THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1934. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. October, 1934. Publications Committee, 1934-35. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairmaw), JOCELYN F. THORPE (President), C. 0. BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, c. DOR~E, A. E. EVEREST LEWIS EYNON, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Ron. Treasurer), A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. I?. E. RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ERNEST VANSTONE, W. WARDLAW, H. B. WATSON, A.W. M. WINTLE. 315 Editorial. The Place of Chemistry in Pre-University Education. In ancient times, the aim of education was to teach children what they should know and what they should be able to do when they became men and women, and included the physical, mental and moral culture, which is desirable in the good citizen. In medieval times, philosophy and learning in the academic sense were restricted to the nobility, the religious orders, the medical men and the lawyers. Boys were sent very early to the universities, associating with men of ripe years; though knowledge in general was more limited than it is to-day, scholars frequently attempted all branches of learning then open to them. New knowledge and new ideas were distrusted, and anyone bold enough to suggest innovations was liable to persecution. In modern times, with the provision of free education for the masses, the schools have aimed more and more at encouraging those who are capable of doing so, to continue their general mental development in the schools up to the threshold of manhood.In still more recent times, since the introduction of natural science subjects, the schools have tended to allow boys and girls, not always to their ultimate advantage, to break away from the normal curriculum and to specialise in subjects for which they may have appeared to evince an aptitude or preference. At the same time, at enormous expense, a system of-so-called -“technical” education, devoted to science, arts and crafts, has been developed.This has been largely directed to the needs of specific industries which have been forced by competition, internal and international, to seek new and more economical methods of working. Technical education, however, has proved a sound and profitable investment, both for the individual and for the State, and incidentally has enabled many who have deserved well of their country to rise from humble stations to positions of honour and influence. This has obtained conspicuously in those who have been concerned with the applications of science to industries in which imagination and initiative beget invention. Invention marks progress, and as a 316 rule, demands a mind trained to recognise the necessity for some- thing to be done, and so enlightened as to be able to achieve the results desired, although, by way of exception to prove the rule, many inventions have been due to the inspiration of the untrained minds of craftsmen.The training of the mind is the important thing,-training in the means of acquiring knowledge and experience, and in the appreciation of truth and accuracy, which contributes to the make-up of those who can form an independent judgment of what should be done and develop the resource to do it. This type of mind is rarely developed, except among men and women who have received a sound foundation of general culture. Such a foundation is necessary to the formation of character and the attainment of savoir faire, and is especially desirable because the ever-widening activities and increasing complexities of life call for a more and more acute, orderly and extensive comprehension of Nature ,-The World and all that therein is.The methods and matter of education have been constantly under discussion and reviewed in the light of progress. The schools have realised that this general culture should embrace natural science as part of the necessary equipment of youth, in order that young people may not be ignorant of the progress of knowledge, and because the study of the natural sciences en- forces a mental discipline, inculcates a love of truth, of law and order, requires patience and perseverance, and awakens and exercises the mind in ways different from those in which it is exercised by other subjects.In the latter half of the nineteenth century, much had been done to promote the study of natural science, both in the schools and in the Universities; but the impetus which it received in consequence of the Great War would appear to have had the effect of greatly magnifying its importance in the school curri- culum-especially in respect of the study of chemistry. This impetus was associated, moreover, with an increasing demand for scientific services and with a marked increase in the number of men and women seeking to qualify themselves to pursue science as a career. For a time the increased output of the Universities was fairly easily absorbed by industries and by governmental, municipal and educational services, but many graduates were obliged to seek their livelihood in other professions and callings, and the 317 profession of science became less attractive as the impression gained ground that it was overcrowded.However, overcrowding also occurred in other professions, and in considering the school education, in the interests of the coming generation, the need was confirmed that the schools should provide a comprehensive curriculum, not more broadly vocational, but more broadly cultural, in order that youths should be more generally well-informed, and also be afforded the oppor- tunity of revealing aptitude in any particular direction and of determining their choice of subjects for their higher education and for their future careers.Regarding the place of the sciences in general education,- chemistry, as dealing primarily with the different kinds of matter, offers many opportunities of useful service, and has perhaps been given more prominence, than other sciences; but physics has not been neglected, for physics and chemistry necessarily run to- gether and cannot be dissociated. Medical sciences-such as anatomy, physiology, pathology, etc.-lie outside the school curriculum; but biology-as dealing with life, and embracing botany and zoology-has received particular attention during the present century, partly owing to the development of bio- chemistry, and it is now proposed that it should be generally prescribed as a school subject and that possibly part of the time devoted to chemistry, should be allotted to it.As an argument for this proposal, it has been suggested that chemistry is too difficult a subject to be understood by boys and girls under sixteen years of age; but this must depend on the character and extent of the teaching provided, and the definition of chemistry as a school subject. Teachers are not unanimous on that point; some hold that no science is superior to chemistry for inducing habits of accuracy and co-ordination between brain and hand. The question then arises-What shall "science" comprise in the general education of youth? Mathematics, though usually considered as a subject apart from science, must, as the science which treats of all kinds of quantity which can be numbered or measured, be included as a necessary instrument in all science.But what and how much should be included of those which are generally termed the natural sciences-chemistry, physics, zoology, botany, geology, astronomy and the like-the sciences calling for investigation, observation and reasoning, associated with practical experiment ? 318 It is agreed that early specialisation is to be deprecated; therefore, youths destined for professional careers must obtain as much as they can of general knowledge before specialising, for there is little time for other subjects when. once they begin their technical training. Granted that English language and literature, universal history and geography, mathematics and modern languages are essential, and that some acquaintance with classical literature is desirable, it is difficult to find time for more than a very general foundation, if several sciences are to be included. Such a general foundation, however, need not be scrappy or merely superficial. It may be made instructive and very attractive if introduced, as it can be, conveniently and systematically, to children of eleven or twelve years of age, by the historical method, embracing the evolution of theories in several branches of science taken concurrently, with the establishment of the accepted laws and their bearing on life.The subjects can be so correlated as to show their dependence on one another and so imparted that the interest of the pupils may be sustained by example and narrative.By such a course may be covered a survey of fundamental scientific knowledge such as every public and secondary school should provide, the subject matter being limited according to the average mental capacity of the pupils of different ages up to sixteen years, only the higher classes reviewing it in rather more detail. The history of chemistry and physics would inevitably find a substantial place in such a general survey, while other sciences would not be neglected. They would be taught under the general term of “Science,” and not as “chemistry,” ‘‘physics ” or “biology,” although all would receive due attention. It might be objected that individual teachers could not be found with such knowledge, but the staffs of schools include graduates who have taken their degrees with honours in various branches of science, and many teachers, though they may be inclined to emphasise the subjects with which they are most intimately acquainted, are well able to give instruction in several sciences of a standard appropriate to boys and girls between the ages of twelve and sixteen.Although the point lies outside the present discussion, it may be remarked that professors of chemistry in the universities were formerly inclined to complain that students who were taught 319 chemistry at school up to the age of 18 often came to them with much to "unlearn ";but to-day-possibly in some degree owing to the conditions prescribed under the Burnham Scale-such youths are usually picked scholarship students, have been well grounded and have prospects of doing well.Most public and secondary schools, moreover, now possess laboratories and workshops. Manipulative ability in the laboratory arts is encouraged, as well as freehand and perspective drawing, and handicrafts, carpentry, modelling and the like. Practical instruction in sciences under adequate supervision is emphasised in the higher classes, and increased for those who continue at school until 17 or 18 years of age, when they are allowed to specialise, to some extent, in those subjects for which they show enthusiasm, while languages and literature and the development of character are not neglected. The discussion of the subject by the Council has been reported in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I1 (p.116) and Part IV (p. 278), and is concluded in this Part (p. 325). Professional Fees. In correspondence received from consulting chemists in private practice, there has been mentioned from time to time a matter of importance to professional men generally, since it affects their very existence,-namely, that of fees for professional advice and services. The Institute has collated and published in the past useful information regarding salaries of chemists in whole-time appointments. The present article primarily concerns the chemist in independent practice; but it may be held to affect the interests of the profession as a whole, for not a few who are now in employed positions look forward to a time when they may be able to practise independently, and, in any case, the prac- tioners who come into direct contact with the public are able to exercise an important influence in maintaining the status and reputation of the profession.When enquiries for technical services are received at the Institute, the person making the enquiry will sometimes assume that information or advice should be immediately forthcoming, and is much disappointed when he is advised to go to a consultant. Too many members of the public appear to assume that they can ask what questions they please and receive immediate 320 answers of value to them, but at no cost, because the consultant may be able to supply such answers with little effort.Even if he has to conduct an investigation in order to supply the answer, they expect that the fee should be very small because the consultant likes his work, and the knowledge which he gains by the way may be useful in some other connection. It is derogatory for a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians to sue for a fee without permission from the Royal College, but the general medical practitioner ensures that the consulting physician is recompensed. The profession of chemistry has not yet established this procedure to any marked extent; but, in much the same way, chemists who are engaged in industry are nowadays not infre- quently required by their employers to confer with consultants on questions .of unusual difficulty, and endeavour to ensure that the necessary business arrangements between employers and the consultants are mutually agreeable.The consulting chemist in independent practice is ever liable to be imposed upon. The prospective client learns that a certain practitioner has acquired a reputation in a certain branch of work. The client requires enlightenment from the practitioner, and often has to submit a problem for solution which is of much financial importance to him. He makes an appointment and states his business: it may be a sample for analysis, with or without advice; it may be an industrial investigation, or a proposition of considerable magnitude involving the flotation of a company and the raising of funds for industrial development.There are occasions when a professional chemist, even when the problem is a substantial one, feels some diffidence in refer- ring to the question of fees at the initial stage, and it is in this particular relation to the subject that troubles arise, of which little is known, but which are none the less real and serious to the consultant. It is often very desirable, if not imperative, that an understanding should be arrived at definitely, at an early stage in the negotiations. Among consulting engineers, the employ- ment of a secretary to record the appointments and to ward off undesirables, by intimating that a fee will be charged for the interview, is very usual and effective. In medicine, the consultant’s fees are known beforehand within certain limits ; or, where an operation is contemplated, the general practitioner performs the duty of ascertaining the fee on behalf of his patient.No definite scale can be laid down for 321 the general medical practitioner. His position, in many cases, has been improved, however, under the provisions of the National Health Insurance Act, although he is too often expected to be a philanthropist and give his time and services for nothing, and frequently has to contend with defaulters. In chemistry, the circumstances and the conditions of practice are so various that it appears to be impossible to prescribe scales of fees for general adoption, as in the case of solicitors, architects, and auctioneers.If, early in the negotiations, the client enquires as to the cost, the chemist will naturally take advantage of the opening, and if he cannot give a direct answer, as he would do in a matter within his everyday practice, he will proceed to ascertain more definitely what is required, and if it is a problem of much difficulty, will be chary of promising too much by way of result, but will undertake to do his best and will help his client, so far as he can, with information as to the probable expense to which he will be put. In chemistry, the actual cost of an investigation (including laboratory maintenance), the time occupied, the circumstances involved, the value of the advice, and the responsibility, financial or otherwise, may all have a bearing on the question.The client may be surprised if the chemist requires a fee in respect of the time actually occupied by the preliminary consultation, but it should certainly be brought into the account, and it is very necessary, even when the relations of client and practitioner have been established by an introduction which leaves no doubt as to bonajdes, that some basis of understanding should be laid down before any work is undertaken. There are still many people, including such as should know how to behave in matters of this kind, who appear to be surprised that a man of science cannot give his time, knowledge and experience without charge, and, in some cases, that he will even require his expenses when called upon to visit factories or works, and to inspect processes.Cases have been known to occur, wherein chemists have been consulted by local authorities or industrial corporations, with whom it could reasonably be assumed that any preliminary bargaining would be unthinkable, where days of work, involving conferences, inspection of plant, and repoi-ts with valuable advice, for which very reasonable recompense was required, have been met with pained astonishment and a protest that there was no arrangement made as to the cost. Too often this situation has arisen, and even the practitioner of long standing sometimes suffers a set back of this kind. Steps must be taken to avoid such risks. If it be a proposition such as may be put to a consulting technologist, or chemical engineer, he will often require a retainer and such further fees-it may be on a percentage basis of the whole cost of a new plant or works-and also re-imbursement of all expenses incurred in the performance of the work.Chemists are consulted in such a great variety of circum- stances that it would be impossible in an article of this kind to deal with all possible contingencies, but it must always be borne in mind that, apart from the routine of everyday ordinary practice. the genuine specialist with the most up-to-date knowledge and skill in a particular branch, the exceptional investigator who knows how to tackle and solve satisfactorily a technical difficulty, and the practical industrial chemist who is capable of devising plant and of advising on a process for putting it into operation on a manufacturing scale,-all these should be sufficiently men of affairs to be sure that they will be adequately rewarded both for their time and for their achievement. Incident ally, the unsuspecting newly-es t ablished practitioner may be subject to the insidious method of the “friend” who, on a casual encounter, puts a question involving technical knowledge, and hopes to obtain advice without the formalities of a consulta-tion.The chemist may be inclined to give away all and get nothing, but he should suggest a definite professional appointment at the risk of his friend “cooling off .” There is the prospective client who asks for technical informa- tion and promises payment, if and when his scheme materialises, and there are those who, when a fee has been mentioned, take a particular delight in suggesting that the enquiry can be referred to some state-aided institution or sent to the advisory department of a trade journal and solved gratuitously.The consultant has not only to contend with this competition and annoyance, but with the difficulty of recovering his fees when the business has been concluded. A Fellow of long experience, who has referred to the subject, is fortunately able to introduce some humour into his correspond- ence, from which the following is abstracted:- A Dentist was attending to a Bishop’s teeth, and a good fee was charged. His Lordship said that it was almost as much as his Curates received in a year, but the Dentist replied, “That may be, but I am a Bishop in my profession!” 