheon in the University Refectory. Mr. S. A. Brazier, Chairman of the Section, presided, and an address was given by Professor J. D. Bernal, F.R.S., entitled “The Social Function of Science.” Professor Bernal has kindly supplied the following summary : To understand the place of science in modem society we must look into its origins. At first there was nothing to distinguish science from any other tribal technical activity. The basic processes of living, cookery, building, etc., do not imply any specialised knowledge apart from practice. In classical times, with the growth of a wealthy aristocracy, practical knowledge of the trades was despised, while theoretical speculation divorced from any experience, even in such sciences as astronomy and medicine, became formal and mystical.This divorce held up the advance of science for nearly two thousand years. Modern science is a by-product of the great economic revolution in Europe of the fifteenth century. The desire for new ways of making money with the least expenditure of labour either in trades or manufacture brought together the handicraftsman and the philosopher. The crafts which had been maintained by unwritten tradition were studied systematically by scholars, and the principles on which they were based began to appear. At this stage science gained more from industrial practice than it gave to it. The truth of this is easily seen when we consider where modern science first developed.The centre of activity moved from Italy through Germany to the Low Countries, following the centre of commercial and industrial activity. In England we get two phases of scientific develop- ments : the seventeenth-century phase, associated with the names of Harvey, Hooke, Boyle, and Newton, which was concerned with problems of astronomy and navigation, centred at London; and a later eighteenth-century phase associated with such names as Dalton , Watt, and Priestley, centred in the manufacturing districts of the north, and concerned with mechanics and chemis- try. Even then science was only beginning to repay its debt.The industrial revolution was an industrial and technical rather than a scientific movement. Its two great industries were textiles and metal working. Science contributed to the first only the process of chemical bleaching, but to the second it gave the 127 steam engine, which must be reckoned as the first major applica- tion of scientific principles to industry, though in its turn it was derived from the pump and owed its origin to the need for draining mines. In the nineteenth century, science was well established as a means of forwarding industrial progress. Scientific education was started and the professional scientist made his appearance. If we think of science in the present day we see that all its major developments are linked directly or indirectly to industrial developments. It is in industry or government service that most scientists find their employment, and the educational machinery of science owes its existence to industrial needs for trained men.Since the last war science has been recognised as an essential part of government, particularly for military ends, and a beginning has been made of national organisation of science through the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and similar bodies. Just before the war the greatest emphasis on scientific research was on the industrial side, the expenditure in industry on scientific research and development was probably of the order of ~15,000,000,but only a fraction of this can rightly be reckoned as scientific research.Governmental research accounted for another E~,OOO,OOO. Research in universities, out of which comes 90 per cent. of the published data of science and to which, the lecturer said, it owes all its advances, probably accounted for no more than ~I,OOO,OOO a year. Altogether the whole expendi- ture on science was only about one-tenth of I per cent. of the national income. The position of science to-day is unsatisfactory both to the scientists and to the people at large. Although the scale of science is equivalent to that of a small industry numbering in different grades something of the order of 40,000 persons, it is not an industry that pays its way. Science cannot be sold even though its application brings immense returns to the community.An analysis of the savings effected by various researches carried out by the D.S.I.R. shows, for instance, an average return of 800 per cent. per annum. In our economic system, however, such a return is of little value if it does not come and come quickly to those who put up the money in the first place. The results of research usually take between 10and 15years to mature and then benefit the whole of industry rather than a particular section. We are beginning to see from the developments immediately preceding the war, and even more from the problems the war itself 128 raises, that we cannot afford any longer to leave the organisation and application of science to chance or to the operation of a competitive economic system.Most working scientists and technicians already see fairly clearly that science has a special part to play in the structure of a modern community. We may think of this structure as a flow sheet which begins with the extractive industries such as mining, and goes through heavy industries and light industries to distribution and consumption. The technical functions of science are to provide for a continuous modification of this flow sheet to deal with any practical diffi- culties or bottle necks in any part of the system. The latter is its negative function. To develop, simplify, and cheapen the whole system in terms of human labour is its positive function. Science is the growing point or second differential of a modern organised community.It can only function properly if this is seen and appropriately provided for. It is not simply a matter of carrying on pure science and arranging for the application of the results of new discoveries. Science requires to be integrated much more closely with industrial, agricultural, and health problems. Many of these problems can only be appreciated if they are scientifically studied, and from them fundamental sciences can draw a continuous stream of inspiration which can later be returned in the form of improvements and applications. The great evils that have accumulated in our times as a result of industrial development, particularly chronic unemployment, insecurity, and war, are the result of a disordered growth of industry for incompatible and private ends.They are the fruits of a misuse rather than the use of science. By the ordered application of science in a community which consciously sought for the common good, the development of industry could be maintained at an even pace and not be violently distorted as it is now by the appearance of new technical discoveries. Science has moreover other values than its fundamental utilitarian ones. The educational and aesthetic values of science are no excuse for removing it from current practical problems. Indeed, once science is so removed, as the lessons of the past have already shown, it relapses into pedantry and superstition. How are we to get a state of affairs in which science will be able to be most effective in the service of the community? Only by more intelligent co-operation between scientists and between them and the public at large.The first stage is the organisation of scien-tists themselves, not as heretofore on purely academic or purely 129 professional lines, but as conscious of their corporate responsi- bility to society. This responsibility is being recognised, as witness the activities of such bodies as the British Association division on the Social and International Relations of Science, the British Association of Chemists, and the Association of Scientific Workers. If scientists begin to set their own house in order, they will be in a better position to explain the possibilities that lie in science for human betterment and to secure the co-operation of the great mass of the people in the country. A discussion followed, in which Dr.L. H. Callendar, Mr. Collier, Dr. A. R. Lowe, Mr. E. A. O’Brien, Dr. R. J. B. Marsden, Mr. Silvester, Mr. H. Stevenson and others participated. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-At a joint meeting of the Section with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held on 27th February, Professor Riley, Chairman of the Section of the Society, delivered an address upon (‘Some Recent Investigations of the Northern Coke Research Laboratory.” The Chair was occupied by Dr. W. M. Madgin, Chairman of the North-East Coast Section of the Institute, who said that since the laboratory referred to was the only institution of its kind in the North, it was particularly desirable that a talk upon its work should be given from time to time.Professor Riley outlined the line of approach they had adopted, which was really forced upon them by previous work on the reactivity of coke, and by the important results of Hofmann in Germany. It was now well known that the crystallites of coke contained parallel planes of carbon atoms similar to those found in graphite, and variations of spacing within and between the layer-planes with crystallite size, were described. Differences between the diffraction patterns of graphite and cokes, however, necessitated the supposition that the layer-planes in cokes were not stacked so exactly as they had been found to be in graphite.A detailed investigation of carbonisation had shown that such pure materials as cellulose yielded, by low temperature carbonisa- tion, very small crystallites, the size of which increased very rapidly in the region of 700°, and gradually, but steadily up to about z,ooo0. Soft coals behaved in much the same way, and although anthracites, at low temperatures, yielded crystallites larger than those from cellulose or soft coals, their behaviour I30 above 700' was very similar. In all instances, increase of cryst allite size was accompanied by extension of the layer-planes, but with anthracites and certain coals the number of the layer- planes per crystallite passed through a minimum. With peat, however, a striking increase in the number of layer-planes with increasing carbonisation temperature had been found in the region 700--Q00°, and although much work had been done upon the subject, the exact reason for this was still unknown.The necessity for extending these investigations above z,oooo had been realised, a suitable electric furnace had been con-structed and experiments with carbonisation temperatures ranging up to 3,000" had been performed. Professor Riley then turned to a consideration of the allied question of coalification, a natural process which also results in d.n increase of crystallite size. He was unable to accept, without qualification, Bone's theory that the essential change is an extension of the layer-planes; on the contrary, recent results indicated that the disappearence of bituminous matter was connected with an increase in the number of layer-planes per crystallite.Finally, Professor Riley made some remarks upon certain preliminary work on active cokes, which the exigencies of the national situation had thrust upon them. The meeting concluded with a short discussion. New Zealand.-The 13th Annual Meeting of the New Zealand Section was held in the Dominion Museum, Wellington, on the 26th January. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:- Chairman, Dr. R. 0. Page; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. P. White; Hon. Auditor, Mr. T. A. Glendining; Committee, Auckland: Mr. F. H. V. Fielder; Christchurch: Mr. T. H.McCombs; Palmerston North: Dr. McDowall; Nelson: Dr. H. 0. Askew; Dunedin: Dr. R. Gardner; Wellington: Miss A. E. Lorimer, Dr. G. M. Moir, and Mr. M. L. H. Stewart. The Chairman of the Section, Mr. R. L. Andrew, chose as his subject for the Annual Address, "Some Aspects of Standardisation." of which the following summary has been supplied by the Hon. Secretary of the Section :-The question of standardisation has in recent years become 131 very prominent and, for this reason, is regarded by many as something new and a product of modern scientific development. Standardisation is really one of the primary human activities, as it arises from the endeavour of mankind to live an ordinary life. Language may be regarded as standardised arrangements of sounds to express certain ideas.Standard practices were observed by savages in their methods of procuring and preparing food, in their warfare, and in various ceremonial observances. The ancient Egyptians erected the pyramids to specifications so minutely standardised that they would move a modern engineer to envy and despair according to certain enthusiasts. The Romans established a system of law which is still the standard in many parts of the world. Their standardised system of road- making probably meant more to ancient Europe than railroads do to the modern world. Through all ages and into our own time military practice affords probably one of the most striking examples of standardisa- tion, under the name of discipline.Standardisation is no new thing. It takes different directions according to the trend of the times and may be either good or bad in its effects. We can describe the clash of ideologies now filling our world with noise and destruction, asaclash of standards. Thus, man, in his effort to bring about order, causes disorder. With mass production, standardisation of form and composi- tion of materials and products came both as a cause and asan effect. Mass production and standardisation in its special modern sense are inseparable. Much of the work of the Dominion Laboratory consists of the examination of samples of food and drugs and of a wide range of materials for the Government purchasing departments, to ascertain if they comply with certain specified standards. Before the standards could be established, the composition of various foods and drugs had to be ascertained, together with the variations which might be expected.The analytical methods of analysis had to be devised and then improved. The rule in New Zealand for dealing with adulteration of food or drugs is to take proceedings for failure to comply with a regulation. In England, in most cases, the standard to which a food should conform is decided by the magistrate after hearing evidence. Quantitative standards are merely regarded as presumptive evidence. None of the statutory requirements for milk is expressed 132 quantitatively, e.g., the term “clean” is fairly wide. The analyst, in spite of this, should so state or present his findings that they will be clear to others concerned and willbe capable of withstanding attack in the law courts.By concentrating on visible dirt, the amount of invisible or soluble dirt has been reduced. The reductase or methylene blue test has set a standard for freshness of milk. The test as enforced is by no means a stringent standard. The result is one of several instances where the strict enforcement of what appears to be too low a standard has, in the end, the effect that the foods concerned are sold to comply with a reasonably high standard. The freezing-point test has established a method of determining whether milk contains added water and was in use in New Zealand for 19 years before it was adopted in England.The freezing- point test has caused “the cow with the iron tail” to go dry. It is to be regretted that there is a tendency to specify unnecessarily expensive and complicated apparatus for carrying out tests in accordance with standard specifications. It has to be remembered that once a method or piece of apparatus has been specified for examining a certain article, its use becomes mandatory where legal proceedings are taken for that article’s failure to comply with the requirements. A means of controlling and testing the pasteurising of milk has been evolved, and this is widely used to test the milk supplied to school children. The effect of raising and enforcing the standard of milk in Wellington is that the quality of milk now sold is, on the whole, equal to that of any other city in the world.As in the case of foods, there is now little deliberate adultera- tion of drugs. This is in part due to the enforcement of standards and also due to rigid works standards where the drugs are produced. In purchasing goods to a specification, the customer should get the materials for which he asked and should know what he is getting. The following programme was carried out at the combined Conference of the New Zealand Section and the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry:-“Pharmaceutical Industry,” by Mr. H. F. Harvey. 133 “The Metal Industry,” by Mr. R. M. Bruce, of the Railway Department. “A Symposium on Facial Eczema,” by Dr. F. J. Filmer, Dr.I. G. Cunningham and Mr. R. E. R. Grimmett. “The Relation of Chemistry to Industry,” by Dr. K. Gardner, President, New Zealand Institute of Chemistry. At the conclusion of the Conference a party of members and ladies visited the Centennial Exhibition. South Wales.-Members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged jointly by the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society, held on 7th February, in the Royal Institution of South Wales, Swansea,- Sir Robert Robertson, K.B .E., F.R.S., presiding. Prof. G. M. Bennett delivered a lecture on “Liquid Crystals.” Prof. Bennett described the mesomorphic nature of liquid crystals, in which the fluidity of a liquid is combined with the double refraction of a crystal, and traced the development of the study of such substances, from the first observation of Reinitzer in 1888 to the important classification proposed in 1922 by Friedel, by whom the three chief types of liquid crystal were characterised.The gradual development of liquid cryst a1 proper- ties in a series was illustrated by the para-alkoxy-benzoic and -cinnamic acids (Bennett and Jones, J.C.S., 1939,420). Prof. Bennett then gave an enthralling demonstration, by projection with polarised light, of the formation and behaviour of liquid crystals. Substance exhibiting simple polymorphism, carbon tetrabromide and chloroacetic acid, were first shown, followed by compounds of the cholesteryl type and by com-pounds such as para-azoxyanisole and ethyl azoxybenzoate, which give the nematic and smectic types of liquid crystal respec- tively.Anisylidene-para-aminocinnamicester was shown as an example of a compound giving both the nematic and the smectic states, whilst $mra-octyloxybenzoic acid exhibited in addition two polymorphic solid forms. The lecture and demonstration were warmly applauded. A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society on 7th March, in the Royal Institution of South Wales, Swansea,-Mr. J. Christie in the Chair, 134 Dr. J. H. Quastel delivered a lecture on 66 Tissue Respiration.” Dr. Quastel gave a brief account of some of the recent advances which have been made in the field of tissue respiration. He showed the importance of chemical equilibria in the presence of dehydrogenase systems and how interaction took place between oxidisable and reducible molecules in presence of their respective enzymes so long as particular carriers of hydrogen were present.Such carriers have proved to be composed of substances of great importance nutritionally: for example, nicotinic acid in the carrier cozymase, and vitamin B, in the carrier flavoprotein. The evidence indicates that vitamin B, and vitamin C may also prove to be hydrogen carriers in respiration systems in the cell. Reference was also made to the mechanism of the action of poisons and drugs, such as cyanides, carbon monoxide, and narcotics, on cell respiratory processes. Dr. T. W. Jones, Prof. J.E. Coates and Mr. Christie partici- pated in the discussion which followed. Local Sections.-The approximate number of members at present attached to each Local Section is given below. Section. No. of members. Aberdeen and North of Scotland .. .. .. 62 Belfast and District .. .. .. .. .. 49 Birmingham and Midlands .. .. Bristol and South-Western Counties .. .. .. .. 472 277 Cape of Good Hope CardB District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 42 95 Dublin and District .. .. 0. .. .. 52 East Anglia* .. East Midlands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71 243 Edinburghand East of Scotland Glasgow and West of Scotland Huddersfield .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 200 389 72 India .. .. .... .. *. .. 259 Leeds Area .. .. .. .. .. .. 295 Liverpool and North-Western Counties London and South-Eastern Counties .. .. .. .. 547 2690 Malaya .. .. .. Manchester and District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 582 Newcastle and North-East Coast .. .. .. 176 New Zealand .. .. .. .. .. .. 74 South Wales (Swansea)South Yorkshire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 127 *PrwiOusly ineluded in London and South-Emtern CoullliW Sedbn. Notes. The New President.-Dr. John Jacob Fox, who was elected President of the Institute at the Annual General Meeting on 1st March, was appointed to the staff of the Government Laboratory in 1904, He graduated R.Sc.(Lond.) in 1906,and proceeded to DSc. in 1910. He has published investigations, mostly physico-chemical, in various journals, and has devised and improved analytical processes.At the time of his election to the Fellowship of the Institute in 1916, he was in charge of an important section of the Government Laboratory, and his services during 1914-1918were recognised by his appointment as an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. In 1929he became Deputy Government Chemist in succession to the late Mr. George Stubbs, and in 1936 was appointed Government Chemist in succession to Sir Robert Robertson. In 1938 he was appointed a Companion of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath. Dr. Fox has maintained a keen interest in all the activities of the Institute. He served as an Examiner for the Associateship in General Chemistry from 1928-1932,as an Examiner in Mineral Chemistry from 1925-1927, and as an Examiner in Inorganic Chemistry for the Fellowship from 1927 to 1935.He was a Vice-president of the Institute from 1936-1939. He has served as a Member of the Councils of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, is a Past President of the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association, and is an Honorary Member of the Institute of Brewing. He is also a Member of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, the Faraday Society and the Institute of Petroleum. Science Censorship.-At the request of the Director-General of the Press and Censorship Bureau, a panel has been formed by Sir William Bragg, President of the Royal Society, to assist the Bureau in the censorship of scientific journals.The panel includes Professor C. R. Harington (biochemistry), Pro- fessor A. C. Egerton (chemistry), Professor P. G. H. Boswell (geology), Dr. C. H. Desch (metallurgy). 136 SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT. Salaries.-On 13th January, Sir E. Graham-Little asked the Financial Secretary whether he was aware that scientific personnel was being recruited for temporary employment in Government departments at salary scales below the normal recommended in the Carpenter Report, and that some chemists with several years’ experience had recently been appointed at salaries between EZOO and E218 per annum, whereas the recommended salary for equivalent posts in the Carpenter Report was L275 ;and whether he was prepared to see that such temporary staff should receive salaries commensurate with the normal scale.The Financial Secretary to the Treasury replied that he under-stood that a few chemists had been engaged on a temporary basis at E218 per annum during a probationary period. Their duties did not, however, correspond in range and responsibility with those appropriate to the “Carpenter” grade of chemists whose normal commencing salary was Ez75 per annum. Pool Petrol.-On 14th February, in reply to a question by Sir W. Davidson,-the Secretary for Mines stated that compre- hensive specifications for pool petrol had been laid down and every cargo was fully tested by experienced chemists on arrival, not only by analyses but by engine tests.Some twenty-five laboratories were engaged on petrol-testing work. Oil from Coal.-On 16th January, in reply to a question by Mr. Grenfell, as to what extent the Mines Department was prepared to give technical assistance to promoters of oil from coal processes,-the Secretary of Mines said that the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was as freely available as possible for the purpose and would, in accordance with its published scheme, test, free of charge, plants for low-temperature carbonisation of such a size that their performance would be comparable with similar plants operating on a commercial scale. The test provided technical information on which the promoters and others could from experience form their estimate of the commercial prospects of a process.Flow.-On 17th January, in answer to a question by Mr. De La Bere as to whether, since the Army Contracts Purchasing Department prohibited the use of chemically-treated white flour for the troops, the Minister of Health would consider afford- ing the same protection to the general public,-Miss Horsbrugh, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry, said that the Minister 137 was not satisfied on the evidence available to him that a general prohibition would be justified. Science and War.-On 18th January, Lord Strabolgi initiated a debate in the House of Lords on Science and the War. He asked whether there was a central organisation for the examina- tion of discoveries and new inventions connected with the war, what methods of co-ordination existed between the scientific departments of the fighting services and the Ministry of Supply, and whether there was adequate liaison between our own Govern-ment and the French Government for the mutual exchange of scientific knowledge.The Minister for the Co-ordination of Defence, in reply, referred to the work of the Scientific Advisory Council to the Ministry of Supply; of the Civil Defence Research Committee; the Research and Experiments Branch of the A.R.P. Depart- ment; the Camouflage Panel of the Ministry of Home Security; the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research ; the Medical Research Council ; the Agricultural Research Council, and the Directors of Scientific Research of the Service Depart- ments.He described at length the arrangements for co-ordinat- ing the scientific departments of the various services. On 14th February, in reply to a question of Captain Plugge,- the Minister of Supply stated that regular liaison between the Advisory Council on Scientific Research and Technical Develop- ment and the French scientific representatives was effected through the Mission Scientifique Franco-Brittanique, which had a permanent secretary in London, located at the Ministry of Supply. This Mission had contact with the whole of the French war-time scientific organisation. There was also a direct link between the Ministry of Supply and the French Ministitre de I’Armaments, which could be used by the Council for matters relating to scientific inventions, through an officer who had been appointed and would shortly take up his duties in Paris.Methane.-On 30th January, in reply to a question by Sir R. Gower,-the Secretary for Mines stated the importance of methane as an alternative fuel was fully recognised by his Department, and the question of its production and utilisation for industrial purposes was being considered. ScientiJic Glassware, &.-On 30th January, Captain Plugge asked whether the Minister was aware of the difficulties of firms, such as Messrs. John Moncrieff and the Worcester Royal 138 Porcelain Co., and other firms producing scientific apparatus, in obtaining an adequate number of highly skilled workers; and whether he would do everything possible to assist those firms in obtaining the release from the fighting services of the workers they required.The Minister replied that he was aware of the urgent demand for such workers, but their release was a matter for the Service Departments in the light of representations made by the Depart- ment interested in the products of the firm making application. Captain Plugge also asked the Secretary of State for War whether he was aware that the Glass Manufacturers’ Federation had recently been informed by the War Office that no more skilled men could be released from the Army to undertake vital skilled work in factories producing scientific instruments, glass- ware, etc.Mr. Oliver Stanley, Secretary of State for War, replied that there had been much correspondence on this matter between the War Office and the Federation. Certain releases had been approved and further releases could not be granted unless the circumstances were very exceptional. On 1st February, Captain Plugge asked the Minister of Labour whether he was aware that up to the outbreak of war many articles of a scientific character were still being imported from Germany, and that arrangements had now to be made by British industries to make up for the shortage: and whether he would, in consultation with the Defence Department of the Ministry of Supply, take steps to ensure the release of a certain number of men from the services for this purpose.The Minister of Labour replied that the matter was under constant review by all the departments concerned, and arrange- ments were made, so far as possible, to adjust to the best advan- tage the several demands for the services of the men concerned. The release from the forces of individual men was a matter for settlement between the supply Department and the fighting service concerned. On the 7th March, Captain Plugge asked the Secretary of State for War whether he was aware that Messrs. J. Moncrieff, Ltd., of the North British Glass Works, Perth, had received a letter, dated zIst February, from the Ministry informing them that the delay in the delivery by them of glass tubing was causing serious inconvenience and holding up the manufacture 139 of instruments urgently required to meet the War Office demands; whether he was aware that this delay was caused by the inability of the firm to obtain the release from military service of certain essential scientific glassware workers ; and whether, in these circumstances, he could expedite the release of the men in question, some of whom, as a result of delays in this respect, hitherto, had now been sent to France.The Secretary of State for War replied that the answer to the first part of the question was in the affirmative; as to the rest, he was making enquiries in collaboration with the Minister of Supply and would communicate with Captain Plugge in due course. Aluminium.-On 31st January, in answer to a question by Mr.McEntee, regarding supplies of aluminium to be used in the manufacture of tubes and containers,-Colonel Llewellin (replying for the Minister of Supply) said that aluminium was a vital raw material which must be strictly conserved for essential purposes. There had been an increase in the demand of the service departments for it, and it was not now possible to licence the use of aluminium for tubes and containers for dentifrices, etc. Students (Military Service) .-On 8th February, in reply to questions by Mr. Burke and Mr. Thurtle,-the Minister of Labour said that the period for which a postponement certificate on grounds of exceptional hardship might be granted was limited by the Armed Forces (Postponement Certificates) Regulations to six months in the first instance, but application might be made for the renewal of the certificate not later than fourteen days before its expiry.The Umpire had decided that a full-time student who had been studying for a year, or a part-time student for two years, might be granted postponement so as to enable him to take a critical examination which was due to be held within nine months of the date on which he was registered. The Minister emphasised that postponement was not by any means confined to university students. Arseniuretted Hydrogen.-On 15th February, in answer to a question of Rear-Admiral Beamish as to whether he had any statement to make regarding the danger to the civil population of the possible use of a new war gas by the enemy,-the Minister of Home Security said that he assumed that the question referred to arseniuretted hydrogen, the properties and limitations of which had long been known to every competent chemist.The present 140 civilian respirator gave protection against that gas, and he did not consider that any further measures were necessary. University Grartts.-On 20th February, Sir E. Graham-Little asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether he could make a statement on the Treasury grant in aid of the universities and colleges in the coming financial year. The Chancellor, in reply, said that Parliament would be invited, in the estimates shortly to be presented, to maintain a provision made for the universities and colleges at the existing level, namely, &,rqg,ooo. He was satisfied himself, after considering the representations of the Vice-Chancellors and the results of a survey of university finance carried out at his request by the University Grants Committee, that the maintenance during the coming financial year of the present provision was necessary if the universities were to continue to make their contribution to the national effort.Sir E. Graham-Little asked whether it would not be possible to increase the grant in order to meet the normal increased expenses of the universities and colleges owing to the war. The Chancellor of the Exchequer said that he thought the answer that he had given might be regarded as an encouraging one and he could not add to it.Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry : Fellow-ships.-Applications are invited for Salters’ Fellowships avail- able for chemists of post-graduate standing. The object of the Fellowships is to afford special training by means of a course of Chemical Engineering at an approved College, for one year. The course to be followed will in each case be decided in con- sultation with the Fellow. The value of a Fellowship is normally from @50 to E3oo. Applications should be received by the Director, Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry, Salters’ Gardens, Church Road, Watford, Herts., on or before 1st May, 1940. Full particulars and forms of application may be obtained from the Director. 141 Income Tax on Royalties.-Enquiries have been received regarding the liabilities of authors and patentees to income tax on royalties.The Finance Act, 1927,deals with income in respect of copy- right :-z~.-(I) Where the usual place of abode of the owner of a copyright is not within the United Kingdom, Rule 21 of the General Rules shall apply to any payment of or on account of any royalties or sums paid periodically for or in respect of that copyright as it applies to annual payments not payable out of profits or gains brought into charge. (3) This section shall apply to all payments of or on account of any royalties or sums made on or after the first day of July, nineteen hundred and twenty-seven, for or in respect of any such copyright as aforesaid, and to any payments made between the eleventh day of April, nineteen hundred and twenty-seven, and the said first day of July on account of any such royalties or sums payable in respect of any matter arising on or after the said first day of July.(4) In this section the expression “owner of a copy- right” includes a person who, notwithstanding that he has assigned a copyright to some other person, is entitled to receive periodical payments in respect of that copyright, and the reference to royalties or sums paid periodically for or in respect of a copyright shall not include royalties or sums paid in respect of copies of works which are shown to the satis- faction of the Special Commissioners to have been exported from the United Kingdom for distribution outside the United Kingdom.Where authors receive royalties in respect of their published books, the sums received have to be included in their return of income made for assessment to income tax. Whether expenses incurred in the course of writing the book will be allowed as a drawback against the sums received, is a question to which no general answer can be given. Such expenses should be returned, and will probably form the subject of correspondence with the Inspector of Taxes. In the Finance Act for I927 was an important new provision as to the payment of income tax on royalties by authors whose usual place of abode is not in the United Kingdom. In their 142 case income tax is only payable in respect of royalties received on copies sold for disposal in the United Kingdom, and not on copies sold for export outside the United Kingdom.The publisher is required in such cases to deduct the income tax on that part of the royalties attributable to United Kingdom sales from the sums payable to the author and to remit the tax to the Inland Revenue authorities. The Income Tax Act, 1918,deals with royalties in respect of patents :-‘((2) Where any royalty or other sum is paid in respect of the user of a patent, wholly out of profits or gains brought into charge to tax, the person paying the royalty or sum shall be entitled, on making the payment, to deduct and retain thereout a sum representing the amount of the tax thereon at the rate or rates of tax in force during the period through which the royalty or sum was accruing due.” A patentee who has income tax deducted from his royalties is, however, permitted to claim an allowance for his expenses, including litigation expenses for the purpose of protecting and enforcing his patent rights. This Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGScontains a copy of a photograph (by H. J. Whitlock & Sons, Ltd.) of the late Mr. W. A. S. Calder, President 1939-40, of which an enlarged copy has been added to the portraits of Past Presidents in the Council Room of the Institute. Prof. Reginald Patrick Linstead, Fellow, (Meldola Medallist , I~JO),has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Dr. Juda Hirsch Quastel, Fellow , (Meldola Medallist , 1927), has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.Dr. Harry Work Melville, Fellow, (Meldola Medallist, 1935), has been appointed Professor of Chemistry in the University of Aberdeen on the retirement, from that Chair, of Professor Alexander Findlay, Member of Council. Dr. E. B. Hughes, Fellow, has been elected President of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. 143 Professor Cecil Henry Desch, D.Sc., F.K.S., FeZZow, has been appointed Scientific Adviser to the Iron and Steel Scientific Industrial Research Council. The Messel Medal of the Society of Chemical Industry has been awarded to the Right Hon. Viscount Samuel, G.C.B., G.B.E. The presentation will be made at the Annual Meeting of the Society in London, on 9th July, when Lord Samuel will deliver an Address.The Herbert Jackson Prize for 1939 of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway has been awarded to Mr. H. I. Andrews of the Engineering Section, Research Department, Derby, for a paper entitled “The Development of a Refrigerating Machine for use on Trains.” 144 Obituary. ERIC WILLIAM AUSTIN died as the result of a motor cycle accident at Farnborough, Kent, on 1 lth November, 1939, in his 27th year. Educated at Selhurst Grammar School, he became a temporary laboratory assistant in the Government Laboratory, and continued his training at Battersea Polytechnic, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.), with first-class honours in 1937. He continued at the Government Laboratory until September, 1938, when he accepted an appointment as an assistant chemist at the Sittingbourne (Kent) paper mills of Edward Lloyd, Ltd.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1938. Information has recently been received that WALTER JOHNSTONE GALLOWAYdied on 7th September, 1937, in his 40th year. Educated at Bickerton House, Birkdale, Lancs., and the Royal Grammar School, Worcester, he served with the B.E.F. in France from 1917-19, at first holding a commission in the Royal Field Artillery, later being seconded to the Royal Engineers. From 1919-23 he studied at the University of Manchester, graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry, and was awarded the Le Blanc Medal in Fuel. From 1923-24 he was assistant chemist and assistant mines superintendent with the Demerara Bauxite Co., British Guiana.From 1925-30 he held an appointment with the Anglo- Persian Oil Company. During 1930-31 he studied chemical engineering at University College, London, and proceeded to the degree of M.Sc. (Engineering) in the University of Manchester, awarded for a thesis on the transfer of heat to liquids flowing at low velocities in a helical coil. He subsequently returned to the Anglo-Persian-now the Anglo-Iranian- Oil Co., with whom he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1934. HUGHGILMOURdied at Salisbury, on 10th January, in his 60th year. Educated at Shawlands ,Academy and Allan Glen’s School, Glasgow, he pursued his professional training at the Glasgow and West of Scotland- now the Royal Technical-College, Glasgow, and was awarded the Asso- ciateship of the College in 1911.In the following year, he was appointed demonstrator in the Chemistry Department of the West of Scotland Agri- cultural College, and, in 1914, joined the staff of the Indo-Burmah Petro- leum Co., Ltd., at Rangoon. On the outbreak of war, however, he returned and received a commission in the 10th Battalion, South Lancs. Regiment; but was later transferred to Royal Engineers (Gas Section) and served with the B.E.F. in France. After the war, he was engaged at Birmingham Uni- versity on research work and in July, 1923, obtained an appointment at the Experimental Station, Porton, where he was a Scientific Officer at the time of his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1912, and a Fellow in 1920. JAMESHEMBROUGHdied at Poole, Dorset, on 20th February, in his 68th year. Educated at the Merchant Venturers’ School and Technical College, Bristol, he worked for some time with Dr.-now Sir-Ernest Cook, and in 1890 and 1891 was an assistant demonstrator in the Technical 145 College before he continued his studies at the Royal College of Science, London, where he took the Teachers’ Training Course and obtained the Associateship of the College in 1894. From 1894 to 1896 he was chemistry master at Bewerley Street Higher Grade School, Leeds. In 1902 he became head of the chemistry department of Cockburn Higher Grade School, Leeds, and in 1908 Principal of the Secondary School at Newton Abbot, Devon, where he was also Principal of the Science and Art and Technical Institute, and Director of evening classes, until his retirement in 1933.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1897 and a Fellow in 1918. PERCY died at Woodford Green, on 26th January, inGWYNNJENKINS his 58th year. Educated at the Stationers Company’s School, Hornsey, he received his professional training at Finsbury Technical College from 1899 to 1903, and having become engaged in the gas industry, passed the technological examination of the City and Guilds of London Institute with first class honours in gas manufacture and gas supply. In due course, he collaborated in the design and working of large-scale gas-washing plant for extracting benzene and toluene, also in designing and working ammonia oxidation plant for the Gas Light and Coke Co.From 1904 to 1910 he had charge of the company’s experimental carbonising and coal-testing plant at Silvertown. Subsequently, he had charge of the laboratory at the Tar Works at Beckton and, in 1915, took over control of the sulphuric acid, eulphate of ammonia and liquid ammonia plants at the same works. He remained at this post until ill-health caused him to resign in December, 1939. Mr. Jenkins won many honours on miniature rifle ranges, including the Essex County Championship, in 1927, and the Corbet Woodall Cup of the Gas Light and Coke Co., in 1925, 1928 and 1937. .He was also a keen yachtsman. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919.GEORGELEGERRUSBY died on 8th February, at Russell Court, Woburn Place, London, in his 27th year. He was educated at Waterloo- with-Seaforth Grammar School and at the University of Liverpool, where he graduated with first class honours in chemistry in 1933, and was awarded the United Alkali Scholarship as the most outstanding chemical student of his year. He collaborat,ed with Professor A. Robertson in research on the synthesis of rotenone and its derivatives, and was awarded the degree of Ph.D. in 1935. In the following year he obtained an appointment as a research chemist with Glaxo Laboratories, Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936. ANGUSSMITHdied at Greenock on 5th March, at the age of 77 years.He was trained for five years in the laboratory of J. W. Biggart, attended the courses given by Humbolt Sexton at Anderson’s College, Glasgow,- now the Royal Technical College,-and obtained first class certificates in chemistry in the Honours Stage of the examination of the Science and Art Department. In 1888, he became engaged as chief chemist in the Sugar Refinery of Messrs. A. Scott and Sons, Greenock and, a few years later, as head chemist to Messrs. John T’S’alker and Co. (Sugar Refiners), Ltd., in the same burgh. He was the author of booklets on Precious Stones, 1919, and on Golden Syrup Analysis, 1924. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and a, Fellow in 1892. 146 Books and their Contents.The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute. Biochemistry, an Introduction to. William Robert Fearon. and Edition. Pp. xii + 476. (London: William Heinemann-Medical Books-Ltd.). 17s. 6d. Part I. Elements and inorganic compounds; the subject matter of biochemistry; biological elements ; inorganic compounds ; solutions and colloidal systems. Part 11. Organic compounds ; classification and characteristics ;carbo-hydrates; reactions of carbohydrates; proteins; amino acids and protein structure; lipides; steroids; pigments ; pyrrole derivatives ; carotinoids, flavins ; catalysts ; nutrients ; alimentary digestion ; intermediate meta- bolism; carbohydrates ;proteins;lipides;tissue respiration; purines and pyrimidines; nitrogenous bases; urea; excretion; hormones ;the internal environment.Appendix. Index. The Cracking Art in 1938. Edited by Gustav Egloff. Pp. 458. (Chicago, Illinois: Universal Oil Products Company, Research Laboratories). U.O.P. Booklet No. 239. A report covering publications from 1st January to 31st December, 1938. Introduction; U.S. and foreign statistics; cracking research; commercial cracking; cracking plant equipment ;treating cracked products ;cracked products and by-products; high-octane fuel by polymerization and alkylation; reviews; patents; author index. Engineering and Industrial Science, Records and Research in. A Guide to the Production, Extraction, Integrating, Store-keeping, Circulation, and Translation of Technical Knowledge.J. Edwin Holmstrom. Pp. xii + 302, (London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.). 15s. net. Nature and methods of technical science; phases in the application of science to practice ;experimental organisations, collative organisations ; the gathering of ideas from technical literature; the sorting and integrat- ing of ideas; the expression and transmission of ideas; foreign languages and their translation; the technician as a person; abbreviations for engineering qualitlcations. 147 Fats, The Chemical Constitution of Natural. T. P. Hilditch. Pp. xii +438. (London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.). 35s. net. Introductory survey of the natural fats; the component acids of fats of aquatic flora and fauna; the component acids of fats of land animals; the component acids of vegetable fats; the component glycerides of natural fats (mainly qualitative investigations); the component glycerides of vegetable fats; the component glycerides of animal fats ; some aspects of the biochemistry of fats ; constitution of individual natural fatty acids ; synthetic glycerides ;individual naturally occurring fatty alcohols and my1 ethers of glycerol; notes on experimentaltechnique employed in the quantitative investigation of fats ; generalindex of subjects; index of individual fats and waxes (and plant families) ; index of individual fatty acids and glycerides.(Thisbook will be reviewed in JOURNALPROCEEDINGS,AND Part 111.) Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. F.N. Apple-yard and C. G. Lyons. 4th Edition. Pp. viii + 174. (Lon-don: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd.). 6s. 6d. net. Volumetric analysis ;gasometric analysis ;official limit tests ;gravimetric analysis;alkaloidal assay processes ;preparation of organic compounds ; qualitative organic analysis ; table of approximate a,tomic weights ; logarithms; index. Water Treatment : A Comprehensive Treatise on the Treat- ment of Water for all Purposes and Effluents Purification. G. V. James. Pp. xii + 224. (London: The Technical Press, Ltd.). 30s. net. Part I. Domestic supplies ; int,roductory; sterilisation; removal of colour, odour and taste from a water; treatment of water to prevent plumbo-solvent and other action on metals; water softening; army we of water; use in sea-going vessels; contamination by poison gases; purification of water for swimming baths; boiler feed water and treat- ment. Part 11.Industrial supplies and effluents; classification and effects of contamination due to effluents; industries in which only effluents have to be treated; industries requiring treatment of the influent as well as the effluent. Part 111. Domestic sewage; introductory ; suspended matter; tank treatment, sludge, effluents and filters; contact beds ;straw filters; other processes ; the activated sludge process. Appendix. Index. The British Standards Institution has forwarded a copy of the Handbook of Information, including the Indexed List of British Standards (January, 1940), obtainable from the office of the Institution, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1, price IS. 6d.The Institution has also issued B.S.SS. 593-1940. General Purpose Laboratory Thermometer. 148 611-1940. Petri Dishes. Price 2s. each net; 2s. zd. post free. A Corrigenda Slip C.F.(C) 4734 for B.S. 188-1937. Method for the Determination of Viscosity of Liquids in Absolute (C.G.S.) Units. 882-1940. Natural Aggregates up to 13 in. Normal Maximum Size for Concrete for Structural Purposes including Roads. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Vice-Pyesideizt, has kindly pre- sented the Institute with a copy of the article on Toxicology: Homicidal, Suicidal and Accidental Poisoning which he has contributed jointly with Dr.D. M. Pryce, of the De- partment of Morbid Anatomy and Histology, St. Mary's Hospital, London, to Volume XI1 of the British Encyclopaedia of Medical Practice, published by Messrs Butterworth and Co. (Publishers), Ltd., 1939. Introduction, including a table showing the number of deaths from the commoner poisons in the years 1933-1936 inclusive in England; the method of taking specimens for analysis and other proceedings in cases of suspected poisoning; gases ;corrosives; synthetic organic substances; alkaloids ; cantharides ; inorganic and metallic poisoning; poisonous fungi; abortifacients; powdered glass. References. The Institute has received from the Department of Chemistry of the University of Queensland, Numbers 5 to 14 of Papers mainly dealing with Essential Oils, reprinted from the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, published in June and September, 1939.The Annual Report of the Imperial Institute for the year 1939refers to the work of the Scientific Departments, dealing with plant and animal products and mineral resources. The plant and animal investigations related to Pyrethrums from Tanganyika and St. Helena, Strophanthus from Northern Rhodesia, Flax from Australia, Sunn Hemp from Ceylon, Sansevieria Fibre from South Africa, Urena Fibre from Trinidad, Teak from Trinidad for Paper-making, Essential Oils from St. Helena, Geranium Oil and Eucalyptus Oil from Southern Rhodesia, Palmarosa Oil from the Seychelles, Beeswax from Northern Rhodesia, Turtle Oil from Ceylon, Coconut Cake from Ceylon, Tara Pods from Kenya, Gum from Nigeria, Incense Gums from British Somaliland, Tung Fruits and Nuts from South Africa, Passion Fruit Juice, and the evaluation of Rotenone. 149 The chemical and mineralogical investigations dealt with Cement-making Materials from Ceylon :-Clay, Coral, Slaked Lime Limestone, Clays (4) and Gypsum; Rock Samples from the Federated Malay States, Concentrates from Sierra Leone, Clay from the Gold Coast, Mineral and Other Specimens (76) from Johore, Euxenite from Uganda, Red Earth from the Seychelles, Asbestos from New Zealand, Graphite from South Africa, Iron Ores from Southern Rhodesia, Soils from the Seychelles, Corundum from Southern Rhodesia, Magnesium Alum from South Africa, Waters from Nyasaland, Vermiculite from Tanganyika, Vermiculite and Green Chloritic Mineral from Western Australia, Bauxite and other minerals from the Gold Coast, and Black Sand from Jamaica. The International Tin Research and Development Council has issued its Fourth General Report covering the work of the Council during 1939.160 The Library, 1939-40. Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1939, the Council has had the pleasure to acknowledge the following gifts :-ANQLO-IRANIANOm Co., LTD.: Famous Cities of Iran. L. Lockhart. Brentford, 1939. ANONYMOUS: Dictionary of Scientific Terms. C. M. Beadnell. London, 1938. OF BRITISHCHEMICALMANUFACTURERSASSOCIATION : British Chemicals and their Manufacturers.Lofidon, 1939. MESSRS. BLACKIE& SON, LTD.: Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Analysis. Vol. I. Electro-chemical Theory. H. J. S. Sand. London and Glasgow, 1939. THEBRITISHPHARMACOPOEIACOMMISSION: Report of the Committee on Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy containing Section 1, Report of the Sub-Committee on Crude Drugs. Report of the Committee on General Chemistry, including Section 1, Report of tho Sub-Committee on Alkaloids and Alkaloidal Salts, and Section 2, Report of the Sub-Committee on General Organic Chemicals. CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY :PRESS Statistical Thermodynamics. A Version of Statistical Mechanics for Students of Physics and Chemistry. R. H. Fowler and E. A. Guggenheim. Cambridge, 1939.The Mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform Gases. S. Chapman and T. G. Cowling. Cambridge, 1939. MESSRS. CECPMAN& HALT,,LTD.: A Practical Manual of Chemical Engineering. H. Tongue. With a Foreword by Sir Gilbert Morgan. London, 1939. Fluorescence Analysis in Ultra-Violet Light. J. A. Radley and J. Grant. 3rd Edition. Lon.don, 1939. Practical Microscopical Metallography. 3rd Edition revised and enlarged. R. H. Greaves and H. Wrighton. London, 1939. Records and Research in Engineering and Industrial Science. J. Edwin Holmstrom. London, 1940. The Chemistry of Milk. 2nd Edition. W. L. Davies. London, 1939. The Corrosion of Iron and Steel. J. C. Hudson. London, 1940. The Quality of Coke. R. A. Mott and R. V. Wheeler. London, 1939.The Raman Effect and its Chemical Applications. J. H. Hibben. New Ywk, 1939. Uses and Applications of Chemicals and Related Materials. Compiledand Edited by T. C. Gregory. New York, 1939. 151 DR. A. C. CHIBNALL,F.R.S.: Protein Metabolism in the Plant. A. C. Chibd. New Haven and London, 1939. H. E. CLARKE,Esq., M.A., B.Sc., F.I.C.: An Introduction to Lead-Acid Accumulator Technique. H. E. Clarke. Birmingham, 1939. A. Itr. COMBER,Esq., F.I.C. : Composition Flooring and Floorlaying. A. Mr. Comber. London, 1936. Magnesite aa a Refractory. A. W. Comber. London, 1937. MESSRS. CONSTABLE& Co., LTD.: Lavoisier. J. A. Cochrane. London, 1931. THE COPPERDEVELOPMENTASSOCIATION: The Machining of Copper and its Alloys.London, 1939. MESSRS. J. M. DENT& SONS, LTD.: A Higher School Certificate Inorganic Chemistry. E.J. Holmyard. London, 1939. MESSRS. GURNEY& JACKSON: Fritz Ephraim. Inorganic Chemistry. P. C. L. Thorne and A. M. Ward. London, 1939. A. HARVEY,Esq.: Fat, Total Solids and Moisture. R. D. Mason. London, 1939. Sulphated Oils and Allied Products. Their Chemistry and Analysis.D. Burton and G. F. Robertshaw. London,, 1939. MESSRS. WILLIAMHEINEMANN(MEDICALBOOKS),LTD.: An Introduction to Bio-Chemistry. 2nd Edition. W. R. Fearon. London, 1940. IMPERIAL :INSTITUTE Magnesium, Magnesite and Dolomite. J. Lumsden. London, 1939. INSTITUTE :OF PETROLEUM Annual Reviews of Petroleum Technology. Vol. 4. F. H. Gamer. London, 1939. INTERNATIONAL AND DEVELOPMENTTINRESEARCH COUNCIL: Historic Tinned Foods.Greenford, 1939. DR. D. W. KENT-JONES,B.Sc., F.I.C.: Modern Cereal Chemistry. Third Edition. D. W. Kent-Jones. London, 1939. MESSRS. LONUMANS,GREEN& Co., LTD.: A Text Book on Light. A. W. Barton. London, 1939. A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis. Theory and Practice. A. I. Vogel. London, 1939. Chemistry in the Service of Man. Fifth Edition. A Findlay. Lon-don-New York-Toronto, 1940. Chemistry of Synthetic Drugs. 4th Edition revised mcl re-written. P. May and G. M.Dyson. London, 1939. 152 Elementary General Science. Book II. Edited by J. M. Harrison. London, 1939. Elementary Mechanics with Hydrostatics. D. Humphrey and E. A. Baggott.London, 1939. General and Inorganic Chemistry. P. G. Durrant. London, 1939. Introduction to Practical Organic Chemistry. F. G. Mann and B. C. Saunders. London, 1939. Mellor’s Modern Inorganic Chemistry. Revised and Edited byG. D. Parkes, in collaboration with J. W. Mellor, D.Sc. London, 1939. Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. J. F. Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley. 4th Edition, revised and enlarged. Vol. 111. London, 1939. DR. G. ROCIIE LYNCH, O.B.E., F.I.C.: Toxicology. 1. Homicidal, Siiicidal and Accidental Poisoning.G. Roche Lynch and D. M. Pryce. London, 1939. MESSRS. METHUEN & Co., LTD. : Electrocapillarity. J. A. V. Butler. London, 1940. THE NITRATE CORPORATIONOF CHILE, LTD.: Bibliography of References to the Literature on the Minor Elements and their relation to Plant and Animal Nutrition.3rd Edition. Originally compiled by L. G. Willis. New York, 1939. SIRISAACPTTMAN& SONS, LTD.: A Text Book of Pharmacognosy. T. C. Denston. With Illustrations and Drawing Notes by M. Riley. 3rd Edition. London, 1939. Definitions and Formulae for Students. Metallurgy. E. R. Taylor.London, 1939. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. 4th Edition. F. N. Appleyard and C. G. Lyons. London, 1939. MESSRS.RELIANCERUBBERCo., LTD.: Plastic Gold. The Story of Rubber in the Service of Mankind. London, 1939. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: Vitamin E. A Symposium held under the Auspices of the Food Group (Nutrition Panel) of the Society of Chemical Industry, April, 1939.Edited by A. L. Bacharach and J. C. Drummond. London, 1939. THETECHNICALPRESS,LTD.: Water Treatment. A Comprehensive Treatise on the treatment of Water for all purposes and Efiluents Purification. G. V. James. London, 1940. UNIVERSITY PRESS:OF LONDON Chemistry (with some geology). Part I and complete volume also. J. A. Lauwerys and J. Ellison. London, 1938. UNIVERSITYOIL PRODUCTSCo.: The Cracking Art in 1938. Edited by Gustav Egloff. Chicago, Ill., 1939. 153 UNIVERSITY TTJTORIAL PRESS, LTD.: Chemistry. H. G. Lambert and P. E. Andrews. London, 1939. Books Purchased. Annual Reports of the Progress of Chemistry for 1937. Issued by the Chemical Society. London, 1938. The Mineral Industry. Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1938.Edited by G. A. Roush. Vol. 47. New Yo& and London, 1939. The War Gases. Chemistry and Analysis. M. Sartori. Translated from the 2nd Enlarged Italian Edition by L. W. Marrison. London, 1939. Coming Events. 1940 April 11 THE FUELLUNCHEONCLUB, at the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C.2. 12.40 for 1.10. 12 SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Chemical Engineering Group) : “Chemical Engineering Problems in the Canning Industry.” Mr. T. W. Jones, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 18 THECHEMICALSOCIETY: ‘‘Some Aspects of the Polymerisation of Vinyl Compounds.” Professor R. F. W. Norrish, F.R.S., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, M’.1. 22 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : “The Detection and Identification of War Gases.” Dr.J. W. Baker, Home Office Regional Instructor for the Gas Identification Service. “The Organisation of the Gas Identification Service.” Dr. A. L. Roberts, Senior Gas Identitication Officer for Leeds, at the University of Lee& at 7 p.m. 23 INSTITUTIONOF CHEMICALENGINEERS.A Review of Certain Unit Processes. Mr. J. C. Farrant, at the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 4.45 for 5.15 p.m. 24 SOCIETY (Food Group, Nutrition Panel) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY “The Egg as Food.” Chairman: The Right Hon. Lord Iveagh. Contributions by Dr. Joseph Needham, Dr. S. K. Kon, Dr. Haines, and Miss Mary Andross. At the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, London, S.W.l, at 2.30 p.m.28 INSTITTTTEOF CHEMISTRY (South Wales Section) : Annual General Meeting, at the Royal Institution of South Wales, Swansea. 27 INSTITUTEOF CHEWISTRY (East Anglian Branch) : Annual General Meeting, at Fox Hotel, Stowmarket, at 3 p.m. Mag 7 INsTITmIoN OF CHEMICALENQINEERS. Measurement of the Flow of Liquids and Gases, Mr. E. Owes. 154 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 23rd February, 1940,g Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 34 new Associates were elected, 2 Associates were re-elected, and 35 Students were admitted. The Council records with regret the deaths of three Fellows and three Associates. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Bennion, Edmund Baron, M.Sc.Tech.(Manc.), A.M.C.T., 8, Broadmead Road, Woodford Green, Essex. Churchman, Arthur, N.Sc. (Birm.), 23, Kingsley Road, Kings Norton, Birmingham. Jennings, James Sowdon, B.Sc. (Leeds), M.Sc., Ph.D. (Bim.), 94, Grestone Avenue, Handsworth, Birmingham, 20. Manning, John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Astra, Darlington Road, Hartburn, Stockton-on-Tees. Middleton, Arthur William, B.Sc., Ph.l). (Lond.), 33, Devereux Drive, Wat,ford. Prior, Philip Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Messrs. A. E. Reed & Co., Ltd., Aylesford Paper Mills, Larkfield, Kent. Kay, Karunaranjan, B.Sc. (Calcutta), M.Sc. (Bim.), Metallurgical Inspectorate, Tatanagar, B.N.Rly., India. Raybould, William Edward, MSc. (Bim.), Fillongley, Silvermead Road, Sutton Coldfield.Rhodes, Edwin Clements, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 34, Trinity Close, London, s.w.4. New Associates. Billing, Joseph, 41, Sunny Grove, Chaddesden, Derby. Bremner, Alexander McColl, B.Sc. (Glas.), 17, Church Street, Dumbarton, Scotland. Broughton, Granville, B.Sc. (Lond.), Tattersall’s Farm, Hurstwood, nr. Burnley.Burjorjee, Hirjee Rustoin, M.Sc. (Rangoon), Bungalow 5.128, Burmah Oil Co., Ltd., Syriam, Burma. Butcher, James Anthony, B.Sc. (Leeds), 1, Bright Eyes Row, Lofthouse, nr. Wakefield. Chambers, Fred William, Dip.Chem. (Cologne), 40, Park House Gardens, Twickenham Park, Middlesex. Cooper, Raymond, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Warren Avenue, Stapleford,Nottingham. Dawson, Edward Lionel, A.M.C.T., A.I.R.I., 3, Fieldhead Avenue, Bamford, Rochdale.Feltham, Kenneth Shipton, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., Ph.C., School of Pharmacy, Medical Department, Lagos, Nigeria, W. Africa. 155 Gaskell, George Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Lydyett Lane, Barnton, North- wich, Cheshire. Gerdes, Joachim Friedrich August, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), Dipl. Ing. (Aachen), 9, Seymour Avenue, Parktown West, Johannesburg,S. Africa. Grant, William Jackson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Speldhurst Road, London, E.9. Guest, Walton Loveday, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 133, Grafton Street, St. Helens. Harrington, Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ives Head View, 17, Hirig Fence, Shepshed, nr. Loughborough. Hems, Benjamin Arthur, B.Sc. (Glas.), Ph.D. (Edin.), 328, Carr Road, Northolt, Greenford. Ibbitson, Douglas Arthur, B.Sc.(Lond.), 26, Welbeck Street, Sandal, Wakefield. Jayatunge, Noel, B.Sc. (Lond.), Government Analysts’ Laboratory, Colombo, Ceylom. Khin, Maung Aung, B.Sc. (Rangoon),32, Eardley Crescent, London, S.W.5. King, Hugh Kirkman, B.A. (Cantab.), 6, Harvey Road, London, N.8. Krishnamurthy, Venkatasubba, M.A. (Madras), Chemical Laboratory, Custom House, Madras, India. Lightfoot, David Evan, B.Sc. (Birm.), 330, Camden Street, Birmingham, 18. Lindsay, Andrew Fraser, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 10, Cartwright Gardens, London, W.C.l. McLean, Joseph Shanks, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Kilnside Road, Paisley,Scotland. Muir, John Robertson, B.Sc. (Edin.), 77, Grieve Street, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. Murdoch, James Shanks, ;MA, B.Sc. (Glas.), 81, Mount -4iinan Drive, Glasgow, 5.4.Murti, Kambhampaty Satyanarayana, B.A. (Madras), M.Sc. (Allahabad),Department of Industrial Chemistry, The University, Liverpool. O’Leary, Miss Agnes Cecilia, B.Sc. (Wales), 60, Colum Road, Cardiff. Ridgway, Radford Roy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Nevern Square, London, S.W.5. Schollick, Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 53, Candover Road, Hornchurch Road, Romford, Essex. Summers, Alexander John, B.Sc. (Glas.), Logie, Kirriemuir, Angus. Walker, Cyril, B.Se. (Lond.), 59, Firth Park Road, Sheffield, 5. Wheeler, Richard Norman, B.A. (Cantab.), 204, Chiswick Village,London, W.4. Wright, Miss Winifred Booth, B.A. (Cantab.), 59, Ranelagh Gardens, London, S.W.13. 3.-oung, Cornelius, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Ella Road, London, N.8. Re-elected Associates.Cutting, Mrs. Margery Enid Maud, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Wickliffe Avenue, London, N.3. Steward, Cyril Oswald Main, A.R.C.S., 25, Altar Drive, Heaton, Bradford. New Students. Aston, Richard Samuel, 17, The Crescent, School Road Estate, TettenhaU Wood, Staffs. Bedford, William, 10, Butcher Lane, Rothwell, Leeds. Bishop, Joseph Robert, Station House, Crigglestone, nr. Wakefield. Boyd, James William Wyllie, Braeside, Dalry, Ayrshire. Brickell, Edgar George, Highclere, Horse11 Rise, Woking. Chalk, Edward Eugene, 134, Dudden Hill Lane, London, N.W.lO. 156 Deasy, Michael, 6, North Road, Cardiff. Ellis, George, 82, Melrose Road, Liverpool, 4. Evans, Norman, 35, Brynland Avenue, Bishopston, Bristol, 7. Greenwood, Robert Fred, 5, Rockware Avenue, Greenford.Hardesty, Francis, 23, Chilside Road, Felling-on-Tyne. Hargreaves, Harry, 54, Melville Street, Burnley. Holland, David Oliver, 489, Oldfield Lane, Greenford Green, Middlesex. Jones, Eric Hague, 5, Stamford Road, Mossley, nr. Manchester. Kupfer, Miss Hella Regina, 29, Fitzjohn’s Avenue, London, N.IV.3. Large, Frank Elton, Hayes Ha,ll, Fillongley, nr. Coventry. Lewis, Thomas Frank Leslie, The Homestead, Bhylls Lane, Merry Hill, Wolverhampton. Mac Arthur, Duncan Morris, 186, Swinton Road, Baillieston, Glasgow. Maisey, Alfred John, 7, Banstock Road, Edgware. Maw, George Alexander, 94, Shirland Road, London, W.9. McLeavy, Gordon, 36, Stainburn Drive, Harrogate Road, Leeds, 7. Merrick, Thomas, 14, Birch Avenue, Salford, 6.Ransom, James Charles Cyril, 13, Blonhoim Square, Leeds, 8. Reynolds, George Frederick, 12, Hyde Road, Maidstone. Scott, John Theophilus, 7, Lonsdale Road, Gloucester. Sim, James Watson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Cowdenhill Place, Knightswood, Glasgow, W.3. , Sims, Ivan Palmer, 83, Langthorne Street, London, S.W.6. Sloan, Samuel Campbell, 53, Thane Road, Knightswood, Glasgow, W.3. Thompson, Douglas, 19, Westbourne Grove, Goole, Yorks. Tiley, Peter Frank, 107, Somerville Road, St. Andrews Park, Bristol, 6. Walker, Leslie, Cambridge House, Whalley Road, Accrington. Walker, Wilfred Arthur, 11, Field Street, Shepshed, nr. Loughborough.Wells, Harry, 18, Mitchell Avenue, Waterloo, Huddersfield. Williams, Rodney James Binham, 56, Trafalgar Avenue, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.15.Zatman, Joseph, 6, Castlefield Avenue, Higher Broughton, Salford, 7. DEATHS. Fellows. Hugh Gilmour, A.R.T.C. James Hembrough, A.R.C.S. (Lond.). Angus Smith. Associates. Eric William Austin, B.Sc. (Lond.). Percy Gwynn Jenkins. George Leger Rusby, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.). 157 General Notices. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Register.-In the present circumstances, the Council, in accordance with advice received from the Press and Censorship Bureau, has decided to publish the new edition of the Register without addresses or particulars of the occupations of the Fellows and Associates.The Register will contain the full names, qualifications and dates of admission to Associateship and Fellowship. The work is now in preparation, so that members who wish changes to be noted in initials representing membership of other qualifying institutions, etc. , should notify the Registrar without delay. In accordance with the By-Laws, Fellows and Associates who are in arrear with their subscriptions for more than 12months are liable to have their names removed from the Register. Examinations.-Arrangements have been made to hold examinations for the Fellowship and Associateship in April. It is hoped that examinations will also be held in September, Full information will be given at a later date.Lectures.-Dr. J. H. Quastel, F.R.S. , Director of Research, Cardiff City Mental Hospital and Honorary Lecturer in Bio- chemistry in University College, Cardiff, has kindly consented to give a lecture before the Institute on “The Chemistry of Enzyme Action,” in October next. Further particulars will be announced in due course. The Registrar’s lecture-A Century of Chemistry: “From Boyle to Priestley ”-is being issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 158 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are ordinarily required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. FOYthe time being the Payment of 6s. 6d. is suspended. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. .and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours.It will be open from 10a.m. to I p.m. and from z p.m. to 5 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 169 10a.m. to I p.m.). Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library.All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expired on 1st March. The subscriptions rates are 6s. 6d., for Class B, and 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boot’s Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.160 As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registratiout. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Copies of The Professionof Chemistry”(Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis-tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar.Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT OFFUND,INSTITUTECHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9406400081

