THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART 111: 1941. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registvav and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. June, 1941. Publications Commit tee, 1941-42. F. P. DUNN (Chairman), J. J. FOX (President), E. E. AYLING, H.BAINES, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, F. CHALLENGER, J. W. COOK, A. COULTHARD, A. E. DUNSTAN, G. D. ELSDON, L. EYNON, E.GREGORY, T. P. HILDITCH, W. G. HISCOCK W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H.HUNTER, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A. C.MONKHOUSE, H.W. MOSS, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, F. M. ROWE, GARFIELD THOMAS, 5.W. A. WIKNER, F. J. WILSON. 143 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 25th April, 1941.-The President reported that on the occasion of the celebration of the Centenary of the foundation of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, a message of congratulation had been sent to the Society on behalf of the Institute. The message referred to the high ideals and useful service of the Society in raising the standard of know-ledge and practice of pharmacy, and recalled with gratitude the names of many who were associated with both the Society and the Institute in the past, including John Attfield, Michael Carteighe, Arthur William Crossley, Henry George Greenish, Edward Frank Harrison, Alexander Pedler, Theophilus Redwood, William Augustus Tilden and Edmund White, who had contrib- uted materially to the furtherance of the interests of both institutions and of the callings they represent. The attention of the Council was directed to the report of the proceedings in the House of Lords on 2nd April, when Viscount Samuel raised the general question whether the Government could make any statement on the extent to which the assistance of scientists had been enlisted in the prosecution of the war.The view was expressed that the Government was not yet making the fullest possible use of existing information. The matter- which was mentioned in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, p.113-is not being neglected. A letter was received from the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, following up its cablegram received in January, conveying appreciation of the work which the chemists of Great Britain were doing, and conveying greetings to all members of the Institute and other chemists. The Society of Public Analysts thanked the Council of the Institute for inviting the Society to appoint representatives to a Joint Committee to consider the correspondence between the Institute and the Ministry of Health relating to the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service. The Council of the Society appointed Dr. E. B. Hughes, Mr. F. W. F. Amaud, 144 Dr.H. E. COX,Mr. S. E. Melling and Dr. E. V. Suckling as repre-sentatives to serve on the Committee. Mr. Edward Hinks agreed to serve as one of the representatives of the Institute on the same Committee. A letter was received from Mr. Bacharach, recently Chairman of the Publications Committee, referring to a letter which he had received from a Fellow criticising Council attendances. The matter is under the consideration of the Special Committee appointed to review the constitution and method of election of the Council. Modified Section Rules for the Birmingham and Midlands Section were approved. Reports of the Standing Committees were received, including a report from the Finance and House Committee to the effect that arrangements were being made for the insurance of the chattels of the Institute under the War Damage Act, 1941. On a report from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, a new Branch in the Examination for the Fellowship, to be called Branch H: General Analytical Chemistry, was introduced into the Regulations, the syllabus being as follows:-The candidate will be expected to show a broad and fundamental knowledge of chemistry, theoretical and practical, as applied to analysis, including-the selection, collection and preparation of samples ; the theory and technique of standard analytical processes; the nature and control of errors in sampling and analysis ; the principles, design, calibration and use of physical apparatus ordinarily employed in analysis.The candidate must be familiar with current literature and practice and with the preparation of reports, and he will be expected to show also a more intimate knowledge of any special methods of analysis applicable to the particular field of work in which he is or has been engaged; but the examination will not require or imply a specialised knowledge of the work required under Branches E or F. At least two written papers will be set and practical ex- aminations will be held extending over not less than four days. While the examiners will bear in mind the special experience of individual candidates, questions and exercises bearing upon general analytical chemistry may be set, 145 The Publications Committee reported that Dr.A. E. Dunstan had kindly consented to give a lecture on “Recent Syntheses in the Petroleum Industry” on 16th May. The Council adopted the recommendation of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee that a question be prepared for Counsel regarding the legal position of part-time public analysts under the Food and Drugs Act, 1938. Council Meeting, 23rd May, 1941.-The President reported that the following message of congratulation had been sent to the Chemical Society on attaining the Centenary of its foundation 1-“The President, Officers and Council, Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland send most cordial greetings and congratulations to the Chemical Society on attaining the Centenary of its foundation.“The Institute of Chemistry recognises how much the Chemical Society has done, in the fulfilment of its primary object as defined at the time of its foundation in 1841, for the honour and prestige of British science, in the advancement of chemistry, by the discussion and publication of new discoveries and the interchange of information respecting them. “No Society exclusively devoted to the interests of chemis- try previously existed in this or in any other country, and no Society has done more to maintain the progress of the science during the past hundred years. “The Institute will continue to co-operate with the Society in every possible way and gladly welcomes this opportunity of expressing its belief that the Society will continue to prosper.J. J. FOX, President. 30th April, 1941. A reply was received from the President, Professor J. C. Philip, F.R.S., expressing the thanks of the Council of the Society and the hope that, when days of peace permitted, the Institute would be associated with the celebrations. A letter received from the Manchester and District Section regarding travelling expenses for Members of Council was referred to the Finance and House Committee, 146 The Council agreed to make representations to the appro- priate authorities on behalf of consultants and analysts whose laboratories had been destroyed by enemy action, in the hope that they might be given priority facilities in obtaining apparatus and materials and a measure of compensation towards the cost of re-equipment. The Finance and House Committee reported that advice was being obtained regarding the investments of the Institute.The report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee embodied the rcport of the Board of Examiners on the April exarninations. Lecture.-On 16th May, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Dr. A. E. Dunstan gave a lecture before the Institute entitled “Recent Syntheses in the Petroleum Industry,”--the President in the chair. At the conclusion, a vote of thanks was proposed by the President, seconded by Professor I. M. Heilbron. Dr. Dunstan delivered his lecture ex tempove, but he has kindly consented to prepare a monograph for publication later in the year.Council, Constitution, Nomination and Election.-A Special Committee has under consideration the present constitu- tion of the Council and the advisability of modifying the method of nomination and election of Members of Council. Fellows and Associates are invited to forward any views that they may have on the subject to the Registrar. Co-operation.-Fellows and Associates of the Institute who are participating in the Co-operation Scheme are requested to forward, if they have not already done so, their applications for membership of the other two Societies as soon as possible. If they have any difficulty in complying with the conditions, they should communicate with the Registrar. 147 Local Sections.Birmingham and Midlands.-The Annual Dinner of the Section, which for 18years has been held jointly with the Local Sections of the other Chemical Societies in the Midlands, was this year replaced by a luncheon, which took place in Birmingham on 26th April. The guests included the Lord Mayor of Birmingham and the Lady Mayoress (Ald. and Mrs. Wilfrid Martineau), Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., representing the President of the Institute, and Mr. Austin Lowe (Chairman of the Plastics Group). Mr. A. Churchman presided. In proposing the toast “The City of Birmingham,” Sir Robert Pickard referred to the contribution of Birmingham to chemical science; to the pioneer research work of Tilden, of Frankland, and of Morgan, who, in succession, occupied the Chair of Chemis- try of the University of Birmingham, and added that chemists were happy that the traditions set by them were being worthily maintained by Professor W.N. Haworth. The Lord Mayor, in reply, dwelt on the early history of the city and the part played by chemical science. “I do not mean to adduce that we are particularly good examples in Birmingham because we burned Priestley’s house.” In the days of Robert Boyle, the scientific investigator who wrote “The Sceptical Chemist,” Birmingham was beginning to come into the picture as the forerunner of what is now known as “the workshop of the world.” The Lord Mayor stressed the need for intense research in pure science and closer co-operation with industrial laboratories. It was a pity that in the years of Birmingham’s early development there was not a closer link between chemical science and the manufacturers.There were, however, notable exceptions; but, until fairly recently, the industries of Birmingham were conducted on the “hit and miss” principle. Sometimes they made a successful hit, but there was much missing and wasted energy. Since the Great War there had been a realisation, by in- dustrialists in Birmingham and elsewhere, that in order to make business successful, research was essential. The link between scientific knowledge and industrial production was created in the 148 Midlands largely by Mason College, and afterwards by the University of Birmingham. Mr. Austin Lowe, chairman of the Plastics Group, replied to the toast “The Guests,” proposed by the Chairman.The luncheon was followed by dancing and a special display of cinematograph films. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held at Bristol University on 24th April, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society,-Mr. A. Sanders, Chairman of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, presiding. A paper was read by Dr. C. G. Addingley, on “Some Aspects of the use of Asbestos in Plastics. ’’ A joint meeting of the Chemical Society with the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Chemical Department of Bristol University on 5th June,-Dr.E. B. Maxted in the Chair. Professor G. M. Bennett gave a lecture-demonstration on “Liquid Crystals,” illustrated by projection in polarised light as well as by lantern slides. Cape.-On 29th November, 1940, a party of members of the Section, accompanied by members of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society, visited the Cape Explosives Works Factory at Somerset West, where they were entertained to tea by the management and shown over the sulphuric and nitric acid and superphosphate fertiliser plants, The members were interested in recent improvements in the catalyst chambers of the sulphuric acid plant and in the effect of war-time conditions on the manu- facture of superphosphate.Later, visitors were entertained to dinner by the factory management, after which a meeting was held in the staff club- room. Mr. J. E. Worsdale made a statement regarding a proposed wage determination for some branches of the chemical industry in South Africa, It appeared that, owing to a somewhat u11-fortunate classification of employees, “chemists ” might be placed at a disadvantage when compared with “pharmacists.” The Section agreed to co-operate with the South African Chemical Institute in making representations to the Ministry of Labour to prevent this. The S.A.C.I. suggested that the best course would 149 be to exclude employees of this type from the operation of the wage determination, feeling that the salaries of professional men should not be regulated in such a manner.The meeting was then addressed by Dr. Mally on “Some Chemical Aspects of Entomology,” dealing mainly with work now in progress in the Cape Explosives Works Laboratories on the resistance shown by some strains of codlin moth to the ordinary arsenical insecticides. An interesting discussion followed. Cardiff and District.-During 1940-41 the following lectures were held in the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff (jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry :-On 7th December, I940-“ Some New Developments in the Petroleum Industry,” by Mr. W. D. Williams. On 15th February-“Disinfectants,” by Mr. H. Berry. On 21st March-“ More Recent Investigations of the Organic Com-pounds of Gold,” by Professor C. S.Gibson, F.R.S. ; and on 18th April-“ Some Recent Developments in Micro-chemistry,” by Dr. Janet W. Matthews. Dr. N. hl. Cullinane presided at all four lectures. On each occasion there was a good attendance and the discussions proved of considerable interest. The sixth annual general meeting of the Section took place in the Philharmonic Hotel, St. Mary Street, Cardiff, on 16th May,- Dr. N. M. Cullinane in the Chair. The reports of the hon. secretary and treasurer were read and adopted. Mr. E. E. Ayling, District Member of Council, gave an account of his service on the Council. Subjects to be discussed at the annual conference of honorary secretaries were then considered. The retiring chairman, Dr.Cullinane, referred to the success achieved by the Section in maintaining its activities during a difficult period. The chairman and the hon. secretary were thanked for their services. A report on the collection in aid of the Benevolent Fund was given by Dr. D. P.Evans, who was responsible for its organisation. The following officers and committee were elected for 1941-42 : Chairman, Dr. J. H. Quastel, F.R.S.; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. J. F. J. Dippy; Committee, Mr. H. F. Adams, Dr. N. M. Cullinane, Dr. D. P. Evans, Mr. A. G. Fishburn, Mr. S. A. de Lacy and Mr. R. G. Minor. District Member of Council (ex-o$cio member of Committee), Mr. E. E. Ayling; Hon. Auditor, Mr. D. Hicks. 150 Dublin.-(See p. 166.) East Ang1ia.-The Third Annual General Meeting of the East Anglian Section was held at the Great White Horse Hotel, Ipswich, on 5th April,-Mr. W.Lincolne Sutton in the Chair. Reports of the Honorary Secretary and the Honorary Treasurer were received and adopted, and the Officers and Committee were re-elected for the ensuing year, except that Mr. R. L. Edwards was elected to fill a vacancy caused by the removal of Mr. G. C. Green from the district. The meeting was followed by a discussion on the Gas Identi- fication Service. The members present urged that all Gas Identification Officers should regularly receive technical bulletins, including the information supplied to other A.R.P. services relative to gas and chemical warfare. It was further agreed that it was essential for such officers to be supplied with authentic samples of gases.There was a strong desire for further co-ordination of the Gas Identification Service and for the appoint- ment of a special organisation for that purpose. East Midlands.