323 Referring to the recovery of fees, he says the County Court process is the most outrageous method of recovering money one could adopt: the best is the railway method,-payment before you start on your journey; but this does not obtain in the professions.Reference, by the way, may be made to another despicable practice which was discovered a few years ago. A firm advertised for a chemist, and the selected candidates were each asked to take away a sample of a material and to analyse it; so that the firm obtained several analyses for nothing, and so far as could be ascertained, the proposed vacancy was never filled.Obviously, this kind of trick should be resisted. HDWto meet these and like difficulties can only be learned by long experience, which is commonly gained by working with established practitioners; but those who have not had that experience invariably find that they can obtain guidance in such matters from their elder professional brethren who fully realise the necessity for maintaining the professional status of competent practice. There are some who can stipulate that consultations can only be arranged by definite appointment and will not hesitate to warn the prospective client that a fee will be payable and also a retainer, when the consultation is likely to lead to an investigation, and that, where necessary, travelling expenses and time spent in travelling will be charged. COMMENTS on the Editorial in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV, 1934 (p.261). The subject-matter of the first “Editorial” was not likely to be provocative of comments from members, and few have been received. They are referred to below with observations which are printed in italics. An Associate, commenting on the reference, in the first Editorial, to the remarks on the responsibility of members of the Institute towards one another, urges that a practical way in which this might be shown would be by Fellows and Associates who have the opportunity of choosing candidates for chemical appointments, selecting members, wherever possible, to fill such vacancies. In the experience of the OBcers concerned with the Appointments Register, Fellows and Associates do generally select, caeteris paribus, members of the Institute rather than other persons, although occasions arise from time to time when a person who is not a member of the Institute may be selected for his exceptional knowledge and experience for certain positions.Another Associate refers to the election of the Council, and states that he has refrained from attending the meetings of his Local Section since “the Chair” was used to emphasise the necessity of supporting all local candidates, whom he suggests had been put forward by a clique. It is certain that “plumping” is not generally approved, and attempts to organise it have been known to have the efect of creating opposition to the favoured candidates for election :but, since every member is at liberty to exercise his vote according to his own discretion, it cannot be prevented.The fact remains, however, that the constitu- tion of the Council approximates, broadly speaking, to proportional representation of all Sections. Two other communications referred to the Regulations for the admission of Associates and Fellows. 325 Proceedings of the Council. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1934. Council Meeting, 19th October.-Reports were received from the Standing Committees,-Finance and House Committee, the Benevolent Fund Committee, and the Nominations, Exami- nations and Institutions Committee, the Appointments Register Committee and the Publications Committee : also from the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute on Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales).Mr. James Macleod was elected a Member of Council to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Professor R. M. Caven. Dr. Charles J. J. Fox was appointed to represent the Institute on a Committee of the British Standards Institution which is concerned with the standardisation of cellulose acetate. The Council also had under consideration matters relating to the Provisional Poisons List and Poisons Rules, prepared by the Poisons Board appointed under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933, and a memorandum from the Special Committee on Co-operation, regarding suggestions which have been received from the Provisional Chemical Council, which will be reported to the Fellows and Associates in due course.The Benevolent Fund C.ommittee reported an improvement in the position of the Fund, over fifty contributions of E2 and upwards having been received, besides other contributions, in answer to a special appeal issued in July, and a sum of L34 10s. having been returned on Loans Account. Further contributions to the discussion on the Place of Chemistry in General Education up to the age of 16 years were received from Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler (India), Mr. H. H. Gray (Huddersfield), and Dr. G. M. Moir (New Zealand):- Dr. G. J. Fowler, a Past Examiner of the Institute in Bio- chemistry, said that he would regret the omission of chemistry from the school science course because it had a special value in awakening an interest in phenomena and in cultivating the 326 desire for experiment as distinct from observation.It was difficult to reach a conclusion -of general application, because so much depended on the enthusiasm of the teacher and the aptitude of the pupil. In a classical elementary textbook by Paul Bert, chemistry was placed last among the scientific sub- jects to be presented to the mind of the child: it was thought desirable that he should first learn something of those things which came within his daily observation and were naturally the first to awaken attention and a desire for information; but these, Dr. Fowler suggested, did not minister to the desire of the child who wants to see “how it works.” He recalled an old book-“Learning to Think”-which consisted of imaginary conversations between a small boy and his learned cousin concerning such mysteries as-why he could fly a kite and not a penny, and why he could bowl his hoop and not his handkerchief. This seemed to indicate that simple physical conceptions were easier to grasp than chemical pheno- mena; but a boy’s “chemical chest” contained many joys, including the raising of “Pharaoh’s Serpents” from the eggs of thiocyanate of mercury, and these things remained in the mind, as did also the more elaborate experiments made in the course of the early lessons on science at school.He also re- called early memories of working for the “South Kensington” examinations and training later under Sir Henry Roscoe at Manchester. He thought that it would be a misfortune for chemistry to be left out of the ordinary school teaching.(Dr. Fowler was informed that it was not proposed to leave chemistry out of the school curriculum, but that it was probable that some of the time now devoted to chemistry might in future be devoted to biology). Mr. H. H. Gray, Lecturer in Chemistry, Technical College, Huddersfield, favoured the introduction of biological science in school education, because it “should prepare the way for a dispassionate view of life and its processes-the milestones of life being births, marriages and deaths.” He asked “Does the formal teaching of chemistry do this? If it does not, is there room for it in a crowded time-table to the exclusion of those subjects which will prepare us for a conscious effort to improve the race?” Mr.Gray expressed the hope, however, that any revision of the policy of the Board of Education in this matter would not adversely affect the interests of those who were now engaged 327 in teaching chemistry. Where a teacher, who had been led to believe that he would do well if he taught chemistry and had kept himself up to date, was confronted with the possibility of having to teach new subjects in a modern way, he hoped that he would be allowed to refresh the necessary knowledge by suitable time allowance, with no loss of salary, status or pension rights. Dr. G. M.Moir said that for many years he had regretted that his school and university training had included no biology. As a dairy chemist, he was dealing with many samples which required bacteriological examination. In a new country like New Zealand, educational tendenci& were often over-practical, and they heard too much about the need for an “agricultural bias” in their schools. There was an idea that children would become good farmers if they were taught at school how to grow calves and turnips. The study of botany appeared to him to be of fundamental importance. It was a subject which showed the order and system of nature in an altogether different light from the organised precision of chemistry and the mechanism of the physical sciences.A great deal of it could be taught with little expense for equipment. The overwhelming superiority of chemistry as an educational subject had tended to become an obsession with some people, and it was satisfactory, he thought, to observe that the majority of chemists who took part in the discussion supported the view that, in the preliminary stages, a broad outlook upon science was more desirable than specialisa- tion. The discussion, which was originally raised by Professor G. R. Clemo, Chairman of the North-East Coast Section, has proved of great interest. The Council, while not averse to the introduction of biology in the school curriculum, did not come to an unanimous opinion on the proposals laid down in the Report of the Panel of Investigators appointed by the Secondary Schools Examinations Council, but will continue to watch future developments in the matter.On receiving the report of the Conference of Honorary Secre- taries of Local Sections, the Council at the meeting held on 29th June did not adopt the suggestion to make provision for the election of an additional District Member of Council for the North-East Coast and Yorkshire. However, the question has been raised again on the motion of Dr. A. E. Everest, the present 328 representative of the District, and has been referred to a Special Committee for consideration and report. The Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee, embodied the report of the Board of Examiners on the September Examinations (see p.339). Appointments Register.-The Council received the follow- ing Report on the working of the Appointments Register during the period 1st October, 1933, to 30th September, 1934. The number of membercat present using the Appointments Register is 389, as against 424 on the 1st October, 1933. The total number of vacancies notified was 896, as against 687 in the previous year. The following table gives a rough analysis of the vacancies :-Universities, etc.. . .. .. .. 57 Schools .. .. .. .. .. 55 Educational Authorities .. .. 20 Scholarships, etc. *. .. .. 26 Government Appointments .. .. 21 Public Bodies, etc. .. .. .. 34 Industrial .. .. .. *. 516 Chemical Engineers .. .. .. 45 Technical Salesmen .... *. 6 Junior Vacancies .. .. .. 46 Women . . .. .. .. .. 56 Temporary Appointments .. .. -14 896-Of the above, 79 were abroad, compared with 48 in the previous year. Salaries.-The following figures indicatk the salaries offered in connection with some of the above vacancies:- €200 p.a. or under . . .. 35 vacancies €2004250 .. .. .. 46 ,,€2504500 .. .. .. 112 ,,€500-;E1,000 .. .. .. 32 ,,Over S1,OOO .. .. .. 11 ,, It will be seen that the figures only account for 236 out of the 896 vacancies. In a very large number of cases, no definite indication as to salary was given, and the practice of asking candidates to state the salary required still continues. Unemployment.-The following table shows the number of members who were unemployed at the times stated.The number against each month gives the average for the four weeks 329 of that month. The figures for the previous corresponding period are given in brackets. F.I.C. A.I.C. Totals. October, 1933 .. .. 29 (37) 162 (161) 191 (188) November. . .. .. 30 161 191 December .. .. 30 159 189 January, 1934 .. .. 28 (36) 156 (160) 184 ( 96)February .. *. 31 152 183 March .. .. .. 32 143 175 April .. .. .. 32 (34) 137 (150) 169 ( 84)May .. .. .. 31 134 165 June .. .. .. 29 127 156 July .. .. .. 25 (32) 128 (148) 153 (180) August .. .. .. 25 133 158 September .. .. 25 131 156 It will be seen that there has been a fairly consistent but slight drop in the number of unemployed. Of the 153 members (which includes 13 women) unemployed at 30th September, 45 had been unemployed for three months or less, 38 for from three months to one year, and 70 for over one year.The number who have been unemployed for a long period shows a decrease. The ages of members unemployed are as follows:- 21-25 years .. .. .. 37 25-30 ), .. .. .. 30 30-35 ,, .. .. .. 23 35-40 ,) .. .. .. 17 40-45 ?9 .. .. .. 18 45-50 ,) .. .. .. 14 50 and over .. .. .. 14 The total membership of the Institute at the date of the publication of the printed Register (August, 1934) was 6,212. The percentage of unemployed, therefore, was about 2-5 per cent., as against 3.2 per cent. at this time last year. The number of members in the various Section areas who have informed the Institute that they are without any remunera- tive employment is as follows:- Aberdeen .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 Birmingham and Midlands Bristol .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 2 Belfast .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 Edinburgh .. GlaagowHuddersfield' . .. .. .. .. .* .. .. .. .. .. .. .. *. .. .. 7 2 1 Dublin .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Leeds.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 330 Liverpool . . .. .. Manchester . . .. .,London and S.E. Counties .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 7 83 Newcastle . . .. .* .. .. .. 2 South Wales .. .# .. .. .. 6 Abroad . . .. .# .. .. .. 0 List of Laboratory Assistants.-~og persons are now making use of this service, but only 41vacancies for these assistants have been notified in the twelve months.The Council again urges Fellows and Associates who have the responsibility of appointing chemists to make use of the Appoint- ments Register of the Institute when they wish to notify vacancies. The Sixth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture will be given at the Institute on 15th November, by Lord Melchett, who will discuss the question-“Is Nature Wiser than Man ?” The Seventeenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will be given at the Institute on 7th December, when Mr. George Elliott Shaw will deal with “Quinine Manufacture in India.” Lecture.-On 19th October, in the Hall of the Institute, Dr. A. D. Mitchell gave a lecture, with practical demonstrations, on “New Indicators and other Reagents employed in Volumetric Analysis.” The President, in moving a vote of thanks to Dr.Mitchell, said that the lecture followed very fittingly on the lecture-demonstrations given by Professor Briscoe and Mrs. Matthews earlier in the year. The lecture will be published as a separate monograph in due course. 331 Local Sections. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Professor W. E. Garner, Chairman of the Section, presided at a meeting held at Bristol University on 8th October, when Dr. A. E. Dunstan gave an address entitled “Oil Finding and Oil Refining in Persia,” illustrated by two films, one of the Persian Oil Field, and the other dealing with the Llandovey Refinery, Swansea. Dr. Dunstan dealt with the modern methods applied in locating oil-bearing areas, giving statistical data relating to the world output of oil and a general outline of refinery practice.An excellent discussion ensued, in which Mr. J. Edwards, Professor Garner and Mr. R. D. Littlefield participated. A vote of thanks was accorded Dr. Dunstan, on the motion of Professor M. W. Travers, seconded by Mr. Edward Russell. Huddersfie1d.-The opening meeting of the session was held in Field‘s Caf6, Huddersfield, on 10th October, 1934. Mr. W. D. Scouller, Chairman of this Section, presided and introduced Professor F. Challenger, of the University of Leeds, who gave a lecture, illustrated by lantern slides and specimens, entitled b6 The Methylation of Compounds of Arsenic and Selenium by Mould Fungi.” The lecturer treated his subject from the historical, experi- mental and theoretical aspects.In a preliminary historical survey, he said that, as long ago as 1815, more or less severe cases of arsenical poisoning occurred in Germany which were ascribed to the use of wallpapers, the pigments on which were shown to contain arsenic. Since then, several similar cases-some fatal-had occurred, of which the most recent was in the Forest of Dean, in December, 1931. Here the source of the arsenic was a plaster containing coke- breeze underlying a mouldy wall-paper. The exact nature of the arsenical compound responsible for these effects had only recently been established by the lecturer. Gmelin, in 1839, observed a garlic odour in rooms where the symptoms had developed and ascribed the poisoning to a volatile arsenic compound liberated from the wallpaper which, in his experience of such cases, was damp and mouldy.In 1874, Selmi suggested that the moulds on the wallpaper might play a definite part in the volatilisation of the arsenic, producing arsenic trihydride. This had long been known to possess a garlic odour and to be intensely poisonous. In 1846, Basedow sug- gested that the poisonous substance might be cacodyl oxide, but brought forward no evidence in support of this suggestion. In 1891, Gosio began a systematic study of the whole question and by exposing potato-mash containing arsenious oxide to the air he observed that it quickly became infected with various moulds and evolved a garlic odour.Some of these organisms he isolated as pure cultures and studied their effect on various media containing carbohydrate and arsenious oxide. Some, though not all, of the moulds were found to be intensely active, especially one which Gosio named PenicilZium brevicaule, which later he actually found growing upon damp wallpaper. From a chemical examination of the volatile arsenic compound Gosio reached the conclusion that the gas contained an alkyl arsine which he believed to be diethylarsine. Klason, a Swedish chemist, suggested diethylarsine oxide from a consideration of the analyses, but Wigren prepared both these compounds and showed that their behaviour towards mercuric chloride was entirely different from Gosio gas.' The position until October, 1932,may therefore be summar- ised by saying that the arsenical gas evolved from mouldy wallpapers or from pure cultures of certain moulds in presence of arsenious oxide was believed to be diethylarsine, but that definite proof was lacking and the evidence conflicting.In that month the lecturer and his collaborators reported that by employing pure cultures of four different strains of Penicillium brevicaule on sterile bread crumbs containing arsenious oxide, sodium arsenate, sodium methylarsonate or sodium cacodylate, the same volatile arsenic compound was produced. Absorption of the garlic-smelling gas in mercuric chloride, benzyl chloride, or in nitric acid gave rise to compounds which were isolated, analysed and compared chemically and physically with the corresponding compounds prepared from pure trimethylarsine. This established that Gosio gas was trimethylarsine.333 The lecturer went on to describe the experimental conditions of his investigations in some detail. He then drew attention to the work of Dr. Rosenheim in 1902, who showed that when Penicillium brevicaule was grown upon sterilised bread crumbs in presence of inorganic compounds of selenium and tellurium, gaseous organic compounds possessing powerful and unpleasant odours were evolved. The substances responsible for the odours were not identified. By a similar method to that used with arsenic compounds, the lecturer showed that the gaseous compound from the cultures containing selenium was dime thylselenide.Reverting to the action on arsenic compounds the lecturer described the results of employing ethylarsonic acid, diethyl- arsinic acid, fin-propylarsonic acid and allylarsonic acid as sources of arsenic in cultures of Penicillium brevicaule on sterile bread crumbs, Under these conditions the products consisted of ethyldimethylarsine, diethylmethylarsine, n-propyldimethyl-arsine and allyldimethylarsine. Finally, the lecturer discussed several theories as to the mechanism of biological methylation in which such compounds as formaldehyde, acetic acid and amino acetic acid were the starting points. The lecture was followed by an interesting discussion and a very hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Professor Challenger on the motion of Dr.Bruce, seconded by Mr. Randolph. India.