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THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1934. ~ PART I. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. February, r934, Publications Committee, 1933-34. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Cha~rnzan), JOCELYN F. THORPE (President), C. 0. BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE R. M. CAVEN, C. DOREE, A. E. EVEREST, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hun. Treasurer), A. G. G. LEONARD J. H. LESTER, E. RUSSELL, F. SOUTHERDEN, W. WARDLAW, H. B. WATSON, A. W. M. WINTLE, Report of the Council (1933-1 934) (Tobe submitted at the F$y-sixth Annual General Meeting of the Institute, to be held on Thursday, Is$ Mamh, 1934.) I.THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. Since the date of the last Report (27th January, Ig33), the Council has elected 50 Fellows, of whom 45 were formerly Associates, and 261 Associates, of whom 91 were Registered Students. 2 Associates have been re-elected. 144new Students have been admitted, and I re-admitted. The Council regrets to record the death of 27 Fellows, and 15 Associates. Fellows : Arthur Adams. Walter Craven Ball, O.B.E. Frederick Woodward Branson. Edward Theodore Brewis. John Christian Briinnich. Alexander Hugh Dewar. Arthur Cawte Franklin. Henry George Greenish, Past Member of Council. David Douglas Hamilton.John Haworth. John Bright Hoblyn. Alfred Edward Johnson. Cecil Leigh. William John Livingston. William Marshall, Past Member of Council. William Partridge. Alfred RBe, Past Member of Council. Mortyn John Salter. Henry Lloyd Snape, O.B.E., Past Member of Council. Thomas Wilson Stuart. George Tate, Past Member of Council. John Millar Thomson, F.R.S., Past President. William Thomas Thomson, O.B.E. Bryan Charles Waller. John Watts. Charles Stuart Stanford Webster. James Wood. Associates : Thomas Patrick Ballingall. William Ernest Brazier. Edward John Venn Conolly.Edgar Evans. Geoffrey Harcourt Gibbs. 4 William Edward Gibbs. Thomas Halstead Holden. Bal Dev Kaura. John Craven Laycock.Frederick Lucas Le Fkvre. Angus Reid Morrison. John Staveley. Thomas Watson. Henry Marshall Webb. Walter Whitley. The Council records with special regret the death of Professor John Millar Thomson, who was elected a Fellow soon after the foundation of the Institute, and was intimately associated with its work for nearly 40 years. The Council again deplores that it has been necessary to remove the names of a number of members who have ignored repeated applications for their subscriptions. During the year a careful scrutiny of the list of Registered Students has been made, and as a consequence a number of Students, who were unable to continue their training in pre- paration for admission to the Associateship, resigned, and the names of a further number were removed from the Register.The resignations of 7 Fellows, 43 Associates and 36 Students have been accepted, and the names of g Fellows, 79 Associates and 86 Students have been removed from the Register in accord- ance with the By-laws. The Register at this date (26th January, 1934)contains the names of 1993 Fellows, 4149 Associates (in all 6142 Members), and of 715 Registered Students. The number of members has increased by 88, and of Students has decreased by 68. 2. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES & REPRESENTATIVES. The Council has held 11 meetings; the Committees, Sub-Committees and Board of Examiners have held 59 meetings. COMMITTEES AND CHAIRMEN. Appointments Register . , . . F. G. Edmed, V.-P. Benevolent Fund ... . Patrick H. Kirkaldy.Finance and House . , .. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treas. Legal and Parliamentary .. Sir Christopher Clayton, V.-P. Nominations, Examinations and The President. Institutions .. .. . . }€'atrick H. Kirkaldy,Vice-Chairman. Public Appointments .. .. W. H. Roberts, V.-P. 5 Publications .. .. .. W. J. A. Butterfield, V.-P. Joint Committee with the Board of Education (National Cer- The President. tifhates) . . .. .. Joint Committee with the Scot- tish Education Department G. G. Henderson, V.-P. (National Certificates) . . iProfessor Robert Robinson was elected a Member of Council to fill the vacancy arising from the retirement of Dr. 0. L. Brady on his appointment as an Examiner. The Institute has been represented on various occasions as follows :-The President, with Mr.W. J. A. Buttefield, Sir ChristopherClayton and Mr. F. G. Edmed, Vice-presidents, Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treasurer, Mr. William Rintoul, Member of Council, and Dr. 0. L. Brady, Mr. Lewis Eynon, Mr. Edward Hinks, the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary,-at a Conference, convened at the suggestion of the Federal Council for Chemistry, for promotingco-operation among Chemical Societies. The President, with the Honorary Treasurer and the Registrar,--on the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Committee. Sir Christopher Clayton,-on the Standing Advisory Committee of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in connection with a scheme for the testing of building materials.Professor H. V. A. Briscoe,-on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society. Dr. Harold G. Colman,-on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, Member of Council,-on the Joint Chemical Trade Marks Committee formed on the proposal of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and other Chemical Bodies. Dr. J. F. Tocher,-on the Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutics Substances Act. Dr. G. Roche Lynch,-on the Poisons Board, constituted under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933. Professor H. B. Dunniclif€,-at the Jubilee Celebrations of the Punjab University. The President and Mr. E. R. Bolton,--on Advisory Committees concerned with technological examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute.The Registrar,-on the Headmasters of Secondary Schools Employment Committee, Ministry of Labour. The Assistant Secretary,--on the Chemical Trades Advisory Committee, and on the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the following Fellows who have represented the Institute on the Chemical 6 Council and on Committees and Sub-committees of the British Standards Institution :-Dr. Leslie Aitchison,-Chemicals and Chemical Plant for Electro -plating; Mr. W. J. A. Buttefield, Vice-President,-on the Council of the Chemical Division; Mr. Arthur J. Chapman,-Sieves and Screens used in various Industries; Dr.Harold G. Colman,-Benzole for Motor Fuel; Sampling 01 Tar Products; Professor C. H. Desch, F.R.S., Member of Council,-Cement and Slag Cement; Dr. C. J. J. Fox,-Fibre Cores for Wire Ropes (Completed and Published, No. 525, 1933); and Reagents for Analytical Purposes; Mr. Walter C. Hancock,-High Alumina Cements; Dr. J. J. Fox, O.B.E.,-Analysis of Chemicals and Materials used in Electro-plating; Mr. F. W. Harbord, C.B.E.,-Cement; Mr. William Macnab, C.B.E.,-Mechanical Handling and Treat- ment of Liquids and Gases; Mr. William Thomason,-Salt Glazed-Ware Pipes ; Dr. James Watson,-Sand Lime Bricks and Portland Blast Fur- nace Slag Cement; Containers for Heavy Acids and Solvents; Mr. W. T. Burgess, Dr. J. T. Dunn, Dr.A. G. Francis, Member of Council, Professor G. G. Henderson, F.R.S., Vice-president, and Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary,-on Technical Committee CjSon Standardisation of Scientific Glassware. Several Draft Specifications for Standards have been referred to Fellows and Associates having special knowledge and experi- ence of the matters concerned, and their opinions have been transmitted to the British Standards Institution. A brief summary of the work of the Standing and Special Committees of the Institute is included in this report, while the Council has dealt directly-without special reference to Com- mittees-with many other matters. The important question of the place of chemistry as a subject in school education was considered by the Council at its meeting on 26th January, 1934, and will be mentioned further in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in due course.The Council had pleasure in conveying congratulations to Dr. George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., Past President, and to Dr. Martin Onslow Forster, Past Vice-president, on their being created Knights Bachelor. 7 The administrators of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund made awards, of one hundred guineas each, to Dr. Constance F. Tipper (ke Elam) and Dr. Arthur Joseph Victor Underwood, in June, 1933. 3. THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. The Financial Statements for the year 1933 are attached to this Report. The annual subscriptions showed an increase of E52 8s. rod., notwithstanding the circumstance that the marked increase under this heading in 1932 above that in 1931 was mainly due to the collection of arrears.The present statement, moreover, does not include subscriptions which have been paid, towards the end of the year, to the accounts of the Institute in Australia and New Zealand,-particulars of which are not yet to hand,- arrangements having been made whereby members in the Commonwealth and the Dominion, respectively, may pay their subscriptions in local currency until the rates of exchange im- prove. The reduced receipts from dividends and interest are mainly attributable to the conversion of War Loan and the low Bank interest on deposits during 1933. The Committee gratefully acknowledges the legacies received under the Wills of Mr.J. Gordon Gordon and Mr. J. E. Legg, which, together with entrance fees and life compositions, have been invested. Ex$euzditure.-The Committee has endeavoured to keep the expenditure within the income, having due regard to the policy of the Council of maintaining and extending the activities of the Institute, so far as possible, for the benefit of the members, as well as for the public good. In April, the Council, having received a resolution from the South Wales Section suggesting that the proportion of administrative costs to receipts should show a tendency to diminish as the membership increased, requested the Committee to investigate the matter, the report on which was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111.The Committee found that administrative expenses had been reduced in recent years, and that further reduction in expenditure could only be effected by restricting the activities of the Institute. In particular, more lectures have been published and, therefore, the expenditure under this heading has been increased. 8 The following statement shows the comparative value of the assets of the Institute, apart from its premises and their contents, at the close of the years 1932 and 1933:- ;E s. d. E s. d. Balanceatendof 1932 453 5 2 Balance at end of 1933 1151 4 6 Value of Investments Value of Investments at end of 1932 .. 23162 15 0 at endof 1933 .. 25790 0 0 RedemptionFund ., 1413 6 8 Redemption Fund. . 1523 15 0 Accountsdue ..121 14 2 Accounts due . . 54 7 2 25151 1 0 28519 6 8 Less Liabilities . . 585 19 8 Less Liabilities .. 461 18 8 24565 1 4 Capital Appreciation 3492 6 8 $28057 8 0 $28057 8 0 The balance uninvested at the end of the year was more than usual, in order to make provision for the cost of the publica- tion of the Eighth Edition of "Official Chemical Appointments " (now in proof), and of a revised edition of the Register, which will be produced during the present year. Apart from the in- creased balance, the capital appreciation is due to the purchase of stock to the value of ;tT1,477 3s. 9d., the premium on the Redemption Policy of LIIO 8s. 4d., and improvement in the market value of investments to the extent of EI,I~~11s. 3d. The premises have been maintained in good repair.The Council and Committee Rooms have been much used by other Societies during the year. 4, THE BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE. The Accounts of this Committee are attached to this Report. The receipts (apart from E5oo bequeathed by Mr. J. Gordon Gordon) and disbursements for the years 1932 and 1933 are sub-mitted for comparison :-Receipts. 1932. S s. d. 1933. aE s. d. Subscriptions .. Annual subscriptions Donations .. .. . . .. .. .. . . 439 19 417 11 273 18 6 3 7 490 11 397 17 197 19 2 6 9 Loans repaid .. .. . .. Dividends and Interest .. .. 61 10 99 16 0 4 154 15 98 7 0 11 Income Tax Recovered .. .. 60 9 3 37 2 4 $1353 4 11 €1376 13 8 9 Disbursements. 1932.1933. s. d. 5 s. d. Grants . . .. .. .. 238 10 0 303 10 0 Expenses Loans . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 41 18 215 0 8 0 32 15 120 0 1 0 Regular payments . . .. 537 10 0 397 13 6 $1032 18 8 $853 18 7 ~~ It will be seen from the above figures that the receipts showed an improvement to the extent of E23 8s. 9d.; the regular allowances decreased (through the deaths of three recipients, and from other causes) by &I39 16s. 6d., and total disbursements decreased by L179 0s. Id., with the result that the deficit on this account at the beginning of the year-Lgz 9s. 6d.-was eliminated, and the Committee had a balance of L232 5s. rod. in hand on 31st December. During the early part of the year, calls on the Fund were few, but, towards the end, four new cases came under consideration, which received immediate substantial help and will probably need regular allowances for some time to come; so that the Fund may be in difficulty unless the contributions are well maintained in 1934.At the present time, the Fund is aiding the delicate daughter of a deceased Fellow, seven widows and (in five cases) their children, in addition to a number of members who are in ill- health or requiring help while unemployed. The Committee is especially grateful to the members who have organised “group ” contributions. Many members have availed themselves of this method of helping the Fund. The Committee hopes for the more complete co-operation of the 6,000 members of the Institute, which they feel should result in providing means to assist all necessitous cases.5. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE. The Legal and Parliamentary Committee has been interested in proceedings in the Houses of Parliament regarding the Beet Sugar Industry, the Rubber Industry, and the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, and, in this connection, gratefully acknowledges the advice and help of Lord Henley and Sir Christopher Clayton. 10 After the passing of the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, the Council considered the question of proceeding with the petition for a Supplemental Charter, to secure the title “Chartered Chemist’’ for the exclusive use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, but decided to postpone the matter pending the pro- ceedings of the conference of representatives of various chemical bodies on means for promoting closer co-operation among chemical societies.6. LOCAL SECTIONS. The Council congratulates the Local Sections on their activity during the past year. A Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections was held at headquarters in June, when the President attended to welcome the Honorary Secretaries. The Report of the Confer- ence, which contained many valuable suggestions, was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111. The following schedule shows that many important papers have been read before meetings held both independently and jointly with the Local Sections of other Societies. ABERDEENAND NORTHOF SCOTLAND.Dr. F. C. Kelly . . . . “Leaves from the Diary of a Chemist.” Dr. J. A. Lovern .. .. “The Metabolism of Fats.” Visit to Stoneywood Paper Works. Mr. Andrew Dargie . . .. “Food Fakes and Food Laws.” EDINBURGHABERDEEN, AND GLASGOW. (Joint Meeting at Glasgow.) Dr. W. J. Jenkins . . . . “Cellulose and Some of its Uses.” Mr. E. M. Melville, on the work of the Experimental Farm and Estate at Auchincruive. Visit to Auchincruive. Visit to Ardeer Explosives Factory, Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. BELFASTAND DISTRICT. Dr. N. S. Capper .. .. “Carotin and Vitamin-A.” Dr. T. E. Ellison . . .. “Viscose and Acetate Artificial Silk.” Mr. E. Mayne Reid .. .. ‘‘Sulphuric Acid and Fertilisers.” Visit to Richardson’s Chemical Manure Company. Dr.W. Honneyman .. . . “Analytical Metftods of the British Pharmacopeie. Film Exhibits: “Modern Asphalt Paving” and “HOWa Gramophone Record is made.” 11 BIRMINOE~MLND MIDLANDS. Visit to the Department of Industrial Fermentation, The University of Birmingham.Demonstrations of Apparatus.Visit to the Royal Grammar School, Worcester; Lecture and Demonstration on Organic Reagents for Metals and Acid Radicals, by Mi. J.C. Giblin. BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERNCOUNTIES. Discussion on professional matters. Visit to Dartington Hall Estate and Buckfast Abbey. Social Meeting at the invitation of Dr. A. C. Fryer.Professor J.J. Suaborough .. “The Perishing of Paper in Indian Libraries.” Mr. G. S. Fawcett .. .. “Colour Measurement.” Mr.F. C. Tompkins .. .. “Quanta and Chemistry.” Dr. C. N. Hinshelwood, F.R.S. “The Relation of Gas Reactions to Reactions in Solution.” Professor W. E. Garner .. “The Induction Period in Solid Reac- tions.” CAPE. Mr. E. H. Croghan .. .. “Modern Sewage Disposal.” Professor E. Newbery .. “The Purification of Metallic Mercury.” Mr. Horace Weall .. .. “Poison8.” Visit to Stellenbosch-Elsenburg College of Agriculture.Dr. Isaac . . .. . . “Soil Micro-organisms and the Measure- ment of their Activity.” Professor I. de V. Malherbe “Chemical Methods of Determining the Maturity and Keeping Quality of Fruit.” EDINBURUHAND EASTOF SCOTLAND. Mr. A. Muir .. .. .. “Chemistry and Soil Problems in U.S.S.R.” (December, 1932).Mr. JohnBowman,M.Inst.C.E. “Edinburgh’s Water Supply.” Discussion on Unification of Chemical Societies. Mr.J. Rutherkrd Hill, Ph.C. “Incompatibilities in Medical Prescrip- tions.” Dr. H. G. Littler .. .. “Drikold.” Mr. Adam Tait .. .. “Science in the Brewing Industry.” Mr. William Bain .. .. “Plastics and their Application to Friction Fabrics.” Professor John Glaister . . “Serological Methods in the Detection of crime.” Mr. H. H. Flower .. .. “Infra-Red Photography.” GLASOOWAND WESTOF SCOTLAND. Professor Alexander Findlay. “Science and the Community.” Discussion on professional matters. Dr. J. W. Donaldson .. . . “Frictional Tests on Lubricating Oils.” Mr. Thomas Ramsay . . .. “A Survey of the work of the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce, with special reference to chemical affairs.” Discussion on the Report issued by the Chemical Industry Committee of the Scottish National Development Council.Dr. S. H. Tucker . . . . “Refresher” Lecture on Recent Work in Organic Chemistry Mr. H. H. Flower .. . . “Infra-Red Photography.” 