-The Sixth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Bell Hotel, Leicester, on 10th April,- Mr. G. F. Hall in the Chair. The Officers and Committee for the coming year were elected as follows: Chairman, Mr. G. F. Hall: Committee (Derbyshire), Messrs. R. Davidson, C. W. North and G. E. Wilson; (Notting- hamshire) Dr. H. H. Barber and Messrs. E. M. Bavin and C. F. Ward; (Leicestershire) Messrs. S. W. Atherley and H. L. Long; (Loughborough) Dr. G. M. Dyson; (Lincolnshire) Mr.D. H. Campbell; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. J. Ratcliffe; Hon. Auditor, Mr. C. W. North. Mr. G. F. Hall then gave a lecture on “Flavines” (see p. 164). Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Since the last report from the Section a number of interesting and well attended meetings have been held. At the Annual General Meeting, held on 20th December, 1940, the office bearers were re-elected en bloc for a further period of one year. In December, 1940, Mr. W. A. Alexander, Member of Com- mittee, spoke on the subject “Problems of an Analyst”; in January a lecture was given by Prof. J. M. Gulland, entitled “Nucleic Acids”; and in February, Prof. H. W. Melville lectured on the subject “Some Problems of Macromolecular Chemistry.” 151 In May a successful informal social meeting was held, when skittle matches were played against members of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section, to which mem- bers of the Society of Dyers and Colourists were invited, was held at Field’s CafC, Huddersfield, on 3rd March. The Chair was taken by Dr. J. W. Whitaker, and Professor J. B. Speakman gave a lecture on “Alginate Fibres.” The lecture was followed by a good discussion. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Field’s CafC on 27th May,-Dr. J. W. Whitaker in the Chair. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer were read and adopted. Dr. H. H. Goldthorpe and Dr. W. R. H. Hurtley were elected to the vacancies on Committee, and Messrs.C. E. Randolph and H. S.Pink were elected Hon. Auditors. After a brief account of Institute activities had been given by Dr. H. H. Hodgson, the meeting proceeded to consider items suggested for discussion at the Hon. Secretaries’ Conference. The first item was that suggested by the Birmingham and Midlands Section urging the appointment of a representative Committee to consider the post-war policy of the Institute with particular reference to: (a) the reconstruction of the Council, (b) the holding of a triennial Congress, and (c) the possibility of union of chemical bodies. With regard to (a) the main feature of the discussion centred round the desirability of tht representation of Associates on the Council, and on this point opinion appeared to be divided about equally for and against.On the question of the holding of a Triennial Congress, the general opinion was that, while such functions are socially useful, they are expensive and of doubtful professional value. On the third item there was not much discussion, and, although the meeting appeared to be in agreement with the principle of union, no concrete suggestions were made. A discussion followed on the desirability of changes in the present methods of preliminary education of students in chemistry. The discussion covered a wide field, and the meeting was generally of the opinion that the present methods left a good deal to be desired, particularly in the secondary schools, where the standard attained on the manipulative side was poor.The 152 point was stressed that facilities for further education of assistants in industry were still inadequate and almost non-existent after reaching the age of 21. The strain of evening study was heavy, and even where one afternoon a week was allowed for daytime work this was not sufficient to allow of an honours degree standard to be reached except after a number of years. It was finally agreed that this item should be put forward for discussion at the Honorary Secretaries’ Conference, and it was arranged that the Chairman would deputise for the Secretary at the conference. A brief discussion followed on future activities of the Section, and it was agreed that, if conditions were suitable, meetings should be arranged in the early autumn.Leeds Area.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held in the University on zznd April. Dr. J. Colvin, President of the University Chemical Society, presided at the first part of the meeting, at which the following sound-films, dealing with petroleum production, were shown to a large and appreciative audience by courtesy of the Petroleum Films Bureau:--“The A.B.C. of Oil,” “Oil from the Earth,” “Distillation,” ‘‘Paraffin Young.” After an interval for refreshments, the Chair was taken by Professor F. M. Rowe, Chairman of the Section, and Mr. R. H. Morley, of Messrs. Technical Products, Ltd., gave a lecture on “Chemicals from Petroleum,” the discussion on which reflected the keen interest taken in the subject.Liverpool and North-Western.-A lunch-hour meeting of the Section was held at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool, on 13th February,-Mr. J. R. Stubbs in the Chair. A short talk on “The Chemist, the Engineer and Viscose Rayon” was given by Mr. E. Finklestone, of British Enka, Limited. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool, on 24th April,- Mr. J. R. Stubbs in the Chair. The business of the meeting was preceded by an address by the Chairman entitled: “The Profession-Some Observations sub Yosa.” 153 The following officers were elected for the Session 1941-42:- Chairman, Mr.H. Humphrey Jones; Vice-chairman, Mr. J. R. Stubbs; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. G. W. Beaumont. Dr. W. F. Higgins, Dr. R. A. Morton and Messrs. E. Finklestone and G. E. Knowles were elected to the Committee to replace Dr. H. Jasperson and Messrs. R. Crosbie-Oates and T. C. Williams, who retire in accordance with the section rules, and to fill one casual vacancy. Messrs. L. V. Cocks and B. D. W. Luff were re-elected Auditors; Dr. F. J. SmithandMr. E. Reidwere re-electedHonorary Secretary and Honorary Assistant Secretary, respectively. The resolution to be proposed at the Conference of Secretaries by the Birmingham and Midland Section was discussed. While some criticism was directed at details, there was support for the general principle, and the Secretary was instructed to support the resolution at the Conference.London and South-Eastern Counties.-Three lectures have been delivered before the Section this year and have been well attended. On 19th February, at the Institute, Dr. V. G. W. Harrison, F.Inst.P., Senior Physicist to the Printing and Allied Trades Research Association, spoke upon “Colour Printing,” and showed many exhibits demonstrating the processes employed. The second joint meeting with the London and Home Counties’ Branch of the Institute of Physics was held at the Royal Institu- tion on 19th March when Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., President, gave an address entitled “Infra-red Absorption and Molecular Structure.” “Chromatographic Analysis” was the subject of a lecture by Dr.A. H. Cook, of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, given at the Institute on 18th April. The discussion which followed emphasised the scope of this comparatively new technique. The Committee of the Section has met on two occasions recently. At the first meeting the programme of lectures for the session 1941-2 was discussed, but no arrangements for works visits were made, owing to the war. At the second meeting the Committee considered a resolution bearing upon the re-organisa- tion of the Council and the possibilities of unifying chemical bodies, which the Birmingham and Midland Section propose to place before the Conference of Hon. Secretaries in June. The 154 Committee decided upon an amendment to this resolution to put before the Conference, and appointed a sub-committee to in- vestigate the terms of the motion.As a war time experiment it was decided that the Summer Meeting should be held in June, jointly with the Institute of Physics, Home Counties’ Branch. Dr. D. A. Spencer, Fellow, lectured upon “Photography in Industry,” on 17th June, at 6 p.m., in the Lecture Hall of Messrs. Kodak, Ltd., The Works, Wealdstone, Harrow. New Zealand.-The Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Lecture Room of Otago University, Dunedin, on 24th January. A cable of greetings and good wishes was sent by the members to their British colleagues, together with similar messages from the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, which was holding its Conference in Dunedin at the same time.The Officers and Committee were elected for the ensuing year :-Chairman : Dr. R. 0. Page ; Secretary and Treasurer: Mr. Philip White; Auditor; Mr. T. A. Glendinning; Committee: Mr. F. W. Fielder, Mr. T. H. M. Combs, Dr. F. H. McDowall, Dr. H. 0.Askew, Dr. R. Gardner, Dr. G. M. Moir, andMr. M. L. H. Stewart. In the unavoidable absence of Dr. R. 0. Page, Chairman of the Section, his address on “The Training of the Industrial Chemist” was read by the Honorary Secretary. A discussion followed, and an address was given by Dr. R. Gardner, President of the New Zealand Institute, entitled “New Industries in New Zealand.” The members of both Institutes visited the Research Labora- tories of the Wool Research Association, as well as the plants of Messrs. Cadbury, Fry and Hudson, the Millburn Cement Co., and the Dunedin Engineering and Steel Co.The Conference concluded with a discussion on the war effort of New Zealand chemists. South Wales.-The Twenty-third Annual General Meeting was held on 8th May, at the Mackworth Hotel, Swansea,-Mr. J. Christie presiding. The Annual Report of the Committee and the Financial Statement were received and adopted. Despite the difficulties of the present times, members had been able to attend a full and varied programme of meetings. Two business meetings and two 155 lectures were arranged by the Section and a joint meeting was held with the Chemical Society. In addition, members were invited to attend three meetings arranged by the Chemical Society and one arranged by the Society of Chemical Industry.Mr. S.B. Watkins, immediate-past District Member of Council, spoke briefly of various Council activities and was thanked by the Chairman on behalf of the Section for his services during his term of office. The Officers and Members of the Committee for the ensuing session were elected, as follows :-Chairman: Mr. R. H. Jones; Honorary Secretary: Mr. E. E. Ayling; Committee: Mr. T. Hedley Barry, Mr. J. Christie, Professor J. E. Coates, Dr. L. E. Hinkel, Mr. E. Thornton and Mr. F. G. Willson. Messrs. J. W. Adye and C. R. N.Strouts were re-elected Honorary Auditors. On the proposition of the newly elected Chairman, a vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Chairman, Mr.J. Christie, who was the first Chairman of the Section in 1918, and who had again accepted office for the session during which the “Coming of Age” of the Section was celebrated. The President’s letter of appeal on behalf of the Benevolent Fund was read, and it was decided that the Committee should appoint a member to be specially in charge of the interests of the Fund. The meeting then considered a memorandum from the Birm- ingham and Midlands Section, which embodied a proposal to be submitted to the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Sections. It was decided that the memorandum should be retained for future discussion when further details on some points would be available, and that the representative of the Section at the Conference should voice approval of the general terms of the proposal and outline the views of the Section on the suggested terms of reference.South Yorkshire.-A joint meeting with Fellows of the Chemical Society, postponed from zIst January, was held on 8th February at Sheffield University, when Prof. R. D. Haworth presented a paper on “Resins.” Following a very successful meeting in December, 1940,a further joint meeting with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association was held at the latter’s premises on 15th March, when Mr. E. J. Vaughan presented a paper on “Modern Methods of Metallurgical Analysis.” 166 Mr. Vaughan’s paper is to be published separately as a monograph.A joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 25th March at Rotherham Technical College, when Dr. A. W. Chapman gave a talk on “Some Aspects of Boiler Water Treatment.” On aand April, at a meeting in Sheffield, short papers were read as follows:-by Mr. C. E. Spooner on “A New Rapid Method for the Ultimate Analysis of Coals”; by Mr. J. L. West on “The Determination of Silver in Steels of the 18 per cent. Chromium, 8 per cent. Nickel Type”; by Mr. A. H. Dodd on “Coal Tar Spirits as Possible Motor Fuels.” The meeting was concluded by a brief talk on “Sheffield and the Chemist,” by Mr. B. W. Methley, chairman of the Section. The meetings were well attended and the papers aroused interesting discussions.On 6th May, the Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Technical College, Rotherham. The year’s activities were reviewed and the Treasurer’s and Auditor‘s reports were received. The Officers for 1941-42were elected as follows :-Chairman, Mr. B. W. Methley; Vice-Chairmen, Mr. A. H. Dodd and Dr. E. Gregory (Member of Council): Hon. Treasurer, Mr. W. W. Stevenson; Hon. Auditor, Dr. A. W. Chapman; Hon. Secretary, Mr. G. Parkin. The Section Committee includes-Mr. W. F. Andrews, Mr. R. Belcher, Mr. S. D. Carson, Prof. R. D. Haworth, Dr. G. Lawton, Mr. P. Lord, Dr. R. A. Mott, Mr. G. E. Speight and Mr. E. J. Vaughan. The Chairman spoke on the activities of the Section, and mentioned the effects of war conditions which made participation by many local members difficult.Much excellent work was being done by the Institute for the war effort, and the mainten- ance of local activity was of first importance. It was hoped that the success of the past year would be repeated and perhaps be increased. The Section Committee met frequently during the year and addressed a letter to the South Yorkshire members asking their support for the Chemical Council Scheme and the Institute Benevolent Fund. It is hoped to arrange at least one summer excursion, and consideration has already been given to proposed meetings for the autumn session. 157 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES. Soil Fertility-Its Measurement on a Large Scale By R. A. HAMILTON,BSc., B.Agr., Univ.Dip.Agri.(Cantab), A.I.C.T.A.[Belfast and District Section, on 6th March, 1941.1 The soil chemist engaged on advisory work on an extensive scale is obliged to take cognizance of the six principal factors conditioning soil fertility, viz., (I)soil moisture, (2)soil nutrients, (3) soil air, (4) soil temperature, (5) root space, (6) injurious substances. All of these factors must be taken into consideration when advising suitable measures for maintaining or increasing soil fertility, Hence it is of fundamental importance that concise and accurate field notes should be made by the person responsible for sampling the soil for laboratory examination. Such notes should include particulars of the geology, elevation, aspect, drain- age, topography, vegetation and, so far as is practicable, of the soil profile.It is furthermore essential to have particulars of past husbandry and of the intended future use of the land. When the time comes for framing practical recommendations based on the field work and on the results of the laboratory examination, it is necessary to take into account prevailing local agricultural conditions. In the laboratory, mechanical analyses are frequently under- taken in order to define the texture class of the soil according to the proportions of sand, silt and clay or soil colloids present. For extensive work the Bouyoucos hydrometer method has proved extremely useful in this connexion and may be used to replace more laborious methods. Efficient mechanical dis-persion is essential to the success of the method. Provided this is secured by a satisfactory mechanical disperser, adequate mechanical analyses may be carried out with ease and speed.One of the most useful and accurate laboratory soil deter-minations is that of “lime requirement.” It is the practice in this laboratory* to regard soils whose pH is greater than 6.0 as not requiring lime except for crops such as barley. The @H *The Department of Agricultural Chemistry, at Queen’s University. 