-A joint meeting of the members of the Indian Section of the Institute and of the Bombay Section of the Indian Chemical Society was held on 5th September, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institute of Science, Bombay, when Dr. A. M. Pate1 read a paper on ‘‘Absorption of Dyes by Cellulose.” The lecturer said that the dyes used in the last century often contained inorganic salts as impurities, and therefore the conclu- sions derived from the experiments with them were apt to be erroneous. He described various methods for purifying dyes, and dealt with the action of various electrolytes, viz. the chlorides of barium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium, upon the absorption and stated that the amount of the dye absorbed was directly connected with the coagulating power of the electrolyte.Absorption was not confined to the cellulose surface, but involved 334 rather a process of diffusion into the interior of the fibre. The curve obtained by plotting the rate of diffusion against salt con- centration was of the same type in all cases, i.e. reaching a maximum and then decreasing. Dr. Pate1 described methods for dyeing union fabrics, such as those made of viscose and cotton. It was found that these two constituents had different affinities for dyes, and whenever such a cloth was to be dyed, the affinity of both must be brought to the same degree, which could be done either by increasing the affinity of cotton or decreasing that of viscose.In attempting the former by mercerising, the viscose was damaged, and there- fore it was preferable to decrease the affinity of the viscose by steaming. Finally, he emphasised the importance of having men with a knowledge of chemistry in the dye-house. A discussion followed, mainly touching upon the practical side of the paper, and the meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer on the motion of the Chairman (Dr. R. C. Shah). Liverpool and North-Western.-The opening meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, Water Street, Liverpool, on 11th October, when Mr. G. E. Knowles, the retiring Chairman, introduced Mr. A. E. Findley as his successor.Mr. Findley gave an address on Training the Industrial Chemist.” He said that when he came to Liverpool fourteen years ago, he sought the advice of the Section as to the course which he should adopt in the teaching of chemistry at the Central Tech- nical School. He was advised that he should not teach the theory and practice of particular industries, but that the first and fore- most thing for him to teach was chemistry. He was told that a man employed in a soap works would learn the industry there, and that the same applied to all other specialised industries. Mr. Findley said that he had often had enquiries for courses in special industries-leather , laundry, rubber , oils and paints, sugar-but when he pointed out the advantages of a general knowledge of chemistry, the students usually realised that it was better to study fundamentals before attempting to specialise. The industries at Liverpool varied from jam and biscuits to tin and chromium, and it was difficult to decide on the technological chemistry which would appeal to the greatest number of students.There were only a few trained chemists in each works, in dozens 335 of industries. The demand for trained chemists in any one industry was small and fluctuating. He decided to introduce in the advanced courses those subjects which would appeal to most students-(i) Fuel, because no industry could get on without it; (ii) Iron and Steel, for the same reason; (iii) Catalysis, on account of its widespread impor- tance.Courses for operatives were dropped. A special syllabus for pharmacists was found to be desirable, and this was arranged in accordance with the requirements of the Pharmaceutical Society. Mr. Findley felt that the advice which he received from the Section was amply justified when the Board of Education sought the co-operation of the Institute in setting up a scheme of ex- aminations for National Certificates in Chemistry. The need for chemists, not only in the laboratories but on the works in many industries, had been strongly emphasised during the war. Qualified chemists were appointed as assistant managers and departmental managers in the place of the old type of unqualified semi-trained rule-of-thumb men.Employers began to insist on junior chemists and apprentices attending evening classes, and if they had not already matriculated, it was rightly pointed out to them, at the technical schools, that they should pass some form of preliminary examination before taking up a course of study in chemistry. Employers were, therefore, asked to choose apprentices who had obtained such certificates. Some firms, however, continued to employ the sons of existing employees without regard to the suggestion, but in course of time they would suffer in competition with employers who recruited their staffs from the secondary schools and universities. In 1920, the students attending chemistry classes at the Central Technical School were mainly untutored lads, mostly from the elementary schools, but since then, the standard had risen markedly, and at the present time at least 75 per cent.had obtained School Leaving Certificates and 50 per cent. had matriculated. There had been great progress in secondary school education, and employers were more careful in selecting their juniors. However, many positions in chemical industry were still occupied by non-graduates, who came into the scheme for National Certificates which had been devised by the Board of Education in conjunction with the Institute. This had proved 336 one of the most successful schemes of the kind, had spread to many other industries and had done more to promote general scientific knowledge than any previous scheme of technical education for youths engaged in industry.They were required to get the rudiments of all the ancillary subjects fully established before they could specialise. The scheme generally consisted of five years’ training-one year of pre-matriculation standard, two years intermediate, and two years final. Two kinds of National Certificates in Chemistry were awarded-( I) the Ordinary, (2) the Higher. The Ordinary was taken at the end of three years’ training, and both the papers set and the candidates’ answers in the examinations in the final year were assessed by the Institute. In most technical institutions, the syllabus included, during the first year, chemistry, physics and mathe- matics; in the second year, inorganic and organic chemistry and physics; and in the third year, inorganic, organic and physical chemistry.Some attempt had been made to introduce specialised subjects in the third year, but this was only possible in centres where one industry predominated, and even then was not always successful. The Institute did not encourage the inclusion of specialised subjects until the higher stages. The Higher National Certificate Courses varied in different parts of the country, but everywhere there was a tendency to introduce some technological subject into the two years’ course, which comprised the higher training. The Institute assessed the examinations, as for the Ordinary Certificate, and both certificates were awarded jointly by the Board of Education and the Institute.When the scheme was supplemented by further study, matriculated students could apply for admission to the examina- tion for the Associateship. In Liverpool, the scheme for National Certificates had worked well: 14per cent. of the awards for the whole country at the intermediate standard and 20 per cent. of the whole awards at the final stage had been obtained by Liver- pool students. He felt, therefore, that something definitely good had been done in the way of chemical education in that centre. The big firms had allowed their apprentices and junior chemists one afternoon a week to attend classes, and the courses were so arranged that each year occupied a different afternoon, so that too many juniors from one firm were not granted leave on any one day of the week.He knew only one important firm which had not co-operated in the scheme. Mr. Findley claimed for the qualified chemist who had been trained in evening classes that he was specially valuable because his training was two-fold. He obtained good laboratory and works experience with his firm, while working for his diploma in the evening. On the other hand, the universities were sometimes able to encourage their students to take up industrial work during the long vacations, and the university man more often had the advantage in that he had been able to obtain experience in re- search, the importance of which had been emphasised by Dr. H. Levinstein, Professor Meldola, and Major Freeth. In big works, there were many openings for qualified tech- nical men, and often it was tantamount to remaining in a rut if they remained in the laboratory.In his opinion, the present- day industrial chemist was far in advance of his predecessor, but industry must be prepared to pay for genius, otherwise the best brains would find employment elsewhere. He had been asked to introduce classes on chemical en- gineering, but had never a sufficient number of enquiries to justify the formation of a course. He felt that it should be conducted by a physical chemist with a sound knowledge of industry, and he hoped that an experiment on those lines might be tried in the near future, but he had to contend with the diffi- culty of finding adequate laboratory space.In conclusion, Mr. Findley referred to post-advanced courses for students who had obtained the Higher National Certificate and wanted to proceed to Honours B.Sc. or A.I.C.; also to the scheme for post-graduate courses which the Board of Education, in conjunction with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute, had established so successfully in Liverpool and still more successfully in Manchester. This consisted of revision courses and valuable specialised lectures. Thus, the Institute had taken an active and important part in such work and generally in the production and maintenance of a good supply of well-trained chemists for the service of the community. Professor Hilditch, in moving a vote of thanks, congratu- lated Mr.Findley on his address and on the clear picture which he had given of the activities and policy of the Chemical Depart- ment at the Liverpool Central Technical School. He drew atten- tion to features in the training of industrial chemists in Tech- nical Colleges and in Universities, some of which were common to both and others somewhat divergent. In his opinion, active 338 research work proceeding in either type of institution was of definite value to the students, whether the latter were actually engaged therein or not. He urged the need of constant effort to maintain the status of British chemical industry, especially in view of foreign competition. He expressed admiration, in which the members present concurred, for the assiduity with which many young chemists, after their working day, devoted the evenings to professional study over periods of, in many cases, six or seven years. Principal R.R. Butler of the Central Technical School, Liverpool, said that as a comparative stranger amongst them his words would be few, but that, in such thoughts as he wished to express, appreciation of Mr. Findley’s paper was accompanied, inevitably, by appreciation of Mr. Findley’s work with and for his students. Mr. Butler said that the suggestion of placing such classes as Science for Flour Millers in Junior Technical Schools did not appear to be as desirable as first considerations might indicate, but that he did not intend to enlarge on one aspect of an admirable paper,. Professor Meldola had said that a De- partment of Chemistry which was not a centre of research was bound to degenerate.Mr. Butler asked whether the Professor had not perhaps omitted from his mental picture the vital factor of the “personality” of the student, and suggested that, though research work at the Central Technical School was limited, statistics of examination successes and responsible positions held by present and past students indicated no degeneration. In seconding the vote of thanks to Mr. Findley, Mr. Butler said that he realised the difficulties under which the Department had worked, owing to the need for greater accommodation, and hoped that in due course that need would be met. Mr. J. Farrar Hardwick, B.Sc., Associate, has been appointed Honorary Assistant Secretary of the Liverpool and North-Western Section.339 September Examinations, 1934. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship were held as scheduled below. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed was :-Entered. Passed. FOTthe A8soc&zteship-- General Chemistry. At the Institute and at The Royal Technical College, Glasgow- 17tL22n.d September .. .. .. 38 18 For the Fellowship- Branch D. Biochemistry: at University Col- lege, London-25thc28th September .. 1 0 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Micro- scopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water, at the Institute-24th-29th September .. 13 - 4 - 52 22 - - In the Examiwtiort for the Associateship in General Chemistry five candidates completed their Examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts of the Examination in which they had previously failed; six candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners only in part of the Examination.In the Examination for the Fellmahip in Branch E, five candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners only in part of the Examination. FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIPEXAMINATION IN GENERALCHEMISTRY. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY .-The work of the candidates in the inorganic papers was generally good, with one or two marked exceptions. The answers to questions dealing with hydration in aqueous solution and the occurrence of isotopes separately in Nature, were few and poor.On the other hand, one question elicited many excellent accounts of work in which candidates were engaged and afforded them an opportunity to display their critical faculty. In the second paper only a few candidates gave a satis-factory outline of the methods of ascertaining the molecular state of a substance, and the historical question disclosed the 340 usual gap in the knowledge of many candidates. The essays were often good, except that those candidates who chose the question on the methods available for following the progress of rare-earth separations often confined their answers to the methods of separation themselves, which was not an answer to the question. The practical work was quite well done. Straightforward determinations were given and really accurate results were expected.The chief disappointment was that so few candidates reported correctly on the solid solution of sulphur and selenium, and some seemed never to have met the latter element. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-The written paper in organic chemistry was poorly answered by many of the candidates. Far too many had no accurate information about the more elementary parts of the subject. The question on hydrocyanic acid was in general poorly answered and some candidates must still be using very antiquated textbooks as the formula R-NEC was frequently given for the alkyl isocyanides. Most of the answers to the question on the Walden Inversion merely described the phenome- non first observed by Walden, and many of those to the question on the configuration of oximes gave the view current as it existed about 1895.It is of the utmost importance that candidates should use textbooks that have been re-written within the last five years, not merely reprinted. The practical work in organic chemistry was quite creditably performed, but candidates should avoid keeping their knowledge of inorganic and organic chemistry in separate compartments. The unknown compounds given for identification were of a simple nature, but proved more troublesome than they should have done. The German translation seemed to present greater difficulty than usual. EXAMINATIONTHE FELLOWSHIPFOR IN BRANCHE. WRITTEN PAPERS.-with few exceptions, the candidates did very fair justice to the papers and, in particular, fulfilled expectations in respect of those questions relating to matters of administration and a knowledge of recent developments in the analytical control of foods and drugs.Everyone appeared to have had considerable experience of the Gutzeit method (arsenic test), but in several instances, the B.P. procedure for 341 the preliminary treatment of certain specified galenicals was not given, nor was any clear description forthcoming of the method recommended by the Standing Committee on the Uniformity of Analytical Methods (Analyst, 1930, p. 102). Some of the easily-recognisable indications of sewage pollution in a stream were correctly stated and the cycle of nitrification traced, but there was no clear-cut impression given of the successive saprobic zones natural to these circumstances.Some confusion was evident when dealing with industrial methylated spirit and its use in pharmacopceial preparations. PRACTICALWoRK.