出版商:RSC    

年代:1940

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART 111: 1940. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secicefavy. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.1.LONDON, June, 1940. Publications Committee, 19404. A. L.BACHARACH (Chairman), J. J. FOX (President), W. M.AMES, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, A. COULTHARD, F. P. DUNN, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, W. GODDEN, E.GREGORY, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H. HUNTER, G. KING, P. LEWIS-DALE, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A.C. MONKHOUSE, H. W. MOSS, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, D. W. PARICES, SIR ROBERT PICI(ARD, F. M. ROWE, S. B. WATKINS. 163 IMPORTANT. Chemists and the Central Register.-The Ministry of Labour has requested the Institute to publish the following notice :-“As is well known, steps were taken more than a year ago to form a Central Register of persons with technical, scientific and professional qualifications, who could be regarded as available for service in Government Departments in war time, except in so far as they were already engaged on work of greater National importance. In the formation of the Register the Ministry of Labour and National Service was fortunate in securing the cordial co-operation of all the main societies and institutions concerned, and in its operation since the beginning of the war the voluntary assistance of a large number of specialists has been at the disposal of the Ministry.“The Sections of the Register covering Pure Chemistry (Classification No. 706) and Industrial Chemistry (Classification No. 707) contain between them some 6000 names. The majority of these persons are at present in useful, frequently nationally important, employment, and should not be moved unless it is really necessary in the interests of the country. Every effort is accordingly made to meet the requirements of Government Departments for chemical personnel from the ranks of those who are unemployed, or at least readily available. It is, however, now proving impossible to meet the growing demands for chemists from these groups alone, and it is therefore essential that the names of all chemists of either sex, especially young men and women, who are both qualified and willing should be on the Register.Obviously only names which are on the Register can be put forward for the vacancies which are notified. Roughly speaking, the minimum qualification for enrolment as a chemist on the Register is a degree in Chemistry or an equivalent quali- fication, or, on the other hand, several years’ experience in chemical practice or industry. “Enrolment on the Central Register implies that the persons concerned will be prepared to accept suitable full-time employ- ment offered to them, unless they are already engaged on work of National importance, but the volunteers themselves are the judges of the suitability of the post offered, and only the names of volunteers who have expressed their willingness to be con- sidered for any particular post offered are submitted to the prospective employers. Further particulars of the Central Register, and in particular of the Chemistry Sections, will be supplied on application to the Secretary, Ministry of Labour and National Service, Central Register Branch, Queen Anne’s Chambers, Westminster, S.W.1, and volunteers are asked to write to that address.“There is also an immediate requirement for juniors, normally of Inter-B.Sc. standard, preferably with laboratory or factory experience, who are not qualified for enrolment on the Central Register, but are available €or employment such as that of laboratory or experimental assistant, at a salary range between k130 and E260 per annum (E130to Ez39 per annum in case of women) according to qualifications and experience.Persons suitable for appointment to such posts are normally recruited from the Supplementary Register of persons with professional, technical and business attainments, which is maintained at certain selected offices of the Ministry of Labour and National Service. Any persons willing to be considered for the junior posts referred to are invited to apply in writing for enrolment in the Supplementary Register through the most convenient Local Office of the Ministry, the address of which can be obtained at any Post Office; the application will then be forwarded to the appropriate selected office.” Fellows and Associates whose names are not already included on the Central Register are urged to respond to the above notice.Fellows and Associates who are not at present engaged on work of primary National importance and who are not at present making use of the Institute’s Appointments Register, but who wish their names to be mentioned in connexion with important vacancies brought directly to the attention of the Institute are asked to write to the Registrar giving particulars of age, ex- perience, nature of present work, and approximate present salary. Letters on the above subject addressed to the Registrar should be marked N.S. both on the outside of the envelope and at the head of the letter.Fellows and Associates will understand that, in the present 165 circumstances, it may not be possible to acknowledge receipt of all replies individually. Military Service and the Schedule of Reserved Occupations.-“ Chemists (Analytical, Research, etc.) ” are included in the Schedule of Reserved Occupations if over the age of 21. Fellows and Associates who are called upon to register under the Compulsory Military Service Acts, in their respective age groups, should be careful to use the above description when registering. The term “Chemist” in this connexion refers only to occupation. The Ministry of Labour and National Service has made no attempt to define a chemist on the basis of any professional or academic qualification.The responsibility for the description used when registering is thrown upon the individual himself, in the first instance, but is subject to corrobo- ration by his employers, to the satisfaction of the Ministry. Many Registered Students and other juniors to whom the above description cannot justifiably be applied may come within the meaning of the term “Laboratory Assistant-skilled (Chemical)” and should, in that event, use that description when registering. The reserved age for this category is at present officially notified as 25. Fellows, Associates and Registered Students should be careful not to use other terms which they may consider equivalent, as they cannot reasonably expect the non-technical staffs of local branches of the Ministry to understand the equivalence of such terms.Cases have been known where confusion has arisen through the use of such terms as-“ Assistant Manager, Chemical Works,’’ or “Analytical Chemist’s Assist ant .’’ It should be noted that the Schedule of Reserved Occupations is subject to revision and that the latest edition should therefore be consulted. The last published edition was issued in September, 1939,but it is expected that a revised Schedule will shortly be available. Any Fellow or Associate or senior Registered Student who is employed in a chemical capacity or has nearly completed his course of training, who receives a calling-up notice, would be well advised to consult the officers of the Institute immediately, giving full particulars as to his employment, the name of the office of the Ministry from which the notice was received and the Military Registration number .- 166 Chemists and National Service.-The Executive Officers of the Institute are prepared, so far as they are able, to deal with enquiries regarding chemists and national service. The business of the Institute has been carried on without interruption at its headquarters since the outbreak of war. All correspondence should normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.12.Telephone Number: Hillside 1859. 167 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting,19thApril, 1940.-Arising from previous Minutes, the Council received a letter from Dr. F. H. Carr, Vice-president , accepting appointment as representative of the Institute on the British Management Council, and a letter from the Committee of the London and South-Eastem Counties Section reporting that Mr. E. Q. Laws had been appointed to represent the Committee on the Publicity Committee. Dr. Norman Lindsay Sheldon, C.I.E. , accepted election as District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad to fill the vacancy arising from the election of Dr.H. A. Tempany as Vice-president. Among other correspondence, a letter was received from the Austrian Academy in Great Britain requesting the co-operation of the Institute. A letter was received from Lord Leverhulme inviting the Council to appoint two representatives to attend a luncheon to be held at the Trocadero Restaurant on 21st May, when consideration would be given to means to be adopted to perpetuate the memory of the late Mr. W. A. S. Calder. The President and Honorary Treasurer agreed to act as represen- tatives of the Institute on this occasion. In response to a letter from the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee indicating that the Institute was entitled to two representatives on the Executive Committee, the Council directed that Dr.H. E. Cox be asked to act as one of the representatives of the Institute, in addition to the Registrar, who has represented the Institute on the Committee for several years. In reply to a letter from the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland), the Council concurred in the appointment of Mr. Leslie Arndell as an Examiner in connexion with the Examinations for National Certificates. The Honorary Secretary of the Belfast and District Section directed attention to the proposal to form a Food Industrial Council in Northern Ireland, and suggested that it was possible that a Food Research Station would be started, in which event it would be desirable to secure the representation of chemists on the Governing body of the Station.168 On a notice of motion by Professor Briscoe, the Council dis-crissed the problem of ensuring the continued supply of young skilled and semi-skilled chemists for work of national importance, and the matter was referred to a Special Committee with power to act. Reports were received from the Finance and House Committee, the Benevolent Fund Committee, the Publications Committee and the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. Arising on the Report of the Publications Committee, Mr. Bacharach, the Chairman of the Committee, mentioned that he had received a letter from Dr. Hunter regarding reports of meetings of Local Sections. It was generally agreed that summaries of papers read before Sections should be furnished by the authors, and that the Committee should be empowered to exercise discretion in editing papers or declining to publish them.The general question was referred to the Committee for special consideration and report. Council Meeting, 17th May, 19M.-The attention of the Council had been called, at a previous meeting, to the circum- stance that in the list of qualifications entitling a secondary school teacher to salary on graduate scale, the Associateship of the Institute was not specifically mentioned, whereas the Associateship of several colleges and membership of the Institute of Physics was cited. It was agreed that the matter be referred €or appropriate representation. The Special Committee, ap-pointed on Professor Briscoe’s motion, at the meeting held on 19th April, reported that a letter had been addressed to the Ministry of Labour and National Service on the subject of con- serving the supply of young skilled and semi-skilled chemists.A letter was received from the Principal of Sunderland College thanking the Council on behalf of the Governors of the College for adding the name of the College to the list of those institutions recognised for training for admission to the Associateship of the Institute. A letter was received from the Association of Scientific Workers enclosing a report on conferences recently held to discuss the problems of industrial scientists. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Publications Committee reported that, it had had under con-sideration the present procedure for publication in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof lectures given at meetings of Local Sections, 169 particularly the extent to which the reports of lectures should be edited, corrected or, at the discretion of the Committee, re- jected in toto.The reference arose on a letter from Dr. Harold Hunter, who had suggested the appointment of a Panel of Referees who would guide the Committee in judging the accuracy of the subject matter. The Chairman of the Committee reviewed the procedure hitherto adopted. For all reports of lectures given before the Sections, the Committee had been dependent on the Honorary Secretaries of Sections, who, in most instances, obtained summaries of lectures from the lecturers, but in other instances, prepared reports themselves or obtained reports prepared by other members of their Sections.This procedure had resulted in lack of uniformity. It did not appear to have been the invariable practice for the summaries to have been checked and approved by the lecturers, but it had been customary for the Publications Committee, where reports were ambiguous, to submit to the lecturers revisions, other than verbal alterations, for approval. It had been urged that the general disavowal of responsibility for lecturers’ and speakers’ opinions, printed in each issue of the Journal before the reports of Local Sections, did not exonerate the Institute for publishing inaccurate or is-leading information.The object of publishing summaries of lectures had been not only to maintain a record of the proceedings of the Sections, but to secure the interest of members in the activities of their Sections. Moreover, it was well to note that the circulation of the Journal was over 8,500 and therefore afforded a valuable means of making known new developments and other useful information. The summaries of lectures which had been published had also led to much useful correspondence between the members and the lecturers. The Chairman submitted for consideration three possible courses:-(a) To cease publishing summaries of lectures to Local Sections at all, and to give merely the titles of lectures and the lecturers’ names.(This would not necessarily prevent the publication of separate summaries of particular lectures, provided that such publication did not trespass on the domain of the publishing Societies.) (b) To publish short summaries limited to, say, 400-500 words, provided and authorised by the lecturers themselves, and considered by the Committee to be worth publishing. 170 (This, again, would not preclude publication at greater length in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS or elsewhere.) (c) To continue the present practice, with more drastic editing before the copy goes to press. Eight members of the Committee attended the meeting, and nine contributed their views by letter. The Committee recommended :-(i) That, beginning with Part IV, 1940, the reports under the heading “Local Sections” in the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS be restricted to the record of business transacted and discussions on matters of professional interest, but that no report of lectures be included in this part of the Journal except the title and the names of the lecturer, chairman, etc., and other particulars, such as attendance. (ii) That the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, at their discretion, be authorised to invite lecturers, after the lectures have been delivered, to supply summaries (up to 500 words), the Publications Committee reserving the right to decide whether or not such summaries should be published (as separate articles in the Journal); that only summaries pre- pared by the lecturers be published; that such summaries be obtained as soon as possible after the delivery of the lectures, and, if necessary, be submitted to referees before they are set up in type.(iii) That all lecturers may be invited after the lectures, through the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, to lodge typed copies of their lectures at the offices of the Institute. (iv) That, in the event of the Council approving the above recommendations, they be put into force in Part IV of the Journal; but that the substance of the report of this Committee be published in Part I11 of the Journal in order that it may be considered and discussed by the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections to be held on 22nd June. The Report was adopted. The Committee also reported on requests received from members to add to their qualifications in the Register certain initials indicating membership of various Societies and Institu- tions and other designations.The Council adopted the opinion of the Committee that only the degrees of recognised universities and 171 the qualifications of recognised professional examining bodies should be included; that no qualification granted by a technical college be inserted unless it had been formally accepted by the Council as exempting from the examination for the Associateship of the Institute, and no initials indicating membership of any learned society be included except the Fellowship of the Royal Society of London. Naval, Military and Air Force rank, unless held by regular officers, would be omitted, but “Professor” would be included.On advice from the Press and Censorship Bureau the Register will not contain information indicating service with the forces at the present time. Such records will be published when duly aut horised. The Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee embodied the results of the March-April Examinations. Gifts.-Mrs. W. A. S. Calder has kindly presented the Institute with a copy of the Report of the Tenth International Congress of Chemistry, held in Rome, May, 1938: Volume V, Sections VI-XI inclusive. La chimica, la salute, l’igiene e la bellezza; la chimica e la documenta- zione; la chimica e l’agricoltura; la chimica e l’industria; la chimica e i trasporti; la chimica e la difesa.Dr. J. Newton Friend has kindly presented the Institute with the following :-The History and Present State of Electricity with Original Experiments, by Joseph Priestley. 5th Edition, corrected. London : 1794. Lectures on History and General Policy, to which is prefixed an Essay on a Course of Liberal Education for Civil and Active Life. Joseph Priestley. A new Edition, with numerous enlargements : comprising a lecture on “The Con- stitution of the United States,” from the Author’s American Edition, and additional notes by J. T. Rutt. London: 1826. 172 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, OY in speeches delivered during discussions.] Belfast and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 28th March in “The Carlton,” Belfast.The following Officers were elected for the 1940-41session :-Chairman, Dr. R. H. Common; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. W. Honney-man; Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. S. McDowell; Committee, Messrs. A. H. 0. Johnson, M. H. Hall, Drs. E. M. Reid and E. Wright. It was agreed to hold meetings next winter as and when they could be arranged without preparing a programme in advance. Birmingham and Midlands.-On 5th July, the Section will be visited by Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Vice-president, who will give an address on Medico-Legal Experiences. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Bristol University on 28th March,-Dr.A. C. Monkhouse, District Member of Council, in the Chair, in the unavoidable absence of Professor E. L. Hirst. The Report of the Hon. Secretary and Treasurer was received and adopted. Mr. Edward Russell and Mr. W. J. Carter were elected hon. auditors for the ensuing session. In the absence of other nominations the Chairman announced that the new members of committee would be Professor W. E. Garner and Mr. E. B. Parkes, so that the committee for the session was elected as follows:-Dr. W. E. Garner, Mr. E. B. Parkes, Mr. A. Sanders, Mr. H. G. Tribley, Dr. E. Vanstone, Mr. J. L. Wild and Dr. A. C. Monkhouse, District Member of Council; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, F. P. Hornby. (The Committee has since elected Professor W. E.Garner as Chairman.) The proceedings concluded with a vote of thanks to the University for facilities granted during the past session. The General Meeting was followed by a joint meeting, under the Chairmanship of Mr. A. Sanders, with the local Fellows of the 173 Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, when a paper on “Dangers in Chemical Works,” was given by Mr. S. H. Wilkes (H.M. Engineering Inspector of Factories), who has kindly supplied the following brief notes :-He described mechanical dangers which are avoided by using plant properly designed, constructed and maintained :-stairways and high platforms need handrails; moving parts-such as fly- wheels, belts, pulleys and gears-need fencing. Shafting is particularly dangerous.The lecturer then dealt with chemical injury to the body. External injuries are avoided by careful maintenance of plant, by safety devices such as carboy-carriers, by protective clothing, by washing and drenching in cases of bad splashes, and by periodical medical examination to detect signs of injury caused by long exposure. Large vessels should be fenced to prevent the possibility of workers falling into them. Vessels with common connections-steam boilers, kiers-must be capable of mechanical isolation from each other so that dangerous material from one may not enter another while men are within it. Internal injuries from dust, spray or gas are avoided by totally enclosed plant, or by ventilation, general or concentrated at the point of origin-the latter preferably.Before plant that has contained dangerous material is entered it must be isolated, steamed and ventilated, and the air inside tested, otherwise breathing apparatus and life-line should be worn. If sludge or scale cannot be removed before entry breathing apparatus and life-line should be worn. Fire and explosion of materials inflammable in air are avoided by keeping outside the inflammable limits of the mixture, by excluding air altogether, by replacing the air with inert gas, or by having present an excess of air. A second precaution is the avoidance of factors that may heat the system to its ignition point. Such are-open flames, sparks (by percussion, by foreign material in grinding plant, by aluminium paint on rusty steel), friction and electric arcs, including static sparks.Fires are extinguished (a)by displacing the air with inert gas or water, (b) by cooling below the ignition point. Explosions are extinguished by flame arrestors which cool exploding gas or choke 174 exploding dust, and the pressure is relieved by bursting panels or explosion doors. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides. Dublin.-On 15th May, members of the Section paid a visit to the works of Cement Limited, at Drogheda, where some members of the Belfast Section joined the party from Dublin, later taking tea with them at the Golf Hotel, Baltray. East Midlands.-The Fifth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the St.James Restaurant, Derby, on 4th April,-Dr. L. Hunter in the Chair. The Officers and Committee for the coming year were elected as follows :-Chairman, Mr. G. F. Hall; Committee, (Derbyshire) Dr. F. Briers and Messrs. R. Davidson and C. W. North; (Mottinghamshire) Dr. H. H. Barber and Messrs. E. M. Bavin and W. W. Taylor; (Leicestershire) Dr. L. Hunter and Mr. W. J. Lund; (Loughborough) Dr. G. M. Dyson; and (LincolnsEire) Mr. D. A. Campbell; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. J. Rat-cliffe; Hon. Auditor, Mr. C. W. North. The Report of the Committee and the Financial Statement were adopted. The retiring chairman then welcomed the new chairman, Mr. G. F. Hall. Dr. A. E. Everest then gave a lecture on “ Some Problems of the Dyestuff Manufacturer.” The following brief statement has been supplied by Dr.Everest :-The lecturer, starting with a consideration of the raw materials both inorganic and organic, pointed out how both materials and processes affected the finished colour. He instanced the serious effects to which small impurities in raw materials could give rise. He passed under review a number of intermediates and their production, indicating how quite small variations in processing may give rise to serious difficulties or affect vitally important purifications. He drew attention to the manner in which, in certain instances, accidental discoveries had made possible very important advances. He briefly outlined methods of colour production and the very wide range of difficulties which the colour manufacturer 175 has to face in producing colours satisfactory to all the using industries.In regard to this he pointed out how colours might be perfectly standardised in respect of one use but quite unsatis- factorily so for another, and he gave a series of instances where the use to which a colour was put could give rise to unexpected difficulties if the use was not known to the manufacturer. He drew attention to the very large range of colours of British manufacture now available, in contrast to the position existing in 1914. The lecture was illustrated by specimens of dyes and intennediat es. Huddersfie1d.-The Twentieth Annual General Meeting was held on 2nd April, in Fields Cafe, Huddersfield,-Dr.A. E. Everest in the Chair. The reports of the Hon. Treasurer and the Hon. Secretary were formally adopted. The Hon. Secretary in his report referred to the somewhat restricted activities of the Section due to war conditions and to the assistance which had been given to the Ministry of Home Security in the appointment of Gas Detection Officers. Dr. J. W. Whitaker and Dr. R. J. Connor were elected to the Committee and Mr. H. S. Pink was re-elected Hon. Auditor. Votes of thanks were accorded to the retiring members of the Committee and to Dr. Everest on his retirement from the Chairmanship of the Section. Mr. Webster Moss gave a brief account of matters of general interest which had been before the Institute during the year and made special reference to the losses which the Institute had suffered by the death of well-known Fellows, and, in particular, by the death of the President, Mr.Calder, to whose personal charm and ability he paid tribute. Following the Annual General Meeting, an ordinary meeting was held, at which Dr. M. W. Goldblatt gave a talk entitled “The Reaction of the Living Organism to Organic Compounds.” In his introductory remarks the lecturer stressed the remark- able manner in which the living organism, particularly the animal and human body, was able to adapt itself to deal with substances which were foreign to it and with which the organism had never been accustomed to deal under natural conditions.In particular, it was astonishing that the human body could deal with the enormous variety of compounds, often poisonous, which it encountered or had forced upon it under modern conditions of civilisation. The way in which the body contrived to deal with this wide variety of chemical substances was by the use of mechanisms already existing for the utilisation of foodstuffs of various kinds. The lecturer discussed in some detail the normal breakdown of the three main foodstuffs, namely fatty acids, carbohydrates and proteins, and indicated how certain diseases interfered with these processes. He then gave illustrations of how the animal body, by utilisation of the processes of hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction and conjugation, was able to deal with substances foreign to its normal metabolism.It was possible for the animal body to deal with surprisingly large amounts of toxic bodies by one or other or all of these methods. Examples of the elimination by conjugation were given:- (a) The formation of mercapturic acids by conjugation with cystein. (b) The formation of sulphates with or without previous oxidation or reduction. For example, j3-naphthylamine had been shown to be oxidised to 2-amino-1-naphtho1, which is then eliminated as the less toxic sulphate. Benzene has been shown to be oxidised to phenol which is then eliminated as the sulphate. (c) The formation of acetyl derivatives. This is the means by which a number of compounds are known to be eliminated.Examples are 9-aminobenzoic acid, sulph- anilamide (Prontosil) and M and B 693. An interesting discussion followed the lecture, in which a large number of members took part. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held on aand April, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds-Professor F. M. Rowe in the Chair. Dr. J. W. Baker (Home Office Regional Instructor, Gas Identification Service) and Dr. A. L. Roberts (Co-ordination Officer of the Gas Identification Service, City of Leeds) gave a joint exposition of ‘‘The Detection and Identification of War Gases.” Dr. Baker said that there are two main aspects of the problem of the detection and, more especially, the identification of war gases under civil defence conditions.The first was the rapid diagnosis in the field of the nature and type of gas used; the second was the collection of contaminated material and its subsequent examination in the chemical laboratory. Experience had shown that reliance must be placed largely on subjective methods for the field diagnosis and the Gas Identification Officer was chiefly trained in the use of such methods, but in addition he was equipped to carry out a chemical test for mustard gas on the spot and to take suitable samples of contaminated material. Dr. Roberts, who appeared in full kit, gave a realistic demonstration of the Gas Identification Officer’s work. He outlined the organisation of the local service and displayed the various items of the equipment.With the aid of a pot of earth impregnated with mustard gas substitute, he successfully demonstrated the field test and the collection of a contaminated sample with all the handicaps of respirator and gauntlets that grim reality would impose. Dr. Baker next dealt with the laboratory examination of contaminated material. Two general techniques were available, namely extraction with solvents and the method of air-flow analysis; the latter was to be preferred on account of greater safety in operation and economy of material. Non-persistent gases might be absorbed on activated charcoal and particulate clouds could be filtered out on cotton wool. Methods of examining these were described together with the investigation of materials contaminated with persistent gases.The lecturer demonstrated a number of the more important chemical tests used to identify phosgene, chloropicrin, ethyl iodoacetate, bromobenzyl cyanide, diphenylamine chlorarsine, mustard gas and lewisite. This comprehensive picture of the Gas Identification Service in action conveyed a striking impression of the scientific thoroughness with which its details have been thought out and was much appreciated by the audience. The lively and interesting discussion which followed was only closured by the black-out , 178 Liverpool and North-Western.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the City Technical College, Byrom Street, Liverpool, on 18th April,-Mr. G. W. Beaumont in the Chair.Dr. J. W. C. Crawford, Dr. J. V. Loach, Mr. C. K. Boundy and Mr. G. H. Turner were elected to the Committee. Mr. L. V. Cocks and Mr. B. D. W. Luff were re-elected Hon. Auditors. Dr. F. J. Smith was re-appointed Hon. Secretary and Mr. E. Reid, Hon. Assistant ,Secretary. The following elections by the Committee were announced for the coming session :-Chairman, Mr. J. R. Stubbs; Vice-chairman, Mr. G. W. Beaumont; Hon. Treasurer, Prof. W. H. Roberts. At the con- clusion of the business a joint meeting of the Section with the Liverpool Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists was addressed by Prof. J. Chadwick (Liverpool University) on :-“ Nuclear Chemistry.” The following abstract has been approved by the lecturer.Professor Chadwick gave a concise account of recent work on the transmutation of the elements. He traced the develop- ment of this branch of physics from the search for the Philosopher’s Stone, through radio-active disintegration, and showed how the nature of this last change was made clear by Rutherford’s theory of the nuclear structure of the atom. Light, X-rays or swift particles may remove one or more of the outer electrons, but the change is only temporary. To produce a true transformation, he said, we must change the nucleus of the atom. From radio-active substances a-particles must occasionally penetrate deeply into the structure of atoms in their path, and it seemed possible that sometimes a transmutation of the atoms might occur.The first successful experiment was carried out by Rutherford in 1919,when he exposed nitrogen to the bom-bardment of a-particles and found that protons were ejected at great speeds. ,N14 + ,He4 -+ gF1*-+ + lH1 The amount of transmutation is very small. Further experiments in a-particle bombardment, combined with those on the scattering of a-particles showed us how to proceed further in attempts to produce transmutation. 179 The a-particle must enter the nucleus; it must make a head-on collision and must have sufficient speed to surmount the potential barrier round the nucleus, (the lecturer here gave a demon-stration with a model) and since this increases with atomic number only the lighter elements could be transmuted by means of natural a-particles.Methods were developed for the production of high voltages, and these were used to accelerate streams of protons, deuterons and helium ions for bombardment; in this way Cockcroft and Walton in 1932 effected the transmutation of lithium with accelerated protons, a-particles being emitted with great energies. ,Li7 + lH1-+,Be8 -+ ,He4 + ,He4 Bombardment of oxygen with accelerated deuterons (ions of heavy hydrogen) may give three different results. 77N14 2He4+ .L9F17+ on1 The lecturer pointed out that difficulties attendant on the use of potentials of several million volts to accelerate particles for the disintegration of heavy elements have been overcome by the use of the cyclotron, in which particles are accelerated by a moderate voltage of the order of 50,000-100,000 volts in a series of successive steps.It gives results equivalent to the application of 16 million volts. The neutron, discovered in the disintegration of beryllium, ,Be9 + ,He4 -+ &13 -+6Cl2 + on1, is the most effective of all agents for producing disintegration, having no charge and therefore not being repelled electrically by the nucleus. Slow neutrons are sometimes more effective than fast ones. When simple capture of a neutron occurs, the new nucleus may be unstable, i.e., cannot exist permanently but changes to a more stable form by the emission of a negative or positive electron, thus :-13A127+ ,,nl -+ 15A128 (unknown in nature), 13A128-+ 14SiZ8+ -,eo.This is the phenomenon of induced radio-activity discovered by 180 Mme. and M. Curie-Joliot. In their initial experiments the unstable bodies were produced by a-particle bombardment. 13A127+ ,He4 -+15P31--+ 13P30+ on1 15P30-+&i30 + +,e0. The unstable nuclei obey the same exponential law of trans-formation with time shown by the natural radio-active bodies. At the present time about 500 nuclear reactions of the primary type have been discovered, and some 350 new forms of atomic nuclei produced. Some of the stable nuclei were first known from their appearance in these reactions, for example, 017 and He3. In general, only minute amounts of matter can be transmuted by these processes, because only an exceptional collision produces transmutation.Many projectiles must be used to register a successful hit, and though the nucleus struck may release an amount of energy large in comparison with that of the projectile, it is very small compared with that of the total projectiles used. Further, nuclear reactions cannot usually be propagated, the fragments of the first disintegration dissipating their energy in electron collisions rather than in producing further trans- mutations. Professor Chadwick pointed out that there are two examples in which nuclear reactions may lead to effects on a large scale. The first is that of certain stars, where the nuclei are very close together and protons are accelerated to sufficient speed by the temperature.A cycle of transmutations is possible, which in essence results in the creation of helium from protons, and calculation shows that this process is the most important source of energy in hot stars. The second example is the transmutation of uranium by neutrons. A uranium nucleus which captures a neutron divides into two roughly equal parts, with the liberation of a large amount of energy and the emission of two or more neutrons. If conditions could be realised in which these neutrons could be utilised to produce further transmutations, a chain reaction -might develop which would provide an enormous source of power. For the first time there seems to be a possibility of tapping the great store of energy residing in the nuclei of heavy atoms, but at the present moment the prospects of cheap power produced in this way are not bright.In the discussion which followed, the Chairman, Dr. Kennett, and Messrs. E. E. Billington, G. N. Copley, V. Biske, E. Myer, J. G. Rimmer and E. Wallace took part. A vote of thanks to Prof. Chadwick was proposed by Mr. A. E. Findley and seconded by Dr. F. W. Kay. London and South-Eastern Counties.-A joint meeting of the Section with the London and Home Counties Branch of the Institute of Physics was held on 19th March, in the Theatre of the Royal Institution, when Dr. D. A. Spencer gave a lecture on ‘‘Colour Photography.” Mr. E. R. Davies, Chairman of the London and Home Counties Branch of the Institute of Physics, presided. Dr.Spencer has kindly supplied a resum6 of his address. The lecturer reminded the audience of the nature of colour and, having briefly described historically interesting optical processes in which attempts were made to reproduce the actual spectral composition of the colours of nature, outlined the principles upon which the commercially successful processes are based. In such processes no attempt is made to reproduce the spectral composition oi the colours photographed, but rather to match them-a much simpler matter. In 1861 Clerk Maxwell projected on to the screen at the Royal Institution the first colour photograph based on this principle. (The lecturer repeated this demonstration, using slides made from Maxwell’s transparencies.) Maxwell’s system, which arose out of his studies of colour mixture, depends on the fact that all naturally occurring colours can be matched by mixtures of three colours only-red, green and blue light.By means of a colour cartoon film the various ways in which this principle has been applied to commercial processes was illustrated and the various stages in the exposure, processing and projection of typical systems were shown in the form of animated diagrams. The relationship between the additive processes, in which the final result is in effect synthesised from red, green and blue light, and the subtractive systems, in which the synthesis colours are magenta, yellow and blue-green pigment or dye layers, was demonstrated and a comprehensive exhibit of colour prints by various subtractive processes illustrated the high level of quality nowadays attainable.Turning to the underlying theory, the lecturer pointed out that the so-called objective theory of three-colour photography, which had held the field for some 35 years, was incomplete and in some 182 ways misleading and that in the last few years the subject had been re-examined by several workers in the light of the comparatively new science of colorimetry. According to recent theory, the colour-mixture functions of the human eye must be taken into account and he illustrated the way in which this had been done. This led to an examination of the accuracy attainable by purely automatic procedures, and it was shown that, although complete accuracy was in theory attainable, it made demands on the photographic material and the operator’s technique which were at the moment difficult of attainment on a commercial as opposed to a laboratory basis.Nevertheless, it remained doubtful whether, in the absence of direct comparison with the original, an observer would be aware that literal accuracy of colour rendering was not attained in agood commercialcolour photograph by either additive or subtractive methods. Obvious errors in colour rendering were nearly always due to avoidable errors in technique or in choice of materials. A brief survey of commercial processes led to the latest development-the so-called monopack system-which enabled subtractive colour transparencies to be made in an ordinary camera.The construction and method of processing a typical monopack was illustrated by a moving diagram colour cartoon made with the monopack material in question. The lecture concluded with the projection of a variety of subjects recorded on sub-standard monopack 16 mm. cine film and on still transparencies. Commercial processes described in the lecture and forming the accompanying exhibition included Vivex, Carbro, Eastman Wash-Off Relief, Agfacolor and Kodachrome (subtractive processes) and Lumiere Autochrome, Finlay, Kodacolor and Dufaycolor (additive processes). A party of Members visited the Stratford Works of the London and North Eastern Railway on 17th April, by courtesy of Mr. F. W. Carr, the Mechanical Engineer.The departments in- spected included shops for repair of locomotive wheels, removal of steel tyres, replacement and machining, axle and crank turning and for various phases of locomotive dismemberment and recon- struction. In the tool shops, the production of small parts, such as bolts and nuts, by automatic lathes and other machines of robot character were seen. The noise occasioned by work on boilers reverberated until the party reached the foundry, where drop 183 forge work provided a fascinating sight, and so to the casting foundry where ladles of molten steel from the blast furnace were guided to moulds by means of overhead transporters; and finally, to the paint shop where the locomotives are made ready for the road.The Committee of the Section met in April. Business transacted included the appointment of Mr. E. Q. Laws as representative of the Section Committee on the Committee of the Council on Publicity, a discussion upon the Gas Identification Service and the arrangements to be made for the Annual General Meeting of the Section. A tentative programme for the forth- coming session was prepared. Manchester and District.-The Annual Conjoint Meeting of the Manchester Chemical Societies which usually takes place each year in November was held on 15th March in the College of Technology. The Deputy Chairman of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, Mr. L. Thompson, presided. Professor J. B. Speakman gave an address on ‘‘Some Relationships between the Constitution, Properties, and Uses of Animal Fibres,” of which he has kindly supplied the following abstract :-Twenty years ago little was known concerning the constitu- tion, properties, and reactivity of animal fibres, such as wool, In consequence wool textile processes were empirical in character and there could be no constructive development of new processes.-4s a result of recent research, however, the structure of animal fibres is now well understood, wool textile processes are capable of scientific control, and new processes can be developed. Early attempts to interpret the molecular structure of the animal fibre met with considerable difficulty on account of its variable composition. The wool fibre, for example, consists of three types of cell, forming respectively, the cuticle, cortex and medulla.Although the cuticle and cortex do not differ as regards sulphur content, the medulla contains little or no sulphur. Further the intercellular phase is deficient in sulphur as compared with the cuticle and cortex and the sulphur content of the fibre varies along its length. As a result of these and other variations in composition, little progress could be made towards interpreting the structure of the fibre by orthodox chemical methods. X-Ray 184 analysis and physico-chemical methods, however, led to the recognition of a skeleton structure, common to both the cells and the intercellular phase, and consistent with all known variations in composition of the fibres and their component parts.Accord-ing to this conception, the fibre consists of long peptide chains arranged parallel to the length of the fibre and linked together in one plane by cystine and salt linkages. Several such planes are superimposed to form the micelles from which the fibre is built. The processes to which wool is subjected are capable of close interpretation in terms of the above structure. As regards scouring, for example, the difficulty of removing mineral oil from wool is due, in part, to the high adhesion of mineral oil and wool. The high adhesion is due to the presence on the surface of the fibre of amino-acid side chains between which the oil mole- cules pack. In consequence, scouring must be assisted by introducing polar compounds into the mineral oil to promote emulsification.The long chain alcohols are useful, but a more recent solution, which is of topical interest, is to use fatty acids and scour with neutral detergents. As regards dyeing, the salt linkages are responsible for the affinity of animal fibres for acid, but sulphur linkage breakdown at high temperatures facilitates the process by promoting swelling. In milling, too, shrinkage of fabrics is assisted by the action of acids or alkalis in breaking salt linkages. Sulphur linkage breakdown, when excessive, hinders shrinkage by impairing the power of recovery of deformed fibres, and the critical conditions for optimum shrinkage-+H 10 and 45OC.-are governed by disulphide bond breakdown.In the case of rabbit fur, however, felting is promoted by disulphide bond breakdown in the coarser part of the fibre, which is peculiar in contour. Finally, it is now recognised that the unshrinkable finish on wool is based on gelatinisation of the surface layers of the fibre. Such gelatinisa- tion depends mainly on disulphide bond breakdown, and any reagent capable of causing such breakdown can be used to impart an unshrinkable finish to wool. Chlorine, bromine, sulyhuryl chloride, sodium sulphite, chlorine peroxide, etc., all function in this manner. From these and other examples it has become clear that existing finishing processes are based on the properties of the two types of cross linkage in untreated fibres-the salt linkage and the sulphur linkage.Conversely, it has been argued that new 185 processes will result from the synthesis of new linkages in animal fibres. In support of this contention, it may be stated that the long-established processes of crabbing and blowing are based, not merely on the breakdown of salt and sulphur linkages, but also on the synthesis of new linkages between the peptide chains. Similarly, the process for correcting the unlevel dyeing of loose wool by means of basic chromium acetate depends on the forma- tion of new cross-linkages. Recent research has, therefore, been devoted to the synthesis of new cross-linkages and a number of types have been established. These include metal-containing linkages, involving the use of simple inorganic compounds as well as inorganic polymers, and linkages formed by means of form- aldehyde, quinone, aldehydic and ketonic acids and ethylene sulphide.The new bonds, besides forming the basis of new finishing processes, have an important bearing on the repair of damage in animal fibres. On 5th April members of the Institute joined with the Manchester Statistical Society at a lecture on ‘‘Statistics : A Technical Tool in Chemical Industry,’’ which was given by Mr. S. Horrobin and Dr. 0. L. Davies (both of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.) at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society’s rooms. The Twenty-second Annual General Meeting of the Manches- ter and District Section was held on 29th April, in the rooms of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. The chair was taken by Mr.S. A. Brazier. Mr. C. J. House, Mr. R. Gray, Dr. D. A. Harper, and Mr. J. H. Carrington were elected to the committee in place of four retiring members. The Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. A. Coulthard, and. the Hon. Auditors,-Mr. H. H. Stocks and Mr. L. Thompson,-were re-elected. The Chairman gave an address entitled: “A Chemist in Industry,” of which the following record is based on an abstract supplied by the lecturer. The lecturer described the different types of work required in a factory and the separation into (i)the control of raw materials and general analytical work, (ii) product or process control in 186 the factory, (iii) technical service or development work, and (iv) research work.Some distinction should be made between factories where the manufacturing processes are of a directly chemical nature and factories employing manufacturing processes the basic reactions of which are far from completely understood or very largely empirical. In operations more directly related to normal chemical manu- facturing processes it is probable that no serious difficulty exists in getting either a supply of trained but inexperienced chemists who would quickly fit into the technical control organisation or a supply for analytical or routine control laboratories or for research work, particularly when this is carried out by research squads under the direction of experienced leaders.A different position, however, seems to exist about direct factory work and, in view of the importance of this to industry, it is worth while considering some of the difficulties encountered. The division of industrial work into development, manu-facturing control and technical service is not entirely arbitrary. Although knowledge of the principles involved in manufacturing processes is obviously necessary for satisfactory development or technical service work, actually it will not be found difficult to sort out any available staff. There is a growing demand in industry for technically trained men to carry out these duties, to ensure efficient control of the product to meet the intensively competitive position of industry, the best standard of product at minimum cost and satisfactory standardisation.At the same time most industrial products have to meet competition from alternative materials; as only the most suitable product can continue to hold any market, it is necessary for a highly specialised technical staff to be created to enable the product to be improved from time to time and so to enable the manufacturers to continue in production. To meet such conditions it is essential that there should be a satisfactory flow of trained chemists with the right temperament for industrial work and sufficient initiative, force, fitness and foresight to carry the work through to a successful conclusion, and it is unfortunate that the right type of man is often difficult to find. It is of primary importance that the fundamental principles of science should be taught; if these are sacrificed in an attempt 187 to cover a large field of work the chemist will be seriously handi- capped in his later life.It has been found that certain schools of training turned out men particularly suitable for industrial work; where this is not so, it seemed likely that the reason was the curriculum rather than the personnel. Although it will probably be agreed that we are turning out good academic men and good research chemists, a difficulty does exist over the supply of men for industrial work and the matter is certainly worth consideration. In spite of the advantage given by preliminary contact with industry prior to University training, students have a real difficulty if entry into a revenue-earning position is unduly delayed.Factory experience at the beginning will, however, enable a student to decide if he is attracted by a career in industry and so would remove the frequent criticism that scientists on the whole are not suited for this type of work. At present the student has first to qualify as a chemist and then to decide on his career. In the lecturer’s own experience twelve months has been found a reasonable time in which a chemist can get “settled down” into his new life. The importance of a combined study of test data in direct relation to the product, of making clean reports that avoid highly technical terms and of establishing the goodwill of the colleagues with whom the chemist has to work must be realised.Mr. W. Atherton, Mr. J. H. Carrington, Dr. D. A. Harper, Dr. H. Hunter, Dr. W. J. S. Naunton, Mr. G. M. Painter, Mr. F. Scholefield, Mr. Owen Jones, and Mr. H. Stevenson participated in the ensuing discussion. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Chemistry lecture theatre of King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne, on 30th April, when Dr. Madgin, chairman of the Section, gave a talk on Equilibria in Some Solutions.” Dr. Madgin reminded his audience that determinations of the molecular weight of dissolved substances by the cryoscopic method generally assume the validity of the van’t Hoff ideal solution laws, and regard the solvent as an inert medium.However, it is quite certain that abnormal cryoscopic effects may be due not only to solute effects, such as dissociation or association, 188 but to solvent effects also. Lewis and Randall had shown how to determine a corrected concentration, or activity, from freezing- point measurements, and their equations were adapted to the study of solutions of molecular compounds. The inherent difficulties in the determination of the concentrations of undissociated molecules were successfully overcome, and equilibrium constants in both benzene and para-dichlorobenzene were calculated. The similarity of the essential properties of the solvents gave grounds for supposing that they would influence solutes in the same way, and the values for the same equilibrium constant (at different temperatures) were used in the van’t Hoff isochor to calculate heats of formation.It might be expected that, since all compounds between phenols and amines contain, presumably, the same fundamental linkage, the heats of formation would be similar. However, examination of a series of such compounds revealed specific differences between these compounds, and this will require further investigation. South Wales.-The Twenty-second Annual General Meeting was held on 25th April, in the Royal Institution of South Wales, Swansea,-Mr. J. Christie presiding. The Annual Report of the Committee and the Financial State- ment were received and adopted.Despite the fact that part of the programme for the session was cancelled, members had been able, through co-operation with other local chemical societies, to attend six meetings. The chief event of the session was the celebration of the “Coming of Age” of the Section, on 16th November. Mr. S. B. Watkins, District Member of Council, spoke of various Council activities during his first year of office and was thanked by the Chairman for his report. The Officers and Members of the Committee for the ensuing session were elected, as follows :-Chairman, Mr. J. Christie ; Honorary Secretary, Mr. E. E. Ayling; Committee, Dr. W. A. Hayward, Dr. F. Heathcoat, Dr. L. E. Hinkel, Mr. R. H. Jones, Mr. E. Thornton and Mr.F. G. Willson; ex-oficio, Mr. S. B. Watkins (Cardiff), District Member of Council. Messrs. J. W. Adye and C. R. N. Strouts were elected Honorary Auditors. The meeting then considered several questions, relating to the constitution and to the nomination of the Council, which had previously been before the Section and, after a keen discussion, 189 the following resolution was adopted for submission, in the first instance, to the Annual Conference of Honorary Secrtataries in June:- “That the By-laws governing the constitution and the election of the Council be revised, with special reference to the following: (a) An increase in the number of District Members to 19,so that one may be allocated to each Section in the British Isles and one to Overseas Members, (b) The abolition of the distinction on the balloting list between candidates nominated by the Council and those nominated under By-law 26.” The Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, at which the President, the Honorary Treasurer and the Chairmen of the Publications Committee will also be present, will be held at the Institute on Saturday, aand June, at 10a.m.190 “The History of Chemical Industry in the Midlands.” During the 1939-40 session, under the Chairmanship of Mr. J. R. Johnson, before the Birmingham and Midlands Section of the Institute, a Symposium was held on the history of Chemical Industry in the Midlands. CONTRIBUTORS. The Rise of Chemical Industries in the Midlands .. .. .. .. George King,Member of Council. The Coal Tar Industry .. .. .. R. B. Robinson. Early Gas Plant Manufacture .. .. W. E. Benton. Alexander Parkes .. .. ..* Dr. D. F. Twiss, Member of Council. The Varnish and Lacquer Industry .. G. N. Hill. The Paint and Varnish Industry ,. W. E. Wornum. Bakelite .. .. .. .. .. George Dring.Non-Ferrous Metals . . .. .. J. R. Johnson, Member of Council. The Rise of Chemical Industries in the Midlands. By GEORGEKING,Member of Council. The availability of raw materials (charcoal, coal, iron pyrites, iron ore, sand, salt and limestone) has been the most important factor in establishing chemical industry in the Midlands. Two other factors are of interest: the foundation in Birmingham in 1552of the King Edward VI School provided a centre of learning; when the Five Mile Act was passed in 1665 many Non-Con- formists found refuge in Birmingham (which was not then a borough), and it is significant that most of the founders of Birmingham’s industries were dissenters.For centuries the Wyre Forest has been a source of charcoal, first used in winning iron from its ore. Reference to the mining of coal at Halesowen is made in the Rolls of Parliament for 1376, but the first notable use (under patent) of coal for iron ore reduc- tion was at Gadley Forge, where, in 1620, Dud Dudley is said to have produced about 3 tons of iron per week. 191 In 1709 Abraham barby first used coke for smelting iron at Coalbrookdale, and in I770 John Wilkinson of Bilston introduced the idea of blowing air through cast iron pipes into his smelting furnace.Wilkinson achieved fame by constructing in 1779 the remarkable single-span cast iron bridge over the Severn at Ironbridge. In 1886 Siemens introduced the open hearth process for removal of impurities from scrap and pig iron--the works being in Great Hampton Street, Birmingham. In 1746 Roebuck set up in Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham, the first factory in the world to use lead chambers for condensing sulphuric acid, and reduced the price of the acid from 40s. to 2s. 6d. per lb. The oil of vitriol was in demand in the metal industries. In 1835 Robert and William Chance erected a works at Oldbury to make sulphuric acid, and then sodium sulphate as a first stage in the Leblanc process for alkali manu- facture.In their works the Chance-Claus process for recovery of sulphur was worked out by the Leblanc method. William Hunt gained early experience in the works of Gossage and Fardon at Stoke Prior (near Droitwich), which had been established in 1830 for the manufacture of alkali by the Leblanc process and later carried on this manufacture in the works of William Hunt and Sons at Wednesbury. In 1896, the two companies were amalgamated to form Chance and Hunt, Ltd., famous all over the world as manu- facturers of heavy chemicals. This firm was later absorbed in Imperial Chemical Industries. The Chances required the alkali they manufactured for their glass works at Spon Lane, where, in 1832, sheet glass was made for the first time.It is interesting to note that the great Crystal Palace was built for the 1851 Exhibition with Chance’s sheet glass. In 1822 John Sturge started business at Bewdley, making dyers’ solutions-no doubt for the carpet makers at Midder- minster. Shortly afterwards he moved to Wheeleys Lane, Birmingham, where he was joined by Edmund Sturge in the manufacture of citric acid, tartaric acid, tartrates and potassium bicarbonate. In 1841 precipitated chalk was added to the list. The commercial importance of this last product to-day is largely due to the researches carried out in the laboratories of J. & E. St urge. The Sturges were joined in 1840 by Arthur Albright, who 192 experimented with phosphorus production.By 1851 progress had been sufficient to start up a new factory for this work, and Albright did this at Oldbury-a centre convenient for supplies of heavy chemicals and at the same time well situated for trans- port by rail and canal. A year later he was joined by J. E. Wilson to form the company which continues to make phosphorus, phosphates, various aerating materials and baking powders. The beginning of the gas industry took place in Birmingham. In I792William Murdoch experimented with coal gas in Cornwall; later he built the first gas holder at the Soh0 Works. In 1800 New Street Theatre was lit by gas. The firm of Boulton and Watt, with which Murdoch was associated, erected many inde- pendent gas plants for manufacturers and private houses.The gas industry soon developed actively in Birmingham in spite of certain opposition by leading clergymen who thought its use “profane and contrary to God’s Law.” The first gas works was built in 1817in Gas Street, and the streets were lighted by gas in 1826. In 1875 the gas companies were purchased by the town. Then came the problem of disposal of gas liquor and tar, and for this purpose various companies were formed (e.g. Lewis Demuth & Co., 1867,Major & Co.,Ltd., 1856,Robinson Bros., Ltd., 1869). These were amalgamated in 1918as the Midland Tar Distillers, Ltd., who now take tar from xoo gas undertakings and distil it at Oldbury. The ammonia liquors from the gas works were early disposed of and converted into chloride and sulphate.In 1893 a works was established (now managed by Brotherton & Co.) at Nechells for dealing with these liquors. In 1901, following the researches of Dr. Ludwig Mond, producer gas was manufactured at Tipton and distributed over an area of 120 square miles. From the by-products many new substances have been isolated, including a range of non-toxic, non-irritant germicidal preparations known as Monsol products : various sheep dips and new types of luminous paints have also been made. In 1894 the British Cyanide Co., Ltd., was founded at Tat Bank, Oldbury. Cyanide was used for gold extraction, mainly in South Africa. Later, this firm was merged into British Industrial Plastics, Ltd., which produced the first successful synthetic resins of the thiourea-formaldehyde type.The rise of the plastics industry in recent years has been amazing. Founded on the researches of Dr. Baekeland, work 193 was developed in Birmingham by H. V. Potter, who produced “Damard Lacquer.” From this beginning there has been built up the British Bakelite Industries with their extensive works at Tyseley. Two other modern industries based on the manufacture of cellulose esters were first developed commercially in the Midlands, -artificial silk by Messrs. Courtaulds, Ltd., at Coventry; lacquers by the Frederick Crane Co., in Birmingham. Probably the first piece of rubber to come to Birmingham was that given to Joseph Priestley.Vulcanisation by sulphur chloride was invented by Alexander Parkes, metallurgist at Messrs. Elkingtons, who made waterproof rubber goods. Messrs. Dunlop, Ltd., later established their works in Birmingham, and founded a research department which has achieved international reputation. It was in Birmingham that the manufacture of nickel was first developed, and chemistry has played an important part in the growth of the metallurgical industry. The manufacture of paints and pigments, glue and gelatine, and the preparation of foods, attracted the attention of chemists in the Midlands in the early days. Scientific control in industry is no new thing in Birmingham, and from the days when Priestley, Murdoch and other chemists met Boulton, Watt, Wedgwood and other “industrialists” at the Lunar Society meetings, chemists have contributed their share to the growth of the industry in the Midlands.The Coal Tar Industry. By R. B. ROBINSON In the early days of the gas industry, tar was merely a waste product, and gas works had to pay for its removal. It was first used for tarring fences, roofs, etc. In r838, Bethell, who intro- duced the use of creosote for the preservation of timber, built a tar distillery near the site of the present Swan Village Gas Works. The development of the tar industry, particularly during the latter half of the nineteenth century, was largely due to Perkin’s discovery in 1856 of the use of aniline as a source of dyestuffs, which, of course, provided an immense stimulus to the production of benzol.The development of the production of alizarine from anthracene, which dates from 1868, was a further incentive to the industry. 194 Tar distilleries were erected at various points in the Midlands, notably by J. C. Major of Wolverhampton; by Lewis Demuth, who specialised in the production of benzol at his works at Oldbury; by Robinson Brothers at West Bromwich; later followed the Brownhills Chemical Works, W. H. Keys of West Bromwich, and Josiah Hardman at Nechells, dealing with the tar from the nearby gas works. These firms purchased and distilled the crude tar produced by the gas undertakings in the surrounding area, and produced most or all of the well-known products of the industry, such as benzol; solvent naphtha for the rubber trade and for dry-cleaning; heavy naphtha, used in the paint trade and for anti-fouling compositions; crude carbolic and crude cresylic acids, the source of phenol and to-day important in the synthetic resin industry; creosote for a variety of uses, such as brick press oil, wells oil, absorbing oil, preservation of timber, etc.; and pitch, which found its principal outlet as a binder for the manufacture of patent fuel, considerable quantities being sent to South Wales for this purpose. In 1908, Robinson Brothers, Ltd., established a special department for the development of road tar. This was the beginning of the growth of this section of the industry, which occupies a position of very great importance in the Midland area to-day.It is interesting to note that, whereas in the early days there were only one or two proprietary road tar compounds on the market, there are to-day between 300 and 400. After the Great War, several of the largest local distillers merged their interests and formed the Midland Tar Distillers, Ltd., which company now has contracts with a very large number of gas undertakings over the Midland area on a profit-sharing basis. This principle, which is also in operation in a number of other areas, has made possible collective marketing of some of the principal products, such as creosote and pitch, with a (relative) stabilisation of prices in startling contrast with the old-time fluctuations. Early Gas Plant Manufacture.By W. E. BENTON. (The work of Murdoch (1754-1839)and Clegg was described and photographs of early types of gas plant made at the Soh0 works were exhibited.) 195 In 1792 Murdoch first used gas to light his cottage at Redruth. At a later date-possibly about 1802 or 1803-he induced Boulton and Watt to take up the manufacture of plant for production, storage and distribution of coal gas. His plant was sold to individual firms to enable them to manufacture coal gas for their own use. It is interesting to note that this group (Murdoch, Boulton and Watt) never seemed to have envisaged the possibility of the public distribution of gas-at any rate they were not interested in such work. Murdoch was also concerned with the devising of plant for purification of gas; water was mainly relied upon for this, though later he appears to be re-sponsible for the addition of lime, placed in the gas holder.This method was subsequently abandoned for some form of lime washer. Clegg, pupil of Murdoch, continued his master’s work: instead of the rectangular gas holders which were first used, he made the first circular one; he also introduced a proper coal gas purification process with damp lime. Alexander Parkes. By Dr. D. F. TWISS,Member of Council. Alexander Parkes, was a remarkable inventor with a wonder- ful perception of possibilities extending over the whole range of chemistry. Between 1840 and 1886 he took out 80 patents. The late Lord Moulton spoke of Parkes as the greatest original inventor produced by this country.Born in Suffolk Street, Birmingham, in 1813, Parkes lived in or near Birmingham for 68 years, and then retired to London. He was self trained. As a boy of 15 he exhibited at the Society of Artists in Birmingham a carving which was highly commended. He had made his own tools for this work. He always had artistic leanings, and in a number of his technical patents described himself as an “artist.” Parkes was apprenticed to Messrs. Messenger and Sons, art metal manufacturers. He passed on to the works of Elkington and Mason, where he was shortly made a manager of the casting department. No particularly striking development occurred until his employers called upon him to develop electro-plating by the cyanide process which they acquired in 1840.In less than a year he had suggested improvements which were embodied in the patents filed by his employers. One interesting and now well-known technique worked out by Parkes consisted of dipping the article to be plated into a solution of phosphorus in carbon disulphide, and then into a copper sulphate solution. Gold was then electro-deposited on the reduced copper. On one occasion when Queen Victoria visited Birmingham, she was presented with a bouquet of real flowers which Parkes had gold-plated. He next turned his attention to rubber. He discovered the softening and solvent action of carbon disulphide on rubber. He also vulcanised rubber films by applying a solution of sulphur chloride in carbon disulphide and further showed that rubber with bright pigments incorporated in it could be so vulcanised without loss of colour.He developed the process into the method still used to-day for vulcanising the rubber on water- proofed garments-Elkington and Mason, in spite of their prime interests as silversmiths and art-metal workers, being the first firm to make rain-coats with a vulcanised rubber coating. The process eventually was sold to Messrs. Charles Macintosh of Manchester, in 1852,after which, “mack,” in spite of its mis- spelling, became a general brief description for this type of overwear. Parkes carried out useful work in other directions. He made improvements in collodion for use .in photography, and discovered the beneficial effect of cotton seed oil and also of camphor on the moulding qualities of nitrocellulose.His product “Parkesine” was an early and original form of celluloid and xylonite, these substances appearing some years later. Probably arising out of this work he invented a propellant explosive, a type of cordite presumably, for which no patent of protection or statement of composition is on record. A report remains, however, of startlingly effective results obtained in 1855 with a $-ton shell. Metallurgy, too, received his attention. He invented the well-known Parkes process for extraction of silver from lead. In 1857 he patented inventions for the manufacture of seamless metal cylinders and tubes-the process eventually passing to Messrs.Everitt. In the same year he patented a process for the recovery of tin from scrap tinned iron. Later he produced various steel alloys and phosphor bronze. Arising out of the development of one of his processes for the extraction of nickel from its ores, Parkes became associated with Sir Josiah Mason in a nickel works in Holly Lane. He also 197 developed a smokeless furnace for annealing, smelting and calcining. Parkes never became wealthy. He spent his earnings in the development and elaboration of his ideas. The impression created on Josiah Mason by his scientific and fertile mind probably contributed much to the latter’s subsequent decision to found a science college-Mason College-which eventually formed the nucleus for the University, of which, as of Alexander Parkes, Birmingham is proud.The Varnish and Lacquer Industry. By G. N. HILL. The early development of the varnish and lacquer industry in Birmingham was closely associated with the metal trades of the town, and it appears that a number of manufacturers produced lacquers and japans not only for their own use but also for supply to out-workers. Little information is available concerning the early days of the industry, as formulas and processes of manufacture were jealously guarded secrets and only meagre details have become available from the private papers of some of the earlier workers. An event which had considerable influence upon the develop- ment of the industry in Birmingham took place in the year 1740, when John Baskerville introduced the art of japanning.This was the process of applying lacquer to metals and other materials in a manner similar to that practised in Japan. The business developed to such an extent that by 1770 a dozen or more “japanners” were established, and to supply their needs a number of varnish makers were at work in the town. One of the first of these was John Meredith, who set up in business in the year 1780. This business was listed in Holden’s Directory of Birmingham for 1803 as Meredith & Co., varnish makers, of Lionel Street, and is still carried on under the same title at premises in Western Road, claimed by the firm as the oldest varnish business in the world.A few years later two other varnish makers established themselves in Lionel Street-a Mr. Thornley at Nos. 5 and 6, and Mr. W. G. Postans at No. 19. Mr. Thornley’s business was carried on as Thornley & Son, varnish and printing ink makers, until 1845-50,when Thomas Knight became associated with the Company, which continued for a time as Thornley, Son & 198 Knight. By 1873 the title of the firm had been simplified to Thornley & Knight, under which it is still carried on bydescendants of the original founder. The business established by Mr. W. G. Postans later became associated with that of Messrs. Morley Bros., and is still carried on at the Trevor Street Works by Postans, Morley Bros. & Birtles. The industry first attained the dignity of a separate trade classification in the Directory of 1841,when some ten or more varnish makers were established in the city; of these businesses at least five are in existence to-day.The firm of Barrett & Hadfield had been established in Bradford Street a few years earlier by Jeremiah Barrett. Had-field appears to have been an elusive sort of person, as he left Mr. Barrett for a few years, returned in 1850,but had again departed by 1856,from which date Mr. Barrett carried on alone until 1864, when he retired from the business, following un- profitable speculation in American turpentine. The business was then taken over by Holden and Sanders. After a few years Mr. Sanders retired and Mr. Holden carried on.The name of the firm was changed to Arthur Holden & Son, under which title it still continues. One of the oldest lacquer firms in the country is that of Llewellyn Ryland, Ltd., the foundations of which were laid in the closing years of the eighteenth century by John Ryland, a manufacturer of Britannia and brass wares, who was later joined by his brother-in-law, John Llewellyn. This worthy was possessed of considerable artistic ability, and interested himself in the improvement of the lacquers then in use so effectively that, after the acquisition in 1830 of the lacquer business of William Lambley, the manufacture of lacquer had assumed such proportions that it became the principal occupation of the firm. On the death of the founder, the business was carried on by his son, John Llewellyn Ryland, who discontinued the metal side of the business and devoted the whole of his efforts to lacquer manufacture.The rapid development of the metal trades in Birmingham and the Midlands gave a great impetus to the varnish and lacquer trades, and Birmingham’s contribution to the industry lay in the production and standardisation of materials of high quality, which gained for them a world-wide reputation. 