158 measurements are performed electrometrically, using a glass electrode and cross-checking by the quinhydrone electrode. Soils whose +H fall below 6.0 are further examined to deter- mine their “lime requirement ’’ by adding successive amounts of standard calcium sucrate solution to portions of the soil, shaking overnight and preparing buffer curves from subsequent pH determinations on the several mixtures.The lime required to bring the soil to +H 6.0 is adopted as the “lime requirement” in most cases. Such potentiometer titration methods provide considerably more information than older routine methods such as the Hutchinson-McClennan method, and are more easily carried out with accuracy. The most generally satisfactory chemical method for assessing available soil P,O, is probably the original Dyer method of extraction with citric acid; but unfortunately the rate at which such analyses can be carried out accurately is a serious limitation to its practical usefulness. The Egnh method of extraction with calcium lactate-HC1 buffer, followed by colorimetric estima- tion of the P,O, in the extract using the Spekker photoelectric absorptiometer, has proved to be an extremely useful substitute for Dyer’s method.Large numbers of estimations can be made with great rapidity by EgnCr’s method, which at the same time is free from the objections to many of the so-called “rapid field tests” which have been tried out in recent years. The estimation of “available” or exchangeable K,O is a matter of considerable importance at the present time, especially to the flax grower, The classical chemical methods are well-nigh useless for extensive advisory work on account of their lengthy nature, while various colorimetric and other rapid methods have been found in this laboratory to have a limited applicability.Fortunately during the past few years the Macaulay Institute of Soil Research has applied spectrographic methods to problems of soil analysis with conspicuous success, and some of their methods have now been adopted in this laboratory, more especially in connexion with the determination of available soil potash. The technique consists in determining the potash in acetic acid extracts of soil by the Lundegardh flame spectra technique, using a Hilger medium quartz spectrograph and microphotometer. By these means two trained assistants can perform some 50 to 60 analyses in duplicate each day with an accuracy of 15 per cent. The spectrograms also provide permanent records of several other soil constituents.The spectrograph also offers a 159 practical approach to the many soil fertility problems bound up with the rather mis-named “minor nutrient” elements, many of which can be determined by the flame or arc technique. The data from the field survey of the soil and the laboratory examination by the above methods are summarised on field record cards, which also provide the farmer with the chemist’s verdict on his soil, in terms intelligible to the layman, together with advice as to the most suitable manurial treatment for future crops.It is only by systematic survey and analysis on a large scale that any comprehensive view of the state of fertility over any significant area can be attained in a reasonable time.Significant data have already been secured with regard to the lime and phosphate status of the soils of Northern Ireland, and it is already possible in a general way to correlate fertility with geology, prevailing local efficiency of farming and other factors. Of more immediate interest is the practical possibility of giving individual advice on manuring with some degree of confidence, obviously a matter of considerable national im-portance at the present time. It may be of interest to chemists engaged in this type of work to know that soils from approximately 300 fields are being examined in this laboratory each week by the foregoing methods. Colour Printing By Dr. V. G. W. HARRISON,F.Inst.P., A.R.P.S., Senior Physicist to Printing and Allied Trades Research Association [London and South Eastern Counties’ Section, on 19th February, 1941.1 The essential feature of a print is that it is obtained by applying ink to paper through the medium of a surface which accepts or rejects ink according to a definite design.The first printing blocks were cut by hand from wood, but these are now largely replaced by metal blocks reproduced from black and white drawings by photomechanical means. Any coloured ink may be used, but with only one block the effects are limited to monochrome. To produce a colour print, two or more blocks are necessary, one for each colour. Thus for a print in red, green, blue and black, four blocks are required and the paper has to pass through 160 the press four times before the print is complete.The blocks have to be designed so that all the parts fit into place without overlapping or leaving blank paper: this is usually done from a master drawing which serves as a “key.” Tracings or transfers are made from this and laid on the blocks; the parts which it is desired shall not print are then etched or cut away, the rest of the design being protected by a varnish applied locally by hand. In some cases the separations could be made photographically, if the original line drawing was prepared with coloured inks. Additional colours can be obtained by overlapping or double printing. In this way two blocks may be made to give a possible three colours, three blocks seven colours, and four blocks a possible fifteen, though not all of these may be suitable for any given design.In all cases, however, only a strictly limited number of colours can be obtained and continuous tone gradations are impossible. In lithography, continuous tone gradations are obtained by the method of “chalking.” In the half-tone process a continuous tone image is broken up into dots of varying sizes spaced at anything between fifty and two hundred to the inch. By super- imposing half-tone images in colour, various colour effects can be obtained by mixture, continuous gradations of both tone and hue being possible. Most colours met with in nature can be “resolved ” into three “primary colours ”-red, green and blue-violet.This fact is utilised in the three-colour process of reproduction. Photographs of a coloured original are made with red, green and blue-violet filters over the lens, and from the corresponding negatives three blocks are prepared and printed with green-blue, magenta and yellow inks, colours complementary to those of the taking filters. The combined print is a close reproduction of the original, although, on account of imperfections in the filters and inks, certain errors in re-production occur which have to be corrected by hand retouch- ing on the blocks. Originals containing dark colours are reproduced more faithfully by a four-colour process, in which a black printer is added, the purpose of which is to reinforce the dark tones.Though the three- and four-colour processes sufice for the rendering of most colours, there are still some which cannot be so reproduced, as, for example, bright blue-greens. If large areas of these occur, an additional printing in the special colour is usually necessary. Theoretically, almost perfect re-production could be obtained by a five- or six-colour process, 161 but the additional technical difficulties so introduced more than offset any improvement in colour rendering, so that the three- and four-colour processes are likely to remain the foundation of colour printing. Colour printing is still far from being an automatic process in which certain instructions have merely to be followed in order to obtain a perfect reproduction of a coloured original.The skill and experience of the craftsman are still essential. The three- and four-processes will probably be improved so as to give, by automatic means, sufficiently good reproduction for most commercial purposes, leaving the artist-craftsman free to devote his time to the production of colour printing of the highest quality. Landmarks in Chemotherapy [The 49th Bedson Lecture was delivered by Professor C. H. Browning, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne, on March IIth, 1941.1 The first great advance in the search for synthetic compounds with curative action in infections due to trypanosomes, spiro- chaetes, malarial parasites and bacteria was the discovery of trypan red, with whichEhrlichand Shiga (1904)cured an otherwise fatal infection due to certain trypanosomes in mice.It had the disadvantage of staining the body tissues and was of little practical value; but it led to Bayer-205, a colourless symmetric- ally substituted urea derivative. In the case of the latter the ratio of the maximum tolerated to the minimum curative dose is very large; any change, however slight, in its molecular structure causes a great diminution in its activity. It is the most effective drug for the cure of the African forms of human trypanosomiasis, provided that treatment is begun early. About the same time as the discovery of trypan red, the organic arsenical atoxylwas shown by Thomas at Liverpool to be active against trypanosomes in vivo.Although inactive ilz vitro, it becomes active in the test tube on reduction to the trivalent arsenic state. Therefore it seems that the drug is reduced in the body or even inside the trypanosome itself. The outcome of the investigation of arsenicals in Ehrlich’s laboratory was salvarsan and its derivative neosalvarsan. The latter, especially from convenience in use, has come to be the most important drug in the treatment of syphilis. Ehrlich and Guttmann in 1891 found methylene blue to be active in the 162 quartan variety malaria. In 1926 Roehl showed that a quinoline derivative, plasmoquine, was effective and especially that it destroyed the sexual stage or crescent of the tropical variety, which is resistant to other drugs.Schulemann (1932) introduced atebrin, an acridine derivative which, like quinine, acts on the asexual stage. It is noteworthy that both these synthetic anti-malarial drugs possess the same side-chain-NH.CH(CH,).(CH,),.N(C,H,),, although they differ in the stage of the parasite which is attacked. Scientific attempts to destroy bacteria in the tissues date from 1867, when Lister experimented with some success on the use of crude carbolic acid in the treatment of compound fractures. This was an example of the application of a “surface” antiseptic which could be brought into intimate contact with an infected site. Up to about 1914 it was believed that an antiseptic must be a general protoplasm poison, harmful alike to the bacteria and the infected host.But this idea was disproved by observations with the newer antiseptics, such as acriflavine and proflavine. An example is afforded by Blake’s experiments on trout ova infected with €3. salmonicida; although carbolic acid is almost equally toxic to both, a concentration of I: 2000 acri-flavine will kill the bacteria without appreciably damaging the ova. Experimental streptococcal infections have also been successfully treated with acriflavine as well as with certain quino- line compounds of the Schiff’s base type (anils), the method being to inject the organisms into the abdominal cavity and then after an interval to follow up with a solution of the drug. Such antiseptics are valuable for the prevention and treatment of local infections of wounds.As regards the treatment of general bacterial infections, in 1911 Morgenroth and Levy showed ethylhydrocupreine (optoquine) to be active against experimental pneumococcal infection in mice ;this observation was of scientific interest only. The first compounds of practical value were the azo dyes derived from p-aminobenzenesulphonamide, used by Domagk, such as “prontosil soluble.” Trefouel et al. showed that it is the sulphonamide part of the molecule which is effective and that the removal of the part linked by the azo grouping does not cause loss of activity. Sulphanilamide itself is fairly soluble and rapidly absorbed and excreted. Analogues, such as sulphapyridine, which have proved very useful clinically, are much less soluble and more slowly absorbed, so tending to maintain a more continuous action.Compounds of this class 163 which are effective against streptococci in experimental infections, may fail with staphylococci. While these drugs have revolu- tionised the treatment of meningococcal meningitis and gono- coccal infections and have profoundly modified the course of pneumonia, they appear to have little effect on some other infections, e.g. tuberculosis. Infra-red Absorption in Relation to Chemical Constitution By J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., DSc., President [London and South-Eastern Counties’ Section, on 19th March, 1941.1 Study of infra-red spectra leads to much information con-cerning molecular structure and dimensions.The infra-red spectra are capable of comparatively simple interpretation as they are largely concerned with molecular vibrations and rotations (vibration-rotation spectra, 2 to 22p; pure rotation bands, 22 to zoop, ~p = ~o-~mrn.),whereas in the visible and near infra-red (0.4 to zp) and in the ultra-violet (<0.4~)regions electronic transitions are also concerned. It has been found possible to interpret the spectra of simple molecules in a fundamental manner. If a molecule is vibrating and rotating simultaneously then the simple vibration spectrum becomes much more complex. Bjerrum utilised these vibration- rotation bands to calculate the moment of inertia of the HC1 molecule and thence the atomic separation from the 1.76~ doublet band (under poor resolution; Av v I/.rr2/kT/I, where k is Boltzmann’s constant and I is the moment of inertia).More recently it has been shown that this doublet can be resolved into a complex system of rotation bands, the energy of any rotational level being given by where n and j are the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers. The frequency separation of the individual rotation bands is h/4n21, and this serves to give a very accurate value for I. DCl gives more closely spaced rotation bands, while the whole band system is shifted to a lower frequency region. D3Tl and D3’Cl give slightly different rotation bands and from these an estimate of the relative proportions of the chlorine isotopes can be made. Once the laws governing the production of the band systems for various molecular types (e.g.HCI, a linear molecule, or NH,, a symmetrical top) have been mastered, a cursory examination of the bands of a molecule such as HCN suffices to show that this molecule is indeed linear. The spectrum of NH, (or ND,) indicates that the molecule is pyramidal, with N at the apex at a distance 0.36A. from the base (NH and ND 1.02A.). It is but 35 years since Coblentz carried out his classic work in the infra-red, when he mapped the spectra of a great many organic substances. He found that compounds containing CH linkages always had a strong absorption band close to 3.4~. Allocation of characteristic frequencies to various groups in complex molecules is valuable when complete analysis is im- possible,' In dilute solution hydroxylic bodies such as alcohols, phenols, and carboxylic acids have a band near 2.75,~~,but on association this OH frequency is reduced and a displaced, frequently much distorted, band results.An examination of salicyl aldehyde solution discloses no band attributable to free OH, and here intramolecular association is complete. Methoxybenzoic acids show an interesting case of intramolecular association between the carboxylic OH and the oxygen of the methoxy group. With phenol or benzyl alcohol at low con-centrations the association band is absent but grows rapidly as the concentration increases. Measurement of these bands gives information regarding the nature of the molecular interactions and also some idea of the relative proportions of different mole- cular aggregates present at a particular concentration. The Flavines BY G.F. HALL,M.B.E., B.Sc., F.I.C. [East Midlands Section, on 10th April, 1941.1 The word flavine is open to criticism since it is the name given to diaminobenzophenone, to a colouring matter extractable from quercitron bark, to acriflavine and to euflavine. In the plural, however, the word is generally used to indicate the group of compounds acriflavine, euflavine and proflavine which were formerly regarded as being derivatives of 3 : 6-diamino-acridine, 165 but are now, owing to the adoption of a different system of nomenclature, described as being derivatives of 2 : 8-diamino-acridine.Hale White describes acriflavine as being “therapeutically perhaps the best antiseptic.” In this respect the value of these compounds is firmly established. The use of dyes in differential