--The analytical results on the three types of milk given were in close agreement and, when coupled with the freezing-point depression, the interpretation was quite sound. It was surprising to find, however, that while the con- ventional preservatives were satisfactorily eliminated, few of the candidates, who were supplied with coloured milk, thought fit to apply any test for the presence of colouring-matter. It should be noted, also, that whenever a formal certificate of analy- sis is called for-as was the case here-the candidate must complete it in accordance with the requirements of the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, e.g.the necessary observation respecting stability of the sample was omitted by more than half the candidates. The iodised table salt gave considerable trouble : having regard to the iodide-content usually associated with this material and the amount provided, a little thought would have prompted candidates to take a reasonable amount (not 10or 15 grammes) of the sample for the analysis. A general lack of experience, in fact, was evident in this instance. Several candidates failed to show that dilute hydrochloric acid had been substituted for dilute hydrobromic acid in one of the medicines, but, in the other type supplied (containing 33 per cent.excess of quinine sulphate), correct figures were returned in most cases. Again, identification of the preservative (hexamine) was not always satisfactorily established. Examina-tion of the dripping entailed the usual physical observations and determination of “constants,” which absorbed considerable time but were, on the whole, satisfactory. Unfortunately, the incorporation of 3 per cent. of paraffin wax remained un- detected in several cases, while in other samples containing water and/or free fatty acid, some of the candidates failed to detect this irregularity. 342 The performance of much of the microscopical exercises was indifferent, both as to diagnostic structure of characteristic components, and as to the presence of foreign starch and mineral contamination. The algal growth (mixed infection) gave some- what better results, but failure, by many, to observe motility in one of the predominating organisms present was really sur- prising, as was also the omission to observe the distinguishing characters of a typical rotifer.To sum up-the results are, on the whole, disappointing. Lack of experience in the handling of everyday problems which confront the Public Analyst cannot be taken, by any means, as the sole reason for failure to satisfy the Examiners, although the advantages of such training are obvious. Intending candi- dates may be assured, very definitely, that ,although the practical work set may call for careful preliminary consideration, it is solely confined to the normal duties of a “food and drugs” analyst.THERAPEUTICS,PHARMACOLOGY MrcRoscoPY.-TheAND papers were on the whole well done, and in the oral examination a good average was attained. The practical work was disappoint- ing, especially with regard to the examination of the plate culture. This plate was of McConkey’s medium on which were typical colonies of 23. coli and B. tyjbhosus, yet many candidates paid special attention to the B. coli and failed to realise the significance of colonies which from their very nature suggested immediate investigation for the “Typhoid-dysentery ” group. The films left were often poor, and the knowledge of simple stains such as Gram was indifferent.It is time that candidates who are presumed to have had experience in water analysis should know of the existence of other organisms than B. coli. The identification of luminal sodium was well done by most. The work on the detection of morphine in urine was unsatis- factory. Many candidates looked for cyanide, which the Ex- aminers have never known to be found in urine. In a previous examination, when a sample of vomit was given and the candi- dates were told that the case was one of diarrhoea and vomiting, valuable time was lost by searching for substances such as morphine. 343 PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Assockteship. Ancrum, Robert William, Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.Aspa, Alfred, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Baldwin, Gordon Tate, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London.‘ Bowcott, Harold Joseph, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Burman, Henry, A.M.I.Chem.E., The University, and Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Campbell, George Reid, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Fishburn, Arthur George, Ph.C., Technical College, Cardiff. Fleck, Harry Ronald, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Fleming, William Alexander Latto, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Johnson, Alfred Henry Osborne, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Ham MunicipalCollege ; and Birkbeck College, London. Lee, Walter, College of Technology, Leeds; and Technical College, Bradford. McGill, John Heron, Royal Technical College, Glasgow.Millidge, Alfred Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Southampton. Minor,. Roland Gordon, Ph.C., Technical College, Cardiff. Silvester, Alfred, B.Sc., College of Technology, Leicester ; and Northern Polytechnic, London. Watson, Robert Sinclair, Royal Technical College, Glasgow ;and Technical College, Paisley. Watson, William, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Weigham, William Reginald, Central Technical College, Birmingham. In Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. Boizot, George Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.). Fletcher, Albert Edward. McGowan, Harold, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Smith, Percy Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.). The following papers and exercises were set: Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry.MONDAY, 17th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible). 1. Discuss critically the several methods by which the molecular 2. Give a brief account of the chemistry of TWO of the following state of a substance can be ascertained. elements so as to show their relationship to contiguous elements in the Periodic System both in the same Group and in adjacent Groups: vana- dium, thallium, hafnium, tungsten. 3. What stages in the history of the development of chemistry are represented by the names “oil of vitriol” and “muriatic acid”? Outline briefly the experimental work on the basis of which these names were changed.4. Having regard to the Phase Rule in relation to condensed systems 344 of two components, discuss the conditions which may give rise to the following observations :-(a) a liquid solidifies completely at one steady temperature; (b) a liquid solidifies progressively with cooling and the cooling curve shows three arrests. 5. What is “heavy water”, how is it obtained, and what are the more interesting facts already known about it? Suggest the principal uses that are made or are likely to be made of the elements of heavy water. 6. Outline the principles underlying the various methods of deter- mining transport numbers and give experimental details of ONE such method. 7. Write a short essay on om of the following topics:- (a) The practical effects of absorption in analytical chemistry.(b) Persulphides and peroxides. (c) The spatial configuration of co-ordinated compounds. (d) The methods available for following the progress of rare-earth separations. (e) The photographic latent image. 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefiy and lo the point. Give formulae and equations where possible). 1. How would you determine accurately the percentage content of copper, iron and sulphur in a sample of copper pyrites? 2. Describe the procedure and apparatus employed in obtaining accurate values for TWO of the following:- (a) the depression of freezing point of a solution; (b) the ratio of specific heats of a gas; (c) the electrochemical equivalent of a metal; (d) the reaction velocity in a homogeneous system of reactants. 3.Discuss comparatively (and quite briefly) the acids, acid oxides and acid halides formed by sulphur, selenium and chromium. 4. Review the evidence relevant to the contention that many substances are hydrated in aqueous solution. 5. What reasoning led Soddy to anticipate that certain isotopes would be found to occur separately in nature, and what attempts have been made to test this reasoning experimentally. 6. Give equations and brief explanatory notes to indicate for FIVE of the following substances, how they have been prepared and investigated and what is their theoretical importance :-B,H,, SF,, PbCl,, NiC,O,, LiH, I,O,, I(C104)3, H,SiF,.7. Describe any manufacturing process with which you are personally familiar, with special reference to the use of chemical methods ininvesti- gation or control. TUESDAY, 18th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give fomulae and equations where possible.) 1. Outline the principles of the methods employed for the orienta- tion of benzene derivatives. Indicate by equations how you would pre- pare the following compounds, benzene or toluene being the starting 345 material: (a)m-nitrotoluene;(b)p-dinitrobenzene; (c)m-hydroxybenzalde-hyde; (d) o-bromobenzoic acid. 2. Write a short essay on EITHER (a),The Walden Inversion OR (b), Methods for the determination of the configuration of oximes.3. Outline the researches which resulted in the establishment of the structure and the synthesis of ONE of the following compounds: (a) Indigo, OR (b) Atropine, OR (c) Camphor. 4. Describe briefly FOUS of the following reactions: (a)Michael’s; (b) Reformatsky’s; (c) Thorpe’s; (d) Reher-Tiemann’s; (e) Perkin’s; (j)Claisen’s. 5. Give a brief account of the chemistry of hydrocyanic acid, the alkyl cyanides and isocyanides and the fulminates. 6. Write a short essay on unsaturation and indicate the methods employed to determine the degree of unsaturation of an organic compound. 7. How has the constitution of naphthalene been established 9 Start-ing from naphthalene, how may the following compounds be prepared:- Q-and p-naphthols, Q-and p-naphthylarnines, naphthionic acid, decahydronaphthalene, 1 :4-nsphthaquinone.8. Write an account of EITHER (a) a group of organic dyestuffs excluding indigo, OR (b) synkhetic local anaesthetics, OR (c) synthetichormones. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translation from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. From the sample of salicylic acid (A) prepare a, specimen of 2 :5-di-iodosalicylic acid. 2. From the benzaldehyde (B) prepare specimens of benzoin and benzil. 3. Determine the amounts of ethyl benzoate and ethyl oxalate in the mixture of the two esters (C). (These exercises may be completed to-morrow. Quantity a8 well a8 quality will be considered when judging the specimens.) TH URSDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1934 : 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. Identify the compound (D). (D = Urea sulphate OR sodium ammonium tartrate OR calcium citrate OR sodium ethyl sulphate.) FRIDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The alloy A contains copper and silver. Determine the per- centage of each metal present both volumetrically and gravimetrically. You are supplied with the necessary standard solutions but must yourself standardise them. (The volumetric results MUST be reported TO-DAY. The gravimetric determinations may be completed and reported TO-MORROW.) Please report the result8 of your standardisations in terms of NORMALITY and your deter-minations on the alloy as PERCENTAGES by weight of SILVER and COPPER.CHEOK ALL CALCULATIONS carefullv, as no credit can be expected for erroneous results, whether the error be due to the experimental work or to the calcuhtione. 2. Examine the substance B qualitatively and report upon its nature. (B = A solid solution of selenium in sulphur.) 346 SATURDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric portion of yesterday’s exercise 1. 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture C which contains six radicals. (C = Ferric oxide, potassium bromide, barium nitrate and cadmium bromide OR 9, 9, 9) ,, strontium nitrate ,, OR 7, ,, magnesium oxide, barium nitrate $9 ) Examinationfor the Fellowship in Branch E.The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. What is industrial methylated spirit ? What chemical tests would you employ to distinguish it (a)from ethyl alcohol and (b)from isopropyl alcohol ? Under what conditions is its use in the preparation of pharma- copoeial medicaments permissible ? 2. Discuss briefly from your own point of view as a food analyst the “presumptive standards” of the Sale of Milk Regulations, 1901. What changes (if any) in these standards would you advocate ? Comment upon any legal difficulties which the changes you suggest might raise. 3. The use of ultra-violet light in chemical laboratories has been suggested for various purposes.Discuss the use of a mercury vapour lamp in the examination of foodstuffs or other material which may be submitted to you in your capacity as a Public Analyst. (Anszoer in a separate notebook.) 4. How would you make (a) a temporary and (b) a permanentpreparation of a vegetable drug for microscopic examina.tion ? Describe how you would measure the diameter of any structure seen by you in the preparation. 6. What is Lysol? How is it prepared? What me the chief symp- toms when it is drunk for suicidal purposes? How would you examine a sample of stomach contents from a case of suspected lysol poisoning? 6. What me the chief uses of strychnine ? What symptoms are seen in accidental overdosage ? Enumerate those preparations in the B.P. which contain strychnine, and indicate their approximate dosage.2 to 6 p.m. 1. What is meant by the Specific Rotatory Power of a substance? What is “Clerget’s Formula”? From first principles, show how it is derived. [(u)D.cane sugar = + 66.6”: (u)D. invert sugar at temperature t = -(27.9--0.32 t)”]. 2. Discuss the chemical and ecological changes associated with the 3. Describe the Gutzeit method for the detection and determination self-purification of a sewage-polluted stream. of small amounts of arsenic. How would you prepare from the following specimens a solution to which the test could immediately be applied: (a) flowers of sulphur; (b) beer; (c) potassium chlorate; (d) a syntheticorganic food colour. 4. One of the decisions in the recent Report of the Departmental Committee on the Composition and Description of Food was that it is desirable that the law should be altered to enable standards and definitions 347 to be prescribed.State which foods, in your opinion, most urgently need such standardisation and definition, giving your reasons. 5. What are the sources of Lecithin and how is it prepared ? Define its composition and properties and state what you know of the uses to which it is put. TUESDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. As a result of examination of the formal sample of Milk, report your opinion on the certificate provided. (EITHER“abnormal” OR watered 4per cent. milk, the latter containing traces of nitrate or colouring-matter.) 2.Determine the Iodine content of the Table Salt. (Potassium iodide, either 1/33,000or 1/50,000.) WEDNESDAY, 26th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Check the accuracy of the prescription (“Mist. Quin. et Gelsem.”) which purports to contain:- Quinine sulphate . . .. .. 1% grains 6.Pot. bromide .. 79 ,¶ Acid hydrobromic $1. . . .. 74 minims. Tinct. Gelsem B.P., 1914.. -. 74 ,3Aq. ad. . . .. .. . . 4 fluid ounce. (With HCI substituted for HBr, or containing 33 per cent. excess of Quinine Sulphate.) 2. Identify the preservative (A) which might be found in certain imported delicacies. (A = Hexamine.) THURSDAY, 27th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Ascertain the purity of the sample of Dripping. (Containing 4 per cent.of water and 5 per cent. free fatty acid OR 3 per cent. of paraffin wax .) 2. Analyse the contents of the bottle marked “Dr. Brown’s British Lysol” which is being sold by an itinerant vendor. Having regard to the results you obtain and the wording of the container and label on the bottle, what action, in your opinion, should be taken in dealing with the matter ? (A diluted Lysol containing 1-5per cent.-3-0 per cent. of Cresols-strength declared.) FRIDAY, 28th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the soluble solids, sucrose and invert sugar in the Raspberry Jam. Examine the seeds microscopically, illustrating the significant or diagnostic structures and write accurate descriptions of them. (Containing no glucose, variable proportions of water and sucrose, together with Sesame seeds.) 2.Make a microscopical examination of the specimens provided of: (a) Cocoa; (b) Mace; (c) Pepper; (d) a deposit from a potable water storage-tank. (a) Containing excess of cocoa-shell OR soya-bean meal. (b) ,, ground rice OR exhausted ginger. (c) ,, calcium sulphate OR bean flour. (4 ,, algae, bacteria and rotifers. 348 SATURDAY, 29th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. (A) is a plate culture of water from a swimming bath, where it is suspected that the atration plant is inadequate. Examine it in order to determine the morphology of the organism present. Indicate what further investigations you would make to enable you to give a report on the culture.Leave on the bench a stained preparation suitably labelled. (Candidates must assume that the culture may be a pathogenicorganism and must take precautions when handling it.) B. Coti and B. Typhoszcs.) 2. Identify the-tablets (B). (B =Phenobarbitonum Solubile.) 3. Identify and estimate the poisonous substance in the sample of urine. (Morphine.) Branch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to the Chemistryand Bacteriology of Dairy Produce. PRACTICALWORKONLY. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 25th to 28th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Make a full report on the nature of the milk product (A) and 2. A complaint has been made that the sample of milk (B) has been state whether it is suitable for edible purposes. contaminated by contact with a vessel which had previously contained lubricating oil.Prepare a report dealing with this question. (Evaporatedwhey containing copper.) 3. Report on the nature of the naturally occurring pigments respon- 4. Make a bacteriological report on the organism present in the sible for the colour of the three solutions (C), (D) and (E). milk product (F). (Commerical Youghourt.) 349 National Certificates in Chemistry, 1934 THE COUNCILhas received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute on the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales). Assessors.