199 The earliest records of the principles of varnish making in Europe are due to Theophilus Presbyter in the tenth century. He described processes in use to-day. The early varnishes were viscous materials, much too stout for application with the brush, and were usually applied by means of the finger.The method of reducing the varnish melt to brushing consistency with a volatile solvent does not appear to have been practised until the eighteenth century, as it was not until 1750that Alberti, of Magdeburg, described the manufacture of an amber linseed oil varnish thinned with turpentine , which remained the only solvent available until 1885,when Samuel Banner, of Liverpool, patented his process for the manufacture of a short-range distillate from petroleum called “White Spirit.” The industry roughly classifies its products as varnishes and lacquers, including in the former category those oleo-resin complexes which depend for their film-forming and hardening properties on the oxidation and polymerisation of the complex after the evaporation of the solvent, and in the latter those materials which dry and harden with the evaporation of the solvent.The early lacquers consisted for the most part of simple solutions of resins in alcohol, to which were added small pro- portions of other ingredients to improve adhesion and impart toughness to the films. For the treatment of metals and particularly of brassware, the so-called “hot lacquers ” were produced. These lacquers depended for their success upon the thermo-hardening qualities of Indian lac, and were applied to previously heated articles. Birmingham manufacturers gained a world-wide reputation for this class of lacquer, and have been pioneers in the develop- ment of the modern type of synthetic lacquers.The Paint and Varnish Industry. By W. E. WORNUM. Like most of the varnish houses, the firm of Mander Bros. started by making japanning lacquer in 1792: the founder, Benjamin Mander, then 23 years of age, carried out his early experiments in his father’s house in John Street ,Wolverhampton. Out of this early work varnish making developed. By 1817 expansion resulted in the employment of 15 men, 4 women and 5 or 6 children and the same number of apprentices. An interesting sidelight on the industrial outlook at that time is given by the fact that for years daily prayers took place in every shop on the premises; the alternative of this was a fine. At the conclusion of work, hymns were sung. Employees attended the John Street Chapel on Wednesday nights.The hymns and prayers, however, disappeared when increasing trade demanded greater output. It is also interesting to recall that, in view of the fact that the processes were secret and very strictly guarded, the workmen were warned not to attend the same place of worship as workmen of rival factories, for fear that such processes might be discussed before and after the services. There was even rivalry between the different shops in the factory itself, and the same strict secrecy was maintained between them. Paint was first made in the factory in 1864; the manufacture of printer’s ink was started in 1880, and of dry colours in 1890. Cellulose finishes were first produced in quantity in about 1920, although clear cellulose lacquers were introduced some 35 years ago.In about 1900 a considerable amount of money was spent in buying the patent and developing a new method of making white lead. The product was claimed to be much whiter than the older white lead, and non-poisonous. The first claim was true and the second was not. It was made from pig lead mined on the Welsh border and this was subjected to a heat process in the presence of carbon dioxide. After lengthy experiments it was found impossible to obtain uniformity in the whiteness of the product and the process was given up. So far as is known, Mander Bros. was the first firm to use chromium oxide in a paint, the colour being bought from Germany at 4s. 6d. per lb. Later the colour was manufactured at the Wolverhampton works and the well-known “Suffield Greens ” were developed.The firm was also a pioneer in the commercial development of the vacuum flushing process, in which colours were directly converted from a water pulp to an oil or varnish paste without the intermediate stage of drying the pigment. That process has now been highly developed and extended in their Heath Town colour works. The Company now has three factories in production: the varnish works still occupies the original site in John Street, Wolverhampton; at Heath Town in a very up-to-date factory is centred the manufacture of paint, industrial finishes, cellulose lacquers, printer’s ink, and dry colours; their third factory is situated in Wednesfield.201 Probably the greatest step by Mander Bros., industrially, was that taken in September, 1932,when the Company signed a 40-hour week agreement, the first ever to be concluded between a British trade union and a British firm. Bakelite. By GEORGEDRING. The history of Bakelite, Ltd., goes back to 1906,when the fireproof celluloid syndicate was formed by Sir James Swinburne, F.R.S., chairman of the present Company, who purchased the British rights of one of the early phenol-formaldehyde patents- the patent of A.Luft (1902). Work was carried out in Sir James Swinburne’sown laboratories attached to his offices at 82 Victoria Street, London, S.W.1, with a staff of investigators. Stoving lacquers were made from phenol and formaldehyde by a process covered by the patent of W.H. Story, and the Damard Lacquer Co. was formed in 1910. The descriptive title “Damard” applied to these lacquers was well justified. They were extensively used on all brass household goods, such as bedsteads and fenders, and their production was transferred from the original premises in London to a small factory at 98, Bradford Street, Birmingham. H. V. Potter, the present managing director of Bakelite, Ltd., joined the Damard Lacquer Co. as chemist in January, 1914. In 1916 the Damard Lacquer Co. took over the factory at Cowley, Middlesex, which had been started in 1913 by the Bakelite Co., manufacturing phenol-formaldehyde compounds under the patents of Dr. L. H. Baekeland. At Cowley, solid synthetic resins were produced on a commercial scale.Resins and varnishes for the manufacture of laminated materials were produced and during the war the entire output of the factory was used for the electrical requirements of Government departments. After the war, hardened resin was cast in large quantities and in many different shapes for the manufacture of umbrella handles, cigarette holders, pipe stems, bangles, teapot handles and other articles, and resins were also made for the production of brake linings. During the year 1920-21 the manufacturing operations of the Company were transferred to a new works at Greet, Birmingham. The range of products was extended to include fast-curing moulding powders ,which rapidly became the major manufacture of the Company.In 1926Bakelite, Ltd. was formed, amalgamating the interests of the Damard Lacquer Go., Mouldensite, Ltd. and Redmanol, Ltd.,a union which brought together several competing interests in the production of phenol-formaldehyde plastics. The Mouldensite. Co. had been rrisnufacturing at Darley Dale, Derbyshire, since 1921, producing (‘Mouldensite ” moulding materials based on the patents of J. W. Aylsworth: Redmanol, Ltd. had been selling in this country materials made by the Redmanol Chemical Products Co. under the patents of Dr. L. V. Redman. Plant for the manufacture of laminated materials was installed at the Darley Dale works in 1927 and in the following year the company took over the activities of the Ideal Manufacturing Co., who operated a plant for the manu- facture of moulded laminated rod and tube at Kyotts Lake Road, Birmingham.By 1928the decision had been taken to concentrate all these activities on one site and the foundation stone of the new works was laid on a 30-acre site at Tyseley, Birmingham, on 15th April, 1930. Manufacture at the new works was begun in 1931 and the whole of the manufacturing activities of Bakelite, Ltd., was concentrated there a year later. Further buildings have been added year by year to keep pace with the increasing demands for the company’s products and the total number of people employed at Tyseley is now close on 800. The first lecture given in this country on phenol-formaldehyde synthetic resins was delivered by Dr.H. Lebach to the Birmingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry; the lecture was entitled “Bakelite and Its Applications, ” and was given at a meeting held at the University of Birmingham on 17th April, 1913, with Mr. E. C. Rossiter in the chair. Non-Ferrous Metals. By J. R. JOHNSON, Member of Co.unciZ. Brass and Copper, the largest of the old surviving local industries, became associated with Birmingham after the Civil War. At that time iron had already been worked here for 200 years, so that skilled labour was available for metal work. Brass wire was first drawn mechanically in England about 1568 by Christopher Schutz, who was brought over to this country to establish the manufacture of brass near Tintern 203 Abbey, and to introduce mechanical wire drawing.The works did not prove successful. In 1702 the Bristol Brass Co. at Keynsham began operations, using copper ore from Cornwall and calamine from the Mendips. From the Keynsham works came many of the earlier employees of the works at Selly Oak, and we owe much to their skill. Turner’s Brass House in Coleshill Street, Birmingham, was set up in 1740, but this was not a success. In 1781 the Birmingham Metal Co. opened its works in Brasshouse Passage, and in the same year Emerson introduced the method of making brass by directly alloying spelter and copper, in place of the ancient method of melting copper with calamine. In 1793 Boulton and Gibbins formed the Rose Copper Co., and this functioned until 1821.At the end of the eighteenth century, the Birmingham brass trade was consuming at least 1,000tons of copper a year. Early in the nineteenth century there was increased local demand for brass; in 1803 the introduction of gas lighting called for brass fittings; the brass bedstead trade was begun about 1830; the development of the percussion cap and breech loader, about 1836, brought about increased production of brass and copper strip. Muntz metal was first made by Muntz in Water Street, Birmingham, in 1832. In 1836 the Birmingham Battery and Metal Co. was founded-the name “battery” being descriptive of the method whereby a wrought metal sheet was produced from a cast ingot by hammering, using heavy hammers for roughing from the ingot to sheet, and lighter ones for finishing.Four or more hammers were used, ranging from heavy to light -these were termed a “battery” of hammers. In 1869, James Elkington, of the famous Elkington firm,followed up his development of electro-plating, by the first commercial production of electrolytically refined copper. The Birmingham Mint was established about a century ago, when it took over the coinage plant of Boulton and Watt. The company has designed and struck coins for many countries, and this side of its work is well known. It has also long been recognised as one of the leading makers of tubes and other products in brass and copper. The history of the Birmingham business of Henry Wiggin & Co. is practically the history of the nickel industry in England.When on a visit to Poland, Askin, a local veterinary surgeon, saw some German spoons made of “Argentain,” one of which was accidentally broken. This showed a dull grey fracture, which to Askin seemed to suggest imperfections and impurities. On his return home Askin succeeded in making an ingot of “Argentain” which he was able to get rolled out to a glittering ribbon at a local rolling mill. With Henry Merry he immediately set up, in 1833, a successful business for the manufacture of the new alloy, “German silver,” using nickel residues from the potteries as raw material. A year later Askin left this firm to become the technical head of a new company, Evans & Askin. The nickel residues were soon exhausted and the company was in difficulties.Brooke Evans went to the Continent to explore the possibilities of obtaining supplies, and finally found, in the Carpathian Mountains , a nickel-cobalt-arsenic ore which was entirely unfamiliar to him. He brought back a big sample. The partners found themselves in possession of material containing at least two very valuable and important metals, but they had no means of separating them. The ore also contained arsenic, copper, bismuth and iron. It failed entirely to give the cobalt blue required by the potteries. Mr. White Benson of the British White Lead Co. (and father of Archbishop Benson) suggested the possibility of precipitating the cobalt by means of bleaching powder.The two friends set about their experiment inde- pendently: Benson had an ample supply of bleaching powder; using sufficient to precipitate the whole of the metals, he concluded the method was useless, since the deposit was found to consist of the two oxides of nickel and cobalt. Askin prepared for his experiment, but found he had only about half the bleaching powder he proposed to use. In desperation he emptied this into his solution and got, as he expected, only a small precipitate. To his joy, examination showed this to be pure oxide of cobalt, the nickel being left in the clear green supernatant fluid. It was a simple process to precipitate the nickel with lime, so the problem of separation of the two metals was solved. This method of separation has since been adopted in all wet refining processes of separating nickel and cobalt from arsenical ones.It gave Askin a supply of nickel he required, and it produced an enormous improvement in pottery ornamentation by yielding a pure cobalt oxide for all the principal pottery and glass works in the world. In 1865 Henry Wiggin took over this business, which still retains its prominence in the nickel industry, though the carbonyl process has largely superseded the wet extraction process. 205 April-May Examinations, 1940. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held as under:- No. No. For the Associateship in General Chembtry- Entered. Paaaed. At the Institute, in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, and at the University of Manchester,-28th and 29th March and 2nd-5th April ..57 32* (Some candidates took papers at local centres.) their theoretical For the Fellowship- Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special refer- ence to Stereochemistry: at the Institute and at Battersea Polytechnic, London,- 8th-13th April .. .. .. .. 1 1 The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water: at the Institute, and at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London,- Branch E. 8th-13th April .. .. .. .. 10 4 Agricultural Chemistry: at the Seale- Hayne Agricultural College, Newton Abbot, Devon,-1st-5th April . . .. .. Branch P. 1 1 Industrial Chemistry, with special refer- ence to Oils and Fats :at the Institute, and in the Laboratories of Dr. H.E. Cox, Branch a. F.I.C.,-Sth-l3th April .. .. .. * Seven candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the examination, and six candidates satisfied the Examiners in those parts of the examination in which they had previously failed. The following papers and exercises were set :-Examination in General Chemistry forthe Associateship. THURSDAY, 28th MARCH, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible. ) 1. Describe the apparatus you would use and the detailed experi- mental procedure you would follow in making ONE of the following determinations :-(a) the molecular weight of a substance by elevation of the (6) the transport numbers of the ions of sodium sulphate in boiling point of ethyl alcohol; aqueous solution.2. Compare the mode of arrangement and motion of the molecules in a gas, a liquid, a crystalline solid, and a vibreous solid; and explain how differences in the properties of a substance in these various physical states can be accounted for in terms of the distribution and movement of molecules. 3. Describe the preparation and properties of FOUR of the following:- (a)hydrofluosilicic acid ; (b)potassium manganate ; (c) hydroxyl-amine sulphate ; (d) sodium nitroprusside ; (e) hypophosphorousacid; (f)chlorosulphonic acid. 4. Explain what is meant by the pH value of a solution and outline a method for determining this quantity.Give TWO examples of ths control of pH value in qualitative inorganic analysis, explaining in each case how the control is effected and the purpose for which it is applied. 5. Distinguish between the various types of valency bonds which are recognised in inorganic chemistry, and discuss with reference to typical examples the dependence of the properties of substances on the types of bond which they contain. 6. Give an account of EITHER beryllium and its compounds OR tungsten and its compounds. 7. At T"Abs. the heat evolved in the reaction H, + 40, = H,O (gas) is given by 57539 + 1.081'+ 0.00145T2 -0.00000074T3 calories; and the heat evolved in the reaction C + 30, = CO is given by 27070 -2.05T + 0.00225T2-0.0000004T3calories.Calculate the amount of heat evolved or absorbed when the reaction C + H,O (gas) = H, + CO occurs at 1000"Abs. 2 to 5 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Summarise the more important contributions to chemistry made by THREE of the following:- (a) Kohlrausch; (b) van't Hoff; (c) Werner; (d) Mosoley; (e) Langmuir. 2. Give an account of TWO of the following:- (a) deuterium and its compounds; (b) the hydrides of the alkali and alkaline earth metals; (c) the inert gases; (d) intermetallic compounds. 3. Describe a method for determining the solubility of a gas in a liquid when the solubility is not very great.At 20" C. 1 C.C. of water dissolves 2.66 C.C. of hydrogen sulphide (measured at N.T.P.) when the gas pressure is 756 mm. Calculate the weight of hydrogen sulphide dissolved by a litre of water at 20"C. when it is saturated with the gas under a pressure of 2,000 mm. 4. Explain the precise significance of FIVE of the following terms:- (a) osmotic pressure ; (b) solid solution ; (c) critical solution (f)isotope; (9)free energy. 5. Give an account of TWO of the following metallurgical processes, temperature; (d) molecular refraction; (e) outectic mixture ; 207 with special reference to the chemical principles involved :-(a)the production of magnesium from magnesite; (b) the production of high-purity zinc from sulphide ores; (c) the extraction of gold from its ores by the cyanide process; (d) the recovery of the platinum metals from nickel ores.6. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) the colloidal state; (b) the liquefaction of gases; (c) the catalysis of gas reactions; (d) artificial radioactivity. 7. State the proper chemical names, constitutional formulae and principal uses of any TWELVE of the following :-hyeolith; microcosmic salt; salts of lemon; pink salt; Glauber’s salt; Schlippe’s salt; Fremy’s salt ; sal volatile ; corrosive sublimate ; tartar emetic ; yellow prussiate of potash ; realgar ; cryolite ; fluorspar ; pyrolusite ; ilmenite ; scheelite ; selenite. FRIDAY, 29th MARCH, 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (Attempt FOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Describe the usual method of preparing acetoacetic ester and give an account of its uses as a synthetical reagent. 2. Give an account of the reactions which occur when nitrobenzene is reduced under different experimental conditions. 3. Outline the methods of preparation of FOUR of the following reagents and give typical examples of their use:-(a)phenylhydrazine; (b) thionyl chloride; (c) methyl sulphate; (d) selenium dioxide; (e) phenylcarbimide (phenyl iso-cyanate) ; (f)acetic anhydride. 4. Describe the preparation of a typical Grignard reagent; outline 5. Give the evidence on which the structure of any ONE of the the preparative uses of these reagents.following compounds is based :-(a) camphor; (b) caffeine; (c) indigo. 6. Give a concise account of the chemistry of ONE of the following:- (a)atropine; (b) sucrose; (c)pyridine carboxylic acids. 7. Write a short essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a)tautomerism, OR (b)the orienting effect of a group of aromatic 8. By means of equations and short notes indicate how you would substitution. prepare from acetic acid, the following compounds :-(a) chloro-acetyl chloride; (b) acetone; (c) nitromethane; (d)acetonitrile ; (e) ethylamine; (f)methylamine; (9)glycollic acid; (h)glycine. 2 to 2.30p.m. Translation from French and German technical literature.208 TUESDAY, 2nd APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Identify compounds (A) and (B). (A =p-nitroacetanilide or p-bromoacetanilide; B = 8-naphthylsalicylate OR n-butylsalicylate.) WEDNESDAY, 3rd APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. Characterise as completely as time allows the two components of the mixture (C) and state the approximate proportions in which they are present. (C = Benzene and o-chloroaniline; OR toluene and dimethyl- aniline.) THURSDAY, 4th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine by a gravimetric method the percentage of P,O, in the sample (D), which is a mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. (0.4-1.5 g. of the mixture is a suitable amount to use for a single determination.) 2. Determine volumetrically the percentage of available chlorine in the sample (E) of chloramine-T.A standardised solution of potassium iodate and an approximately decinonnal solution of sodium thiosulphate are provided. The VOLUMETRIC exercise must be completed TO-DAY, but the QRAVIMETRIC determination may be finished TO -MORROW. FRIDAY, 5th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric determination which was begunyesterday. 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the mixture (F),which consists of three pigments. (Lead oxide and mercury sulphate with either mercury or cadmium sulphides.) 3. Identify the substance (G). (G = Copper or lead thiocyanates.) Examinations for the Fellowship. Branch C: Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Stereochemistry. MONDAY, 8th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Discuss TWO examples in each case of optical activity in orgmiccompounds associated with the presence of (i) a nitrogen atom and (ii) a sulphur atom. 2. Give an account of recent researches on the stereochemistry of 3. Give a brief outline of investigations bearing on the subject of allene derivatives . “strainless rings.” 4. Give an account of optical isomerism due to restricted rotation. 5. By means of examples show how the extension of van’t Hoff’e principle of optical superposition by C. S. Hudson has been used in sugar chemistry. 6. Give an account of EITHER (a)organo-metallic compounds, OR (b) free radicals. 209 MONDAY, 8th APRIL, 2 to 5 p.m.write essays on TWO of the following topics:- (a) Pasteur’s investigations of the tartaric acids. (b) The Walden inversion. (c) Molecular dissymmetry in metallic co-ordination compounds. (d) Geometrical isomerism. (e) Molecular rearrangements. TUESDAY to BRIDAY, 9th to 12th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. Separate the /I-octyl alcohol provided into its optically active forms (not less than 10 C.C. of each) by the procedure described in OrganicSyntheses, Vol. VI, p. 68. Rotatory powers and melting (or boiling) points of all specimens should be carefully recorded. The P-octyI alcohol, which is a commercial specimen, contains a small amount of a ketone: isolate this ketone, purify it and prepare from it TWO crystalline derivatives.Branch E: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 8th APRIL, 10 to 11.30 a.m. (Not more than THREE questions to be attempted.) 1. Without using the newer organic reagents, give an outline of a scheme for the detection and estimation of copper, lead, tin and zinc when present together in drinking water. 2. Various formulae have been suggested for the routine examination of milk by means of the determination of the specific gravity and the percentage of fat. How have these formulae boen devised? 3. Describe some modern form of colorimeter and state the principles 4. Suggest suitable specifications for any THREE of the following:- on which it is designed. White pepper; ground ginger ; cornflour; caustic soda (analytical reagent); baking powder; dripping; glycerin.11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than THREE questions to be attempted.) 1. What is digitalis and how is it standardised? Describe its 2. Describe methods for the identification of the following poisons pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses. in stomach contents :-(a) potassium cyanide; (b)oxalic acid; (c)barbitone; (d) arsenic. 3. Write a short account of the hormones, with special reference to 4. Write brief notes on the following drugs, giving the principal those which are of practical importance in therapeutics. pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications :-(a) precipitated bismuth; (b) codeine; (c) sodium nitrite; (d)amidopyrine.2 to 5p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. Give a short account of the changes in the law, as it affects the work and duties of a Public Analyst, brought about by the Food and Drugs Act, 1938. 2. Give a list of those vitamins which can be detected or estimated by chemical or physical means. Indicate shortly in each case the method which can be adopted. 3. Discuss the relative importance of (a) tho refractive index; (b) the saponification value; (c) the iodine value; and (d) the Reichert- Polenske value in the estimation of the compositioii of a mixture of fats. Give reasons for your answers and state what additional determinations may be necessary. 4. Outline the methods adopted for the determinations of the various compounds of nitrogen which may be present in fertilisers (either separately or together) and indicate any special precautions which may be necessary in the presence of chlorides.5. You are required to determine the original total milk solids in a sample of full-cream sweetened condensed milk which shows signs of decomposition. What special methods are necessary for the determination of the added sucrose? 6. Write a short essay on the treatment of flour with chemical substances. TUESDAY, 9th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the ash and chloride in the sample of milk (A) and from the figures obtained make any deductions which you can with regard to its purity. (Contained 0-3 per cent. of added sodium chloride.) 2.Determine the proportion of lead in the sample of drinking water (B). WEDNESDAY, 10th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the proportion of adulterant in tho sample of coffee (C). (Coffees with different proportions of chicory.) 2. Examine the sample of almond oil (D) and report on its purity. (50 per cent. peach kernel oil.) THURSDAY, 11th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the sample of Gregory’s powder (€3) and report on its purity. (Incorrect proportions of ingredients.) FRIDAY, 12th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the sample of “Glucose Syrup” (F) and report on its composition. (Honey.) SATURDAY, 13th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 pm. 1. Identify by microscopical examination the powdered drugs (G),(H), (I),(J),.(K), and submit annotated sketches of the diagnostic struc- tures.(Indian hemp, cascara bark, senna leaf, ginger, nux vomica.) 2. Examine the sample of poultry food (L)for a poison and determine the proportion present. (Ground maize, bran, finely powdered crystals of copper sulphate.) 8. Identify the substance (M). (Diachylon.) 211 Branch F: Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 1st APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (AnswerFOUR questions.) 1. State the chemical nature of food fats. What changes do they undergo during digestion? How do food fats affect the nature of body fats ? 2. Discuss the functions of the following in animal nutrition:-Iron, iodine, copper, cobalt, phosphorus and calcium. 3. Discuss the various methods of preserving young grass, the chemical changes involved, and the food values of the products.4. Distinguish between “protein equivalent,” “crude protein,”“true protein ” and “digestible protein.” State how each is determined. How has the protein requirement for various classes of stock been found. What is meant by albuminoid ratio, and how is it applied in rations for stock? 5. Discuss the chemical changes taking place during the manufacture of a hard cheese. 6. Specify three common insecticides and three fungicides. State the chemical composition of each and mode of action. MONDAY, 1st APRIL, 2 to 5 p.m. (AnswerFOUR questions.) 1. Discuss the methods and significance of soil analysis in ascer- taining soil fertility. 2. Give an account of our present knowledge of the nature of “humus.” Discuss modern methods of converting vegetable matter into “humus.” 3. What is meant by “base exchange”? What conclusions have followed the study of the composition of drainage waters? What effects other than the nutrition of plants follow the application to the soil of :-(a)Sulphate of ammonia; (b)nitrate of soda; (c) calcium sulphate; (d) magnesium sulphate; (e) quicklime. 4.Give an account of experiments on the application of lime, phosphates and nitrogenous fertilisers for the improvement of pastures. 5. Describe the manufacture of :-(u) synthetic sulphate of ammonia; (b) superphosphate of lime. 6. Discuss the problem of town refuse, including sewage, from thc standpoint of its agricultural value.TUESDAY, 2nd APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and aniirioniacal nitrogen in the sample of guano (A). [THIS EXERCISE MAY BE COMPLETED TO-MORROW.] WEDNE’SDAI’, 3rd APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Determine the exchangeable calcium, the pH, and the lime requirement of the soil (B). [THIS EXERCISE MAY BE COMPLETED TO-MORROW.] 212 THURSDAY, 4th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Analyse the foodstuff (C) and determine the P,O, content of the ash. [THIS EXERCISE MAY BE COMPLETED TO-MORROW.] FRIDAY, 5th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Report on the sample of milk (D). (Watered and containing preservative.) Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils and Fats.MONDAY, 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe the uses of flow sheets for materials, energy and time. Illustrate your answer by means of typical flow sheets for a process with which you are familiar. 2. Name the more important adsorbents in industrial use, and mention some of their applications. Describe, with the aid of a diagram, a large-scale process involving the principle of adsorption. 3. What steps would you take in order to collect information and data relating to the market for a chemical product before deciding to proceed with its manufacture. State precisely where you would look for the necessary information, and what authorities and organisations you would consult.4. The extensive use of water-tube boilers and high operating pressures hm made the study of the quality of boiler feed water of particular importance. Explain the significance of this statement, and give a brief account of modern knowledge and theories on the subject. 5. In what circumstances would you recommend the use of multiple effect evaporation, and what considerations have to be taken into account in deciding upon the number of effects required. Mention the different systems of condensation employed in conjunction with evaporating plants, and indicate any special peculiarities or advantages to each system. 6. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of filter presses and continuous filters, indicating clearly the nature of the products and the conditions for which the various types are suitable.7. What factors would you take into account in considering a proposal for the replacement of manual labour by mechanical handling appliances. Illustrate your answer by detailed reference to some specific manufacturing operation. 8. Explain when it is necessary to take steps to insure any pressure vessels under your control against explosion. State briefly the principal requirements of any inspecting or insurance authority with which you are familiar. MONDAY, 8th APRIL, 2 to 6 p.m. (Answer FIVE gumtiom.) 1. Give an account of modern views on the theory of saponification and describe methods in industrial use, 213 2.Describe the production of glycerine on an industrial scale, and outline methods available other than those based on the saponification of oils. 3. What is the constitution of elaeostearic acid and how may it be proved? Give an account also of the properties of the oils in which it occurs. 4. Describe as fully as you can the methods available for the deter- mination of the glyceride structure of a fat. 5. Outline the evidence on the constitution of vitamin A and describe methods for its determination in oils. 6. Describe the structure and method of preparation of substitutes for soap. How may they be detected in detergent mixtures? 7. .Discuss the possibilities of molecular distillation as a method for the investigation of oils; indicate results which have been obtained and the practical difficulties involved in the operation.TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 9th to 12th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the sample of crude glycerine (A) and report in the manner prescribed in the I.S.M. 2. Determine the proportion of iso-oleic acid in the oil (B). 3. Prepare specimens of dihydroxystearic acid and suberic acid from the oleic acid provided (C); note their melting points. 4. Examine the specimen of lard (D) and report on its purity. 5. Estimate the phenol in the sample of carbolic soap (E). FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIPEXAMINATIONS IN GENERALCHEMISTRY. AND PHYSICALINORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Theory Pa+ers.-The first paper was well answered by the majority of candidates.The question on types of valency bonds was a favourite and was adequately dealt with by almost all candidates. It was satisfactory to find that a considerable number of candidates tackled the calculation (Question 7) and that the majority of them handled it success- fully. The least satisfactory answers were those concerned with experimental methods of determining boiling point elevation, transport number and fiH value. It was evident that many of those who attempted these questions had never actually made such determinations in the laboratory. Many failed to realise that in the determination of boiling point elevation the thermo- meter bulb must be in contact with the boiling solution; and that in the transport number determination the choice of electrode materials and the design of the apparatus must be carefully 214 considered in order to avoid the disturbing effects of gas evolution.The answers to the second paper were rather less satisfactory on the whole. Some good essays were returned, especially on the colloidal state, and most candidates seemed to know a good deal about deuterium and its compounds, the inert gases, osmotic pressure and isotopes. On the other hand many were unable to describe a satisfactory method for deter- mining the solubility of a gas in a liquid or to make a simple calculation on this subject; and had no clear idea as to the significance of the terms “solid solution ” and ‘I free energy ”; and few among those candidates who attempted Question 5had much understanding of the chemical principles involved in the metallurgical processes concerned.Question 7 was generally popular and most candidates had evidently come across at least a dozen of these “trivial” names: confusion between corrosive sublimate and calomel was the commonest-and most potentially dangerous-error. Practical Examination.-In the gravimetric determination of phosphate, several candidates appear to have added insufficient molybdate to precipitate the phosphate completely in the first instance; and many were satisfied with one precipitation by molybdate, followed by weighing. On the other hand, most of the candidates obtained good results in the volumetric exercise and were able to make the necessary calculation correctly.The qualitative analysis of the mixture was only moderately well done. Some candidates seemed to be at a loss as to how to tackle a mixture that was partly insoluble in acids. In the mixture containing mercuric sulphide , the sulphide was fre-quently missed and often even the mercury. Most of the candidates correctly identified the metal in the single substance but some failed to recognise the thiocyanate radical. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Thzeory Paper.-The majority of the answers were moderately good, some very good and several very weak. A number of candidates who returned good answers to the more standardised types of questions such as those dealing with acetoacetic ester, Grignard reagents, camphor and atropine, showed very limited ability in applying the standard everyday methods of the 215 laboratory to the simple case of acetic acid and its derivatives required by Question 8.Several candidates who attempted the essay did not pay much attention to the request in the rubric at the head of the paper to answer concisely and to the point; some answers lacked coherence and orderly arrangement. In dealing with questions of structure far too little attention was given to the analytical evidence-a perusal of some of the answers would lead to the inference that when the empirical formula and one or two simple reactions of a complicated sub- stance such as camphor were known, someone evolved the correct structure out of his inner consciousness and proceeded to confirm it by a synthesis.Many of the answers implied that the synthesis was essentially a confirmation of a structure based on evidence which was not supplied and for which the question asked. Practical Examination.-On the whole the exercises were fairly well done. The tendency to refer to tables of melting points at too early a stage of the work was not nearly so marked on this occasion. Several candidates went astray through inaccurate work in testing for elements present in the compounds under exanination. TRANsLATIoNs.-Genera~y these were fairly well done, parti- cularly the French. EXAMINATIONSTHE FELLOWSHIP.FOR BRANCHE: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water.The standard reached by the successful candidates was reasonably good. The manipulative work was well done, but those candidates who failed did so largely through inability to co-ordinate their practical work in such a manner as to produce suitable reports on the composition of the samples submitted. The general standard in therapeutics and pharmacology was good and sufficient for the practice of the profession of Public Analyst. A fair degree of proficiency in the identification of powdered drugs by means of the microscope was obtained. The identification of lead oleate (diachylon) gave little diffi- culty to the best candidates, but it was surprising to find other metals, such as bismuth and mercury, returned by some candi- dates.216 PASS LIST. Examination in Qeneral Chembtry for the Aasociateship. Booth, Alan, City Technical College, Liverpool. Boylin, James Laurence, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Cameron, William Mitchell, Technical College, Paisley. Cathro, James, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Cope, Leonard Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Technical College, Derby. Curran, Michael Joseph, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Fell, John, Harris Institute, Preston. Field, William Edwin John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chelsea Polytechnic; Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Fletcher, Walter, Technical College, Huddersfield. Harding, John David Dermott, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol ; and Woolwich Polytechnic, London.Hesford, Edward, College of Technology, Manchester. Hill, Donald Harold, Battersea Polytechnic, London. Hoult, Eric, College of Technology, Manchester. Johnson, Sydney, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Leicester. Lay, Maung KO,M.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Bangor; and Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. Lowe, Edward Henry, Birkbeck College, London ;and University College, Nottingham.McKerrigan, Angw Alexander, City Technical College, Liverpool. Meldrum, Robert Scott, The University and Royal Technical College, Glasgow.Neech, Frank Donald, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. Powell, Roy, City Technical College, Liverpool. Pritchard, Bernard Edward, King’s College, London.Roach, John, City Technical College, Liverpool. Roberts, Charles Tindal, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Roberts, David John, Ph.C., Central Technical College, Birmingham; and City Technical College, Liverpool. Tee, Frederick William, College of Technology, Manchester ; and Royal Technical College, Salford. Walker, Brian Yeoman, City Technical College, Liverpool. Wall, Leslie Lakey, Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle upon Tyne.Wheeler, Edgar Philip, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. White, Eric Newman, Battersea Polytechnic and Woolwich Polytechnic, London. Williams, Francis Derek, College of Technology, Manchester. Woodthorpe, Thomas John, Technical College, Derby. Woollard, Leslie Delano, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London.Examination for the Fellowship. In Branch C : Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Stereochemistry. Duveen, Denis Ian. In Branch E : The Chemistry, including Microscopg, of Food and Drugs,and of Water. Hurt, Noman Albert. Law,Norman Heyworth, M.Sc. (N.Z.).Lyne, Francis Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.).Minor, Roland Gordon. In Branch F : Agrkultural Chemistry. Mitra, Sachindra Nath, M.Sc. (Lond.). 217 Notes. Fees €or Scientific Witnesses.-A note on the profes- sional fees of scientific witnesses in courts of law appeared in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute in 1925, p. 279, wherein the Council expressed its indebtedness to Sir Archibald Bodkin, then Director of Public Prosecutions, for his observa- tions on the fees and allowances due to scientific witnesses in criminal cases.At that time, Sir Archibald quoted a section of the Criminal Justice Administration Act, 1851,which provided that these witnesses should receive such allowances for attending to give evidence as the court might consider reasonable, including where necessary, allowance for qualifying to give evidence. Cases bearing on the subject have recently come before County Court Judges. In a case tried at the Westminster County Court on the 4th May, 1936, before His Honour Judge Dumas, K.C., a scientific witness claimed fees from a client irrespective of the amount allowed by a Taxing Master. The defence set up was twofold, namely (a) that the Taxing Master had determined the proper measure to be paid by the client, and (b) that the plaintiff’s account was excessive having regard to the work he had done.After hearing evidence His Honour gave judgment for the plaintiff for the whole of his claim, remarking that the plaintiff might have asked for higher fees. In a case heard before His Honour Judge Lilley at the Marylebone County Court on the 29th May, 1940,a Fellow of the Institute sued a client for fees in connexion with a case, in which he had carried out an analysis and had been subpoenaed to attend Court. The defence set up was (a)that his fees should be only those fixed by the Taxing Master, but this defence was not proceeded with, and (b)that, in view of a decision made in 1830, he could not ask for fees for attendance at Court, when he had been subpoenaed and had not been called upon to give evidence.In giving judgment His Honour held that the scientific witness was entitled to his fees for attendance at Court whether he had been subpoenaed or not. He was of the opinion that it was advisable that a scientific witness should arrange his fees for attendance at Court when first approached with 218 regard to a case and, in the particular instance, bearing in mind that the analyst was not called upon to give evidence and that no fee had been arranged previously, he decided that a fee ofLIO 10s. per day was reasonable. His Honour further decided that an assistant of the analyst should not have been subpoenaed to attend Court in conjunction with his employer and that the employer was entitled to full expenses for such assistance.He further held that the analyst’s fees for work carried out in preparation of the case were reasonable and should be paid. Broadcasting.-The British Broadcasting Corporation has in progress a series of “Talks for Fifth Forms on Science and the Community,’’ the first of which was given on 7th May. This series, planned by Mr. J. A. Lauwerys, Associate, is given on Tuesdays from 11.40to 12 noon, and will be continued during the summer term until 25th June. The talks include-The Basic Materials; The Chemical Revolution : Lavoisier ; Cheaper Steel : Henry Bessemer ; Colours from Coal-Tar : W. H. Perkin ; Electricity in the Service of Man; Nitrates from the Air; and Science and World Resources.The Institute of Fuel has announced arrangements for the annual award of a Student’s Medal and Prize (value j3) for a paper by a Student Member under 25 years of age, on a subject relating to the preparation and utilisation of fuel or allied subject, to be selected by the student. Particulars can be obtained from the Secretary, the Institute of Fuel, 30, Bramham Gardens, London, S.W.5. Messrs. Longmans, Green &Co., Ltd. ,announce the publication of “A New Dictionary of Chemistry” by Dr. Stephen Miall, assisted by over twenty contributors; in one volume: Royal 8v0, nearly 600 pages; 42s. net. The subjects treated include physical and inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; carbohydrates ; minerals and crystals; chemical engineering ;drugs ;biochemistry; biographies; chemical and physical tables ; and much miscel- laneous information on chemical matters in general.Mr. J. Davidson Pratt has been appointed an additional Deputy Director-General for Chemical Research, Experiment and Development in the Ministry of Supply. 219 Obituary. HIRSTASQUITHWILLIAM ARTHUR died at Worcester Park, Surrey, on 9th January, in his 35th year. Educated at Holyhead County School, he proceeded in 1922 to Liverpool University, where he graduated with honours in chemistry in 1925. From 1927 to 1934 he was a chemist on the staff of Colas Products, Ltd., and from 1934 until his death with the Shell Marketing Co., Ltd.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1926. Information has recently been received that ARTHUR BRENNAN died at Newport, Mon., in February, 1939, in his 58th year. Trained at Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne, he was prizeman in 1903, and graduated B.Sc. (Dunelm) with distinction in chemistry in 1904. He con- tinued as a demonstrator in the college until 1906, and was then, for two years, scientific adviser in the oil-fields department of Messrs. S. Pearson & Son, Ltd., in Mexico. In 1909 he was appointed lecturer in chemistry in Truro Technical School, and from 1910 to 1917 was lecturer in chemistry,biology and bacteriology at the Municipal College, Portsmouth. From 1917 until his death he was head of the Chemistry and Natural Science Departments in Newport Technical Institute.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. GALLOWAY,WALTERJOHNSTONE whose death is reported to have occurred on 7th September, 1937, at the age of 39 years, was educated at Bickerton House, Birkdale, Lanes., and at the Royal Grammar School, Worcester. From 191 7-1919 he served with the British Expeditionary Force in France as a Lieutenant in the Royal Field Artillery, later being seconded to the Royal Engineers. He studied at the University of Manchester from 1919 to 1923, was Le Blanc Medallist (1922-1923) in Fuel, graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry and proceeded to M.Sc. in Engineering. From 1923 to 1924 he was assistant chemist and assistant mines superintendent with the Demarara Bauxite Co.,Ltd., British Guiana, and from 1924 until his death was engaged with the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1934. PERCY HOWESEDMUND died at Handbridge, Chester, in September,1939, in his 30th year. Educated at the Chester City and County School, he gained a scholarship to the University of Liverpool in 1928, and graduated B.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry in 1931. He continued at the University as a demonstrator and research student until 1933, when he was awarded the degree of Ph.D., and subsequently held appointments with the Liverpool Grain Storage and Transit Co., Ltd., and with Messrs. J. Bibby & Sons, Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1932.220 CHRISTOPHERRAWSONdied at Manchester, on 30th May, in his 81st year. He was for three years a pupil under M. Knowles of Bradford, before taking a course of chemistry under Professor-later Sir-Edward Frankland, at the Royal College of Chemistry, South Kensington. He was for nearly four years assistant to Professor A. H.-later Sir Arthur-Church, at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, and then became chemist at Marchfield Dyeworks at Bradford, in which city he subsequently established a practice as an analytical and consulting chemist, devoting special attention to dyes and dyewares and to investigations relating to the art of dyeing and to textile manufactures, at the same time holding an appointment as lecturer on technical chemical analysis at Bradford Technical College. Later, he practised in Manchester before he became head chemist to the British Cotton and Wool Dyers’ Association, of which he was eventually director. He contributed many papers to the Journal of the Society of Dyersand Colourists, and other technical journals; he was co-author with R.Loewenthal of a Manual of Dyeing, of which the ninth edition was published in 1933, and compiled (with others) a Dictionary of Dyes,Mordants and other Compounds used in Dyeing and Calico Printing, of which the fourth edition was published in 1926. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. HARRYSHANItsTER died at Greenwich, on 22nd April, in his 57th year. Educated at the Municipal College, Grimsby, he worked for two years with Mr.J. E. Saui, Fellow, attended courses at the School of the Pharma- ceutical Society under Professor A. W. Crossley, and qualified as a pharmaceutical chemist. He also studied at the South London Poly- technic, under Dr. F. Mollwo Perkin, PeZEow, and from 1908 to 1910 at the Finsbury Technical College, under Professor Meldola. From 1911 to 1914 he was head chemist to Messrs. A. Boake Roberts & Co., Stratford, and after a short period as plant superintendent of the Picric Acid Plant of Messrs. Brotherton & Co., Ltd., Leeds, joined the Chemical Inspection Department, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, in 19 15, where he continued until his death. He became chemist in charge of the High Explosives Branch of the Department and was later principal chemist in charge of the Explosives Division of the Department.He was an authority on Service Explosives and largely responsible for the training of staff for the inspection of explosives.He contributed articles on the subject to Thorpe’s Dictionary of Chemistry, and in 1937, in collaboration with Mr. T. H. Wilde, published a paper on “The Estimation of Nitroglycerine.” He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1910, and a Fellow in 1920. HUBERTHENRYSTROUDdied at Walthamstow on 8th February, in his 33rd year. From 1925 until 1937 he was engaged as a junior chemist and later as chemist and bacteriologist on the staff of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., Ltd. He studied at West Ham Municipal College and Birkbeck College, and graduated B.Sc.(Lond.) with honours in chemistry, subse- quently being awarded the degree of Ph.D. and gaining the Diploma of the University in bacteriology. In October, 1937, he relinquished his appoint- ment for further study at the School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and two years later returned to Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1931. 221 JOHNWHITE died at Sutton ColdGeld on 30th March, in his 77th year. He studied chemistry for three years under C. J. Woodward at the Birmingham and Midland Institute, and was articled for three years to Dr. A. Bostock Hill, to whom he became chief assistant in 1884. He was also for several years demonstrator in practical chemistry, and assistant in toxicology to medical students at Queen’s College, Birmingham.In 1893, while still with Dr. Bostock Hill, he was appointed Public Analyst for his native town, West Bromwich, and in 1894, County Analyst for Derbyshire. Later he held appointments as Public Analyst for the County Borough of Derby and the Borough of Glossop, Official Agricultural Analyst and Water Examiner for the County and County Borough of Derby, Gas Examiner for most of the Boroughs and Urban and Rural District Councils in the County, Consulting Chemist to the Glossop Sewage Works and to the Derbyshire Agricultural Society. He retired in 1933. Mr. White was a Vice-president of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists in 1907-1908 and again in 1927-1928, and a Member of the Council of the Society for four other periods.He was also, for a period, Chairman of the Nottingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. He contributed papers both to The AnaZyst and to the Journal of the latter Society. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and a Fellow in 1891. He was a Member of Council from 1910-1913. HARRYWHITHAMdied, as the result of an accident sustained while on holiday, at Llandudno, on 6th April, in his 48th year. Educated at Cheetham Secondary School, he received his chemical training at the Manchester College of Technology, where he attended the courses from 1909 to 1915. For 34 years he was engaged with Mr.P. G. Jackson, PeZZow, consulting chemist to the National Boiler Insurance Company at Manchester and in 1915 joined the chemical staff of Lever Brothers, Ltd., at Port Sunlight, where, in 1917, he was appointed manager of one of their analytical laboratories. In 1921 he took up a managerial position in the Toilet Products Department and in 1932 he was transferred to the Central Technical Department of Lever Brothers & Unilever, Ltd., where he was in charge of research work on toilet products until his death. He was elected an Associate in 1918. 222 Books and their Con tents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute. Calculations of Quantitative Analysis.Carl J. Engelder. Pp. viii +174. (New York: J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 12s. Introduction. Calculations of volumetric analysis ; general calculations of volumetric analysis ; calculations of volumetric precipitation analysis; calculations of neutralisation analysis, and of oxidation and reduction processes;calculations of gravimetric analysis ;general considerations of gravimetric analysis ; equilibria in gravimetric precipitation analysis ; calculations based on analytical data ; systematic quantitative analysis ; computations based on percentage composition. Problems ;Appendix ; Tables; Index. Colloid Chemistry. A Textbook. H. B. Weiser. Pp. viii +428. (New York: J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 24s.net. The colloidal state ;adsorption ;sols;gels ;emulsions and foams ;aerosols and solid sols; applications of colloid chemical principles to contact catalysis, dyeing, and clay. Indexes. College Chemistry, Introductory. Neil E. Gordon and William E. Trout. and Edition. Pp. xiv + 752. (New York: J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 21s. net. Non-metals : water ; some fundamentals of chemistry; the atmosphere; acids, bases, and salts ; the oxygen-sulphur family; the halogen family ; the classification of the elements; the carbon family; the nitrogen family; colloidal chemistry. Metals : the metallic elements; the alkali metals; the metals of the alkaline-earth group. The ammonium sulphide group ; the hydrogen sulphide group ; the hydrochloric acid group ; procedures and tests in qualitative analysis ; other periodic families.Appendix. Index. Chemicals of Commerce. F. D. Snell and C. T. Snell. Pp. viii +452. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 28s. Introduction ;inorganic acids ;bases or alkalies ;.sodium salts of inorganic acids; potassium salts of inorganic acids; sodium and potassium salts of organic acids ; ammonium and lithium compounds ;calcium compounds ; 223 barium, strontium and magnesium compounds; compounds of nickel, cobalt, manganese and zinc; compounds of aluminium, chromium and iron; arsenic, antimony, and tin; copper, cadmium and bismuth; lead, silver, gold and mercury; miscellaneous metals and compounds ; carbon and miscellaneous non-metals with their oxides and related compounds; hydrocarbons, other than those from petroleum, and their simplehalogen derivatives ; petroleum hydrocarbons and related products ; alcohols; phenols and their derivatives; aldehydes and ketones and their derivatives ; organic acids and closely related compounds ;amines, nitro compounds, and various organic nitrogen derivatives ; esters ; fats and fatty oils ;waxes ;ethers ; organic dyes ;toners, lakes and reduced colors ; natural plant products ;extracts of natural products ;alkaloids and their salts; essential oils and oleoresins; natural gums, resins and balsams; synthetic resins ; carbohydrates; proteins.Appendix-A. Caustic Poison Act; B. Medical terms defined; C.Summary of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (U.S.A.). Introduction to Chemical Science. W. H. Hatcher. Pp. viii + 424. (New York: J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 18s. net. Inorganic Chemistry. In the beginning; the chemist’s stock in trade; more about water; the composition of water-hydrogen and oxygen; the atmosphere we breathe; carbon ; chemical longhand and shorthand ; gases; a chemical family-the halogens ;some common oxidising agents ; sulphur and its compounds; metals and non-metals; liquids and solutions; nitrogen and phosphorus; an atom-what is it ? ;the periodic classification of the elements; the periodic table-groups 0 to VIII; what is a chemical reaction?; still more about aqueous solutions- colloids;carbon-oxygen-life ;the chemistry of living things. Organic Chemistry.The first steps; pictures from the parafhs; common aliphatic compounds ; cyclic and aromatic compounds ;organic nitrogen ; the carbohydrates ;fats and oils-soap-paint ;explosives-antiseptics-dyes. Food Chemistry. Foods and their values; digestion and assimilation; some common foods and their importance; diet. Industrial Chemistry. Raw materials and their sources; industrial chemistry ; metallurgical processes; reduction, double decomposition, addition ; ceramics; catalysis, electrolysis; organic processes; the cellulose industries ; power; retrospect and prospect. Index. Thermodynamics and Chemistry. F. H. Macdougall, M.A., Ph.D. 3rd Edition. Pp.x + 492. (New York: J. Wiley & Sons, Inc. ; London : Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 30s. Temperature ;actual gases; mathematical apparatus ;heat, work and the first law of thermodynamics ;applications of the first law; the second law of thermodynamics; deductions from the first and second laws; thermo- dynamic functions and thermodynamic equilibrium ;fusion, evaporation and sublimation; the phase rule; applications of the phase rule; chemical equilibrium in ideal systems ;fugacity, activity and activity coefficient; strong electrolytes and the theory of Debye and Huckel; special cases of ionic equilibrium ; gravitational, centrifugal and electric fields, surface tension; electromotive force and free energy of cell reactions; third law of thermodynamics; radiation.Statistical mechanics. Indexes. 224 Thermodynamics for Chemical Engineers. Harold C. Weber. Pp. viii + 264. (New York: J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 19s. 6d. Fundamental concepts of thermodynamics; the first law of thermo-dynamics; equilibrium and the phase rule; phase relations; heat capacity and heat of reaction ; properties of materials ; perfect gases ; generalised pressure, volume, temperature relations; the second law of thenno-dynamics; interpretation of the second law principle; fluid flow; power cycles; steam engines and turbines ; refrigeration ; fugacity and activity; equilibrium constants ; effects of pressure, volume and temperature on thermodynamic properties of substances ; partial molal quantities ; electrochemical effects; the third law of thermodynamics. Appendix.Index.The Director of the National Physical Laboratory has forwarded a copy of the Report of the Laboratory for the year 193g,-published by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office, price 2s. 6d. The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers has forwarded a copy of Supplement No. 3 to the Second Edition of “An Index to Acts of Parliament and Statutory Rules and Orders affecting the Chemical Industry,”-March, 1940. Price gd. (Remittance with order). Obtainable from the Association, 166, Piccadilly, London, W.I. The Director of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, has forwarded a copy of the Journal of the College, Volume 4, Part 4, January, 1940, containing fifteen papers on various subjects contributed by members of the college.The Dean of the College of the Pharmaceutical Society has forwarded a copy of the Annual Report of the Research Depart- ments of the College. The British Standards Institution has lately issued :-No. 890-1940 for Building Limes. No. 894-1940 The Determination of the Flow and Drop Points of Fats and Allied Substances (Apparatus and Method of Use). No. 895-1940 Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Butter (2s.od. each; 2s. 2d. post free). and Slips CF (GS) 5296 Corrigendum to B.S. 717-1936 “Combustion Testing” of Domestic Gas Appliances. CF (C) 5394 Corrigendum to B.S.734-1937. Density Hydrometers for Use in Milk. REVIEW. The Chemical Constitution of Natural Fats. T. P. Hilditch, D.Sc., F.I.C. Pp. xi + 438. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 35s. net. The development of the chemistry of the natural fats is a fascinating story of painstaking research of which the latest chapters are admirably summarised for the first time in this work. The fats have long been recognised as compounds of fatty acids and glycerin, but quantitative separation of the various glycerides in each has until recently proved difficult or impossible even though, in many cases, comparatively few fatty acids enter into their structure. The various mixed and simple triglycerides have mutual solubilities which prevent separation by the simpler classical methods and, on this account, attention was confined for many years to a search for physical or chemical “characteristics” serving to distinguish one fat from another, so that each might be recognised and its proportion determined in admixture with other fats.During this period attempts were made to ascertain the nature and proportion of the various fatty acids present in each fat, but many of the results of such attempts were realised to be erroneous and a drastic overhaul of the situation became more and more necessary. This was undertaken by Professor Hilditch at Liverpool and, during the last two decades, he and his co-workers have intro- duced new devices and improved old ones with such success that the major difficulties have been swept away and a clear survey of the true chemistry of fats has now become possible. An immense amount of detailed and difficult work has been required, and the manner in which it has been carried out and the great success that has attended the efforts of the workers con- cerned deserve the congratulations and thanks of all chemists.Until the appearance of this book much of the work has been available only in the original papers, but now Professor Hilditch has collected his own work and that of many others and has examined critically the field as a whole, so that light is thrown on to the manner in which nature works in producing fats for the specific needs of animals and plants. The book includes as much as possible of relevant data published up to the end of 1938 and some that appeared in 1939; it deals with about 420 fats from plant species, 80 from land animals and IOO of aquatic origin. Less attention is paid, than hitherto, to many of the “charac- teristics” referred to above, since these are adequately dealt with in other authoritative works and in general give only average figures which by no means serve to indicate detailed composition.The individual fats are discussed from the point of view of modern indications of the proportions of their several component acids and of the chief component glycerides; for the most part the compositions are given in these forms alone. Using such data as a basis, the author considers the relation between the compositions of the fats classed together from anatomical and morphological considerations and confirms the important conclusion that not only can the natural fats be classified according to their major component acids, but that this classification follows closely upon that developed from biological considerations of the parent organisms. In many cases also the minor component acids are shown to be similarly characteristic of a fat-group.The fats of the simplest and most primitive organisms are usually built up from a complex mixture of fatty acids, but as biological development has proceeded the chief component acids have become fewer in number. This simplification is seen most markedly in the higher land mammals and in vegetable seed fats; the aquatic animals and reptiles yield more complex fats.In the fats from all fresh-water life only one type appears, the component acids being relatively rich in unsaturated C,, and C,, acids with low concentrations of C,, and C,, acids. In the marine world, on the other hand, the C,, and C,, acids are reduced in amount and the C,,, and C,, acids increased. In the latter case the acids are often associated with abnormal proportions of non-fatty compounds such as the hydrocarbon, squalene; or glycerol ether esters or non-glyceryl esters may be present and a specific degree of unsaturation is to be expected according to the nature of the non-fatty fraction. In the depot fats of the higher land animals the important acids are oleic and palmitic, the latter forming 25 to 30 per cent. of the total, even in such widely different cases as the rat, rabbit, pig, sheep, ox, reindeer, horse and birds, whereas unsaturated C1,acids are present in but small amounts.The amphibian and reptile fats contain less unsaturated C,,, C,,, Czz acids than the fish depot fats and the unsaturation of the C,, and C,, acids though still high is not so marked as in the fish oils. The unsaturated hexadecenoic acid so characteristic of aquatic and lower terrestrial animal life appears in quantity in the fats of bacilli, yeasts and the spores of other cryptogams, but has been observed in only very small proportions in seed and fruit-coat fats. The fruit-coat fats include-with only one or two exceptions-palmitic and oleic acids as sole major com-ponents; but the seed fats contain also major proportions of linoleic (or linolic) acid.Often the fats of members of a natural plant family are found to include a specific acid almost wholly confined to that family; thus, erucic acid is present in all cruci- ferous seed fats, petroselinic acid in those of the Umbelliferae and chaulmoogric and hydnocarpic acids in the Flacourtiaceae. The author shows that the very striking and characteristic differences in the fatty acid mixtures combined as triglycerides in fats are not reflected in the manner in which the triglycerides themselves are put together, for with few general exceptions the latter are woven together on the same simple general principle whatever their origin.This principle is that nature strongly favours the elaboration of “mixed” and not simple triglycerides and there is a tendency to maximum heterogeneity. The only divergences from the rule occur in the depot and milk fats of the Ungulata (ox, sheep, pig, buffalo, etc.), in palm oil, olive oil, laurel oil and the fat of Myristica malabarica. From a detailed account of these facts and principles Professor Hilditch passes to further aspects of the biochemistry of fats and deals with their synthesis in plants and animals, possible mechanisms for their production from carbohydrates, assimilation of preformed fats by animals, mobilisation of reserve fats, rancidity, and similar phenomena.In some ways this section is the most interesting in the book and particular attention may be drawn to the summaries of work on the nature and quantity of fats in seeds and fruits, at various stages .of their development; the profound effect of ingested fatty matter and the effect of variations of body temperature on the fat of animals. Throughout there is striking evidence of a very careful and orderly control in nature designed to produce a fat suited to the needs of the parent organism and operating on comparatively simple principles even though the results are often of a complex nature. 228 Chapters IX and X describe the chemistry of the natural fatty acids, higher aliphatic alcohols and glycerol ethers and deal with synthetic glycerides, while Chapter XI reviews in a full and very lucid manner the modern methods of separation which have been applied in the quantitative investigations described earlier in the book.These methods, so largely developed by Professor Hilditch and his co-workers, have inspired widespread interest and the collected details now appearing in connected form will prove of great assistance to all who have hitherto been obliged to consult the original papers.-K.A.W. 229 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 19th April and 17th May, 1940, 3 new Fellows were elected, 21 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 89 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 42 Students were admitted. The Council records with regret the deaths of three Fellows and six Associates.New Fellows. Pearson, Thomas Gibson, D.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Dun.), Marego, Melton Avenue, Lower Walton, Warrington. Preston, Eric, Ph.D. (Sheff.), D.Sc. (Birm.), 68, Archer Lane, Sheffield, 7. Rendle, Theodore, The Poplars, Histon, Cambridge. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Acharya, Cadambi Narasimha, B.A., M.Sc. (Madras), Ph.D. (Lond.),Indian Institute of Science, Hebbal P.O., Bangalore, India. Balfe, Michael Philip, B.A., Ph.D. (Lond.), British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association, 1-6, Nelson Square, London, S.E.1. Cornwell, Charles William, M.Sc. (Lond.), 75, Beattyville Gardens, Ilford, Essex. Dickie, William Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Hanover Square,London, W.1. Duveen, Denis Ian, College de France, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Paris, Ve. Graymore, John George, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Cherry Trees, Chester Road, Woodford, Cheshire. Griffiths, Leslie Herbert, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 9, Dryburgh Road, Putney, London, S.W.15. Hopkins, Ernest Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 126, Brunswick Road, London, W. 5. Hurt, Norman Albert, 14, Oaklands Road, Swinton, nr. Manchester. Law, Xorman Heyworth, MSc. (N.Z.), 11, Cumberland Avenue, Chilwell, Beeston, Notts. Lyne, Francis Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 137, Beaufort Street, London, S.W.3. Melville, Professor Harry Work, Ph.D. (Cantab. and Edin.), D.Sc. (Edin.), Trinity College, Cambridge. Minor, Roland Gordon, 18, Thornhill Road, Llanishen, Cardiff.Preece, Isaac Arthur, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 7, Blinkbonny Road, Edin-burgh, 4. Raymond, Walter Desmond, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Medical Laboratory, Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika. Redfarn, Cyril Aubrey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), Quality House, Quality Court, Chancery Lane, London, W.C.2. Shipston, Geoffry Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, North End House, West Kensington, London, W.14, 230 Stephenson, James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Government Laboratory, Clement’s Inn Passage, London, W.C.2. Stephenson, William Frank, B.Sc. (Liv.), 537, Maidstone Road, Wigmore, Gillingham, Kent. Thomas, Garfield, M.Sc. (Manc.), 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham, 17. Timmins, Arthur Alfred, 140, Westridge Road, Kings Heath, Birmingham, 14. New Associates.Ahrens, Herbert Waldemar, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (S.A.), P.O. Dynamite Factory, Cape Province, S. Africa. Allison, Harry, B.Sc. (Reading), 41, Meadow Drive, Portmadoc, Caerns. Ambrose, Douglas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Palmerston Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. Banks, John, B.Sc. (Liv.), 103, South Mossley Hill Road, Liverpool, 19. Bell, George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Boughton Street, Sunderland. Berridge, Norman James, B.Sc. (Birm.), St. John’s Hill, Shcnstone, Lichfield. Booth, Alan, 7, Regent Road, Widnes. Boylin, James Laurence, 65, Lottie Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham, 29. Buckler, Ernest Jack, M.A. (Cantab.), Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., Pointe- a-Pierre, Trinidad, B.W.I. Cameron, William Mitchell, 67, Towerhill Road, Glasgow, W.3. Cathro, James, 55, Douglas Street, Carluke, Lanarkshire.Chatterjee, Hrishikesh, M.Sc. (Dacca), Technological Research Laboratories, Tollygunge, Calcutta, India. Choudhury, Dhirendra Chandra Roy, M.Sc. (Calcutta), Reliance Firebrick and Pottery Co., Ltd., P.O. Barakar (E.I.R.), India. Cole, Henry George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Sandringham Avenue, London, s.w.20. Collins, William Jonathan Henn, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 80, Mount Durand, Guernsey, C.I. Cook, James Stewart, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Crossways, Osborne Road, Windsor, Berks. Cope, Leonard Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, Rutland Street, Derby. Culbert, Robert Claude Alexander, M.Sc. (Dunelm), Glenridding, Wood- lands Road, Cleadon, Sunderland. Curran, Michael Joseph, 21, Pound Park Road, London, S.E.7.Davey, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 168, Barrow Hill, Chesterfield. Eade, Douglas Grey, M.Sc. (Wales), 10, Elba Avenue, Taibach, Port Talbot, Glam. Ellis, Stephen Robert Mercer, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 14, Old Hill, Bolsover, Derby- shire. Evans, Arthur Wallace, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 32, Westbourne Terrace, Bishopton Lane, Stockton-on-Tees. Fell, John, 20, Seaborn Road, Bare, Morecambe. Field, William Edwin John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 38, The Ride, Boston Manor, Brentford, Middlesex. Fletcher, Walter, 14, Leslie Road, Toll Bar, St. Helens. Fraser, Robert Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.), 117, Uxbridge Road, Hampton Hill, Middlessex. Gaunt, Joseph Frank, B.Sc. (Leeds), 2, Norfolk Avenue, Batley, Yorks. Gordon, James Joseph, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Lond.), 87, Oakfield Road, Newport, Monmouthshire. Gray, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), The Firs, Lanark Road, Carluke, Scotland. Greenwood, Harry Stanley, 368, Bradley Road, Bradley, Huddersfield. 231 Harding, John David Dermott, Fulligrove Cottage, Woodwell Road, Shirehampton, Bristol. Harrison, George Arthur Frederick, B.A. (T.C.D.), 78, Hollybrook Road, Clontarf, Dublin. Hesford, Edward, A.M.C.T., 25, Birkdale Street, Cheetham, Manchester, 8. Hill, Allan, Jr., B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Newlyn, Middleton Road, Heywood, Lancs. Hill, Donald Harold, 55, Hendham Road, London, S.W.17. Hoult, Eric, A.M.C.T., 8, Victoria Avenue, Grappenhall, Warrington. Johnson, Sydney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 73, Clarendon Road, Hinckley, Leics. Kahan, Ralph Sidney, B.Sc.(Lond.), 111, Claremont Road, London, E.7. King, David Wylie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 79, Marlborough Mansions, Cannon Hill, London, N.W.6. Lawrence, Leslie Aubrey, BSc. (Lond.), 29, Clare Avenue, Bristol, 7. Lay, Maung KO,M.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Bayley Street, London, W.C.1. Lowe, Edward Henry, 59, Sidney Road, Beeston, Notts. Maclntyre, Donald Brodie, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 8, Beech Road, Bebington.Marsden, Ewart, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 6, Albany Road, Dalton, Hudders- field. McKerrigan, Angus Alexander, Y.M.C.A., Whetstone Lane, Birkenhead. Mehl, Ernst, Ph.D. (Vienna), Beverston, Clevedon Road, Newport, Mon. Meldrum, Robert Scott, 50, Willow Road, London, N.W.3. Moir, Murdo Logan, B.Sc. (Aberd.), Roy Cottage, Evanton, Ross-shire. Munden, Alick Robert, B.Sc.(Birm.), 9, Light Lane, Coventry. Murray, Wilfred, A.M.C.T., Clare, Trouthall Lane, Plumbley, Cheshire. Neech, Frank Donald, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 14, Princes Mews, Hereford Road, London, W.2. Nicholson, Benjamin Eric, B.A., B.Sc. (T.C.D.), Hoddersfield, Crosshaven, Co. Cork. Packer, Harold Kingsley, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 8, Bourne End Road, Northwood, Middlesex. Parkes, Robert Arthur, Holbeche Mount, Kingswinford, Staff ordshire. Parkin, George, A.Met. (Sheff .), 23, Carnaby Road, Sheffield, 6. Patient, David James, Woodcote, Elm Park Road, Pinner, Middlesex. Pellowe, Ernest Frank, B.Sc. (Reading), The Grammar School, Ripon, Yorkshire. Powell, Roy, 1, Sherburn Close, Barlows Lane, Fazakerley, Liverpool, 9. Pritchard, Bernard Edward, School House, Hernhill, Paversham, Kent.Rawlings, Harry, M.Sc. (Lond.), Trent College, Long Eaton, nr. Nottingham. Read, Dennis Rouse, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, New Street, Salisbury. Roach, John, 6, Chestnut Avenue, Widnes. Roberts, Charles Tindal, View Park, Foulford Road, Cowdenbeath, Fife. Roberts, David John, Ph.C., 47, Egerton Street, Liverpool, 8. Roberts, Richard John, M.Sc. (Wales), 4, Troedyrhiw Road, Mountain Ash, Glam. Routledge, Donald, B.Sc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews), Burrows Cottage, The Links, Pembrey, S. Wales. Saxton, Frederick William, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 53, Fairview Crescent, Wellington, New Zealand. Scott, Ernest Ingram, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Victoria Avenue, Hull. Simons, Benjamin, 20, Wolves Lane, London, N.13.Sirimanne, George Arthur Colvin, B .Sc. (Lond.), Government Analyst’s Department, Colombo, Ceylon. Smith, Miss Janet Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, St. John Street, Mansfield, Nottinghamshire.Stephens, Bruce Ashley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 53, North Park, London, S.E.9. 232 Subba Ramaiah, Kanavenahalli, M.Sc. (Mysore), D.Sc. (Madras), Govern-ment Test House, Alipore, Calcutta, India. Tee, Frederick William, 112, Longford Road, Manchester, 21. Thom, Charles Bell, B.Sc. (Glas.), 43, Dalry Road, Kilwinning, Ayrshire. Tonks, Eric Sidney, M.Sc. (Birm.), 1498, Coventry Road, South Yardley, Birmingham, 25. Turnbull, John Alston, B.Sc. (Glas.), 22, Langley Park, Mill Hill, London, N.W.7. Walker, Brian Yeoman, 40, Tynwaltl Hill, Stoneycroft, Liverpool.Wall, Leslie Lakey, 54, Strathmore Crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 4. Watson, Charles, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 31, Ormiston Avenue, Glasgow, w.4. Wheeler, Edgar Philip, 47, Park Hill Road, Wallington, Surrey. White, Eric Newman, 37, Roslea Drive, Dennistoun, Glasgow, E.1 . Wild, Eric Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Rusland Road, Woaldstone, Harrow. Williams, Francis Derek, A.M.C.T., 27, Palm Street, Off Slade Lane, Longsight, Manchester, 13. Wiseman, Leonard Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 47, Park Avenue, London, N.13. Woods, Leslie, M.Sc. (Liv.), 236, Robins Lane, Sutton Oak, St. Helens. Woodthorpe, Thomas John, 87, Blackpool Street, Burton-on-Trent. Woollard, Leslie Delano, 3, Pellerin Road, London, N. 16. Re-elected Associate. Sands, Reginald Robert, B.Sc.(Lond.), 126, Bushey Mill Lane, Watford. New Students. Adam, John Doig, M.P.S., Ph.C., 76, Wingrove Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 4. Atkinson, Denzil Malcolm, 347, Green Lanes, London, N.4. Barrett, John, Bishop’s Stortford Station, Herts. Baxter, Eric George, 33, Lithos Road, London, N.W.3. Chalmers, Robert Alexander, 97, Ellerton Road, Erdington, Birmingham, 23. Cooper, Richard Herbert Alexander, 18, Roberts Road, Rainham, Kent. Draper, Alfred John Mountfort, 22, Wimbledon Park Road, Southsea. Edwards, Clarence William, 79, Middleton Place, Loughborough. Edwards, Gordon Westland, 23, Roseneath Road, Urmston, Lancs. Elliott, George, 89, Hamilton Road, Gillingham. Evans, Philip Geoffrey, c/o D. A. MacCallum, Esq., F.I.C., 93, Hope Street, Glasgow.Green, John Herbert, 23, Highlands Heath, Putney, London, S.W.15. Harriman, Albert Richard, 5, Leicester Road, Anstey, Leicester. Hawkins, Dennis Ernest, 129, Hazelbank Road, London, S.E.6. Hersom, Albert Charles, 65, Chandos Road, London, E.15. Holdsworth, Eric Spencer, 49, Newall Carr Road, Otley, Yorkshire. Hopkins, Robert William Brent, 72, Westbury Road, London, N.12. Jeffers, Francis George, 112, Hare Street, Rochdale. Johns, Harold Myrddin, 79, Surrey Road, Dagenham. Jones, Ronald Arthur Charles, 13, Nechells Park Road, Birmingham, 7. Keyser, James William, 18, Coniston Avenue, Perivale, Middlesex. Lerpiniere, William Henry, 54, Stanley Avenue, Queenborough, Kent. Llewelyn, David Arthur Bosworth, Belgrave Vicarage, Leicester.Lumb, Melvyn, 44, Edward Street, Sowerby Bridge, Yorks. Oliver, Jack, 43, Delacourt Road, Fallowfield, Manchester, 14. Owen, Cyril Horace Purser, 20, Durham Road, Sidcup. Pearcy, Victor Joseph, 73, King Street, Southsea. 233 Phillips, John Leslie, 36, M’avertree Nook Road, Broadgreen, Liverpool, 15. Rayner, Hugh Boynton, 33, Grasmere Road, London, N. 10. Reed, Rowland Ivor,145, Tuffley Avenue, Gloucester. Roberts, Eric, 20, Dunster Avenue, Rochdale. Roley, Leonard Matthew, 11, Fernbank Drive, Baildon, Yorks. Sampson, Richard Archibald Symonds, 61, St. Luke’s Road, Maidstone. Shaw, Bernard, 240, Melton Road, Leicester. Six, Charles Georges, 8, Fillebrook Road, London, E. 1 1. Tame, David Alan, 1, High Street, Milton Regis, Sittingbourne.Thompson, James Oliver, 150, Regents Park Road, London, N.3. Vance, William John, 688, Tollcross Road, Glasgow. Watson, James Stoddart, 49,Barrhill Road, Old Cumnock, Ayrshire. Williams, Gerald Douglas, “Black Bull” Inn, Cliffe, Rochester. Kent. Wilson, Birkett, 10, Bolney Court, Portsmouth Road, Surbiton, Surrey. Yiend, Ronald Williarn James, 74, Gledhow Lane. Roundha)-, Lccds, 8. DEATHS. Fellows. Christopher Rawson. Harry Shankster. John Whe. Associates. William Arthur Hirst Asquith, BSc. (Liv.). Arthur Brennan, B.Sc. (Dunelm).Walter Johnstone Galloway, M.Sc. (Mane.).Percy Edmud Howes, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.).Hubert Henry Stroud, B.Sc. (Lond.). Harry Whitham. CHANGES OF NAMES. Miss Alla Ter-Akopoff, Associate, to Mrs.STAPms,-on her marriage. Miss Ailsa Anderson McKellar, Associate, to Mrs. Ailsa Anderson MARsDEN,--On her marriage to Mr. A. W. Marsden, Associate. Miss Annie Marion Ross Sloan, Associate, to Mrs. T. F. HARVZY,-on her marriage. 234 General Notices. In the prevailing circumstances, Fellows and Associates are asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. Active Service.-Fell0 ws, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as qay be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Register.-In the present circumstances, the Council, in accordance with advice received from the Press and Censorship Bureau, has decided to publish the new edition of the Register without addresses or particulars of the occupations of the Fellows and Associates.The Register will contain the full names, qualifications and dates of admission to Associateship and Fellowship. The work is now in preparation, so that members who wish changes to be noted in initials representing membership of other qualifying institutions, etc., should notify the Registrar without delay. In accordance with the By-Laws, Fellows and Associates who are in arrear with their subscriptions for more than 12 months are liable to have their names removed from the Register. Examinations.-It is hoped that examinations will be held in September.Full information will be given at a later date. Lectures.-Dr. J. H. Quastel, F.R.S., Director of Research, Cardiff City Mental Hospital and Honorary Lecturer in Bio-chemistry in University College, Cardiff, has kindly consented to give a lecture before the Institute on “The Chemistry of EnzymeAction ” in October next. Further particulars will be announced in due course. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient-must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1941. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1940, to work of the character indicated. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize KIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 194r, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1940,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays will, be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual. competitor. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information , inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are ordinarily required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. For the time being the payment of 6s. 6d. is suspended. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10 a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books.Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours. It will be open from 10a.m. to I p.m. and from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to I p.m.). Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expired on 1st March. The subscriptions rates are 6s. 6d. for Class B, and 16s.6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boots’ Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I.238 Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permunent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Copies of 11 The Profession of Chemistry (Fourth Edition, 1938)will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis- tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar .239 Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT OFFUND,INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9406400161