staining suggested to Ehrlich that it should be possible to prepare chemical compounds which were lethal to parasites causing disease, and which would not affect the cells of the host. He investigated, therefore, the effect of a large number of dyes on trypanosome-infected animals, and acridine yellow, dimethyl-diamino-acridine, was found to have marked therapeutic activity. By modifications in the chemical structure, improvements in the therapeutic action were obtained, and the flavines came into being as a result of the work of Benda at Frankfort in 1912.In 1914, Browning and his colleagues extended the uses of these compounds as general antiseptics. The parent substance 2 : 8-diamino-acridine may be prepared by condensing aniline and formaldehyde to produce 4 :+’-diamino-diphenylmethane, and this is then nitrated to give the z : 2’-dinitro-derivative. On reduction with tin and hydrochloric acid the tetra-amino-compound is produced, and this is autoclaved producing 2 : 8-diamino-acridine. The sulphate of this base is proflavine. If the amino groups are protected by acetylation, and the product is methylated, subsequent hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid gives acriflavine. Euflavine may be prepared from acriflavine by neutralisation and precipitation with sodium chloride. The bactericidal properties have been dealt with by Browning.He has called attention to the fact that the anti-bacterial properties of the flavines, unlike those of many antiseptics, including mercuric compounds and chlorine derivatives, are not reduced by serum; also, that the flavines, unlike many anti- septics, inhibit streptococci in a concentration lower than that damaging to the tissues (B.M.J., 1934, 579). The flavines are used in a variety of medicinal preparations; eufiavine is always used in intravenous injections because of its lower acidity; proflavine is specially indicated in ophthalmic surgery. Recent developments include the use of buffered isotonic proflavine solutions in brain surgery. Formerly the quality of these compounds was usually deter- mined by an analysis involving estimations of nitrogen, and 166 either chloride or sulphate with tests for freedom from insoluble impurities and from excess of inorganic salts.The nitrogen assay does not necessarily give a true indication of the quality, as it gives no indication of possible nitrogenous impurities present either from the time of manufacture or produced as a result of decomposition afterwards. Determination by the diazotisation method of Udall (Analyst, 1932, 57, 297) is impossible of application, but the ferricyanide method (Powell and Hall, Q. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1g33,6, 389) has been adopted by the British Pharmaceutical Codex. Marshall (Q. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1934, 7, 514) has shown that acriflavine is not merely the hydrochloride of 2 : 8-diamino-10-methylacridiniumchloride as had first been supposed, but a mixture of this compound with the hydrochloride of 2 :8-diamino-acridine, and Gailliot (Q.J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1934, 7, 63), who has noticed variations in solubility of samples of acriflavine has come to the same conclusion. The estimation of the two constituents is of some importance, particularly because of solubility effects, and estimation of the methyl radical by the method of Herzig and Meyer (Monatsh. fur. Chemie, 1894, 15, 613) has been attempted. Separation by silver oxide (Gailliot, loc. cit.), a volumetric method (Hall and Powell, Q. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1934, 7, 522, and 1936, 9, ~IO),and electrometric and colorimetric titration methods (Reimers, Q.J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1935, 8, 218) have been proposed and criticised. -Local Sections-continued. Dublin.-Members of the Section visited the Seed Testing Station of the Department of Agriculture on 26th March, when Dr. H. Lafferty explained the nature of the work carried out at the station and its beneficial effect on the quality of seed sold in Ireland. The Abert Farm, Glasnevin, was visited on 21st May. Pro-fessor J. P. Drew conducted the party round the laboratories and farm, where there was much to interest the members, who were also entertained to tea. 167 Examinations: April, 1941. Abstract of the Report cf the Board of Examiners. 23rd April, 1941 Examinations were held as under :-For the Associateship in General Chemktry- Entered.Passed. At the Institute, in the laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, and of the University of Manchester, theoretical papers being also taken at a number of local centres. Theoretical-Friday and Saturday, 4th and 5th April.Practical-Monday to Thursday, 7th-10th April 45 20 For the Fellowship- Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry, with special re-ference to the analysis of metals ferrous and non-ferrous. Under the auspices of Professor C. W. Dannatt, of the Royal School of Mines.-Monday to Friday, 31st March to 4th April .. *. .. .. 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry. At the Institute and at Battersea Polytechnic,-Monday, 31st March, to Friday, 4th April ..*. 1 1 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. At the Institute and in the laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, -Friday and Saturday, 4th and 5th April, Monday to Thursday, 7th to 10th April .. 6 2 Branch (7. Industrial Chemistry, with special re-ference to Paper Technology .. .. 1 -1 -54 25 The following exercises were given:- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. FRIDAY, 4th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Uive jormulce and equations where possible.) 1. Give a general account of the methods which are available for the 2. Define the term “heat of reaction.” determination of atomic weights.168 Describe one form of calorimeter designed to measure heats of re-action accurately and explain how it is operated.Discuss the use in physicochemical theory of measurements of heats of reaction. 3. Describe and account for the principal features of the chemistry of nitric oxide and the nitrosyl radical. 4. Deduce the formula for the hydrolysis constant of a salt formed from a weak acid and a weak base. Calculate the degree of hydrolysis and the pH at N/100 concentration of a salt BA, given that for the acid HA, Ka = 1.5 x and for the base BOH, ~b = 2.0 x 10-7, K~ = 10-14. 5. Elucidate points of interest in connection with FIVE of the follow- ing :-mercurous chloride, graphite, ceric sulphate, osmium tetroxide, diammino platinous chloride, arsine, titanous chloride.6. Write an essay on EITHER (a) The colloidal state, OR (b) The vapour pressure of pure substances. 7. Discuss EITHER Chemistry in Dalton’s time, OR Advances in chemical science associated with the names of Bunsen and Kirchhoff. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give fomulce and equations where possible.) 1. What methods have been proposed for the classification of the elements? Describe in detail the one which you consider has led to the greatest advancement of chemical knowledge and state your reasons for this opinion. 2. Give an account of the theory of indicators. 3. Comment on features of note amongst the oxides and oxyacids of the halogens. 4.Write an essay on EITHER (a) The liquefaction of gases, OR (b) The appli&tions of X rays in the study of inorganic sub- stances. 5. Describe the chemical characteristics of boron and its compounds. Discuss the relationship of this element to (a)aluminium, (b) silicon. 6. Define precisely what is meant by the AFFINITY of a chemical change. Give TWO methods which are used to determine the affinity of a chemical change and in ONE case derive the formula you use. 7. Discuss EITHER (a) The use of potassium iodate and of potassium bromate in (b) The factors affecting the physical character of a precipitate.volumetric analysis, OR Show how these factors are taken into consideration in methods of precipitation for gravimetric purposes.SATURDAY, 5th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1p.m. ((AnswerFOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Outline the methods by which SIX of the following compounds are prepared industrially :- 160 (a)urea: (b) oxalic acid; (c) chloroform; (d) anthraquinone; (e) p-nitraniline; (f)benzidine ; (9) a-naphthylamine; (h)hydroquinone. 2. Describe the preparation of a typical Grignard reagent. Give examples illustrating the use of Grignard reagents in synthesis. 3. Give an account of the uses of the following reagents in organic chemistry :-(a) metallic nickel, (b) thoria, (c) selenium, (d) selenium dioxide.4. Give the evidence, analytical as well as synthetical, on which the structure of ONE of the following compounds is based:-(a) a-terpheol, (b)papaverine, (c) nicotine. 5. Write a short account of the chemistry of quinoline and {SO-quinoline. 6. Give examples to illustrate the uses of the more commonly em- ployed methods of oxidation in organic chemistry. 7. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a)Stereoisomerism in nitrogen compounds; (b) Free radicals; (c)Some applications of the electronic theory of valency to organic reactions. iMONDAY, 7th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. Identify compounds (A)and (B). (A)=methylaniline hydrochloride or dimethylaniline hydrochloride ;(B)= o-chlorophenol or p-chlorophenol. TUESDAY, 8th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Identify the two components of (C) and state the approximate pro- portions in which they are present. (0)= toluene (4)+ p-bromoaniline (I), or chlorobenzene (4)+ a-naph-thylamme (1)). WEDNESDAY, 9th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (D)is a mixture of ferrous and ferric sulphates dis- solved in dilute sulphuric acid. Determine the weights of Fe(ous), Fe(ic) and SO, in 1 litre of (D). An approximately decinormal solution of potassium dichromate is provided. 2. Identify the substances (E)and (3'). ((E)= cryolite; (B)= finely divided bone charcoal. THURSDAY, 10th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Using the adsorption indicators available, determine the weights of sodium chloride and sodium iodide in 100grams of the solid (a)provided.Standard 0.1 N silver nitrate is provided.Comment critically on the use of these indicators for the above deter- mination. 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the substance (H)which contains six radicals. (H)= ZnFa + NH, Br + Also,+ AlPO,, w Z%(POd), + Zfis + MgBdO, + A2039 cW MgdPOda + ZnF, + NH4Br. 170 Examinations for the Fellowship. Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to the Analysis of Metals. MONDAY, 31st MARCH, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted. Answer briejy and to the point.) 1. Write a short essay on ONE of the following:- (a) Industrial electrolysis; (b) Radioactive elements; (c) The corrosion of metallic surfaces. 2. Discuss modern views on the structure of potassium ferrocyanide, potassium ferricyanide and prussian blue.3. Describe two modern methods for the determination of atomic weights. 4. Write a short essay on the rare earth elements. 6. Compare and contrast the chemical properties of ONE of the following series :-(a) Aluminium, boron and silicon; (b) Cadmium, mercury and zinc; (c) Chromium, molybdenum and vanadium. 6. Give a brief account of the chemistry of either (a) Fluorine, OT (b) Germanium. 7. What are intermetallic compounds? What views are held as to their constitution ? 8. Describe, briefly, the preparation and properties of persulphuric and perchromic acids. Discuss the evidence on which the formulae of these compounds are based.2 to 5 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted. Answer brieJty and to the point.) 1. How would you carry out the following determinations? (a) Selenium in refined copper; (b) Tellurium in metallic lead; (c) Phosphorus in phosphor-tin. 2. Discuss, critically, the application of the spectrograph to metal 3. Outline schemes suitable for the complete analysis of TWO of the analysis. following:-(a) a magnesium-base alloy, such as elektron; (b) an aluminium-silicon alloy, such as alpax; (c) duralumin. 4. Write a short essay on the use of oxidation and reduction indica- 5. Give a brief description of the methods available for the deter- 6. How would you proceed to make an accurate and complete 7.Give an outline of the methods available for the separation and tors in metallurgical analysis. mination of aluminium, molybdenum and nitrogen in steels. analysis of a sample of refined tin? 171 determination of either (a) the rare earth metals, or (b) the metals of the platinum group. 8. Write a short essay on the application of electrometric titration to metallurgical analysis. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 1st to 4th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. As far as. time permits, make complete analyses of the given samples:- (a) Chrome-vanadium steel. (b) Aluminium alloy. (c) Tin-base white metal. (d) Copper ore. Branch C: Organic Chemistry. XONDAY, 31st MARCH, 9.30 a.m.to 12.30 p.m. (Answer TAREE questions.) 1. Give an account of catalytic processes in organic chemistry which involve the use of the following metals :-Nickel, copper, silver, platinum, palladium. 2. Give an account of the Friedel-Crafts synthesis and of its late developments. 3. By means of equations and short notes illustrate the uses of the following reagents for synthetical purposes :-(a) Acetoacetic ester, (b)acetylene, (c) the Grignard reagents. 4. By means of suitable examples illustrate the uses of the following reagents in organic chemistry:- (a)phenylhydrazine;(b) phenylisocyanate;(c) p-toluenesulphonic chloride; (d) diazomethane; (e) dilute caustic soda. By means of equations indicate the methods of preparation of reagents (a)-(d).MONDAY, 31st MARCH, 1.30 to 4.30 p.m. (Answer THREE questions.) 1. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a)the stereochemistry of nitrogen;(b) the structure and reactions of diazo-compounds ; (c) optical activity in (i) diphenyl derivatives and (ii) allene derivatives. 2. Give an account of the evidence on which the structure of ONB of the following compounds is based:- (a)indigo;(b) atropine;(c) piperine. 3. Outline present day views on the structures of glucose end fructose. 4. Give a short account of the chemistry of:- (a)camphor OT (b)5. Outline the methods of preparation and uses of some organic a-terpineol and carvone. compounds which are employed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of metals.172 TUESDAY, 1st APRIL, 9.30a.m. to 4.30p.m. (A)is a mixture of THREE compounds; you are required:-(i) to isolate each of them in a pure condition; (ii) to identify each; (iii) to prepare two crystalline derivatives of each; (iv) to state the approximate composition of (A). ((A)= toluene 7oy0,p-toluidine 15%, and phenol 15%). This exercise may be completed to-morrow. WEDNESDAY to PRIDAY, 2nd to 4th APRIL, 9.30 a.m. to 4.30 pm.each clay. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. From the benzaldehyde supplied prepare pure specimens of the following derivatives :-(i) benzoic acid; (ii) benzyl alcohol; (iii) benzyl hydrogen phthalate; (iv) benzylidene chloride ; (v) benzoin; (vi) benzil; (vii) mandelic acid; (viii) cinnamic acid; (ix)benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone; (x)benzylidene aniline.The m.p. or b.p. to be recorded on each specimen. Branch E:The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of’Water. FRIDAY, 4th APRIL, 10 to 11.30a.m. (THREEquestions should be answered) 1. In what circumstances, and how may proceedings under the Food and Drugs Act be taken against the manufacturer of an adulterated sample instead of againet the retailer P 2. Describe a procedure suitable for the bacteriological examination of drinking water. Note the ingredients of any special culture media to be used. 3. How is “processed” cheese made? How does its composition differ from that of ordinary cheese.What standards would you apply to it and what tests ? 4. How would you analyse a sample of malted milk with the view to determining its ingredients and genuineness ? PRIDAY, 4th APRIL, 11.30 a.m. to 1 pm. (THREEquestions only to be answered.) 1. Discuss the methods used for the comparison of the efficiency of bactericides. Compare, from that point of view, the following sub- stances:-acriilavine, mercuric chloride, parachlorometacresol, Dakin’s solution. 