12 HUDDERSFIELD. Mr. W. Doran .. .. .. “The Art and Science of Perfumery’’ (December, 1932). Dr. A. C. Cumming, O.B.E. . . “Cane Sugar Refining.” Mr. D. J. Law .. . . “Modern Light Leather Manufacture.” Dr. H. Baines .. .. .. “The Use $ Dyes in the Photographic Industry.Major F. A. Freeth, O.B.E., “Drikold.” F.R.S. Mr. N. D. Pullen .. .. “The Use of Aluminium. in Industry.” Professor R. M. Caven . . “Theories of Valency.” IRISHFREESTATE. Demonstrations of Laboratory Methods, by five members.Visit to the Alliance and Dublin Consumers’ Gas Company. Professor A. O’Farrelly .. “The Manufacture of Sugar from Beet.” Visit to the Carlow Factory of the Irish Sugar Manufacturing Company. LEEDSAREA. Professor R. Robison, F.R.S. “The Ctfemistry of the Calcification of Bone. Mr. Norman StrafTord . . “The Detection and Determination of Small Amounts of Substances byColorimetric Methods.” Dr. S. Glasstone .. . . “Electrornetric Methods in Physical and Analy tical Chemistry.” LIVERPOOLAND NORTH-WESTERN. Demonstrations of Laboratory Processes, by fourteen members. Mr. John Rae, M.P.S. . . “The Relationship of the Pharmaceutical Society to the Institute of Chemistry.” Mr. G. E. Knowles,-An Address on his experiences in the Near East, Professor A.Robertson .. “The Insecticides and Fish Poisons of the Derris root and related compounds.” AND SOUTH-EASTERNLONDON COUNTIES. Professor E. C. Dodds, M.V.O. “Some Aspects of the Applications of Chemistry to Medicine.” Mr. A. Marcan .. . . “The Chemist in the Far East.” Mr. Thomas Crook . . .. “The Geochemistry of Mineral Re-sources.’’ Visits to British Industrial Solvents, to the Laboratories of the Distillers Co., Ltd., and to the Low Temperature Research Station, at Cambridge.Exhibition of Apparatus, Instruments, Books, etc., and Cinematograph Films. Dr. J. G. King.. .. . . “Developments in the Coal Industry.” MAIAYA. Annual Conference. Address by Colonel B. J. Eaton, O.B.E.Visit to the Malayan Collieries, Ltd., at Batu Armg.Cinematograph Film of Local Anti-malarial Methods, exhibited by Mr. H. J. Benjafield.Mr. V. R. Greenstreet . . “Animal Nutrition.” 13 MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. Dr. W. R. Ormandy .. .. Professor T. P. Hilditch . . Dr. G. N. Burkhardt . . .. Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., F.R.S. Major F. A. Freeth, O.B.E., F.R.S. -CHESTER An Address on some early experiences relating to subjects of technical im-portance. .. “Some Curious Features of the Composi- tion of Fats in Plants and Animals.” “The Properties of Groups in the Benzene Nucleus.” “Research in the Infra-Red.” “A Leaf from Bacon.” STUDENTS’SECTION. Visit to Bradford Road Gas Wo~ks. Mr. A. B.Owles . . Power-House Chemistry.” Visit to the Laboratories of the British Cotton Industries Research Asso- ciation. Visit to Chapel-en-le-Frith. Visit to Hovis Flour Mills. NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNENORTH-EASTAND COAST. Mr. W. Davidson . .. Dr. G. D. Bengough .. . . Dr. N. P. Inglis .. . . Professor H. E. Armstrong,F.R.S. *ProfessorF. G. Donnm, F.R.S. *Professor R. Whylaw Gray, F.R.S. Dr. A. E. Dunstan .. .. Dr. Arthur Harden, F.R.S. . . “The Work of the Scottish Coke Research Committee.” (December, 1932). “Corrosion of M;,tals in Salt Solutions and Sea Water. “Some Metallurgical Problems in Chemi- cal Industry.” “The Buried Past and Hidden Future of Coal.” “Osmotic Actions and Equilibria.” “The accurate Determination of Atomic Weights by Method of Limiting Densi- ties.’’ “Recent Developments in the Refining of Petroleum.” “The Chemistry of Fermentation.” Professor G.R. Clemo opened a Discussion on “Ohemistry and the Public.” *Professor R. A. Peters . . “Some Recent Aspects of the Vitamin-B Complex.”Mr. W. Singleton .. “Some Recent Developments in Lead for Chemical Plant.” * Bedson Club Meetings. NEWZEALAND. Annual Conference. Mr. W. Donovan . . .. “Chemistry as applied to Mining Industry in New Zealand.” Short Papers by five members during visit to Massey Agricultural College and Plant Research Station of the Department of Agriculture. SOUTHWALES. Mr. B. D. Porritt .. . . “The Earl: History of the Rubber Industry.Professor J.E. Coates, O.B.E. “Some Recent Advances in PhysicalChemistry.’’ 14 Mi-. C. E. BeynonMr. A. J. Cruise .. .. .. .. “Corrosion of Metals.” “The Use of Gaseous Fuel in South Wales Industries.” Mr. J. F. J. Dippy Mr. E. M. Wedlake .. .. . . .. “The Stability of Cyclic Compounds.” “Some Notes on the Tundishing of Steel, War Period.” Mr. E. Thornton .. .. “Notes on the Extraction and Refhing of Paraffin Wax.” Dr. A. E. Dunstan Dr. Idris Jones .. .. .. .. “Production and Refining of Petroleum.” “Hydrogenation of Coal.” On the occasion of Dr. Glasstone’s lecture given at Leeds, the President was accompanied by Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Vice- President, Professor N. M. Comber, Dr. A. E. Everest, Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Mr.A. W. M. Wintle, Members of Council, and the Assist ant Secretary . The President and the Registrar have visited the Manchester and District Section. The Registrar gave his lecture on “Alchemists in Art and Literature” at the University College of the South West of Eng- land, Exeter, in February, and also before the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association in London in October. The Assistant Secretary has visited Edinburgh and Glasgow on the business of the Institute. 7. REGISTERED STUDENTS. Registered Students have been invited to meetings of the Institute at headquarters and of Local Sections. The Manchester Students’ Section has again enjoyed an inter- esting programme of fixtures. 8. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE.The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, which consists of the whole Council, has held 11meetings. The Committee has had under consideration 560 applications for Studentship, Examination and Membership. In this and other work, it has had the assistance of a large number of reports from Sub-Committees, from Local Interviewing Committees and the Advisory Committee in India, and records of work submitted by candidates. The Council desires to express its thanks to all who have co-operated with the Committee in this work. 15 The applications for Studentship and Membership are sum-marked below :-Applications for Admission to the Studentship : Accepted (including re-admitted) .. ,. 145 Declined .. *. *... .. .. 3 -148 Applications for Admission to Examination for the Associateship : Accepted .. .. .. .. .. 53 Applications for Election (and re-election) to the Associateship : Accepted .. .. .. .. . . 263 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 Referred for Examination or further training 12 -281 Applications for Admission to Examination for the Fellowship : Accepted .. .. .. .. .. 24 Applications from Associates for Election to the Fellowship : Accepted (including those examined) .... 45 Declined .. *. .. .. .. .. 3 -48 Applications from Non-Associates for Election to the Fellowship : Accepted (including those examined) .. Declined .. .. ,. .. .. .. .. - 5 1 6 Total . . *. .. .. 560 - EXAMINATIoNs.-Examhations were held in April and Sep- tember, 1933,and in January, 1934.The results are summarised below :-SUMMARYOF RESULTS. Associateship : EXAMINED.PASSED. General Chemistry .. .. .. 85 48 Fellowship : Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry . . 2 2 Branch B. Physical Chemistry .. --Branch C. Organic Chemistry .. 3 3 Branch D. Bio-Chemistry .. 3 2 Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water . . 14 6 1Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry .. 2 9 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry . . 2 2 Special Examination .. .. .. 1 1 -__ 112 66 --_ 16 The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners, to the Examiners in special subjects, and also to Fellows who have given special facilities for examinations in their laboratories, and to the Assessors who have been appointed from time to time to examine the papers submitted by candi- dates for the Fellowship. The Council is indebted to the University of Manchester, the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, the Central Technical College, Birmingham, the Royal School of Mines, London, University College, London, the University of Reading and the Anglo- Persian Oil Company for the use of laboratories and for facilities afforded in connection with the Examinations.The Council again acknowledges the valuable help of the Indian Advisory Committee and its Honorary Secretary, Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler. EXAMINERS-Dr. 0. L. Brady was appointed an Examiner in General Chemistry in succession to Professor Robert Robinson, F.R.S., whose term of office expired in April, 1933, Mr.S. E. Melling was appointed Examiner in Branch E, the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water, in succession to Mr. John Evans, whose term of office also expired in April. REGuLATIONS.-The Regulations were slightly revised and reprinted in April, 1933. INSTITUTIONS.-The Brighton Technical College, the Con- stantine Technical College, Middlesbrough, and the Woolwich Polytechnic have been added to the list of Institutions recognised for the training of candidates for admission to the Associateship of the Institute. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the Fellows who have kindly visited and reported on Institutions during the year.THEMELDOLA MEDAL (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) for 1933, has been awarded to Maurice Stacey, BSc., Ph.D. (Birm.), now holding a Beit Medical Fellowship at the London School of Tropical Medicine and at the University of Birmingham. FRANKLANDThe SIR EDWARD MEDAL AND PRIZE for 1933 have been awarded to Walter Lee, Registered Student, working with Mr. C. H. Manley, Fellow, and at the College of Technology, 17 Leeds, for his essay on “The Chemical Education of Part-time Students.” 9. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. The Reports of the Assessors on the Examinations for National Certificates for England and Wales and also for Scotland, which were noticed in Part IV of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSfor 1933,show that the number of candidates presenting themselves for these examinations is increasing.The scheme is exercising a marked effect on the training in chemistry provided in the technical institutions. Dr. A. Jamieson Walker, on his retirement from his appoint- ment as one of H.M. Inspectors of Technical Schools, has agreed to remain a member of the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute, as one of the representatives of the Instit IIte. 10. PEDLER RESEARCH SCHOLARSHIP. Mrs. Janet W. Matthews, Associate, has been appointed the Third Pedler Research Scholar, and is engaged at the Imperial College of Science and Technology on the development of inor- ganic microchemical analysis with special reference to gravimetric work requiring separations.11. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShas been published in six Parts. The chief matters of interest are mentioned in this Report under the respective Committees. The scheme of lectures illustrating the trend of recent develop- ments in the main branches of chemistry was continued by the delivery, in May, by Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., of three lectures embodying “A Survey of Modem Inorganic Chemistry.” These, in addition to the following lectures, have been pub- lished as separate monographs :-“ Chemistry and Life ” (Fourth S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture), by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, P.R.S. ; “ ‘Science and the Community, ” given before the Manchester and District Section, in November, 1932, by Professor Alexander Findlay ; 18 “The Chemist in the Far East,” given before the London Section in February, by Mr.Alexander Marcan; “The Detection and Determination of Small Amounts of Sub- stances by Colorimetric Methods,” given before the Leeds Area Section, in February, by Mr. Norman Strafford. ‘‘Joseph Priestley : 1733-1804,”given before the Institute, in March, on the occasion of the celebration of the bi- centenary of the birth of Priestley, by Professor R. M. Caven, Member of Council; “Alchemists in Art and Literature,” which had been given before Local Sections of the Institute and elsewhere since 1925,by the Registrar and Secretary of the Institute. “Beer,” (Sixteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture), given by Mr.H. F. E. Hulton, in November; “Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemis- try,” given by Dr. Samuel Glasstone, at Leeds, in Novem- ber ; “The Chemist as a Directing Force in Industry,’’ (Fifth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture), delivered by Dr. Herbert Levinstein, in December ; The eighth edition of the “List of Official Chemical Appoint- ments” is now in the press, and a new edition of the Register of Fellows, Associates and Students will be published during the present year. Further lectures on modern laboratory technique are being arranged, under the advice of Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, to be given in April or May of this year, and will be announced in due course. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Chemical Society for allowing Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute the privilege of the use of the Library of the Society.A further contribution of Ez~ofrom the general funds of the Institute was made towards the maintenance of the Library of the Society. The thanks of the Council are also accorded to authors, publishers and others, who kindly presented books and journals to the Library of the Institute. The collection of lantern slides formed for the use of Fellows, 19 Associates and others desirous of illustrating lectures, has been further augmented, and many sets of slides have been loaned during the past year. 12. PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. The Departmental Committee on Food Law, having resumed its work, invited the Council of the Institute to consider the revision of the Memorandum forwarded to the Departmental Committee in 1931,although the terms of reference to the Depart- mental Committee had been altered so as to exclude practically all matters dealt with in the original Memorandum.The Public Appointments Committee felt, however, that it would be difficult to make any change in the law relating to food without considering changes in the methods of its adminis- tration. The Committee, therefore, revised the Memorandum, and the Council directed that copies thereof be forwarded, with a covering letter to the Departmental Committee, supporting a Memorandum submitted by the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, and offering to send representatives to give evidence if the Departmental Committee thought that the views of the Institute might be useful in connection with any changes in the Food Law.The Council also suggested that a permanent committee, on which public analysts and other food chemists should be represented, should be established to formulate standards and limits of purity, the need for which might arise in any emergency, and also to ensure that anomalies, such as at present exist in the food regulations, might be avoided in future. The Public Appointments Committee has also dealt with questions affecting the interests of chemists in the Colonial and Indian Services, which have received the attention of the authori- ties concerned.Representations have also been made to the proper authori-ties regarding complaints against the attempts of certain rate- aided institutions to undertake professional chemical consulting and analytical practice. 13. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries, who have continued to assist -the 20 Institute in matters affecting chemists in the Overseas Dominions and the Colonies, and especially for their valuable help in ob- taining information for the new edition of the List of Oficial Chemical Appointments. 14. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER COMMITTEE. A report of the work on the Appointments Register appeared in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V.The number of members who have informed the Institute that they are at present without employment is 184 compared with 196 in January, 1933. All Fellows and Associates are asked to assist, by every means in their power, in bringing suitable vacancies for chemists to the notice of the Institute. 26th January, 1934. 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON,W.C.I. 21 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS. We hereby report that we have examined the books and accounts of the Institute of Chemistry for the year ended 31st December, 1933, and have compared with the vouchers the entries therein, and certify that the following statements are correct as shown by the books. Certificates from the Bank of England and the Westminster Bank, Ltd., for investments held by them respectively for the Institute at the above date have been produced.DAVIDHENDERSON,Chartered Accountant. JOHN c. WHITE on. Aaaitors, J. Hy. LANE 1 1933-34-9th January, 1934. BENEVOLENT FUND. I hereby report that I have also examined the books and accounts of the Benevolent Fund and certify the statement as correct and in accordance therewith. DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountanf. 9th January, 1934. 22 23 THE lNSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Pounded 1877. Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1885. OF RECEIPTSAND EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEARENDED 31s~DECEMBER,1933.STATEMENT GENERAL 1932 RECEIPTS. 1933 1933 EXPENDITURE. 1033 f s. d. f s. d. E s. d. € s. d. f s. d. € s. d.566 14 11 Balance, 1st January, 1933 .. .. 453 5 2 Printing, Stationery, etc.- 588 0 11 Journal, Part VI, 1932, Parts I-V, 1933 .. 558 0 4Yubscriptions-271 0 0 Other Printing, Stationery, etc. . . .. .. 461 4 7 Fellows .. (3,252 0 0) .. 3,189 4 0 268 0 10 Postage4ournal and Lectures . . .. .. 263 9 9 452 8 4 ,, Ordinary .. .. .. .. 465 10 6Associates .. (6,291 14 9) .. 6,364 4 7 2,221 0 20 Rent, Rates, Taxes, Insurance and Telephone .. 951 1 1 Students .. (350 15 0) .. 393 10 0 425 8 6’ Repairs, House and Furniture .. .. .. 231 1 5 9,894 9 9 9,946 18 7 4,786 18 6 Salaries, Wages and Gratuities .. .. .. 4,702 12 6 Divirlends and Interest- 232 7 6 Advertisements .. .. .. .. .. 229 13 11 210 8 0 Gas, Water, Light, Power and Fuel .. .. 249 8 0Gross ..(1,087 15 1) .. 999 7 11 683 17 0 Examiners, Assessors and Assistants (Fees and LessTax .. (191 6 3) .. 209 10 0 Expenses) .. .. .. .. .. 627 G 4 896 8 10 789 17 11 I62 7 2 Apparatus and Materials .. .. .. .. 222 14 3 285 22 7 Library (including 2250 to Chemical Society) .. 285 14 9 23 19 7 Sale of Publications .. .. .. 55 9 1 407 13 0 Local Sections .. .. .. .. .. 338 12 4 729 Sundry Receipts .. .. .. 54 ---Section Secretaries Conference .. .. .. 45 9 6 51 9 0 Elire of Laboratories and Rooms .. 109 8 0 29 8 0 Donations .. .. .. .. .. .. 49 8 0 221 3 2 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. .. 80 0 7 888 6 0 Examination and Assessment Fees . . 806 8 0 6’2 2 12 Oficors’ Travelling Espenses . . .. .. 48 6 1 265 7 6 Appointments Register .. .. 258 4 3 31 10 0 Auditor’s Honorarium .. .. .. .. 31 10 0 193 1 11 Advertimments in Journal . . .. 169 16 6 505 12 8 Lectures and Lantern Slides .. .. . . 722 12 0 372 9 3 Members of Council Travelling Expenses .. .. 423 4 8 *National Certificates (England) A/c 150 0 0 212 16 6 Staff Assurance .. .. .. .. .. 206 4 5 693 5 0 ICegister and Postage .. .. .. .. ---I0 20 0 Frankland Medal Award .. .. .. .. 10 10 0 ---Legal Expenses (1927-1933) . . .. .. 97 5 10 11,950 18 s 11,300 19 10 Extraordinary Expenditure- 12,787 0 3 12,739 12 10 Investments : Purchased €2,300 Local Lome 2,004 15 0 Sold €460 Conversion 5% Loan . . 527 1 3 2,268 11 10 1,477 13 0 Extraordinary Receipts- 110 8 4 Premium on Redemption Policy .. .. 110 8 4 Funds for Investment-ication Fees returned- 632 2 U Entrance Fees .... .. 631 1 0 25 24 6 APl%O and 1931 Accounts .. .. .. }45 13 6107 2 G Life Compositions .. .. .. 66 3 0 55 13 0 1932 Account .. ,. .. .. .. 450 0 G Legacies (late J. Gordon Gordon and 1933 Account, as per contra . . .. .. 32 0 6 J. E. Legg) .. .. .. 600 0 0 77 14 0 1,297 4 0 23 6 10 Office Equipment .. .. .. .. .. 68 11 0 Fees on Applications in abeyance- 270 14 5 New Lecture Hall .. .. .. .. ---64 1 6 Fellows .. .. .. .. 56 14 0 30 3 6 Lantern and Screen .. .. .. .. ---80 6 6 Associates .. .. .. .. 109 12 6 ---Cribb Prints Collection Expenses . . .. 27 4 0166 6 6 Postage on ‘‘Official Chemical Appointments ” .. 23 10 5 12 12 6 Fees retained .. .. .. .. 220 Balance, 31st December, 1933- 55 13 6 Fees received on application during 228 5 2 Current .... *. .. .. .. 651 4 61933, but returned ,. .. 32 0 6 235 0 0 Deposit .. .. .. .. .. .. 500 0 0 1,161 4 6 €14,188 16 2 214,237 5 10 214,188 16 3I €14,237 5 10 * In 1932, €100 from National Certificates A/c was deducted from Office Expenses. 1932. 1933. 1932. 1933. 2 s. d. 2 s. d. 6: s. d. € 8. 11. 453 5 2 Balanceasat 31st December, 1933 . . 1,151 4 6 Subscriptions received in advance- 300 0 0 2500 Gt. Western Railway 23% De-33 12 0 Fellows’ .. 30 9 0 benture Stock . . .. .. 315 0 0 64 16 0 Associates’ 83 3 9 230 0 0 €500 London, Midland & Scottish 2 0 0 Students’ .. 1 15 0 ~Railway 5% Redeemable Prefer- 100 8 0 115 7 9 ence Stock .. .. . . 455 0 0 144 7 0 Applications in abeyance .... 166 6 6 700 0 0 €2,000 London, Midland BE Scottish 51 9 0 Fees retained (1931-33) less reduc-Railway 4% Preference Stock . . 1,400 0 0 tions for fees forfeited .. .. 51 9 0 3,940 0 0 $4,000 33% War Stock .. .. 4,040 0 0 75 0 0 Rent outstanding .. .. .. 75 0 0 10,591 5 0 $9,250 ~edzccedlo €8,800 Conversion 214 15 8 Accounts rendered and due .. 53 15 5 Loan 5%, 1944-64t .. 10,208 0 0 24,565 1 4 Surplus assets over liabilities, 31st 6,747 0 0 €7,800 increased to €10,100, Local December, 1933 .. .. ..28,057 8 0 Loans 3%$.. .. 8,686 0 0 654 10 0 $700 South Africa 3@/,, 1953-73.. 686 0 0 1,413 6 8 Redemption Fund Premiums* .. 1,523 15 0 121 14 2 Sundry Accounts due .. .. 54 7 2 €25,151 1 0 €28,519 6 8 $25,151 1 0 228,519 6 8 BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for the year ended 31st December, 1933.Current Account. 1932 1933 1932 1933 $ s. d. g s. d. $ s. d. $ s. d. 439 19 6 Subscriptions . . .. .. .. 490 11 2 138 17 2 Deficit as at 1st January, 1933.. .. 92 9 6 417 11 3 Annual Subscriptions .. .. .. 397 17 6 238 10 0 Grants .. .. .. .. . . 303 10 0 99 16 4 Dividends and Interest .. .. 98 7 11 537 10 0 Regular Payments .. .. .. 397 13 6 60 9 3 Income Tax recovered .. .. .. 37 2 4 36 13 8 Printing, etc. .. *. .. .. 27 10 1 61 10 U Loans repaid .. *. .. .. 154 15 0 5 5 0 Audit Fee .. .. .. .. 550 I.92 9 6 Balance . . .. .. .. .. ---215 0 0 Loans granted during 1933 .. 120 0 0 ---Balance, 31st December, 1933 .. .. 232 5 10 €1,171 15 101 $1,178 13 11 $1,171 15 10 g1,178 13 11 -Liabilities (Current Alc): Printing and Audit, estimtecdg33. $ s.d. .€ s. d. 2 s. d. $ s. d. 302 9 7 Balance, 1st January, 1933 .. .. 136 1 8 440 6 6 Investment: $350 Local Loans 3% .. 299 12 11 273 18 7 Donations . . .. .. .. 197 19 9 136 1 8 $450 5% Conversion __-Legacy (late J. Gordon Gordon) . . 500 0 0 Loan, 1944-64 .. 527 1 3 Balance, 3 1st December, 1933 ,. 773 $576 8 2 $834 1 5 $576 8 2 $834 1 5 $ s. d. .€ s. d. $ s. d. $ s. d. 1,455 0 0 Loans to 31st December, 1932 . . .. 1,670 0 0 538 4 4 Loans repaid to 31st Decomber, 1933 .. 692 19 4 215 0 0 Loans granted during 1933 . . .. 120 0 0 ---Loans written off .. .. .. G54 0 0 1,131 15 8 Loans outstanding .. .. . . 443 0 8-_-$1,670 0 0 $1,790 0 0 € s. d. 5 s. d. 1,145 0 0 €1,000 5% Conversion Loan, 1944-64; increased to €1,450* .. ..1,682 0 0 865 0 0 $1,000 3% Local Loans; increacsed to $1,3505 .. .. .. .. 1,161 0 0 1,060 0 0 51,000 4% Consols .. .. .. 1,090 0 0 Balance at 31st December, 1933 26 I2 3 Amount at Bank ,. 2 7 4 16 I9 I1 Cashinhand .. 4 19 11 773 92 9 6 Due from Current Account .. ---€3,206 1 8 53,940 7 3 27 Sir Alexander Pedler Scholarship Account : 31st December, 1933. Receipts. Expenditure. $ s. d. € s. d. By Balance, 1st January, 1933 .. .. 90 18 10 Dividends and Interest . . .. .. 167 4 11 Income Tax recovered .. .. .. 69 19 1 To Payments to Scholar . . .. .. 100 0 0 Balances, 31st December, 1933-On Deposit .. .. .. .. .. 221 6 0 Current at Bank .. .. .. ..6 16 10 €328 2 10 €328 2 10 -~ Value of Securities at 31st December, 1933-S s. d. $100 Great Western Railway 5% Consolidated Preference Stock.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 110 0 0 $900 Royal Mail Steam Packet Ordinary Stock .. .. €2,900 3% Local Loans .. .. .. .. .. 2,494 0 0 €2,000 5% Conversion Loan, 1944-64 $300 4% Consols.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,320 .. 327 0 0 0 0 Balances, 31st December, 1933-On Deposit .. .. .. Current at Bank . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 221 6 0 6 16 10 E s. d. € s. d. Balance .. .. 49 8 2 Lecture Expenses .. 2 15 1 Dividends and Interest 5 5 0 Balance on Deposit .. 51 18 1 €54 13 2 $54 13 2 € s. d. $ s. d. Balance .. .. 27 13 7 Balance on Deposit .. 27 13 7 227 13 7 $27 13 7 € s. d.$ s. d. Balance .. .. Dividends and Interest 10 6 3 6 9 0 Lecture Expenses Balance on Deposit .. .. 4 15 11 14 8 1 €16 9 9 €16 9 9 28 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 19th January, 1934.-The Council prepared the balloting list for the election of Council, Officers and Censors, at the Annual General Meeting to be held on Thursday, 1st March, which has since been issued to the Fellows and Associates. Professor Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. was nominated for re-election as President, and Mr. Patrick Henry Kirkaldy, as Honorary Treasurer. Five Vice-presidents, being eligible, were nominated for re- election, and Dr. Herbert Henry Hodgson was nominated for election as a Vice-president, in the place of Professor George Gerald Henderson, F.R.S., who retires in accordance with the By-laws on completion of three years’ service in that office.Nominations in favour of the following members were received in accordance with By-law 26 :-Frederic Sutcliffe Aumonier, B.Sc. (Lond.).Thomas Callan, M.Sc. (Vict.), Ph.D. (Heid.). Frederick Daniel Chattaway, M.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc. (Birm.), Ph.D. (Munchen), D.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.S. Albert Coulthard, B.Sc. (Vict.), Ph.D. (Freiburg). Owen Rhys Howell, Ph.D. (Cantab. and Wales). Humphrey Desmond Murray, B.A. (Oxon.). Norman Picton, B.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Leipzig). Thomas Fred Eric Rhead, M.Sc. (Manc.), M.1.Chem.E. In accordance with By-law 25, sixteen present Members of Council, being eligible, were nominated for re-election, and the following eight were also nominated by the Council. Herbert William Cremer, M.Sc.(Lond.), M.1.Chem.E. John Evans. Lewis Eynon, B.Sc. (Lond.).Bernard Farmborough Howard. Leslie Herbert Lampitt, D.Sc. (Birm.). Herbert Levinstein, M.Sc. (Vict.), Ph.D. (Zurich). Dorothy Jordan Lloyd, M.A. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Lond.).Charles Ainsworth Mitchell, M.A., D.Sc. (Oxon.). (It should be noted that an asterisk, which should have appeared against the name of Mr. Bernard Howard, was acci-dentally omitted from the balloting list; also, that Mr. A. W. M. Wintle is now resident in the Liverpool and North-Western Area.) 29 The following were nominated, from whom four are to be elected as Censors :-Sir George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., Ph.D., M.P.Professor George Gerald Henderson, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E ., F.R.S. Mr. Patrick Henry Kirkaldy, Honorary Treasurer. Mr. William Rintoul, O.B.E., Member of Council. Professor Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S. Messrs. C. A. Adams and J. R. Nicholls were appointed Scrutineers for the forthcoming elections. Fellows and Associates are specially notified that the hour of the Annual General Meeting will be changed from 4.30 p.m. to 8 p.m., and that voting papers should be returned to the Secretary so that they be received at the Institute not later than 8 p.m. on Wednesday, 28th February, and proxies so that they be received not later than 8 p.m. on Tuesday, the 27th February.In addition to reports from Committees, the Council received a number of communications from other Societies and Institutions. The Council of the Chemical Society notified the Institute that it did not propose to make any definite ruling regarding the use of “ml.” in the place of “c.c.” so far as the Journal of the Society was concerned. The Council of the Society intimated that contributors would be invited to give careful consideration to the question, and to employ whichever term was appropriate in any given circumstances. In response to an invitation from the Federal Council for Chemistry to appoint delegates to the IXth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, to be held in Madrid from 5th to 11th April, the Council appointed the President, with Professor I.M. Heilbron, D.S.O., F.R.S., and Professor Robert Robinson, F.R.S., as representatives of the Institute at the Congress. The Sixth International Congress for Scientific Management having invited the Institute to appoint a representative to serve on the Council of the Congress, Mr. William Rintoul was appointed and agreed to act as the representative of the Institute. (Inthis connection, it may be noted that Dr. E. F. Armstrong is a Member of the Executive Committee, and the Chairman of the Organising Committee of the Congress. ) Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute in India, reported that Professor H. B. Dunnicliff had represented the Institute at the Jubilee of Punjab University; 30 further, that Professor Dunnicliff, on behalf of the Institute had wished the University continued success, and had con-gratulated it on the progress which it had achieved in the field of pure and applied chemistry.Mr. Edward Russell was appointed delegate of the Institute to attend the Health Congress to be held by the Royal Sanitary Institute at Bristol, from 9th to 14th July. A statement was received from the Conference on co-operation between Chemical Societies. The Council appointed the Presi- dent, with Mr. F. G. Edmed, Vice-president, and Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Honorary Treasurer, to act as representatives of the Institute on a Provisional Council which is being formed for the further consideration of the matter.At the same meeting, the Publications Committee reported that Professor H. V. A. Briscoe and Mrs. Janet W. Matthews had kindly undertaken to give before the Institute two lecture- demonstrations on ‘‘Microchemical Methods suitable for General Analytical Practice”-(see p. 81) and that Dr. A. D. Mitchell had kindly undertaken to give a lecture on I‘ Recent Applications of Indicators and other Reagents to Chemical Analysis” during the present year. Dr. 0. L. Brady was appointed Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch C: Organic Chemistry, in the place of Dr. Frank L. Pyman, F.R.S., who has resigned from that office owing to pressure of other work. Council Meeting, 26th January.--The Council received the Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, including the Report of the Board of Examiners, on the January Examinations for the Associateship, and on the award of the Meldola Medal.The Council also received the Report of the Assessors on the award of the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize. The above awards are recorded in the Annual Report of the Council, which was approved at the same meeting and ordered to be issued to the Fellows, Associates and Students, together with the financial statements for 1933. The Council then proceeded to the further consideration of the resolution, transmitted by the Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Sections, as to the place of chemistry in general education, which has already been mentioned in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.31 Professor G. R. Clemo, Chairman of the Section, and Mr. E. G. Savage, H. M. Senior Chief Inspector, and Chief Inspector of Technical Schools, Board of Education, attended, on the invitation of the Council. Further reference to the matter will be made in a future issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. British Standards Institution.