-Professor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor T. Slater Price, O.B.E., DSc., F.R.S., and Professor J.E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc. The following is an abstract of the Report. I. Introductory.-During the present session, two schools have submitted candidates for the first time in the Senior Grade, and two Schools for the first time in the Advanced Grade. The number of entries in the Senior Grade was 197, of whom 102 passed. In 1933, there were 230 candidates, of whom 124 passed. In the Advanced Grade there were 76 candidates, of whom 56 passed. In 1933, there were 83 candidates, of whom 56 passed. Of the 76 candidates, 60 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate, and of the 56 successful candidates, 43 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. 11. General Remarks.-The Assessors are pleased to report that the standard of the questions set has been raised above that which held at the commencement of the scheme.The fact that such a rise in standard has been possible is indicative of the influence that a definite scheme of training has had in bringing out the latent capabilities of the evening student. Not only has the student benefited, but also the teacher, since he has had better material to train. 111. Inorganic Chemistry.-Theoretical Examination (Senior Grade).-With papers set by so many different authorities it is surprising to find that there is not a great deal of difference in the standard of the questions, even before they have undergone the scrutiny of the Assessors. A much greater difference is shown in the answers given, as is to be expected. The work of a par- ticular class in a particular college depends not only on the teacher, but also on the members of the class, and since these 350 are independent variables it is unlikely that a desired standard will be obtained every year.It is still true to say that in some cases the answers given display a lack not only of knowledge of the facts of chemistry, but also of reasoning power. For example-one question set was of the usual type, in- volving the separation or identification of the components of various mixtures. In too large a number of cases, the answers given involved the testing for the separate components as if they alone were present. Thus, in a solution containing silver and copper salts, the copper was separated from the solution by precipitation either with zinc or by sodium hydroxide. Com-plications due to the presence of the silver were never mentioned.When outlines of ordinary industrial processes are asked for, it is expected that some accuracy of knowledge should be shown. In the description of the Solvay process it was quite a common statement that the sodium bicarbonate remained in solution, the ammonium chloride separating out. In the Leblanc process, which was not mentioned as being practically obsolete, the formation of black ash from the sodium sulphate was some- times treated as if it were a two-phase operation, carbon being first added to reduce the sulphate to sulphide; after this process was completed, the limestone was then added.All candidates are supposed to have taken an approved course in physics, but they commonly mistake the anode for the cathode in electrolytic processes, and often seem quite at a loss as regards distinguishing between electrothermal and electrolytic processes. There were several questions involving the Periodic Law, and again it was stated that Mendel6ev made use of atomic numbers. In the Advanced Grade, the standard both of the papers and of the answers was again distinctly high. The questions were not purely of an academic character, and often had a bearing on the industries of the district. Generally speaking, good answers were given. It may be well to remind teachers that for courses of this kind it would be wise not to go too deeply into speculative matters, especially when this means neglect of parts of chemistry of direct use to the student.Practical Examination.-As in previous years the practical work was well done and of a standard higher than that of the 351 theoretical; in both grades there were comparatively few failures. The standard attained in the various colleges was much more uniform than in the case of the theoretical work. The methods used and descriptive matter were quite satisfactory. IV. Physical Chemistry.-The questions set in both grades covered most of the aspects of physical chemistry as ordinarily taught in evening classes, leaving out the more academic branches, such as dipole moments, etc. In some colleges the teacher has endeavoured to fit his course to the special problems which arise in the industry in which the students are engaged.This has apparently given very good results, the answers showing that the student has taken a keen interest in the subject when pre- sented in this way. So keen has been the interest that he some- times has devoted too much time to it and so has forgotten his inorganic chemistry. In several instances a whole class has obtained better marks in physical than in inorganic chemistry. It must be emphasised, however, that teachers should satisfy themselves that the students really understand the subject. For example, many students do not seem to understand that saturated solutions are essential when dealing with the solubility product, and their ideas on indicators are very elementary.Many schools still have no practical examination in physical chemistry, a gap which should be filled as soon as possible. In several cases where there is a practical examination, the questions are purely physical in nature and this is to be deprecated. V. Organic Chemistry.-In the Advanced Grade a high stan- dard was generally attained and the answers returned showed evidence of systematic teaching. The standard of attainment was more varied in the Senior Grade, and it is evident in many instances that the weaker students would profit from a repetition of the course. Compulsory questions were introduced into each of the papers of this grade and the answers received afford a significant insight into the general state of knowledge of the candidates.One of these questions involved a comparison of the primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, with a contrast of their proper- ties with those of phenols. Among the weaker candidates there was considerable confusion, and these alcohols were stated to be mono-, di-and tri-hydric alcohols. Benzyl alcohol was quoted as a secondary alcohol. The different behaviour of the three classes of alcohols 352 towards oxidising agents was frequently mentioned, but only in few cases was there any reference to Victor Meyer's diagnosis based on the colour reactions obtained by the action of nitrous acid on the nitro-paraffins derived from primary and secondary alcohols through the iodides (the nitrolic acid and pseudo-nitrole reactions).A similar question was set on the three classes of organic amines and the influence of an aromatic radical on the properties of these primary, secondary and tertiary bases. The classical methods of preparation associated with the name of Hofmann were mentioned, but it was not generally known that alcohols and ammonia yield amines under the catalytic influence of certain metallic oxides such as thoria, or tungstic oxide. Moreover, when ethyl alcohol and ammonium chloride (or bromide) are heated under pressure, mono-, di-and tri-ethyl amines are ob- tained in quantities varying with the proportions of alcohol to ammonium salt. It is noteworthy that these bases boiling at ~g",56" and goo respectively may be separated quite readily by fractional distillation without recourse to the laborious chemical method based on the use of di-ethyl oxalate.Another compulsory question referred to the relationship of benzene and naphthalene. Although the industrial method of oxidising naphthalene to phthalic acid is becoming generally known, a variety of other oxidising agents, such as alkaline hydrogen peroxide, chromyl chloride, or sulphurous acid, are still regarded as being suitable. For the catalytic method thoria and alumina were sometimes suggested. The constitu- tion of naphthalene was usually well confirmed by both oxidation and synthetic processes. In certain instances candidates' answers suggested that they had never handled the materials in question.The preparation of aniline and its separation from nitrobenzene is a case in point. In a large school less than 50 per cent. of the available marks were obtained for answers to this question. Thionyl chloride deserves mention as a useful alternative to phosphorus pentachloride in converting benzoic acid and similar acids into their chlorides. A question on the chloro-derivatives of toluene involves a reference to m-chloro- toluene. A practical method of arriving at this compound is reached by the action of ammonium chloride on m-cresol under pressure. The resulting m-toluidine obtained in good yield is then converted into chloro-derivative by the Sandmeyer or Gattermann process. 353 Candidates showed a good knowledge of general reactions associated with the names of Claisen, Fittig, Friedel and Craft, Grignard and Hofmann, but the Michael and Reformatsky reactions were sometimes confused.Excellent stereochemical diagrams were drawn in explanation of the relationships of fparic, maleic and tartaric acids. Satisfactory answers were obtained to questions on ureides and uric acid and on the relation- ship of uric acid to xanthine and purine. A compulsory question in this grade on the use of ozone in the study of un-saturated organic compounds was answered quite adequately. Practical Examination.-As in former years the Assessors wish to stress the importance of applying discriminating tests to the halogens when present in organic compounds.For lack of precision in this respect bromine was frequently returned as chlorine, In the Advanced Grade methylaniline was returned as either o-toluidine or m-toluidine on account of a positive carbylamine reaction; the nitrous acid test was not applied satisfactorily. The carbylamine reaction is not reliable unless confirmed by other tests. With the foregoing exceptions, the practical work was generally satisfactory . VI. Chemical Technology.-Theoretical Examination.-The papers set on the bleaching and dyeing of the natural and artificial fibres generally contained a fair proportion of questions relating to the chemical principles underlying this branch of technology. In some instances candidates in bleaching and dyeing were not very strong on the theoretical implications of their arts.Cotton dyestuffs from benzidine were incorrectly formulated and naphthol A.S. was stated to be the anilide of /?-naphthol. In answer to questions about wetting agents reference was made to mercerol, igepon and other proprietary articles, but little knowledge was disclosed of the chemical nature of such materials. The chemistry of cellulose formed the subject of one paper in which a compulsory question on modern views of the structure of this material was adequately answered. Several special papers were set to students taking a course in Painters’ Oils, Colours and Varnishes. Examinations in physical chemistry and applied physical chemistry contained questions on salt hydrolysis, preparation of sols containing gold, ferric hydroxide and arsenious sulphide, suspensoids and 354 emulsoids, particle size of precipitates and the nature of colloidal solutions.In the paper on inorganic pigments, candidates showed commendable knowledge of the chemical nature of these substances. The classification of phenol-formaldehyde resins in the paper on varnishes was not always clearly made so as to bring out the difference between heat hardening and thermo-plastic resins. The glyptal resins were not well described. Answers to the theoretical paper in metallurgy showed a tendency for the candidates to memorise the newer parts of the subject, while forgetting older sections. The production of wrought iron was generally not well described. A description of the production of aluminium from bauxite was defective and there was some uncertainty about the nature of pewter and haematite. The same candidates gave correct thermal diagrams of typical alloys and remembered the microscopic appearance of certain types of steels.The papers set on oils, fats and waxes contained an excellent blend of questions on the technical and scientific aspects of these branches of chemical technology, and candidates displayed a sound knowledge of fundamental principles. PracticaZ Exami~ation.-Technical skill was displayed in the practical tests on dyeing. Three acid colours dyed on wool fents were correctly placed in the order of their level dyeing properties and the matching of the strengths of dyes was very close, but candidates were not quite so successful in devising the best method of applying an unknown dye (alizarin).Practical exercises in technical analysis included estimations of zinc dust and sodium formaldehydesulphoxylateand a report on dyed fabrics in which such colours as ciba blue, naphthylamine claret and thioxine black were identified on the fibre. The exercise in practical metallurgy included a study of a copper-tin alloy which was polished and etched for microscopic examination. Students taking an Advanced Course on the chemistry of coal were given a comprehensive practical examination which included an estimation of nickel by dimethylglyoxime, identifica- tion of coal-tar products such as resorcinol and sulphanilic acid and an assay of coal by the Gray-King method.Their results were on the whole quite satisfactory. VII. Physics and Mathematics.-The general standard of the examinations was maintained. The scope and standard of 355 the work done in these subjects varied appreciably among the different schools. The performance of candidates in Physics was not very good this year. Due weight was generally given to accuracy of working, and candidates were always instructed to enter their observations directly in the examination book at the time these were made and to show all calculations. This important requirement has had a good effect. As reported last year, candidates generally obtained high marks for their practical work.CERTIFICATESIN CHEMISTRY(SCOTLAND)NATIONAL , 1934. The Council has also received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Scottish Education Department and the Institute on National Certificates in Chemistry. Assessor.-Dr. Norman Picton, B.Sc. During the present session fifteen candidates were examined for the Ordinary Certificate and eleven passed; six candidates were examined for the Higher Certificate and four passed. These numbers show a substantial increase on those for last year. NATIONALCERTIFICATESIN CHEMISTRY(NORTHERNIRELAND), 1934. Examinations for the above Certificates were held for the first time. Eight candidates entered for the Examination, and Certificates were awarded to five of these.The Examiners are appointed by the Ministry of Education, Northern Ireland, with the concurrence of the Council of the Institute, and act, as regards National Certificates in Chemistry, in consultation with Professor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. 356 Notes. Scientific Management.-The draft programme of the Sixth International Congress for Scientific Management, to be held in London, from 15th to 20th July, 1935, indicates that the Congress will be divided into six sections. The manufacturing section will consider methods of controlling production ; the agricultural section, standardisation as a factor in agricultural development, including standardisation of equipment, and methods of production. The distribution section will deal with concrete examples of the application of scientific management to distribution problems in manufacturing, wholesaleing and retail- ing.The educational and training section willconsider papers on methods of selection, education and training of personnel suitable for high administrative positions ; the development section will consider how best to inculcate modern management principles and practices in large-scale, medium and small under- takings. The domestic section will receive papers illustrating how scientific management in the home can contribute to the raising of the standard of life. The Congress fee will be two guineas, for which members will receive the papers, reports and discussions of all the sections. Opportunities will be offered to national committees to submit outstanding contributions, additional to their contributions on their allotted subjects, dealing with any subject within the field of scientific management. They must contain original studies based on actual practice, intended to appeal specially to those engaged in researches beyond the strict scope of the programme.If papers are received from a number of different sources dealing with the same or allied subjects, thus indicating a common interest in some question not covered by the programme, or if some paper on a free subject appears to be of sufficient interest to justify such a course, arrangements will be made for the dis- cussion of these papers. As already mentioned in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV, H.R.H.The Prince of Wales has consented to act as Patron. Several Fellows of the Institute hold office on the Organising Committee: Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., is Chairman of the 357 Committee, Sir Christopher Clayton, M.P., and Sir Robert Hadfield, Bart., F.R.S., are members of the Executive Corn- mittee, Mr. William Rintoul, Member of Council, represents the Institute on the Council of the Congress, and Mr. Harry Ward is Secretary. Meetings will be held at the Central Hall, Westminster, and at the halls of the Institution of Civil and Mechanical Engineers respectively. The office of the Congress is at 21 Tothill Street, London, S.W.I. Industrial Administration.-The Institution of Mechanical Engineers has decided to introduce in its examination for its Associate-membership, in April, 1935,and subsequently, a new paper entitled, ‘‘ English Essay and Fundamentals of Industrial Administration,” as an alternative to the paper in a modern language.Under the syllabus for Fundamentals of Industrial Adminis- tyation, are included two sections (A) and (B):-A. Ceneral Considerations. Growth of industrialisation. Main features of technological development. Scope of modern industry. Origin and development of the commercial system. International trade and exchange. Natural resources and commodities of world trade. Financial responsibility and control. The Limited Company. Other forms of organisation. Elements of commercial law.Outline of industrial legislation. Industrial relations in practice. B. Conduct of the Industrial Undertaking. Organisation of production. Organisation of distribution. Significance of development and research. Financial statements : valuation and depreciation. Principles of industrial accounting. Principles of costing and estimating : rates, taxation and insurance. Control of expenditure: authorisation, budgets. Statistics and the use of graphs. Office organisation. General principles of management. Division of functions. The human factor. It will be recalled that although the Council of the Institute found it impracticable, in view of the already heavy curriculum prescribed for the membership of the Institute, to add the subject of industrial administration to the requirements for membership of the Institute, it was regarded as highly desirable that members who aspire to managing positions should have regard to the subject and endeavour to acquire the knowledge and experience necessary for higher positions in industry.Expert Witnesses.