2. Describe the analytical procedures necessary in the investigation of a case of suspected acute arsenical poisoning. 173 3. Classify. the laxatives and purgatives on the basis of their modes of action. Write short notes on the following:-(a) senna, (b) aloes, (c) sodium sulphate, (d) phenolphthalein, giving references to preparations of the British Pharmacopceia.4. Compare the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of (a) opium, (b) morphine hydrochloride, (c) diamorphhe hydrochloride. State the position of each of these drugs in relation to the law and regula-tions governing the supply and storage of poisons and dangerous drugs. FRIDAY, 4th APRIL, 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEqwtwns should be ansurered.) 1. Describe chemical methods for the estimation of vitamins B, C and E, noting the underlying principles. In what foods would you expect to find these substances ? 2. Give a critical survey of methods proposed for the examination of a milk showing a small deficiency in non-fatty solids.What circum-stances would be likely to produce such e result ? 3. Discuss the use of (a)saccharin and (b)saponins in foodstuffs. How is (a)determined quantitatively and (a) qualitatively? 4. Write an essay on the methods and effects.of gas storage of food- stuffs. 5. What are the causes and products of rancidity in fatty foods; how is it detected, accelerated and retarded? 6. Discuss the composition, storage and testing of eggs. SATURDAY, 5th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the stomach contents (A) for a vegetable poison. (Minced belladonna leaves.) 2. Determine the reducing sugar in the urine (B)and the urea in the urine (C). 3. Identify by microscopical examination the vegetable powders (D),(E), (F), (G).[(D) = ipecacuanha; (E) = rhubarb; (F)= fennel;(G) = clove stalk.] MONDAY, 7th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine and report upon the baking powder (H). TUESDAY, 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the preservatives and ascorbic acid present in the 2. Report upon the small sample of raspberry jam (J). (Full Fruit grape fruit juice (I). Standard.) WEDNESDAY, 9th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. The dried milk (K) is submitted as full cream milk powder. Draw up a formal certificate upon it. THURSDAY, 10th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine and report upon the efficacy of the bleach ointment (L). 2. Report upon the sample of flour (M) which is thought to contain one of the war gases. 174 Branch 0:Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to PaperTechnology.MONDAY, 21st APRIL,10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. What is meant by “Air Conditioning”? Select some instance where air conditioning is essential, ’and describe the object to be attained, the plant involved and the method of control employed. 2. Which varieties of nitrated cellulose are in common use and for what purposes are they employed? Describe one commercial method for nitrating cellulose, illustrating your answer by means of a diagrammatic sketch. What precautions must be observed to safeguard the workers engaged in this operation ? 3. Give an account of recent developments in the uses of alloy steels for chemical plant. 4. It is desired to check carefully the operation of a boiler plant of steaming capacity 30,000 lbs. per hour, equipped with economisers and superheaters.Write a short report suitable for the guidance of a board of directors, indicating the instruments you would propose to instal and the purpose of each. . 5. Write a brief essay on “Factory Effluents and their Treatment,” selecting a typical example from your experience. 6. What different types of cell are used in the electrolytic production of caustic soda and chlorine from common salt ? Describe with sketches any cell used for this purpose, stating the materials from which each part is constructed. Discuss briefly the merits and disadvantages of each type of cell you mention. 7. Discus8 the methods which are available for drying substances which are sensitive to heat.2 to 5 p.m. 1. Give your reasons for the possible presence of “pitch” in certain grades of wood pulp; give its approximate composition, and state how you would deal with the impurity to minimise its effect on the machine wire and furnishes of paper. 2. Write a concise essay on the constitution of a “Normal cellulose” as brought out by recent investigations, more especially with regard to the configuration of the cellulose molecule. 3. There are two well known quantitative methods of determining lignone; describe these methods and state in your answer the proof of definite groupings in the lignone complex. 4. What type of furnish would you use for the manufacture of high grade cable papers. State, also, what tests should be employed to fulfil the exacting requirements in such a type of paper.5. A paper is required for records, as far as possible, permanent. What furnish would you propose to use ? State the tests you would apply to the basic material before com- mencing beating in order to ensure the essential features of such a class of paper. 175 TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 22nd to 25th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the sample of paper marked A1 chemically and micro- scopically. 2. Carry out a microscopical examination of the samples A2, and B2. State the respective proportions of constituent fibres. 3. Examine the sample of semi-treated material and ascertain its suitability for papermaking.Identify the fibrous constituent. 4. Report upon the sample of paper as to its suitability for wrapping foodstuffs and make as complete a qualitative examination as possible in the time available. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Adcock, Leonard Harold, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Agnew, John, City Technical College, Liverpool. Bell, James, City Technical College, Liverpool. Bowman, Miss Margaret Mary, University College, London; and Chelsea Polytechnic.Bridgwater, Albert William, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Brown, Miss Kathleen Fane, College of Technology, Manchester. Cooper, Graham Percy, Brighton Technical College. Cornish, George Reginald, Battersea Polytechnic, London.Gurnell, Christopher, Portsmouth Technical College. Gurnell, Philip, Portsmouth Technical College. Heafield, Thomas Gilbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Leioester. Kennedy, Charles, College of Technology, Manchester. Macfarlane, Harold Colin, Royal Technical College, Salford. Matthews, William Kenneth, City Technical College, Liverpool. Mills, John Eric, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Reeve, Thomas John, Battersea Polytechnic, London. Samuel, Reginald Oliver, B.Sc (Lond.)., Battersea Polytechnic, London. Styan, George Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.)., Bradford Technical College. Unstead-Joss, Leslie Gordon Lovett, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Webster, Harold Lawson, College of Technology, Manchester. Examination for the Fellowship: In Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to the Analysis of Metab: Butement, Francis Dudley Stewart, B.Sc.(Lond.). In Branch C: Organic Chemistry: Reed, Ronald Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E: The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs and of Water : Goodrick, Cecil Edward Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.). Mathews, Miss Dorothy Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to PaperTechnology: Carter, Alan John, B.Sc. (Lond.). 176 Examination for tbe Associateship. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The work done by many of the candidates on the theoretical papers was somewhat below the usual standard. The answers to the questions on physical chemistry were very uneven.A reasonable number of first-class answers was returned, but in too many cases the know- ledge displayed was fragmentary. Perhaps the most consistently good batch of answers came from the question on colloids. It was evident from the attempts made to answer the historical question in paper I that the majority of the candidates had little acquaintance with the history of chemistry. Possibly the great demands made on a student’s time by other branches of chemistry may be the reason for this. Most of the questions on inorganic chemistry were reasonably well answered. Certain candidates confused methods for molecular weight determinations with those for atomic weight determinations, and it was not infrequent to find titanous chloride formulated as TiC1,.Some good work was done in the practical examination. It was interesting to find that candidates concluded that adsorption indicators did not always have the virtues attributed to them by enthusiastic writers of text-books. The identification of bone charcoal seemed to be a difficult problem. ORGANICTHEORY.-The average standard of attainment was not quite so high as usual and few candidates succeeded in obtaining really high marks. In the first question many candidates did not appear to notice that industrial methods of preparation were asked for and not those of purely academic interest, such as, for example, the production of oxalic acid by the action of nitric acid on sucrose. Few candidates seemed to know that oxalic acid can be prepared from sodium formate or anthraquinone from naphthalene.While quite satisfactory accounts were given of the uses of the Grignard reagent, it was clear that many candidates had neither carried out, nor seen carried out, the preparation of this very useful reagent. Once again it seems desirable to point out that detailed ana- lytical evidence has to be obtained before it is possible to devise syntheses of such moderately complicated molecules as are mentioned in Question 4. The few answers to the essay question were superficial. 177 ORGANICPRAcTIcAL.-In general the standard of attainment in practical work was higher than in the theoretical work and some candidates carried out the exercises in a very competent manner.It was surprising to find that several candidates failed to detect the presence of chlorine in chlorobenzene or chlorophenol. A few candidates were clearly ill-prepared and ought not to have presented themselves for the examination. TRANSLATIONS.-For the most part, these were satisfactorily done. Examination for the Fellowship. BRANCHE.-The written work as a whole was not well done. Some candidates gave good answers on topics of which they evidently had a particular experience, but there was lack of general reading in the chemistry of food, and insufficient know- ledge of recent developments. The new matters introduced into the Food and Drugs Act, 1938, have not been sufficiently appreciated. The practical work showed too rigid adherence to text book methods without adequate preliminary thought and the recog- nition of what substances were present.THERAPEUTICS,PHARMACOLOGY AND MIcRoscoPY.-The standard attained in Therapeutics and Pharmacology was fairly good, having regard to the fact that the candidates are not attempting to qualify to practice medicine or to dispense pre- scriptions. A fair degree of skill was shown in the identification of powdered drugs and the routine analysis of urine was quite well done. The examination of a stomach contents for vegetable poison gave difficulty to some candidates, largely because of a tendency to follow general routine procedures. 178 FIFTH REPORT OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Under Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, The Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, 1st July, 1935.The Fourth Annual Report, with Financial Statements for the year ended 30th September, 1939, was published in December, 1939. In December, 1939, Dr. Francis H. Carr and Dr. J. Vargas Eyre were nominated by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, as representatives of “Industry,” to fill the vacancies caused by the retirement of Dr. A. E. Dunstan and Dr. R. E. Slade, who had been members of the Council since 1935 and 1936, respectively. In January, 1940, Mr. F. P. Dunn joined the Council on the nomination of the Council of the Chemical Society, in the place of (the late) Sir Gilbert Morgan, who had completed his term of office.In January, 1940, the Council had to deplore the loss by death of Mr. W. A. S. Calder, in whose place Dr. J. J. Fox was nominated as a representative of the Institute of Chemistry. In May, 1940,the Council was obliged to accept the resignation of Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, Vice-chairman, owing to his having been called upon to undertake important work for the Govern- ment. The Council accepted Mr. Pratt’s resignation with particular regret, expressing their grateful thanks to him not only for obtaining very substantial support for the fund but for the thought and care which he had given to the affairs of the Council since its inception. Mr. Kenneth H. Wilson was nominated by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers as a representative of Industry in the place of Mr.Pratt. In June, the Council suffered the further loss through death of Sir Jocelyn Thorpe, who had given valuable service in the capacity of Honorary Treasurer since the formation of the Council. Dr. A. E. Dunstan was nominated, as the representa- tive of the Institute of Chemistry, in the place of Sir Jocelyn Thorpe, and Mr. Kenneth H. Wilson was appointed Honorary 179 Treasurer. Professor I. M. Heilbron, having completed his term of office in September, 1940,has retired from the Council, and Dr. C. W. Davies, Honorary Secretary of the Chemical Society, has been nominated by the Society to fill the vacancy. By February, 1940, in spite of the fact that most of the members of the Council were engaged upon work of national importance, considerable progress had been made in the prepara- tion of an Agreement and Scheme of Co-operation between the three Chartered Bodies.For this, the Council was mainly in- debted to Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, Chairman, and Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, then Vice-chairman. The documents were submitted to Solicitors and Counsel, and later transmitted to the Councils of the three bodies for approval. They were then modified on suggestions received from the Councils before being adopted by the general bodies of members of both Societies and the Institute. Under the Agreement, the three Chartered Bodies undertook to continue to contribute to the Library of the Chemical Society for seven years from 1st July, 1940, and to encourage their members to participate in the Scheme of Co-operation. The Scheme provided that Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry, for a joint subscription, could acquire membership of the Chemical Society and of the Society of Chemical Industry and obtain the publications of those Societies on advantageous terms; similar facilities were afforded members, other than Fellows or Associates of the Institute, who desired to pay a joint subscription to the Chemical Society and to the Society of Chemical Industry.The Scheme aimed at supplying the literature of the two Societies at little more than “run-on ”, cost, thereby inducing chemists to take a wider interest in the progress of their science, pure and applied, and in the activities of the Societies.The Council decided that the scheme should be brought in operation as from 1st January, 1941,notwithstanding the con- tinuance of the war. Over 1300 chemists have participated to date as joint members of all three bodies; about 250 as joint members of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, and there is good reason to believe that those numbers will be steadily increased in future. The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry will each gain about 600 members. 180 The Council has given further consideration to the possibility of centralising the distribution of publications, but the Special Committee appointed to investigate and report on the matter confirmed the decision of a previous committee that the proposal would not be practicable until two or more bodies were housed in one building.Library.