出版商:RSC    

年代:1940

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART IV: 1940. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, August, 1940. Publications Commit tee, 1940-41. A. L. BACHARACH (Chairman), J.J. FOX (President), W. M. AMES, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, A. COULTHARD, F. P. DUNN, A. E.DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, W.GODDEN, E. GREGORY, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H. HUNTER, G. KING, P. LEWIS-DALE, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A.C. MONKHOUSE, H. W. MOSS, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, D. W. PARKES, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, F. M. ROWE, S. B. WATKINS. 243 Editorial. Sir Jocelyn Thorpe, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. : President, 1933-1936.-With the passing of Sir Jocelyn Thorpe, British Science has lost a great chemist, whose natural intuition, keen observation and experimental ability resulted in his contributing numerous records of important original work in organic chemistry almost without a break for upwards of 40 years. Sir Jocelyn, who was so devoted to his science, had not only a fine record as a chemist-briefly related in this Part of the JouRNAL-but throughout his career was a keen and active worker in the interests and welfare of his profession. He occupied many honorary offices and gave freely of his time and services to the Chemical Society, the Institute, the Chemical Council and other bodies.He contributed generously-often anonymously-to benevolent and other deserving causes. He travelled to many parts of the world to give lectures or to act as a British delegate at international chemical congresses and celebrations, and was universally esteemed by a wide circle of scientific colleagues at home and abroad, with whom his genial good nature willlong remain a cherished memory. The Chemical Council and Co-operation-The Council has approved and recommends for adoption the suggested Agree- ment and new Scheme of Co-operation between the threechartered Chemical Bodies-lately received from the Chemical Council and now published in this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.The Scheme constitutes an offer to Fellows and Associates of the Institute who are neither Fellows of the Chemical Society nor Members of the Society of Chemical Industry to share the privileges of membership of those Societies, including the supply of their publications on very advantageous terms. For example, when the scheme is in operation, an Associate, if he so desire, will be able for a subscription of IOO units* (at present E5) to acquire membership of both Societies, retain his membership of the Institute, obtain publications to the value of 70 units* from the Societies and be entitled to purchase other publications at specially reduced scheduled prices.* The unit at present is 1s. The Institute’s part in the Agreement is to encourage, by every means, its Fellows and Associates to participate in the scheme, in order that the publishing societies may look forward to attaining a secure financial position in the furtherance of their work. At the present time their publications can only be maintained with the help of funds supplied by the Chemical Council, derived largely from the members of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, who have agreed under Deed to continue their subscriptions, amounting to about L4,ooo a year, until 1942. It will be seen, therefore, that it is essential that as many chemists as possible should participate in the scheme, in order that the Societies may not continue indefinitely to be dependent on such assistance. The Chemical Council has established, in addition, an endow- ment fund, which should amount altogether to about &24,000, the income from which willalso be available to supplement- the resources of the Societies.A General Meeting of the Institute will be held at which the members will be asked by the Council to adopt the suggested Agreement, and in accordance therewith, the Council will then urge every Fellow and Associate to participate in the scheme. Two features of the Agreement must be emphasised. First, although it of course provides for the continuance of the Insti- tute’s contribution towards the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society-in return for the facilities granted-it does not in any other way add to the Institute’s liabilities.Second, for the Fellows and Associates of the Institute the scheme is a voluntary one. There is, however,.-a there should . be-this element of compulsion; that every member should feel morally bound not only to support the scheme at his Local Section meeting and elsewhere, but also to participate in it. The Council of the Institute desires to impress on every member one simple cardinal fact. His chemical qualification depends, ultimately, on the publication of a mass of knowledge made available, in the first instance, entirely through the scientific journals. Of these a large majority are published by scientific societies; in British Chemistry the bulk of such publishing is financed by the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry.Those members of the Institute who have not yet joined either Society are, there- fore, in debt to one or the other or to both. They will, it is hoped, feel called upon to make good that debt in a practical 245 way. In so doing, they will, incidentally, benefit themselves by being kept in touch with advances in chemistry through the journals that they select. In addition, and not less important, they willbe playing their part in securing that in future chemists shall be no less well supplied with literature about their science, as Fellows of the Chemical Society and Members of the Society of Chemical Industry, than they have been hitherto.A SUGGESTED AGREEMENT AND A NEW SCHEME OF CO-OPERATION FOR THE THREE CHARTERED CHEMICAL BODIES. C.S. = Chemical Society. I. of C. = Institute of Chemistry. S.C.I. = Society of Chemical Industry. SUGGESTEDAGREEMENT. AN AGREEMENT made this day of 1940 BETWEEN THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Incorporated by Royal Charter 1848) having its registered address at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.I (hereinafter called “the C.S.,’) of the first part THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND (In-corporated by Royal Charter 1885) having its registered address at 30 Russell Square London W.C.1 (hereinafter called “the I. of C.”) of the second part THE SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Incorporated by Royal Charter 1907) having its registered office at Clifton House Euston Road London N.W.1 (hereinafter called “the S.C.I.”) of the third part and THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL having its office at 30 Russell Square aforesaid (hereinafter called “the Council ’,) of the fourth part.SUPPLEMENTAL to an Agreement (hereinafter called “the Principal Agreement” dated the 1st day of July 1935 made between the parties of the first three parts (hereinafter called ‘‘ the Constituent Bodies ”) which set up the Council and provided the terms of its constitution. WHEREAS for the further and better promotion of the objects of the Council the Constituent Bodies have agreed to a 246 scheme of extended co-operation between themselves and the Council the provisions of which scheme (hereinafter called “the Scheme”) are set out in the Schedule hereto NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED AND DECLARED by and between the parties hereto as follows:- I.As from the day of I9 the provisions of the Scheme set out in the Schedule hereto shall come into effect and this Agreement shall be deemed to be an extension of the Principal Agreement for the purpose of carrying the provisions of the Scheme into effect. 2. THIS Agreement is to be for a period of seven years from the day of 19 and shall continue thereafter for successive periods of three years subject to like provisions to those contained in Clause (14)* of the Principal Agreement. The Principal Agreement shall as from the said day of 19 be read and construed for all purposes as if the word “twe1ve”t were sub- stituted in all places in Clause (14)thereof where the word (‘seven ” now appears.3. IN the event of the collective contributions of the C.S. and the S.C.I. as provided by the Scheme being insufficient to defray the expenses of the running of the Department known as The Bureau of Chemical and Physiological Abstracts (hereinafter called “the Bureau”) carried on jointly by the C.S. and the S.C.I. then the Council will during the continuance of this Agreement contribute to such extent commensurate with the Funds of the Council then available as the Council shall in its own discretion think fit towards such expenses but any deficit in the said expenses remaining after any such contribution by the Council will be borne by the C.S.and the S.C.I. 4. THE Bureau may with the consent of the Chemical * (14) This Agreement is to be for a period of seven years from the date hereof and shall continue thereafter for successive periods of three years subject to the right of any one of the constituent bodies to retire therefrom at the end either of the &st seven years or of any triennial period upon giving one year’s previous notice in writing to the other constituent bodies. Provided always that it shall be competent for the constituent bodies by mutual Agreement at any time during the currency of this Agreement or any extension thereof to set up a permanent and centralised body to take the place of the present arrangement. t The word “twe1ve” was inserted on the assumption that this Supple- mental Agreement would operate as from 1st July, 1940.247 Council at any time during the subsistence of this Agreement be reconstituted as a body having a separate legal entity but any such reconstitution shall not in any way relieve the C.S. and the S.C.I. from any liability to maintain the Bureau pursuant to the terms of this Agreement but upon any such reconstitution all contributions from the Council shall continue to be made direct to the C.S. and the S.C.I. 5. The Councils of the parties hereto shall have power from time to time by agreement amongst themselves to make or modify such rules and regulations as they shall think fit for the better working of the Scheme but no such powers shall be exercised except in accordance with the respective Charters and By-Laws of each of the Constituent Bodies.6. Except as varied by this Agreement the terms of the Principal Agreement shall remain in full force and effect IN WITNESS whereof these presents have been entered into the day and year first above written. (To be signed and sealed in accordance with the Charters and By-Laws.) THE SCHEDULE above referred to THE SCHEME. The provisions of the Scheme are divided into three groups:- GROUPA. I. The C.S. will keep its annual membership subscription at 60 units* for Fellows having full privileges but will limit the supply of Abstracts which a Fellow can obtain in addition to the JOURNAL (without extra charge) to any two sections of Abstracts A.2. The S.C.I. will increase its annual membership subscrip- tion from 50 units to 60 units with power (with the consent of the Chemical Council) to reduce where possible or desirable any membership fee for special groups or sections. 3. The C.S. and the S.C.I. will be responsible as at present for the joint management of the Bureau. The Bureau will * The Unit for the present represents one shilling; any alteration to be subject to paragraph 3 above. 248 arrange subject to the approval of the C.S. and the S.C.I. for the publication and sale of Abstracts and for securing revenue from advertisements and other sources. GROUPB. I. Fellows and Associates of the I. of C.will be urged to become joint members of all three bodies by payment of an annual joint membership subscription of 105 units in the case of Fellows and IOO units in the case of Associates. This joint subscription will cover all the privileges of the Fellowship or Associateship of the I. of C. and of membership of the C.S. and the S.C.I. except that the total amount of publications obtainable without extra charge shall not exceed 70 units in scheduled value (see Schedule of Prices); publications up to this value may be chosen from among all those in the schedule but Fellows and Associates shall not be required to pay for lectures published by the I. of C.; additional publications may be purchased at the scheduled prices. The I. of C. will collect such joint membership subscriptions and, after deducting 42 units in the case of an F.I.C.and 31-5units in the case of an A.I.C. will remit the balance in equal proportions to the C.S. and the S.C.I. 2. Members of the C.S. or the S.C.I. who are not Fellows or Associates of the I. of C. will be accepted as joint members of the two Societies on payment of an annual joint membership subscription of IOO units. This joint membership subscription will cover all the privileges of membership of the C.S. and the S.C.I. except that the total amount of publications obtainable without extra charge shall not exceed IOO units in the scheduled value ; unrestricted choice of scheduled publications and condi- tions for purchase of additional publications will be allowed to such members in a manner similar to that prescribed for Fellows and Associates of I.of C. in paragraph B(I). The C.S. or the S.C.I. will collect such joint membership subscriptions and will divide the same equally between them. GROUPC. I. Any of the bodies may, with the approval of the Chemical Council, enter into agreements with other Societies or Institutions .for the establishment of joint membership subscriptions. 249 2. The Bureau may, with the approval of the Chemical Council, make arrangements with other Societies or Institutions for supplying them or their members with Abstracts on special terms, such as the arrangements already in existence with the Physiological Society, the Biochemical Society and the Anatomi- cal Society.3. The I. of C. willdo what it can on the foregoing lines to support the work of the Bureau. 4. The Bureau shall consist of representatives of those Bodies which afford substantial support to it. PROVISIONAL OF PRICESSCHEDULE OF PUBLICATION. Prices to Non-Members Schedule of GroupsPrice. A, B or C. Journal of the Chem. SOC. .. .. 26 units Abstracts A I .. .. --19'5 ,, I? A 11 .. .. --19'5 7) ,, A I11 .. .. . . 21.5 ,, Trans. of the S.C.I. . . .. .. I5 ,, "Chemistry and Industry " .. .. 225 ,, (To be Abstracts B .. .. .. .. 27.5 ,, decided.) ,, 1ndex"A" . . .. * * 3'0 I, ), Index "B" .. .. . . 2.5 ,, Annual Reports, pure . . .. * * 5'5 >, ,, ), applied .. . . 10.5 ,, Inst.of Chem. Lectures . . .. *' 5t J> Chem. SOC.lecture reprints . . * -5'5 12 NOTES. I. A member of only one of the three Chartered Bodies shall not be entitled to receive publications of the other Chartered Bodies except at the full published price. 2. The above Schedule of Prices of Publications is subject to periodic revision by the Chemical Council with the agreement of the Councils of the Constituent Bodies. 3. No reduction in the price of publications will be permitted to persons other than members of the affiliated Societies and Institutions. t Free of charge to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute. 250 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 21st June, 1940.-Correspondence was received from the Ministry of Labour in answer to the repre- sentations made by the Institute regarding the Schedule of Reserved Occupations, with which the Ministry was in general agreement.(A new edition of the Schedule of Reserved Occupations was published on 18th June, i.e. three days before the Council Meeting, and on 20th July all chemists defined in a Government Order were required to make application for enrolment on the Central Register of the Ministry of Labour, unless serving in the Armed Forces or already enrolled on the Central Register.) Dr. Harold G. Colman was reappointed to represent the Institute on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. The Council recorded with deep regret the death of Sir Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President, and stood in silence as a tribute to his memory.A letter of sympathy on the death of Sir Jocelyn was received from the City and Guilds of London Institute. On the nomina- tion of the Council, Sir Jocelyn had acted as Chairman of the Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute on the Dyeing of Textiles since it was set up ten years ago. The Council also recorded with regret the death of Sir Arthur Harden, F.R.S. A letter of protest was received from a Fellow, who objected to the appearance on the Appointments Register of the Institute of the appointment of a chemist and bacteriologist to a small water undertaking at l375 per annum. The Council did not consider that the circumstances warranted a protest.The Emergency Committee reported on arrangements made for maintaining a duplicate of the Register of the Institute, and on the alterations made by the Holborn Borough Council in the premises of the Institute for the more efficient provision of a public air raid shelter. The Committee had also made provision for the safer custody of the records and other property of the Institute. Reports were received from the Publications Committee, the Publicity Committee, the Finance and House Committee, the Benevolent Fund Committee and the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. The Council resolved to lend LI,OOOto the Government without interest. The names of z Fellows and 14 Associates were removed from the Register under By-law 66 for non-payment of their subscript ions.The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that the sum of f146 10s. had been returned on loans account. The Council received from the Chemical Council copies of the suggested Agreement and new Scheme of Co-operation between the three Chartered Bodies-the Chemical Society, the Institute, and the Society of Chemical Industry-together with letters from the Solicitors and Opinion of Counsel relating thereto. The President, as one of the representatives of the Institute on the Chemical Council, gave the opinion that the Agreement and Scheme did not commit the Institute to any financial obliga- tion-beyond the continued contribution to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society-and emphasised that the proposals regarding the participation of Fellows and Associates in the scheme were optional.The Council was in favour of the Scheme, but held that it should be made known to the Fellows and Associates generally, and requested, therefore, that the consent of the Chemical Council be obtained to the publication of the documents, which, in accordance with the advice of Counsel, should eventually be brought to the notice of a general meeting of the Institute. It was understood that several minor questions,-for example, the position of life members in the matter,-had yet to be determined. The main aim of the scheme was to encourage chemists generally to bear a fuller share of the cost of the publications of the Chemical Society and of the Society of Chemical Industry.The President undertook to discuss the matter with the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections at a Conference to be held on the following day. Dr. A. E. Dunstan was nominated as a representative ofthe Institute on the Chemical Council in the place of the late Sir Jocelyn Thorpe. The Council resolved to execute a Deed of Indemnity in respect of the representatives of the Institute on the Chemical Council. Council Meeting, 19th July, 1940.-A letter was received from the Chancellor of the Exchequer thanking the Institute for lending E~,oooto the country, free of interest. It was reported that the Register of Fellows, Associates and Students-without address, descriptions of appointments and occupations-was ready for printing.The Council directed that the work should be put in hand. The Canadian Institute of Chemistry offered homes for some children of chemists: five girls and seven boys between the ages of 4 and 12 years could be placed in Protestant homes, provided that private passages were paid; boats would be met, and the offer might possibly be increased. The Council expressed its grateful thanks to the Canadian Institute for the generous offer made by its members and directed the Registrar to notify the matter in the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS in order that members might be able to take advantage of it when the time was opportune. (See p. 267.) (It should here be noted, however, that subsequent considera- tion of evacuation proposals, by authorities both at home and in Canada,-including the responsibiliiy for maintenance and guardianship of children in circumstances which cannot be foreseen,-has put a check on the suggested arrangement.) In answer to a letter addressed to the Ministry of Home Security on matters raised at the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, referring to the Gas Identification Service, the Institute was informed that the Ministry would enquire into the points which had been raised; that some of them had already been met in a Bulletin recently issued to Gas Identification Officers, and that Public Analysts should be making contact with such Officers in connexion with the examination of food suspected of gas contamination, on which the Ministry of Food had recently issued a memorandum.253 An acknowledgment was received from Sir William Beveridge, Commissioner for Man-Power Survey, in answer to the suggestion that national work might be found for teachers and students during the vacation. Dr. Francis H. Carr, C.B.E., Vice-Presideutt, was elected a Censor to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Sir Jocelyn Thorpe. The Honorary Treasurer submitted a letter from Lord Leverhulme enclosing a copy of a Resolution which had been agreed to by the representatives of various chemical societies who attended a meeting to consider the establishment of a memorial to the late William Alexander Skeen Calder. The Resolution was to the effect that it was important and necessary to recognise, develop and strengthen the inter-connexion between pure and applied chemistry; that a memorial to Calder might form the basis of a scheme to be developed later through the agency of the scientific societies, trade organisations and other approved channels; that a fund be opened to be called “The Calder Memorial Fund” to be devoted to the furtherance of the ideas expressed above and that, as the development of the connexion between pure and applied chemistry will be among the most urgent problems to be faced after the war, one aim of the fund should be to aid in the introduction of the younger generation to the scientific needs of industry, and the co-ordination to scientific and technical aspects with the commercial. Reports were received from the Standing Committees and from the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Scottish Education Department re National Certificates in Chemistry.On the Report of the Finance and House Committee, the Council requested that the Publications Committee should include periodically in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSnotifica-tion of “Addresses Required” of Members and Students whose communications have been returned through the post. The Council received the Report of the Conference of Honor-ary Secretaries of Local Sections and approved of the clauses relating to the Appointments Register, the arrangements for meetings of the Sections, the Benevolent Fund, and reports on Local Section meetings.The Council referred to a Special Commit tee the consideration of the Bylaws governing the composition and nomination of the 254 Council-the Committee to consist of The President, the Hon. Treasurer, Messrs. A. Findlay, George King, J. H. Lester, G. Roche Lynch, and S. B. Watkins, with Messrs. A. L. Bacharach and M. Bogod as alternatives. The reply from the Commissioner for Man-Power Survey, to the suggestion that teachers and students might be employed on work of national importance during the vacation, and the reply from the Ministry of Home Security, on the points relating to the Gas Identification Service which had been raised at the Conference, had already been reported. The Council further agreed that, with the concurrence of the Chemical Council, the new Agreement and suggested Scheme of Co-operation between the three Chartered Chemical Bodies pro- posed by the Chemical Council, should be published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,and that the Fellows and Associates of the Institute should be urged to approve of and support them.(See pages 243-249.) Chemists and National Service.-The Executive Officers of the Institute are prepared, so far as they are able, to deal with enquiries regarding chemists and national service. The business of the Institute has been carried on without interruption at its headquarters since the outbreak of war. Should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, enquiries may be addressed-for the present-to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, N.12.Telephone Number : Hillside 1859. 255 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussioiz,s.] Cardiff and District.-The Fifth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 3rd May, in the Queen’s Hotel, St. Mary Street, Cardiff, Dr. N. M. Cullinane presiding. The Reports of the Hon. Secretary and Treasurer were read and adopted. Mr. S. B. Watkins made a statement on his activities as District Council Member, which was much appreciated. The Officers and Members of the Committee for the forth- coming year were elected, as follows:-Chairman, Dr.N. M. Cullinane; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. J. F. J. Dippy; Committee, Mr. H. F. Adams, Dr. S. T. Bowden, Mr. H. G. Davey, Mr. A. G. Fishburn, Mr. P. V. Lloyd, Mr. W. D. Williams; ex-oflcio, Mr. S. B. Watkins, District Member of Council. The meeting was followed by a very successful event, namely, a Congratulatory Dinner in honour of Dr. J. H. Quastel on the occasion of his election to the Fellowship of the Royal Society. It was held in company with local members of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. The health of the guest of the evening was proposed by Dr. J. Pryde, and supported by Mr. F. Bird and Mr. S. B. Watkins. Dr. Quastel having responded, thanks were accorded to the chairman on the proposal of Mr.D. Hicks. East Anglia.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Stowmarket on 27th April,-Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton in the Chair. The Reports of the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer were received and adopted. The Officers, Committee and Auditors were re-elected. The Section will hold occasional informal meetings in various centres in order to maintain social contact among the members for their mutual interest. London and South-Eastern.-By the courtesy of Messrs. Kodak, Ltd., members of the Section visited the Works and Laboratories of the Company on the 19th and 26th June. On each occasion the guests were received by Dr. H. Baines and members of the Research Staff, and were conducted in the first place to the Museum.To have explored this in detail, with its specimens showing the historical development of the camera and photographic processes, including the most recent ones for photo- graphy in colour, would have occupied the full afternoon, but time permitted only a brief survey. The operations in progress in the numerous buildings of the Works were explained by the aid of a scale model, and the party then toured the shops devoted to the mass production of the popular type of camera, and the lens grinding processes. To afford an insight into the usual method of coating layers of light sensitive material on to film base, which could not be seen to satisfaction in the dim light prevailing for such operations, a visit was made to the department where paper is coated with baryta and afterwards dried in festoons which are conveyed through drying galleries.Operations upon sensitised film for cine purposes were glimpsed in the dim red light permitted for ordinary film, and included the cutting of sheet film into strips of suitable width, the punching of perforations in these strips, and checking of reels before packing in the familiar cans. Similar operations were heard and felt in the complete darkness of the rooms devoted to panchromatic film, where operatives are guided solely by sound and touch. Most careful measurements are made upon the work coming from machines used in the darkened shops; these machines, after a short period of running, are brought into daylight for overhaul and performance on test strips of film.In all the film departments conditioned air is circulated. The Research Laboratories were next inspected. Separate laboratories for physics, photometry and colorimetry, physical chemistry, and purely chemical investigations were seen, and recording apparatus for the sensitivity of film was described and operated. The Laboratories are equipped with complete plants for air conditioning. South Yorkshire.-At the Annual General Meeting held at Rotherham Technical College, on zIst May, Dr. G. Lawton occupied the Chair in the unavoidable absence of Dr. E. Gregory. 257 The Officers and Committee for 1940-41 were elected as follows :-Chairman, Mr. B. W. Methley ; Vice-chairman, Mr.A. H. Dodd; Hon. Secretary, Mr. G. Parkin; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. W. W. Stevenson; Auditor, Dr. A. W. Chapman ; Committee : Mr. W. F. Andrews, Mr. R. Belcher, Mr. S. D. Carson, Prof. R. D. Haworth, Dr. G. Lawton, Mr. P. Lord, Mr. E. W. Moore, Mr. J. Picken, and Nir. E. J. Vaughan. Thanks were accorded the retiring Officers for their services. The Committee has decided to continue the activities of the Section, so far as circumstances permit, and a programme of social excursions and lectures has been tentatively arranged. 258 Report of the Eighth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. 22nd June, 1940. The Eighth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections was held at the Institute on Saturday, 22nd June, 1940, at 10a.m. Present:-Dr.J. J. Fox, President, in the Chair; Mr. J. C. White, Honorary Treasurer, and Mr. A. L. Bacharach, Chairman of the Publications Committee. The President welcomed the following :-Mr. E. E. Ayling, South Wales (Swansea). Dr. H. Burton, Leeds Area, vice Mr. W. A. Wightinan.Dr. A. Coulthard, Manohester and District. Dr. J. F. J. Dippy, Cardiff and District. Mr. D. M. Freeland, London and South Eastern Counties. Mr. G. Colman Green, East Anglia, vice Dr. J. W. Corran. Mr. G. IF’. Hall, East Midlands, vice Mr. J. Ratcliffe. Mr. F. P. Hornby, Bristol and South Western Counties. Mr. E. M. Joiner, Birmingham and Midlands. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Dublin. Mr. G. Parkin, South Yorkshire. Dr.F. J. Smith, Liverpool and North Western. Mr. W. M. Todd, Aberdeen and North of Scotland. Mr. F. H. Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast, vice Dr. E. E. Aynsley. The Registrar and the Assistant Secretary were also present. Mr. G. E. Dodds (Edinburgh and East of Scotland), Mr. J. G. Duncan (Glasgow and West of Scotland), Dr. E. H. Goodyear (Huddersfield) and Mr. C. S. McDowell (Belfast) sent messages of regret that they were unable to be present. Similar messages were received from Honorary Secretaries who were represented by deputies. The President said that it was a great pleasure to him to welcome the Honorary Secretaries. The annual conference served a very useful purpose in affording the Honorary Secre- taries an opportunity not only of expressing their views upon 259 various matters of interest to their Sections, but of meeting one another in a spirit of co-operation for the general benefit of the Institute and its members.It had been his intention to make visits to the Sections, and he hoped that it might yet be possible for him to do so before he relinquished office. The Council appreciated very highly the work which the Honorary Secretaries and Committees of Local Sections did for the Institute. (1)APPOINTMENTSREGISTER.-Reference was made to certain difficulties in supplying the Appointments Register to Fellows and Associates in neutral countries. The Institute was obliged to conform to regulations and was not permitted to publish lists of vacancies indiscriminately abroad.However, it was felt that if the Officers could be informed of the names of such members who wished to be given opportunities of securing work in this country, possibly something could be done to help them. (2) CIRCULARS AND POSTAGE : JOINT MEETINGS.-Mr. Joiner opened a discussion on arrangements for calling meetings. It was generally agreed that joint meetings with other societies were desirable, and that means could be adopted to ensure that those who are members of more than one society should not receive more than one notice. The question was raised whether members who seldom came to such meetings should receive anything beyond a notice or programme issued at the beginning of a session; but that suggestion was not acceptable because such programmes were liable to be modified, and it was agreed that every member was entitled to notice of every meeting to be held by his Section.In the present circumstances, it was regarded as very desirable that local groups should keep in touch with one another, as much as possible, without necessarily forming definite sub-sections. In some Sections, definite representatives of the main centres were appointed as representatives on the Section Committees, and acted ‘as local agents to whom members of the Institute could address enquiries when necessary. Reference was also made to the heavy expense of notifying works visits to members of large Sections when perhaps only 25 or 50 could participate in such visits.A special circularisation to all members in a large Section in such instances was not justified. The Sections should endeavour to maintain their activities, in the interests of their members and the Institute as a whole, but economy in printing, stationery and postage was desirable, 260 Joint Meetings should be held with other bodies, not only because the expense could be shared, but because they were better attended. Business meetings of individual Bodies (e.g. meetings of the Institute devoted to professional matters) could be held prior to the joint meetings. Such arrangements were left to the Local C.ommittees. The Honorary Secretaries were reminded of the request of the Press Censorship to take proper precautions when reference might be made to matters likely to be of interest to the enemy. Members introducing visitors to meetings should give the necessary guarantees of their integrity and loyalty.(3)BENEVOLENTFuND.-on the proposal of Mr. Freeland the Conference considered means of obtaining increased help for the Benevolent Fund. In the opinion of the Conference the Fund was quite inadequate to enable the Committee to respond satisfactorily to all appeals for assistance which were received. The President mentioned that he had intended to refer to the Fund when he visited the Sections. The Benevolent Fund Committee had suggested that a Member of the Committee or an Officer of the Institute should occasionally address meetings of Local Sections on the subject, not with a view to making collec- tions at such meetings, because those who most frequently attended were, in the main, regular subscribers, but in order that some might undertake to act as collectors of “group” subscrip- tions among their colleagues on the staffs where they were employed. Even 2s.6d. a head would make a substantial sum if every member would help, and it was hoped that Officers and Committees of Local Sections would make every effort to assist in the realisation of this suggestion. The result of such an endeavour by the Sections would enable the Benevolent Fund Committee to deal more adequately with appeals than they could possibly do with the funds at their disposal at present. A personal letter from the President and Honorary Treasurer should be helpful, and the appeals might be more emphatic. Bankers Permanent Cheques for annual subscriptions should be used more frequently.Each Section might appoint one or more Benevolent Fund representatives or a Committee to promote the fund among the members. Particulars of cases dealt with might be published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSwithout disclosing the identities of those receiving help. 261 (4) REPORTSOF LOCALSECTIONSMEETINGS.-BY direction of the Council, the attention of the Conference was called to the gist of the Report of the Publications committee published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111, 1940 (pages 169 and 170). The Publications Commit tee had recommended, and the Council had approved the proposals that ,-beginning with Part IV, 1940-(a) reports of Local Sections should be restricted to the record of business transacted and of discussions on matters of professional interest ; (b) summaries of lectures (up to about 500 words) prepared by the lecturers should be published in another Part of the Journal, the Publications Committee reserving the right of deciding what should be published; and (c) lecturers should be invited to lodge typed copies of their lectures at the office of the Institute for the perusal of members generally.Some Honorary Secretaries felt that there had been no general guidance on the matter; but it was known to others that, from time to time, it had been suggested that only summaries by lecturers should be forwarded, and that they should not ordinarily occupy more than about two pages of the Journal, although the Publications Committee had allowed considerable latitude in interpreting that suggestion.Reports frequently needed careful editing; sometimes the discussion was at least as interesting as the lecture; but it was difficult to report discussions without requiring each speaker subsequently to revise his remarks, and perhaps his tendency would be to write what he meant to say rather than what he actually said. Then, if one speaker altered his statement, the report was rendered inconsequent or irrelevant. Lecturers did not always want their remarks to be published; in fact some objected to publication because they were prevented from repeating their lectures elsewhere or because they preferred to speak extempore. Summaries should be prepared by the lecturers themselves because it was unreasonable to expect the Honorary Secretary of any Section to be able to formulate a suitable report on the subject of every lecture.The question of publishing correspondence in the Journal was again raised, but it was held to be unsatisfactory in a publication issued only bi-monthly . The Publications Committee, however, 262 was glad to receive communications and suggestions. It was mentioned that the question had been raised whether the Institute should publish scientific lectures at all; where papers of sufficient importance were submitted, it was well to bear in mind, however, that the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSOF THE INSTITUTE had a circulation of 8,500 and was thus a valuable means of spreading knowledge.Whether or not it was possible to have more uniform reports, the discussion showed that the members expected to see reports of the meetings held by their Sections and, moreover, that fairly frequent application was made for the perusal of complete copies of lectures which were lodged at headquarters. The recommenda- tions of the Publications Committee were approved and would be adopted in the next few Parts of the Journal,* so that members would be able to judge whether the new arrangement was an improvement. It was agreed that the Honorary Secretaries should be sent a short statement on the proposed procedure. (5)BY-LAWS GOVERNING ELECTION OF THE COUNCIL.-Mr.Ayling, in introducing for discussion a resolution adopted by the South Wales Section, asked the Conference to endorse a proposal that the number of District Members of Council should be increased to 19,so that one might be elected to represent each Section in the British Isles and one to represent Overseas members. He urged that each Section should have direct representation on the Council, as was the case when the office of District Member of Council was first instituted in 1921. The increase in the number of Sections since 1921 had not been followed by a similar increase in the number of District Members. It was felt that such direct representation was desirable not only in the interests of the Sections, but also in the interests of the Institute and of District Members of Council whose constituencies included more than one Local Section. Actually, there was no need to alter a by-law in order to effect the proposed change as it could be put into force at the next General Meeting according to the provisions of By-law 30.If it were objected that the proposal involved an increase in the number and the expense of the Council, then the number of * The arrangement will be adopted when reportsof lectures given before Local Sections are received. 263 General Members of Council might be reduced under the provi- sions of By-law 17. The second point embodied in the resolution referred to By-law 27, which stipulates that the balloting list shall indicate which of the candidates have been nominated by the Council.Members of the South Wales Section felt that this distinction gave an undue advantage to such candidates and that the Council nominees were not always representative of the average member. Usually these nominees were eminent chemists in assured posi- tions, who might not always be able to visualise the aspirations and struggles of the younger members in times very different from their own younger days. Frequently Associates and younger Fellows felt that they were not represented, and this view might well account for the frequent suggestion that Associates should be eligible for membership of the Council.More use could be made of the younger Fellows. It was also thought, with reference to the nominations made by the Council, that there was too big a proportion of Fellows who had already served on the Council and that the proportion of London members was too high. It had been advanced that a high proportion of London members was necessary in order to secure attendance at Committee meetings, but some London members were not appointed to Committees, and in one or two other cases the records of attendance could have been better. The retiring Council had too much influence in nominating their successors and there seemed to be no good reason for the special distinction accorded to Council nominees under the provisions of the By-law. With reference to the question of the eligibility of Associates for membership of the Council, members of the South Wales Section held very diverse views. Some thought that a limited number of seats on the Council should be allotted to Associates, but others opposed this view since they felt that it would lessen still further the tendency for Associates to proceed to the Fellowship. Mr.Ayling concluded by proposing that the Council should be asked to consider the proposal for an increase in the number of District Members, but that the second point, involving an alteration in the By-laws, should not be pressed in view of the immediate national emergency. The President suggested that it was reasonable to re-nominate members until they had served the full period of three years allowed by the By-laws, in order to maintain continuity of policy, and that, in instances where members who had previously served on the Council were re-nominated, such members were known to be keen and earnest workers for the interests of the Institute and the profession.If the Associates and younger Fellows thought they were not being properly represented, they clearly had the right to vote for somebody else. Under the existing By-laws, Associates could not be Members of Council, and in his (the President’s) view the cure for this was that all who rendered themselves qualified should proceed to the higher grade and thus become eligible for the Council. The circumstance that a large proportion of the members was apathetic about utilising their votes was deplored.Dr. Burton said that, as a young man, he had been a Member of Council, and he had looked upon himself as one of “the smaller fry,” but he did not feel that he was particularly representing his District; he was acting as one who was interested in the business of the Institute as a whole. Mr. Bacharach remarked, incidentally, that it had frequently occurred to him that it was a disadvantage that the Council could not nominate a member for election if he had already been nominated under By-law 26. Dr. Dippy supported the views of Mr. Ayling. He suggested that, in future, the Honorary Secretaries should have oppor- tunities of consulting their Local Sections on the matters which were coming before the Conference.Mr. Hall was in favour of increasing the number of District Members of Council on the lines suggested by Mr. Ayling, but he had less objection to the provisions of By-law 27. The Conference agreed unanimously that the Council should be asked to consider the proposal: That the number of District Members of Council be increased to 19,so that one may be allocated to each Section in the British Isles and one to Overseas Members. BY-LAWS REBERRED TO UNDER (5). Constitution 17. The Council shall consist of:-of the Council. (a)The President, Vice-presidents and Treasurer, who shall be Members of the Council ea: o@io. (b) Twenty-seven General Members of the Council (or such other number aa a General Meeting may from time to time determine), who shall be nominated as hereinafter provided and elected at the Annual General Meeting in the manner hereinafter prescribed.(c) District Members of the Council, one of whom shall be elected, in the manner hereinafter prescribed, by the Members in each of such Districts m may from time to time be determined and defined as provided in By-law 30. 26. (1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, &OgAggsmay nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General of Member of the Council but no Member shall nominate more than one such candidates Fellow. for election. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of “Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered “address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our “estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the “ Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate “for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members. 27. (1) One calendar month at least before the date of each Annual Bdoting General Meeting the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member, in the $:znFd manner hereinafter prescribed for serving notices, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as President, Vice- Presidents, Treasurer and General Members of the Council and, in the case of the last-mentioned, the balloting list shall indicate which of the candidates have been nominated by the Council.(2) Each Member desirous of voting (or, in the case of a Member residing abroad, his proxy)- (a)Shall record his vote for the President, any of the Vice-presidents or the Treasurer either by leaving the name of the nominated candidate standing or by erasing his name and substituting that of any other eligible Fellow for whom he desires to vote in which case previous nomination of such Fellow shall not be necessary. (b) Shall record his vote for a General Member of the Council by making a cross against his name provided that no Member shall vote for more than twenty-seven candidates (or such other number of candidates as for the time being shall have been fixed as the number of the General Members of the Council).(c) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member (or proxy) addressed to the Secretary at the Office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than twenty-four hours before the time fixed for the Annual General Meeting. 30. (1) For the purpose of the election of District Members of the Election of Council, a General Meeting may from time to time determine and define g:Ernofany number of Districts, either in Great Britain or Ireland, or in the British the Council, Dominions or Protectorates beyond the Seas, or in the Empire of India, the Members in each of which districts shall be entitled to elect one District Member of the Council.266 (2) Theelection of a District Member of the Council shall be by nomina-tion and election by the Members having their registered addresses in any District as aforesaid, and shall take place at such time and place and be conducted in such manner as the Council shall from time to time determine. (3.) Subject to the provisions of By-law 21 for filling casual vacancies District Members of the Council shall be elected annually and they shall take Office as Members of the Council at the Annual General Meeting of the Institute held next after their election.(6) INIS IS TRY OF LABoUR.-The question was raised whether teachers and students could be used with advantage during the summer vacation, and it was suggested that a communication should be addressed to the Ministry of Labour in order to ascer- tain whether there was any possibility of their services being utilised. (7) GASIDENTIFICATIONSERVIm-The Conference discussed a number of matters relating to the Gas Identification Service, including the qualifications of personnel, attachments to respirators, provisions for transport, equipment, the safeguarding of industrial works, and the decontamination of food. On the last subject, a communication was read from Mr.Duncan (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section), and it was mentioned that the Society of Public Analysts had given particular attention to suspected contamination of food with war gases. Public Analysts and chemists concerned with food industries could apply to the Society for information. (8) CHEMICAL CouNcIL.-The President brought to the notice of the Honorary Secretaries a draft of a new Agreement and proposed new Scheme of Co-operation between the three Chartered Bodies, which he hoped the Chemical Council would allow the Institute to make public in the near future. The Conference concluded with a vote of thanks to the President. The Honorary Secretaries were entertained to luncheon at the Russell Hotel. 267 Notes. The Benevolent Fund.-Help is now urgently needed for the Benevolent Fund. With definite commitments amounting to over l435 to be found for regular allowances to aged members, widows and dependents of members, before the end of the year, and a prospect of further appeals for help during the intervening period, the Benevolent Fund Committee finds that it has a Balance on Current Account of only &IO, and is obliged to beg all Fellows and Associates who have not yet forwarded contribu- tions for 1940not to delay any longer sending their cheques or postal orders to the Hon.Treasurer. The Benevolent Fund Committee has pleasure in reporting, with grateful acknowledgments, that the capital account has recently benefited by the receipt of a gift of L500, for immediate investment in National War Bonds, from a Fellow who has previously subscribed generously for many years and desires to remain anonymous. For the Children of British Chemists.-As reported under Proceedings, the Council received in July from the Canadian Institute of Chemistry an offer to place a number of children of British chemists in the homes of Canadian chemists, provided that the necessary official permits were obtained and their passages paid.The Council expressed its grateful thanks to the Canadian Institute for this generous intention. Owing to numerous questions which have since been raised, there are now doubts whether the scheme can be eventually effected, but any Fellow or Associate who would desire to take advantage of such a scheme is advised to communicate with the Registrar.Science and Civilisation.