-A matter of interest and importance to consultants in many professions has lately been discussed by a special correspondent to the Smday Times. On the recom-mendation of the Rules Committee of the Supreme Court, the Lord Chancellor's Department has provided, as an experiment, that in civil cases without a jury, the Judge may appoint a "court-expert '' to report on the technical matters involved, in order that, if his report is accepted by both sides, time and expense may be saved to those concerned.The Rules Com- mittee, which includes eight Judges, appears to hold that the calling of several witnesses does not assist the Judge in coming to a right decision, as the opinions given in many cases are con- tradictory and cancel one another. The parties may still employ their own expert witnesses, but their fees will not be allowed in costs, unless they materially assist the court, and presumably the Judge may disregard such witnesses and rely upon the report of the court-expert, who must of course be impartial. It is suggested, however, that it will not be possible for the court-expert to formulate his report until he has heard all witnesses for both sides, and also that he may acquire a measure of the authority which is vested in the court alone.Complications are likely to arise from the fact that it has been the practice of well-known corporations to retain the services of distinguished consultants, and it may happen that the Judge and the parties concerned may all contend for the help of the same consultant. Although, at present, the provision applies to non-jury cases, it may be extended to jury cases and to the county courts, and possibly it may be found expedient, on occasion, to employ a panel of experts as is the practice in France. Glue.-In JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11, 1933,refer-ence was made to a competition announced by the International Association for the study and improvement of the Bone Glue Industry open to investors, chemists and others who could dis- cover new uses or new outlets for bone glue.The Managing Director of British Glues and Chemicals, Ltd., has lately issued a summary of the prize winning entries, and supplementary information. The sum of zo,ooo Swiss francs was divided into prizes of 2,000 Swiss francs each, and awarded as follows:- 359 G. F. Michot-Dupont, Fontaine-Chaalis (France), for his contribution relating to the use of glue as a hydrofuge of cement. J. Van Stolk, Delft (Holland), and Roger Chanut, Algiers (France), for similar proposals dealing with the formation of emulsions of water, oil and bone glue, used for insecticides and washes. V. Boulez, Brussels St.-Gilles (Belgium), on the use of glue in soapmanufacture for the hardening of the soap base.H. Holliinder, Tourcoing (France), on the use of glue in polishes and waxes. T. Grenness, Copenhagen (Denmark), on the effect of glue upon vulcanisation of rubber, and improvements and advantages resulting from the manufacturing point of view. F. Grsbe and St. Reiner, Berlin (Germany), dissolving glue in new solvents with the object of obtaining plastic masses for electrical insulation. F. Strelba, Prague (Czecho-Slovakia), on the use of glue as a coagulant in the manufacture of insulating materials for buildings. P. Walter, Versailles (France), on the use of glue by a new process for varnish lacquer and under-coatings. W. Scherman, Budapest (Hungary), on the use of glue asa nitrogenised material in the manufacture of yeast.A supplementary sum of 10,000Swiss francs was awarded for suggestions which were regarded as useful, referring to the employment of glue:- in metallurgy as a catalyst in galvanising; in the rubber and latex industry; in the textile trade; in the paper trade; in plastic substances; in ceramics; in the use of cardboard for new purposes as well as many other industries. Information regarding the competition can be obtained from the General Secretariat of Epidos, 40, Rue de Coliske, Paris. The Epidos Association contemplates organising a further competition in the near future. Gas Warfare.-In The Listener for 15th August, a further article by Major Paul Murphy, Fellow, on gas warfare dealt with the defence of civil population against gas, and emphasised the necessity for reasonable co-operation on the part of every section of the population in any emergency.As the reference to Major Murphy’s previous article in The Listener was made in Journal, Part IV, immediately following a reference to the “Chemical Warfare Defence League,”-in case there should be any misunderstanding-it may be mentioned that the juxtaposition of these two paragraphs was not intended to imply that Major Murphy was connected with that League. In a recent interview, published in the GZasgow EvefizingNews, Mr. R. R. Tatlock-now in his 98th year, and probably the 360 oldest living Fellow of the Institute,--expressed the view that the use of poison gas might very well prevent nations from warring against one another, for if one Power attacked the civilian popula- tion of a large city in an enemy country, and the Power thus attacked retaliated, both would soon realise the futility of such methods.The British Red Cross Society has issued a New Manual on first aid in defence against chemical warfare, prepared by Major- General D. J. Collins and Major H. Stuart Blackmore. This publication also outlines defensive measures for the protection of the public. The policy of the International Red Cross organisation is to endeavour, so far as possible, to eliminate chemical methods of warfare, but the British Red Cross Society has deemed it advisable to introduce it in its syllabus of training.(London: Cassell & Co. 6d. net.) Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, Fellow, formerly Superintendent of the Chemical Warfare Research Department, gave a lecture, on 5th October, before the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry entitled “The Chemist and National Defence,” a full report of which was given in the issue of Chemistry and Industry,- 19th October, Volume 53, No. 42. He dealt with the urgency and importance of providing for defence against chemical war- fare, because a country which had not prepared schemes of defence would be vulnerable and its defencelessness might induce an enemy which had the means of attack ready to hand to use gas, in defiance of any prohibition, in order to secure a speedy victory.He advocated the provision in every house, office or building, of a gas-proof room or rooms, in which the occupants could remain until the “all clear” signal was given. Chemists would be required to give assistance and advice on such matters, especially in the poorer districts. Public gas-proof shelters could be provided for people caught in the streets, and persons engaged in essential services would require gas masks and oil- skin clothing to protect them against aeroplane spraying and contamination by liquid splashes. Mr. Pratt also dealt with the attitude of the chemist towards prohibited methods of warfare. It had been suggested that if the chemists of the world would agree to include in their code of ethics an undertaking not to work knowingly on the development and production of any prohibited method of warfare, secret preparations would be impossible.In time of war, however, it 361 was every man's first duty to serve his country, and very few people, when requested by their Government, would refuse to work on a method of warfare because it was the subject of International prohibition. In spite of this, the idea was worth further consideration, for the chemist might well destroy the civilisation which he had been instrumental in creating, unless he insisted that his inventions were not used for wrong purposes. As this part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSgoes to press, Messrs. William Blackwood & Sons, Ltd., have announced the publication of liGas!" by Major-General C.H. Foulkes, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., with an Introduction by Field-Marshal the Earl of Cavan, K.P., G.C.B. (See p. 367.) Income Tax.-From time to time, enquiries are received as to whether subscriptions made to professional societies, such as the Institute, are exempted from income tax. In general, this is not so where the taxpayer concerned is assessed under Schedule E. In the case of Simpson v. Tate (1g25),z K.B. 214,g T.C.314,a county medical officer claimed to deduct his subscription to several professional societies when his liability to Schedule E tax was being computed, but, although membership of these societies was customary for county medical officers, such membership was not a condition of his employment, and it was held that as the subscriptions were not "expenses wholly, exclusively and neces- sarily incurred in the performance of his duty," they were not admissible deductions.362 Obituary. MARCUSBELL died at Melbourne, Australia, on 3rd June, in his 64th year. He received his early training from 1898 to 1902 at the Working Men’s College and at the University of Melbourne, and in 1901, on the recommendation of Professor Sir David Orme Masson, became assistant to the late Mr. C. Napier Hake, Chief Inspector of Explosives, Victoria. In 1907 he came to England and worked for a.year at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, and at the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey. In the following year he returned to Australia as assistant to Mr.Hake, whose official appointment was then designated Chemical Adviser, Department of Defence, Australia. In 1911 he succeeded to Mr. Hake’s position, which he held until 1917, when he was appointed Superintendent of Laboratories, Commonwealth Arsenal. During the war he was Acting Director of Munitions in Australia, and in that capacity visited India and England in connection with the plans for the new Commonwealth Arsenal, and in 1921 became Superintendent of the Laboratories of the Munitions Supply Board at Maribyrnong, which office he held at the time of his death. For his services during the war he was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. He waa joint author with Mr. Hake of several papers relating to explosives published in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. From 1921 to 1924 he was Honorary Secretary, and from 1926 to 1927 President of the Victorian Branch of the Australian Chemical Institute. JOHN WILLIAMBIQQARTdied at Greenock on 27th March, 1934, in his 80th year. He studied under Ferguson at the University of Glasgow, and under Bischof at the Andersonian Institution, and settled in Greenock as an analytical and consulting chemist in 1874. He held appointments as public analyst and official agricultural analyst for Ayrshire, its towns and burghs, Ayr and Kilmarnock excepted, Argyllshire, its towns and burghs, Buteshire and its burghs, Greenock, and Port Glasgow, and was also public analyst for Rothesay and Gourock.He was analyst for the Lancashire Sugar Association, Ltd., Liverpool, and for the Greenock Sugar Association Ltd., Greenock. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. GEORGEEDWARDBROWNdied at Surbiton on 23rd August, in his 62nd year. Educated at Dorchester Grammar School, he obtained his professional training under Tilden at Mason College, Birmingham, where he studied from 1889 to 1892, and was Tangye Scholar in Chemistry He passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in the follow- ing year, and entered the laboratory of the London and South-Western Railway, but two years later proceeded to the laboratories of the Great Western Railway at Swindon. From 1904 he was Editor of the British Journal of Photography and the British Journal Almanac.He was the author of several books, incluwg a treatise on photographic copyright, and translated a work from the French on the theory and practice of photography. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1897. 363 HOLROYDGEORQE WILLIAM FRASER died at Hampstead on 9th September, in his 64th year. Born at Wimbledon, he was educated at Winchester College and Oxford University, where he graduated with fist class honours and gained a Fell Exhibition in Chemistry at Christ Church, subsequently proceeding to MA. He worked for a year with Fresenius in Wiesbaden, and for two years with Thiele at Munich, and on returning to England in 1897 was for a time assistant to Vernon Harcourt at Christ Church, and a demonstrator in the laboratory of the college.In 1905 he was engaged as a science master at Bristol Grammar School, and in the following year was appointed chemist at the Shoreham Works of Messrs. Forbes, Abbott and Lennard, Tar and Ammonia Distillers. From the outbreak of the war he was on active service for two years, and in 1917 was appointed chief laboratory chemist at the synthetic phenol works at H.M. Factory at Ellesmere Port. In 1918 he obtained an appointment with Messrs. Brunner Mond & Co., at Northwich, and in 1919 was appointed lecturer in organic chemistry at Blackburn Technical School-now College-and shortly afterwards Vice-Principal and Head of the Chemical Depart- ment.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1920. ROBERTDRYSDAU MACKECHNIE died on 30th September, after an operation, at the age of 52 years. He was educated at Bellahouston Academy, at the Collegiate School, Glasgow, and at Stirling High School, and studied chemistry at Anderson’s College Medical School, the Royal Technical College, and the University of Glasgow. After some experience in the laboratory of Dr. A. P. Aitken, he was engaged as a chemist with Messrs. Charles Tennant & Co., at Carnoustie, with whom he remained for about sixteen months. Thereafter,he held appointments with the British Explosives Syndicate, Ltd., at Pitsea, Essex, with Messrs. A. Boake Roberts & Co., Ltd., of Stratford, and then became engaged with the Rio Tinto Co.for about 7 years-six yearsin Spain and one year in the United States. From 1914 to 1918 he was assistant works manager and chemist in charge of processes at the Alumina Works of the British A1um;n;Um Co., Ltd., at Larne Harbour, and in July of the latter year obtained an appointment as a technical chemist with the Mond Nickel Co., Ltd. at Clydach. In 1919 he started in business in the City of London as a Chemical Merchant and Agent. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. The Rev. FRANCISSAMUELYoma died on 2nd September, at Sawbridgeworth, Herts., in his 63rd year. Born at Harlow, he was educated at Bishop’s Stortford College, and obtained a Scholarship in Natural Science to Queen’s College, Oxford, where he graduated in the Final Honour School of Chemistry in 1894, later proceeding to M.A.He also worked at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, under Ruhemann, with whom he was joint author of a paper contributed to the Journal of the ChemicaZ Society, and later was engaged with Messrs. Cross and Bevan, in London. He passed the final examination for the Associateship of the Institute in the chemistry of food and drugs, but did not practise in that branch. He was appointed a science master at Mill Hill School, and in 1900 became headmaster of his old school at Bishop’s Stortford, which position he held with marked success until 1931. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1899 and a Fellow in 1902. 364 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented to the Institute by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library :-“ ‘ Analar ’ Standards for Laboratory Chemicals,” being improved standards for the Analytical Reagents formerly known as “A.R.” Pp.xvi + 295. Formulated and issued jointly by the British Drug Houses, Ltd., and Hopkin & Williams, Ltd. (London: 1934.) 3s. 6d.; by post, 4s.; obtainable from either firm. Foreword by Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. Preface, dealing with the history of the book; explanatory notes; conditions of testing; types of tests employed; maximum limits of impurities; reagent solutions ; time; solubility tests; tests for chloride; tests for residue; volumetric standards; chemicals for buffer solutions; quantitative methods; atomic weights.“Analar ” Standards for Laboratory Chemicals; appendix; reagents used in testing “Analar ” chemicals; indicator solutions ; standard solutions ; preparation of standard comparison solutions ; limit test for arsenic ;analoids; bibliography; table of atomic weights. Index. (Hitherto, each firm concerned in the publication has published its own book of standards, and while these have been on closely similar lines they have not been identical. While still remaining active business competitors, the two firms, in the interests of pure and applied science, have pooled their knowledge and experience, by co-operation between their chemical staffs, and have produced this volume.) “ Practical Bacteriology.” An Introductory Course for Students of Agriculture.Andrew Cunningham. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Pp. viii + 204. (Edinburgh and London: Oliver & Boyd, 1934.) 7s. 6d. General bacteriological technique-preparation of culture media ; the microscope; staining and microscopic examination of bacteria ; culti-vation and characterisation of bacteria, moulds, yeasts, and actinomy- cetes; bacteriology of milk, dairy products, and water supplies;bacteriology of soil and farmyard manure; bacteriology of plantdiseases; bacteriology of animal diseases; bacteriological tests for graded milk ;stains and staining reagents ;indicators, chemical reagents, etc.; index. 365 “The British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1934.” An Imperial Dispensatory for the use of Medical Practitioners and Phar- macists, published by direction of the Council of the Pharma- ceutical Society of Great Britain.Pp. xxvi+ 1768. (London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1934.) 35s. Preface ;abbreviations; British Pharmaceutical Codex, General mono- graphs on chemicals, crude drugs, etc.; surgical dressings; formulary ; appendices. Index. Mr. Thomas Hartley, FelZow, has kindly presented to the Library of the Institute several books of historical interest, including Watson’s Essays, Graham’s Chemical Reports and Memoirs, Liebig’s Letters on Chemistry, Laurent’s Chemical Method, translated by Odling, Frankland’s Lecture Notes, Wurtz’s The‘orie Atomique, Odling’s Animal Chemistry, and an early edition of Bloxam’s Laboratory Teaching, Crookes Papers on the Viscosity of Gases (1881)) Radiant Matter Spectroscopy (1883 and 1885)) Scandizcm (1908), Annual Reports of the Chemical Society (1904-1926),and other publications.Messrs. Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers), Ltd., have forwarded the first copy of a Technical and Scientific Encyclopaedia, which is to be completed in 40 weekly Parts,-Is. 6d. each. The work is being compiled by well-known contributors and covers a very large variety of sciences with information regarding terms, processes, and data connected therewith. (London: Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers), Ltd., 34 Paternoster Row, London, E.C.4.) The Solid Products of the Carbonisation of Coal.”-The South Metropolitan Gas Company has published, under the above title, an account of an investigation, carried out in the Chemical Department of the Company, into the possibility of producing by the carbonisation of coal a smokeless fuel suitable for the domestic fire.The volume also contains chapters on the characteristics of a satisfactory low temperature fuel and on the use of high temperature coke as a domestic fuel, and includes a bibliography. The Preface indicates that the publication embodies the results of the collaboration of a team of workers and refers to the advantages gained by that method of attacking industrial problems. Reasons are given for publication in the name of the chemical department and not in the names of the individuals 366 comprising it.The circumstances may be exceptional in some laboratories, but in general it is felt that a chemist or other scientific worker should have due acknowledgment of the part which he has taken in any investigation leading to results of importance; for it is only by his work that he may become known among his professional brethren, and achieve the success which he deserves. It is true that new ideas advanced by one worker are often improved by others, and it may be difficult to determine the extent of the credit due to particular individuals, but in such cases it would seem desirable that the members of the team should be named. Messrs. Eyre and Spottiswoode have announced the pub- lication of the first volume (Abietic Acid-Dypnone) of a 41 Dictionary of Organic Compounds,” of which Professor I.M. Heilbron is Editor-in-Chief. The work is to be completed in three volumes,-the second volume to be published in 1935 and the third in 1936 (;tl15 15s. net per set). Messrs Chapman & Hall have published the Third Edition of an *l Introduction to Physiological Chemistry,” by Meyer Bodansky. Pp. xi + 662. 25s. net, and also a new book by Dr. S. Cyril Blacktin on “Dust.” Pp. 308. 18s. net. Dr. Blacktin deals with dust in general, in nature, in everyday experi- ence, in experimental sciences, in geology, in botany, in industry and technology, and in pathology and physiology. ‘‘Insecticides and Fungicides.”-The Association of British Insecticide Manufacturers has forwarded a copy of a booklet of “Specifications and Methods of Analysis for certain Insecticides and Fungicides,” published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries,’’ (Bulletin 82, July, 1934: H.M.Stationery Office. 3d. net). The Specifications relate especially to-lead arsenate, lime-sulphur solution, nicotine and nicotine sulpha te, copper sulphate, Bordeaux powder, Burgundy powder, Cheshunt compound, soft soaps for spraying purposes, cyanides and formaldehyde. The methods of analysis have been prescribed by technical representatives of the manufacturers in collaboration with the Government Chemist, and have been adopted by the Ministry. The Director of the Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, has announced the publication of a pamphlet on “The 367 Automatic Telephone,” by W.T. O’Dea, in which the auto- matic telephone of the British Post Office is described and illustrated. (H.M. Stationery Office.) 6d., post free 7d. l1Sands, Clays and Minerals.”-A. L. Curtis of Chatteris has published No. 11of Volume I1 of “Sands, Clays and Minerals.” (3s. 6d. obtainable from A. L. Curtis, P.O. Box 61, Westinoor Laboratory, Chatteris). It contains, inter alia, a reprint of Part I of Klaproth’s Observations relative to the mineralogical and chemical history of the fossils of Cornwall, 1786, with marginal notes by E. H. Davison; and articles on Molybdenum and its uses, by L. Sanderson; English Oil Wells, by L. Owen; Methods of testing china clay, by Dr. Julius Grant; Furnishing a works laboratory for Inorganic Analysis, by A.L. Curtis; Limestones, by F. J. North; Analysis of Tungsten Ores, by W. R. Schoeller; Calorific Value of Coal and its Determination, by G. W. Himus; Old Stone Cross Heads (illustrated), by A. R. Warnes; and Concrete Aggregates, by C. J. Morreau. The Report of the Government Chemist upon the work of the Government Laboratory for the year ending 31st March, 1934 (H.M. Stationery Office, 9d. net.), shows that the work of this Department is increasing, 503,592 samples having been examined, compared with 460,995 in the preceding year,-an increase of 42,597. Purchased dlGas! ” The Story of the Special Brigade.-Major-General C. H. Foulkes, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O. With an Introduction by Field-Marshal the Earl of Cavan, K.P., G.C.B.Pp. xvi+36z. (Edinburgh and London : William Blackwood & Sons, Ltd.) 30s. net. 1914; the first German gas attack; early experimental work; formation of tho special companies; the Battle of Loos; expansion into the Special Brigade; inventions; the Battle of tho Somme; smoke clouds, thcrmit and flammenwerfor, the Lirons projector ;German and English opinions on gas clouds; publicity; 1917; the gas directorate--A. offence, B. defence; 1918; summary ; conclusion. Index. (Maps, charts and illustrations.) Corrigenda. Messrs. Adam Hilger, Ltd., have drawn attention to the price of their book on “The Practice of Absorption Spectro- photometry,” mentioned on page 299 of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV.It should be 12s. 6d. not 3s. 6d. 368 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 19th October, 1934,I new Fellow was elected, 6 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 58 new Associates were elected, and 48 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of 5 Fellows and of I Associate. New Fellow. Ray, Jnanendra Nath, M.Sc. (Cal.), D.Sc., 3’h.D. (Manc.), University Chemical Laboratories, Lahore, India. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Gillam, Albert Edward Maxwell George, M.Sc. (Liv.), 4, BuckinghamGrove, Timperley. Hussey, Arthur Vivian, A.C.G.I., Mardale, Watts Wood, Purfleet, Essex. McCallum, Louis Francis, Chemical Department, Cairo, Egypt. Northcott, Leslie Faithful Cyril, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 33, EaglesfieldRoad, London, S.E.18.Sen, Kumud Bihari, M.Sc. (Cal.), c/o Messrs. Bird & Co., Research Dept., Calcutta, India. Smith, Percy Harry, B.Sq. (Lond.),217, Ribblesdale Road, London, S.W.16. New Associates. Aiyar, Subrahmanya Parameswara, B.A. (Madras), Rothamsted Experi-mental Station, Harpenden. Ancrun, Robert William, 14, Leybourne Terrace, Yarm Lane, Stockton- on-Tees. Anderson, Frank William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Ridley Road, Rochester, Kent. Aspa, Alfred, A.M.C.T., 44, Kingsley Road, Swinton, Manchester. Baldwin, Gordon Tate, 18, Manship Road, Mitcharn, Surrey. Bennitt, John Hector, B.A. (Cantab.), Heathercroft, Hewlett Road, Cheltenham, Glos. Bowcott, Harold Joseph, 527, Fox Hollies Road, Hall Green, Birmingham. Bryant, Bernard William, B.A., B.Sc.(Oxon.), Red House Farm, Langhrzm, Essex. Burman, Harry, A.M.I.Chem.E., 82, Dee Street, Riddrie, Glasgow. Campbell, George Reid, 60, Claremont Crescent, Kilwinning, Ayrshire. Carrie, Maxwell Stuart, M.Sc. (N.Z.), N.Z. Co-op. Rennet Co., Ltd., P.O. Box 112, Eltham, New Zealand. Carter, Miss Marjorie Belle, B.Sc. (Lond.), 41, Ferndale Grove, Frizinghall, Bradford. Choppin, Frederic Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 63, WoodyatesRoad, London, S.E.12. Cole, Horace, B.A. (Cantab.), 22, Gamble Avenue, St. Helens. 369 Davis, Frederick Victor, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Woodbank Avenue, Offerton Lane, Stockport. Dougary, James McCulloch, B.Sc. (Lond.), Meadow View, Edge Hall Road, Orrell, nr.Wigan.Fishburn, Arthur George, Ph.C., 30, Velindre Place, Whitchurch, Glam. Fisher, Geoffrey Garratt, B.Sc. (Birm.), 164, Birmingham Road, West Bromwich, Staffs. Fleck, Harry Ronald, 38, Farm Road, Morden, Surrey. Fleming, William Alexander Latto, c/o Mrs. Wright, 188, St. George’s Road, Glasgow, C.3. Garlick, Reginald Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Livingstone Road, London, N.13. Goodall, Miss Honor, B.Sc. (Lond.), Green Bower, Marsden, nr. Hudders-field. Grimwade, Arthur Geoffrey, B.A. (Cantab.), Rivington, Woodland Avenue, Wolstanton, Staffs. Grimwade, Michael, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Grove Home, Whyteleafe, Surrey.Hall, Donald Hugh, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Fairview, Eaglesfield Road, London, S.E.18.Hayman, Roy Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 74, Cranbrook Rise, Ilford, Essex. Hellicar, Ames Gresley, B.A. (Oxon.), Rough Close, Hawkshead, Ambleside. Hitchen, Oswald, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 1, Sandbed Villas, Hebden Bridge, Yorks. Hosking, Jack Sargent, M.Sc. (W.A.), Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Glen Osmond, S. Australia. Hudson, John Herbert., B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Belgrave Terrace, Westmorland Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Huggett, Leslie Polan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 26, Alton Road, Waddon, Surrey. Hughes, Martin Luther, 57, Glenalla Road, Llanelly, S. Wales. Johnson, Alfred Henry Osborne, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Bedford Road, Ilford, Essex. Key, Richard Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Arcadian Gardens, London, N.22. Lee, Walter, 62, Armley Lodge Road, Armley, Leeds, 12.Leigh, Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Rose Avenue, Beech Hill, Wigan. Lennox, Francis Gordon, Weatherall Road, Cheltenham, S.22, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Lunam, Miss Peggy, M.Sc. (Dun.), York Home, Westbourne Grove, North Ormesby, Middlesbrough. Markham, Peter John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Elmside, Marlborough Hill, Harrow. Miller, Samuel Aaron, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 62, Camp Road, Leeds, 7. McFadyen, William Tennent, M.Sc. (N.Z.), c/o Mrs. Geldard, 37, HartleyCrescent, Hyde Park, Leeds, 6. McGill, John Heron, 7, Garven Terrace, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Minor, Roland Gordon, Ph.C., 2, Penylan Place, Tydraw Road, Penylan, Cardiff. Nadebaum, Oertel Oswald, B.Sc. (W.A.), 21, James Street, Bassendean, W. Australia. Perdue, Geoffrey Robert, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., 39, Redcliffe Square, London, S.W.10. Pollard, Kenneth Yewdall, B.Sc. (Lond.), 32, Kingswood Avenue, London, N.W.6. Purdie, Robert Hume, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 114, Haverstock Hill, London, N.W.3. Silveshr, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 78, North Circular Road, London, N.13. Smith, Miss Margaret Sarah, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 7, Albert Road, Brighton. 370 Smith, Wilfred Alan, B.Sc. (Mane.), 37, Cambridge Avenue, Lincoln. Stafford, George Basil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Diana Place, London, N.W.l. Venugopalan, Mudambai, B.Sc. (Mysore), M.Sc. (Bombay), Indian Lac Research Institute, Namkum P.O., Ranchi, Bihar and Orissa, India. Watson, Robert Sinclair, 18, Fintry Drive, King’s Park, Glasgow, 5.4. Watson, William, 186, Broomfield Road, Glasgow, N.Weigham, William Reginald, 658, Foleshill Road, Coventry. Williams, Albert Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 51, Colfe Road, London, S.E.23. Wood, Lionel Oswald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 59, Cloncurry Street, London, S.W.6. Wright, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 17, Hazellea Drive, Griffnock, Renfrewshire. Re-elected Associate. Thakore, Ramanik Kalyanray, R.Sc. (Bombay), A.R.S.M., Chemist and Metallurgist’s Office, Mechanical Department, G.I.P.R., Parel, Bom- bay, India. New Students. Angel, William, Collingdene, London Road, Isleworth. Armstrong, Herbert Harding, 113, Stanley Park, Litherland, Liverpool, 21. Barrey, Theodore Francis Henry, Friern Mount Drive, Whetstone, London, N.20. Beckton, William John, 16, Wilfred Street, Derby.Billson, Miss Frede Amy Lilian, 71, Hulse Avenue, Barking. Blackburn, John Stuart, 1, Roker Terrace, Stockton-on-Tees. Bottomley, Laurence, 11, South Meade, Chorltonville, Chorlton-cum- Hardy.Bovey, Edward, 81, Iffley Road, London, W.6. Bradley, Ivor Lewis, 39, The Grove, Hemlington, Marton-in-Cleveland, Yorks. Buchanan, Jack, 12, Nathans Road, N. Wembley, Middlesox. Burgess, Harold, Dean Lane, Hoscar, Ormskirk, Lanes. Cahill, Terence John, 34, Oriel Road, North End, Portsmouth, Hants, Clarke, Thomas Elliss, 18, Oak Bank Avenue, Moston, Manchester, 9. Cochrane, Ronald, 22, Macaulay Road, London, S.W.4. Crane, Norman Charles, 107, Salisbury Road, Barnet, Herts. Crosbie, Peter Malcolm, Delaford, Iver, Bucks.Denley, Philip George, 59, Calton Road, Gloucester. Derry, Ronald Lewis, 10, Wiverton Road, Sherwood Rise, Nottingham. Dickinson, Denis, 40, Avondale Road, Cheatllo Heath, Stockport.Doble, Stanley Mannford, c/o Resoarch Dept., I.C.I. (Alkali), Ltd., Winnington, Northwich. Downes, Hermann Hall, 48, Gaysham Avenue, Ilford. Fowkes, Francis Samuel, 2, Gaynesford Road, Carshnlton, Surrey. Henderson, George Mann, 11, Shandon Place, Edinburgh, 11. Heron, Alexander Eltringham, 56, Stokesley Crescent, Billingham,Stockton-on-Tees. Hobbs, John Francis, 463, Kingstanding Road, Erdington, Birmingham. Horne, Tom, Park View, Chimney Lane, Lepton, nr. Huddersfield. Horsley, Thomas Edward Victor, 68, St. George’s Road, London, E.lO. Laird, James, 62, Love Street, Paisley.Lewis, John A., 503, Archway Road, London, N.6. Lightfoot, Percy Robinson, 3, Morley Road, Runcorn. Lyne, Francis Arthur, Littledean, Glos. Melvin, John Stannislaws, 9, Wellpark Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. McLaren, James, 12, Drumoyne Square, Glasgow, S.W.l. 37 1 Robinson, Marcus, 3, West Royd Villas, King Cross, Halifax. Ross, John Ferdinand, 81, St. &ky’s Road, London, E.10. Sellar, Thomas, I, Thistle Place, Edinburgh. Sharpe, Clifford John, 65, Greenhill Road, Leicester. Shirley, Marcus Bernard Elward, 20, Westbourne Road, Handsworth, Birmingham, 21. Shreir, Louis Lionel, 128, Churchfield Road, London, W.3. Smith, John Chapman, 18, Francis Road, Acocks Green, Birmingham. Stewart, Charles Campbell, Lob’s Cottage, Cromwell Road, Worcester Park.Stubbs, Robert Bertram Eric, 48, Dene Avenue, Lemington, Northumber- land. Terry, Edward Thomas, 62, Brockley Grove, London, S.E.4. Watt, William, 5, Watson Crescent, Edinburgh. Welsh, Russell Oswald, 76, Cross Lane, Newton-le-Willows, Lanes. Whale, William, 96, Moor Street, Earlsdon, Coventry. Wjlkins, Frank Spencer, 26, Rochester Road, Coventry. Young, Harold Burnley, 16, &OSSneSS, Abbey Wood, London, S.E.2. DEATHS. Fellows. Marcus Bell, O.B.E. John William Biggart. George Edward Brown. George William Fraser Holroyd, M.A. (Oxon.). (Rev.) Francis Samuel Young, M.A. (Oxon.). Associate. Robert Drysdale MacKechnie. CHANGE OF NAME. Maisie Ursula Cullen, Associate, to Maisie Ursula Lee,--on her marriage.Omission. The list of new Associates elected on 27th April, 1934, published in Part I11 (p. 249), should have included:- Pillai, Thacha t Raman Narayana, M.Sc. (Benares), Public Analyst,Public Health Laboratory, Trivandrum, S. India. 372 Coming Events. 1934 November 1 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. OF1 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY AND THE SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Glasgow Section) : “Impregnation.” Mr. W. BAIN, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. 2 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Glasgow Section) : “Photo-synthesis of Carbohydrates.” Professor E. C. C. BALE, C.B.E., F.R.S., at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. 2 ROYALINSTITUTION:“Elements and Isotopes.” Dr.F. W. ASTON,F.R.S., at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 9 p.m. MUSEUM, The Director announces 2 SCIENCE SOUTHKENSINGTON: that the Rubber Exhibition at the Science Museum will be open to the public on Friday, the 2nd November, and will remain open for six months-Week-days, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. ; Sundays, 2.30 p.m. to 6 p.m. Admission free. The Exhibition includes: a Plantation Section, Manu- facturing Processes, Scientific Section, the Applications of Rubber, and Historical Exhibits. A series of conferences will be arranged and an exhibition of films dealing with the various branches of the rubber-growing manufacturing industries.2 SOCIETY (Plastics Group) : “Impregna-OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY tion of Textile Materials.” Mr. WM. BAIN. Joint Meeting with the Glasgow Section of the Society at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. 5 BRITISH GAS FEDERATION:Inaugural Dinner in the Great Hall of Grosvenor House, Park Lane, London, W.1, at 7 p.m. 5 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section): “Spon-taneous Oxidation in Coal and Some Other Materials.” Dr. J. S. HALDANE,C.H., F.R.S., and Dr. R. H. MAKGILL, C.B.E., at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 6-7 INSTITUTIONOF GAS ENGINEERS: Sixth Autumn Research Meeting, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, St. James’ Park, S.W.l, at 10 a.m. The programme includes a report on the use of Coal Tar Oils in Internal Combustion Engines.Mr. H. M. SPIERS and Dr. E. W. SMITH,C.B.E. 373 November. 6, 13 ROYAL INSTITUTION:“Progress and Problems in Photo- graphy.” Mr. OLAF BLOCH, at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 5.16 p.m. 7 ALCHEMISTS’CLUB (Glasgow University): “Does Time Fly? ” atMr. A. H. LAMBERTON, the University, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. 7 SOCIETY ANALYSTS: Spectroscopy, Ordinary Scientific OF PUBLIC Meeting,at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 8 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ : “Polymerisation ofASSOCIAT~ON Organic Substances and their ability to form Colloids.” Mr. H. F. FREUNDLICH,at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m.9-10 CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Manchester Meeting). Discussion on the Applications of X-Rays and Spectroscopy to the Elucida- tion of Chemical Structure. In the Chemical Lecture Theatre of the University of Manchester: at 2 p.m. on 9th November, and at 10 a.m. on 10th November. 9 INSTITUTION ENGINEERS:OF CHEMIC~L “Modern Cast Irons for Chemical Engineering Plant.” Mr. J. G. PEARCE, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 12 INSTITUTEOF FUEL:Meeting open to the Members of all technical societies, in the rooms of Geological Society of London, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.l, at 11.30 a.m., when Sir HARRYMCGOWAN,K.B.E., President-elect, will deliver his Presidential Address.Dr. FRIEDRICHBERGIUSwill give the Melchett Lecture in the same lecture theatre at 2.30 p.m. Annual Dinner, Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C.2.-H.R.H. the Duke of Kent, the guest of the evening. 