-The Council has continued to receive reports from the Joint Library Committee, now constituted as follows :-Representative. Assocn. of British Chemical Manufacturers . . Dr. F. H. Carr.a. Biochemical Society , . . . Dr. W. Robson. Chemical Society .. . . Prof. A. J. Allmand, Prof. H. Bassett, Dr. 0. L. Brady, Prof. C. H. Desch, Mr. M. B. Donald, Dr. H. J. Emelkus, Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham, Dr. C. F. Goodeve, Dr. P. Haas, Prof. C. R. Harington, Dr. T. A. Henry, Dr. E. W. McClelland, Dr. E. E. Turner, Prof. W. Wardlaw. Faraday Society .. . . Prof. J.R. Partington. Institute of Brewing . . , . Mr. H. W. Harman. Institute of Chemistry . . . . Mr. A. L. Bacharach, Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe, Mr. H. W. Cremer and Dr. E. Vanstone. Societyof Chemical Industry . . Dr. H. E. Cox, Dr. L. A. Jordan and Dr. R. Lessing. Society of Dyers and Colourists . . Mr. J. Blair. Society of Public Analysts . . Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell. The contributions of the Chartered Bodies towards the maintenance cost of the Library during 1939,calculated propor- tionately on the roll of members respectively, and taking into account donations received from other sources and ,6250 contri-buted by the Chemical Council itself under Section 7 of the Constitution, were allocated as follows :-,6 s. a. Institute of Chemistry .. 50 per cent. . . 682 11 4 Society of Chemical Industry 26 ,, ,, * 354 I9 5 Chemical Society . . -* 24 1) )> .. 327 11 11 181 In July, 1940, the Council received a Report on the working of the Library during the past 20 years, which was substantially reproduced in the publications of the three Chartered Bodies. The Financial Statements for the twelve months ended 30th September, 1940, show that the Council has continued to assist the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry in meeting the cost of publications. The Societies have negotiated their own contracts of printing and paper supplies individually. As is mentioned above, the Council has again contributed k250 to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society, in addition to k150 for the inclusion of “Summaries” in the Journal of the Society.The Council also contributed l250 towards the cost of the Quinquennial Index (1933-37) of British Chemical Abstracts, thus completing a donation of k500 voted for this purpose. Since the formation of the Council, its secretarial work has been carried on by the Registrar and staff of the Institute of Chemistry, and the Institute has borne all the necessary expense. The Chemical Council asked for a report on the matter and subsequent to a reply by the Council of the Institute, the Chemical Council decided to make a yearly contribution of LIOO towards the expenses, the amount of the contribution to be reviewed annually. At the same time, the Chemical Council thanked the Council of the Institute for suggesting that expenses incurred prior to the 31st December, 1939, should be accepted by the Chemical Council as a contribution to the General Fund.No further appeal for funds has been made, but since closing the books on 30th September, 1940, the Council has been much gratified to receive further donations amounting to L711 9s. 7d. The Chemical Council wishes to place on record its thanks to Mr. Pilcher who has acted as Hon. Secretary of the Chemical Council, to his colleagues in the Institute of Chemistry and to the staffs of the Chemical Society and of the Society of Chemical Industry for the way in which during difficult times they have collaborated in the work of launching the scheme of collaboration.LESLIEH. LAMPITT, Chairman. 30, Russell Square, London, ’IV.C.1. 13th May, 1941. 182 Notes. Honours.-Dr. Harold Augustine Tempany, C.B.E., Vice- Presided, Agricultural Adviser to Secretary of State for Colonies, -C. M,G. Dr. Richard Charles Bowden, Fellow, Assistant Director, Ordnance Factories, Ministry of Supply,-O.B.E. Dr. Arthur George Francis, Fellow, Deputy Government Chemist,-0 .B.E. Mr. Percy George Knapman, Fellow, Superintendent, Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey,-M.B.E. William 0dling.-The thanks of the Institute are due to Mr. H. N. Wilson, Fellow, who has lately forwarded to the Institute two books and a number of miscellaneous papers associated with Professor William Odling, F.R.S., President of the Institute, 1883-1888:-Books.-“ Outlines of Chemistry or Brief Notes of Chemical Facts.” (London: Longmans, Green & Co.).1870. “A Course of Practical Chemistry arranged for the use of Medical Students.” 5th edition. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.). 1876. Papers.-Parts of a manuscript dealing with urea, cyanogen and other derivatives; a lecture on Benzene; a Prospectus for an Elementary Textbook; a lecture on Dissolved Gases in Water, and Methods of Determination of Dissolved Oxygen, giving the notes of a hydrosulphite method for estimating 0, in water, and a method depending on the catalysis of the oxidation of -SO, to -S0,by manganese salts, with a letter from A. Boake & Co., Ltd., announcing the gift of two syphons of SO, (1884) ; various rough notes and letters to Professor Debus. an- nouncing a forthcoming attack on (Sir Edward) Frankland’s notation; a report from Odling to Alfred Smee* on water from an artesian well at the Bank of England (1875); a sheet of Birmingham Daily Post (3rd August, 1874) containing the * Odling married Smee’s daughter.183 account of the unveiling of the statue of Priestley.* (TheMayor at the time was Alderman Chamberlain. The unveiling was performed by Huxley and at the luncheon held on the occasion, Odling, then President of the Chemical Society, replied on behalf of the Learned Societies). Manuscript of articles on Sir Humphry Davy, and on Volta and Galvani; tables on Rotham- sted Field Experiments (1852-1868)signed Lawes and Gilbert; also several letters from Gilbert to Odling (1870);Notes on Phlogiston by Crum Brown (1871);Letters of Frankland on Corrosion; a draft of a letter to Williamson on Atoms, etc.The books and documents have been placed in the library with similar collections associated with other past Presidents. X-ray Analysis in Industry.-Copies of two special issues of the Journal of Scientific Instruments containing series of papers especially devoted to X-ray analysis in industry may be obtained from the Institute of Physics, at the University of Reading. Price 2s. 8d. each, post free. X-ray analysis is now employed to investigate many characteristics of the solid state, such as the identification of crystalline constituents of minute samples, the structure of alloys, the identification of intermediate products in chemical processes, the identification of allotropic changes in refractories, and the determination of sub-microscopic crystal size and orientation. The Glass Manufacturers' Federation has established a Defence Panel to advise on scientific, technical and allied problems relating to glass, which may arise during the war.The Chairman is Professor W. E. S. Turner, O.B.E., F.R.S., of the Department of Glass Technology in the University of Sheffield. Communications for the Panel should be addressed to the Director, Glass Manufacturers' Federation, Orleans, Latimer Road, New Barnet, Herts. -SCIENCEINPARLIAMENT In the House of Commons, on 20th March, Captain Elliston asked the Minister of Labour whether, in revising the Schedule of Reserved Occupations, he would safeguard the position of publishers, bookbinders, printers and others concerned with the * The statue was by Williamson, father of the late Dr.SydneyWilliamson, Fellow, and the figureis reproduced on the seal of the Institute. 184 production of scientific works and educational textbooks. Mr. Bevin, in reply, said that all relevant factors were taken into account, including the importance of the industry or occupation in relation to the export trade. Captain Elliston asked Mr. Bevin to bear in mind how import- ant it was to ensure early publication of research results and recent scientific experience likely to assist the war.Mr. Bevin assured Captain Elliston that consideration was given to every factor: a reserved occupation was not merely an age determination but a job determination. On 11th March, in the House of Commons, Major Nield asked the Secretary of State for War whether he was satisfied with the existing machinery for finding suitable employment in the Army for officers and men who were specialists or technicians, or who had particular qualifications; and what was the best way to bring such particular qualifications to the notice of the proper authori- ties? Captain Margesson, in reply, said that officers and men, possessing special qualifications of which use could be made in the Army, were invited to submit particulars to their Commanding Officers.Dr. William Cullen, Fellow, has been nominated as President- Elect of the Society of Chemical Industry. The medal of the Society for 1941 will be awarded to Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., Past President of the Institute. Dr. Cecil H. Desch, F.R.S., Fellow, has been awarded the Platinum Medal of the Institute of Metals. Sir Santi Swarup Bhatnagar, O.B.E., Fellow, has been co-opted a Member of the Industrial Research Utilisation Committee to consider how best to utilise the results of the Board of Scientific and Industrial Research, Calcutta. Laboratory Precautions.-The Glaxo Laboratories, Limited, of Greenford, Middlesex, have as part of a “safety flrst” campaign arranged for a series of lectures to be given by a senior member of the staff, with the object of preventing accidents.They have also decided to circulate among the staff, both senior and junior, an occasional bulletin describing accidents, in the 185 hope that this will emphasise the importance of taking adequate precautions when carrying out chemical operations, in a way that an impersonal account in technical literature would not. The Glaxo Laboratories, Limited, propose to provide the Institute with copies of the Bulletins as issued which can be rendered available to members of the Institute in other organisa- tions who may be interested, and the Institute has reciprocated by providing the firm with copies of the Laboratory Precau- tions Leaflets issued from time to time with the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.The British Standards Institution has recently issued War Emergency Revision Slips for the following:- C.F. (C) 7363. Coal Tar Creosote. C.F. (IS) 7375. Carbon Steel Castings. C.F. (IS) 7376. Structural Steel for Bridges, etc. C.F. (IS) 7433. Cold Worked Steel Bars and Strip. C.F. (IS) 7619. Flat Bottom Railway Rails. Rationing of Clothing.-An enquiry has been addressed to the Board of Trade as to whether special provision can be made in respect of the rationing of overalls and clothing of chemists and other workers in laboratories. 186 Obituary. WILLIAM LEWIS DAVIES died at New Delhi, India, at the age of 45 years. Educated at Llandillo County School, he served with the Forces from 1915 to 1919, and studied at University College, Aberystwyth, graduating B.Sc (Wales) with first class honours in chemistry. Havingincluded agriculture as a subject in his college course, he obtained a research scholarship under the Ministry of Agriculture and became a resident student at the Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Cambridge. He was awarded the degree of M.Sc.(Wales) in 1924, Ph.D. (Cantab.) in 1925 and D.Sc. (Wales) in 1935. In 1924 he was appointed Advisory Agricultural Chemist at the University of Reading, and continued a8 a member of the staff of the National Institute for Research in Dairying until 1939, when he was appointed Director of Dairy Research, Government of India, which post he held at the time of his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922 and a Fellow in 1927. THOMASGIFFORD ELLIOT died at Hathersage, Sheffield, on 25th May, in his 68th yew. He was educated at the Sheffield Central Secondary School and continued his studies in science at the Sheffield Tech+cal School-now incorporated in the University-passing Honours Examma- tions of the Science and Art Department in chemistry and other subjects. From 1892 to 1896 he was works chemist on the staff of the Sheffield Gas Company; from 1896 to 1899 he was an assistant in the laboratory of Alfred H. Allen, FeZZow, and from 1899 until his death he was chief chemist to Hadfields, Ltd. He contributed papers to the Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute, and was a member of the Sub-committee appointed by that Institute to deal with metallography, chemistry and physics.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. John Evans. ROBERT FLORISBROOKE died at Surbiton, on 12th June, at the age of 71 years. Educated at St. George’s College, Wimbledon, he matriculated at London University and studied at University College from 1888 to 1891. He was an assistant in the laboratory of Alfred H. Allen, FeZZow, at Sheffield for about a year, and from 1893 to 1899 was assistant to Dr. William Marcet, F.R.S., Fellow, with whom he was associated in a series of papers read before the Royal Society (1896-1899) on human respiration and calorimetry, including the results of analyses of the gases of respiration.In 1899 he was appointed chief chemical assistant to the Royal Com- mission on Sewage Disposal, under Dr. McGowan, Fellow, and for a time was also engaged on work for the Arsenical Poisoning Commission. He remained with the Sewage Commission until 1905, when he was appointed senior chemical assistant to the Metropolitan Water Board, where, in due course, be became deputy director of water examination and chief chemist, retiring in 1935. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1901 and a Fellow in 1905. 187 FRANCIS died at Bristol on 14th April, in his 70th ERNESTFRANCIS year. Trained under Campbell Brown at University College, Liverpool, from 1888 to 1892, he graduated B.Sc.(Vict.), later proceeding to D.Sc. He remained at College as assistant demonstrator for some months, and then continued his studies at the University of Erlangen, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. In 1895 he was appointed assistant lecturer at Liverpool, and in the following year senior lecturer and demonstrator. In 1904 he became assistant professor and lecturer in organic chemistry at University College, Bristol, and in 1906 he succeeded Dr. Morris Travers as Professor, which position he held until his retirement in 1936. In 1909 the College was incorporated by Royal Charter as the University of Bristol, the Chair of Chemistry being endowed by Mr. A. D. Capper Pass. From 1919 to 1931 Professor Francis was Pro Vice-Chancellor of the University. He was the author of “Notes on Inorganic Chemistry for first-year University Students” (1921) and of many papers on organic chemistry contributed to the Transactions of the Chemical Society and the Berichte.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1892, and a Fellow in 1896, and mas Examiner to the Institute in Organic Chemistry from 1924 to 1928. HERBERTLLOYDHINDdied at Manchester on 5th June, in his 62nd year. Trained at University College, Nottingham, and at the Technical College, Derby, he graduated B.Sc. (Lond.), with honours in chemistry, and in 1905 obtained an appointment as chemist with Worthington & Co., Ltd., Brewers, of Burton-on-Trent. In 1907 he became senior chemist in control of the laboratories, which position he held until the war of 1914-1918, when he served with the Expeditionary Force, with the rank of Captain, A.S.C., and was concerned with the control of breweries in France.In 1919 he joined the staff of Barclay, Perkins & Co., Ltd., Brewers, of Southwark, and about two years later established a practice as a consulting and analytical chemist in London, first at New Court, Lincoln’s Inn, where he remained until 1929, and then at Stuart House, Tudor Street. In 1934 he acquired the practice of Dr. A. K. Miller, Fellow, at Manchester, and later that of Mr.William Duncan, Pellow, of Birmingham, continuing both practices until his death. He made numerous contributions to the technological literature of brewing and allied industries, contributing many articles to The Brewer’s Journal, of which he was technical adviser for about twenty years, and to the Journal of the Institute of Brewing.In 1938 he published Volume I of his great work-“Brewing Science and Practice.” The first volume dealt with “Brewing Materials; ” the second volume, dealing with “Brewery Processes,” appeared in 1940; and the third volume, containing chapters on Bottling, Brewery Cleaning, By-products and Analysis, is in the final stages of completion. He also translated, revised and enlarged M. Schoen’s “The Problem of Fermentation,” a monograph of the Institut Pasteur (1928), and he wm joint author with Mr. W.B. Randles of a Handbook of Photomicrography (second edition, 1927).He was a Member of the Council of the Institute of Brewing from 1920 to 1925, and again from 1927 until his death. He was an Examiner for that Institute from 1923 to 1931, Research Organiser from 1927 to 1934, and had been Foreign Secretary since 1936. He was elected an Associate of the Institute of Chemistry in 1906 and a Fellow in 1910. 