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry, held in London on 9th July, Viscount Samuel, the recipient of the Messel Medal, delivered an admirable philosophical address on “Science and Civilisation,” which gives much food for thought, though the theme is not new. 268 Science is praised for the good it has done. Science is misused: science is abused. Science has done so much and advanced so quickly that we cannot keep pace with it: it has rendered life so much more rapid and complicated. Viscount Samuel quoted Einstein-“The present troubles in the world are due to science having advanced faster than morality ; when morality catches up with science, those troubles will draw to an end.” He added, “And in the end, that will surely be.For mankind has a choice: between, on the one side, cynicism, materialism, contempt of knowledge, bringing violence and constant wars; and, on the other, a loftier ethic, fostering thought and learning, and bringing tranquility and peace.” In 1938,the same theme, or something very like it-“The Social Relations of Science”-was the subject of a supplement in Nature, and of the deliberations of the British Association at Cambridge, as well as of an Editorial comment in Part I11 of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute. Much the same sentiments were expressed by Fridtjof Nansen in an address entitled “Science and the Purpose of Life,” published by the Rationalist Press Association, Ltd., as long ago as 1909.During the intervening years the pace of life has further accelerated and vastly more so than it did during the nineteenth century, when, with the advent of steam and, later, of electricity, philosophers expressed similar views. Science, in its search for truth, brings a new light on our ideas of life and faith, and impresses upon us the realisation that each successive generation must be educated to cope with the diffi- culties and problems of its own environment. A certain amount of lag is unavoidable, but the education of man never ceases, and it is to be hoped that each succeeding generation will not only harness the power of science, but live for others as well as for themselves, become more self-reliant and, by self-control and deliberate purpose, make the best of their natural abilities and characters. Compulsory Registration.-On 20th July, by public advertisement, the Ministry of Labour and National Service issued an Order that all chemists and physicists falling within certain definitions should apply in writing before the 26th July for forms of enrolment on the Central Register.The Order did not apply to chemists serving in the Armed Forces (except Home Guard) or to persons already enrolled on the Central Register 269 either directly or through any professional institution. Those who were required to register were defined as follows:- 1. (a)A person who has taken an Honours Degree of any University of the British Empire in Chemistry, or the Associateship (or Fellowship)of the Institute of Chemistry, or a qualification which is recognised as equivalent to any of the foregoing, and who is normally engaged in chemical practice, or chemical industry, including research production, development, management, control, consulting or analytical work, and post-graduate study.(b) A person who has taken a Bachelor of Science Degree of any University of the British Empire including Chemistry as a finals subject, and has been normally engaged in chemical practice for the two years immediately preceding the date of the coming into force of this Order or immediately preceding any subsequent date.(c) A person who has passed the Intermediate Examination of anyUniversity of the British Empire for the Degree of Bachelor of Science, or who has obtained a Higher School Certificate including Chemistry, the Higher National Certificate in Chemistry, or the Scottish Education Department Group Leaving Certificate including Chemistry, and has been normally engaged in chemical practice for the five years im-mediately preceding the date of the coming into force of this Order, or immediately preceding any subsequent date. (d) A person who has taken an Honours Degree of any University of the British Empire in Chemistry and (a) is normally engaged in teaching Chemistry at st University, University College or Technical College, or (b)being under 30 years of age, has been normally engaged in the teaching of Chemistry in schools for not more than five years since obtaining the said Degree.Unemployment Insurance Act, 1940.-On 25th July this Act was passed-“to increase the rates of benefit and con-tributions payable under the Unemployment Insurance Acts, 1935to 1939,to amend section thirty-five of the Unemployment Insurance Act, 1935,Part I1 of the First Schedule thereto, and section thirty-six of the Unemployment Assistance Act, 1934, and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid.” Under Section 4-“(I) Paragraph g of Part I1 of the First Schedule to the principal Act (which includes among excepted employments employment otherwise than by way of manual labour at a rate of remuneration exceeding two hundred and fifty pounds a year) shall have effect as if the words ‘four hundred and twenty pounds’ were substituted for the words ‘two hundred and fifty pounds’ in both places where those words occur.“(2) This section shall come into operation on the second day of September nineteen hundred and forty.” This legislation will apply, no doubt, to a large number of chemists, and will be brought to the notice of the Council of the Institute. 270 Physical Problems in Industry.-In order to assist pro- fessional men who in the present emergency find themselves presented with technical problems in applied physics of which they do not happen to have had previous experience, it has been decided to extend the facilities of the Institute of Physics’ panel of Consultants.Through this medium enquirers are put into touch with physicists likely to be able to offer immediate practical suggestions in any particular case. In the first instance the contact is informal; subsequent arrangements are a matter for agreement between those concerned. The subjects which can be dealt with cover physical measurements and testing, the design and supply of scientific instruments for special purposes, and the control of processes by physical means. Enquiries about this scheme should be addressed to The Secretary of the Institute of Physics, The University, Reading, Berks. Association of British Chemical Manufacturers.-Mr. R. Murdin Drake and Mr. Allan J. Holden, FeZZow, have been appointed Joint Assistant Secretaries and Assistant Managers of the Association, following the release of Mr.J. Davidson Pratt, FeZZow, General Manager, for special service. Mr. Drake has also been appointed Acting Secretary of the Association of Tar Distillers, and Mr. Holden has also been appointed Secretary of the British Colour Makers Association. The Council of the City and Guilds of London Institute has conferred the distinction of F.C.G.I. upon Dr. C. H. Desch, F.R.S., Fellow. A course of lectures and practical work in the Chemistry and Microscopy of Foods, Drugs and Water, at the Chelsea Poly- technic, will begin in September. The enrolment date is Thursday, 19th September,-day students, 10 a.m. to 12 noon; evening students, 6 to 8 p.m.Particulars can be obtained from the Principal of the Polytechnic, Manresa Road, London, S.W.3. 27 1 Obituary. HGGHCHARLES LOUDONBLOXAMdied at Newcastle upon Tyne on 14th July, in his 69th year. He was the son of William Bloxam, M.D., of Mount Street, London, and was educated at the Mercers’ School. From 1886 to 1888 he was a junior assistant in the laboratories of Dr. A. Wynter Blyth and of Messrs. Sulman & Berry, and attended courses at Finsbury Technical College. In 1889 he became assistant to Professor Vivian B. Lewes and to the late W. Popplewell Bloxam, his brother, in the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. While there he also acted as demon- strator, and later lecturer, in chemistry in the Royal Naval School, Eltharn.Between 1891 and 1896 he was a demonstrator at the Goldsmiths’ Techni- cal Institute, and was also engaged in teaching at the Haberdashers Company’s School for Girls, Hatcham, and at St. Bernard’s School for Girls, Surbiton. From 1896 to 1902 he was chief assistant and, subse- quently, head of the Chemical Department of the Northern Polytechnic, London. From 1902 to 1910 he went to South Africa as analyst and, later, manager of the laboratory of Messrs. Heynes Mathew & Co., manufacturing chemists, at Cape Town, and during part of that period and until 1908 was consulting chemist and, subsequently, general manager of the Maganite Explosives Factory, near Cape Town. While in South Africa he was an Examiner in Chemistry for the University of the Cape of Good Hope, and practised as an analytical and consulting chemist, being engaged from time to time by the Cape Government, by the Cape Town Gas Light and Coke Co., and by other important undertakings.In 1910 he was appointed chief chemist to the Chilian Navy, at Valparaiso, occupying that position until 1919, when he went to India and started in consulting practice at Calcutta until 1922, but he was obliged to return to England for reasons of health, and in the following year joined the late Dr. J. T. Dunn in the firm of J.and H. S. Pattinson, of Newcastle upon Tyne, in which he continued until his death. Jointly with Dr. Dunn, he was Public Analyst for Northumberland, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tynemouth, Gateshead, South Shields and Sunder- land; Official Agricultural Analyst for Gateshead, Sunderland, South Shields and Tynemouth; Gas Examiner for South Shields and Hebburn, and Water Examiner for Gateshead, South Shields, Newcastle upon Tyneand Wallsend. He was elected a Yellow of the Institute in 1909 and served a Member of Council from 1925 to 1928.BRADBROOKERICCHARLES FLOWER died at Manchester on 10th March, in his 28th year. Born at Ipswich, he was educated at the Felix- stowe County Secondary School and the Northgate School, Ipswich. He studied at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, where he obtained the Associateship of the Royal College of Science, and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with first-class honours in chemistry in 1933. He continued as one of a team of workers with Professor K.P. Linstead, who were engaged in the study of the phthalocyanine pigments, and later was awarded the degree of Ph.D. for a thesis on Dicyanonaphthalenes, derived Naphthalocyanines and related Compounds. He subsequently joined the staff of the Research Department of I.C.I. (Dyestuffs) Ltd., at Blackley, where he continued until his death. His work formed the subject of a num- ber of patent applications. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936. 272 JESSE CARL ALBERT BRIERLEY died at Silver Hill,Crawfordsburn, Co. Down, Northern Ireland, on 7th July, in his 62nd year. He gradu- ated at the University of Manchester in 1906 with first-class honours in chemistry, and three years later proceeded to M.Sc. After a short period at the Bede Collegiate School, Sunderland, he became, in 1907, assistant science master to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution and, in 1911, was appointed headmaster of the Science Department of that school.In March, 1939, he was appointed Principal of the Institution. During the war of 1914-1918 he was engaged for two years as Textile Adviser to the Admiralty, and subsequently received a commission in the Royal Engineers (Chemical Warfare Department), retiring in 1919 with the rank of Captain. He was an assistant examiner for London University for some years and, on the recommendation of the Council of the Institute, was an exaininer for the Ministry of Education, Northern Ireland, in connexion with the award of National Certificates in Chemistry.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1923, and served as a Member of the Council from 1932 to 1935. JOHNHUNTERHALDANEdied, after an operation, on 6th June, at the age of 40 years. Educated at Cowdenbeath Public School and Beath Secondary School, he served for some months with the Royal Air Force in 1918 and 1919 before beginning his study at Edinburgh University, where he graduated B.Sc. in 1922, subsequently proceeding by research to the degree of Ph.D. in 1924. He was then appointed chief chemist to Messrs. Begg, Sutherland & Co., Ltd., at their sugar factory at Cawnpore, India, and eventually had charge of the laboratories of six factories, two distilleries and a castor oil mill controlled by the same firm,with whom he remained until his deat,h.He was a Member of tho Council of Sugar Cane Technologists (India) end of the Committee of the Internat'ional Society of Cane Sugar Technol- ogists, and was representative for India on the Committee for the Standardisation of Chemical Control of Cane Sugar. He contributed a number of articles to the International Szcgar Journal. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924 and a Fellow in 1928. SIRARTHURHARDENdied at Bourne End, Bucks., on 17th June, in his 75th year. The son of A. T. Harden, he was born at Moss Side, Man- Chester, and was educated at Victoria Park School and Tettenhall College, Staffs. He proceeded to Owens College, gained the Dalton Research Scholarship in 1886, and continued his studies at Erlangen University, where he graduated Ph.D.From 1888 to 1897 he was lecturer and demonstrator in chemistry at Owens College and, during this period, produced with Sir Henry Roscoe, A New View of the Origin of Dalton's Atomic Theory. From 1897 until his retirement, in 1937, he was head of the Biochemical Department of the Lister Institute and Professor of Biochemistry, University of London. He was awarded the degree of D.Sc. in the Victoria University of Manchester, and the Honorary Degree of LL.D. in the same University, and in 1909 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was also Hon. D.Sc. (Athens) and Hon. LL.D. (Liv.).In 1929 the Nobel Prize for Chemistry was divided between him and Pro-fessor von Euler of Stockholm. In 1935 he received the Davy Medal of the Royal Society for his work in biochemistry, especially in the chemistry of fermentation.He served on the Council of the Royal Society from 1921 to 1923. He was knighted in 1936. From 1913 to 1937 Sir Arthur was joint editor of the Bwchemic&l Jourd. He made numerous contributions to the Journal of the Chemical 273 Society, Berichte der Deutschen Cliemischen Gesellschaft, and other chemical journals, and was joint author with P.C. Garrett of an Elementary Course of Practical Orga,nic Chemistry (1921), and author of Alcoholic Fermentation (3rd Edition, 1923). He passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1885 and was elected to the Fel1ov;ship in 1904.He served as Examiner in Biochemistry from 1906 to 1910 and from 1920 to 1925; he was Member of Council from 1913 to 1916, and a Vice-president from 1916 to 1919. ROBERTIRVINGdied at Salford Royal Hospital, on 13th June, in his 28th year. Born at Motherwell, he was educated at Lanark Grammar and Secondary Schools, and became an assistant in the laboratory of Messrs. Stewarts and Lloyds, Ltd., before he took his training for his profession at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow. He graduated B.Sc. (Glas.), with first-class honours in chemistry and obtained the Diploma of A.R.T.C. with distinction. In August, 1936, he joined the staff of Messrs. Thomas Hedley & Go., soap manufacturers at Manchester, with whom, six months later, he became control laboratory manager, and continued as a depart- mental manager until he met with an unfortunate scalding accident, from the effects of which he died.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1937. WILLIAMCOLEBROOKREYNOLDSdied on 20th March at AnlabyPark, Hull, in his 72nd year. He studied at Leeds Technical School, at Owens College-now the University---ManChester and, after obtaining a National Scholarship, at the Royal College of Science, London, where he continued for four years (1895-1898), graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) and gaining the Associateship of the College. He was for some time demonstrator in chemistry at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital before joining Messrs. Burroughs, Wellcome & Co.as assistant manager of the chemical department, where he was in charge of alkaloidal and synthetic products. He remained with the company for thirteen years (1899-1911) and then obtained an appointment with Jeyes’ Sanitary Compounds, Ltd., where he remained for 5$ years. He proceeded to the degree of D.Sc. (Lond.) in 1921. He published various papers, alone or jointly, in the Journal of the Chemical Society and in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. SIRJOCELYNFIELDTHORPEdied at The White House, Cooden Beach, Sussex, on 10th June, in his 68th year. The sixth son of William George Thorpe, Barrister-at-Law of the Middle Temple, he was educated at Worthing College, at King’s College School, King’s College and the Royal College of Science, London, and, under Victor Meyer, at the University of Heidelberg, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D.in 1895. In the same year he was appointed a Research Fellow, under Prof. W. H. Perkin, jun., at Owens College, Manchester, where he continued as assistant lecturer in organic chemistry from 1896 to 1899 and lecturer from 1900 to 1908. He was awarded the degree of M.Sc. (Manc.) in 1905, proceeding to D.Sc. in 1908. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in the latter year, and a Fellow of King’s College, London, in 1911. He was senior lecturer in chemistry and lecturer in biochemistry in the University of Manchester from 1908 to 1910 and he held the Sorby Research Fellowship of the Royal Society, at the University of Sheffield, from 1909 to 1913.In 1914 he was appointed to the Chair of Organic Chemistry in the Imperial College of Science and Technology, where his great interest in 274 teaching and research achieved full expression. He trained an ever-increasing band of exceptional students, drawn from home and overseas, and became the centre of an enthusiastic research school which, in the years following the last war, expanded rapidly and became a quickening influence in the research activity of this country and of the Dominions and India. The enhanced reputation of Great Britain in organic chemistry to-day is due in no small measure to his inspiration and versatility. His researches carried out under Perkin were the beginning of a varietyof studies which ranged through terpinic, alicyclic, aliphatic and aromatic chemistry.His work on the structure of the glutaconic acids carried out at Sheffield was the first of many investigations on tautomeric phenomena which have contributed in an important degree to the modern conceptions of structural chemistry ;his researches on imino-compounds (including the reaction with which his name is associated), cyanoacetic ester, the modified strain theory, the glutaric acids and the numerous types of ring-formation are now incorporated in current chemical science and theory. His con- tributions to chemical literature have been widely extended by his collabora- tors-Ingold, Kon, Farmer and Linstead-who became members of his st&.He retired, with the title of Emeritus Professor, in 1938. From 1916 to 1922 he was a member of the Advisory Council of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research ; also during the War of of 1914-1918 he was an associate member of the Ordnance Committee and a member of the Chemical Defence Committee. In 1917 he was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in recogni- tion of his services. In 1919 and 1920 he visited India as President of the Indian Chemical Services Committee. He was a member of the Safety in Mines Research Board, Chairman of the Explosives in Mines Committee of the Department of Mines, and a member of the Dyestuffs Development Committee of the Board of Trade.From 1923 to 1925 he was a Member of the Council of the Royal Society; from 1922 to 1928 he was Honorary Treasurer, and from 1928 to 1931, President, of the Chemical Society. He was also an Honorary Member of the Society of Public Analysts. He was Honorary Treasurer of the Chemical Council from its inception in 1935, in which capacity he was instrumental in securing much support for the fund for chemical publications. He retained the HonoraryTreasurership until his death. He received the Longstaff Medal of the Chemical Society in 1921 and the Davy Medal of the Royal Society in 1922. He was an Officier de la LBgion d’Honneur and received the honour of Knight Bachelor in 1939. He was joint author with J. C. Cain and, later, with R.P. Linstead, ofa work on Synthetic Colouring Matters (7th edition, 1933) and, with C. K. Ingold, of a work on Vat Dyes (1923). At the British Association Meeting at Leicester, in 1933, he contributed a paper on the Work of the Safety in Mines Research Board. With Dr. M. A. Whiteley, he was joint author of a Student’s Manual of Organic Chemical Analysis (1925). He made very numerous contributions to the Journal of the Chemical Society and, in recent years, devoted himself largely to the preparation of a supplementto Sir Edward Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry, and afterwards to a new edition of this work-an immense labour in which he was also assisted by Dr. Whiteley, who had been associated with him as a colleague throughout the whole period of his work at South Kensington. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1913, served as a Member of Council for three periods 1917-1918, 1924-1927, and 1932-1933; as a Vice-president for two periods, 1927-1 930 and 1936-1939: as President, 275 from 1933 to 1936, and as a Censor since 1933.He was thus intimately associated with the work of the Institute for over twenty years. On his retirement from the Presidential Chair, the Council recorded its very high appreciation of the great attention and care which he had given to the affairs of the Institute, and recalled especially his able chairmanship on the occasion of the celebration of the Charter Jubilee of the Institute in 1935, when Professor and Mrs.Thorpe presented the Institute with a handsome silver inkstand as a memento. The Council also referred to his numerous visits to the Local Sections, in which he was often accompanied by Mrs.-now Lady-Thorpe, to the valuable addresses which he had given, arid acknowledged his unfailing courtesy on all occasions. At the service at Golder’s Green, on 13th June, the Institute was represented by the Registrar. A sheaf of flowers was sent as a tribute of esteem from the President, Council, Fellows and Associates. THOMASNORMAN MORTIMERWILsMom died on 12th June at Clare- mont, Western Australia, in his 73rd year. Born at Melbourne, he studied at the University of that city and graduated B.Sc. in 1890, pro-ceeding to M.Sc. in 1892 and D.Sc. in 1909.From 1890 to 1894, he was engaged in research and technical work in Melbourne. From 1894 to 1897, he continued research under Professor-later Sir William-Ramsay and Professor Norman Collie, at University College, London and, from 1897 to 1901 worked with Professor Nernst in the University of Gottingen. In 1901, he went to the Federal Polytechnic at Zurich, where he became first assistant in the Department of Physical and Electro Chemistry. In 1903, he was appointed assistant lecturer and subsequently assistant professor of chemistry in University College, London, and from 1913 until his retirement at the end of 1937 he held the Chair of Chemistry in the University of Western Australia. From 1914 to 1918, however, he was granted leave of absence and rendered valuable assistance to the Ministry of Munitions in London.He published some important papers on Electrode Potentials and on Keten and its derivatives. He was Vice-president of the Australian National Research Council and a Member of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. He was elected a, Fellow of the Institute in 1917. 276 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute. Brewing, Science and Practice. H. Lloyd Hind. Vol. 11. Brewing Processes. Pp. xiv + 507 to 1,020. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 56s. net. Brewery equipment. Wort production and composition: the grist; mashing; decoction mashing systems; the influence of mashing condi- tions on wort composition; reaction of the mash and composition of spargings; starch conversion and proteolysis in the mash.Wort boiling and cooling : brewing room calculations and British Excise regulations. Fermentation: fermenting rooms, storage cellars and their equipment; principles of fermentation; top fermentation; bottom fermentation systems and bulk carbonated beers; racking and cellar management. Microbiology and biochemistry of fermentation : yeasts and moulds ; bacteria; yeast nutrition ; the nature of fermentation and respiration; stability of beer, oxidation-reduction potential, non-biological hazes ; name and subject indexes. Chemical Analysis, Lunge and Keane's Technical Methods of.2nd Edition by Charles A. Keane and P. C. L. Thorne. Vol. IV. Pp. xvi + 964. (London and Edinburgh: Gurney & Jackson.) &4 4s. net. Coal gas : raw materials ; carbonization of coal; purification of gas;products of carbonization; ammoniacal liquor and ammonium salts ; coal tar and tar products: raw materials; intermediate products; final products ; calcium carbide ; acetylene; ingredients and raw materials ; analysis of explosives; stability tests; matches; primings and fireworks; textiles and textile chemistry; atomic weights and atomic numbers ; author and subject indexes. Dictionary of Chemistry, A New. Edited by Stephen Miall, with the assistance of many well-known chemists. Pp. xvi + 576. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans Green & Co., Ltd.) 42s.net. The late Sir Gilbert Morgan, in the foreword, commented on the concise- ness of the publication, into which has been compressed a remarkable amount of information. It is not only a dictionary of chemical processes and materials but includes a roll of chemists of the past and present generations, with information regarding their more outstanding achieve- ments. A handbook for ready reference. 277 Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. Edited by Sir Jocelyn Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley. 4th Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Volume IV : Digallic-Feeding Stuffs. Pp. xxiv + 604. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans Green & Co.) 70s. The Dictionary--originaIly compiled by Sir Edward Thorpe-provides a summary of the position of chemical science at the present day.Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Analysis. A Theoretical and Practical Treatise for Students and Analysts. H. J. S. Sand. Vol. 11. Gravimetric Electrolytic Analysis and Electrolytic Marsh Tests. Pp. x + 150. (London and Glas- gow: Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 5s. net. Apparatus for gravimetric electrolytic analysis; technique of electro- analytical depositions; quantitative deposition and separation of individual metals ;separations ;applications to the analysis of industrial alloys; internal electrolysis; electrolytic micro-analysis ; electrolyticMarsh tests : arsenic, antimony, germanium. Index. Forensic Chemistry. Henry T. F. Rhodes. Pp. viii + 214. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 12s.6d. net. Application of chemical methods to t,he identification of the person ; application of chemical methods to the proof of Corpus Delicti : stains; firearms and explosives ;chemical examination of questiciied documents : counterfeit, money ;toxic agents. References ;name and subject indexes. Latex Work, Practical. H. J. Stern. Pp. 104. (Leicester: The Blackfriars Press, Ltd.) The raw material; preparing the mix ; compounding ingredients; dipping met.hods and equipment ; vulcanised lattex ; latex spreading ; costing in latex manufacture. Starch and its Derivatives. J. A. Radley. Vol. XI of a Series of Monographs on Applied Chemistry, edited by E. Howard Tripp. Pp. x + 346. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 22s.Part I. The structure and reactions of starch: historical; the structure of starch from chemical evidence ; the physical chemistry of starch ;the reaction of starch with iodine; ethers and esters of starch. Part 11. The manufacture of starch and starch products : root starches; cereal starches ; modified starches ; glucose and maltose ; ethyl alcohol and acetone; dextrin and British gums. Part 111. The industrial applications of starch and starch products; adhesives from starch and destrin ; the paper industry; the textile industry;miscellaneous uses of starches and dextrins ; utilization of the by-products of starch manufacture ;antiseptic agents and preservatives;preparation of enzymes used in the starch industry. 278 Part IV.The examination and analysis of starch and starch products: general examination of starches; the determination of starch; the analysis of dextrin ; methods of determining the activity of enzyme-preparations; photomicrogmphs; subject and author indexes. The Tools of the Chemist: Their Ancestry and American Evolution. Ernest Child. Pp. 220. (New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation.) 21s. Part I-People and events in American chemistry ; Part 11-Ancestry and development of American chemical laboratory apparatus,-balances, glassware, porcelain ware, silica ware, filter paper, heating apparatus, metal laboratory ware, platinum, alundum, rubber ware, optical appara- tus. Part 111-Distributors of laboratory apparatus. Index. Illustrations.Yeast, The Manufacture of Compressed. F. G. Walter. Pp. viii + 254. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 15s. net. The yeasts; the isolation of yeast cultures; mashing: and the filtration and division of wort; the differential fermentation of a grain brew; compressed yeast production from molasses and inorganic nitrogen ; yeast production from spirit fermentations ; dried yeast and yeast foods ; t,he yeast factory. Index. The Universe Through Medicine. J. E. R. MCDONAGH. Pp. vi + 390. (London: William Heinemann (Medical Books), Ltd.) 25s. net. From the beginning of activity undergoing condensation to the birth of the atom; from the birth of the atom to that of the molecule; chemical combination; the colloid state; the vegetable kingdom; the animal kingdom; epilogue.Bibliography. Index. On 15th June, the Institute received from the Union Inter- nationale de Chime the following Reports :-International Table of Atomic Weights ; International Table of Stable Isotopes ; Rules for Naming Inorganic Compounds. The British Standards Institution has published recently :- No. 903-1940. Methods of Testing Vulcanised Rubber. (5s. net, 5s. 4d. post free.) (This standard, prepared by a Technical Committee of the Rubber Industry Committee, is recommended for adoption wherever possible. The companion specification dealing with unvulcanised rubber and latex will follow shortly.) 279 No. 12-1940. Ordinary Portland and Rapid-Hardening Portland Cements. No. 915-1940.High Alumina Cement. No. 914-1940. Tests for Laboratory Porcelain. (2s. net, 2~.3d. post free.) The British Standards Institution has also published Slips containing War Emergency Revisions for Specifications :-C.F. (ME) 5995 for B.S. 24 Part 1-1928. Locomotive, Car- riage and Wagon Axles. C.F. (ME) 5996 for B.S. 24 Part 2-1928. Locomotive, Car- riage and Wagon Tyres. C.F. (ME) 6008 for B.S. 468-1932. Solid Rolled Steel Rail- way Wheels and Disc Wheel Centres. C.F. (B) Go46 for B.S. 449-1937. The Use of Structural Steel in Building. (Note.-This slip supersedes the slip C.F. (B) dated November, 1939.) C.F. (ME) 6107 for B.S. 18-1938. Tensile Testing of Metals. P The Institution realises that it is impossible, owing to diffi- culties arising from war conditions, for manufacturers in certain cases to adhere strictly to all the requirements of existing British Standards.Organisations are sometimes obliged, on account of urgency, to take steps to secure general agreement to contract out of the existing B.S. specification requirements. Such organisations should immediately communicate with the B.S.I. A Directory of British Fine Chemicals produced by members of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers has been published by the Association and is being distributed gratis to bona Jide users of fine chemicals, but only on direct application by them to the Association, 166, Piccadilly, London, W.I. The International Society of Leather Trades Chemists has published a small “British Section Handbook,” giving particulars of the history and activities of the Society and the list of Members and Associates of the British Section.(Published by the British Section, I.S.L.T.C., Bank Chambers, 92, Tooley Street, London, S.E.1.) 280 A Brochure of Witherite (Natural Barium Carbonate) and Its Industrial Uses, has been issued jointly by the Holm- side and South Moor Collieries, Ltd. and the Owners of Settling- stones Mines, Ltd. Introduction ;historical and geological ;washing and grading;chemical industrial uses :blanc fixe ;barium chloride, nitrate, peroxide, oxide and hydroxide; sugar extraction; brick and tile industries; purification of brine; water softening; case-hardening of steel; glass and enamel industries; Portland cement ; paints; rat poison; refractories; chrome bricks.Barium; its alloys and other compounds; table of solubilities and physical constants. Bibliography. Index. “Science in War.”-A “Penguin” (Special) written anonymously by 25 men of science contains much valuable information on the utilisation of science in war as well as much criticism of its neglect. The chapters deal with-things science has done; science in the conduct of war ;the wounded ;food ;the background of industry ; persuasion and efficiency. The introduction, in critical vein, deplores that what is lacking is not the ability to deal with ad hoc problems as they arise, but the ability to foresee them and to have solutions ready so as to obviate so far as possible the inevitable delays of research and development.It is suggested that the task of general and scientific survey and prevision seems to be nobody’s business, and that even when a problem is seen, it is often difficult to get it adequately dealt with and, although there is in the country a great wealth of expert knowledge outside existing service departments, it is largely unused and almost wholly unorganised. The authors can, no doubt, visualise the problems they have in mind, and will take appropriate steps to deal with them. They protest that the attitude of both business men and civil servants towards scientists is still that they must be treated as consultants, and that scientists are excluded from discussions on policy and more so from decisions.As a result of such treatment, even the most authoritative scientific com- mittees often flounder in the dark, and their work, however excellent and to the point, may lie unused for vital months. The generalisations set forth in the introduction and the claims made for the place of sclence in administration, summar- ised in the conclusion, fully deserve consideration. 281 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on zIst June and 19th July, 1940, 2 new Fellows were elected, I Fellow was re-elected, 12 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 52 new Associates were elected, 2 Associates were re-elected, and 12 Students were admitted . The Council records with regret the deaths of 7 Fellows and z Associates.New Fellows. Bishop, Laurence Robert, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), MSc. (Birni.), The University, Ecigbaston, Birmingham. Myddleton, William Whalley, D.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 3, Woodlands Avenue, New Malden, Surrey. Re-elected Fellow. Hay, James Gordon, Central Laboratory, Messrs. Joseph Rank, Ltd., Deptford Bridge Mills, London, S.E.8. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Dixon, Joseph Keith, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.l.C., Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand. Parrington, Franklin, B.Sc. (Lond.), Moor Edge, Chapeltown Road, Turton, nr. Bolton. Geake, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Bris.), Cotswold, Parkway, Wilmslow, Cheshire. Houston, Armand Joseph Henri, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 4, ThurleighAvenue, London, S.W.12. Jarrett, Maurice Eugene Decimus, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Lond.), 31, West Leigh Road,Lammack, Blackburn. Kruger, Rudolph John, B.A. (Cape Town), Kingsbury, Grotto Road, Rondebosch, Cape, S. Africa. Lindsey, Arthur James, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 32, Bromefield, Stanmore,Middlesex. Lumb, Clarence, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.I.Chem.E., Sewage Department, Salterhebble, Halifax. Morton, Frank, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Ph.D., c/o Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad, B .W.I. Pavitt, William Frank, A.M.I.Chem.E., 48, Skeena Hill, London, S.W.18. Rodrigues, Gabriel, Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad, B.W.I. Stewart, Alan West, D.Sc. (Brussels), 25, Highview, Pinner, Middlesex. New Associates.Addison, James Burnside, B.Sc. (Glas.), 81, Lennox Avenue, Scotstoun, Glasgow, W.4. Allenby, Wilfrid Ernest, B.Sc. (Leeds), 13, Albany Road, Norton-on-Tees. Ayers, John Gordon, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Nurseries, Clement Street, Swanley, Kent. Bailey, Norman, M.Sc. (Manc.), Woodhouse Grove School, Apperley Bridge, Bradford. Ballad, William Edward, 46, Fellows Lane, Harborne, Birmingham, 17. Birtwell, Stanley, 24, Whalley Road, Sabden, nr. Blackburn. Booth, Frederick Leslie, 3, Middleborough Road, Coventry. Bradley, Herbert Brian, B.Sc. (Leeds), Morley, Ulster Avenue, Dunmurry, Belfast. Brockie, William, B.Sc. (Edin.), 45, High View Avenue, Grays, Essex. Chandrasekera, Nanayakkara Kudehettige Titus, B.Sc. (Lond.), 67, Wackwella Road, Galle, Ceylon.Chinn, Robert Pinder, B.Sc.(Liv.), 46, Weir Street, Falkirk, Stirlingshire. Clay, Hubert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 47, Hums Road, Skipton, Yorks. Coates, Alan Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), L.N.E.R. Station House, Elinton Road, Creswell, Worksop. Cook, Arthur Herbert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 108, Raleigh Drive, London, N.20. Cuthbertson, William Francis Jack, B.Sc. (Lond.), Physiology Institute, Newport Road, Cardiff. Dalley, Robert Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 118, Chesterfield Road, London, E.lO. Davies, John Vernon, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), 35, Clarendon Road, Whalley Range, Manchester, 16. Docherty, Kenneth William Thomas Cromb, I3.Sc. (St. Andrews), 7, RydalDrive, Bexley Heath, Kent. Douglas, Robert, B.Sc. (Glas.), 4, Montraive Street, Farme, Rutherglen, Lanarkshire.Freeman, Hugh Cameron, 32a, Ryebank Road, Manchester, 16. French, Miss Cecilie Mary, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 16, Malvern Avenue, London, E.4. Garner, Walter, M.Sc. (Leeds), High Toft, Menston, nr. Leeds. Gratton, Gerald, M.Sc. (Wales), 29, Eglinton Street, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Hayward, Lionel Alan Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Dean Court, Wembley, Middlesex. Henderson, William, A.R.T.C., 133, Wishart Street, Glasgow, E.l. Hewlett, Vernon Anthony, M.Sc. (Wales), 4, Kings Road, Doneaster. Hutt, Harold Hamilton, 32, Woodyear Road, Bromborough, Cheshire. Jackson, Robert Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., Ph.C., 11, Kenilworth Road, Beeston, Notts. Jarrett, Derek Evan, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., 50, Compton Avenue, Brighton, 7.Johns, Alan Tutton, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 94, Glandovey Road, Fendalton, Christ- church, New Zealand. Keen, Harry Montague, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 19, Calderwood Road, Newlands, Glasgow, 5.3. Kidson, Miss Elsa Beatrice, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand. Kimber, Kenneth George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 115, Fernside Road, London, s.w.12. Kirk, Ernest William, 12, The Crescent, Chaddesden, Derby. Lee, Miss Margaret Helen, M.Sc. (Manitoba), 70, Parklawn Avenue, Epsom, Surrey. 283 MacDougall, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), 50, Northpark Street, Glasgow, X.W. Montgomery, Henry, B.A. (Cantab.), 56, Osborne Park, Belfast. Niyogi, Purna Chandra, B.Sc. (Lond. and Calcutta), 35, Rash Behari Avenue, Calcutta, Bengal, India. Owen, Clifford Alfred, B.A.(Cantab.), 85, Kiln Lane, St. Helens. Pinder, Harold William, A.Met. (Sheff .), 25, Hallam Grange Road, Fulwood, Sheffield, 10. Rhodes, Charles England, B.Sc. (Leeds), 11, Fairfax Terrace, Otley, Yorks. Ritchie, David, M.P.S., 439, Gilmerton Road, Gilmerton, Midlothian. Robinson, Henry Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Whitley Rod, Hoddesdon, Herts. Rule, Tom Edgar, 13, Outram Street, Stockton-on-Tees. Scott, Dan, B.Sc. (Leeds), 47, The Plaisaunce, Newcastle, Staffs. Shah, Chandulal Chhotalal, M.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), Kothi Pole, Baroda, India. Smart, Stanley Gordon, A.R.T.C., c/o Sankey Sugar Co., Ltd., Earlestown, Lancs. Thompson, Reginald Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 33, Links Road, West Wiokham, Kent.Walkley, Albert James, A.R.C.S., 30, Southfield Road, Gloucester. Ward, Leslie James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, Derry Downs, St. Mary Cray, Kent. Wilde, William Trevor, B.Sc. (Sheff.), 67, Marsh House Road, Sheffield, 11. Yonge, Dudley Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), Thornleigh, Vicar’s Cross, Chester. Re-elected Associates. Brocklebank, John Roger, 112, Fairfield Road, Widnes. Morris, Benjamin Stephen, B.Sc. (Glas.), Glentarf, Viewfield Avenue, Lenzie, Glasgow. New Students. Andrews, Kenneth John Maynard, 36, Common Road, Kensworth, Dun-stable. Bell, James, 296, New Chester Road, Port Sunlight. Cousins, Robert Kemp, Chosen, Upper Shoreham Road, Shoreham-by-Sea. Dornan, Harry, No. 3 Holding, Greenhead, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Hardy, William David, 65, Forest Drive East, London, E.ll.Holmes, Alexander, 29, Malden Hill Gardens, New Malden, Surrey. King, Harold Campbell, 32, Phrosso Road, Worthing. Marvin, Denys Nicol, 64, West End Drive, Ilkeston, Derbyshire. McDowell, Charles Alexander, 8, Thiepval Avenue, Belfast. Moore, Thomas Harold, 59, Upper Tichborne Street, Leicester. Pinner, Solomon Harris, 292, Amhurst Road, London, N.16. Tresadern, Frank Harold, 137, Vaughan Rod, West Harrow, Middlesex. DEATHS. Fellows. Hugh Charles Loudon Bloxam. Jesse Carl Albert Brierley, M.Sc. (Manc.).John Hunter Haldane, Ph.D. (Edin.). Sir Arthur Harden, Ph.D. (Erlangen), Hon. D.Sc. (Athens), D.Sc. (Manc.), Hon. LL.D. (Manc. & Liv.), F.R.S. William Colebrook Reynolds, D.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S.284 Sir Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., Officier de la L6gion d’Honneur, Ph.D. (Heid.), D.Sc. (Manc.), F.R.S., Paat Predent. Norman Thomas Mortimer Wilsmore, D.Sc. (Melb.), M.1.Chem.E. Associates. Eric Charles Flower Bradbrook, BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Ph.D. Robert Irving, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. ADDRESSES REQUIRED. The Registrar will be grateful to Fellows and Associates who can supply the present addresses of any of the following:-BRYANT, Frederick James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. A. 1937 BURY, Frank Ward, M.Sc. (Manc.) . . .. ..A. 1923. F. 1933 CLINTON, Thomas Gerard John .’. .. .. .. .. A. 1936 C~aow,Frederick Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. . . .. A. 1920. COLES, Mrs. Georgina Elizabeth, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.) .... A. 1933 Corns, Gordon Lemuel, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. .. A. 1925 CRITCHLEY, George Norton, B.Sc., M.Sc. (Sheffield), A.M.I.Chem .E . .. .. .. .. .. .. A. 1933 CROSLAND,Eric Bentley, M.Sc. (Leeds) .. .. .. A. 1923 ELVINS, Oliver Cecil, M.Sc. (Bim.), A.M.1.Chem.E. .. .. -4. 1922 EVANS, James Simpson, B.A. (Oxon.) .. .. .. .. A. 1936 EVANS, Thomas Leslie, B.A. (Cantab.) .. .. .. .. A. 1936 FAIRLEY, Henry, B.Sc. (Edin.) .. .. .. .. .. A. 1921 FARBER,Louis Nathan, B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Cape) .. .. A. 1931 Fox, Charles James John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Breslau) .. F. 1925 GARDINER,William Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.) .. .. .. A. 1936 GARLICK,Reginald Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.) . . .. .. A. 1934 GORDON,Roy Robert, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.) . . ..A. 1937 GRESHAM,Harold Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.) .. .. .. A. 1931 HALL, Donald Hugh, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. .. A. 1934 HARDEN,Harold Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.) . . .. .. A. 1934 HODSON,William Brook,A.C.G.F.C. .. .. .. .. A. 1927 HOLE, Ernest George, B.Sc. (Birm.) .. .. .. .. A. 1919 JACKSON,Emmanuel, B.Sc. (N.U.I.), A.R.C.Sc.1. .. .. A. 1927 JAVES, Archie Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.) . . .. .. .. A. 1930 JOHNSON,Sydney Walgate, B.Sc. (Dunelm), Ph.D. (Lond.) .. A. 1928 JOHNSTON,Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.) . . .. .. .. A. 1934 KAY,John Louden, A.R.T.C. .. .. .. .. .. A. 1924 LAURIE, Leonard Llewelyn, M.Sc. (Lond.) . . .. .. A. 1935 LINZELL, Leslie, A.C.G.I. .. .. .. .. .. .. A. 1919 MAHDIHASSAN,Syed, Dr. Phil. (Giessen), Dip.Agric. (Oxon.) .. A. 1937 MANSELL, Richard Ivor, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. .. .. A. 1932 MATHESON,Donald, M.*4., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Aberd.) . . .. A. 1927 MCGREGOR,Thomas, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.) .. .. A. 1927 MEIN, Henry Cranston, B.Sc. (Edin.) .. .. .. .. A. 1924 MITRA, Bhupendra Nath, D.Sc. (Dacca) .. .. .. A. 1939 MORRIS,John Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.) .. .. .. .. A. 1939 MOSDEX.Frederick William, B.Sc. (Glas.) . . .. .. A. 1938 285 NORRIS, Walter Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.) .. .. .. . . A. 1936 NORTH,Harry Ernest, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds) . . .. .. A. 1933 NORTON,Albert, B.A. (Oxon.) .. .. .. .. . . A. 1939 PEARSON.Archibald Ramsden. LL.B.. M.Sc. (Lond.1. A.R.C.S., D.I.C. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . A. 1915, F. 1918 PEARSON,Ernest Leigh, M.Sc.Tech.(Manc.) .. .. . . A. 1922 PEMBERTON,Douglas Gordon, M.Sc. (Manc.) .. .. .. A. 1929 REID, John Fountain .. .. .. .. A. 1907,F. 1914 RICEWOOD,Albert Edward,'B.Sc. (Lond.) . . .. .. A. 1934 ROBERTSON,William Stirling, B.Sc. (Glas.) . . .. .. A. 1937 SEAL, Ralph John, MSc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C. .. .. . . A. 1923 SHARPLES,Edwin Holroyd, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) .. .. A. 1924 SPRAGUE,John Mortimer, MSc. (Birm.) .. .. .. A. 1939 STANSBIE,John Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.) .. .. .. .. F. 1890 TAYLOR,William Edward Leslie .. .. .. . . A. 1937 TONEIN, James Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.) . . .. .. .. A. 1936 WALDEN, Alfred Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.) .. .. . . A. 1919 WALKEY,Wilfrid Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.) .. .. .. .. A. 1932 WALLER,Cecil, M.Sc. (Lond.) .... .. .. . . A. 1929 WHINFZELD,John Rex, M.A. (Cantab.) .. .. .. A. 1922 WIQRAM,Peter Woolmore, B.A. (Cantab.) .. .. A. 1934 WILDMAN,Harry, B.Sc. (Manc.) .. .. .. A. iiis,~.1924 WILLIAMS,Benjamin Haydn, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.) .. .. A. 1935 WILT,IAMS,Frank Archer, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.) .. . . A. 1926 YEATS, Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.) . . .. .. .. . . A. 1919 286 General Notices. Examinations.-It is hoped to arrange an Examination for the Associateship to be held in January, and Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship in April, 1941,but it will be realised that in war time it is not easy to notify, so far in advance as usual, the exact times and places at which they will be held. Intending candidates are therefore asked to complete and return forms of application for admission to the Examinations as early as possible, and, if they wish to present themselves in January, 1941,not later than Monday, 11th November, 1940.Candidates whose applications have been accepted will be given full information at the earliest moment, and may then forward their entry froms and pay the required fees. Associates who desire to present themselves for Examination for the Fellowship are also asked to forward their applications for consideration by the Council, and not to wait for a notification in the JOURNAL of the exact times and places of the Examinations. In order to facilitate identification, Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute.In the prevailing circumstances, Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Beilby Memorial Awards.-Out of the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, 287 and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investiga- tors in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work.Preference is given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy, and awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in science and practice. In general, awards are not applicable to workers of established repute but are granted as an encouragement to younger men who have done original independent work of exceptional merit over a period of years. The administrators of the Fund-the Presidents, Honorary Treasurers, and Secretaries of the three participating institutions, -will be glad to have their attention drawn to outstanding work of the nature indicated, not later than 1st November, 1940.All communications on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, W.C.I. Lectures.-Dr. J. H. Quastel, F.R.S., Director of Research, Cardiff City Mental Hospital and Honorary Lecturer in Bio-chemistry in University College, Cardiff, has kindly consented to give a lecture before the Institute on “The Chemistry of Enzyme Action ” in October next. Further particulars will be announced in due course. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1941. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1940,to work of the character indicated. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, may be awarded in January, 1941,and 288 presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essays. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of $rofessionaZ, rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1940,and must be accompanied by a signed ,declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays will be valued partly foE literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award shall be made.The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 289 Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are ordinarily required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary.For the time being the payment of 6s. 6d. is suspended. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of xo a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations.Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours. It will be open from 10a.m. to I p.m. and from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from xo a.m. to I p.m.). Members and Students of the Institute using 290 the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received repilarly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots' Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots' Booklovers Library expired on 1st March.The subscriptions rates are 6s. 6d. for Class B, and 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boots' Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis's Lending Library .-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. 291 Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Copies of The Profession of Chemistry" (Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis- tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar. 292 Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasuurer, FUND,BENEVOLENT INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.1.LONDON, APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.All communications to be addressed to the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9406400241