--Dr. Leslie Aitchison has been nominated by the Council, and has kindly consented, to represent the Institute at a Conference on the proposed standardisation of Plated Finishes for Fittings and Equipment, and subsequently to serve on a Committee, if any be appointed for that purpose. Local Sections.-The approximate number of members attached at present to each Local Section is given below:- Section.So. of members. Aberdeen and North of Scotland .. .. .. . . 50 Belfast and District .. .. .. .. .. .. - 43 Bristol and South-Western Counties Birmingham and Midlands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 561 206 Edinburgh and’Ettst of Scotland Glasgow and West of Scotland Huddersfield .. .. .. Irish Free State . . .. Cape .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 184 321 59 62 Lee& Area . . .. .. .. .. .. . . 335 Liverpool and North-Western Counties London and South-Eastern Counties .. .. .. .. . . . . 355 2343 Malaya .. .. .. Manchester and District .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. 29 441 Newcastle and North-East Coast .. .. .... 149 New Zealand .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57 South Wales . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 153 32 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland,-Professor James Hendrick presided at a meeting of the Section held at Marischal College, on 20th December, 1933,when Mr. Andrew Dargie gave a lecture on “Food Fakes and Food Laws.” Mr. Dargie said that the adulteration of food, which was no modern development, required expert detectives and expensively equipped laboratories for its discovery and prevention. The alchemists’ claim to have achieved the transmutation of metals was by no means the earliest record of sophistication. Greek and Roman traders were not above adulterating their wares. Pliny referred to the bakers using white earth in their flour, and Mr.Dargie suggested that Archimedes might be regarded as the first public analyst, since he detected base metal in King Hiero’s crown. In the reign of King John, a statute, “The Assize of Bread,” was introduced to put an end to the adulteration of bread. One penalty imposed was that the baker would be driven through the streets with the faulty loaf round his neck; for a second offence he was pilloried, and for a third he was effectively removed from the trade by having his oven pulled down. In 1582, butchers were penalised for selling “measly” pork, and brewers and vintners for being sparing with the malt and generous with water. Tea and coffee were being so freely adulterated at the beginning of the eighteenth century that legislation was passed to deal with offenders.Sloe leaves, liquorice leaves and previously used tea leaves were frequently added to tea, and in 1843there were actually eight factories in London for regenerating tea leaves, which were collected from hotels and coffee-houses. The extent of these malpractices was so great that in 1851 The Lancet used its influence to bring about a better state of affairs, and, as a result, the “Adulteration of Food and Drink Act” was passed in 1860. This Act permitted the appointment of Public Analysts, but did not make it compulsory, and it was not till the passing of “The Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875,” that this was achieved. This Act, with additions and amend- ments, under the title of “The Food and Drugs (Adulteration) 33 Act, 1928,” was still in force, but the lecturer emphasised that there was great need for more specific and more modern legislation on so important a matter.Mr. Dargie showed that there was need for further amendment, and mentioned some anomalies. There is no standard for cream which may contain as little as 20 per cent. butter fat, while thick cream contains from 50-60 per cent., but under the Act they are equally cream, and may be sold without discrimination in price. So also with cheese-even though three-quarters of the butter fat may have been removed from the milk, the resulting cheese had no legal distinction from the genuine product. Anomalies with regard to the permitted amount of preservatives in foods were created by this Act.Sulphur dioxide was the most common preservative used, and amounts varying from 40 parts per million in jams to 3,000 parts per million in certain fruit pulps were permitted; but, while its use was prohibited in mince during the winter months, it was allowed to the extent of 450 parts per million in sausages. After referring to instances of metallic poisoning arising from accidental contamination-arsenic, from glucose manufactured with arsenical sulphuric acid ;lead, from lead-glazed enamel ware ; copper, from vegetable preservatives; and tin from canned goods-Mr. Dargie quoted common examples of food adulteration and some misnomers-egg powder, which contained no egg ; custard powder, which was simply coloured and flavoured corn- flour; and baking powder, for which fantastic claims were made.Practically no foodstuff was free from the possibility of the practice of sophistry and contamination. Mr. Dargie stressed the necessity for better and more modern legislation to protect the public. A keen discussion followed, and Dr. Tocher moved a vote of thanks to the lecturer for his interesting and informative address. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Section has experienced difficulty in securing lecturers on dates which did not clash with other fixtures in the district. The Second Annual Summer Outing was well attended and proved very successful. The party met at Evesham for tea, and after visiting the surrounding country re-assembled at Stratford to see a performance of As You Like It at the Memorial Theatre.Members have been present at lectures held by the University of Birmingham Biochemical Society-on 19th October, 1933, by 34 Miss Stephenson, on Bacterial Metabolism; on 30th November, by Mr. G. Thomas, on Insulin and Carbohydrate Metabolism; and on 18th January, by Prof. R. H. Hopkins, on Some Physico- and Bio-Chemical Aspects of d-Fructose. On 13th December members of the Section were the guests of the Headmaster and Staff of the Royal Grammar School, Worcester. A lecture was given by Mr. J. C. Giblin, on “The Use of Organic Reagents for the Detection of Metals and Acid Radicles,” of which the following is a summary:-During recent years an entirely new technique in analytical chemistry has been developed.It has been found that many organic reagents exhibit a specific or selective action with metallic ions, and to a lesser extent with acid radicles also. In the opinion of the lecturer these tests had now reached such a stage of perfection that they could be employed advantageously by every analytical chemist, and should be taught in our schools and colleges. The literature on the subject was so vast that a considerable amount of pruning had been necessary in order to make certain that the best methods were being employed. Such a selection had been made by the lecturer and for several months the methods had been successfully employed by the more advanced students in the school.It was not suggested that the older methods should be entirely superseded, but that the new reagents should be employed for confirmatory tests. After mentioning some of the cases in which the older methods were admittedly unsatisfactory, the lecturer emphasised that these organic reagents were almost always specific and capable of distinguishing between closely related elements even in the presence of one another. Moreover, they were extremely sensitive, and also in many cases the theoretical principles underlying their action might be easily understood by a student possessing only an elementary knowledge of organic chemistry. The following reagents strated:- were recommended and demon- For Magnesium (a)“Magneson.” (b)Titan Yellow.Sodium Potassium Zinc uranyl acetate. Sodium cobaltinitrite. 35 Barium,Strontium Rhodizonic acid (Na salt). Calcium Picrolonic acid. Cobalt a-nitroso-/3-Naphthol. Nickel Dimet hylglyoxime. Aluminium Aurine tricarboxylic acid. Iron Thioglycollic acid. Chromium Diphen ylcarbazide. Bismuth, Mercury, Lead, Copper Cinchonine + Potassium iodide. Bismuth Thiourea. Copper (a)Sodium-diet hyl-dithio-carba- mate. (b) Benzoin oxime. Cadmium Diphenylcarbazide. Tin Cacot heline. Arsenic Gutzeit’s Test. Silver p-Dimethyl-amino-benzal-rhoda-nine. Nitrate (a) Brucine. (b) Diphenylamine. Phosphate Ammonium molybdate +I-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid. Bromine Fluorescein. Many of the above reagents may also be employed for the colorimetric estimation of the appropriate radicles, and some-e.g., rhodizonic acid-as external indicators in volumetric analysis.The lecture was illustrated throughout by experiments. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to Mr. Giblin, proposed by the Chairman,-Mr. A. C. Carter. On zznd January, members were privileged to attend a lecture held under the auspices of the Chemical Society, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University, at Edgbaston, when Professor R. Robinson, delivered an address on “Some Recent Work on the Alkaloid Group.” Cape.-At the invitation of the Cape Section of the Institute and the Cape Chemical and Technological Society, Dr. Arnstein gave an address on 17th November, 1933, on “Recent Developments in the Production of Alcohol.” Dr.Arnstein said that the economics of the production of alcohol from starchy materials had suffered a complete change during the last few years. There were two reasons for this, namely, the great advancement in our knowledge of the process of 36 fermentation and the rather sudden jump into prominence of an important by-product of the process-carbonic acid in the form of dry ice. Dealing with fermentation, he said that the quality and yield obtained depended on the quality of the yeast used. There were many kinds of yeast. Some converted sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide ;others converted sugar into other substances or brought about secondary fermentation. Obviously, the maximum yield of alcohol would be obtained when this secondary fermentation was at a minimum.Within recent years it had become possible to grow pure yeast cultures which were able, under proper conditions, to give a yield of alcohol equal to 95 per cent. of that theoretically obtainable from the starch. Until very recently, most distilleries used ordinary bakers’ yeast-which was not grown as a pure culture in the distilleries-and the yield was never more than 85 per cent. Moreover, it was well known to biochemists that bacteria could be acclimatised to new conditions, and a pure yeast culture could be acclimatised to a liquor containing g per cent. of alcohol. Ordinary yeast could not function adequately in a liquor which contained more than 6 per cent.Dr. Arnstein then went on to describe the mylo process, which possesses many novel features apart from the use of pure cultures, one basic principle of the process being the exclusion of all foreign germs. Whereas the conventional process used about 15 per cent. of malt, or germinated barley, which carried with it innumerable foreign germs from the air, the amylo process used only I per cent. , and this is placed with the corn* in a pressure cooker where all undesirable moulds and germs were destroyed. A completely sterilised mash was thus produced. The actual conversion of the starch into sugar and then into alcohol was effected by a special mould acclimatised to live in a liquor with g per cent. alcohol. The output of the fermenter, or fermentation vat, was thus increased by 50 per cent.The conventional process also used open wooden vats, which were difficult to sterilise, and in any case foreign germs could get in and start secondary fermentation. In the amylo process closed steel fermenters were used so that the fermentation was at all times under control, and, moreover, this obviated the loss of alcohol through surface evaporation. The result of these improvements was that about 10 per cent. more alcohol was obtained from the same weight of grain, and the alcohol was purer and reasonably free from higher alcohols. * Presumably maize. 37 Dealing with the by-products, Dr. Arnstein instanced the analogous case of the packer, who, he said, frequently paid more for the live animal on hoof per pound than he received for the dressed beef, because he produced fertilisers, glue, leather, and all sorts of valuable by-products. Its by-products had on many an occasion been the salvation of an industry.In the production of alcohol from corn* the by-products were yeast, corn* oil, fuse1 oil, cattle feed and carbonic acid. The most important of these, due to recent developments, was the carbonic acid. The gas was very easily converted into liquid by compression (the exhaust steam from the compressors being available for heating the stills) and then into a snow-white solid-“dry ice.” This material was now used extensively in the freight cars on the American continent, and the cost of refrigeration had been reduced to less than one half.Owing to the absence of the necessity of recharging with refrigerant, the cars reached their destination in about half the time taken when ordinary ice was employed. The other by-products were also valuable where there was a market for them. Dr. Arnstein discussed the costs of the process. A few factories were already in operation in America, and the figures he quoted formed the flow sheet of one of these factories which was producing at the rate of 5,000,000 gallons of alcohol a year. An analysis of his figures showed that 80 per cent. of the total cost was for raw material, which in the case quoted was maize at about eight shillings per bag. According to his figures, the actual cost of production, apart from the cost of the raw material, was just below 3d.per gallon of alcohol. Asked whether conditions in South Africa, with its periodic drought and uncertainty of regular supplies of raw material, and its sparse population, as compared with America, were not disturbing factors, Dr. Arnstein gave it as his opinion that the enormous quantities of prickly pear could be employed in the event of a shortage of maize at any time, and that the long distances between concentrated masses of people was rather an argument in favour of producing the new refrigerant which would ensure the farmers’ produce reaching the docks in sound condi- tion. In reply to a question about the reputed corrosion of cylinders when alcohol was used as a fuel, Dr.Arnstein said that the instances of corrosion that had been met with in the past were due to the use of impure alcohol, particularly to the presence * Presumably maize. 38 of higher alcohols. Pure alcohol, he said, does not corrode and was, on the contrary, an excellent anti-knock. Dr. Juritz presided in the absence of the Chairman of the Section, and Sir George Cory expressed the thanks of the meeting for a most interesting and instructive address. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-A joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 8th December, 1933, in the Pharmaceutical Hall, Edinburgh,-Mr. Adam Tait in the chair. Professor John Glaister, of the Forensic Medicine Department of Glasgow University, delivered a lecture entitled ‘(Serological Methods in the Detection of Crime.” Professor Glaister said that the examination of blood stains was one of the most important tasks that the medical jurist was called upon to undertake.The ordinary laboratory tests were sufficient to determine whether the substance composing a stain was blood. In medico-legal work it was important that a definite opinion be expressed, whether the blood composing the stain was the blood of a human being as opposed to that of some other mammal. In order to arrive at this opinion the precipitin or serological test must be employed. In the precipitin test, advantage was taken of the fact that the anti-serum of any given animal would produce a precipitate when mixed with the blood serum obtained from a similar animal or one closely related to it.Professor Glaister described how the anti-serum was obtained by injecting an animal, usually a rabbit, with defibrinated blood of an unrelated animal, whereby an anti-serum was produced in the blood of the rabbit. This anti-serum would precipitate the serum of the animal whose blood was injected or of an animal closely related to it, and this reaction constituted the basis of the precipitin tests. Before the test can be applied to a stain the substance com- posing the stain must be brought into solution. For this purpose the stained material was steeped in normal saline and, if the stain was composed of blood which had not been fixed by any agent, a solution was easily obtained. Even when the stain had been acted on by tannic acid as in certain woods and leathers this solvent had been found most efficient.The determination of the degree of dilution of the blood serum was also of importance, as 39 the higher the dilution yielding a positive test, the more specific was the test. Dilutions of I in 20,000 were used in medico-legal work. An extract of the stain having been obtained an indication as to whether blood serum was or was not present might be arrived at by the application of the Foam Test. This consisted of blowing air into the solution by means of a fine pipette, when, if serum was present, a more or less persistent foam was produced. Professor Glaister then described some practical applications of the precipitin test and exhibited a number of lantern slides showing the formation of the precipitate.He discussed the effect of various factors on the specificity of the test, such as the purity of the anti-serum, the acidity or alkalinity of the blood, the effect of age, heat and treatment with other reagents. He indicated the precautions which a skilled operator would take to ensure that any precipitate or haze was not due to any extraneous factors. The reliability of the test in the hands of an expert was such that it had been accepted in Courts of Justice all over the world. A vote of thanks was accorded to Professor Glaister. The fourth joint meeting of the session was held on Tuesday, 16th January, 1934, in the Pharmaceutical Hall, Edinburgh, Mr.W. M. Ames presiding over a large attendance. Mr. H. H. Flower of the Ilford Co., gave an address on the applications of Infra-red Photography. The lecturer illustrated the various applications of infra-red photography to long-distance and aerial photography, the examination of fabrics and dyestuffs, clinical record work, analysis of documents, astronomy and microscopy. At the conclusion of Mr. Flower’s address, the first moving film to be taken by infra-red photography in this country was shown. The film was taken in a darkened room and its chief interest was the illustra- tion it gave of how films might be taken under conditions, such as darkness or fog, which make ordinary filming impossible at present.Mr. Flower received the thanks of the meeting for his most interesting address. (For a further report of the lecture, as given by Mr. Flower at Glasgow,-see p. 40.) 40 Glasgow and West of Scotland.-On 12th January, members of the Section of the Institute were guests of the Ardeer Chemical Club at their Annual Smoking Concert at the Eglinton Hotel, Ardrossan. Mr. Donaldson, who occupied the chair, extended a warm welcome to the guests, and invited them to contribute to the programme. Several of the local members responded, including Prof. W. M. Cumming, violin solo, Mr. J. F. Yeaman, pianoforte solo, while Messrs. Jack, Watson, and Jamieson assisted with items of a humorous nature.Prof. F. J. Wilson expressed the thanks of the visitors to the Ardeer Club for their hospitality and a very enjoyable evening. A Joint Meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 15th January, when Mr. H. H. Flower gave a Lecture on Infra-Red Photography.” Prof. R. M. Caven, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, presided. Mr. Flower opened his remarks with a short description of the electro-magnetic range, pointing out the comparatively small region occupied by the visible spectrum. He mentioned that at first almost all research work had been directed towards the violet end of the spectrum, where ultra-violet and X-rays, both of immense value to the medical profession, had been discovered in the invisible region beyond the blue.In more recent times, however, investigation had been extended into the invisible region beyond the red end of the spectrum. The early photographic plates were sensitive only to blue rays but, by means of certain dyes, it was found possible to sensitise into the yellow and orange regions. This, howeGer, was still very unsatisfactory, and research was steadily continued until 1914, when the panchromatic plate was popularised, which was sensitive to the complete range of the visible spectrum. The latest development was the discovery of a method of sensi-tising plates to the invisible infra-red rays. This plate was still preponderantly sensitive to the blue end of the spectrum, however, and it was necessary to use a special infra-red filter, which would eliminate all visible light.With the filter in position the plate attained its maximum sensitivity in the infra-red region. 41 The further this sensitivity was carried into the infra-red, the more responsive the plate became to heat rays, and Mr. Flower showed a number of slides illustrating the possibilities of the photography of hot objects by their own radiation. Mr. Flower devoted the latter part of his lecture to the demonstration, by means of lantern slides, of the manifold applications of infra-red photography. By means of infra-red lamps installed in a picture theatre, it had been found quite possible to photograph the audience, who were, of course, quite unaware that they were being photographed.The use of the plate in this direction was illustrated by two slides shown by Mr. Flower. When applied to portraiture many startling features were observed, particularly with regard to eyes-the dark eyes of coloured men were in every case rendered brighter, whereas the eyes of white men were darkened considerably. Various remarkable points were observed with regard to the dyes of cloths: a number of cloths, apparently uniforrnly black by visible light, showed vast differences in the infra-red photograph, many of the cloths appearing as grey suitings. Mr. Flower said that experiments had now determined which dyes would absorb infra-red rays and which would reflect or transmit them. The possibilities, as yet very little developed, of the infra-red plate in clinical photography were also indicated, various slides being shown illustrating its use in the treatment of such shallow- seated diseases as lupus, varicose veins, and eczema.As shown by a number of portraits, purely superficial skin conditions were not portrayed in the infra-red photograph. By means of photomicroscopy it had also proved of great value in examining the effects of asbestosis and other conditions. In agriculture it had been of great assistance in the discovery of virus spots on potato leaves, at an early stage when these spots were quite invisible to the eye. Infra-red photography had also found widespread application in the deciphering of old documents, defaced either by over-writing or by the ravages of time, and in the photography of stars through the luminous nebulze which masked them from ordinary sensitised material.Lastly, Mr. Flower showed a number of slides illustrating the value of the infra-red plate in the realm of aerial and landscape photography. Although rendered somewhat unnatural by the brightness of the foliage, these photographs had a charm peculiarly their own. 42 Mr. Flower explained that there was a slight variation between the visible focus and the infra-red focus, but in many cases, particularly with short focus lenses, the variation was of no consequence and could be obviated by stopping down. It was interesting to note, however, that two firmswere now producing lenses which were corrected for infra-red photography.Since almost all woods, and substances such as celluloid and ebonite, transmitted infra-red rays quite freely, it was necessary to use a metal dark slide, but otherwise no special apparatus was needed for the practising of infra-red photography. The speed of the Ilford infra-red plate was given as 200 H. & D. to half- watt lighting, and 20 H. & D. to daylight. This did not permit of instantaneous photography, but an exposure of half a second in bright sunlight had been found fully sufficient. For the working of the plates in the darkroom a special safelight had been devised, transmitting only rays of those particular wavelengths to which the plate was insensitive, thus permitting of a considerable amount of light being used in complete safety.In proposing a vote of thanks, Mr. MacCallum complimented the Lecturer on his making his subject instructive and extremely interesting. This was also evident from the animated discussion which followed the Lecture. The members of the Section were invited to a meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry on 19th January, when Prof. F. J. Wilson, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society, delivered an address, entitled “Then and Now.” In the course of his remarks, Prof. Wilson gave a very com- prehensive survey of many substances and processes which at one time were more or less laboratory curiosities and had now become of first-rate commercial importance.A full report of this address appeared in Chemistry and In-dustry for 26th January, 1934. After a discussion the meeting concluded with a vote of thanks proposed by Mr. Roberts. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held on 12th December, 1933,at Field’s Cafk, Huddersfield, Mr. H. W. Moss presiding,-when Mr. N. D. Pullen, of the British Aluminium Co., Ltd., gave a lecture on “The use of Aluminium in Industry.” 43 The lecturer, who gave a resum6 of the modem method of aluminium production, has kindly supplied the following pr4cis :-Some of the properties of the metal which give it such a wide field of usefulness were described and the conditions for its successful employment in chemical plant considered.Pit formation and the corrosion of aluminium was touched on, and the effect of various types of solution, in particular natural waters of varying hardness, was considered. The curious phenomenon, popularly known as “blackening,” which is sometimes en-countered with aluminium utensils, was explained and shown to be basically an interference effect. The lecturer described the peculiar chemical behaviour of aluminium, and reference was made to its reactions with hydro- chloric, nitric, sulphuric and acetic acids of varying concentra- tions. The extremely deleterious effect of small amounts of mercury or mercury salts on aluminium, and also the dangerous corrosion liable to be set up by traces of copper in solution, were dealt with.Sodium silicate, while without much action in caustic alkali solutions, was a very effective inhibitory agent of the action of the alkali carbonate on aluminium. The considerations governing the choice of alloys for any piece of plant or apparatus were discussed. Alloys mentioned included “Y ” alloy, copper and copper-zinc alloys, duralumin, and aluminium-silicon alloys. The anodic film, as a recent development of increasing im- portance to industry, was discussed, and the various means of producing such films were mentioned. The different types of film produced by using such electrolytes as chromic acid, sulphuric acid, and oxalic acid, under various conditions were described. The ability of these films to absorb dyes was of considerable importance.Other properties of the anodic films which were dealt with, included the corrosion resistance, power of absorbing and acting as a base for oils, waxes, varnishes, etc., heat-resistance, hardness and electric insulation. The properties of the electro- lytic condenser were also dependent on a particular type of anodic film. The lecture was followed by a discussion, and particular interest was shown in the anodic film, samples of which were exhibited. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer, on the motion of Mr. Randolph, seconded by Dr. Goldthorpe. 44 Mr. H. Webster Moss presided at a meeting of the Section held in Field’s Caf6, Huddersfield, on 12th January, when Professor R. M. Caven, Member of Council of the Institute, gave a lecture on (‘Theories of Valency,” of which he has kindly supplied the following pr6cis:- If a system of forces acts at a point, the system may be investigated with reference to (I) the number of forces so acting, (2) their directions, (3) their magnitude, (4) their intrinsic nature.Valency is a force or forces acting between atoms or groups of atoms; and, historically, its study has followed the lines indicated above. Dalton placed atomic symbols together, but did not inquire how atoms were united. Berzelius, profiting by the electrolytic work of Davy, believed that atoms were held together by electrical attraction, and propounded his electrochemical theory which led to dualism; a view which was helpful in inorganic chemistry, but failed in the organic field when Dumas successfully maintained that a chemical compound was a complete whole, and did not consist of two oppositely charged parts.The study of organic chemistry in the middle of the last century led to the system of types associated with the names of Laurent , Gerhardt, Williamson, Wurtz, Hofmann, and Kekulk, by which relationships between organic compounds were suggested by comparison with simple inorganic substances, and research and discovery stimulated. Frankland’s work on organo-metallic compounds led to the idea of “saturation capacity” or the capacity of the atom of an element to combine with a definite number of other atoms, which is the first phase in the doctrine of valency.Couper introduced “bonds,” which have been invaluable in organic chemistry, but have been misused in the inorganic branch, since attempts have been made to represent constitution apart from evidence. The development of the “structure theory” by Kekul6 led to the conception of the benzene ring, and the adumbration by the same chemist of the tetrahedral disposition of the carbon valencies. “Chemistry in Space” followed the work of Pasteur on asymmetry, and was developed by Le Bel, van’t Hoff, and Wislicenus. Geometrical isomerism of the derivatives of ethylene, the “asymmetric carbon atom ” giving optical activity, 45 and the evidence that other atoms besides those of carbon could become centres of stereoisomerism were the chief develop- ments in this field; whilst the polyrnethylenes yielded other examples of the same phenomenon.The nature of electrolytes and of their reactions in solution was set forth by the electrolytic dissociation theory of Arrhenius; and the labours of Werner on the ammines, and the valency theory he developed therefrom, marked an outstanding advance- ment in chemical thought. Particularly is this the case with regard to Werner’s octahedral formulae, with the 1-2 and 1-6 isomerism, and the realisation of asymmetry and optical activity with these compounds; whilst the study of “chelate” compounds by Morgan and his co-workers marks a still further advance. Next is to be noticed Abegg’s theory of normal- and contra- valencies, which found its interpretation when the electron was introduced into chemistry.Ramsay seems to have been the first chemist to conceive of the electron as the unit of valency, but the development of the theory is due to Kossel, Lewis and Langmuir, and a number of contemporary chemists. There are now recognised three kinds of va1ency:-(I) electro-valency, (2) co-valency, and (3) co-ordinate valency. Electro-valency, which represents the ions of electrolytes as held together by electrostatic attraction after they have been formed by electron transference in the synthesis of the electrolyte, points back through the electrolytic dissociation theory of Arrhenius to the electro-chemical theory of Berzelius. Co-valency, in which atoms are held together by reciprocal sharing of electrons, corresponds with the bonds in organic and other non-electrolytic compounds, and justifies the unitary views of Dumas ;whilst co-ordinate valency explains, among other things, the union of simple molecules such as those of ammonia and water, with atoms that can accommodate them, through pairs of electrons provided solely by the uniting molecule.It thus accounts, not only for the constitution of ammines and hydrates, but for that of a number of unusual compounds containing metals, e.g. the Grignard reagent. The electronic theory has been applied in recent years to organic compounds, and the idea of electro-polarity in these compounds has been developed with interesting results. A vote of thanks for a most interesting and stimulating lecture, was passed on the motion of Dr.A. Y. Livingstone, which was seconded by Dr, A. E. Everest. 46 Irish Free State.