188 ARTHUR LAPWORTH,who died at Withington, Manchester, on 5th April, in his 69th year, was trained from 1888 at Mason College, Bking ham, where he continued, later as a research worker, until 1893. He then moved to the Central Technical College, South Kensington, continuing the study of chemistry and crystallography until 1896, after which he held appointments as lecturer and demonstrator in chemistry at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society, as lecturer at the Goldsmiths College, New Cross, and, from 1913 to 1923, as Professor of Organic Chemistry, and from 1923-1935 as Sir Samuel Hall Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Laboratories, in the University of Manchester.He gave un-stintingly of his best in the service of the University as teacher, investigator and administrator. Most of his research work was concerned with the mechanism of organic reactions, and his name will always be associated with the pioneering as well as with the later work in this field. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.), later proceeding to D.Sc., and also held the degrees of B.Sc. (Birm.), 1II.Sc. (Manc.), and LL.D. honoris causa (St.Andrews and Birmingham).He waa elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1910, served on the Council of the Society from 1927 to 1929, and was awarded the Davy Medal in 1931. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1902 and served on the Council in 1916. MAUDSLEYFRANK died at Burnley on 23rd January, in his 59th year. He studied at Owens College, Manchester, graduating B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1902, before he became pupil with Mr. Raymond Ross, Fellow, then public analyst for the Borough of Burnley.During 1909 he worked for several months in the laboratory of G. W. Slatter, Fellow, at Leeds, but at the end of that year returned to the Burnley Corporation Laboratory, where he continued under Mr. Ross, whom he succeeded as Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst in 1930.He also served the Corporation of Burnley as Water Examiner, Chemist to the Gas Department, and Consulting Chemist to the Sewage Works. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1907 and a Fellow in 1910. WILLIAM THOMAS RIGBY died at Wylde Green, Birmingham, on 26th March, in his 78th year. Trained at University College, Nottingham, where he was for several years a lecturer-demonstrator, he became an assistant in the laboratory of Dr. Alfred Hill, Pellow, and was later partner in the firm of Bostock Hill and Rigby, holding the appointments as Public Analysts for Warwickshire, Coventry, Leamington, Warwick, Hereford, West Bromwich and Dudley, Official Agricultural Analysts for Warwick- shire, and Water Examiners for Warwick.Mr. Rigby was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1894. EDWARDNORMAN died at Hull on 1st January, 1941, in his REDSELL 42nd year. He was educated at Hull Grammar School and the Municipal Technical College, and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with first-class honours in chemistry, his training being interrupted by service with the Forces during 1918-19. In 1921 he was appointed Chemist with the Humber Portland Cement Co., Ltd. In 1928 he became Head Chemist to the Oxford and Shipton Cement Co., Ltd. and later Chief Chemist to the Alpha Cement, Ltd. In 1940 he obtained an appointed with Messrs. Thomas Hedley & Co., Ltd., at Newcastle upon Tyne, but towards the end of the year was obliged to resign owing to ill health.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. 189 Books and their Contents. Chromatography, Principles and Practice of. L. Zechmeister and L. Cholnoky. Translated by A. L. Bacharach and F. A. Robinson. Foreword by I. M. Heilbron. Pp. xviii + 362. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 25s. Principles ; methods, Application to naturally occurring pigments : chlorophyll; hemin; porphyrins; bile pigments; carotenoids; naphtha- quinone and anthraquinone pigments ; flavins (lyochromes) ; pterks ; anthocyanins; other natural pigments. Application to synthetic dye- stuffs. Application to colourless and faintly coloured substances : miscellaneous aliphatic compounds ; terpenes. Essential oils : benzene and naphthalene series ; di- and triaryl-alkyls; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with condensed ring systems and related substances ; sterols and bile acids; sapogenins; plant and animal poisons possessing a sterol skeleton; heterocyclic bases. Alkaloids; vitamins; hormones; enzymes, co-enzymes and biochemical activators. Applications to technology.Inorganic chromatography. Photographs of Chromato- grams ; bibliography ;index of names ; general index. Molecular Spectra, The Identification of. R. W. B. Pearse and A. G. Gaydon. Pp. viii + 222. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 42s. Introduction ; table of persistent heads ; individual band systems ; practical hints; description of plates; appendix; author index ; subject index. Food: The Deciding Factor.(A Penguin Special.) Frank Wokes. Pp. xii + 13-144. (London: Allen Lane.) 6d. Foreword: the energy value of foods; food values of starches, sugars and fats; body-building values of foods; the value of mineral salts; the vitamin value of foods; losses of food value; the food value of dishes and diets; appendix-tables of food values. Steel Manufacture Simply Explained. Eric N. Simons and Edwin Gregory. Foreword by C. K. Everitt. Pp. xii + 172. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 6s. net. From mine to blast-furnace; from iron ore to pig iron; from pig to iron bar; from bar iron to blister steel; from blister bar to shear steel; manufacture of steel by the Huntsman crucible process; high frequency or “coreless” electric induction crucible process; from ingot to finished bar; British blast-furnace practice; acid and basic steel-the difference; the Bessemer process; the tropenas acid process; the basic Bessemer process ; the open-hearth process ; the acid open-hearth process; the basic open-hearth process; the electric arc furnace; steel ingots; steel castings; refractories in the steel foundry.Index. 38 illustrations. 190 The Register. -At the meetings of Council held on 25th April and 23rd May, 1941,g new Fellows were elected, 20 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 77 new Associates were elected, 4Associates were re-elected, and 52 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 5 Fellows and I Associate. New Fellows.Cullen, William, LL.D., M.Inst XM., M.I.Chem.E., 73, Cheapside,London, E.C.2. Hepburn, Jack Reginald Irons, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 6, Court Road, Caterham, Surrey. Mathews, Miss Dorothy Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.), 106, Beechcroft Avenue, Rayners Lane, S. Harrow, Middx. Nickels, Herbert Eustace, The Laboratory, 32, Elmwood Road, Croydon. Oriel, John Augustus, M.C., M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Wales), M.I.Chem.E., Madingley, Eastham Rake, Eastham, Wirral, Cheshire. Raper, Richard, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), Henderson Hall, Cochrane Park, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 7. Wandless, Anthony Muncaster, M.A. (Cantab.), Coal Survey Laboratory, The University, Leeds, 2. Williams, David John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Malvern Lodge, Camden Road, Bath. Woodward, Foster Neville, B.Sc.(Lond.), Rosegarth, Hest Bank, nr. Lancaster. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Brittain, Eric Walter, B.A. (Cantab.), 4, Wyndale Close, Liverpool, 18. Broughall, Frederick George, B.Sc. (Birm.), 33, Bernard Road, Edgbaston, Birmineham. 17. Butement, Francis Dudley Stewart, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Research Depart- ment, Tondu House, Tondu, Glam. Carter, Alan John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Melvern Way, Croxley Green, Herts. Cheshire, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lib-.), 36, Eppleworth Road, Cottingham, E. Vnrkr.-V.--I. Dawe, Alfred, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 56, Selby Road, West Bridgford,Nottingham.Goodrick, Cecil Edward Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), 28, Millway Gardens, Northolt, Middx. Macrae, John Campbell, B.Sc. (Glas.), 23, Cromer Terrace, Leeds, 2. Martin, Austin Raymond, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., The Sheiling, North Albert Road, Norton-on-Tees. Megson, Norman Joseph Lane, M.Sc. (Birm.), 28, Cardinal’s Walk, Hampton, Middx. Mitchell, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Edin.), 3, Allen Park Loan, Edinburgh, 11. Pitkethly, Robert Chalmers, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 163, Tudor Avenue, Hampton, Middx. 191 Price, William Bennett, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 21, Dunriding Lane, St. Helens. Reed, Ronald Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 34, The Woodlands, London, S.E.13. Rendall, Arthur Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Messrs. Morland & Impey, Ltd., Kalamazoo Works, Northfield, Birmingham. Thomas, Henry Augustus, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 21, Avondale Avenue, Torkington, Hazel Grove, Cheshire.Underhay, George Flaxman, l3.S~. (Lond.), Ashgores, Rodmersham, Kent. Wild, Francis Eric, B.Sc. (Birm.), c/o Sational Research Council, Ottawa, Canada. Wilkes, Sydney Herbert, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 6, The Grangeway, Grange Park, London, N.21. Williams, Edmund Gardner, M.A. (Cantab.), 61, Earlsway, Curzon Park, Chester. New Associates. Adcock, Leonard Harold, 1, Maplestead Road, London, S.W.2. Agnew, John, 18, Rock Lane West, Rock Ferry, Cheshire. Atherton, Donald, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 46, Booker Avenue, Liverpool, 18. Barber, Harry James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 20, Crossways, Gidea Park, Romford. Barke (n6e Bowman), Mrs. Margaret Mary, Grove House, Lacock, Wilts. Barnes, Harold, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Albert Terrace, Princetown, Devon.Belcher, Kenneth Booth, 30, Stoats Nest Road, Coulsdon, Surrey. Bell, James, 296, New Chester Road, Port Sunlight, Cheshire. Blackmur, Thomas Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Stowe Road, London, W.12. Bourne, Charles Lancelot Cleveland, Science and Agriculture Department, Georgetown, Demerara, British Guiana, S. America. Bowen, Glyndwr, B.Sc. (Wales), Clifton House, Blaina, Mon. Bridgwater, Albert William, 237, Hagley Road, Birmingham, 17. Brown, Miss Kathleen Fane, A.M.C.T., 11, Meadow Bank, Chorltonville, Manchester, 21. Bulcraig, William Raymond, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), The Kirkby Club, Kirkby, nr. Liverpool.Campbell, George, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 16, James Street, Dalry, Ayrshire.Clark, George Alexander Sutton, B.Sc.(Glas.), A.R.T.C., 10, Abbeyview,Causewayhead, Stirling. Clissold, Miss Elsie May, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Wonford Road, Exeter. Collie, George Alexander, B.Sc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews), Woodburn Villa, Oban, Argyll. Cook, Joseph, B.Sc. (Liv.), Chorley, Lancs. Cornish, George Reginald, 8, Mayfield Road, Brimsdown, Middx. Davies, David John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Brynmyfyr, Wind Street, Llandyssul, Cardiganshire.Del Mar, Ronald Henry, B.A. (Cantab.), Waygill, Burtons Lane, Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks. Dyer, Bernard Stephen, B.Sc. (Lond.), Roseneath, Tennyson Road,Parkstone, Dorset. Elks, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 25, Woodlands Road, Hertford. Entwistle, Donald, B.Sc. (Mane.), The Gables, Chapel Street, Sharnford, nr. Leicester.Garland, Richard Trill, A.R.T.C., 36, Kirkwell Road, Glasgow, 5.4. Gloyne, Herbert Whincup, B.Sc. (Lond.), 349, Stockport Road, Mossley, Manchester. Godman, George Leonard, B.Sc. (Birm.), 317, Barkerhouse Road, Nelson, Lancs. 192 Golding, Ernest, P.O. Box 366, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia. Goodings, Eric Paul, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Maureen Avenue, Crumpsall,Manchester, 8. Green, Sydney James, B.Sc. (Birm.), 52, Kingscote Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 15. Gregory, John Edwin, B.Sc. (Birm.), 3, Canal Street, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Gregory, Melville, B.Sc. (Lond.), 62, BroexLhurst Avenue, Ilford. Hale, Jeremy Bowdich, B.So., Ph.D. (Lond.), 23, Leyton Road, Harpenden. Heafield, Thornas Gilbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Mill House, Packington, Ashby- de-la-Zouch, Leics.Heaven, Herbert Stone, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 200, Bath Road, Bridgwater, Somerset. Hopkins, Robert William Brent, 72, Westbury Road, Finchley, N.12. Johnson, Arnold, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.C.T., 84, Ealing Avenue, Manchester, 14. Jones, Kenneth Wilfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), Roseville, Hamilton Street, Hoole, Chester. Jones, Thomas Gwilym, B.Sc. (Wales), 66, Blaendare Road, Pontypool, Mon. Jukes, Reginald William, B.Sc. (Lond.), South West Essex Technical College, Walthamstow, London, E.17. Kay, James Arthur, 80, Birley Street, Newton-le-Willows, Lancs. Kennedy, Charles, 33, Princess Road, Urmston, Manchester. Kirk, William Ewart, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Mrs. Halstead, 241, Nithsdale Road, Pollokshields, Glasgow. Lewis, Walter Probert Glover, M.Sc.(Wales), 70, Waterside, Irvine, Ayrahire.Macfarlane, Harold Colin, 142, Swinton Park Road, Pendleton, Salford, 6. Maddison, Lionel, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 2, Milne Road, Liverpool, 13. Mathera, Ronald Grenville, B.A. (Cantab.), Biochemical Laboratory,Westminster Hospital Medical School, London, S.W. 1. Matthews, William Kenneth, 34, Rundle Road, Liverpool, 17. McLintock, Stanley, B.Sc. (Glas.), Thornclifle, Motherwell Road, Bellshill, Lanarkshire. Michael, Thomas Vaughan, B.Sc. (Wales), 66, Blaendare Road, Pontypool, Mon. Milligan, James, 3, Kingsley Avenue, Glasgow, 5.2. Moss, Percy Frederick, B.Sc. (Edin.), 30, Seymour Road, Crumpsall, Manohester, 8. --Mmav. Robert Hugh. B.So. (Birm.), 38. Dudlev Gardens, London, W.13.“r Neale, Edgar, B.Sc.(Lond.), ‘74, NGhdale Road, London, S.E.18. Parker, Cecil Allen, B.Sc. (Lond.), Kosicott, Bere Road, Wareham, Dorset. Parkinson, Douglas Noel, B.A. (Oxon.), 2, Coveness Bank, Seascale, Cumberland. Peacocke, Major Thomas Arthur Hardy, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Casa Blanca, Ckowthorne, Berks. Porter, Stanley Credland, 10, Belstead Avenue, Ipswich. Ramanathan, Selvanayagam, B.Sc. (Lond.), Government Analyst’sLaboratory, Torrington Square, Colombo, Ceylon. Raper, Alan Richardson, M.A. (Cantab.), Hill View, Hill Waye, Gerrard’s Cross, Bucks. Rigden, David Thomas, B.So. (Lond.), 18, Cambray Road, Gynn Square,Blackpool.Robertson, Walter Munro, B.Sc. (Lond.), 123, Victoria Road, Tunstall, Stoke-on -Trent.Samuel, Reginald Oliver, B.Sc. (Lond.), 266, Chiswick Village, London, w.4. 