出版商:RSC    

年代:1940

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART V: 1940. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, October, 1940. Publications Committee, 1940141, A. L. BACHARACH (Chairman), J. J. FOX (President), W. M. AMES, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, A. COULTHARD, F. P. DUNN, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, W. GODDEN, E. GREGORY, A.A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H. HUNTER, G. KING, P. LEWIS-DALE, G.W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A.C. MONKHOUSE, H.W. MOSS, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, D. W. PARKES, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, I?. M. ROWE, S. B. WATKINS. 295 Editorial. Library of the Chemical Society.-In view of the pro- ceedings of the Special General Meeting of the Institute, held on 4th October (see p. 305),and the resolutions passed thereat, under which the Institute agrees to continue its contribution to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society, Fellows and Associates will be interested in the following abstracts from a report of the Joint Library Committee, on Library Co-operation, (recently received from the Chemical Council). In 19x9, the Council of the Chemical Society offered to allow members of other chemical bodies to use its library in return for voluntary contributions towards the cost of maintenance. This proposal was accepted by the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and other Societies.Repre-sentation on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society was given to the contributing bodies, and as these were largely concerned with chemical practice, the policy of the Library Committee as to the purchase of books was modified with the object of making the Library more fully representative of all branches of pure and applied chemistry. Although previously books on technical chemistry had been acquired, from 1919 onwards the purchase of such works has been greatly extended; for example, a rough division of books purchased in 1938 showed 84 of major technical interest and 50 of major academic interest.In addition, largely for the convenience of chemists employed in Industry, the Library was kept open, in normal times, until 9 p.m. instead of 6 p.m. from Monday to Friday, and until 5 p.m. instead of I p.m. on Saturday. In 1935 the setting up of the Chemical Council by agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry afforded an opportunity for closer co-operation between these three bodies in support of a national chemical library. The Chemical Society retained its property in the books, but the management of the library was transferred to a Joint Library Committee, responsible in matters of management to the Chemical Council and consisting of representatives appointed by 296 the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the other contributing bodies.The members of all contributing bodies have equal privileges in the use of the library. The management costs, referred to generally as maintenance costs, were by the agreement to be defrayed by the three Chartered Bodies in proportion to their membership, with due allowance for overlap and the contributions of other bodies. The maintenance costs are made up essentially of (a) the salaries and superannuation of the Library Staff, (b) Library postages, telephone, etc., (c) an agreed proportion of overhead charges for maintenance of the premises at Burlington House.All expendi-ture on maintenance is considered by the Joint Library Com- mittee and submitted to the Chemical Council for its approval. The cost of purchase of books, periodicals, binding and furniture is met solely by the Chemical Society. The Joint Library Committee makes recommendations on these matters to the Council of the Chemical Society which authorises the expendi- ture. (It is noteworthy that, so far, the Council of the Chemical Society has never denied the funds necessary for the purchase of all books recommended by the Joint Library Committee.) In addition,the Chemical Society exchanges sets of its publications with sets of chemical publications of other bodies all over the world; these are ultimately presented to the Library and repre- sent a considerable additional contribution from the Chemical Society.Finance.-In 1938, the last year unaffected by war conditions, the cost of maintenance of the Library was j61917 made up of E1622 salaries and superannuation, j630 postages and miscellaneous expenses, E225 proportion of overhead charges and a special item, authorised by the Chemical Council, of E39 for re-binding of books. The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and several Societies continued to make voluntary contributions towards the maintenance of the Library in return for privileges for their members. These contributions amounted to L232, leaving L1685 to be found by the three main bodies. The Institute of Chemistry provided E718, the Society of Chemical Industry L410, and the Chemical Society E407.* * Owing to the contributions being based on previous year’s expenditure there remained about $150 more to be provided.This was paid by the Chemical Society, the appropriate adjustment being made in the following year. 297 The expenditure on maintenance represents a sum of the order of 2s. per member of the various Societies, and for this sum they enjoy full use of one of the finest chemical libraries in the world. The 780 students of the Institute of Chemistry have equal privileges, although their number is not taken into account when calculating the contribution of the Institute. The Chemical Society in 1938 expended l722 on purchase of books, periodicals (other than those received in exchange) and binding. Use of the Library.-The use of the Library has more than doubled in the twenty years under review.Compared with 1919, for which year the figures are given in brackets, in 1938 there were 8507 (3898) attendances, of these 4803 (3299) were by members of the Chemical Society, but many of them were also members of the Institute of Chemistry and/or the Society of Chemical Industry*; 3704 (599) were by non-members of the Chemical Society, made up of 2709 (229) by members of the Institute of Chemistry, 704 (288) by members of the Society of Chemical Industry and 291 (82)by members of other contributing bodies. The total books borrowed were 5948 (2867), of which 1697 (929) were sent by post; of these 3429 (2549) were borrowed by members of the Chemical Society and 2519 (318) by non-members of the Chemical Society made up of 1930 (161) by members of the Institute of Chemistry, 426 (143) by members of the Society of Chemical Industry and 163 (14) by members of other contributing bodies.Library Staff.-The Library staff in 1919 consisted of Mr. Clifford, Librarian ; Mr. Cummins, Assistant Librarian, and Messrs. Roche and Bird, whilst Miss Le Pla, Indexer to the Society, was employed on part-time duty. In 1938 it consisted of Mr. Clifford, Mr. Cummins, Mr. Bird and Mr. Picton, with part- time assistance from Miss Le Pla as previously. In spite of the greatly increased use of the Library no extra staff has been employed. The Library is not ideally housed for economy of running since two-thirds of it is kept in book-stacks in the basement, down six flights of stairs. The construction of the building makes it not * Similarly, many Fellows and Associates of the Institute and members of other contributing bodies are members of more than one such body, but not of the Chemical Society, and no figures are available showing how these describe themselves in the Attendance Book.298 feasible to erect a lift for passengers or books. In addition, after 6 p.m. the Library Staff has to admit readers at the front door, two stories down. Facilities for clerical work, book dispatching, receiving and indexing, and for telephoning are of the most restricted type owing to the inadequate accommodation at Burlington House.The efficiency of the Library service, in spite of these difficulties, is due in large measure to the organising ability of the Librarian and the extraordinary enthusiasm and loyalty of the staff as a whole. In 1921 the total salaries bill, including war bonus, was lI054. The war bonuses were made permanent in 1923, when the salary cost was l1174 per annum. This included a portion of the wages of the Commissionaire and cleaners. In 1930 a salary scale was introduced, but its operation was suspended owing to the 1931 depression and it became operative only in 1935. In 1926 a pension scheme was introduced, at present a sum equivalent to 10 per cent. of the salary of the members of the staff (in the personal case of Mr.Clifford 15 per cent.) being paid as an endowment policy premium. The salary and wages bill in 1938 was l1538 per annum plus fl175 for superannuation, making a total of fl1713. The corresponding figure for 1935, the year before the Chemical Council agreement came into operation, was LI530. The Library.-At the beginning of 1919 there were in the Library 6564 books and 16,753 bound volumes of periodicals; at the end of 1938 there were 12,801books and 29,871 bound volumes of periodicals. At present the number of additions of bound volumes per annum is over 950. The Library covers every aspect of chemistry and is exceptionally strong in periodicals (as defined by the World List of Scientific Periodicals), the titles under this headingbeing 1022.No fewer than 127 of the important ones are in duplicate and available to borrowers. The rules are so designed as to give borrowers every possible assistance but to prevent selfish ones penalising others. No person is allowed special privileges; the Chairman of the Joint Library Committee is expected to obey the rules as rigidly as the youngest student of the Institute. A photostat service is available and telephone facilities are provided. The Library staff is highly expert and it is universally zfcknowledged, even by those accustomed to the use of libraries, that their aid in finding unusual sources of infor- mation on chemical matters is often invaluable. 299 It might be of interest to users of the Library to outline the procedure by which the Library is kept up-to-date.At every meeting of the Joint Library Committee a list of all the new books on pure and applied chemistry and related topics, British and foreign, published since the last meeting is submitted by the Librarian; many of them are on the table for inspection. Previously some expert has been written to and asked to express an opinion on the value of the book. Each book is then con- sidered individually and its purchase recommended or not. Sometimes the purchase of a book is postponed to discover if it is asked for by some reader. It is not the policy of the Committee to purchase every book and every new edition. Among the considerations which weigh with new books are, not necessarily in this order, (a)the report of the expert, (b) the distinction of the author, (c) the strength of the Library in this section, (d) the demand of readers for this particular type of book; with new editions the popularity of the previous edition and the amount of change are usually considered.The Librarian from his reference cards is able to supply the Committee with such information as it requires on these matters. The majority of the books considered are recommended for purchase. By this procedure the Com- mittee believes that at a reasonable cost it has built up a Chemical Library worthy of the Chemical Profession of Britain. Under normal conditions the Committee meets about six times a year. During the vacations, or in case of urgency, the Chairman acts on behalf of the Committee, reporting any action taken at the next meeting.Complaints and suggestions from users of the Library are considered by the Committee, as also are breaches of the rules. The Fzctzcre.-The outbreak of war has made it impossible to foretell future developments. For some time now there has been no room for expansion of the Library at Burlington House. Room was found last year for the regular additions by storage of certain little used journals available elsewhere in Burlington House, and the removal of certain valuable books to safer quarters as a war precaution has provided some temporary space. From now on, however, the efficiency of the Library must suffer until more accommodation is available.This matter has been engaging the serious attention of the Joint Library Committee and the Council of the Chemical Society for some time, and a number of alternative plans were under consideration ; the crisis 300 of September, 1938, made progress difficult and the present emergency has necessitated their temporary abandonment. The policy of the Joint Library Committee is to provide for British chemists the best possible Library facilities that present circum- stances allow and when better times arrive to press forward with their schemes for adequate accommodation. Finally, the Joint Library Committee wishes to express its great appreciation of the ungrudging financial support of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, the other contributing Societies and the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers which has made it possible to carry out its work thoroughly and efficiently.Attached to the Report were-Appendix I, giving particulars of the contributions to the upkeep of the Library; Appendix 11, Statistics re use of Library, and Appendix 111, Salaries and Superannuation. The other contributing Societies are-the Biochemical Society, the Faraday Society, the Institute of Brewing, the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. The contributions from the Institute, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and the other bodies mentioned above, for the years 1919-1938,inclusive, amounted to &13,24315s.~d., of which the Institute contributed E5276 5s. 5d. The Register of the Institute, 1940.-In concurrence with the wishes of the Press and Censorship Bureau, the new edition of the Register published on 1st September, 1940,does not contain the addresses or particulars of the occupations of the Fellows and Associates. The Council, after careful consideration, decided that the book should be published, in spite of these omissions, for the following reasons : It is the most complete list of qualified British chemists and it was regarded as important that it should be maintained and published. It is due to a new Associate or a new Fellow that his name should appear in the official Register. The book is largely used by Government departments and industrial concerns as well as by members themselves.Provision had been made before the war for the paper and the cost of production. 301 Since publication of the 1938 edition, nearly 2100 changes have been made, apart from changes in address, description of occupation, etc. 179 Fellows and 949 Associates have been elected; 390 Students have been admitted; the names of 85 Fellows have been removed on death or resignation; 278 Associates have become Fellows or have resigned or have had their names removed on account of death or non-payment of subscription; 215 Students have qualified or resigned, or their names have been removed on non-compliance with the regula- tions or on death.Letters for Fellows and Associates can be sent to the Institute for forwarding to their registered addresses. Corrigenda et Addenda.-Since the publication of the Register in September, the following alterations have been notified :-Page 43 Best, Arthur Pickup, add Ph.D. (Lond.). 53 Cameron, John, add Ph.D. (Glas.). 55 Chalk, Leslie James, for dates of election read A. 1927, F. 1939. 81 Garner, Walter, add F.T.I. 99 Hudson, John Herbert, add Ph.D. (Lond.). 108 Add KIRKPATRICK,Herbert Francis William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. 121 McIntyre, Robert, add B.Sc. (N.U.I.). 147 Rumens, Murray James, add B.Sc. (Lond.). 158 Strain, Robert Noel Claude, for B.Sc. (Q.U.B.) read M.Sc.(Q.U.B.). 184 Major, Frederick William, delete B.Sc. (Lond.). 302 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 18th October, 1940.-The Emergency Committee reported on its proceedings since the Council Meeting held on 19th July. The Committee had had under consideration the provisions of the Unemployment Insurance Act, 1940,as affecting members of the Institute earning incomes less than L420 per annum, but was not yet in a position to report on the matter. The Committee also reported formally on the calling of the Special General Meeting held on 4th October, and the Council received a report as to the result of that meeting. A letter was received from Dr. Francis H. Carr, C.B.E., Vice-President, accepting office as a Censor.Letters were received from the Chemical Council-@) reporting on minor alterations made in the proposed Agreement and Scheme of Co-operation and (b) forwarding, for the information of the Council, copies of a report on the working of the Library of the Chemical Society since 1919. The report was referred to the Publications Committee with a view to the publication of particulars of interest to Fellows and Associates of the Institute. A letter was received from the Council of the Chemical Society informing the Council of the Institute that it had unanimously approved the Chemical Council Scheme with a view to its coming into operation on 1st January, 1941,unless a substantial body of Fellows of the Society should express disapproval of the Scheme, and subject to similar action being taken by the other Chartered Chemical Bodies.Letters were also received from Dr. John Weir accepting office as Chairman of the Joint Committee with the Scottish Education Department for National Certificates in Chemistry (Scotland) and from Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., agreeing to serve as one of the Institute’s representatives on that Committee. Correspondence was received from the Belfast and District Section Committee and from individual members in Northern Ireland regarding an advertisement inviting applications for the appointment of City Analyst for Belfast. It was urged that a protest should be made against the appointment being offered on tender and because the terms provided for no security of tenure 303 beyond a period of three years, or the period of the present national emergency and six months thereafter.The President and the Chairman of the Appointments Com- mittee had directed that a protest should be addressed to the Town Clerk and the Medical Officer for the City of Belfast and also to the Ministry of Home Affairs of Northern Ireland, but no communication had been received from them beyond formal acknowledgments. The Association of Public Analysts for Scotland raised the question of analysts and consultants being required to pay purchase tax on chemicals and apparatus. The matter is receiving attention. (See p. 304.) A letter was received from the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section suggesting that the Council should hold meetings at some more central place, such as Leeds, Manchester or York.Notice of the proposal will be placed on the agenda for the next meeting. The Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section also forwarded a letter from a Fellow protesting against the publication and issue of the Register for 1940 without the usual addresses, occupations and other information supplied in normal times. It will be recalled that the Council had been advised by the Press and Censorship Bureau that the Register should not be published with the usual information, but it had been considered desirable to maintain and publish a correct list of the names of Fellows and Associates. Reports from the Standing Committees were received and adopted, and from the Joint Committee of the Board of Educa- tion and the Institute ye National Certificates in Chemistry (Eng- land and Wales) and from the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) for National Certificates in Chemistry.The Benevolent Fund Committee noted with satisfaction that the loans repaid during 1940 amounted to E14g 8s. compared with L32 repaid up to the corresponding date (14th October) in the year 1939. Lecture.-On the occasion of the Special General Meeting of the Institute held on Friday, 4th October, Dr. J. H. Quastel, F.R.S., gave a lecture on “The Mechanism of Enzyme Action.” In moving a vote of thanks to the lecturer, the President said that no words from him were needed to emphasise the 304 importance of the lecture or the authority with which the lecturer had spoken.It must be very seldom that a lecture was given to accompaniment of the sort of music that they had been hearing outside,-fortunately without any ill-effects inside. He proposed a very hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Quastel for coming so far to give the lecture and for the extraordinary illuminating and interesting discourse that he had given on what was an extremely difficult field. Fellows and Associates could count themselves fortunate that the Institute had the privilege of publishing the lecture. Many had been looking for a succinct statement of the present position of enzyme action by one who really knew all about it. He (the President) hoped that the Institute might have the privilege of listening to Dr.Quastel again in happier times. The lecture is being prepared for publication and will be issued to the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Mr. Sydney J. Johnstone , Streatfeild Memorial Lecturer for 1940,has agreed to give a lecture on the mineral resources of the empire; but, in the prevailing circumstances, it has been decided not to hold a meeting for the delivery of the lecture, but to issue it as a mono-graph, with JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part VI, at the close of the year. Chemicals and Apparatus : Purchase Tax.-In a letter dated 31st October from the Secretaries’ Office, Custom House, the Commissioners of Customs and Excise draw attention to the list of goods, under Class I~(I)(a) in Notice No.78, which are exempt from Purchase Tax when not put up for medicinal, veterinary or toilet use. The Commissioners state that it has been agreed, as regards this list, that provided the substance is not put up with any implication as to medicinal (or toilet) use (e.g. with a statement of its therapeutic use or dosage) it would not be liable to tax. In this connexion, the mere chemical name of the substance (or its synonym) on the label would not render the article liable to tax. Scientific apparatus of a kind unsuitable for domestic use is not liable to the tax. 305 Special General Meeting. A Special General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Friday, 4th October, 1940, at 2.30 p.m.,-Dr.J. J. Fox, C.B., President, in the Chair. The meeting was called to consider the Agreement and Scheme of Co-operation between the three Chartered Chemical Bodies, proposed by the Chemical Council, and also to hear a lecture by Dr. J. H. Quastel, F.R.S., on “The Mechanism of Enzyme Action.” The PRESIDENT:The notice convening this meeting has been circulated. I understand that one or two members have com- plained that it was put inside their Registers and they did not see it in time. I really do not think that the Institute should incur the extra postage and other expenses of sending notices separately. As Dr. Quastel wants to leave fairly early, I think we might reverse the order of proceedings on the agenda and ask him to give us his discourse at once.Is that the wish of the meeting? (Agreed.) At the conclusion of the lecture, the President moved a hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Quastel, which was carried with acclamation. The meeting then proceeded to consider the formal business. The PRESIDENT:In the August Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,the suggested Agreement and new Scheme of Co-operation between the three Chartered Chemical Bodies was published, and at the June meeting of the Honorary Secretaries of the Sections I put before them the desirability of their asking their members seriously to consider what is proposed in this Agreement.I have in some letters before me evidence that people either have not read the Agreement or have read into it matters that it does not contain. We have a number of letters objecting to the proposal and a larger number in favour of it. You will doubtless like to know why we are trying to get this agreement accepted now. There is a reason: it is that the other two Societies have to be ready to send out their forms for sub- scriptions in good time, and, unless this agreement goes through, the Society of Chemical Industry, which is proposing to raise its subscriptions, will not be able to bring the scheme into operation 306 in January, 1941. Unless there is strong objection to this agreement from the members of this Institute, there seems to be no reason why it should not be adopted.The first motion on the agenda is clear. Its purpose is to extend the agreement under which the Institute subscribes to the cost of maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society for a period of five years beyond the period specified in the agreement signed on the 1st July, 1935, securing, in return, for the Fellows and Associates and Registered Students the continued use of the Library of the Chemical Society. By so doing, the Institute contributes to the maintenance of a valuable asset to British chemists generally, and I do not think that many members will object to the continuance of that agreement, so long as the Institute is able to afford to continue it. I have a letter in front of me in which it is suggested not that we should not continue our contribution to the Library of the Chemical Society, which is the only financial commitment involved and continues our present practice, but that we are acting ultra vires.We have been advised by Counsel that we are not acting zlEtra vires. We therefore propose to continue our contribution to the Chemical Society’s Library as in the past. The second motion is another matter. It relates to the desirability of our helping our friends-the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry-who are associated with us in the work of the Chemical Council. You will recollect that one of the main reasons why the Institute and other bodies subscribe to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society is to release some of the funds which that Society formerly devoted to the maintenance of the Library, for use in another direction. But even with the help derived from the contributions of other bodies to the cost of maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society its income is not sufficient to enable the Society to meet the cost of its adminis- tration and the increasing costs of its publications.Similarly with regard to the Society of Chemical Industry: funds are needed particularly in connexion with the publication of Abstracts and Transactions. But for the help which has been secured for these Societies by the Chemical Council, they would certainly not have been able to maintain their publications as they have done during the past five years.The funds thus obtained by the Chemical Council have been mainly received from companies and firms which are members 307 of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. These contributions have been given under deeds of covenant for seven years, expiring at various dates from 1942 to 1g47-most of them in 1g43-so that it becomes necessary that an effort should be made now to secure for the two publishing Societies greater support from the body of chemists as a whole. The Fellows and Associates of the Institute are looked to mainly as the source from which new membership might come and, if I may say so, ought to come. I want this matter to be quite clear. We are not now seeking to spend the Institute’s funds.This is an appeal in particular to the younger members to join the other Societies of their own volition; there is no suggestion other than individual voluntary act ion. The second motion is therefore quite simple, and the meeting is asked to agree to urge the Fellows and Associates to become joint members of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and to participate in the proposed scheme of co-operation as defined in the schedule to the suggested agree- ment, Every Fellow and Associate-I want to emphasise this- is free to do as he likes in the matter, but it will be helpful if this meeting agrees to the motions which I now submit. I think it is only right, however, to say that we have received some objections. A Fellow, whom I respect very much, has pointed out to me that, under the scheme, he would not receive all the publica- tions which he has been accustomed to receive as a member of this Institute, the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Biochemical Society and others, for which he has paid annual subscriptions.That is true. If he co-operates in this scheme he will be 10 units down-xos. down at the present moment- but there is nothing to prevent his continuing to pay his individual subscriptions and getting the publications if he wants them. There is no compulsion on him to stop what he is doing now if he wants to continue. The object of this scheme is to allow chemists to limit the number of publications which they can receive and the cost to them.If any chemist wants to continue to receive all the publications he can continue as at present. That is another misunderstanding which I wish to remove- the idea that there is any compulsion on anybody to accept this scheme. What this scheme does for our Fellows is to give them an opportunity, for five guineas-Associates, for five pounds- 308 of being not only members of this Institute but also members of the other two Societies and thereby helping them and, in return, receiving a proportion of their publications. I hope we shall be able to induce many of our younger members to take advantage of this scheme. The main objection-raised by the Huddersfield Section Com- mittee and Mr.North, of Derby,-has been to holding this meet- ing at the present moment. We have been considering this for a very long time. I put it to the Honorary Secretaries of Sections, as I have said, and asked them to give their members adequate time to discuss the matter, and the reason for bringing it forward at this moment is to enable the other two Societies, who feel that they must rearrange their financial affairs by this scheme (without cost to us), to get on with it and to put it into operation without unnecessary delay. Dr. H. H. Hodgson wrote that, in his opinion, the time is inopportune for launching the Chemical Council scheme, because he is perfectly certain that Associates will not respond now, and he finds this opinion universal in the neighbourhood of Hudders-field. Mr.Webster Moss was against a meeting being held at the present time under the present abnormal conditions, to consider a matter which should be completed only with the most careful deliberation and full consideration of all the members. He says the matter is far too important to be rushed through by a Special General Meeting called at such an early date, and that the pressure being brought to bear on the members in the August JOURNAL is entirely unjustified and almost certain to cause resentment. He suggests that the wording in the JOURNAL (page 244, line I), instead of being “The Institute’s part in the Agreement is to encourage,” should be “The Institute’s part in the Agreement would be to encourage.” I have no objection to that alteration if those words are more acceptable.He regards the last paragraph on page 244 as unwarranted on the ground that it suggests that members are traitors to the profession unless they support the scheme. I strongly protest against such a view. He objects to the very emphatic wording used in the JOURNAL and says that he can find nothing in the Council Minutes indicat- ing that the Council had made such a decision. He also says that all proposals of co-operation between the three chemical Societies should be shelved until more normal conditions return. Mr. Moss has been informed that the other Societies regard 309 the matter as urgent and feel that if the scheme is not im-mediately brought into action the possibility of doing anything practical will be rendered more difficult as time goes on.The Council as a whole appeared to be in favour of going on with the business, and, as the principal agreement in 1935 received a vote of 20 to I, there was very little reason to think that the extension of that agreement would meet with great opposition. I think that the Publications Committee has correctly inter- preted the intentions of the Council. Mr. W. M. Ames strongly disapproved of the proposal to hold the Special Meeting under present conditions. He thought the meeting would not be representative, and that doing the business in such unaccustomed haste would invite suspicion that matters were being rushed. The main reason, however, is that he is opposed to the scheme.He fails to see why the Institute should participate in a scheme which relates to publica- tions. He thinks the question of publications is a matter for the individual, and that if publications are as valuable as is claimed, they should be either self-supporting or State-aided. As no one is being forced into the scheme, this objection does not appear critical to me. I am sanguine enough to hope that our younger members will rise to the occasion and seize the opportunity of associating themselves with other chemical organisations on the advan- tageous terms of the scheme. It is clear to me that chemists of all organisations will have to get together in more peaceful times for their mutual advantage.There are other letters of objection. Dr. Everest raises the objection that the meeting is held when conditions prevent any reasonable chance of the majority of the members being present--particularly those out of London, and suggests that it was not properly convened, because the notice went out with the Register. I do not know if any member present takes the same view and desires to raise the point whether this is a properly authorised and properly held meeting, in which case the matter can be discussed. I have a large number of letters in favour of the proposal. The Committees of the London and South Eastern Counties Section, of the Belfast Section and of the South Wales Section have expressed their approval of the motions.I hold 75 proxies: 74 in favour of the proposals and one against. I move, in accordance with the notice convening the meeting. 310 Professor F. G. DONNAN:I have great pleasure in seconding the resolution. I have been a member of the Institute for nearly thirty years. I have subscribed for a long time to the Societies referred to in the Agreement, and to many others, and I am Vice-chairman of the Chemical Council and a Past-President of the Chemical Society. The President has referred to the question of co-operation. It is co-operation that is needed in Europe to-day; those States which did not want co-operation have been laid flat, and if Englishmen do not want co-operation they will also be laid flat. Co-operation is needed in science as well as in other and wider matters : the fundamental point is co-operation. As the President has very well put it, there is no practical reason why the Institute should not support this scheme.The other bodies give up a great deal of autonomy, and some of them, such as the Society of Chemical Industry, will undergo great financial changes. Nothing of that sort will happen in the case of the Institute. In fact, the Institute (I am speaking as a Fellow) is in a highly privileged positioii. The Associates and Fellows, young and old, are simply asked to help by paying a joint subscription and receiving a certain number of publications. You may say: “Why should we? ” Well, I do not like to use the word “patriotism”; it is rather hackneyed.You may say: “I passed the Institute’s examination and took a first-class honours degree, and then I got a post. There is a very fine library in the large chemical concern by which I am employed, and I can read everything I want to read there; hence I do not require any publications and do not want to pay for them.” If you take that view (and I hope you will not) you will not help the scheme for which the President has so well appealed, because you will say that you personally will not get any advantage from it. If, on the other hand, you feel that you are not only an individual, but a member of a great corporate body, you will be willing to co-operate and help the whole body,-the whole, as every philosopher and scientist will agree, being greater than the part.This matter has been given long and careful thought.The industry has subscribed, as you know, a large sum of money, for it desires the chemists of the country to come together and co-operate. You are not asked to give away any of the funds of the Institute, but you are asked individually to co-operate in the great work of publishing the knowledge acquired by British 311 science. If you do not do so, you will show that you have no regard for the whole, which is greater than all the separate parts. Speaking not as Vice-chairman of the Chemical Council or as Past-President of the Chemical Society, but simply as an old Fellow of the Institute, I appeal to you to join this scheme and thereby help Great Britain and her Dominions to hold higher the flag of British Science.Mr. J. G. A. RHODIN:I came here this afternoon with the express purpose of supporting the suggestion, but the previous speaker has done so in practically the same words as I should have chosen. At the present time, when we are allmore or less devoting our energies to finding out something in the interests of the country, I think we ought to support the other Societies of chemists, who are not perhaps so directly interested in the actual work but are more interested in the results. The Society of Chemical Industry is composed of a vast plurality of chemical manufacturers and others who have chemical manufactures as their main interest. The Chemical Society is more international in character, if I may say so, and more widely known and better known, in a way, all over the world than the Institute of Chem-istry, on account of its publications.Publications in chemistry, as in other branches of science, are what keep the science going forward, so that I think we ought particularly to support the Chemical Society. After that comes the other consideration, namely, the question of what people can afford. We are all asked to make sacrifices now; we have made sacrifices for “Spit- fires” and other things of various descriptions, and we might sacrifice something for what lies behind the whole matter- science, which has been the guidance of human hands and human thought in the past. I think that we ought to support this scheme, so well put forward by our President, to whose arguments I do not think anybody could find any objection. Mr.F. GREEN:I understood you to say that you have about 75 proxy votes in your pocket, and there are about 40 members of the Institute present here this afternoon, making a total of something like 120 all told, which I think represents about z per cent. of the total membership of the Institute. Having regard to that fact, Sir, do you still consider it advisable to go forward with the motion? The PRESIDENT:We cannot expect many people to come here 312 on the present occasion, but every member who is accessible has had an opportunity, even in these times of delays of posts and so on, to record his vote for or against.If he does not choose to do that, he is in exactly the same position as a voter at any municipal or Parliamentary election who does not trouble to exercise his vote; that is to say, he cannot complain if those who do trouble to do so take an action of which he does not approve. That is, to my mind, the complete answer. The annual general meeting of a railway company or other large company is rarely attended by more than about z per cent. of its members; but I do not give that as any excuse for the 98 per cent. of the members who have not attended or sent proxies. Mr. J. H. COOKE:In view of the fact that so very few members have sent in proxies or attended this meeting, and that the ratio of Associates to Fellows indicates a certain amount of apathy or inability or lack of desire to spend the money and take the trouble to qualify for the Fellowship, (I think the figures of membership are approximately 6000 Associates and 2000 Fellows), I am afraid that at the present juncture the response to this appeal is going to be very small.I should like to suggest, Sir, that Professor Donnan be approached and asked to draft some sort of short memorandum on the lines of the most excellent address which he gave us just now, which could be circulated. I think that might to a certain extent open the eyes of the 98 per cent. who have not sent in their proxies or attended this meeting. Mrs. S. M. L. TRITTON:I sliould like to ask a question. If the fees of the other Societies go up, does that mean that the com- pound fee which is suggested, i.e.l5,will go up too? The PRESIDENT:If the value of money alters and goes down-if, for instance, a shilling becomes worth sixpence-then pre-sumably all the Societies, including ourselves, would have to see whether they could get the equivalent of the present sub- scription. Mrs. S. M. L. TRITTON:Yes, that is obvious, I think. That was not the point I meant. You suggested that the Society of Chemical Industry were considering putting up their membership sub- scription. Will that affect our subscription as it stands now? No. Our subscriptions are two guineas for The PRESIDENT: Fellows and a guinea and a half for Associates, and we cannot 313 alter them without the consent of a General Meeting.Under the proposed scheme the subscription for Associates is roo units and for Fellows it is 105 units, and, if members take advantage of this scheme, and the unit, which is now IS., becomes IS. 6d., we should still get only our two guineas and guinea and a half. It is the other Societies who would benefit by that-not we. Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK:I should like to ask a question. I am one of the younger members of the Institute, to whom this appeal is particularly directed. I am going to vote in favour of the scheme and, if it is adopted, I shall take advantage of it. Be-coming a member of the bodies concerned implies something more than paying a subscription and receiving publications, and I should like to know whether, if I take advantage of this scheme, I shall be entitled to all the privileges of membership of the other bodies, such as, for example, the right to attend meetings like this one.The PRESIDENT:Those who take advantage of the scheme will become full members of the other bodies concerned, with the right of attending meetings, becoming members of the Council, and so on. Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK:Will members still have to be proposed and seconded ? The REGISTRAR (Mr. Richard B. Pilcher) :and SECRETARY I expect they will. Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK:I take it that the only alteration is in the subscription? The PRESIDENT:Yes, that is all. Mr. H. A. WILLIAMS: I am heartily in favour of the scheme as a voluntary one, though I would rather object to any idea of compulsion coming in.I am under the impression that, as it is stated in the JOURNAL that the Institute is going to “encourage by every means,” its Fellows and Associates to participate in the scheme, it may develop into compulsion. Can I have an assurance that the Institute will not increase its fees so as to compel people to join the general scheme and that no coercion will be used? The PRESIDENT: The Institute cannot increase its fees without the sanction of a General Meeting specially convened for the purpose, of which every member must have due notice, and it is 314 for the members to see that the subscriptions are not increased if they do not want to increase them. If these had been normal times I should have visited the Sections and put the matter to them.I hope myself that no attempt at compulsion in any shape or form will ever be applied to anyone. Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK:I am not very clear about the question of who decides the value of the unit. The PRESIDENT:At present it is IS. Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK:Who decided that ? The PRESIDENT:That is the actual value of the unit. Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK:Suppose it goes up to IS. 6d.; which body or Committee will decide that it has got to be that? The PRESIDENT:I take it that that would rest with the honor- ary treasurers and finance committees concerned, subject to the approval of the Councils and the provisions of the By-laws. After all, that will affect the cost of the publications of the publishing societies, of which the Institute is not one, and, so long as our subscriptions are not affected we are not concerned in the unit being altered.Also, it does not follow that because a Fellow or an Associate of the Institute joins this scheme for five guineas or L5 he is thereby compelled for ever to do it; he can withdraw if he likes. Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK:I fully understand that, but it does seem to me that there should be some body qualified and authorised to decide this. You have got an agreement which says that certain units have to be paid. Surely some body ought to be in a position to say from time to time what a unit is. A MEMBER: In the footnote on page 247 of the JOURNAL it is stated that any alteration in the value of the unit is to be subject to paragraph 5 of the agreement, which says: “The Councils of the parties hereto shall have power from time to time by agreement amongst themselves to make or modify such rules and regulations as they shall think fit for the better working of the Scheme, but no such powers shall be exercised except in accordance with the respective Charters and By-laws of each of the Constituent Bodies.” Therefore the value of the unit could not be altered except in accordance with the provisions of the Charters and By-laws.Dr. H, A. TEMPANY:Under this scheme any Fellow of the 315 Institute who joins becomes a member of the other two bodies, and is automatically entitled to have a voice in any alteration of the subscription of the members themselves.A MEMBER: I think there is an alteration needed in the second paragraph on page 248 of the JOURNAL. It is stated there that the Institute will deduct 42 units in respect of a Fellow and 31.5 units in respect of an Associate. I think it should state there that that is the actual subscription and not units, because units are not the matter of the Institute of Chemistry in particular. The REGISTRAR: May I answer that? It is rather interesting that that question should be raised. I am the Honorary Secretary of the Chemical Council, and I may say that we had actually shiZZings, but the Chemical Society asked us to make it units for the sake of uniformity. The Institute cannot alter the subscriptions of 42s.and 31s. 6d. for Fellows and Associates respectively without a General Meeting. It was in order to please the Chemical Society, and for no other reason that the word “shillings” was altered to “units ’’ in that paragraph. The MEMBER: I claim that it is incorrect. The REGISTRAR: I agree with you, but I am telling you quite frankly what happened. The MEMBER: Would not it be better to put “shillings”? The REGISTRAR: It means shillings and it is quite definitely shillings so far as the Institute is concerned, and it will not be altered from shillings unless the Institute in General Meeting alters it. Professor DONNAN:Cannot we vote on the matter now? To discuss such little points as using “units” or “shillings” is like fiddling while Rome burns.I personally should like to remain to the end of the meeting, but I cannot wait while such matters are discussed. The PRESIDENT: I think the reply is that the word “shillingsI’ was originally used, as the Registrar points out, and the Chemical Society said: “Why cannot you have units? ” It does not matter at all to us. We cannot take more or less than our 42s. or 31s. 6d., without the consent of a Special General Meeting of the members. It is purely formal. No change in the Professor DONNAN: value of the unit will ever be made without the agreement of the Councils and the members. That is obvious. Surely, after 316 what the President has said, we are not going to waste our time on such matters.Mr. D. M. FREELAND:Professor Donnan has stated that the fact that large corporations and companies had libraries available to their staffs would perhaps act as a deterrent to younger mem- bers of the profession taking advantage of this scheme. If that is so, Mr. President, do you think that a suggestion which might be of value is that a letter should be addressed to the staffs by the corporations or firms, appealing to the younger chemists not to take undue advantage of the facilities offered to them, and expressing the hope that they will come into this scheme? Perhaps the Institute would encourage these concerns to post such a letter up in their libraries. We will take a note of that. I should like The PRESIDENT: to see it done, but all we can hope to do is to awaken the con- sciences of our members to do something, and the suggestion that has just been made is one that I think we should seriously consider.Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK: The deterrent will not be affected one way or another by this scheme. All you are doing is to make it cheaper for people to do the proper thing, and therefore it is a step in the right direction. Mr. F. GREEN: You say that the scheme is voluntary. think what has caused a good deal of misgiving is this statement on page 244 of the JOURNAL: “There is, however,-or there should be-this element of compulsion: that every member should feel morally bound not only to support the scheme at his local Section meeting and elsewhere, but also to participate in it.” I think it would help a good deal, Sir, if you were to make a declaration from the Chair (if you agree, of course,) that so far as the Institute is concerned in the future no distinc- tion whatever would be made between its members who co- operate and its members who do not co-operate.The PRESIDENT:Surely it has never been suggested that the Institute is going to make the slightest difference between one member and another because he is or is not a member of any other body. Dr. G. ROCHE I move that we now proceed to the vote. LYNCH: Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK: I second that. 31 7 The PRESIDENT:It has been moved and seconded that we now proceed to the voting. Is there any amendment? If there is no amendment, I will now move that we proceed to vote on the motions on the agenda. The motion was carried, nem.con. The PRESIDENT:The first motion is as follows:- “(a) That the Institute subscribe to the Suggested Agreement-published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS of the Institute, Part IV, 1940,pages 245 et seq.-and thereby undertake to co-operate with the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Council and to extend the Principal Agreement, under which the Chemical Council was constituted on the first day of July, 1935, for a further period of five years as from 1st July, 1942, and there- after for successive periods of three years, subject to like provisions to those contained in clause (14) of the Principal Agreement; so that it being agreed that the Scheme set out in the Schedule to the Suggested Agreement shall come into operation on 1st January, 1941, the Principal Agreement shall be read and construed for all purposes as if the words twelve years and six months’ were substituted in all places in clause (14) thereof where the word ‘seven’ now appears.’’ The motion was put to the meeting and declared by the President carried nem.con. The PRESIDENT:The second motion is as follows:- “(b) That the Institute agree to urge its Fellows and Associates to become joint members of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and to participate in the proposed Scheme of Co-operation as defined in the Schedule to the Suggested Agreement.” I should like to say, in view of the discussion, that if it were possible for me to insert the word “voluntarily,” so that the motion would read: “That the Institute agree to urge its Fellows and Associates to become joint members voluntarily,” and so on, I would do so, in order to meet the objections.The word is not there, but I hope it will be understood. Professor DONNAN: It is obvious that the scheme is a volun- tary one. The PRESIDENT:I want to remove the least suspicion of compulsion. 318 The motions were put to the meeting and declared by the President carried nem. con. The PRESIDENT:That concludes the meeting. I should like, on behalf of the 47 out of 50 members of the Council who have approved this scheme, to express our thanks for what you have done this afternoon.I feel that we have taken an important step in the progress of chemistry in this country. The meeting then terminated. 319 Local Sections. Birmingham and Midlands.-Many Midland chemists will feel personal regret at the passing of Sir Oliver Lodge. Those who studied at Birmingham University while he was Principal remember his endearing disposition and great charm of manner. His public lectures were popular with students and public alike. He had a vein of humour and a simplicity of style which made the profound seem obvious. His broadcast talks were appreciated by listeners generally and, like much of his scientific work, were of pioneer value. At a memorial Service in Birmingham Cathedral the Section was represented by its Chairman, Mr.J. R. Johnson. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Department of Bristol University on 3rd October jointly with Local Sections of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry,-Dr. A. C. Monkhouse in the Chair. Dr. Gwyn Williams gave a lecture on (‘Bye-Products of Industrial Research,” which was followed by a good discussion. East Midlands.-At ajoint meeting of the Section with the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society held in the main Hall at University College, Leicester, on 3rd October,-Mr. F. C. Bullock in the Chair,-Dr. A. Hickling gave a lecture on ‘(Some Recent Developments in the Theory of Electrolytic Oxidation Processes.” (See p.322.) Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual _General Meeting of the Section was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 4th October. Professor W. M. Cumming, Chairman of the Section, presided. The reports of the Honorary Treasurer and Honorary Secre- tary were discussed and adopted. 320 The Secretary reported that, in view of the outbreak of war, the Annual General Meeting had not been held in October, 1939, and the Committee had decided with regret to abandon the programme of lectures arranged for session 1939-40. This latter decision was taken largely because of the doubt as to the ability of the lecturers to travel or to spare the time from their war-work. The reports for session 1938-39 had been sent to all members together with a statement intimating that the Committee had agreed (subject to the members’ approval) to remain in office until a General Meeting could be held.No adverse criticism had been received and the suggestion was taken as approved. The activities of the Section had consisted of participation in four meetings held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. The report also noted that there had been a considerable increase in the membership of the Section and concluded with a statement that the policy of holding joint meetings would be continued in the current session. The Chairman drew attention to the somewhat unconstitu- tional position of the present Office-bearers and Members of Committee. and stated that he had consulted the Registrar and also ascertained the procedure adopted by other Sections under similar conditions.As a result of these inquiries he put the following motion to the meeting: “This General Meeting of the members of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section of the Institute of Chemistry, held on 4th October, 1940,recommends that (subject to the approval of Council) the present Office- bearers and members of Committee should remain in office until the conclusion of hostilities or until such time as the activities of the Section return to normal, and that they be given power to fill vacancies if such should arise. ” After some discussion the motion was unanimously adopted.The Chemical Council Scheme was discussed. The meeting was almost unanimous in its support of the scheme, one or two members voicing the view that, in so far as it affected those who at present are members of only one of the three societies, the new conditions are not over attractive. All were of the opinion, however, that the scheme represented a decisive step towards the closer co-operation so earnestly wished for. A letter was read from Mr. A. R. Jamieson, the Section representative on the Benevolent Fund Committee, in which he made a strong appeal for greater support for the Fund, an appeal which was warmly commended by the Chairman, who remarked that the establishment of such a Fund had been one of the outstanding acts of the Institute Council.The formal business was followed by some general discussion, during which the hope was expressed that it might be found possible to hold Council and General Meetings outside the London area, not only in war time, but also in normal times. On 14th October, a number of members availed themselves of the invitation of the Chemical Society to attend a meeting in the new Chemistry buildings of the University of Glasgow, when Professor E. C. Dodds, M.V.O., gave a lecture on Synthetic Oestrogens.” Professor Forsyth J. Wilson presided. Leeds Area.-For the Leeds Area Section of the Institute, the local FelIows of the Chemical Society and the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, a programme of meetings has been arranged, particulars of which will be found under “Coming Events.” (Page 350.) South Yorkshira-Members of the Section and their friends took part in an excursion into Derbyshire during the afternoon of Saturday, 28th September.Tea was taken at the Marquis of Granby Hotel, Bamford, where the party spent an enjoyable afternoon. The Section Committee has met several times this Session and a programme of interesting meetings is being arranged for the 1940-41 Session. 322 Lecture Summary. Some Recent Developments in the Theory of Electrolytic Oxidation Processes Dr. A. Hickling, before the East Midlands Section. The industrial application of electrolytic oxidation has hitherto been hindered by a lack of knowledge of the mechanism of the process and the difficulty of predicting optimum working conditions.Recent investigation of the anodic oxidation of sodium thiosulphate has shown that the process is, in many ways, analogous to the chemical oxidation of thiosulphate by hydrogen peroxide, and that the addition to the electrolyte of catalysts for hydrogen peroxide decomposition greatly reduces the current efficiency of the electrolytic process. On this basis, there has been developed the hydrogen peroxide theory of electro-lytic oxidation which has as its main postulate the primary formation of hydrogen peroxide by the combination of dis-charged hydroxyl radicals. The theory has been successfully applied to more complicated cases of electrolytic oxidation. including the conversion of sulphites to dithionates, the anodic formation of chromates and periodates, and the phenomena attendant on the electrolysis of acetates and acid-ester salts (Kolbe and Brown-Walker reactions). Analytical detection of the hydrogen peroxide at an anode is usually difficult (although it has been achieved in a few instances) and this is attributed to its formation at high concentration in contact with the anodic surface which is usually a good catalyst for its decomposition; hence, under ordinary conditions, it has only a transient existence.By using aqueous electrolytes, however, under reduced pressure with the anode placed a few millimetres above the surface of the solution and a high applied voltage, electrolysis can be carried out without any solid surface being in contact with the anodically formed hydrogen peroxide ; under these conditions the substance is formed and persists in the solution in quantities approximating to those required by Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.323 Examinations. September, 1940. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held as under:- No. No. For the Associateship in General Chemistry- Entered. Passed. At the Institute, in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, and at the Royal Technical College,Glasgow. Theoretical papers were also taken at a number of local centres. Theoreticat-Thursday and Friday, 12th and 13th September. .. Practical-Tuesday-Friday, 17th-20th Septem- ber .... .. .. .. .. 61 39* For the Fellow8hip- Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water: at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, -Monday-Friday, 23rd-27th September .. 3 2 Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry: at the Seale Hayne Agricultural College, Newton Abbot, Devon,-Monday-Friday, 23rd-27th September . . .. .. .. -1 ot -65 41 * Four candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the examination and two candidates were unable to complete the examination owing to illness. Five candidates satisfied the Examiners in those parts of the examination in which they had previously failed. Failed only in the theoretical part of the examination.The following papers and exercises were set :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. THURSDAY, 12th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. State van der Waals' equation and indicate on a p,v diagram the form of the corresponding is0thermals. Deduce relations ex_pressing the critical constants of a substance in terms of the constants in the equation. 2. Describe with experimental details how you would make ONE of the following determinations-(a) the molecular weight of a pure liquid by depression of the freezing point of benzene; (b) the specific conductance of an aqueous solution of a salt at 25" C.324 3. Explain what is meant by the term “complex ion,” and indicate methods which may be used to show that a metal in a particular salt exists largely as part of a complex anion. Give two examples of the utilisation of complex ion formation in qualitative inorganic analysis. 4. Describe the preparation and properties of FOUR of the following:- (a) barium dithionate; (b) chromyl chloride ; (c) hydrazoic acid; (d) potassiiun mercuri-iodide ; (e) calcium carbide; (f) nitrososulphuric acid. 6. Illustrate by means of diagrams how the freezing point of molten mixtures of two metals, A and B, varies with the proportions of the metals in the mixtures, (a) when the metals form a complete series of solid solutions, (b)when they form a compound A,B but no solid solutions, (c) when they form neither compounds nor solid solutions.Indicate the nature and composition of the solid alloys which separate out from the various molten mixtures. 6. At 15”C. the density of a 50 per cent. (by weight) solution of nitric acid in water is 1.316 g. per c.c., and that of a 30 per cent. (by weight) solution is 1.184 g. per C.C. Calculate the volume of water (density 0.999)which would have to be added to 750 C.C. of the 50 per cent. solution in order to produce a 30 per cent. solution, and the extent of the contraction or expansion that would occur in the process. 7. Give an account of EITHER bismuth and its compounds, OR selenium and its compounds.2 to 5 p.m. (Attempt FOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Write a short account of the phenomenon of heterogeneouscatalysis, and discuss modern views regarding its mechanism. Describe two important industrial applications of heterogeneous catalysis. 2. Some elements in the first short period of the periodic system show a closer resemblance in certain of their properties to members of the next group than to those of their own group. Discuss this statement with reference to the properties of lithium, beryllium and boron. 3. Compare the mechanisms by which electricity is transportedthrough metals, gases and electrolytes. What substances are produced at the anode and the cathode when aqueous solutions of the following substances are electrolysed between platinum electrodes :-silver nitrate,ferric chloride, potassium cuprocyanide, nitric acid ? Indicate in each case how these products are formed.4. Explain what is meant by the “order of a chemical reaction,” and outline methods by which it can be determined. An aqueous solution is made up containing an ester and sodium hydroxide in exactly equivalent proportions. Titration of a sample of the reaction mixhe from time to time shows that the alkalinity decreases as follows:-Time (minutes) . . 0 6.95 12.6 30.6 Relative alkalinity . . 1.000 0.705 0-566 0.355 What is the order of the reaction ? 325 6. Give an account of the metallurgy of nickel.6. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) chemical aflfinity; (b) adsorption; (c) isotopes. FRIDAY, 13th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (AttemptFOUR qumth only, in which No. 1must be included. Answer concisely and to the point. Giveformulae and equations where possible.) 1. A neutral compound (A) C,,H,,O,, undergoes hydrolysis to yield an acid (B) C0Hl0O3,and a neutral compound (C) C,H,,.O. On oxidation with permanganate, (B) yields an acid (D) C8H,03,whch when distilled with soda lime yields anisole (phenyl methyl ether). When oxidised with chromic acid (C) yields a neutral compound (E)C,H,,O, which is converted by sodium hypobromite into bromoform and phenylacetic acid. Give the structural formula of (A) and by means of equations indicate how you would synthesise (A).2. By means of equations and short notes indicate how (a)acetoacetic ester may be used in the synthesis of (i) methyl iso-propyl ketone and (ii) sym-diaceto-succinic ester; (b)malonic ester may be used in the synthesis of (i) methylethylacetic acid, (ii) cyc1o-propane-1~3-dicarboxylicacid and (iii) mesoxalic acid. 3. Outline the reactions involved in the industrial preparation of FIVE of the following compounds:-(a) p-nitraniline, (b) carbon tetra- chloride, (c) dioxan, (d) n-butyl alcohol, (e) benzidine, (f)cyclohexanol,(9)saccharine, (h)iso-propyl alcohol. 4. Mention the more important differences between the following:- (a) aldehydes and ketones; (b) amines and amides; (c) primary alcohols and tertiary alcohols; (d) alcohols and phenols; (e) alkyl halides and aryl halides; (f) a-hydroxy acids and y-hydroxyacids.6. Give the evidence, analytical as well as synthetical, on which the structure of ONE of the following compounds is based:-(a) a-terpineol,(b) piperine, (c) papaverine. 6. Write an essay on ONE of the topica:- (a) geometrical isomerism; (b) keto-enol tautomerism ; (c) optical activity associated with the presence of a nitrogen 7. By means of equations and short notes indicate how the following or a sulphur atom in organic compounds. compounds are usually obtained from naphthalene :-(a) a-and P-mphthOlS; (6) a-and P-naphthylamines; (c) phthalic anhydride; (d) anthraquinone; (e) anthranilic acid; 326 (f) 1-hydroxy-4-amino-naphthalene. 2 to 3.30 p.m.Translation from French and German Technical Literature. TUESDAY, 17th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Identify, as completely as time permits, compounds (A) and (B). (A = o-chloronitrobenzene or p-chloronitrobenzene ;B = ethyl phthalate or methyl cinnamate.) WEDNESDAY, 18th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Characterise, as completely as time allows, the two components of the mixture (C) and state the approximate composition of (C). (C = Benzene and n-butylsalicylate or toluene and salol.) THURSDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine gravimetrically the percentage of potassium in the mixture of potassium chloride and sodium carbonate (D) using the ethyl alcohol-perchlorate method.2. Determine volumetrically the percentage of iron in the sample of iron ore (E)which may not be entirely soluble in hydrochloric acid. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 3. Identify the single substance (F). (F = manganese ferrocyanide or nickel ferrocyanide.) FRIDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 2. Identify the chief constituents of the sample (G), which is a precipitate formed in a water purification process, and report on small amounts or traces of other constituents that may be present. (G = CaCO, with several per cent. of Mg, Al, SiO, and SO,” with traces of FeyPO4”’, Ti, Mn, Na and organic matter.) Examinations for the Fellowship.Branch E: The Chemistry (including Micrcscopy) of Fcod and Drugs,and of Water. MONDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 11.30 a.m. (THREE questions onty to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the optical principles upon which are based 2. Samples having the composition as shown below are submitted any form of refractometer with which you are familiar. to you under the Food and Drugs Act; state whether you consider them to be genuine, giving the reasons for your opinion:- (a) “Lard” containing 4 per cent. of water. (6) “Lard Substitute” containing 15per cent. ofwater. (c) “Dripping” containing 10 per cent. of water.(d) “Cornflour” consisting of rice flour. (e) “Brandy” fortified with “silent spirit.” 3. What methods would you use for the determination of the com- position of a mixture of fats? (Practical details are not required.) State the order in which you would apply them and the information which you would expect to obtain from each. 4. Write a report upon a sample of milk which has been found to give the following results on examination :-Fat .. .. .. . . 3.8 per cent. Solids not fat .. .. * -8.7 9, 19 Ash .. .. 0.81 ,, ,, Chloride (as.NaClj .. .. 0.20 ,, ,, Lactose .. .. .. * * 4.6 99 9, Protein . . .. .. * * 3.2 99 99 F.P. Depression (Hortvet) . . 0.59” C. MONDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 11.30 a.m. to 1 p:m. (THREE questions only to be attempted.) 1.Indicate briefly the pharmacological basis of the therapeutic uses of :-(u) hexamine, (b) cod-liver oil, (c) atropine sulphate, (d)strophanthin. 2. Write an account of the nature and uses of the synthetic local anaesthetics. 3. Describe the toxic effects, due to overdosage or idiosyncrasy,which may follow the administration of the following drugs:-(a) cincho-phen, (b) quinine, (c) potassium iodide, (d) carbon tetrachloride. 4. Give an account of the procedures by which you would detect poisoning by (a)carbon monoxide, (b) belladonna. MONDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 2 to 6 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Write a short essay on the determination and use in food of EITHER 2. What do you understand by (a)Hubl’s solution, (b) the Clerget 3.Give the official specifications under the National Mark scheme 4. Unless suitable precautions are taken errors may arise in the sulphur dioxide OR benzoic acid. formula, (c) Vieth’s ratio, (d) Sikes’ hydrometer, (e) Raoult’s law? for any three foods. following determinations. What are the errors and how may they be prevented ? (a) The Wijs method for iodine value. (b) The Kjeldahl method for total nitrogen. (c) The ReichertiPoIenske method. (d) The determination of the ash of milk. (e) The determination of magnesium by the pyrophosphatemethod. 5. State briefly the present position of the law with regard to the sale of milk. 6. Describe the process of manufacture of EITHER (a)malt vinegar OR (b)a hard cheese.If a legal standard for the article chosen were made, upon what considerations axe you of the opinion that it should be based S TUESDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine as completely as possible and report upon the sample of cheese (A). (A = Genuine Cheddar cheese.) WEDNESDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine and report upon the sample of “dried milk” (B). (B con-tained added lactose and malted milk.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, 26th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the examination of the “dried milk.” 2. Examine the hard water (C) and suggest a method for softening on the commercial scale. (C = London tap water and MgSO,.) FRIDAY, 27th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Examine and report upon the sample of anunoniated tincture of quinine (D) which has been submitted as of B.F. quality. (D = Quinine hydrochloride, industrial met;hylated spirit; 10 per cent. deficient in ammonia.) SATURDAY, 28th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the materials (E), (F),(G), (H),(I)and (J)by microscopi- cal examination. Examine specimen (E) for an adulterant. Annotated sketches of the characteristic structures seen should be included in your report. 2. Identify the active ingredients of the compressed tablets (K) and (L), which are submitted for examination in connection with a case of suspected narcotic poisoning :-(E) Cinnamon bark with 25 per cent.Cassia bark. (F) Arrowroot starch. (G) Fennel fruit. (H) Ipecacuanha root. (I) Colocynth. (J) Grey filter paper pulped by grinding with water. (K) Phenobarbitone tablets Gr. 1. (L) Compound aspirin tablets, B.P.C. Branch F: Agricultural Chemistry. .MONDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Anszoer FOUR questions.) 1. Criticise the methods of determining the available potash and phosphoric acid in soils. State the approximate amounts of total and available potash in soils of different types. 2. Discuss the degree of toleration of crops for acid soils. Account for the fact that soils with the same hydrogen ion concentration may in practice require different amounts of lime to make them fertile. How is this amount of lime determined? 3.Discuss the functions of potash in plant growth. What crops are most in need of potash? What potash fertilisers are in general use? 329 How are they obtained? As a result of war Conditions from what other sources can supplies be obtained ? 4. Describe as fully as you can how you would carry out a three years’ field experiment on an acid soil to find the effect of lime and phosphate on the yields of turnips followed by barley, followed by hay. 5. Discuss the chemical constitution and physical structure of clay. How does its presence affect the fertility of the soil, and how are any disadvantages overcome ? 6. What changes take place in a heap of farmyard manure during storage? How are losses of nutrients minimised? Discuss its value for fertilising the soil. Calculate the quantities of sulphate of ammonia, sulphate of potash and superphosphate that would contain the same amounts of nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid, as 10 tons of farmyard manure.MONDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. What is an animal calorimeter? Describe its construction and show how it is used to determine the net energy of a feeding stuff. 2. What is a “respiratory chamber”? Describe how it is used to determine the digestibility of a feeding stuff. How are the results obtained used to find the “starch equivalent” of the feeding stuff? What is the relation between “net energy” and “starch equivalent” ? 3. Describe modern methods of ensilage and discuss the chemical changes that take place in the process.Under what conditions is the addition of molasses an advantage? 4. Describe briefly the general structure of the proteins. What changes do they uhdergo; (a) during digestion in the animal, (b) when applied to the soil ? 5. Discuss the functions of enzymes and vitamins in stock feeding. How would you provide a sufficiency of vitamins in the winter rations of dairy cows? 6. The morning’s milk of a herd of dairy cows was found to be low in fat. What steps would you take to overcome this? Discuss the causes of variation in the fat content of milk. How does butter fat differ from other animal fats ? TUESDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the potash and nitrogen in the fertiliser (A).(This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1, Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Determine the hydrogen ion concentration of the soils (B)and (C),and ascertain the amounts of lime required to bring the pH to 6.5. THURSDAY, 26th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Analyse the foodstuff (D). (Thia exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 27th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Determine the ratio CaO/P,O, in the sample of milk (E). 330 EXAMINATION INFOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP GENERALCHEMISTRY. Inorganic and Physical (Theory papers) .-In the morning paper, Question I was reasonably well done by most of the candidates, but many were uncertain as to the form and signifi- cance of the isothermals in the neighbourhood of the critical temperature.Improvement was shown in the description of experimental methods (question 2 in this paper), but adequate detail regarding the determination of the freezing point of a solution was often lacking, the importance of controlling the amount of supercooling being commonly ignored. Most candi- dates were able to draw the thermal diagrams for the alloy systems referred to in question 5. The distinction between solid solution, compound and eutectic was not always completely understood. It was disquieting to find that a considerable proportion of those who attempted the simple calculation of the amount of water required to dilute a nitric acid solution from one concentration to another, worked on an incorrect basis.In the afternoon paper the question on heterogeneous catalysis was generally well answered (question I) and most candidates submitted good essays on isotopes, which was by far the most popular of the subjects offered in question 6. Question z was reasonably well done by many candidates, but a number were in trouble over the properties of beryllium. Few candidates gave really satisfactory answers to the second part of question 3, hardly any realising that, at a platinum cathode, ferric salts may be reduced to ferrous and nitric acid to various products, while potassium cuprocyanide may yield a deposit of metallic copper. Most candidates were able to give a satisfactory account of methods for determining the order of a chemical reaction (question 4), but many hesitated to attack the calculation which merely involved inserting the appropriate data in the equations which they had already deduced.The tendency, previously noticed, to avoid questions involving numerical exercises is rather less marked but is still present. Practical.-The results obtained in the gravimetric exercise were often rather disappointing. This was, no doubt, partly accounted for by war conditions. An improvement was apparent in the volumetric exer-cise, and some good results were obtained. Although some candidates still clung to the use of the external indicator, it was satisfactory to see that the majority used an internal indicator. Far too many candidates made no attempt to read burettes beyond the first decimal place, a regretable feature of the April examination also.Several candidates showed lack of judgement by taking the mean of two widely divergent results. The examination of the product from water purification was satisfactorily performed, but far too many candidates neglected to make confirmatory tests on their group precipitates. Many missed the silica, which was present to the extent of several per cent. The ferrocyanide ion was usually identified correctly, but the metal, Ni or Mn, was often missed or incorrectly reported. The residue left after ignition of the original substance often affords, valuable information in these identifications and should not be neglected.Organic Theory.-There was an unfortunate misprint in the first question of this paper, for the neutral compound (E) benzyl methyl ketone, contains only one atom of oxygen and not three as printed. Five candidates had sufficient insight to detect the misprint and were able to assign the correct structural formula to Compound (A). No candidate failed in the Examination or suffered loss of marks through this error which affected only a part of the question. Bearing in mind the abnormal conditions, the paper as a whole was well done, and the questions received an approximately equal number of answers. The answers to the question asking for the methods of preparation of the Q-and /3-naphthols and naphthylamines were perhaps the least satisfactory of any.A good proportion of answers to question 5 did not contain a satisfactory account of the analytical evidence as opposed to the synthetical evidence; candidates should appreciate that the synthesis of a complex substance cannot be effected until a fairly complete knowledge of its structure has been obtained by various analytical processes. Organic Practical.-Several candidates were clearly ill-prepared and ought not to have entered for the examination. For the most part, all the exercises were performed in a competent manner and the results were generally quite satisfactory. Although not so marked as in some previous examinations, there is still a tendency for candidates to refer to tables of melting points and boiling points at too early a stage in their work.Some candidates would have saved themselves considerable time and labour if they had appreciated that aqueous sodium carbonate will differentiate a phenol from a carboxylic acid. It is again necessary to point out that a few candidates went astray through the non-detection of nitrogen or chlorine in their identifications. Translations.-With one or two exceptions these were done quite well. FORTHE FELLOWSHIP E).(BRANCH The standard reached was reasonably good. The manipula- tive work was well done and the results obtained reached a good standard of accuracy. The successful candidates showed that they had experience in the interpretation of analytical results, although the form of the Reports might have been improved.PASS LIST. Examination in General Chernktry for the Associateship. Adamson, John Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Hull. Barrett, John, B.A. (Cantab.), The University, Cambridge. Baxter, John, College of Technology, Manchester. Briggs, George Edwin, Constantine Technical College, Middlesbrough. Campion, James Douglas, B.Sc. (Wales), University College, Cardiff. Clarke, Arthur David, University College, Leicester. Clasper, Matthew, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Coppins, Walter Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Medway Technical College, Gillingham.Crawford, Robert Auld, Ph.C., Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Evans, Frederick Ernest, B.Pharm. (Lond.), Technical College, Cardiff.Faddy, John, Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle upon Tyne. Faulks, Allan James, B.Pharm. (Lond.), Technical College, Cardiff. Flemons, Garner Frecker, University College, Auckland ;and The Univer- sity, Manchester. Hammond, James, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Harvey, Henry Guy, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Ham Municipal College and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Hopkins, Robert William Brent, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Jenkins, Charles Delme, Ph.C., Technical College, Cardiff; and The Poly- technic, Regent Street, London. Johnson, Norman Sydney, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Jones, Wynford Price, Ph.C., Technical College, Cardiff. Kenny, Andrew Paterson, Royal Technical College, Glasgow ;and Technical College, Paisley.Kenny, George, B.Sc. (Manc.), The University, Manchester. Lokhandvala, Kasamali Kaderali, B.Sc. (Bombay), Chelsea, Polytechnic, London. Lythgoe, Norman Frank, City Technical College, Liverpool. MacDonald, Kenneth, Ph.C., Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Mills, Ernest Charles, College of Technology, Leeds ; Technical College, Doncaster; and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Rhodes, William Kenneth, Technical College, Bradford. 333 Seaman, William Arthur Jack, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Seymour, Donald Edwin, Technical College, Stockport ;and The Univer- sity, Manchester. Simpson, Francis Eustace, College of Technology, Manchester. Smith, Robert Charles Morris, West Ham Municipal College; and South- East Essex Technical College, Dagenham.Stevens, Enoch Philip, B.Pharm. (Lond.), Ph.C., Technical College, Cardiff. Stock, John Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Talliss, Henry Charles Hinton, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Vance, William John, Ph.C., Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Ward, Alan Horace, B.Sc. (Liv.), The University, Manchester; and The University, Liverpool. Warner, Kenneth Sidney, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Whale, William, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Wright, Stanley, City Technical College, Liverpool. Zatman, Joseph, Royal Technical College, Salford. Examination for th Fellwshirp. In Branch E: The Chernbtry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs,and of Water.Kidd, James Donald, M.A., M.Sc. (T.C.D.). Watson, Edward Henry. 334 Science in War.-In order to ensure the continuance of the fullest co-operation of scientific workers with the Government in the national war effort, the Lord President of the Council, after discussion with the Royal Society, has, with the approval of the Prime Minister, appointed a Scientific Advisory Committee with a secretary from the Cabinet Secretariat. The terms of reference of the committee are:- (a) To advise the Lord President on any scientific problem referred to them. (b) To advise Government Departments, when so requested, on the selection of individuals for particular lines of scientific inquiry or for membership of committees on which scientists are required, and (c) To bring to the notice of the Lord President promising new scientific or technical developments which may be of importance to the war effort.The members are:- Lord Hankey, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O. (chairman). Sir William Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., President of the Royal Society. Dr. E. V. Appleton, F.R.S., Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Sir Edward Mellanby, K.C.B., F.R.S., Secretary of the Medical Research Council. Sir Edwin Butler, C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary of the Agricul- tural Research Council. Professor A. V. Hill, 0.B.E.,M.D.,F.R.S. ,Secretary of the Royal Society. Professor A. C. G. Egerton, F.R.S., Secretary of the Royal Society.International Labour Force : Friendly Aliens.-A request has been received from the International Labour Branch 335 of the Ministry of Labour and National Service for the publica- tion of the following extract from a speech made by Mr. Bevin at a meeting of the Works Management Association held in London on 18th September:- “Another matter on which I need your assistance is in con- nection with our Allies. You know that country after country has been mown down by Hitler, and many of their workpeople, technicians, craftsmen and men of their mercantile marine are in this country, and the Government decided to establish an Inter- national Labour Force. You have already read of the results of General de Gaulle’s activities, of the exploits of the Polish airmen, the Czech airmen, the Norwegian seamen and our Dutch and Belgian friends.These people are fighting and giving their lives in the defence of the great cause-they are not refugees or aliens, they are our equals, and we cannot leave unused their ability, skill and energy. Would Hitler have left them unused in his country had they remained there and not fought against him? He would have used every possible device to exploit their skill. In this Force we have already registered a large number of these international friends. They include chemical, electrical, aeronautical, mechanical, mining and other engineers, industrial chemists and industrial research workers. There is also a number of craftsmen and people with experience of particular trades, and we want to see their services utilised in such a way that they are in fact making their contribution towards the equipment of their own Forces as well as to the common pool.The Department, which is being operated by General Appleyard and Mr. Scott, would welcome assistance from you in the absory- tion of these technical and skilled workers. “It should be clear that this Department only deals with people whom the Ministry of Home Security have certified as being all right. So far as the Government is concerned, our policy has been, from the point of view of social services and other State action, to treat them as equals with ourselves.” Laboratory Equipment.-Under the Import Duties (Ex- emptions) (No.8) Order, 1940,the following classes and descrip- tions of goods are exempted from Import Duties :-Optical glass and optical elements, optical instruments, scientific glass- ware, lamp-blown ware and laboratory porcelain, scientific instruments, certain gauges, and measuring instruments, and 336 vacuum tubes, and parts of certain of those articles specified in the Schedule to the Safeguarding of Industries (Exemptions) No. 13 Order, 1940. A course of lectures on the Chemistry of Food and Drugs is being given at Chelsea Polytechnic on Saturday afternoons from z p.m. to 4 p.m. The course commenced on Saturday, 26th October. It is hoped that it may be possible to arrange for some practical work to be perfonned by students in their own time.Enquiries should be addressed to the Principal of the Poly- technic or to Mr. J. E. Woodhead, Fellow, Chelsea Polytechnic, Manresa Road, London, S.W.3. Society of Chemical Industry.-Communications for the Society of Chemical Industry should be addressed, for the present, to the General Secretary, Society of Chemical Industry, The Royal School of Mines, Prince Consort Road, London, S.W.7. 337 National Certificates in Chemistry. ENGLANDAND WALES Assessom-Dr. J. Kenyon, F.R.S., F.I.C., Professor W. Wardlaw, D.Sc., F.I.C., Professor J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.I.C. The Council has received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Board of Education on the examinations for National Certificates in England and Wales.Copies of the full Report of the Assessors have been sent to all the Colleges concerned and the results have been communicated to the candidates. The following is a brief abstract of the Report. During the present session one school has submitted candi- dates for the first time in the Senior grade and one in the Ad- vanced grade. The number of entries in the Senior grade was 258, of whom 171 passed, compared with 326 in 1939,of whom 196 passed. In the Advanced grade there were 76 candidates, of whom 49 passed. In 1939 there were 88 candidates, of whom 58 passed. Of the 76 candidates, 62 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate, and of the 49 successful candidates 40 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate.It will be noted that, whereas the number of entries, particu- larly in the Senior grade, shows a distinct diminution, the proportion of passes is higher. The quality of the papers set in the different schools appeared to be quite satisfactory and their standard reasonably uniform; in general, the marking of the scripts was fairly and carefully done. Considering the difficulties of the session, the proportion of satisfactory scripts was very gratifying. Possibly the wider choice of questions this year contributed to this happy result. The desirability should be urged on all candidates of repre- senting definite chemical changes and reactions by formulae and equations. The verbal description of reactions and processes is sometimes ambiguous and not infrequently obscure; assessment would 338 be greatly facilitated if the description were supported by that precision which an equation affords. In the Senior grade, papers under the heading of Chemical Technology were submitted by 15 schools, out of a total of 41.These papers dealt with the following subjects :-fuel technology, bleaching and dyeing, metallurgy, and coke-oven and by-products manufacture. 49 candidates of the total of 258 included some branch of technology in their examination in this grade. In the Advanced grade, papers were submitted in some branch of technology by 13 schools, out of a total of 41. These dealt with bleaching and dyeing, sizing and dyeing machinery, the chemistry of cellulose, and the chemistry of glass manu- facture.Only 8 of the total of 72 candidates entering in this grade took technological papers as part of their examination. For the most part, the answers to the papers were well done and showed sound preparation. Some candidates who received good marks in their technological subjects did not acquit them- selves nearly so well in the non-technological subjects, which probably had not received their due amount of attention. Emphasis should be laid on the possession of a sound knowledge of the general scientific principles underlying technological processes. SCOTLAND A ssessor.-Dr. F. D. Miles, F.I.C. For the Ordinary National Certificates, 17candidates entered and 13 passed, and for the Higher National Certificate 10 can-didates entered and 7 passed.NORTHERNIRELAND The Council has received and approved a Report from the Ministry of Education, Northern Ireland. Five candidates presented themselves and four were awarded the Ordinary Certificate. 339 Obituary. LEWISEDWARD was killed during an air-raid on the night BOLWELL of 17th-18th September, in his 27th year. Educated at Whitgift Middle School, Croydon, he studied chemistry at Battersea Polytechnic and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with first class honours in chemistry in 1933. He devoted a year to research on the stereochemistry of diphenyl deriva- tives under Dr. Joseph Kenyon and then obtained an appointment as an assistant chemist with Messrs.W. & R. Jacob & Co., of Liverpool. On 1st November, 1938, he was appointed an Assistant Examiner at H.M. Patent Office, and he held that position at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1935. ALEXANDERCHARLES CUMMING died at Wirral, Cheshire, on 28th September, in his 61st year. He studied at the University of Melbourne, where he graduated B.Sc. with first class final honours in chemistry,gained the Kernot and Dixon Research Scholarships and an 1851 Ex- hibition Scholarship, subsequently proceeding to D .Sc. He worked for a year with Professor-later Sir-James Walker at University College, Dundee, a year with Professor Abegg in Breslau, and a year with Sir William Ramsay at University College, London.He was for nine years a lecturer in chemistry in the University of Edinburgh and for a year and a half at Birkbeck College, London, until the war of 191618, when he became manager of the Lothian Chemical Co., Ltd., and joint manager of H.M. Factory, Craigleith. In recognition of his services he was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1918. In 1921 he moved to Liverpool where he was engaged in the sugar refining industry and was managing director of Messrs. Macfie & Sons and Klarit, Ltd. He was the joint author of Cumming and Kay’s Quantitative Chemi- cal Analysis, author of a textbook on Practical Chemistry for Medical Students and Editor of a series of chemical monographs, and he contributed numerous papers to the Transactions of the Chemical Society, the Faraday Society, the Proceedings of the Society of Chemical Industry of Victoria, and other journals.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917, and served as a Member of Council from 1919 to 1922. FREDGREEN was killed, as the result of enemy action, on 16th October, in his 50th year. Educated at the Central Secondary School, Sheffield, he studied at the University of Sheffield from 1909 to 1912, and graduated B.Sc. in 1912. After spending a year in the laboratory of Sherard Cowper-Coles, where he was mainly concerned with electrolytic processes, he joined the staff of the Analyst’s Department, Great Northern Railway Co., at Doncaster, and also lectured in the Doncaster Municipal Technical College in mathematics, physics and experimental engineering.At the time of his death he was senior water treatment chemist to the London and North Eastern Railway Co. He attended the Special General Meeting of the Institute on 4th October, and took part in the discussion. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. ABBOTTHADFIELDSIRROBERT died at Kenry House, Kingston Hill, on 3rd September, at the age of 81 years. He was educated at the Colleg- iate School, Broomhall Park, near Sheffield, taking chemistry under Dr. W. Baker. His father being in failing health, he was obliged to leave school at the age of 16 and went immediately into his father’s steel works at Attercliffe. He continued his study of chemistry and metallurgy with private practitioners in Sheffield, including A.H. Allen, and while yet under 30 years of age, became managing director of Hadfields Ltd., of which he was Chairman at the time of his death. He also became Chair- man of the Sheffield District Railway and a Director of the Sheffield Gas Company, the Mond Nickel Company and other companies. His name is specially associated with the introduction of manganese steel, silicon steel and other special alloy steels. He was the author of Metallurgy and its In$uence on Modern Progre88,Faraday and his Metallurgical Researches, and of numerous papers and addresses read before the Royal Society, the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Iron and Steel Institute, the Institutions of Electrical and Mechanical- Engineers and other scientific and engineering societies.He was awarded the Bessemer Gold Medal of the Iron and Steel Institute, the George Stephenson and Telford Gold Medals and Premium, and the Howard Quinquennial Prize and Premium of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and received many similar awards from the Soci6t6 d’Encouragement pour 1’Industrie Nationale, and from the American Franklin Institute, and other foreign academies. He was elected F.R.S. in 1909, and received the Honorary Degrees of D.Met. (Sheffield) and D.Sc. (Oxon. and Leeds). He received the honour of knighthood in 1908 and was created a Baronet in 1917. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1916. Information has recently been received that ERIC STANLEYHILLMAN died in California early in the present year, at the age of 46 years.Educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, Retford, he matriculated at the University of London, and in 1911, was registered as a Student of the Institute at University College, Nottingham, where he remained until 1915. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.), with first class honours in chemistry and during the last war became engaged on the preparation of /3-eucaineat the South Western Polytechnic, Chelsea; he was later transferred to British Dyes, Ltd., at Huddersfield. In 1919 he obtained an appointment with the Asiatic Petroleum Company, and in 1921 was engaged at Suez, Egypt, in the Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields Refinery. In 1924 he joined the staff of the Cia Mexicana de Petroleo, at Minatitlan, and in 1926 was transferred to De Bataafsche de Petroleum, Maatschappij, and proceeded to the Dutch East Indies.In 1932 he returned to London and engaged in research, and two years later took an appointment with the Shell Develop- ment Co., at Emeryville, San Francisco. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. FRANCISHENRYNEWEY LANE died at Coventry, on 26th August, in his 55th year. Educated at Portsmouth Grammar School and Plymouth College, he studied chemistry at Birkbeck College, and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1910. In September of that year he obtained an appointment as assistant analyst in the laboratory of the Admiralty Chemist, then the late Arnold Philip, Fellow, with whom he remained until December, 1915, when he was appointed an assistant research chemist at the Imperial Institute.In 1917 he became a works chemist with the Rover Company, at Coventry, where he also held a lecturership at the Technical Institute. He left the Rover Co. in 1925 and practised in Coventry until 1935, when he joined the staff of Modern Machine Tools, Ltd. From 1938 he was chief metallurgist at Daimler Co.’s Factory until he was obliged to cease work owing to ill-health in October, 1939. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. 341 EDWARDWILLIAMLUCASdied suddenly, at Ealing, on 16th September, in his 76th year. Educated at Derby School, he studied for two years at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society, and qualified as a pharmaceuticalchemist.From 1889 to 1893 he was Assistant Government Analyst and, temporarily, Analyst to the Government of Hong Kong. In 1893 he joined the firm of John Bell & Co.-now John Bell, Hills and Lucas, Ltd., -where he became managing director and remained until his retire- ment in 1932. From 1896 to 1900 he was a member of the Board of Examiners of the Pharmaceutical Society. In 1918 he was apphted a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire for his services, mainly in connexion with the production of gas masks during the war of 1914-18. He was the author of a textbook of Practical Phur- macy and a contributor to Pharmacology and Therapeutics, edited by Hale White. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1903.PERCYGEORGE MANDER died at Leeds Infirmary, on 15th July,in his 59th year. Born at Coventry, he was educated at Bablake School, studied from 1897 to 1900 at Mason College,-later the University,- Birmingham, and during the following year at the Royal College of Science, London, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.), with first class honours in chemistry, and also qualifying as an Associate of the College of Preceptors. In 1901 he was appointed Science Master at Ashby-de-la-Zouche Grammar School, and in 1907 proceeded to a similar appointment at Doncaster, where he remained until his death, except for a period during the Great War. He served in France and held the rank of Chptain in the 4th Duke of Wellington’s West Riding Regiment.He was invalided home after the Battle of Ypres in 1915, but returned, and was subsequently wounded on the Somme in the following year. After a long period in hospital he was posted to the Ministry of Munitions, where he was engaged on research with the late Professor T. M. Lowry. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. Ez~aLOBBRHEADdied at Manchester on 19th October, in his 76th year. He obtained his early training in science at the Burslem and Tunstall Schools of Science and Art and attended courses at the Royal School of Mines and the Central Technical College of the City and Guilds of London Institute. In 1881 he became assistant to A. Humboldt Sexton at Burslem, and demonstrator in the evening classes at the Wedgwood Institute.In 1884 he was appointed demonstrator and assistant lecturer, and 2 years later, lecturer, in metallurgy in the Technical School,-now the College of Technology,-Manchester. For over forty years he had sole charge of the day and evening classes of the metallurgical department of the College. He was also one of the first teachers to initiate lectures in chemical engineering. He was awarded the degree of M.Sc. in the University of Manchester, and, in due course, became an assessor and examiner in the Faculty of Technology of the University. He was a member of the original organising committee of the Institute of Metals. He was for three years President of the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions, and a Member of one of the Advisory Committees of the D.S.I.R.for war appointments. In addition to many papers contributed to Societies, he was the author of several standard toxtbooks on metallurgy, foundry practice and assaying, including Metallurgy (2ndedition, 1924), and The Principles and Practice of Iron Pounding (1910). He waa elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1908. [continued cm page 349. 342 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:-Analytical Processes: A Physico-Chemical Interpretation. T. B. Smith. 2nd Edition. Pp. viii + 470. (London: Edward Arnold & Co.) 18s. net. Part I. The theoretical foundations of some typical processes: general conceptions; precipitation of barium sulphate ; precipitation of lead sulphate; precipitation of ferric hydroxide ; some problems concerning the ignition of precipitates ;precipitation of silver halides ; separations ; titration of a halide by silver nitrate ; acid-alkali titrations; titration of a cyanide by silver nitrate ; oxidation-reduction titrations ; electro-analysis; recent improvements in a typical gravimetric process.Part 11. A critical examination of some theories employed : supersaturation and crystallisation ; colloidal phenomena ; complex ions ; some facts and hypotheses. Appendixes. Indexes. Boiler House and Power Station Chemistry. Wilfrid Francis. Pp. xii + 204. (London: Edward Arnold & Co.).15s. net. The duties of the chemist in the boiler house and power station; the constitution of pure coal; impurities in coal; properties of commercial coals;efficiency of combustion ;flue gas treatment; raw and conditioned waters; turbine, switch and transformer oils; sampling and analysis of coal; analysis of ash and grit; flue gas analysis; water analysis; analysis for control of flue gas washing; turbine and insulating oils. Appendix.Index. Tables and plates. Chemistry, Life and Civilisation: A Popular Account of Modern Advances in Chemistry. Hubert T. S. Britton. Cheaper Edition (with Supplement). Pp. viii + 266. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 5s. Introduction; matter, energy and chemical combination; more about compounds : acids, bases, salts ; some useful inorganic products and processes; the riddle of the universe: matter, sun, world, life; the atmosphere and the advent of life upon the earth; the chemistry of the human body; the maintenance of the body : respiration and digestion; the human engine: fuelling; vitamins, hormones and anaesthetics ; clothing and paper ; agriculture, fertilisers and the nitrogen industry ; metals and alloys: modern electric furnaces; the generation of power.Index. Supplement :more about vitamins, new drugs, synthetic rubber, artificial wool, etc. Kinetic Theory of Gases, an Introduction to the. Sir James Jeans, O.M., F.R.S. Pp. 312. (Cambridge University Press.) 15s. net. Introduction; a preliminary survey; collisions and Maxwell’s law; the free path in a gas; viscosity; conduction of heat; diffusion; general theory of a gas not in a steady state; general statistical mechanics and thermodynamics; calorimetry and molecular structure; Appendices :-Maxwell’s proof of the law of distribution of velocities; the H-theorem; the normal partition of energy; the law of distribution of co-ordinates.Tables for numerical calculations ; integrals involving exponentials. Indexes of subjects and names. Methane: Its Production and Utilization. J. P. Lawrie. Pp. 66. (London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.). 6s. net. Naturd occurrence ; commercial production ; estimated quantities ;uses ; compression; liquefaction; containers; by-products (from sewage) ; conclusions; references ; index.Petroleum, Conversion of. Production of Motor Fuels by Thermal and Catalytic Processes. A. N. Sachanen. Pp. 414. (New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation.) 35s.net. Thermal and catalytic reactions of hydrocarbons ; fundamental factors of cracking; fundamental factors of hydrogenation ; cracking equipment ; cracked gasoline ; treatment of cracked gasolines ;crackeaproducts other then gasoline; author- and subject-index. Petroleum Technology, Annual Reviews of. Vol. 5 (covering 1939). General Editor: F. H. Garner. Pp. x + 458. (Birmingham: The Institute of Petroleum.) 11s. Contributions from over 30 authors. Petroleum geology ; regional exploration and development in the United States ; regional development-all countries other than the U.S.A.; geophysics; drilling; production engineering; production ; transportation and storage; refinery plant and engineering; chemical and physical refining; gasoline, white spirit, and kerosine (light distillates) ; Diesel and gas oils; automobile engines; aero engines; oil engines, special products; asphaltic bitumen and road materials; chemistry and physics of petroleum hydrocarbons ; analysis and testing; motor benzole ; addition agents ; lubricants and lubrication ; pyrolysis, polymerization, alkylation and de-hydrocyclization ;cracking; fuels produced by hydro- genation and synthetic processes ; alternative fuels, low- and medium- temperature carbonization; petroleum literature, 1939; petroleumstatistics; name- and subject-index.Surface Tension and the Spreading of Liquids. R. S. Burdon. Pp. xii + 86. (Cambridge University Press.) 7s. 6d. net. The nature of surface forces; measurement of surface tension; the surface of liquid metals; spreading: general condition; spreading on !he surface of mercury; spreading on water; liquids on the surface of solids. Index. Plates. 344 N.B.-The following book has been missing from the Library for some weeks. Any member who may have borrowed this or any other book without depositing a receipt in the office, and has not yet returned it, is requested to inform the Registrar. Records and Research in Engineering and Industrial Science. By J. Edwin Holmstrom. The British Standards Institution has forwarded the following Specifications which are obtainable from the office of the Institution, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1:-No.598-1940. Methods for the Sampling and Examination of Bituminous Road Mixtures. (3s. 6d. each; 3s. 9d. post free.) No. 889-1940. Flame-Proof Electric Lighting Fittings. (2s. each; post free 2s. 3d.). No. 902-1940. Testing Latex, Raw Rubber and Unvul-canised Compounded Rubber. (3s. 6d. each; 3s. gd. post free.) No. 918-1940. Aluminium Bars Containing Small Propor- tions of Copper and Zinc for General Engineering Purposes. (2s. each; 2s. 3d. post free.) The Institution has issued War Emergency B.S.SS.-No. 909-1940. Vitamins A and D in Oil for Animal Feeding Purposes. No. 910-1940. Controlled Cod Liver Oil Mixture for Animal Feeding Purposes.(2s. od. each; 2s. 3d., post free.) The Tin Research Institute has issued No. 7 of “Tin and its Uses,” October, 1940,including articles on-The Properties of Cold-Reduced Tinplate , Electro-Deposited Tin Coatings, Pro- tective Film on Tinplate, Immersion Tinning of Copper or Brass, Tinned Piston Rings, and Solder for Automobile Bodies. 345 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 18th October, 1940, I Fellow was re-elected, 11 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 91 new Associates were elected, 4 Associates were re-elected, 28 Students were admitted and I Student was re-admit ted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 4 Fellows, 5 Associates and one Student. Re-elected Fellow. Taylor, Harold Burfield, M.C., V.D., D.Sc.(Sydney), Department of Public Health, Macquarie Street, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Davidson, Ronald, B.Sc. (Manc.), 579, Nottingharn Road, Chaddesden, Derby. Desikachar, Nadipuram Narasimhachar, B.Sc. (Mysore), M.Sc. (Bombay), c/o Tata Oil Mills Co., Ltd., Tatapuram, P.O., Southern India. Gilson, George Richard, 51, Ormonde Avenue, Beverley High Road, Hull. Green, George Colman, B.Sc. (Birm.), 76, Westerfield Road, Ipswich. Harding, Arthur Jacob Immins, M.Sc. (Birm.), Belmont, Goodes Lane, Syston, Nr. Leicester. Holman, William Ian Maxwell, B.Sc.Agr. (Sydney), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., c/o The Anchor Chemical Co., Ltd., Clayton, Manchester, 11. Kidd, James Donald, M.A., M.Sc.(T.C.D.), 2, South Row, Blackheath, London, S.E.3. Preston, Richard, M.Sc. (Liv.), Marard, Bath Road, Langley, Slough, Bucks. Waterhouse, Charles Edward, Ph.C., 589, Manchester Road, Denton, Lancs. Watson, Edward Henry, M.P.S., 55, Wiverton Road, London, S.E.26. Woosley, Duncan Pax, B.Sc. (Lond.), St. Merryn, Priest Lane, Brentwood, Essex. New Associates. Adamson, John Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Westfield Road, Anlaby Road, Hull. Arkush, Cyril David, B.Sc. (Glas.), 6, Blairhall Avenue, Glasgow, S.I. Atkinson, Denzil Malcolm, B.Sc. (Lond.), 347, Green Lanes, London, N.4. Barrett, John, B.A. (Cantab.), Bishop’s Stortford Station, Herts. Baxter, John, A.M.C.T., 668, Bolton Road, Darwen, Lancs. Brewer, Philip Ingram, B.Sc.(Lond.), 44, Ivy Road, Stirchley, Birmingham. Briggs, George Edwin, 18, Westmorland Grove, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. Campion, James Douglas, B.Sc. (Wales), 38, Cyn Coed Road, Cardiff. 346 Clarke, Arthur David, 34a, High Street, Oakham, Rutland. Clasper, Matthew, 59, Sinclair Street, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Cockett, Sydney Russell, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Hoo Hall, Mytholmroyd, Yorks., W.R. Cooke, Percy Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 58, Elmwood Drive, Ewell, Surrey. Coppins, Walter Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 140, Maidstone Road, Chatham. Cratchley, Leo Gordon, B.Sc. (Lee&), Stratton, Park Road, Stroud, Glos. Crawford, Robert Auld, Ph.C., 88, Petershill Road, Glasgow, N. Cross, Leonard Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Hilbre, Hodge Lane, Hartford, Northwich.Crossley, Frederick Fletcher, B.Sc. (Birm.), Govilon, Deganwy Road, Llandudno. Dean, Raymond Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Parkfield Avenue, Bradford Moor, Bradford. Diamond, Hugh, B.Sc. (Lond.), Lystra, Ribchester Road, Sdesbury, Nr. Blackburn. Emery, William Bryan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, Ennismore Avenue, Greenford, Evans, Frederick Ernest, B.Pharm. (Wales), 19, Woodland Terrace. Maesycoed, Pontypridd, Glam. Faddy, John, 15, Portland Terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 2. Farrer, Keith Thomas Henry, M.Sc. (Melbourne), 6, Bruce Street, Box Hill, E.ll, Victoria, Australia. Faulks, Allan James, B.Pharm. (Lond.), Penmark, Western Avenue, Llandaff, Cardif€. Ferry, Norman,B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Willowcroft Road, Spondon, Nr. Derby.Feuell, Alfred James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 40,Mitchison Road, London, N.l. Flemons, Garner Frecker, 29, Eldon Place, Patricroft, Eccles, Mancheater. Freeborn, Kenneth Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Blackbrook Lane, Bickley, Kent. Godfrey, Charles Stadey, B.Sc. (Lond.) 69, Deacon Road, Bitterne, Southamp ton. Gray, John Victor Bromley, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Knoll, Mountain Road, Caerphilly, Glam. Green, John Herbert, B.A. (Cantab.), 23, Highlands Heath, Putney, London, S.W.15. Greenfield, Isidore, B.Sc. (Lond.), 996, Crookston Road, HurIet, Renfrew- shire. Hague, Frank Ellis, M.A. (Cantab.), 4, Ruskin Avenue, Waltham Abbey, Essex. Hammond, James, 57, Venue Street, London, E.14. Harvey, Henry Guy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Court Way,North Acton, London, w.3.Holmes, Frederick, BSc. (Lond.), 43, Allison Avenue, Gillingham, Kent. Jack, Kenneth Henderson, B.Sc. (Dunelm.), 10, Kensington Gardens, Northumberland. Jenkins, Charles Delme, Ph.C., 137, North End Road, London, N.W.11. John, David Hugh Oakley, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 15, Highbury Terrace, London, N.5. Johnson, Norman Sydney, 72~,Portland Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 16. Jones, Wynford Price, Ph.C., 25, Chapel Street, Abercanaid, Merthyr TydG1, Glam. Kendall, Charles Edwin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 81, Yarningale Road, King’sHeath, Birmingham, 14. Kenny, Andrew Paterson, 849, Cathcart Road, Glasgow, 5.2. Kenny, George, B.Sc. (Manc.), 20, Chatsworth Avenue, Aintree, Liverpool, 9. Kerr, Albert Edison, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Harrin&on Gardens, London, S.W.7.347 Khare, Bhagwan Prasad, B.Sc. (Allahabad), c/o Inspectorate of General Stores, Laboratory Branch, Indian Army Ordnance Corps, Cawnpore, India. Lehmann, Hans Leo, Dr. Phil.Nat. (Heidelberg), 3a, Woodberry Place, St. John’s Road, London, N.15. Leighton, Daniel, A.H.-W.C., 4, Melville Terrace, Newington, Edinburgh. Lockwood, Arthur Ronald, B.Sc. (Birm.), 639, Shirley Road, Hall Green, Birmingham, 28. Lokhandvala, Kasamali Kaderali, B.Sc. (Bombay), 3, West Grove, Roath, Cardiff. Lord, James Walter, M.Sc. (Liv.), 76, Roe Lane, Southport. Lythgoe, Norman Frank, 595, Woodchurch Road, Prenton, Birkenhead. MacDonald, Kenneth, Ph.C., 284, Great Western Road, Glasgow, C.4. Mather, Robert, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Pleasant View, Holcombe, Nr.Bury,Lancs. Mills, Ernest Charles, c/o Chief Chemist’s Department, L.N.E. Railway, Stratford, London, E.15. Moors, Derrick Charles William, B.Sc. (Bris.), 24, Monmouth Road, Dorchester. Moss, Arnold Alec Henry, B.Sc. (Leeds), 1, French Barn Lane, Blackley, Manchester, 9. Moss, Charles Clifford, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), plil.Sc. (Iowa), 5, Randal Park, Belfast, N. Ireland. Northway, Herbert Stuart, B.Sc. (Lond.), at The Rake House, Helsby, Nr. Warrington. Parkinson, Norman, B.Sc. (Manc.), 15, Radeclyffe Street, Clitheroe, Lancs. Phillips, Reginald George Jeffreys, B.Sc. (Liv.), 26, Langdale Road, Bebington, Cheshire. Pope, Gerald, B.Sc. (Reading), 108, New Street, Sutton, St. Helens, Lancs. Ranganathan, Venkataraman, M.A., B.Sc.(Annamalai), Wood Preserva- tion Laboratory, Indian Forest Research Institute, New Forest, Dehra Dun, U.P., India. Rhodes, William Kenneth, 95, Hastings Street, Marshfields, Bradford. Robertson, Stanley Grieve, B.Sc. (Glas.), Slackvullin, Kilmartin, Loch- gilphead, Argyllshire. Robinson, Richard Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 125, Preston Road, Brighton, 6. Ross, Walter Charles Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, Ripley Gardens, London, S.W.14. Seaman, William Arthur Jack, 204, Broomwood Road, London, S.W.11. Seymour, Donald Edwin, Edmindon, Chester Road, Woodford, Cheshire. Simpson, Francis Eustace, 21, Greenway, Alkrington, Middleton, Lancs. Smith, John Drumaux, B.Sc. (Lond.), 32, King’s Road, Tonbridge, Kent. Smit,h, Robert Charles Morris, 128, Stradbroke Grove, Ilford, Essex.Stevens, Enoch Philip, B.Pharm. (Lond.), Ph.C., Ambersgate, Port Road East, Barry, Glam. Stock, John Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 116, WelEeld Road, London, S.W.16. Subramanian, K. S., Central Revenues Control Laboratory, Agricultural Research Institute, P.O., New Delhi, India. Suddaby, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 60, Melrose Street, Anlaby Road, Hull. Talliss, Henry Charles Hinton, 50, Byfield Road, Coventry. Thomas, Gordon Denis, B.Sc. (Birm.), Sidcot, Weston Avenue, Quinton, Birmingham, 32. Thompson, Wilfred Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 80, Church Hill, London, E.17. Thurman, Peter James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 91, Park Grove, Derby. Uppal, Indar Sain, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Punjab.), c/o Dr. H. L. Uppal, Hydraulic Section, Irrigation Research Institute, Lahore, India.Vance, William John, Ph.C., 688, Tollcross Road, Glasgow, E.2. 348 Ward, Alan Horace, B.Sc. (Liv.), Kents Ford, Kents Bank, Grange-over- Sands, Lanes. Ward, George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 63, Milburn Crescent, Norton-on-Tees, Co. Durham. Warner, Kenneth Sidney, 50, Arundel Avenue, Morden, Surrey. Whale, William, 96, Moor Street, Eftrlsdon, Coventry. Williams, Gerald Douglas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Black Bull Inn, Cliffe, Rochester. Willmott, Ronald Fred, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o The Distillers Co., Ltd., Vauxhall Yeast Factory, Vauxhall Road, Liverpool, 5. Wilson, Paul Ivan, B.Sc. (Birm.), Colmore Adhesives, Ltd., Team Valley Trading Estate, Gateshead-on-Tyne, 11. Woodward, Dennis Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Fairfield Road, Blackheath, Birmingham.Wright, Stanley, 31, Ullswater Street, Liverpool, 5. Re-elected Associates. Kirkpatrick, Kenneth Cyril Garrett, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4a, Kidbrooke Grove, London, S.E.3. Martin, Austin Raymond, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 130, Lambton Road, London, S.W.20. Purdon, Arthur Oscar, B.Sc. (Leeds), at Newtown Farm, Henley-on-Thames. Ward, Stanley Allen, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Seaforth Gardens, Stoneleigh, Ewell, Surrey. New Students. Bell, Leonard Gerald Eugene, 51, Highfield Crescent, Southampton. Clapp, John William, 38, Dormer Road, Eastville, Bristol, 5. Flanders, Benjamin Jack, 7, Kashgar Road, London, S.E.18. Green, Tom, 65, Nicolas Road, Chorlton, Manchester, 21. Hards, William Charles Alfred, 36, Princes Road, Brighton, 7.Hay, John, 58, Westholmes Gardens, Musselburgh, Midlothian. Hayes, William Peatman, 149, Ilkeston Road, Nottingham. James, John Charles, 4 1, Woodberry Avenue, North Harrow, Middlesex. Jamieson, Martin, 10, Dryclough Road, Crosland Moor, Huddersfield. Kaye, Maurice Arthur George, 17, Raleigh Road, Stoke, Coventry. King, William Thomas, 13, St. Monance Street, Springburn, Glasgow, N. Knight, George Thomas, c/o Mrs. Bunn, 36, Waterford Road, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. Moore, Richard, Jun., 28, Upper Quarry Road, Bradley, Huddersfield. Munro, Alexander Stuart McIntosh, 5, Park Terrace, Newcraighall, Musselburgh, Midlothian. Murfitt, Harry Charles, 5, Lydeard Road, London, E.6. Murray, Dudley Charles, 6, St. Peter’s Place, Brighton, 1.Myles, Donald, 48,Canal Bank, Monton, Nr. Manchester. Neil, George Forrester, c/o Allison, 37, Whitehaugh Drive, Paisley. Neil, James, 27, Broomlands Street, Paisley. Page, Albert James, Berene, Church End Avenue, Runwell, Wickford, Essex. Picken, David Yeats McLellan, 2, Northbrook Road, London, S.E.13. Rack, George De Rome, 4, Newlands Avenue, Bowerham, Lancaster. Shadbolt, Lawrence Edward, 83, North View, Pinner, Middlesex. Taylor, Alec, 550, Upper Wortley Road, Thorpe Hesley, Nr. Rotherham. Tivey, David John, Woodside, Willesley Road, Ashby-de-la-Zouche, Leicestershire. Turner, Claude, 343, Lower Broughton Road, Salford, 7. Tweedie, Frederic, 247, Westrow Drive, Barking, Essex. Willis, Raymond Albert, 27, Allhallows Road, Easton, Bristol, 5.Re-admit ted Student . Browne, Kenneth Samuel, 13, Quantock Avenue, Bridgwater. 349 DEATHS. Fellows. Alexander Charles Cumming, O.B.E., D.Sc. (Melbourne). Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield, Bart., Hon.D.Met. (Sheffield), Hon.I).Sc. (Oxon. and Leeds), F.R.S. Edward William Lucas, C.B.E. Ezra Lobb Rhead, M.Sc. (Manc.). Associates. Lewis Edward Bolwell, B.Sc. (Lond.). Fred Green, B.Sc. (Sheffield). Eric Stanley Hillman, B.Sc. (Lond.). Francis Henry Newey Lane, B.Sc. (Lond.). Percy George &lander, B.Sc. (Lond.). Registered Student. Cyril Horace Purser Owen. CHANGE OF NARIE. Mrs. Helen Trevenen Cohn (nke Cole), Associate, to Mrs. Helen Trevenen CoNwAY,-by Deed Poll. Obituary-wntinued from page 341.CYRIL HORACE PURSEROWEN,a Registered Student, was killed by a bomb, on 10th July, in his 22nd year. He was educated at Dartford Grammar and Sidcup County Schools and continued training at Queen Mary College, East London, and Woolwich Polytechnic. At the time of his death he had been in Government employ for three years, and had gained the Senior National Certificate in Chemistry and Physics. 350 Coming Events. 1940 Novelmber 9 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY:Joint Meeting with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society :“Fluorine : Some Recent Develop- ments in the Chemistry of the Element and its Derivatives.” Dr. H. J. Emelbus, in the Chemistry Lecture Room, University College, Swansea, at 3 p.m. 11 INSTITOTEOF CHEMISTRY (Leeds Area Section): Annual General Meeting.“Vitamins and Cell Life.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach, in the General Lecture Theatre, The University, Leeds, at 7.15 p.m. 14 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (East Midlands Section): “Stereo-chemistry and Valency Group.” Professor N. V. Sidgwick,C.B.E., F.R.S., at the Welbeck Hotel, Nottingham, at 6.45 p.m. SOCIETY : “AntisepticsTHE PHARMACEUTICAL OF GREAT BRITAIN in War-time Surgery.” ProfessorA. Fleming, at 17, BloomsburySquare, London, W.C.1, at 2.30 p.m. 15 THECHEMICALSOCIETY:“The Structure of Proteins.” Dr. W. T. Astbury, at the Royal Technical College, Glmgow, at 7 p.m. 20 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Dublin Section) :Annual General Meet- ing, in University College, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin, at 4.15 for 4.30 p.m.22 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY:“The Philosophy of Science.” Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., at the Art School Theatre, King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne, at 6 p.m. 23 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Joint Meeting with the UniversityCollege of Swansea Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Institute of Chemistry. “Some Aspects of Surface Action.” Professor E. K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Room, University College, Swansea, at 6.30 p.m. 25 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “The Chemical Exploration of the Stratosphere.” Professor F. A. Paneth, in the ChemistryLecture Theatre, University College, Dundee, at 4.30 p.m. 26 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Joint Meeting with the EdinburghUniversity Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry: “The Chemical Exploration of the Stratosphere.” Professor F.A. Paneth, at Heriot-Watt College, at 6.30 p.m. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section):“High Explosives-A.R.P. and the Ordinary Citizen.” Dr. W. G. Hiscock, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 28 THECHEMICALSOCIETY:Joint Meeting with the University CollegePhysical and Chemical Society. “Bivalent Hydrogen : Some New Aspects of Tautomerism.” Dr. L. Hunter, at University College, University Park, Nottingham, at 3.30 p.m. 351 December 9 SOCIETY (Yorkshire Section) : Members’OF CHEMICAXINDUSTRY Meeting. 11 INSTITTJTEOF CHEMISTRY (Dublin Section): “Jam.” Mr.W. V. Graths, in the Chemical Department, Trinity College, Dublin, ah 8 p.m. OF20 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section): Annual General Meeting, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7 p.m. “Wartime Problems of a Public Analyst. ” Mr. W.A. Alexander, at the North British Station Hotel, at 7.30 p.m. 1941 January 13 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : “The Duties and Liabilities of the Chemist at Common Law.” Mr. H. M. Bunbury. OF27 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section): “Nucleic Acids.” Professor J. Masson Gulland, at the North British Sta.tion Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.15 p.m. February 10 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section). “The Chemistry of Soil Fertility.” Professor N.M. Comber. OF24 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section): “Some Problems in Macro-Molecular Chemistry.” Professor H. W. Melville, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.15 p.m. March 3 THE INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Annual General Meeting: 11 CHEMICALSOCIETY(Leeds Area Local Section) :Joint Meeting with the Leeds University Chemical Society : Discussion on “Some Aspects of Adsorption.” Opened by R. M. Barrer and R. S. Bradley. Mag13 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY (Leeds Area Local Section): Eighth Liversidge Lecture : “Complex Formation.” Professor N. V. Sidgwick, C.B.E., F.R.S. 352 General Notices. Examinations.-It is hoped to arrange Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship in April, 1941,but it will be realised that in war time it is not easy to notify, so far in advance as usual, the exact times and places at which they will be held.Intending candidates are therefore asked to complete and return forms of application for admission to the Examinations as early as possible. Candidates whose applications have been accepted will be given full information at the earliest moment, and may then forward their entry forms and pay the required fees. Associates who desire to present themselves for Examination for the Fellowship are also asked to forward their applications for consideration by the Council, and not to wait for a notification in the JOURNAL of the exact times and places of the Examinations. In order to facilitate identification, Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute.In the prevailing circumstances, Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of the Council, to take office from 3rd March, 1941, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 9th December, 1940.353 I. In accordance with By-law 30 (I), the Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March, 1921, amended on 1st March, 1923, on 1st March, 1935, and March, 1937:-Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Rutland and Northampton. Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. East Midlands and South Yorkshire, including the Counties of Derby, Nottingham and Leicester, and the Lindsey Division of Lincoln; and that portion of Southern Yorkshire, including the towns of Doncaster, Rotherham, Sheffield, and district immediately contiguous thereto which have been allotted to the South Yorkshire Section; together with the Parts of Holland and the Kesteven Division of Lincoln.Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Hunting- don, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands.Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast, including the Counties of Northumberland and Durham. Yorkshire, except those portions of Southern Yorkshire referred to in (iii) above. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh. Aberdeen and North of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Inverness, Kincardine, and Angus (Forfar).Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. Wales, excluding the County of Flint, see (iv),and the County of Monmout h . Northern Ireland, as defined by the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies cmd elsewhere abroad. 354 The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council.11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 04 2(a)may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election. (2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Xonday in December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XV should be received not later than 31st August.111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District XV this rille shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate. (b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held.IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting list shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list of any member who on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. 355 (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the Friday next after the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose. (4) The Candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be 611ed as provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (XV),such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow.The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. Those whose names are given in italics will have completed the period of three years' service on the Council, and will retire in accordance with By-law 43'n-Birmingham and Midlands : Deric WiZEiam Parkes, M.C., B.A., B.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Allan Cuthbertson Monk- house, B.Sc., Ph.D. East Midlands and South Yorkshire: Edwin Gregory, M.Sc., Ph.D. Liverpool and North-West Coast :Raymond Renard Butler, M.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties : Mark Bogod, A.R.C.S.Manchester and District :Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc., F.T.I. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast :Archibald Alexander Hall, M.Sc., Ph.D. Yorkshire: Henry Webster Moss, A.R.C.Sc.1. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: William Melville Ames, M.A., BSc. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: William Godden, B.Sc., A.R.C.S, (xi) Glasgow and West of Scotland: John William Hawley, B.Sc. (xii) Wales and the Country of Monmouth: Sidney Bevan Watkins, M.Sc., A.M.1.Chem.E. (xiii) Northern Ireland :William Honneyman, B.Sc., Ph.D. (xiv) Irish Free State: Thomas Joseph Nolan, B.A., D.Sc. (xv) The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : Norman Lindsay Sheldon, C.I.E., Ph.D. Beilby Memorial Awards.-Out of the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investiga- tors in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work.Preference is given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy, and awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in science and practice. In general, awards are not applicable to workers of established repute but are granted as an encouragement to younger men who have done original independent work of exceptional merit over a period of years.The administrators of the Fund-the Presidents, Honorary Treasurers, and Secretaries of the three participating institutions, -will be glad to have their attention drawn to outstanding work of the nature indicated, not later than 10th November, 1940. All communications on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, W.C.I. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1941. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1940, to work of the character indicated. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3000 words, may be awarded in January, 1941,and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essays.The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1940,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award shall be made.The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 358 The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held.The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours. It will be open from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. from Monday to Friday, but for the present will re-main closed on Saturdays. Members and Students of the Insti- tute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expire on 1st March.The subscriptions rates are 6s. 6d. for Class B, and 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boots’ Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. 359 Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Copies of “The Profession of Chemistry” (Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis- tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar. The business of the Institute has been carried on almost without interruption at its headquarters since the outbreak of war. All correspondence should nornzaZZy be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I ;but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.12. Telephone number: Hillside 1859. 360 “NEVER IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN CONFLICT WAS SO MUCH OWED BY SO MANY TO SO FEW” The Prime Minister YOU CAN BACK UP OUR AIRMEN by buying NATIONAL WAR BONDS SAVINGS CERTIFICATES DEFENCE BONDS or by depositing in the POST OFFICE or TRUSTEE SAVINGS BANKS Issued by The National Savings Committee, London