14 SOCIETY ANALYSTS AND SOCIETY IN-OF PUBLIC OF CHEMICAL DUSTRY (Food Group). Papers relating to Fish. At the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 15 CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Discussion on “Chemical Problems in Agricultural Science,” to be opened by Sir JOHNRUSSELL, C.B.E., F.R. S., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture. “Is Nature wiser than Man 1 ” The RT. HON. LORD MELCHETT, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, W.C.l, at 8 p.m.374 November. 16 INSTITUTION :OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS“High-pressurePlant for Experimental Hydrogenation Processes.” Messrs. A. T. BARBER and A. H. TAYLOR,at the Institution, Storey’s Gate, St. James’ Park, London, S.W.1, at 6 p.m. 16 ANDERSONIANCHEMICAL SOCIETY: “Petroleum Refining of To-day.” Mr. W. R. GUY, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 3 p.m. 16,23, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON. “The Colloid Chemistry 30 of India-Rubber.” Prof. H. FREUNDLICH,at 5.30 p.m. (Free.) 18 INSTITUTIONOF MININGAND METALLURGY:General Meeting at the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 5.30 p.m. “The20,27 ROYALINSTITUTION:Solid State.” Sir WILLIAM BRAGG, O.M., K.B.E., F.R.S., at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 5.15 p.m. 21 ALCHEMISTS’CLUB (Glssgow University): “Are we Greeks or Romans ? ” Sir JAMESC. IRVINE, C.B.E. 21 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: London and South-Eastern Counties Section-Annual General Meeting, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m. 21 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group): Joint Meeting with the Institute of the Plastics Industry. “Urea-Plastics.” Mr. K. M. CHANCE. In the Council Room, Federation of British Industries, 21, Tothill Street, London, S.W.l, at 7.30 p.m. OF21 INSTITUTEFUEL(North-Western Section): Joint meeting with the Manchester District Association of Gas Engineers, at the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7 p.m.OF23 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section):Syrnposium on Micro-chemistry with demonstration, by Dr. D. T. GIBSONand Dr. R. ROGER, at the University of Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. OF :23 INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL ENGINEERS“The Chemical Engineering Aspect of Low Temperature Carbonisation.” Col. W. A. BRISTOW, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 26 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : Annual General Meeting. “Natural Syntheses based on Isoprene.” Professor I. M. HEILBRON,D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S. 26 INSTITUTION Special Properties of OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY: Latex. Mr. F. H. COTTON,at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, London, S.W.1. 28 INSTITUTEOF FUEL:“The Nature of the Processes of Oil Crack-ing, Water Gas Carburetting and Hydrogenation.” Professor M. W. TRAVERS, F.R.S., at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. 1, at 6 p.m. 375 November. 30 SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Scottish Section) : “Recent Chemical Developments in Wool Research.” Dr. H. PHILLIPS, at George Hotel, Buchanan Street, Glasgow, 7.15 p.m. 30 JOINT OF CHEMISTRY,MEETINGOF THE INSTITUTE THE SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY THE INSTITUTEAND OF BRITISH FOUNDRPMEN: “Recent Developments in Silicate Enamels and a Study of their Industrial Uses.” Mr. E. E. GEISINGER, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. 30 ROYALINSTITUTION:“Heavy Water in Chemistry.” Dr.M. POLANYI, at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 9 p.m. December 3 SOCIETY (London Section) : “PhenolsOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY from Low Temperature Tar.” Professor G. T. MORGAN, O.B.E., F.R.S., andMr. A. E. J. PETTET. “Formaldehyde Condensations with Polyhydric Phenols.” E. L. HOLMES and B. A. ADAMS, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 4 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Aberdeen Section): “The Use of the Ultra-violet Lamp in Analytical Work.” Mr. A. HILL, at the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, at 5.15 p.m. “The4,ll ROYALINSTITUTION: Solid State.” Sir WILLIAM BRAGG,O.M., K.B.E., F.R.S., at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 5.15 p,m. 5 SOCIETY ANALYSTS:OF PUBLIC Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 6 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 7 INTERNATIONALSOCIETYOF LEATHER TRADES’ CHEMISTS (British Section) : Symposium on “Technical Aspects of Emulsions,” under the Chairmanship of Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S. Part I, The Making of Emulsions: Papers by Dr. W. CLAYTON, Dr. J. B.Dr. R. M. WOODMAN, SPEAKMAN,Dr. J. W. CORRAN and Mr. R. I. JOHNSON. Part 11, The Breaking of Emulsions: Papers by Professor H. FREUNDLICH,Dr. L. A. JORDAN, Mr. L. GABRIEL, Mr. W. R. ATKIN and Mr.F. C. THOMPSON,Dr. V. G. WALSH and Dr. H. P. STEVENSand Mr. H. W. STEVENS. Open Meeting to all interested in the subject,-at the Royal Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2, from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Dinner at Maison Lyons, Shaftesbury Avenue, London, W.l, at 7.30 p.m. Organising Secretary: Mr. C. H. SPIERS,17, Market Street, London, S.E. 1. 376 December. OF :7 INSTITUTECHEMISTRYStreatfeild Memorial Lecture. “Quinine Manufacture in India.” Mr. G. E. Shaw, at t’he Institute, 30, Russell Square, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. RAMSAYCHEMICALDINNER: at the Central Hotel, Glasgow. (H. C. Moir, Convener, c/o William Beattie, Ltd., 116, Paton Street, Glasgow, E.1.) 7 ROYALINSTITUTION: “The Crystallisation of Alloys.” Professor C.H. DESCH, F.R.S., at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 9 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY10 SOCIETY (Yorkshire Section) : “Some Problems of Water Supply.” Dr. A. PARKER. 12 ALCHEMISTS’CLUB (Glasgow University) : “The Biogenesis of Alkaloids.” Professor G. BARGER, F.R.S., at the University, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. 12 INSTITUTEOF FUEL(North-Western Section): A Film evening (“Processes and Appliances in Fuel Production ”), at tho Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 12 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group): Joint Meeting with the Road and Building Materials Group and the Institution of County and Municipal Engineers, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 7.30 p.m.13 OILAND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION:“Paint and Varnish Problems in Aeronautics.” Dr. E. W.J. MARDLEY,at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1, at 7.30 p.m. 13 ROYAL AERONAUTICAL :SOCIETY “Recent Researches in Metallurgy.” Dr. W. H. HATFIELD, in the hall of the Royal Society of Arts, 18, John Street, Adelphi, W.C.2, at 6.30 p.m. 14 INSTITUTIONOF CHEMICALENGINEERS: “The Chemical Aspect of Timber Research.” W. G. CAMPBELL, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTION : “A General Compari- OF MECHANICALENGINEERS son of Gas and Electricity for Heat Production.” A. H. BARKER,at the Institution, Storey’s Gate, St. James’ Park, London, S.W.l, at 6 p.m.18 ANNUALCHEMICALDINNER. Wharncliffe Rooms, Great Cen- tral Hotel, Marylebone, London, N.W. 1, at 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMICALENGINEERS19 INSTITUTION : “Separation of Solids from Liquids.” Dr. W. CULLEN,C.B.E., and Mr. H. T. DURRANT, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.1, at 6 p.m. 377 December. 20 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 20 INSTITUTIONOF MINING AND METALLURGY:General Meeting at the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 5.30 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS,21 SOCIETY at George Hotel, Buchanan Street, Glasgow, at 7.15 p.m. 1935 January. 5 SPECIAL R.E.: The Thirteenth Annual Re-union and BRIGADE, Dinner of “Q” Special Company, R.E., will be held in Edin- burgh, on Saturday, 5th January.Particulars may be obtained from Mr. H. .T. ISLIP, Honorary Secretary, Wayside, Iver, Bucks, or Mr. L. FLETCHER,22, Kirkhill Gardens, Edinburgh, 9. 16 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ “The Limitations ofASSOCIATION: Chemical Analysis.” Joint Meeting with the London Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain arid Ireland. The discussion will be opened by Mr. C. A. KLEIN, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1, at 7.30 p.m. March. OF1 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY: Annual General Meeting. 1 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Aberdeen Section): “The Use of Polarimetric Methods in Determining Constitutions and Reaction Mechanisms.” Dr.R. ROGER, at the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, at 5.15 p.m. 378 General Notices. Sixth S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Lord Melchett has kindly consented to give the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Thursday, 15th November, at 8 p.m., when he will deliver an address entitled “Is Nature wiser than Man?’’ Seventeenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Mr. George Elliott Shaw, Fellow, has kindly consented to give the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Friday, 7th December, at 8 p.m., and has selected for his subject, “Quinine Manufacture in India.” These Lectures are open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute, and the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will also be open to all former Students of Finsbury Technical College.Tickets of admission may also be obtained by persons other than members or students of the Institute on application to the Registrar. Annual Chemical Dinner, 1934.-The Annual Chemical Dinner will be held on Tuesday, 18th December, in the Wharn- cliffe Rooms, Great Central Hotel, Marylebone, London, N.W.r. This will be a social event in which members of the various societies and institutions interested in chemistry are invited to participate. The dinner will be followed by music and dancing. Tickets, price 12s. 6d. each-for lady or gentleman-including gratuities, but not wine-are obtainable from Mr. F. A. Greene, The Chemical Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.1.379 Examinations, 1935.-The arrangements for examinations during 1935 will be as follows:- FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Dates of Examinations. Entries close. 7th to 12th January. 5th November, 1934. 1st to 6th April. 11th February, 1935. 16th to zIst September. 8th July, 1935. FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. 8th to 13th April. 11th February, 1935. 23rd to 28th September. 8th July, 1935. For Candidates wishing to be examined in Branch G Indus-trial Chemistry, or desiring Special Examinations, in September, the list will close on 3rd June, 1935. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of Council, to take office from 1st March, 1935, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Tuesday, 11th December, 1934.I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting, held on 7th 1c921, and amended on 1st March, 1923:- 9 Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham,Leices ter , Lincoln, Rutland and Northamp ton. Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the tom of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line.The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Hunting- don, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Laneasher and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through t.he postal districts of Wigan and Warrington &g aforesaid. 380 North-East Coast and Yorkshire, including the Counties of Northumberland, Durham and York. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Hadding- ton, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk, and Roxburgh.Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Caith- ness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Inverness, Argyll, Dum- barton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries. Wales (excluding the County of Flint, see iii). The County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defhed in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies, and elsewhere abroad.The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council. 11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a) may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form:- “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members. Nominations for District XI1 should be received not later than 31st August. 111.(1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section 381 or Sections in the respective District; except that in the cw of District (xii) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(6) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the fist post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting lists shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list of any member who on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January is in orrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the Friday next of the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose. (4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting.V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section, in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election. Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. 382 If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District.If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. The names of those who will have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council and retire in accordance with By-Law 23 are printed in italics. Birmingham and Midlands : Joseph Robert Johnson. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Ernest Vanstone, D.Sc. Liverpool and North-West Coast :William Roscoe Hardwick, B.Sc.London and South-Eastern Counties : Edward Burnhope Hughes, M.Sc. Manchester and District : Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc. North-East Coast and Yorkshire : Arthur Ernest Everest, Ph.D., D.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Robert Bruce, M.C. Glasgow and West of Scotland :Peter Ferguson Gordon, Ph.D. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Herbert Ben Watson, D.Sc. Northern Ireland : Jesse Carl Albert Brierley, M.Sc. Irish Free State: Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard, B.Sc., Ph.D., A.R.C.Sc.1. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad: James Irvine Orme Masaon, M.B.E., D.Sc. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of MaccabEans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award..The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the sarne person. The next award will be made in January, 1935. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1934,to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Award.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical 383 Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy.Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice . The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will next meet on 6th November, 1934, and will be glad, in the meantime, to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Correspondence on this subject should be addressed (without delay) to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1935,and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than zz years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. The following are suggested- “The Chemist of the Future.” “The Relation between Thinking and Learning in Training for a Scientific Career.” 384 The subjects of the seven previous Essays have been- 1927. “The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People.” 1928.“The Importance of General Education to the Professional Chemist .” 1929. “The Cultural Value of Science.” 1930. “Chemical Education from the Student’s Point of View.’ ’ 1931. “Why I have chosen Chemistry as a Profession.” 1932. “Some Aspects of Chemical Research.” (Selected by the successful competitor.) 1933. “The Chemical Education of Part-time Students.” (Selected by the successful competitor.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1934,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 385 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, 386 to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. FOR THE LOANOF BOOKSREGULATIONS FROM THE SCIENCE LIBRARY TO FELLOWS OF THE INSTITUTEAND ASSOCIATES OF CHEMISTRY. I. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with the Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary. 2. Fellows and Associates wishing to borrow books from the Science Library are required to give to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary a written undertaking to bear the cost of replacement of any work lost or damaged, and to return to the office of the Institute for cancellation, the duplicate (pink) requisition forms obtained from the Library, when the books are returned.3. Subsequently, borrowers may call, either personally or by representative, at the office oi the Institute, and obtain signed requisitions, by means of which the works may be obtained from the Science Library. 4. Or, books can be sent by post to Fellows and Associates on written application (specifying the volume or volumes re-quired) to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary, who will complete and transmit to the Science Library the necessary requisition forms, and the books will be posted direct from the Library.Postage will be charged to the borrower and collected from him by the Science Library authorities. 5. The regulations of the Science Library require that books on loan shall be returned at once if asked for by the Keeper of the Library; otherwise within fifteen days, or sooner, if they can be dispensed with. Fellows and Associates are earnestly re-quested to comply with this regulation, and to return books within the period specified, without waiting for a reminder from 387 the Library. Applications for the extension of the loan period may be granted if circumstances permit. 6. A Hand-list of the periodicals in the Science Library may be consulted at the office of the Institute, or copies of the Hand- list (with Supplement) may be obtained direct from the Science Library for 2s.8d. post free. An extensive author and subject catalogue is accessible at the Science Library, and bibliographies. of special subjects are compiled by its expert staff as and when required. Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar. The previous subscription arranged for members of the Institute expired on the 1st March, and fresh application forms must be obtained by those members who have not already had them and desire to continue for a further year’s service. The attention of such members is specially directed tothe necessity for the renewal of subscriptions or the return of the last volumes and membership tokens to the respective branches of issue.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 388 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their 9ermanent addresses for registration.