193 Snow, George Alan, M.Sc. (Lond.), Stone House, East Malling, Kent. Stanley, Robert Holroyd, M.Sc. (Manc.), 10, Napier Road, Heaton Moor, Stockport.Styan, George Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Hoyle Ing Road, Thornton, Bradford. Tebbett, Robert Wilson, B.Sc. (Birm.), 16, Derwent Avenue, Chorlton- cum-Hardy, Manchester, 21. Walker, Nathaniel, B.Sc. (Manc.), 27, Durley Avenue, Cowplain, Ports- mouth. Walton, Frank Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 48, Bourne Vale, Hayes, Kent. Webb, Kenneth Richard, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Connaught Hall, Swayth- ling, Southampton. Webster, Harold Lawson, 58, Egerton Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy,Manchester, 2 1. Whitfield, Ian Cunliffe, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Lond.), Flagstaff Cottage, Mudeford, Christchurch, Hants. Wild, Leonard, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 41, De Villiers Avenue, Gt. Crosby, Liverpool, 23. Winslow, Harry, 8, Cumming Drive, Glasgow, 5.2. Wyllie, David, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), 4, Bembridge Crescent, Southsea. Zatman, Joseph, 5, Castlefield Avenue, Higher Broughton, Salford, 7. Re-elected Associates. Lucas, Charles Edward Leslie, No. 5 Flat, 15, North Common Road, London, W.5. Morgan, Richard Harold, M.Sc. (Wales), Croft House Laboratory, Dollis Avenue, London, N.W.3. Northover, Roland, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o The Manganese Bronze & Brass Co., Ltd., Watling Street, Dunstable. Stafford, Fred Raymond, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 15, High Crest Avenue, Gatley, Cheshire.New Students. Agius, Peter Joseph Vermont, c/o 4, Woodbourne Drive, Claygate, Surrey. Aldridge, Wilfred Norman, Porton, Wilts. Atkinson, Harold Holland, Kindal, Woodland Road, Halewood, Liverpool. Bentley, Ronald, 5, Cheshire Street, Allenton, Derby. Bishop, Edmund, 93, Gauldry Avenue, Cardonald, Glasgow, S.W.2. Boff, George Albert, 61, Corwen Avenue, Harpurhey, Manchester, 9. Boyce, Eric Arthur, 11, Briar Road, Skellow, nr. Doncaster. Brimelow, Harold Crowther, 3, Blackburn Street, Heaton Park, Prestwich, nr. Manchester. Campbell, Peter Nelson, Westfield, Holbrook Lane, Chislehurst, Kent. Coen, James, 552, London Road, Glasgow, S.E. Coleman, Cyril, 1, Garmoyle Road, Liverpool, 15. Cooper, Kenneth Charles, 17, Peasholm Drive, Scarborough.Davies, John Douglas, 3, Prendergast Hill, Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire. Duddington, Jack Ernest, 241, Bury Road, Rawtenstall, Rossendale,Lancs. Edmondson, Basil Ronald, Carn-Brae, Trinity Vicarage Road, Hinckley. Ford, Korman, 62, Strathdene Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham, 29. Greenberg, Henry, 81, Headley Drive, Eastern Avenue, Ilford. Henly, Albert Arthur, 8, Hilton Place, Llandaff North, Cardiff. Johnson, Arnold, 84, Ealing Avenue, Manchester, 14. Jones, Ronald Charles, 52, Aintree Avenue, London, E.6. Lloyd, Jack, Royal Oak Hotel, High Lane, Stockport. Longbottom, Kenneth William, 88, Bennetthorpe, Doncaster. 194 Looney, Reginald Frederick, 149, King’s Road, Bebington, Wirral. Macinnes, Callum Angus, 67, Kenneth Street, Stornoway, Isle of Lewis.Makeham, Frank Raymond, 4, Winchester Drive, Wallasey. Manahan, William Augustine, 258, North Circular Road, Dublin. Mansfield, John Leonard, 89, Alexandra Road, Peterborough, Northants. McGrath, Leonard, 7, Old Hall Drive, Ellesmere Port. Milne, John Noel, 7, Montague Street, Edinburgh. Musty, John William George, Folly Hill View, Mildenhall, Marlborough. Napier, Douglas Herbert, 18, Northcote Road, Sidcup, Kent, Nutt, Cecil Wilfred, Thirlmere, Huntspill Road, Highbridge, Somerset. O’Neill, Thomas Gerard, 23, Carisbrooke Road, Walton, Liverpool, 4. Ottway, Denis Silvester, 60, Stanham Road, Dartford, Kent. Phillips, Derek Michael Phillips, 31, Green Lane, London, N.W.4. Pierce, Robert, Ph.C., N.P.S., 18, Sunnyside Gardens, Upminster, Essex.Riordan, Richard James, 49, Airstone Road, Askern, nr.Doncaster. Robertson, Andrew Kinloch, 4,Braefoot Avenue, Milngavie, Dumbarton- shire. Robinson, Ralph Sidney, 27, Clovelly Road, Swinton, Lancs. Robinson, Wilfred Parr, Ihndal, Sea View, Hoylake, Wirral. Settle, George Eric, 17, Colcroft Road, Fartown, Huddersfield. South, Desmond Hugh Willoughby, 18, Marlborough Place, Brighton. Stobbs, Robert William, 13, Molyneux Road, Waterloo, Liverpool, 22. Strachan, Mark Noel, The Orchard, Hook Green, Meopham, Kent. Sutcliffe, Gordon Roy, 7, Ellesmere Road South, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester, 21. Tompkins, William Arthur, 607, Foleshill Road, Coventry. Wickham, Kenneth Alan, 39, Smitham Downs Road, Purley, Surrey.Wilson, John Bryan Spencer, 22, Abbey Road, Bush Hill Park, Enfield. Wilson, Keith Rowley, 22, Melton Crescent, Horfield, Bristol, 7. Wood, Charles William, 24, Quarry Avenue, Womersley Road, Knottingley, Yorks. Worrall, Edgar John, 48, Moor Lane, Thornton, Liverpool, 23. Wright, William Herbert Garfield, Whitfield, Queen’s Avenue, Whitby, Wirral. DEATHS. Fellows. William Lewis Davies, Ph.D. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Wales) Thomas Gifford Elliot. Robert Brooke Floris. Francis Ernest Francis, Ph.D. (Erlangen), D.Sc. (Vict.). Herbert Lloyd Hind, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Associate. Edward Norman Redsell, B.Sc. (Lond.). -CHANGE OF NAMES. (Mfss) Margaret Mary Baker, Associate, to Barke, on her marriage. (Mlss) Judith Margaret Barclay, Associate, to Corkhill, on her marriage.195 Coming Events. June OF23 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of Scotlani Section): ‘‘Polycyclic Hydrocarbons related to Fluorene. Professor J. W’. Cook, F.R.S., at the Palace Hotel, Aberdeen, at 7.30 p.m. JdY 8 SOCIETY Annual General Meeting, at the OF CHEMICALINDLSTRY: Royal Institution of Great Britain, 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 2.30 p.m. OF12 INSTITUTE CHEXISTRY (Manchester and District Section): Annual General Meeting, at the Shirley Institute, Didsbury, at 3 p.m.; “Some Hazards in the Chemical Industry,” by Dr. Goldblatt, at 3.30 p.m.; visit to the laboratories and workshops. OF (Birmingham and Midlands Section) :30 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY “The Electron Microscope.” Mr.-4.L. G. Rees, at the Chamber of Commerce, New Street, Birmingham, at 6 p.m. 196 General Notices. In the prevailing circumstances, Fellows and Associates are asked not to expect formal acknowledg- ments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. Addresses Unknown.-The particular attention of Fellows and Associates is directed to the list of Addresses Unknown at the end of this Part of the Journal and Proceedings. The Council will be greatly obliged if Fellows and Associates, who are able to give the present addresses of the members referred to, will communicate with the Registrar. Notice to Fellows, Associates or Registered Students who are serving in the Forces.-From time to time the Institute is asked to suggest the names of Officers and other ranks who may be considered suitable for employment within the Forces on special duties.All Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who are serving are earnestly desired to send to the Registrar, as soon as possible, full particulars of their rank, unit and employment. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship and for the Fellowship are being arranged to be held in September as usual. Candidates whose applications have not yet been accepted by the Council cannot now enter for these Examinations. Candidates whose applications have been accepted will be informed early in July as to the detailed arrangements. The last date for actual entries and payment of Examination fees will be 14th July.Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the Regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published 197 chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1942. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1941,to work of the character indicated.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students-A medal and prize (LIO10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1942,and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professio?zal,rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject.Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1941, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. 198 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Asso-ciates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are ordinarily required to pay 6s.6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. For the time being the payment of 6s. 6d. is suspended. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held.The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute's practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours. It will be open from 10a.m. 199 to 5 p.m. from Monday to Friday, but for the present will re- main closed on Saturdays. Members and Students of the Insti- tute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules regarding the use of the books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute.Boots' Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots' Booklovers Library expired on 1st March, The subscriptions rates are 6s. 6d. for Class B, and 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boots Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis's Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute.Covers €or Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 7d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSat 5s. 2d. each. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. 200 All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, A copy of “The Profession of Chemistry” (Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis- tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar.Correspondence should normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communi- cating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at g, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.Iz. Telephone No. Hillside 1859. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENTFUND,INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON, W.C.I. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar.201 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY REGISTER ADDRESSES REQUIRED Fellows. Anderson, Frederic Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.). Bardsley, Joshua. Bennett, William Gordon, M.C., D.Sc. (Lee&). Bowles, Horace Edgar, Boyce, Frank. Browning, Ronald George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Darling, Charles Robert, A.R.C.Sc.1. Eastburn, Major Gerald Jerome, M.C., A.R.T.C. Edwards, Vincent. Gray, Archibald. I-Iogben, Walter. Homer (Miss) Annie, M.A. (Cantab.), Sc.D. (Dub.). Loudon, Alexander, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), M.Sc. (Lond.). Morley, Henry Forster, M.A., D.Sc. (Lond.). Paterson, John Hamilton, D.Sc. (Dunelm). Robertson, Joseph Gold, Ph.D.(Jena). Robertson, William Stirling, B.Sc. (Glas.). Saunders, Wilfrid, B.Sc. (Lond.). Slack, Harry, D.C.M., B.Sc. (Vict.). Watson, Eric Edmund. Wright, Charles James, B.A. (Cantab.). Associates. Atkinson, Samuel Comber, B.Sc. (Lond.). Ball, Francis Edward, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Barklie, Robert Henry Douglas, M.Sc. (Lond.). Barnett, Adam John Guilbert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.). Bean, Philip Leslie, A.R.C.S. Bell, David James, M.S. (Cantab.)., B.Sc. (Glas.), Ph.D. (St. Andrews). Bennett, William Frank, A.R.C.S. Bhavnagri, Shapur Khushro, B.A., B.Sc. (Bombay), B.Sc. (Manc.). Brightwell, Stanley Thomas Patrick, M.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C. Brodie, Neal, M.Sc. (Dunelm). Bruce, James, B.Sc. (Glas.). Chayen, Israel Harris, M.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., A.M.1.Chem.E. Claudet, Richard Arthur Ormerod, B.Sc. (Lond.). Clulow, Frederick Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Cole, Henry George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Cook, Harry Aaron, B.So. (Lond.). 202 Cooper, Arthur Thomas, Ph.D. (Lond.). Crombie, William. Davis, Frederick Victor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Dawson, Thomas Theodore, M.Sc. (Birm.), Day, James Nelson Edmund, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Dean, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Manc.). Diamond, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Bris.). Doyne, Humphry Cathair, M.A. (Oxon.). Eastman, Clifford William, B.Sc. (Birm.). Eccott, Eustace Nevill, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Evans, Thomas Watcyn, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales). Finegan, Eugene Benediot, B.A., €3.8~.(N.U.I.). Flannery, Frederick Edward.Fletcher, Peter Bainbrigge, M.Sc. (Lond.). Gilbert, Frank Lathe, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Cantab.). Goodwin, Harold Walter, B.Sc. (Glas.). Graham, Frank Nelson, B.Sc. (Liv.). Gresham, Harold Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Grieve, Stanley Trethowa, M.Sc. (Audubon). Griffith, Goronwy, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales). Gunde, Balwant Gangadher, M.Sc. (Benares). Hall, Donald Hugh, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Harden, Harold Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.). Helsby, Frank William, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hodson, William Brook, A.C.G.F.C. Holman, Henry John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Jackson, Emmanuel, B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Johnson, Sydney Walgate, B.Sc. (Dun.), Ph.D. (Lond.). Johnston, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.). Kay, John Louden, A.R.T.C. Kent, Arthur Vincent, M.Sc. (Wales). King, David Wylie, B.Sc. (Lond.).Kingcome, John Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.). Laurie, Leonard Llewelyn, M.Sc. (Lond.). Lempert, Hyme, M.Sc. (Manc.). Maitra, Manan Kumar, Ph.D. (Lond.). Manchester, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Mansell, Richard Ivor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Markham, Peter John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Marsh, Ernest Victor, B.Sc. (Vict.). Matheson, Donald, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Aberd.). McGregor, Thomas, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.). Mein, Henry Cranston, B.Sc. (Edin.). Milne, Stephen George Mount Stephen, B.Sc. (Aberd.). Mirichin, Sidney Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.1nst.Pet. Norris, Edward Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), Olpin, Henry Charles, M.So. (Leeds). Packman, Percival Gilbert, M.8c. (Lond.). 203 Padmanabhan, Renga Ayyangar, M.A., M.Sc. (Madras). Parker, Harold Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.).Parker, Hugh Edmund, MSc. (Lond.). Parsons, Leslie George Brett, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Pearson, Ernest Leigh, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Peel, Patrick Robert Elliott, B.Sc. (Lond.). Penny, Ernest Edgar, B.Sc. (Lond.). Ransome, Harry Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.). Reynolds, Thomas Edward Stewart. Rigby, Joe, M.Sc. (Manc.). Robert, Rogor Felix Laurent, M.Sc.Tech. (Mano.). Robinson, Rupert Eardley. Rose, Leslie. Salt, Wilfred Austin, M.C., B.Sc.Tech. Sanford, Lieutenant-Colonel Chris., B.A. (Oxon.). Saunders, Benjamin, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sheldon, Wilfred, M.Sc. (Vict.). Sheldrick, George, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dunelm). Sheppard, George Wilhelm, BSc. (Lond.), A.K.C. Simpson, Thomas Wake, M.Sc. (Dunelm). Smith, George Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Smith, Sydney Kerr, B.Sc., B.Sc.Eng.(Glas.). Stephens, Bruce Ashley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Tavroges, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.). Taylor, William Edward Leslie. Thom, William Albert Strang, B.Sc. (Glas.). Thornley, Derek George Claude, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Walden, Alfred Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.). Walkey, Wilfred Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.). Wallbank, Albert William, B.Sc. (Birm.). Wallis, Norton James Hugh, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Watson, William, Junior. Whale, William. Wigram, Peter Woolmore, B.A. (Cantab.). Wildman, Harry, B.Sc. (Manc.). Williams, Evan, ik1.S~.(Wales). Williams, Frank Archer, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Wood, Reginald John. Wrather, Harry Coupe, M.Sc. (Manc.). Yeats, Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.). “THEREFORE WE STAND, all of us, upon the watch-towers of history, and have offered to us the glory of making the supreme sacrifices and exertions needed by a cause which it may not be irreverent to call sublime.” The Prime Minister.Help our cauge suving lending c 3% SAVINGS BONDS (1955-1965) 2Q% NATIONAL WAR BONDS (1946-1948) 3% DEFENCE BONDS NATIONAL SAVINGS CERTIFICATES or make a deposit in a POST OFFICE SAVINGS BANK or a TRUSTEE SAVINGS BANK c Issued by The National Savings Committee, London