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9406400293

出版商:RSC    

年代:1940

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART VI: 1940. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.1.LONDON, December, 1940. Publications Committee, 1940-41. A. L. BACHARACH (Chairman), J. J. FOX (President), W. M. AMES, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, A. COULTHARD, F. P. DUNN, A. E.DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, W. GODDEN, E. GREGORY, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H. HUNTER, G. KING, P. LEWIS-DALE, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A. C.MONKHOUSE, H. W.MOSS, J. R.NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, D. W. PARKES, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, F.M. ROWE, S. B. WATKINS. 363 Editorial. Co-operation.-The new Scheme of Co-operation between the three Chartered Chemical Bodies,-the Chemical Society, the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry-comes into force on 1st January, 1941,and communications are being addressed to their members to inform them of the arrangements made for the payment of Annual Subscriptions. Fellows of the Institute (except Life Fellows) who participate in the Scheme will pay to the Institute E5 5s. and Associates E5, respectively, as a joint subscription to the three Bodies. If they are not already members of either of the Societies, they must complete applications for membership, on forms to be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute.All those participating will be entitled in 1941to receive publications of the Societies not exceeding 70 units in the scheduled values notified below, in addition to the publications of the Institute. They will also be entitled to obtain further publications at the scheduled prices which are much less than the prices charged to members or other persons who do not participate in the Scheme. The annual subscriptions of Fellows and Associates to the Institute will be credited to the Institute, and all payments for publications will be transmitted to the Chemical Council for allot- ment to the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, having due regard to the proportions of their publica- tions which are selected by the participating members.The Chemical Council will supplement the financial requirements of the publishing Societies during the initiation of the Scheme. A Life Fellow of the Institute who participates in the Scheme will be allowed abatement to the amount of 42 units. If he is not also a Life Fellow of the Chemical Society or of the Society of Chemical Industry, he will be entitled for a subscription of 63 units to acquire membership of the other two Societies, to receive publications to the extent of 70 units and to purchase such other publications as he may require at the scheduled prices. If he is a Life Fellow of the Institute and of the Chemical Society but not of the Society of Chemical Industry, he will be entitled on paying the subscription of 3 units to acquire membership of the Society of Chemical Industry, to receive publications to which 364 he is entitled as a Life Fellow of the Chemical Society and to purchase other publications at scheduled prices.If he is a Life Fellow of the Institute and a Life Member of the Society of Chemical Industry but not of the Chemical Society, he will be entitled for a subscription of 13 units to acquire Fellowship of the Chemical Society, to receive publications to which he is entitled as a Life Member of the Society of Chemical Industry and to purchase other publications at scheduled prices. If he is a Life Member of all three Societies, he will be entitled to all the privileges to which he has hitherto been entitled and to purchase additional publications at the scheduled prices.The Scheme is entirely voluntary. Fellows and Associates who do not desire to participate in the Scheme are asked to pay their Annual Subscriptions, due on 1st January, direct to the Institute, by filling up the forms supplied, without any reference to the schedule of publications. OF PRICES FORSCHEDULE OF PUBLICATIONSFELLOWS AND ASSOCIATESOF THE INSTITUTEWHO AGREE TO PARTICIPATE IN THE SCHEME Publication Units Schedule E s. d. Journal of the Chemical Society .. 26.0 160 Trans. of SOC. Chem. Ind. (J.S.C.1.) 15.0 15 0 "Chemistry and Industry " .. 222'5 I26 Abstracts : A I (General Physical and Inorganic) 19.5 19 6 A I1 (Organic) .... 19'5 I9 6 A I11 (Physiological and Bio-chemical, including . Anatomy) 21.5 116 A Index.. .. .. .. 3'0 30 B I (General and Inorganic) 9'5 96 B I1 (Organic) .. .. 9'5 96 B I11 (Agriculture, Foods, Sanitation, etc.) 9'5 96 B Index .. ,. .. .. 2.5 26 Annual Reports of the Chemical Society (Pure) 5'5 56 Annual Reports of the Society of Chemical Industry (Applied) 10.5 10 6 Chemical Society Lecture Reprints 5'5 56 365 Forms of application for election to the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry are obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute, and the Societies will be notified of the members’ requirements. All cheques, Post Office Orders, etc., should be made payable to “The Institute of Chemistry’’ and crossed ‘I Westminster Bank, Ltd.” 366 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 15th November, 1940.-With regard to the question raised by the Association of Public Analysts for Scotland, as to whether analysts and consultants would be required to pay Purchase Tax on chemicals and apparatus, it was reported that a letter had been addressed to H.M.Com-missioners of Customs and Excise, and a reply had been received directing attention to Notice 78 embodying a list of goods which are exempt from Purchase Tax, provided that they are not put up vctith any implication as to medicinal (or toilet) use, e.g. with a statement of their therapeutic uses or dosages. The mere chemical name of the substance (or its synonym) on a label would not render the article liable to tax.Scientific apparatus of a kind unsuitable for domestic use is not liable to tax. Referring to enquiries regarding the terms under which public analysts are appointed in Northern Ireland, the Minister of Home Affairs informed the Institute that there was no Act in force there containing provisions similar to the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1938. The remuneration of a public analyst in Northern Ireland was a question to be settled by mutual agreement between the local authority and the analyst. The thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. S. A. Brazier on receiving a report that the British Standards Institution had issued a Specification for Testing Latex, Raw Rubber and Unvulcanised Compounded Rubber,-thus completing the work of the Committee on which Mr.Brazier had represented the Institute. Correspondence was submitted from a Fellow of the Institute regarding the possibility that the Government might make more use than had been made of the services of laboratories of private consultants and analysts. The Council decided to address the Ministry of Supply on the question, although it was understood that the demand for national service was mainly for chemists who had experience in industry and were willing to take appoint- ments in factories, and for junior laboratory assistants who were required for work which did not call for the services of 367 qualified chemists and for the most part had to be done at the factory.Further complaints were received regarding the action of directors of Emergency Public Health Laboratories, in seeking analytical work and interfering with the practices of consulting chemists] pathologists and bacteriologists. The Council decided to make further representations to the Ministry of Health. A letter was received from the Cardiff and District Section supporting the proposal that the number of District Members of Council should be increased] so that one might be elected to represent each Section in the British Isles and one to represent overseas members. The Section also deplored the expenditure on the Register in the form in which it had been published this year, to which reference was made in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V (pages 300-301).It was reported that the Section had decided to make a drive to obtain annual contributions for the Benevolent Fund. The Council recorded with regret the deaths of two former Members of Council,-Messrs. Arthur G. Bloxam and J. R. Johnson, and also of Mr. E. L. Rhead, the father of Mr. T. F. E. Rhead, Member of Council. Communications were submitted from Gas Identification Officers on various matters which had been the subject of corre- spondence between the Institute and the Home Office authorities. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Finance and House Committee had discussed the form of sub-scription notice to be issued to the Fellows and Associates in respect of the year 1941, in view of the introduction of the Scheme of Co-operation with the other Chartered Societies] and had suggested that the Secretaries should meet and formulate notices giving concise instructions to the members, including life members and those whose subscriptions were paid by “permanent cheques.” The Council proceeded to consider the question whether Council and General Meetings should be held at some more central place, such as Leeds, Manchester or York, and after discussion, came to the conclusion that London was the most accessible place for meeting during the war, but that the question might be considered in time of peace.368 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Royal Academical Institution on 6th November, when Dr.M. H. Hall read a paper on “Tobacco and its Manufacture.” Before the meeting several members voiced their regret at the death of Mr. J. C. A. Brierley and their appreciation of his work for the Institute. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Section has suffered a severe blow by the death of its Chairman, Mr. J. R. Johnson, who succumbed to a seizure on 3rd November. Mr. Johnson was elected Chairman following three years of service as a District Member of Council, and had almost completed three years in office. He was also Chairman of the Midland Chemists’ Committee, and stood high in the regard of his colleagues for his courtesy and devoted service. On 23rd October, Mr. A. L. Bacharach lectured before a joint meeting of the Institute and the Local Section and the Food Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, on the subject of “Links in Nutrition.” (See p.376.)In proposing a vote of thanks to the lecturer, Professor R. H. Hopkins drew attention to the skill with which Mr. Bacharach had drawn the picture of the present field of research. Professor Hopkins also commented on the strong local interest in the study of biochemistry. The Section Committee has now completed its task of revising the Local Rules, which will be submitted for the approval of members at the Annual Meeting. A draft will be sent to each member with the notice convening the meeting, so that members may peruse it at leisure. Cape.-Three meetings of the Section were held before the Honorary Secretary had received information regarding the new arrangement for reporting meetings of Local Sections.The fifteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, on 3rd May. 369 The Secretary reported that since the previous Annual General Meeting the Section had visited the railway workshops, the cellars of Messrs. E. K. Green & Co., and the Cape Explosives Works at Somerset West. The ordinary activities of the Section had, however, suffered some curtailment owing to the outbreak of war. During the previous year the Section had taken steps to compile a Register of Chemists in the Cape Province, to be of assistance to the South African Government if the development of technical services in connection with the country’s war effort should become necessary.The following Officers and Committee were elected:-Chairman, Prof. W. Pugh; Hon. Secretary, Dr. A. H. Spong; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. R. J. Kruger ; Committee Members, Messrs. A. Abbott and W. H. Seath; Hon. Auditors, Dr. I. Donen and Mr. H. Green. Professor Pugh delivered an address on ‘‘Recent Work on the Discovery of Rare Elements,” in which he surveyed the history of such discoveries and the claims made since the discovery of hafnium,-in particular, the recent indications that the presence of masurium might invalidate many of the measure- ments made on supposedly pure rhenium compounds. A meeting of the Section was held in the Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, on a3rd May, when Dr. A.H. Spong addressed the meeting on “Some Aspects of the Modern Theory of Valency.” Dr. Spong indicated defects in the classical theory of atomic structure, and described the interpretation of the results of wave mechanics. He explained the significance of the electron cloud concept, illustrating by diagrams some simple cloud patterns of a single electron and the building up from these of a composite pattern for a complex atom. It could then be observed that the most stable structures were, as a rule, the most symmetrical, and compound formation could therefore be associated with an increase in the symmetry of the electron clouds, bearing in mind also that in the case of ionic crystals the symmetry of the crystal lattice as a whole might be an additional contributing factor to the stability of the compound.The formation of covalent links might be ascribed to the building up of a symmetrical molecular electron cloud, but it was to be noted that, although the cloud as a whole is sym- 370 metrical, it is yet possible for accumulation of electrons in one part of the cloud to impart a degree of polarity to the link which may be represented by use of the concept of resonance. A meeting of the Section was held in the Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, on 19th July, when the Chairman reported that the Register of Chemists compiled by the Section had been communicated to the Director-General of War Supplies.Developments in the country’s war industries were not then of such a nature as to call for a large increase in the number of chemists employed. At the same time the Section was co-operating with the South African Chemical Institute to extend the Register to the other provinces of the Union of South Africa, and to give it a more truly national character. Dr. F. Sebba addressed the meeting on “Unimolecular Films on Water,” describing, after a general introduction, some experiments on the effects of such films on the rate of evaporation of the water. A compressed film of docosanol had been found to cause a marked reduction in the specific evaporation rate, but appeared to age rapidly, so that the evaporation rate soon returned to its initial value.It therefore appeared that no permanent reduction in the rate of evaporation could be hoped for without the use of thicker films. A meeting of the Section was held in the Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, on 20th September. A letter from the South African Chemical Institute was read, in which the Council of that Institute expressed. their thanks for the co-operation of the Section. The South African Institute had sent to the Section a copy of the register compiled from its own members and an explanation of its working. The Chairman (Professor Pugh) was authorised to act on behalf of the Section in any further discussions with the representative of the South African Chemical Institute.Dr. G. C. Linder (Biochemist to the Groote Schuur Hospital) addressed the meeting on “Calcium in the Blood and its Relation to Calcium in the Bones.” Dr. Linder has been asked to provide a summary of his lecture in terms of the new instructions to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Cardiff and District.-A Business Meeting of the Section was held on 2nd November, at University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff,-Dr. N. M. Cullinane in the Chair. 37 1 After reviewing the Chemical Council Scheme of Co-operation, the meeting discussed the motion already forwarded to the Council by the South Wales Section, viz., “that consideration should be given to a proposal that the number of District Mem- bers of Council be increased to 19, so that one might be elected to each Section in the British Isles and one to represent the Overseas members.” A! Ler discussion it was decided unani- mously to support the South Wales motion, and that the Council be informed of the resolution.The District Council member and the Honorary Secretary then spoke on the subject of the Benevolent Fund, and the meet- ing decided in favour of a local effort to assist this worthy cause. The subject of a programme of lectures for 1940-41 was given fresh consideration. It was agreed that one lecture should take place in December, and that three lectures should be arranged for dates between January and April, 1941. Arrangements in respect of all four lectures have since been completed.Dublin.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 20th November in University College, Dublin,-Mr. John Andrews in the Chair. The Hon. Treasurer’s Report was adopted. Outgoing members of committee were re-elected, and Dr. A. E. Werner kindly agreed to act as Hon. Treasurer in place of Dr. Bell, absent through illness. On the motion of Mr. Andrews the Hon. Secretary was asked to convey to Dr. Bell the members’ warmest appreciation of his services as Hon. Treasurer in the past and their earnest wishes for his speedy recovery. The Chairman also expressed to the Hon. Secretary the members’ thanks for his continued work on behalf of the Section. The meeting approved of a suggestion that representation be made to the proper authorities with a view to obtaining exemption from service on juries by members of the profession of chemistry.East Midlands.-At a joint meeting of the Section with the Nottingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held at the Welbeck Hotel, Nottingham, on 14th November,-Mr. G. F. Hall in the Chair,-Professor N. V. Sidgwick, F.R.S., gave a lecture on ‘‘Stereochemistry and Valency Groups.” Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Section has held two evening meetings, both of which have been well attended. 372 On 1st November the Chairman of the Section, Dr. W. G. Hiscock, gave a lecture on “High ExpTosives and the Ordinary Citizen.” On 26th November, Professor F. A. Paneth outlined the work that he and his collaborators had recently carried out on “The Chemical Exploration of the Stratosphere.” Communications for the Honorary Secretary of the Section should be addressed to Mr.G. Elliot Ihdds, A.I.C., Messrs. J. A. Sheriffs & Co., Ltd., Royston Works, Edinburgh, 5. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-On 15 th November members of the Section availed themselves of the invitation of the Chemical Society and attended a lecture in the Royal Tech- nical College, Glasgow, when Dr. W. T. Astbury delivered a lecture on “The Structure of Proteins.” Professor F. J. Wilson occupied the Chair. Leeds Area -The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the University of Leeds on 11th November,- Professor F. M. Rowe, Chairman of the Section, presiding.The Chairman reported that on the outbreak of war the Committee felt reluctantly obliged to cancel the programme arranged for the session 1939-40. When the anticipated con- ditions did not develop, however, the possibility of maintaining contact and continuity became evident, and two very successful meetings were held in March and April. For the present session a full programme had been arranged, and he looked forward to the support of the members in the resumption of normal activity. The Hon. Treasurer presented the Financial Statement, which was adopted. Mr. J. Barritt, Mr. S. W. Buttenvorth, Dr. J. A. Jessop and Dr. R. C. Storey were elected to the Committee, and Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. Woodmansey were re-elected as Hon. Auditors.The following resolution was moved by Mr. Trefor Davies and seconded by Dr. A. L. Roberts:- “That this meeting of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute of Chemistry petitions the Council of the Institute to re-examine the position of Gas Identification Officers under the Personal Injuries (Civilians) Scheme, Statutory Rules and Orders, 1940, No, 1307.” It was contended, in support of the motion, that the Gas Identification Officers, who are mainly members of the Institute 373 and recruited through its medium, are qualified men acting in a professional, although honorary, capacity, and that the service differs in that respect from other A.R.P. services; yet the com- pensation payable is at the extremely low rates applicable to civilians in general, and although Leeds Officers are on forty-two- hour periods of stand-by duty it has been ruled by the Local Authority that they are classed as Civilian Duty Volunteers only when they have been called out to an incident.The resolution was carried. Mr. A. L. Bacharach gave a lecture on “Vitamins and Cell Life,” which was followed by a discussion in which many members participated. Liverpool and North-Western.-A meeting of the Section was held at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool, on 17th October,-Mr. G. W. Beaumont in the Chair. Following the installation of the chairman for the 1940-41 Session, Mr. J. R. Stubbs, members lunched together and a short address on “Some Sulphanilamide Antiseptics ” was given by Dr.J. V. Loach, of Liverpool University. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on 27th November,-Mr. J. R. Nicholls in the Chair. The Annual Report of the Committee and the Honorary Treasurer’s Statement were received. The Chairman spoke of the work of the Committee during the year in connexion with attempts to aid the Benevolent Fund, the setting up by the Council of a sub-committee on Publicity, following the receipt of a Report from the Section Committee, and of the letter sent by him urging members of the Section to agree voluntarily to join the co-operative scheme proposed by the Chemical Council. A vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Honorary Treasurer, Mr.C. A. Adams. Members of Committee for the following year were elected as follows:-Chairman: Mr. J. R. Nicholls; Vice-Chairmen: Mr. R. F. Innes and Dr. J. Grant; Hon. Treasurer: Dr. H. Baines;” Hon. Secretary: Mr. D. M. Freeland; ex-oficio, as District Member of Council, Mr. M. Bogod. Committee:-Fellows: Dr. M. P. Balfe. Mr. A. J. Cave&* Mr. R. B. Drew,* Dr. D. C. Garratt, Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths,” Mr. R. L. Kenny, Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones,* Mr. E. Q. * An asterisk (*) indicates a new officer or committee member. 374 Laws, Dr. G. L. Riddell, Dr. E. A. Rudge, Mr. J. B. Wilton,* and Mr. W. 0. R. Wynn; Associates: Mr. J. Stewart Cook,* Dr. J. B. M. Coppock," Mr. H. E. C. Powers," Mr. L. W. Ragg,* Mr. D. J. Saxby and Mr.A. W. H. Upton. Messrs. C. L. Claremont and P. Bilham were re-appointed as Hon. Auditors, with a vote of thanks for their past services. Mr. E. Barrs stated he had come to the meeting purposely to say a word on behalf of the Benevolent Fund, and he expressed his pleasure at the knowledge that the Committee had been con- sidering this subject. The Chairman urged members to come into the "seven year plan" by signing Deeds of Covenant under which the Benevolent Fund could reap the advantage of a rebate of Income Tax on the sum subscribed. A number of questions upon the Scheme of Co-operation with the Publishing Societies were answered by the Chairman and by Mr. R. L. Collett. The Chairman announced that the Committee had decided to suspend arrangements for visits during the coming year because of the difficult conditions prevailing for travel and, perhaps, at works; but that the programme of lectures would be carried through? except that the lecture usually held in January would take place in April.South Wales.-Members of the Section met on 30th September, at the Mackworth Hotel, Swansea, to discuss the Chemical Council Co-operation Scheme, and to decide what action should be taken with reference to the programme arranged for the session. The Co-operation Scheme was welcomed, the members expressing their approval of the Scheme and their willingness to further it to the utmost of their powers. It 'was decided to adhere as closely as possible to the sessional programme, except that the majority of the meetings should be held on Saturday afternoons.The Honorary Secretary presented a brief report of the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries, referring specially to the discussion on the By-laws governing election to the Council, and his action at the Conference was endorsed. With reference to the Special Appeal for the Benevolent Fund, issued with Part IV of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, * An asterisk (*) indicates a new officer or committee member. t See Coming Events (p. 389); 375 the view was expressed that a more forceful appeal could be addressed to the members by means of a personal letter from the President or the Council, as members might omit to read a printed slip issued with the JOURNAL.Members felt that various statistical data, such as the average contribution per member of the Institute, the average contribution per member of those actually contributing, and the actual number of members contributing, might usefully be incorporated in any future appeal.” It was reported that the Section Committee had decided that a note reminding members of the Section of the appeal should be included in the next Section notice. A meeting of the Section was held on 26th October, in the Mackworth Hotel, Swansea,-Mr. J. Christie in the Chair. Mr. H. L1. Bassett, Senior Gas Adviser for the Welsh Region, gave a lecture on “Some Aspects of Gas Detection” to a repre- sentative audience of members, Local A.R.P. Officials and Gas Identification Officers, some of whom came from as far afield as Cardigan and Pembrokeshire.On 9th November, members of the Section participated in a meeting, arranged jointly by the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society, held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,- Prof. J. E. Coates presiding. Dr. H. J. Emelkus gave a lecture on “Fluorine: Some Recent Developments in the Chemistry of the Element and its Derivatives.’’ A joint meeting of the Section with the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea, on 23rd November,-Professor J. E. Coates in the Chair. Professor E. K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S., delivered a lecture on “Some Aspects of Surface Action.” The experiment of holding meetings on Saturday afternoons during the present time has been an undoubted success, with audiences of nearly sixty at each lecture. * In the Appeal Pamphlet dated 12th December, 1939, the information was supplied that “The number of contributors, so far, in 1939 is 2641 (including 219 group contributors) .. .” The accounts attached to the Appeal showed contributions (to the date mentioned) amounting to el604 11s. Id., i.e. an average of 12s. Id. per contributor. The Roll of Fellows and Associates was then approximately 7500,-giving an average contribution of 48. 3d. per niember, if all had contributed. 376 Lecture Summary. The Biochemistry of the Vitamins: their part in the life of the cell (A summary of portions of lectures delivered before the Leeds Area Section and the Birmingham and Midlands Section of the Institute.) By A.L. BACHARACH The biochemistry of the vitamins, in the true sense of the phrase-that is, knowledge of the actual intracellular chemical reactions in which they are concerned in vivo-is a science of the last few years. It could not be developed until the progress of knowledge and advances in technique had reached a certain essential stage. Early work on the vitamins, to which practi- tioners in many branches of science and medicine contributed, was concerned in establishing first their general role in nutrition, the nature of the deficiency diseases appearing in their absence and their distribution in different species of the animal and vegetable kingdom ; secondly, in isolating them and determining their chemical constitutions ; thirdly, in elaborating synthetic methods for their production on a commercial scale.Though the part played by the chemist in the first of these stages had been essential, so had those of the physiologist, the experimental nutritionist, the clinician, the pathologist and the histologist; in the second and third stages the chemist’s work had been all-important, though he had received invaluable help from the physicist, especially in the domains of spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, as well as from the bio-assayist and the statistician, who jointly gave his work the necessary quantita- tive validity.Only when the third stage had been reached, though generally before it was finally consummated, did it become possible to see the indissoluble connexion between the work of the vitamin biochemist and those scientists who had been concerning themselves with the detailed chemistry of enzyme reactions in the living cell. We know to-day that at least three of the water-soluble vitamins of the “B ” group-vitamin B, (aneurin), nicotinic acid and riboflavin (1actoflavin)-constitute essential parts of three different enzyme systems-carboxylase, the dehydrogenases and the “yellow respiratory ferment,” respectively. This knowledge may well furnish clues to an understanding, as yet practically non-existent, of the biochemistry, in the sense defined, of other water-soluble vitamins,-such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), adermin (vitamin B6),pantothenic acid (“filtrate factor ”)-and of all the fat-soluble vitamins.Here, possibly, a study of the action of “desolubilising ”-that is, lipophilic-groups, such as the phytyl group of vitamin K,, may help towards elaboration of a technique that will make it possible to bridge the gap between, for example, a fat-soluble vitamin “co-enzyme” and a water- soluble “substrate.” Despite our accurate and detailed chemical knowledge of vitamin A and the biologically active carotenoids, of the group of antirachitic vitamins (D), of vitamin K and its synthetic substitutes and of the tocopherols (vitamin E), we can at present do no more than speculate, without the support of any direct experimental evidence, as to even the type of chemical reaction in which they take part in the living organism.Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Mr. Sydney J. Johnstone’s Streatfeild Memorial Lecture on “The Empire’s Mineral Armoury” is in preparation for issue in January, 1941. Notes. Sir George Beilby Memorial Awards.-The Administra-tors of the Beilby Memorial Fund have announced an award of One Hundred Guineas to Dr. Frederick Measham Lea in recogni- tion of his researches on the constitution of silicate systems and the chemistry of cement in its physico-chemical aspects. Dr. Lea was educated at King Edward VI School, Birmingham , and after war service during 1918-1919, entered the University of Birmingham, where he gained the Frankland Prize for practical chemistry, and graduated B.Sc.with first class honours in 1921, proceeding to M.Sc. in 1922 and D.Sc. in 1935. He was elected an Associate of the Institute of Chemistry in 1922 and a Fellow in 1936. From 1922-1925, Dr. Lea was attached to the Admiralty Engineering Laboratory. Since 1925 , except during 1928-1929, when he was Guest Research Associate at the Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C., U.S.A., he has been a member of the staff of the Building Research Station , Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, where he now holds the position of Principal Scientific Officer. Dr. Lea was a member of the Official British Delegation to the World Power Conference and Second International Congress on Large Dams held at Washington, D.C., U.S.A., in 1936 and has also been a British 'representative on the International Committee on Special Cements , and Honorary Secretary of the corresponding British Committee.He has also served on a number of sub-committees of the Research committee of the Institution of Civil Engineers and is at the present time Chairman of the Roads and Building Materials Group of the Society of Chemical Industry. Professor David Henry Peacock, Fellow, Professor of Chemis-try in the University of Rangoon and Special Chemical Advisor (Customs) to the Government of Burma, has retired from the service of that Government. 379 Dr.Reginald Arthur Mott, Fellow, has been appointed lecturer in Coking Processes in the Department of Fuel Technology at the University of Sheffield. SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT Alien Scientists.-On 21st October a White Paper, Cmd. 6233, was published by the Home Office, laying down a modified procedure to be followed by certain categories of aliens in applying for release from internment. Paragraph 8 of this White Paper indicated that special facilities for release would be available to alien “scientists, research workers, and persons of academic distinction, for whom work of importance in their special fields is available.” (At the suggestion of the Home Secretary, special committees to consider such cases and submit recommendation to him have been set up by the Vice-Chancellors of the Univer- sities, the Royal Society and the British Academy, and any applications should be submitted through these committees.) On 26th November, the Home Secretary, in the course of a long reply to a question in the House of Commons, stated:- “There remains the question of men whose special qualifications would render them more useful in civil occupations.Many of these are covered by the existing provisions in the White Paper for the release of scientists and experts who are required for work of national importance, and I am taking steps to secure that such persons are released as quickly as possible.” On 27th November, the Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department stated:-“ The importance of making the best use of all the scientific talent available, including that of friendly aliens, is fully realised, and the question what further steps can be taken for this purpose is being explored.My right hon. Friend is most anxious that none of the restrictions imposed for the control of aliens shall hinder the work of scientists who are willing to help this country.” On 3rd December a Debate on the whole subject took place in the House of Commons. Professor A. V. Hill, M.P., made a long and moving appeal for a broad-minded and intelligent treatment of the problem, and he quoted a number of instances of failure to utilise the brains, skill and loyalty freely available to us among many interned aliens. The Home Secretary made a sympathetic statement whilst Mr.Peake, the Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, said that there were some 380 15,000aliens who may be eligible for release and that probably a large number would shortly be released. Bread.-The proposal to reinforce bread with synthetic vitamins has been the subject of many questions. Extracts from some of the replies by the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food are here given:- On 8th October,-“The Ministry is now engaged upon the technical preparation which is necessary to carry out the policy to introduce synthetic vitamin B, and calcium into the flour supply of the country.’’ On 24th October,-“Bread made from high extraction flour is freely available to meet public demand, and my noble Friend does not consider it necessary to add to the vitamins already present in such flour.’’ On 13th November,-“ The decision to introduce a calcium salt and synthetic vitamin Bl into flour was reached by the Government after receiving a recommendation from the Scientific Food Committee, of which Sir William Bragg, President of the Royal Society, is Chairman. My noble Friend is aware that a high extraction flour has some points of superiority from the nutritional point of view over white flour reinforced with synthetic vitamin B,.The reasons for the Government’s decision to reinforce white flour while securing that wholemeal flour is also available to the public were explained to this House of 18th July last, and the Govern- ment sees no reason to reconsider the decision then announced.” On 16th November, the Ministry of Food announced:-“The Flour (Vitaminisation) Advisory Committee, which has recently been appointed, will have the assistance in their official capacities of Professor D.S. M. Watson, F.R.S., of the Scientific Sub-Committee of the Food Policy committee of the Cabinet, of Mr. P. N. R. Butcher of the Ministry of Health, and of the following officers of the Ministry of Food :-Sir Norman Vernon, Bart. (Member of Council of the Institute), Director of Flour Milling; Professor J. C. Drummond, Scientific Adviser; Dr. T. Moran, Deputy Scientific Adviser; Mr. J. H. Pillman, Manager for Imported Flour.” ScientiJic Food Committee.-On 7t h November, Mr.Mander asked the Lord Privy Seal-the membership of the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition; to what extent its advice 381 was being taken; and whether he would give an assurance that vested interests would not be allowed to interfere with the application of scientific discoveries ? Mr. Attlee replied: “My hon. Friend is, no doubt, referring to the Scientific Food Committee, presided over by the President of the Royal Society, Sir William Bragg, and I will circulate in the Oficial Report the membership of this committee. A number of recommendations on a variety of subjects connected with food have been put forward by the committee. It is not possible within the scope of a Parliamentary answer to enumerate the subjects on which their advice is being taken.The answer to the last part of the Question is in the affirmative.” The names of the remaining members of the Committee are:--- Sir Alan Anderson, G.B.E. ; Professor A. W. Ashby; Professor E. P. Cathcart, C.B.E., F.R.S. ; Mr. Henry Clay; Professor F. L. Engledow, C.M.G., F.R.S. ; Mr. W. Gavin, C.B.E. ; Sir Edward Mellanby, M.D., F.R.S. ; Sir John Boyd Orr, F.R.S. ; Professor J. A. Scott-Watson; and Professor D. S. M. Watson, F.R.S. (Secretary). Central Register (Scientists) .-On 7t h November, Mr. Williams asked the Minister of Labour how many scientists are registered under the Ministry of Labour, and how many are being utilised, respectively, in the following classes :-chemists, physicists, engineers, mathematicians, biologists, bio-chemists, physiologists, pathologists and psychologists; how many scientists actively engaged upon research have been registered and utilised; and how many members of the Royal Society are wholly or in any way actively engaged in war work? Mr.Ernest Bevin replied: “There are 28,423 scientists of the categories mentioned on the Central Register, practically all of whom are occupied. The function of the Central Register is to transfer to new work the best qualified candidates who can be spared from their present work, and it would be entirely misleading to suppose that because a scientist has not been moved by the Central Register after his registration, his services are not being utilised to the best advantage.Statistics are not kept in the precise form asked for, and I would invite my hon. Friend to call at the office of the Central Register where he will be given all available information on the questions he raises.” ScientiJic Research Workers (Age of Reservation).-In reply to a question on this subject in the House of Commons on Thursday, 382 28th November, the Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry of Labour, Mr. Assheton, said: “The scientific research workers in question are mainly research workers in botany and zoology. The decision to raise the age of reservation from 25 to 30 was taken in consultation with the Botany and Zoology Sub-committees of the Central Register, the Agricultural Research Council and the University Vice-Chancellors’ Commit tee.I may mention that the age of reservation of university professors and lecturers in general has been raised to 30. I should add that arrangements exist under which any individual scientific research worker below the age of reservation, whom it is necessary to retain in his occupation, may have his calling up deferred.” Bulletin No. 3 of A.R.P. Training Bulletins, issued by the Ministry of Home Security, consists mainly of notes concerning anti-gas, high explosives and incendiary bombs. Copies may be obtained on written application to H.M. Stationery Office, York House, Kingsway, W.C.2, by a Clerk to a Local Authority or by a Secretary to a Public Utility Undertaking, or an industrial or commercial concern.Price 4d. net or 5d. including postage for individual copies; postal rates for quantities will be furnished on application. A Supplement to the Schedule of Reserved Occupations setting out the changes made since May, 1940,up to and including 3rst August, is obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office, price 3d. 383 Obituary, JOHNWILLIAMBLAGDENdied at Loughton, Essex, on 28th November, at the age of 67 years. Born at Camberwell and educated at Dulwich College, he studied chemistry at Cambridge University, where he graduated in the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1895, subsequently proceeding to M.A., and at Wurzburg University where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. in 1898. In 1899-1900 he was senior demonstrator in electro-chemistry and chemical technology in the Electrochemical Institute of the “Polytech-nicum” at Darmstadt.From 1900-1914 he was engaged as a research chemist and departmental manager with C. F. Boehringer und Sohne, at Mannheim, with whom he was associated in many patents for manu-facturing processes. During 1914-1918 he was interned at Ruhleben Camp, where he became head of the department for physical science in the Camp School, which included laboratories for chemistry and physics. In March, 1919, he was appointed head of the Research Department of Messrs. Howards & Sons, Ltd., at Ilford, with whom he became a director and was still actively associated at the time of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. ARTHURGEORGEBLOXAMwas killed by enemy action in November, 1940, at the age of 74 years.He was the son of Professor Charles Loudon Bloxam, and nephew of Sir Frederick Abel, President of the Institute (1880-1883). Educated at King’s College School, he matriculated at London University in 1882, in which year he entered King’s College, where he studied until 1885 and continued as assistant to Professor J. Millar Thomson in his practical classes in chemistry and photography until 1887. He then became chief assistant to Professor Edward Kinch and demonstrator in the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. From 1891 to 1897 he was head of the chemistry department at the Goldsmiths’ Institute, New Cross, and then joined Messrs. Abel and Imray, Chartered Patent Agents, with whom he was senior partner for eighteen years, until his retirement in December, 1939.In 1926-1927 he was President of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents, having previously served several periods as a Member of the Council of that Institute and of its Board of Examiners. Jointly with Professor Thomson and later with Dr. S. Judd Lewis he revised several editions of Bloxam’s Chemistry .-Inorganic and Organic, and he was joint author with Bertram Blount of Chemistry for Engineers and Manufacturers. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1887 and a Fellow in 1891. He served as a Member of Council from 1914 to 1915. CHARLESADOLPHUS died at Radlett on 12th December inHACKMAN his 65th year. Educated at Cranbrook Grammar School, he matriculated at London University in 1893 and proceeded to King’s College, London, where he continued until 1896.In the following year he became assistant to A. Chaston Chapman, and three years later chief assistant to Dr. John Muter, with whose son, Mr. A. H. Mitchell Muter, he subsequently entered into partnership, which continued until his death. He was public analyst for the Metropolitan Borough of Battersea and for the Borough of Colchester, and additional public analyst for the Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth. He was also, joint,ly with his partner, an approved analyst 384 for the testing of drugs and medicines supplied to insured persons, under the National Health Insurance Acts. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1899 and a Fellow in 1902.ROBERTJOHNSONJOSEPH died at Birmingham, suddenly of heart failure, on 3rd November, in his 58th year, while proceeding to Auxiliary Fire Service duties. Born at Aston, he was educated at the local Higher Grade School, and continued his studies at Aston Manor Technical (Day) School, at Birmingham Technical School and Birmingham University. After three years’ experience in the Birmingham Assay Office, he obtained an appointment in 1900 with Elliott’s Metal Co., Ltd., at Selly Oak Works, where he continued, attaining the position of chief chemist and senior metallurgist from 1907 until 1923. He was then appointed to the chemical staff of Cadbury Bros., Ltd., in charge of the general laboratory at Bourn- ville. He was a past Chairman of the Midland Section of the British Association of Chemists, had served on the Local Section Committee of the Society of Chemical Industry, and was Chairman of the Midland Chemists’ Committee which co-ordinates the activities of chemists in the Midlands.He was also devoted to church affairs and to hospital night volunteer service. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919 and a Fellow in 1930. He was a very active Member of Council from 1932 to 1935 and from 1937 to 1940 and Chairman for a third period of the Birming- ham and Midlands Section at the time of his death. Professor R. H. Hopkins and Dr. D. F. Twiss represented the Council of the Institute at his funeral. EDWARDHENRY WATSON was killed by enemy action in November, 1940, at the age of 33 years.Educated at Sussex Road L.C.C. School, Brixton, and Norwood Technical Institute, he was originally trained as a pharmacist, and from 1931 held an appointment in that capacity at St. George’s Hospital, London. He pursued his training in chemistry at Chelsea Polytechnic in preparation for the Examination for the Associa,teship of the Institute, which he passed in October, 1936. He continued attendance at Chelsea Polytechnic in preparation for the Examination for the Fellowship in the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food, Drugs and Water, which he passed in September last. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936 and a Fellow in October this year. Two Registered Students of the Institute have been killed while on Home Guard Duty: WILLIAMEDWARD was educated at Bishop Vesey’s Grammar HOWKINS School, Sutton Coldfield.He passed Matriculation and School Certificate Examinations of the Northern Universities, and had been a RegisteredStudent at the Birmingham Central Technical College since February, 1937. He was for three years a junior member of the laboratory staff of the Dunlop Rubber Co. and for four years an Assistant Chemist in the Post Office Engineering Department. He was 23 years of age. DENNISHERBERT was educated at Waverley Road Secondary PHILLIPS School, Birmingham. He had obtained the Matriculation Certificate of the Northern Universities and was engaged in the Chemical Section of the Post Office Engineering Department. I3e had been a Registered Student at the Central Technical College, Birmingham, since January, 1938.He was 22 years of age. 385 Books and their Contents. The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain : Calendar 1940-1941,published by the Society. 5s. net. Officers, administration and a.ctivities of the society ; forensic pharmacy ; the Pharmacy Acts; the Dangerous Drugs Acts and Regulations; the Apothecaries Act; Shops Acts; weights and measures; the Sale of Food arid Drugs ; registration of business names ; venereal disease ; Therapeutic Substances Act, 1925; the use of stills; sale of intoxicating liquor; sale of abortifacients ; Juries Act; apprenticeship ; master and servant ; storage and sale of explosives; storage and sale of inflammable sub- stances; directory; statement on the British Pharmacopceia by C.H. Hampshire. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-Chemical Computations and Errors. Thomas B. Crumpler and John H. Yoe. Pp. xiv + 248. (New York: J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 18s. net. Computation methods ; significant figures ; algebraic solution of numerical equations ; approximate methods of solving equations ; interpolation and extrapolation ; theory of measurements ; classification of errors ; statistical methods ; theory of errors ; statistical interpretation of measurements ;curve fitting : bibliography ;tables ; indexes ; international atomic weights, 1939 (inside cover).Chemical Microscopy, Handbook of. Emile Monnin Chamot and C. W. Mason. Vol. 11: Chemical Methods and Inorganic Qualitative Analysis. 2nd Edition. Pp. xii + 438. (New York: J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 30s. net. Manipulation methods of a general character ; handling small amounts of materials ; methods of applying reagents in microscopical qualitative chemical analysis ; detection of the elements of groups I to VIII ; detection of rare earths; detection of anions ; special reagents yielding reactions with a number of cations; qualitative analysis of material of unknown composition. Appendix : preparation of special reagents ; reference books on microscopical analysis; periodic table of the elements; key to reagent blocks; index.Chrome Ore and Chromium. Robert Allen andG. E. Howling. Pp. vi + 118. (London: The Imperial Institute.) 2s. 6d. net. A report on the mineral industry of the British Empire and foreign countries prepared by the Mineral Resources 386 Department of the Imperial Institute with the assistance of the Statistical and Indexing Sections, and approved by the Consultative Committee on Iron and Ferro-Alloy Metals. Introduction: chrome ore ; mining and dressing; uses ; marketing and prices; world's production; chrome ore in the British Empire; chrome ore in foreign countries ; references to technical literature. German : Advanced Readings in Chemical and Technical.Selected and edited by John Theodore Fotos and R. Norris Shreve. Pp. xliv + 304. (New York : J. Wiley & Sons, Inc. ; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 15s. net. Preface ; introduction ; reading difficulties of chemical and technical German; minimum chemical and technical German frequency voca-bulary ; selections from practical reference books by Ullman, Houben, Meyer und Jacobson, Beilstein, GInelin, Oberhoffer, Guertler ; German-English vocabulary ;German-English list of symbols and abbreviations ; strong and irregular verbs ; abbreviations and publications. Insect Pests in Stored Products. H. Hayhurst. 130 Illustrations from photographs by Harry Britten. Pp. xii + 84. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 15s.net. Foreword by Sir Harold Kartley, C.B.E., F.R.S., and preface by T. W. Jones. Coleoptera (beetles) ; lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) ;diptera (two- winged flies) ; hemipitera (bugs or sucking insects) ; hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps, ichneumon flies, etc.) ; orthoptera (cockroaches, grass- hoppers and stick insects) ; psocoptera (book lice) ; thysanura (bristle tails); arachnida (scorpions); false scorpions. Control measures ; list of substances and their pests; index. Organic Syntheses. An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals. Vol. XX. Charles F. H. Allen, Editor-in-Chief. Pp. vi + 114. (New York: J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. net.Procedure, notes and methods of preparation of 40 substances, submitted and checked by over 50 contributors, under the supervision of an Advisory Board and an Editorial Board. Messrs. Chapman & Hall, Ltd., have kindly presented a further copy of Records and Research in Engineering and Industrial Science, by J. E. Holmstrom, to replace a copy which has been missed from the Library. The British Standards Institution has recently pub- lished-No. 911-1940. Biological Assay of Vitamin D, by the Chick Method. 2s. net; post free, 2s. 3d. 387 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 15th Kovember, 1940,I new Fellow was elected, 6 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 25 new Associates were elected, and 19 Students were admitted. The Council records with regret the deaths of 5 Fellows and z Students. New Fellow.Gyngell, Eric Stephen, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 18, Darley Park Road, Derby. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Adam, William Bennett, M..4. (Cantab.), University of Bristol Research Station, Campden, Glos. Dickinson, Denis, M.Sc. (Dun.), 15, Nansen Road, Gatley, Cheshire. Farmer, Charles Sandell, A.M.C.T., 24, Stand Park Road, Childwall, Liverpool, 16. Lewis, David Thomas, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), Derlwyn, Moy Road, Aberfan, Glam. Patterson, James Bruce Eric, M.Sc. (Lond.), The Warren, Dartingtori Hall, Totnes, S. Devon. Wright, Cyril Maynard, M.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Bank Road, Billingham-on-Tees. New Associates. Aleong, Ronald Winston, M.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., 7, Glazbury Road, London, W.14. Austen, Stuart, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., c/o Messrs. Revertex, Ltd., Burnt House, Coldharbour Lane, Bushey, Herts. Aylward, Francis Xavier, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 34, Rufford Road, Fairfield, Liverpool, 6. Batty, William Roland Haydn, B.Sc. (Liv.), Holmleigh, Armstead Road, Beighton, Sheffield. Bell, Harold Edwin, l3.S~. (Lond.), 23, Ruddington Lane, Wili'ord, Nottingham.Bender, Arnold Eric, B.Sc. (Liv.), 15, Quex Road, London, N.W.B. Bills, William Walter, 7, Glebe Avenue, Grappenhall, Warrington. Christie, George Shearer, A.H.-W.C., The Beeches, Cowdenbeath, Fife. Clarke, Geoffrey Donald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Woodfield Avenue, Gravesend. Fowkes, Ernest Alexander, 77, Saltley Road, Birmingham, 7.Grant, Ewan Charles Simpson, A.H.-W.C., 29, Falcon Avenue, Edin- burgh, 10. Holmes, Kenneth Wigfield, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Elfindale Road, London, S.E.24. Leach, Walter George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Chalfont Road, London, S.E.25. Liddiard, Percival Donald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Presburg Road, New Malden. Mahant, Sampuran Das, M.Sc. (Punjab), University Chemical Laboratories, The Mall, Lahore, India. Middleton, Kenneth Rigby, B.Sc. (Wales), 37, Harle Street, Neath, Glam. Nunn, Ronald Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Hurstwood Park Hospital, Haywards Heath, Sussex. Oliver, George Frederick, 8, Finch Street, Millom, Cumberland. Reidy, John William, 30, Woodstock Drive, Worsley, Manchester. Rose, Charles Francis Matthew, 32, St. Mary Avenue, Wallington, Surrey. Saboor, Muhammad Abdus, M.Sc.(Dacca), 19, Virginia Road, Leeds, 2. Sarkar, Sachindranath, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dacca), Chemical Laboratories, Dacca University, Ramna P.O., Dacca, India. Smith, Arthur Raymond, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 107, Lenton Boulevard, Not tingham . Stansfield, Frank, B.Sc. (Manc.), Hulme Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester, 14. Waywell, James, 506, Herries Road, Sheffield, 5. New Students. Bailey, John Leggett, 5, Bryanston Avenue, Whitton, Middlesex. Banks, Allan Pearson, 49, Vulcan’s Lane, Workington, Cumberland. Baxandall, Gordon Alfred, 21, Sunnycroft Road, Leicester. Boyle, George Michael, Hill Cottage, Avonbridge by Falkirk, Stirlingshire. Carter, Philip Rufus, 32, Selby Road, London, W.5.Dixon, Henry, Sewage Works, Martholme, Clayton-le-Moors, Accrington. Eastwood, Jack Hilton, 227, Kingsway, Gatley, Cheshire. Featherstone, Charles Beckham, 32, Crossley Road, Rurnage, Manchester, 19. Haydock, James, 113, Church Road, Leyland, nr. Preston. Hewitt, David Leslie, 56, Roby Street, St. Helens. Hibbitt, Alee Ennever William, 114, Greville Road, Southville, Bristol, 3. Knight, John Arnold, 9, St. Bedes Road, Billingham-on-Tees. MacKinnon, Alan, 1112, Cathcart Road, Glasgow, S.2. Morgan, Alfred Douglas, 16, Warley Croft, Warley, Birmingham, 32. Naylor, Ralph Francis, 7, Marham Gardens, London, S.W.18. Norton, Charles Roy, 110, Carlinghow Lane, Batley, Yorks. Quirk, William, 235, Lowerhouse Lane, Liverpool, 11. Sanderson, James Roland, Durham Road, Coatham Mundeville, Darlington. White, John Howard, 5, King Edward’s Gardens, Acton Hill, London, W.3.DEATHS. Fellows. John William Blagden, M.A. (Cantab.), Ph.D. (Wurzbiirg). Arthur George Bloxam, F.C.I.P.A. Charles Adolphus Hackman. Joseph Robert Johnson. Edward Henry Watson, M.P.S. Students. William Edward Howkins. Dennis Herbert Phillips. Coming Events. 1941 January 13 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section): “The Duties and Liabilities of the Chemist at Common Law.” Mr. H. M. Bunbnry. OF CHEMICALENGINEERS14 THE INSTITUTION AND THE CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGGROUP (Society of Chemical Industry) : “Modern Developments in the Design of Plant for the Concentration of Sulphuric Acid.” Mr. P.Parrish, in the Rooms of the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 2.30 p.m.Informal luncheon at Stewart’s Restaurant (corner of Piccadillyand Old Bond Street) at 12.45 p.m. 18 CHEMICALSOCIETY OF PETROLEUM,AND INSTITUTE with the South Wales Section of the Institute. “The Combustion of Gaseous Hydrocarbons.” Mr. A. R. Ubbelohde, in the ChemistryLecture Theatre, University College, Singleton Park, Swansea. 21 THE INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(South Yorkshire Section) : JointOF meeting with the Chemical Society : “Resins.” Professor R. D. Haworth, at the University, Western Bank, Sheffield, at 6.30 p.m. 24 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): Jubilee Memorial Lecture : “Proteins.” Dr. W. T. Astbur y .27 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section): “Nucleic Acids.” Professor J. Masson Gulland, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.15 p.m. February 8 SOCIETY with the South Wales Section of OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY the Institute of Chemistry : “The Development of Ceramic Electrical Insulating Materials.” Dr. J. A. Sugden, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Singleton Park, Swansea. OF CHEMISTRY10 INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section). “The Chemistry of Soil Fertility.” Professor N. M. Comber. OF19 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section): “Colour Printing.” V. A. W. Harrison, Ph.D., A.Inst.P., A.R.P.I., Lecture Hall of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Portland Place, W.1.20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): Dr. C. M. Walter. OF24 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section): “Some Problems in Macro-Molecular Chemistry.” Professor H. W. Melville, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.15 p.m. 26 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Birmingham and Midlands Section) : “The Energy Output and Food Requirements of Miners.” Professor K. Neville MOSS,at the Chamber of Commerce, New Street, Birmingham, at 5.30 p.m. 390 28 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Joint meeting with the Institute of Chemistry (South Yorkshire Section) : “Diazotization.” Pro-fessor J. Kenner, at the University, Western Bank, Shefield, at 5.30 p.m. March OF1 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (South Wales Section) : “Micro-chemistry, with special reference to Spot Tests.” Mr.F. Hudswell, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Singleton Park, Swansea. 3 THE INSTITUTE Annual General Meeting: OF CHEMISTRY: 11 CHEMICAL (Leeds Area Local Section) :Joint Meeting with SOCIETY the Leeds University Chemical Society : Discussion on “Some Aspects of Adsorption.” Opened by R. M. Barrer and R. S. Bradley. 15 MIDLAND CHEMIsrs’ Annual Dinner, at the Midland Hotel, New Street, Birmingham. 19 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties OF Section) and INSTITUTE (London and Home Counties OF PHYSICS Branch): Joint Meeting. It is hoped that the President of the Institute, Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., will address this meeting, at the Royal Institution.20 CHEMICALSOCIETY,with the South Wales Section of the Institute of Chemistry: “The Life and Work of William Jackson Pope.” Professor C. S. Gibson, O.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Singleton Park, Swansea. 21 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): “The Chemist in Modern Agriculture.” Sir E. J. Russell, F.R.S. 25 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(South Yorkshire Section) :Joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry. “Some Aspects of Boiler Water Treatment.” Dr. A. W. Chapman, at the Technical College, Rotherham, at 6.30 p.m. 26 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Birmingham and Midlands Section) :OF Annual General Meeting, at the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce.April OF16 INSTITGTECHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section): “Chromatographic Analysis.” Dr. A. H. Cook, Lecture Hall of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,Portland Place, W. 1. 22 INSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF (South Yorkshire Section): A Series of short papers of topical interest. At the Metallurgical Club, 198, West Street, Sheffield. 24 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(South Wales Section) : Annual General Meeting, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Singleton Park, Swansea. Mag13 THE CHEMICAL SOCIE!I!;Y (Leeds Area Loca!, Section): Eighth Liversidge Lecture : Complex Formation. Professor N. V. Sidgwick, C.R.E., F.R.S. 391 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Monday, 3rd March, 1941.Nomination of General Members of the Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of General Members of Council:-By-law 26.-(1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law sliall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form:- “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24.-(2) NOperson who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Osee, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy.The General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, 3rd March, 1941,in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election are as follows:- General Members of Council. Alfred Louis Bacharach, M.A. Peter Ferguson Gordon, Ph.D., A.H.-W.C. Herbert Henry Hodgson, M.A., Ph.D. George Ring, M.Sc. Tf7illiam Stewart Patterson, D.Sc. John Weir, M.A., Ph.D. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 2.30 p.m. on 20th January, 1941. 392 District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:- (i) Birmingham and Midlands: Garfield Thomas, M.Sc.(ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties : Allan Cuthbertson Monk- house, B.Sc., Ph.D. (iii) East Midlands and South Yorkshire: Edwin Gregory, M.Sc., Ph.D. (iv) Liverpool and North-West Coast : Raymond Renard Butler, M.Sc. (v) London and South-Eastern Counties : Mark Bogod, A.R.C.S. (vi) Manchester and District : Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc. (vii) Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast : Sigurd Walfrid Albert Wikner. (viii) Yorkshire: Henry Webster Moss, A.R.C.Sc.1. (ix) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Walter George Hiscock, B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). (x) Aberdeen and North of Scotland: John Steele Allan. (xi) Glasgow and West of Scotland: James Wilfred Cook, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.S. (xii) Wales and the County of Monmouth: Ernest Edward Ayling, M.Sc., A.K.C.(xiii) Northern Ireland : William Honneyman, B.Sc., Ph.D. (xiv) Irish Free State: Thomas Joseph Nolan, B.A., D.Sc. (xv) The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : Norman Lindsay Sheldon, C.I.E., Ph.D. In order to facilitate identification, Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances, Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. Active Service.-Fello ws, Associ at es ,and Reg i stered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc.Examinations.-It is hoped to arrange Examinations for the AssoFiateship and Fellowship in April, 1941. Intending candidates are asked to complete and return forms of application for admission to the Examinations as early as possible. Candidates whose applications have been accepted will be 393 given full information at the earliest moment, and may then forward their entry forms and pay the required fees. Associates who desire to present themselves for Examination for the Fellowship are asked to forward their applications for consideration by the Council, and not to wait for a notification in the JOURNAL of the exact times and places of the Examinations. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations.Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours. It will be open from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. from Monday to Friday, but for the present will re- main closed on Saturdays. Members and Students of the Insti- tute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works 394 on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expire on 1st March.The subscriptions rates are 6s. 6d. for Class B, and 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boots’ Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis’s Lending Library .-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 2d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. 9d.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.395 All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Copies of “TheProfession of Chemistry” (Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis- tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar. Correspondence should normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.12. Telephone number: Hillside 1859. 396 Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT OFFUND,INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar. 397 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND ~~COMMITTEES, 1sT MARCH TO 2 0 DECEMBER, 1940.Gouncil in C'ouncil C'ommittee Committees A-J.J. Fox, Pres. .. H. V. A. Briscoe, V.-P. F. H. Cam, V.-P. .. T. P. Hilditch, V.-P. .. G. R. Lynch, V.-P. .. Sir Robert Pickard, V.-P. H. A. Tempany, V.-P. J. C. White, Hon. Treas. W.M.Ames .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 2 8 6 1 2 1 0 1 6 1 3 1 0 35 25 17 10 10 16 19 22 5 16 8 9 0 8 2 14 17 0 7 E. B. Anderson .. .. G 2 0 0 A. L. Bacharach .. .. 8 6 8 8 R. R. Butler M. Bogod .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 2 0 2 5 5 3 0 A. Coulthard .. .. .. 1 2 6 2 W. M. CummingJ. C. Drummond F. P. Dunn .. .. .. .. .. .. .. I 0 4 0 i) 1 1 0 5 1 0 1 A. E. Dunstan .. .. 6 0 20 10 L. EynonE. H. Farmer .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 6 5 0 20 5 10 4 4 A.FindlayW. Godden .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 2 ti 1 13 5 12 0 P. F. Gordon .. .. .. 0 0 1 1 E. GregoryA. A. Hall .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 1 0 5 5 1 0 J. W. HawleyI. M. Heilbron .. .. .. .. 2 3 1 0 6 0 1 0 H. H. HodgsonT. R. Hodgson.. W. HonneymanR. H. Hopkins..H. Hunter .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 5 0 3 3 2 0 0 3 0 17 0 6 6 i) 5 0 0 0 1 G. King.. .. L. H. LampittJ. H. Lester .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 3 5 0 4 17 12 0 0 6 0 P. Lewis-Dale .. .. 4 3 3 0 G. W. Monier-Williams .. 5 5 5 1 A. C. Monkhouse .. .. 5 4 5 0 H. w. Moss .. .. .. 0 0 5 0 J. R. Nicholls .. .. 7 5 5 2 8 T. J. Nolan .. .. .. 0 0 5 0 D. W. Parkes .. .. .. 2 0 5 0 W. S. Patterson .. .. 1 1 0 0 A.J. Prince .. .. .. 4 0 12 2 T. F. E. Rhead .. .. 1 0 0 0 W. H. Roberts.. .. .. 1 0 5 1 F.M.Rowe .. .. .. 63 1 6 0 N. L. Sheldon .. .. 3 0 0 S. B. Watkins .. .. .. 7 1 > 0 J. Weir ., .. .. .. 0 0 1 0

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9406400361

出版商:RSC    

年代:1940

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

398 Index: 1940. Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section, 13, 134 Accounts, 22, 95 “Animal Fibres, Some Relation-ships between the Constitution, Properties and Uses of,” 183 Annual General Meeting, 77, 93 Appointments Committee, 19, 85 Appointments Register, 77, 91, 158, 236,288,357,393 Attendances, Council, 397 Auditors, 34, 87, 101 Bakelite, 201 Bankers, 87 Beilby Memorial Awards, 10, 286, 356, 378 Belfast and District Section, 13, 40, 134, 172, 368 Benevolent Fund Committee, The, 9 Birmingham and Midlands Section, 13, 105, 134, 172, 319, 368 Books and their Contents, 71, 146, 222, 276, 342, 385 Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, 13, 40, 106, 134, 172, 319 British Management Council, 6 British Pharmacopceia Commission, British Standards Institution, 7, 72, 147, 224, 278, 344, 386 “Calcium in the Blood and its Relation to Calcium in the Bones,” 370 Calder, (the late) W.A. S., 3, 93, 253 Cape Section, 13, 134, 368 Cardiff Section, 14, 41, 106, 134, 255, 370 Censors, 84 Central Register, 163, 381 Chemical Council, 7, 10, 243, 245, 251, 305, 363 “Chemical Industry in the Mid-lands, The History 01,” 106, 190 “Chemical Reactions, The Retarda- tion of,’’ 109 Chemical Trades Advisory Com-mittee. 7 “Chemical Warfare and the Civil Population,” 72 “Chemical Works, Dangers in,” 173 “Chemist in Industry, A,” 185 “Chemistry in the Service of the Nation,” 118 “Chemotherapy, Some Aspects of,” 41 City and Guilds of London Insti- tute, 7 “Coal Industry in Wa~time, The,” 54 “Coal Tar Industry, The,’’ 193 “Coke Research Laboratory, Some Recent Investigations of,” 129 Coming Events, 76, 153, 350, 389 Committees, 84 Co-operation (Publications), 245, 251, 305, 363 Council, 83 Council Attendances, 397 Council, Committees and Repre-sentatives, 6, 83 Council, Proceedings, 35, 88, 167, 250, 302, 366 Council, Report of, 3, 96 “Crystals, Liquid,” 133 Deaths, 5, 63, 76, 144, 157, 219, 271, 339, 349, 383, 388 “Diamond, Two Types of,” 55 District Members of Council, 352, 392 Dublin Section, 14, 108, 134, 174, 37 1 ‘‘Dyestuff Manufacturer, Some Pro-blems of the,” 174 “Early Gas Plant Manufacture,” 194 East Anglian Sub-section, 14, 44, 109, 134,255 East Midlands Section, 14, 110, 134, 174,319, 371 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 14, 44, 113, 134, 371 Editorial, 243, 295, 363 Electrolytic Oxidation Processes, Recent Developments in the Theory of, 319, 322 399 Emergency Committee, 35 “Enzms Action, The Mechanism of,” 303.“Equilibria in Some Solutions,” 187 Examinations, 56, 157, 323, 352 Examiners, Board of, 86 Fees for Scientific Witnesses, 217 Finance and Houae Committee, 8, “Fluorine, Some Recent Develop- ments in Chemistry of,” 375 Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 235, 287, 357 “Gas Identification,” 114, 375 “Gas Warfare and Civil Popula- tion,” 44 General Meeting, Special, 305 General Notices, 77, 157, 234, 286, 352, 391 Gifts, 171 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 14, 44, 114, 134, 319, 372 Headmasters’ Employment Com-mittee, 7 “High Explosives and the Ordinary Citizen,” 3 72 Honorary Corresponding Secre-taries, 16 Honorary Secretaries, Conference of, 258 “Hormones,” 110 Huddersfield Section, 15, 46, 134, 175 ‘*Hydrocarbons, The Combustion Of,” 120 Import Duties, 335 Income Tax on Royalties, 141 India, Ernpire of, Section, 16, 118, 134 Indian Lac Cess Committee, 73 “Industrial Extracts for Leather and Textiles, The Manufacture Of,” 44 “lntlustrial Research, Bye-products Of,” 319 ’‘lonizatioii and lth Chernical Signi- ficance,” 1 14 Lantern Slides, 79, 159, 238, 291, 359 ’‘Leather a,nd Textiles, Industrial Extracts for Manufacture of,’’ 44 Leeds Area Sect,ion, 15, 120, 131, 176, 321, 372 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 10, 84 Leverhulme Research Fellowships, 1940, 60 Library, Boots’ Booklovers’, 79, 169, 237, 290, 368, 394 Lihrary, Chemical Society, 7, 78, 158, 237, 289, 295, 358, 393 Library, Lewis’s Lending, 79, 159, 238, 290,358,394 Library, The, 78, 150, 158, 237, 28‘3, 358, 393 Library, The Science, 78, 159, 237, 289, 358, 393 Liverpool and North Western Scc- tion, 15, 47, 122, 134, 178, 373 Local Sections, 12, 40, 105, 134, 172, 255, 258, 319 London and South Eastern Cowl- ties Section, 15, 52, 124, 134, 181, 256, 373 Malaya Section, 134 Manchester and District Section, 16, 125, 134, 183 Meldola Medal, 93, 235, 287, 356 “Microchemical Methods,” 51 Ministry of Labour, 7, 268, 334 Ministry of Supply, 61 National Certificates in Chemistry,21, 85, 337 Newcastle upon Tyne and North- East Coast Section, 16, 54, 129, 134, 187 New Zealand, 16, 130, 134 Nomination of General Members of Council, 391 Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 17, 84 Notes, 60, 135, 217, 267, 334, 378 “Nuclear Chemistry,” 178 “Nutrition in Relation to Animals and Human Beings, Chemical Aspects of,” 116 “Xutrition, Links in,” 108, 368, 376 Obituary, 63, 144, 219, 271, 339, 383 Oestrogens, Synthetic, 321 “Organic Compoundq, The Re-action of the Living Organism to,” 175 “Paint and Varnish Industry, The,” 199 Parkes, Alexander, 195 Parliamentary and Scientific Com- mittee, The, 61 Pedler Research Scholarship, 21, 85 400 “Photographic Materials -what they are and how they work,” 40 “Photography, Colour,” 49, 181 “Photosensitizws, The Chemistry Of,” 47 “Plant Insecticides,” 52 “Plastics and Coal,” 107 Poisons Board, 85 President, 3, 93, 133, 253 “Printing, Colour,” 60 “Proteins, Structure of,” 372 Publications and Library Com-mittee, 20, 84 Publicity Committee, 85, 88, 169 Purchase Tax on Chemicals and Apparatus, 304, 366 Register, 74, 154, 157, 229, 234, 281, 300, 345, 387 “Registration,” 110 Registration of Chemists, Compul- sory, 268 Reserved Occupations, 165, 381 Roll of the Institute, The, 4 Royalties, Income Tax on, 141 ’.Rubber, Synthetic,” 46 Science Censorship, 135 Science in Parliament, 61, 136, 379 “Science, Tho Social Function of,” 126 Scientific Advisory Committee, 334, 380 Scrutineers, Report of, 102 “Silicon Hydrides and some of their Simpler Derivatives, The,” 124 Solicitors, 87 Solutions, Standardisation of, 109 South Wales (Swansea) Section, 16, 56, 133, 134, 188, 374 South Yorkshire Section, 16, 134, 257, 321 “Standardisation, Some Aspectsof,’’ 130 Standards, British, 7, 72, 147, 224, 278, 344, 386 “Statistics : A Technical Tool in Chemical Industry,” 185 “Stratosphere, Chemical Explora- tion of the,” 372 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 36, 304 Supplemental Charter Committee, 85 “Synthesis of Large Molecules,” 106 Therapeutic Substances Sct, 7 “Tissue Respiration,’’ 134 “Tobacco and its Manufacture,” 368 Unemployrnerit Insurance Act, 269 “Unimolecular Films on Water,” 370 “Valoncy, Some Aspects of the Modern Theory,” 369 “Varnish and Lacquer Industry,The,” 197 “Vitamins, Biochemistry of the,” 376 “War Gases, The Detection and Identification of,” 177 “Water Treatment and the Effic- ient Management of Boiler Plant,” 122 M-orld Power Conference, 7 PRINTED BY w.HEFFER& SONS LTD.. CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9406400398

出版商:RSC    

年代:1940

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

401 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY REGISTER ADDRESSES REQUIRED Fellows. 13ardsley, Joshua. Hascombe, Frecieric k. Royce, Frank. ISrowning, Ronald George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Casson, Simon Bernard, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.j. Darling, Charles Robert, A.R.C.Sc.1. Eastburn, Major Gerald Jerome, M.C., A.R.T.C. Edwards, Vincent. Ellington, Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Glendinning, Tom Aldrich, M.Sc. (N.Z.).Hogben, Walter. Ingle, Herbert, B.Sc. (Leeds). King, Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.).Lawrence, Cyril Dunn, BSc., P1I.D. (Lond.). Loudon, Alexander, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), M.Sc. (Lorid.). Martin, NicholasHenry,B.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc. (Dunelm),B.M., B.Ch. (Oxon.),M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Paterson, John Hamilton, D.Sc. (Dunelm).Pearson, Archibald Ramsden, LL.B., M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S.Reid, John Fountain. St. Johnston, James Hallewell, M.A. (Cantab.). Saunclers, Wilfrid, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sinclair, St. Clair Overbeek, M.A. (Cape), D.Sc. (Stellenbosch). Trotter, John, MA., D.Sc. (Edin.j. Watson, Eric Edmund. iVilley, Eric John Baxter. 1’h.D. (Cantah.), M.Sc. (Dunelm). U.Sc. (Lond.). Wright, Charles ,James, B.A. (Cantah.). Associates. Barclap, Niss Judith Margaret, B.Sc. (Lotid.). Hchram, Jal D. Etlal, KSc. (Boml)ay). Brandt, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.). Brodie, Neal, M.Sr. (Dunelm).Bryant, Frederick James, B.Sc., YhJ.(Lot)(I.). Chattin, Alan Edward, R.Sr. (Lond.).Cheeseright, Lionel Sidney, M.C., B.Sc. (Dunelin).Claudet, Richard Arthur Ormerod, B.Sc. (Lond.). Clinton, Thomas Gerard John. Clulow, Frederick Stanley, B.Sc.(Lontl.).Coles, Mrs. Georgina Elizabeth. M.S(. (Q.17.13.). Coles, George Lemuel, B.Sc. (Lond.).Collins, William Jonathan Henn, B.A. (Cantab.), Ph. ). (Lond.). Cook, Harry Aaron, B.Sc. (Lond.).Croslaiid, Eric. Bentley, M.Sc. (Leecis). Davies, George Parker, B.Sc. (Lond.),M.8c. (Wales), P1i.D. (Brie..). Davis, Frederick T’ictor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Dawson, Thomas Theodore, M.Sr. (Birni.). 402 Dean, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Manc.). Eastman, Clifford Wibarn, B.Sc. (Birm.).Eastick, John Clare Newlands. Eccott, Eustace Nevill, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lonti.). Elvins, Oliver Cecil, M.Sc. (Birrn.). Evans, James Simpson, B.A. (Oxon.).Evans, Thomas Leslie, B.A. (Cantab.). Fairley, IIenry, B.Sc. (Edin.). Fletcher, Peter Bainbrigge, M.Sc. (Lond.).Forsyth, William Greenwood, M.Sc.Tech.(Manc.).Gardner, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.).Gardner, W'illiam Kidston, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.). Garlick, Reginald Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Gibson, Peter Robert Scaife, B.Sc. (Lond.).Gilbert, Frank Lathe, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.1). (Cantab.). Goodwin, Harold Walter, B.Sc. (Glas.). Gordon, Roy Robert, M.A., Ph.D. (Glas.). Graham, Frank Nelson, B.Sc. (Liv.).Greaves, Edmund George Noel, B.Sc. (Lond.). Gresham, Harold Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.).Grieve, Stanley Trethowe, M.Sc. (Audubon).Griffith, Goronwy, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales). Hall, Donald Hugh, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Hammond, George Lewis, B.Sc. (Lond.). Harden, Harold Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.). Harris, Edward Cecil, M.Sc. (Wales). Harrison, Christopher Jerome, B.Sc.(Birm.). Hewson, Walter Norman, B.Sc. (Lonct.). Hind, George Edward Lockhart, M.Sc. (Leccls).Hodson, William Brook, A .C.G.F.C. Hole, Ernest George, B.Sc. (Rinn.). Holloway, Arthur Herbert, M.Sc. (Lond.).Holman, Henry John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Horton, Laurence, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Jackson, Emmanuel, B.Sc. (N.U.I. ).Johnson, Sydney Walgate, B.Sc. (Dun.), 1'h.D. (Lond.).Johnston, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.). Jones, Edward Henry. Kay, John Louden, A.R.T.C. Kent, Arthur Vincent, M.Sc. (Wales). Khin, Maung Aung, B.Sc. (Rangoon). Kingcome, John Charles, B.Sc. (Lonrl.).Kirby, Captain Christopher Stanhope, B.Sc. (Lond.). Laurie, Leonard Llewelyn, M.Sc. (Lond.).Learmonth, George Sanderson, B.Sc., P1i.D. (Edin.). Light, Louis, M.Sc.Tech.(Vict.), Ph.D. (Zurich). Linzell, Leslie, A.C.G.I. Maitra, Manan Kumar, Ph.D. (Lond.). Mansell, Richard Ivor, B.Sc. (Lond.).Massio, Duncan MlcRobert. Matheson, Donald, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Aberct.). McCullagh, Thomas Anthony, M. Sc. (N.U.I.).McGregor, Thomas, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.). Mein, Henry Cranston, B.Sc. (Edin.). Miller, Samuel Aaron, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Ph.D. (Leeds).Milne, Stephen George Mount Stephen, B.oSc1. (Aberti.).Mitra, Bhupendra Nath, D.Sc. (Dacca). Blorris, John Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.). 403 Mosden, Frederick William, B.Sc. (Glas.). Mowat, Ian Blair, B.Sc. (Glas.). Nixon, Richard Herbert. Norris, Walter Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Parker, Hugh Edmund, M.Sc. (Lond.). Parsons, Miss Ella Kathleen, B.Sc.(Lond.). Parsons, Nigel Montgomerie, M.A. (Oxon.). Pearson, Ernest Leigh, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Peel, Patrick Robert Elliott, B.Sc. (Lond.).Pemberton, Douglas Gordon, M.Sc. (Manc.). Penny, Ernest Edgar, B.Sc. (Lond.). Perren, Edward Arthur, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Pinder, Harold William, A.RIet. (Sheffield). Redmond, Nathan, B.Sc. (Lond.). Redsell, Edward Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.). Rigby, Joe, M.Sc. (Manc.). Robert, Roger Felix Lament, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.). Sainsbury, John Flintham, B.Sc. (Lond.). Saunders, Benjamin, B.Sc. (Lond.). Shaman, Ivan Michael, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sheldon, Wilfred, M.Sc. (Vict.). Sheldrick, George, ALSc., Ph.D. (Dunelm). Sherman, Robert John, M.Sc. (Lond.). Squire, George Victor Vincent, B.Sc. (Lond.).Stuart, John Kenneth, BSc. (Sheffield).Symes, Thomas Edward, M.Sc. (Lond.). Tavroges, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.). Taylor, William Edward Leslie. Thi, Maung Ba, B.Sc. (Rangoon).Thom, William Albert Strang, B.Sc. (Glas.). Thornley, Derek George Claude, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Tonkin, James Henry, B .Sc . (Lond.). Turner, Frank. Walden, Alfred Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.). Walker, Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.).Walkey, Wilfrid Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.). Wallbank, Albert William, B.Sc. (Birm.). Wildman, Harry, B.Sc. (Manc.).Williams, Benjamin Haydn, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.). Williams, Frank Archer, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Wilson, Kenneth Mackenzie. Wrather, Harry Coupe, M.Sc. (Manc.). Yate,;, Edmuncl Denys, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Yeats, Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.). 404 “NEVER IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN CONFLICT WAS SO MUCH OWED BY SO MANY TO SO FEW” The Prime Minister YOU CAN BACK UP OUR AIRMEN by buying NATIONAL WAR BONDS SAVINGS CERTIFICATES DEFENCE BONDS or by depositing in the POST OFFICE or TRUSTEE SAVINGS BANKS Issued by The National Savings Committee, London

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9406400401

出版商:RSC    

年代:1940

数据来源: RSC