-A meeting of the Section was held in Trinity College, Dublin, on Wednesday, 7th February, Prof. A. O’Farrelly presiding. Mr. T. Mason delivered a lecture on b‘ Modern Photography,” of which the following is a brief summary. In the history of the progress of photography, the names of two Dublin workers will stand out pre-eminently-Professor John Joly and Professor J. Alfred Scott. The former was the inventor of the modern system of colour photography, and his paper on the latent image, after a lapse of more than 25 years, still gives the most satisfactory explanation of the formation of the latent image.Professor Scott was the originator of the Exposure Light Tables, which are still standard all over the world, and the first satisfactory Exposure Calculator, which is still on the market, was his invention. Photography is both an art and a science. Many photo- graphic processes are still imperfectly understood. Far from being an exact science, the manufacture of sensitive materials is very largely empirical, although a great amount of research work has been done within recent years. The action of dyes in sensitising plates to different colours is not thoroughly under- stood. The possibilities are that Professor Joly’s theories in respect of this will hold the field as a reasonable explanation, although various other theories have been advanced.The lecturer dealt with the sensitivity of plates, and also with the freedom from grain, combined with high speed, of the modern photographic plate. He illustrated his remarks by photographs of the spectrum, and by numerous lantern slides, including subjects taken by ultra-violet and infra-red light ; he mentioned that a number of the infra-red photographs which he showed, were taken by Dr. McDonogh and Mr. McCormick of Dublin. Photographs in the Press which are regarded as a matter of course by the public, are really a very wonderful tribute to the manufacturers of sensitive materials and of modern lenses, and it is particularly owing to the demand on the part of the Press for the seemingly photographically impossible, that such great advances in modern photography have been made.47 A vote of thanks to Mr. Mason for his interesting lecture was proposed by Prof. T. J. Nolan and seconded by Dr. W. R. Fearon. Liverpool and North-Western.-At a meeting of the Section, held on 11th January, a paper was read by Mr. William Doran on 64 Microsublimation," of which he has kindly supplied the following abstract: Among the first to utilise sublimation as a means of separating and differentiating both organic and inorganic substances in very small amounts were Helwig (1864) and Guy (1867). These investigators sublimed the material (alkaloids, etc.) on to a microscope object-slide or cover-slip, and examined the sublimate under the microscope.Behrens (1895) and his collaborator, Kley, extended the method to a number of simple salts and organic substances. The field of natural products was opened up by Nestler (I~oI), Tunmann (qos), and Mitlacher (1906), by whom a wide range of vegetable products was submitted to microsublimation with the object of isolating and identifying, by this process, pure chemical compounds which would be characteristic of the original material. Thus were obtained caffeine from tea, vanillin from vanilla, gentisin from gentian, betulin from birch-bark, mannitol from manna, citraconic acid from citrus fruits, anthraquinone derivatives from rheum, senna, rhamnus, etc. More recently the technique has been improved, in various ways, and applied to forensic and toxicological problems, as well as to histochemical research, by Molisch, Kempf, Rosenthaler, Eder, Klein, and others.Microsublimation, under atmospheric pressure , requires only the simplest of apparatus to produce quite useful results. For work under lower pressures some kind of special apparatus is necessary, such as that of Eder, or the Werner-Klein modification of Eder's apparatus. Mention was made of the vacuum sublimation-tube with sintered glass diaphragm introduced by Soltys in 1930, which is used for the purification of 10 mgm. and upwards of material for quantitative microanalysis. Kempf (1923) has devised an elaborate and expensive apparatus which consists of an electrically heated plate, mounted on a porcelain base, with a special relay arrangement for keeping constancy of temperature to &I".The minimal distance 48 (r$ to mm.) travelled by the vapourised material permits of sublimation, at atmospheric pressure, of many substances hitherto regarded as decomposable or non-sublimable except in highest vacua. The sublimates, which condense on a circular glass cover-slip exactly fitting the apparatus, are nearly always of very definite crystalline character when examined under suitable magnification. In the discussion which followed Professor C. 0. Bannister said that the paper had suggested to him new possibilities in the application of micro-technique to metallurgical research. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on zznd November at Slater’s Restaurant, High Holborn. The following officers and committee were elected: Chairrnan, Mr.F. G. Edmed; Vice- Chairmen, Dr. L. H. Lampitt and Mr. J. R. Nicholls; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. C. A. Adams; Hon. Secretary, Mr. M. Bogod. Committee (Fellows) Dr. E. A. Dancaster, Mr. F. R. Ennos, Dr. B. S. Evans, Dr. F. H. Gamer, Dr. J. Grant, Mr. E. Hinks, Mr. A. C. Hoare, Miss D. Jordan Lloyd, Prof. H. Raistrick, Mr. C. E. Sage, Dr. J. Watson, Mr. W. 0. R. Wynn; (Associates) Mr. E. B. Bennion, Mr. T. Howard, Mr. H. T. Islip, Dr. T. Moran, Mr. D. M. Wilson, Miss W. Wright. Mr. E. J. Lush and Mr. F. H. B. Claudet were re-elected Hon. Auditors. A vote of thanks was accorded the retiring chairman, Dr.L. H. Lampitt, for his work on behalf of the Section during his term of office. The meeting was followed by an enjoyable smoking concert. A meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on 17th January,-Mr. F. G. Edmed in the Chair-when Dr. J. G. King delivered a lecture on bb Developments in the Coal Industry.” In view of the very wide scope of the subject the lecturer restricted his remarks to: (I) The utilisation of fine coal formed in coal mining and in preparation of coal for the market. (2) The carbonisation of coal in horizontal retorts for gas manufacture. 49 (3) Low temperature carbonisation. (4) Hydrogenation of coal. (5) Coal-oil suspensions. (I) Fine coal is separated from the dirt particles by flotation with oil in a vacuum, the effect being dependent upon the differences in the surface properties of coal and dirt.In an upward current of water the coal particles retain sufficient bubbles of air to allow them to float. The oils used are petroleum or coal-tar fractions to the extent of about I lb. per ton of coal. (2) In the manufacture of coal gas in horizontal retorts the normal yield of gas is about 76 therms per ton of coal, or IOO therms per retort per day. Experiments at the Fuel Research Station have shown that greater yields and greater outputs per retort can be obtained by the introduction of steam during the last hour of carbonisation, and by increasing thevelocity of the heating gases by circulating flue gases either through the gas producer or in admixture with the secondary air.The increase of yield is approximately 10 therms per ton of coal and increase of output up to 56 therms per retort per day (56 per cent.). (3) It has been shown by the success of the Low Temperature Carbonisation Co. that the production of smokeless fuel is now a commercial proposition. It has been established that good smokeless fuel should not contain more than 6 or 7 per cent. of ash, and the old notion that waste slack could be used is quite dead. The utilisation of the tar is still a problem, since at present it realises only a low price as fuel oil. The modern point of view is to regard the tar as a raw material for the production of motor spirit or Diesel oil, and hydrogenation- cracking forms the best means of converting the tar.A hundred gallons of low temperature tar can be converted directly into 98 gallons of motor spirit boiling below zooo C. The conversion is carried out at a pressure of 3,000 lbs. per square inch, and at a temperature of 480" C. (4) The conversion of coal into oil has now reached a stageof technical success, and Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., are at work on the preparation of a plant for the treatment of 400 tons of coal per day. It is expected that the yield of motor spirit will be 165 gallons per ton of ash-free dry coal. The spirit contains about 24 per cent. of aromatic hydrocarbons, and has an octane number of 88 as against 66 for petroleum motor spirit.Almost any British bituminous coal can be hydrogenated 50 successfully, but the best yields of oil are obtained from coals of carbon content varying from 80-84 per cent. and hydrogen content from 5.0 to 5-8 per cent. Coals of lower carbon content give lower yields of oil; coals of higher carbon content are more difficult to treat, requiring higher temperatures and a longer time of treatment. (5) Some public interest has been aroused in the use of “colloidal” fuel during an Atlantic crossing. The fuel consists of a suspension of fine coal in oil. Its chief disadvantages are high viscosity and settling of the coal. The former imposes a limit of about 40 per cent. on the amount of coal. Settling can be impeded by (a) specially fine grinding, (b) a stabilising agent, (c) an oil having a high viscosity at low rates of shear, (d)peptising.In the discussion which followed, questions were raised as to the effect of an increased use of coal on the limited supplies of this mineral, and as to the possibility of the use of “dopes” in fuel-oil prepared by hydrogenation. Dr. King pointed out that the aim of the research worker on fuel was to get the most out of coal and thus to conserve the supplies. The use of “dopes” in oil from coal for Diesel engine purposes was possible, but such comparatively large quantities of dope are required as to make the price prohibitive at present. Manchester and District.-Mr. J. H. Lester presided at a meeting of the Section held on the 11th January, when an address was given by Major F.A. Freeth, O.B.E., F.R.S., entitled “A Leaf from Bacon.” Major Freeth has kindly supplied the following pr6cis:- The founders of the Royal Society in many cases confess to a great intellectual debt to Francis Bacon. Although Bacon, as we would say in modern slang “missed the ’bus” in some respects, his claim to immortality is as sure as that of many people. Bacon insisted on the value of experiment. His logical methods were not the success for which he had hoped for them, but his great realisation that something was wrong which could only be solved by experiment will, apart from the literary magnificence of his work and his general charm, always ensure him a place in the front rank of thinkers.It is to another quite well known, but not so much commented upon, aspect of his work that I wish to refer. Bacon indicated 51 very clearly the inherent natural disabilities of the human mind, and it is this to which I wish to draw your special attention. Bacon showed that the progress of mankind was impeded by idols of his own making. The sense in which he used the word “idols” is, of course, not that in which we use the word now. What I suppose he meant wereJixed ideas andJixed habits. You will remember some of them-we have idols of the market place, i.e. the trouble to them which is always induced by commonly received opinions; the idols of the Cave, which again in popular parlance might be described as “the private bats in the man’s own belfry”; and the idols of the tribe which, correspondingly, are “the public bats in the national belfry.” Some of you will doubtless have read the leading article in Nature of 30th December last, in which the eloquent plea is made for a larger share of the scientific community in the conduct of public affairs.This question is the one with which I propose to deal, always bearing in mind that if we can recognise the disabilities from which we suffer, we may get a little further along the path of progress. Let us consider for a moment what is meant by the voice of science. We have a number of excellent spirited bodies, such as The British Association for the Advancement of Science, The British Science Guild; the Learned Societies and numerous other organisations, who are slowly and carefully preparing, by means of committees and the general machinery of co-ordination, to further what they consider to be their legitimate ends.I freely admit that it is a piece of great temerity on my part to criticise any such matters, as, since you have got me here, it is very difficult without a great breach of the rules of ordinary politeness, to stop me. First of all, why in Great Britain should science always be classified as something apart from ordinary life, and why should scientists and science be to a certain extent mistrusted by the general public? The attitude of the public always seems to me to be a mixture of reverence and irritation, combined with a certain flavouring of contempt.This is, of course, due to the temper of our people with which it is difficult on certain occasions to sympathise; but I would now like to make a plea against the fear of science which seems so prevailing everywhere. Let me explain. There are plenty of places in London where you might meet large numbers of well educated and intelligent people, some of whom may be engaged in professions, some in commerce 52 and some doing nothing at all. If, in a representative body of this kind, the conversation happens to turn upon rather a fashionable subject like archaeology, there will undoubtedly be found a considerable number of people who can talk on this learnedly, critically and well, who have a knowledge of periods, recent excavations, rival theories which would possibly astonish a stranger. Similar remarks apply to psychology.People will talk about Jung, Freud, complexes, inhibitions, Pavlov, condition reflexes-and so on. You will find any number of people well abreast with current theory. Turning to more difficult matters-relativity, the theory of the Universe, Eddington, Jeans and so forth-you will also find that a very large number of people have read what some- times are laughingly described as "best sellers " by the above two great men, without, I am afraid, understanding much of what they are talking about. Finally, they have Einstein. Now then, let the conversation turn towards a relatively simple matter involving, say, the turning of heat into work, or anything to do with a quantity and intensity factor such as amperes and volts-the company will shy off, give a little shudder and say that it is either scientific, or technical, and therefore should be kept for a special race of people, but not be discussed in civilised society.There has been a great deal of talk about the necessity for politicians either to have received a scientific training or have some appreciation of science. I would like to suggest that if only one could make elementary science a little fashionable, and that the above mentioned clever people would turn their attention, for, say, two hours, on simplicities such as Force, Power, and Work, and then slowly apply these elemen- tary principles towards the ordinary questions which come before them, we should have made a great step forward.You will see that I am suggesting that the majority of intelligent people are scared by science for no reason and that, if we could only find some way of making them think a little bit, it would be to the national good. Let me give you a concrete example-the Weather reports. The weather reports give us pressure of the atmosphere in millebars, of all quantities, changed by a sweep of the pen from inches of mercury overnight. We have an intensity factor known as temperature, but we do not have what interests us most of all-what you might call a quan-tity factor, bearing upon our noble selves. Anyone who has 53 had the pleasure of meeting a Canadian or an American over here in the winter lor the first time, would be struck by the way in which he complained of the cold.I am not referring to what Grenfell of Labrador called “the coldest spot in the world- an English bedroom”; but to the cold in the open air. No attempt is made to tell us what sort of figure this should be, and yet, as you probably all know, the method and the means are well known. I am referring, of course, to Prof. Leonard Hill’s kata-thermometer which is sometimes called by the horrid barbarism “the comfort meter.” Why could not one of our more enterprising seaside resorts give us some kata-thermometric readings at certain spots, and a great newspaper like The Times print them, and give us an idea how cold it really was.There is a possible reason-the figures might be too frightening-but do not think this could be taken too seriously. Another simple matter-coal, gas, and electricity. Relation-ship between the theoretical amount of work which a quantity of coal could give can be found by anybody, and it would not be a bad thing if the public in general realised, for example, that the overall efficiency of a railway locomotive was of the order of 8 per cent. Now let us turn towards the various branches of science. We live in an age of specialisation, but the specialist is apt to have a very good set of cave idols and sub-tribe idols. There is a growing tendency for each specialised branch of science to treat the others with courtesy, and to explain to them that they are congenially incapable of realising each other’s mysteries.I would put it to you that this is all wrong and that, for example, an intelligent chemist-especially if he has had the misfortune to learn Latin and Greek in his youth-will have no difficulty in reading a good history of biology and will be all the better for it. Digressing for a moment on the history of science and tech- nology, it is possible that lack of historical sense is responsible for most of the mistakes we make; in other words, an historical sense is a first class destroyer of idols. Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw, Dr. Donnington, Prof. Arthur Lapworth, Mr. J. H. Lester, Mr. E. L. Rhead, and Mr. J. M. Weir participated in the ensuing discussion.A vote of thanks to Major Freeth, proposed by Mr. Cronshaw and seconded by Mr. Rhead, was carried unanimously. Manchester and District Students’ Section.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Students’ Section, the Accounts for the past twelve months and a Report on the proceedings of the Section were received and adopted. The following Com- mittee was elected for 1934:-President, Mr. F. Scholefield, Fellow; Committee, Messrs. C. G. Halton, G. Hart, A. M. Keith, A. M. Kinnear, D. G. Brown, P. Smith, S. Weir, H. Zimmerman, and E. Bleasdale, Hon. Secretary. The meeting was followed by a social gathering, and the members enjoyed a programme of music. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-A joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, was held on 15th December, 1933, at Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Prof.G. R. Clemo, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, presiding. Mr. W. Singleton of the Research Laboratories of Goodlass, Wall & Lead Industries, Ltd., read a paper on ‘‘Recent Developments in Lead for Chemical Plant.” The paper (which has been submitted for publication in the J.S.C.I.), was largely concerned with the study of the effects, on “pure” lead, of additions of small amounts of other elements, notably tellurium; which latter, at the rate of I lb. per ton, has been found to confer on lead greatly increased mechanical strength as well as some additional resistance to some corrosive agents. Mr.Singleton dealt with metallographic studies of this increase in resistance to the effects of annealing, recrystallisation, grain-growth and non-uniformity, which ultimately leads, in ordinary pure lead, to intercrystalline cracking and failure. Prof. Riley during the ensuing discussion referred to the limited production of tellurium (derived solely from the refining of other metals, e.g. electrolytic copper), which he estimated at a maximum of IOO tons per annum. The lecturer, however, did not anticipate any shortage. The importance of the lead industry on Tyneside was men- tioned by Mr. D. W. Jones, who supported the claims advanced for tellurium-lead. Mr. B. P. Hill expressed the thanks of the meeting to Mr. Singleton for his interesting and instructive lecture.55 On 31st January, Prof. G. R. Clemo presided at a joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Dr. Fraser Thomson, Research Manager of Scottish Dyes, Grangemouth, gave a lecture on “Complex Aromatic Ring Structures.” About 20 years ago Scholl’s perylene synthesis was discovered, depending on the peri-reactivity of naphthalene and its deri- vatives. Pyrene, now obtained from coal-tar commercially by German tar-distillers, has 8 peri-positions and leads to pyran- throne by ring closure of its dibenzoyl derivative. This had been prepared previously from I-chlor-a-methylanthraquinone by successive treatments with copper powder and potash.If two nitrogen atoms replace the C-H groups linking the molecules, flavanthrene is obtained, a curiously similar yellow dye, but the vat it forms is red, while that of pyranthrone is an intense blue. Indanthrene, a phenazine dye in which the nitrogen ring links two anthraquinone molecules, is made more stable to bleaching powder by substitution of chlorine in the 3: 3’ positions. Violanthrone, now known as dibenzanthrone, was once obtained by alkali fusions of benzanthrone, which then contained phenolic substances from the glycerol used in its manufacture. Pure benzanthrone does not give this reaction. Pure benzanthrone links (with another molecule) in the 3 :3’ position in the presence of an oxidising agent. Alcoholic potash at 60-100’forms the 4: 4’ compound. The dihydroxydibenzanthrone was made just before the war and is not a satisfactory dye, but its dimethyl derivative is Caledon Jade Green.The properties of this compound were described and demonstrated. Dr. Thomson then showed a series of slides illustrating the growth of the Scottish Dye-stuffs factory at Carlisle and then at Grangemouth. Finally, the dispersive action on the new wetting agents of in-soluble dyes was shown. On 2nd February, Dr. Riley presided at a meeting of the Bedson Club, to which members of the Newcastle Section were invited, when Dr. G. C. Simpson, C.B., F.R.S., Director of the Meteorological Office, gave an address on “The Physical and Chemical Constitution of the Higher Atmosphere.” Until about 1920,it was supposed that there was a uniform fall of temperature on ascent, and possibly a steady change in 56 the composition of the atmosphere.Observation of meteors, however, showed that this was not the case. The absorption of ultra-violet light by the atmosphere suggested that a belt rich in ozone occurred above the stratosphere, where the temperature rose steadily to 400’ K. or more. The reflection of sound waves confirmed this. The similar reflection of wireless waves led to the discovery of the Heaviside layer (roo km.) and the Appleton layer (220 km.), while above that, observations on the polar auroras had given some information up to 1000 km. The concentration of ozone was greatest over low pressure areas in the troposphere, and the height, and therefore the coldness, of the stratosphere was greatest at the Equator and least at the Poles, the difference for corresponding heights being about 30’ C., the reverse of surface conditions.South Wales.-Members of the Section were invited by the Chemical Society to attend a lecture given on 9th November, 1933, by Prof. S. Sugden, on “Some Applications of Magnetism to Chemical Problems,” and on 24th November, to participate in a discussion on the “Chemical Applications of Optical and Morphological Crystallography.” On 8th December, a paper was given at Swansea before a joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, by Mr. E. Thornton, on ‘‘The Extraction and Refining of Paraffin Wax,” a report of which was published’ in Chemistry and Industry, 29th December, 1933.On 19th January, a joint meeting of the Local Section of the Institute was held with the Local Section of the Institution of Petroleum Technologists, when a lecture, illustrated by cinematograph films, was given by Dr. A. E. Dunstan on the “Production and Refining of Petroleum.” 57 January Examinations, 1934. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. EXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIPIN GENERALFOR CHEMISTRY, The Examination for the Associateship was held at the Institute from the 8th-13th January. Fourteen candidates were examined of whom seven passed. One candidate completed the Examination by satisfying the Examiners in the practical work, and one candidate completed the Examination by satisfying the Examiners in the theoretical papers. One candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners in the theoretical papers; one candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners in the practical work; and one candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners in the theoretical papers and translation of French and German.INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-Discussions Of theories of valency were distinctly weak on the historical side, and, curiously enough, candidates quite generally failed to connect the thio-acids with analytical practice, The practical exercises proved to be well within the com- petence of the majority of the candidates. Candidates should be warned, however, that they cannot count on gaining credit for their results unless these are calculated out and stated in the form demanded by the paper.It is a substantial part of the examination test that candidates should so arrange and execute their work that they have proper time to obtain and state their results. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-The organic theory paper was answered moderately well, but it still appears that some of the candidates’ reading goes little beyond what is commonly regarded as an elementary course in this subject: for example, several candidates did not attempt to answer the questions on the isomerism of the diphenyl compounds, the Walden inversion, the diazonium compounds, the pinacone-pinacoline rearrange- ment, the Beckmann change, Michael reaction, and Victor Meyer’s esterification “law.” 58 The practical work was carried out better than usual by some of the candidates, and all achieved somemeasure of success in this part of the examination.PASS LIST. Hall, Norman Reginald, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Harris, Bert Stockwell, Birkbeck College, London. Harry, Ralph Gordon, Technical College, Cardiff. Kershaw, John Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College; and The Technical College, Hull. Timmins, Arthur Alfred, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Wallwork, Douglas Goodson, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester; and Woolwich Polytechnic. Welford, John Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.’), The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. The following papers and exercises were set :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry.MONDAY, 8th JANUARY, 1934: 10 a.#m.to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer brie$y and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give explanatory definitions of the following terms indicating where possible the quantitative basis of their application :-osmoDic pressure, equilibrium constant, heat of reaction. 2. Explain precisely how any TWO of the following quantities are measured in the laboratory and outline briefly the significance and use of the measurement :-(a) specific heat, (b) refractive index, (c) electrode potential. 3. Discuss thoroughly and critically any analytical procedure you have employed largely in practice. 4.Give an historical account of the development of theories of valency. 5. How are FOUR of the following substances manufactured and what are their principal uses :-(u) calcium cyanamide, (b) ferro-silicon, (c) perchloric acid, (d) ammonium persulphate, (e) chloramine. 6. Describe and discuss the preparation and properties of the chief thio-acids and their anhydrides, indicating especially any which me important in analysis. 7. Outline the chemistry and practice involved in the extraction and purification of TWO of the following metals:- (a)copper, (b) vanadium, (c) cadmium. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. 1. How is velocity of reaction measured, in what terms is it stated 2. Discuss carefully whether (a)boron more resembles silicon or 3.Give an account of the rare earths, their extraction, wes, and and what information may it give as to the nature of chemical reactions ? aluminium, und (b) whether phosphorus more resembles nitrogen or arsenic. 59 theoretical interest. 4. Discuss critically the theory of ‘‘ complete ionhation.” 6. Write a short essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) Co-ordination compounds. (b) Ozone and hydrogen peroxide. (c) Heavy water. 6. What were the chief contributions to chemistry made by each of the following men :-Davy, Faraday, Graham, Moissan ? 7. Outline the phenomena of radioactivity and their sigdicance. TUESDAY, 9th JANUARY, 1934: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt ~mquestions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equutiom where possible.) 1.Outline commercial methods for the manufacture of (a)methyl alcohol, (b) aniline, (c) anthracene, (d) glycerol. 2. Write a short account of EITHER (a)the isomerism of diphenyl compounds, OR (b) the Walden inversion. 3. Explain with examples the use of the following methods in the determination of the structure of organic compounds :-(a) exhaustive methylation, (b)catalytic hydrogenation, (c) formation and decomposition of ozonides. 4. Outline the researches which resulted in the establishment of the structure of ONE of the following compounds:- (a) uric acid, (b) camphor, (c) indigo, (d) papaverine. 5. Describe in detail two methods for the determination of nitrogen in organic compounds and indicate their limitations.6. Write a short essay on EITHER (a) Benzene substitution OR (b)the Baeyer strain theory. 7. Discuss the constitution of diazonium compounds. How would you prepare a solution of a diazonium salt from ltnilina and from 2 :.i-dinitroaniline? Explain why different methods are necessary. 8. Explain what is meant by (a)The pinacone-pinacoline rearrange- ment, (b) the Beckmann change, (c) the Michael reaction, and (d) Victor Meyer’s esterification “law.” WEDNESDAY, 10th JANUARY, 1934: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. You are supplied with 40 g. of p-toluidine (A). From 5 g. of this prepare a crystallised specimen of its p-toluenesulphonyl derivative. From another 5 g. prepare a crystallised specimen of tolyl-azo- p-naphthol, and from the remaining 30 g.prepare p-cresol. Quantity as well as quality will be considered in judging the specimens. THURSDAY, 11th JANUARY, 1934: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine approximately the amount by volume of benzene in 2. Report on the nature of the substance (C).the mixture of benzene and petroleum (B). (Tricresyl phoaphate or sodium naphthionate or quinine hydrochloride.) 60 FRIDAY, 12th JANUARY, 1934: 10 am.to 4.30 pm. 1. The solution (D) contains copper sulphate and silver sulphate. You are required to standardise the necessary solutions (which are supplied) and determine the copper and silver volumetrically. (THESE RESULTS MUST BE HANDED IN TO-DAY.) You are also required to estimate copper, silver and sulphate grevi- metrically.(THESE ANALYSES MAY BE COMPLETED AND REPORTED UPON TO-MORROW.) Report your volumetric results for the standard solutions by stating their normality and, for solution (D), by giving the content of Cu and Ag in terms of normality and as grams per litre. Report your gravimetric results in grams of Ag, Cu and SO,, per litre. 2. Identify the minerals (E) and (F) and report specially on anyimpurity present. (E = Galena + 10% fluorspar; F = Calcite + 10% spathic iron ore.) SATURDAY, 13th JAIC’UARY, 1934: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric exercises. 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture G. (Copper sulphate, nickel chloride, zinc sulphide ; or Bismuth oxy- chloride, cobalt nitrate, manganese carbonate.) The candidates were required to translate into English, passages from French and German technical literature.61 Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. THE Report of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for the Year 1932-1933 has recently been published. (H.M. Stationery Office, 3s. net.) The Report of the Advisory Council this year is largely devoted to a general-survey of the work of the Department since its inception in 1917. It is pointed out that, at that time, certain nations had secured, by the applications of science, a hold upon certain manufactured products which was found to be of an extent and nature to threaten our national well-being. This called for increasing effort if British industrial supremacy was to be maintained.The Government of the day, when setting up the new Department, had obtained from Parliament a capital sum of one million pounds. The idea of setting up industrial research associations was a bold one, as nothing of the kind had been attempted before, and sceptics were disposed to condemn as very sanguine the idea that firms would be willing to co-operate in attempting to discover and disclose to whole industries improved methods of manufacture, which hitherto had been the cherished possessions of the few. It was realised that the scheme would need to be very elastic. Some industries such as the electrical industry had been born out of and nurtured on science; in others no such antecedent conditions obtained, and they had little or no scientific background .It was the essence of the scheme that the research associations must be intimately bound up with the industries concerned, and be managed by them. The disbursements from the fund were made in the form of grants paid in proportion to the income subscribed by the industries themselves, and at the start the Department subscribed fl~for every LI subscribed by industry. The Department made it clear, however, that it was hoped that the value of the work would soon become so much appreciated that the associations would become entirely self-supporting. Up to the year 1928 the proportion subscribed by the Depart- ment fell, till in that year the income raised from industry was 62 approximately EIZO,OOO,and that subscribed by the Department approximately fl50,ooo.At that time, however, the industrial depression began to have an adverse effect on contributions, and it was then found necessary to increase the grants from the Department. The Council remarks that “. . . Inadequate finance is coupled with an uncertain future and, during the history of the movement, dependent as it has been on voluntary subscriptions of firms and temporary assistance from Government, the staffs of research associations have not enjoyed any great measure of security or freedom from anxiety as to their future.’’ The criticism of the movement is, therefore, that it is financed on a totally inadequate scale to realise the full measure of its possibilities.The sums subscribed by industry as a whole have, however, continued to increase, and in the year 1932the amount subscribed by industry was about fl165,ooo, and by the Department less than E70,ooo. The Council refers to discussions which have taken place as to the possibilities of a General Enabling Bill, under which firms would be required to contribute to the support of a co-operative research organisation where the bulk of the industry concerned desired such a step. The general concensus of opinion among the research associations seems, however, to be unfavourable to this proposal, but if any particular industry wished to submit suitable proposals of this kind, a measure to give effect to them deserved sympathetic backing.The Advisory Council maintains that science is destined to play an increasing part in industrial production, and that nations which fail to learn this lesson will find themselves relegated to the position of “hewers of wood and drawers of water” for more enlightened peoples. An important addition to the responsibilities of the Depart- ment has been made by the transfer of Road Research from the Ministry of Transport. This work will be continued in the Road Research Laboratory at Hannondsworth, at the National Physical Laboratory, the Chemical Research Laboratory at Teddington, and at the Building Research Station. The wide range of work undertaken under the auspices of the Department is indicated from the summary of the activities of the various boards and laboratories working directly under the Department, and of that of the industrial research associations themselves.63 In this article it is impossible to do more than to mention a few of these activities which may be specially interesting to chemists; members who are interested will be wise to obtain the full Report. National Physical Laboratory .-The study of the physical structure of metals and alloys by thermal, microscopical and X-rays methods has been continued, and the latter has proved of great assistance in the examination of nitrided steels, etc. Methods of measuring the viscosity of molten metal are being investigated with a view to providing information of value to foundrymen, and in connection with other researches success has been obtained in the preparation of iron in a high degree of purity.Fuel Research Board.-A physical and chemical survey of the national coal resources has been undertaken in nine laboratories in the principal coalfields, and at the Fuel Research Station, Greenwich. Work has also been undertaken on the purification of coal, carbonisation, hydrogenation, and pulverised fuel. The Food Investigation Board has undertaken researches on the changes occurring in meat during freezing and storage. Volatile aldehydes have been found to be largely responsible for the unpleasant flavour of oxidised food. Experiments have been undertaken on the metabolism of carbohydrates in fish, and on the relation between loss of sugars and loss of carbon dioxide in fruit.At the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, work has been continued on a very wide range of subjects. The work on the corrosion of metals by sea water, and on an electrical process for producing on copper an artificial patina of green basic copper sulphate, was referred to and demonstrated at the Institute during the Lectures which the Director of this Laboratory, Professor G. T. Morgan, recently gave at the Institute. Other subjects investigated were tar research, chemo-therapy, synthetic resins and materials used for dentistry. The Research Association of British Paint, Colour and Varnish Manufacturershas continued its work on tung oil, on the principles underlying the incorporation of litharge into oil and varnish, and on aluminium paint.The British Cotton Industry Research Association, the staff of which now numbers over zoo, calls attention to the design and 64 development of apparatus and appliances for testing and record purposes, and notes a growing appreciation of its efforts to sub- stitute accurate scientific control for rule-of-thumb methods. The Wool Industries Research Association has acted jointly with the Association of Dyers and Colourists on the standardisa- tion of fastness of dyed fabrics, and has introduced important improvements with regard to shrinkage. The British Leather Manufacturers' Research Association has devoted attention to the use of sodium fluoride, sodium silico- fluoride and certain organic acids for the prevention of mould growth.Experiments on the deterioration of vegetable-tanned leather when used for bookbinding have been continued. The Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers has published a Handbook of Physical and Chemical Properties of Rubber, and has investigated the use of chlorinated rubber as a base for improving anti-fouling paints for ships. It has been found that strontium sulphate, large deposits of which occur ' in Great Britain, can be used as a filler in place of barytes. The British Association of Research for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar, Confectionery and Jam Trades has completed a study of the physical properties of commercial gelatins and has continued its work on pectin, starch and cocoa.Attention has also been directed to means of protecting confectionery from attacks of insect pests. The Report concludes with full information as to the personnel of the various Councils and Research Boards, and the names of the Directors and Secretaries of the Industrial Research Associa- tions. A list of publications by individuals in receipt of grants is also included. 65 Notes. Alfred Chaston Chapman.-On 13th January, in the Chemistry Department of the University of Leeds, the President of the Institute (Professor Jocelyn Thorpe) formally opened the Library presented by Mrs. Chaston Chapman in memory of her husband, the later Mr. Alfred Chaston Chapman, who was President of the Institute from 1921 to 1924.Professor R. W. Whytlaw-Gray, O.B.E., F.R.S., presided. Mr. R. A. Beck, who made the presentation on behalf of Mrs. Chaston Chapman, expressed appreciation of the situation which the authorities had found for the books, adding that it was particularly fitting that the library should find a home in Leeds, for although Mr. Chaston Chapman went further afield, it was always to Leeds that his attention was turned in matters that he had nearest at heart. Accepting the gift on behalf of the University, the Vice- Chancellor (Sir James Baillie) said that they appreciated the collection not merely on account of its scientific value, but also because of the thought that the memories of Mr. Chaston Chapman’s boyhood days had been so strong.The ties of Yorkshire to Yorkshire folk were, however, very strong and very difficult to sever. Sir James added that he trusted that Mrs. Chaston Chapman’s action would induce others to make gifts of a similar nature to facilitate the studies of staff and students. Professor Thorpe said they were met to honour the memory of a man who was not only a distinguished chemist, but also one whom chemists recognised and honoured as a leader of their profession. He was born 65 years ago, when his father was residing at Pool-in-Wharfedale. His association with the educational life of Leeds started, therefore, at an early age, since he received his general education at Leeds Grammar School, and, although temporarily severed by the transference of his father to London when the son was some seventeen years of age, it was resumed later in life, for he gave his services for several years to the University as a member of the Court. The transference of the family to London probably determined the career which the son ultimately adopted, for he was fortunate enough to join the Chemistry Department of University College, 66 London, at a time when Williamson was Professor of Chemistry and Charles Graham was Professor of Applied and Technical Chemistry.It was undoubtedly to the latter that Chaston Chapman owed the inspiration which prompted him to take up that branch of applied chemistry which dealt with the fermenta- tion industry, and at that time was occupying the attention of Graham.While still under twenty he was appointed demon- strator of chemical technology in Graham’s laboratory, but shortly afterwards he set up as a consultant on his own behalf. Although he devoted a great deal of attention to fermentation, he had also wide interests in other branches of the science of chemistry. In 1917he found that certain specimens of reputed cod-liver oil contained as much as go per cent. of unsaponifiable matter, consisting of a hydrocarbon which he was able to isolate, and to which he gave the name Spinacene and the formula C,H,. Investigation showed that this hydrocarbon, although certainly not derived from cod-liver oil, was, in fact, present in the livers of a species of shark inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea.Unknown to Chapman, however, it transpired that a Japanese had independently isolated a hydrocarbon of the same empirical formula from the livers of two Japanese fish of the same family, to which he had given the name Squalene. It was a remarkable fact that the discovery of Spinacene (Squalene) and its synthesis by Karrer led to the investigation of the Carotinoids-the hydrocarbons of the carotin type which were so closely related to Vitamine A (C,H,O). In rgoo there occurred an epidemic of arsenical beer poisoning, and Chapman was able to devise a method by which the trouble- some inertness of zinc in the Marsh-Berzelius test could be overcome by coating the granulated zinc used in the hydrogen evolution flask with cadmium, a discovery of considerable importance to the analyst.Chapman also carried out experiments on the estimation of arsenic in marine crustaceans and shell fish. His results were in many respects surprising, the amounts varying from 17parts per million in shrimps to 174parts per million in prawns. The arsenic was evidently present in some form of organic combina- tion, and was derived from the sea water, since fresh water crustaceans were found to be arsenic-free. Emphasising the value of the gift by Mrs. Chaston Chapman, Professor Thorpe said the days were rapidly passing when the 67 individual could hope to collect a home library with the tools of his profession which he most required around him. When he himself was a young man it was his ambition to collect books and periodicals and keep them up to date, but he calculated that he would have to be prepared to allot an additional three or four yards of shelving every year in order to keep abreast of the times.The only solution in these days was the departmental library- not a large one, but one in which three or four students could sit and work out their ideas with the tools of their profession around them. They should be allowed the use of the library as and when required. He felt sure that the library which had been opened that day was but the first of a number of small departmental libraries, and that the generous gift of Mrs. Chaston Chapman would show the way to the solution of a problem which had become really acute in chemical research laboratories.Sir Robert Robertson and Dr. Bernard Dyer were also present, and paid tributes to the memory of Mr. Chaston Chapman. (The abovo report is abstracted from The Yorhhire Post,-15th January, 1934.) Microchemical Club.-The first ordinary meeting of the Microchemical Club will be held at the Lister Institute, Chelsea Gardens, London, S.W.x, at 10.30 a.m. on 17th March. In the afternoon of the same day, the Annual General Meeting will be held to adopt a constitution, to elect officers, and to discuss future policy. Both meetings will be open to all who are interested, but at the Annual General Meeting only members will be entitled to vote. . Papers and demonstrations are invited.The proposed titles should be sent to Mrs. Janet Matthews, Ph.D., Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, S.W.7, before 28th February. Particulars of membership can be obtained from the Honorary Secretary, Miss M. Healey, Ph.D., 79, Pope’s Avenue, Twicken- ham, Middlesex. British Association.-The President of the Chemistry Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at the Annual General Meeting, to be held at Aberdeen from 5th to 12th September next, will be Professor T. M. Lowry, C.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow. Obituary. ARTHURHAMILTONBURRdied at Dennistoun, Glasgow, on 28th December, in his 48th year. Educated at the Central School, and the University of Aberdeen, he graduated in Arts and Science in 1914, and before the War was engaged as a teacher in Scottish Secondary Schools.Early in 1916 he became attached to the Chemists’ Section of the Royal Engineers. In July of that year he was transferred to H.M. Factory, Litherland, and in the year following was appointed a chemist in charge of the chemical laboratories at H.M. Factory, Langwith, where he remained until February, 1919. He continued his studies at the College of Tech- nology, Manchester, and in 1921 obtained the degree of R.Sc.Tech. with honours in applied chemistry. Later, in the same year, he was appointed a research chemist with Messrs. J. & P. Coats, Paisley, and in 1922 became a lecturer in pure and applied chemistry in the Royal Technical College, Salford.In 1926 he obtained the degree of M.Sc.Tech. for his investiga- tions on the constitution of various pigments. In 1931 he was appointed head of the Chemistry Department in the Technical College, Coatbridge, which position he held until the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917, and a Fellow in 1930. ARTHURCAWTE FRANKLINdied at Hong Kong on 27th November, in his 58th year. Educated at High Street Academy, Fareham, and Portsmouth Grammar School, he was engaged in pharmacy, for eight years, with his father, and, after a course with Dr. John Muter, FeEEow, passed the minor and major Examinations of the Pharmaceutical Society. In 1899 he joined the analytical staff of Messrs. Savory & Moore, where he worked under the late Charles Ekin and Mr.J.E. Saul, both Fellows, and three years later was appointed Assistant Analyst in the Government Laboratory at Hong Kong. Later, while on leave, he took courses at the Royal College of Science, London, and in 1908 passed a Special Examina- tion for the Fellowship of the Institute. He continued in the Government Service until 1913, when he was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry and Registrar of the then newly-founded University of Hong Kong. In 1918 he resigned these appointments and established a successful consulting and analytical practice in Hong Kong. In 1931 he suffered a breakdown in health from which he made only a temporary recovery before his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1908.WILLIAMEDWARDGIBBS died on 18th January in his 45th year. The son of the.Rev. W. H. Gibbs, he was educated at Rutlish School, Merton, at Liverpool Institute High School and Liverpool University, where he graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1909, proceeding to MSc. in 1910 and D.Sc. in 1917. From 1914 to 1916 he held a lecture- ship in metallurgy in the University. Following some experience as Chemist to the Straits Trading Company, Singapore, he was engaged on investigations for the Corrosion Committee of the Institute of Metals; he was then, for seven months, chief examiner in the Aeronautical Inspection Department, until February, 1917, when he was appointed Chief Chemist at the Government Rolling Mills at Southampton. In 1918 he was appointed Chief Chemist to the Salt Union at Runcorn, where he remained until 1928, when he was appointed Ramsay Professor of Chemical 69 Engineering in the University of London.He prepared the Third Report of the Corrosion Committee of the Institute of Metals, 1916, and was the author of The Pishing Industry, 1922; Clouds and Smokes; The Properties of Disperse Systems in Gmes, 1924; and The Dust Hazard in Indzlst.ry, 1925. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. LEONARDGOODBANdied at Kensington on 2nd February, in his 42nd year. Educated at St. Paul’s School and University College, London, he qualified for the Associateship of the Institute, taking the final examina- tion in the chemistry of food and drugs.He was for two years assistant to Dr. Wynter Blyth, and subsequently held appointments as works chemist and assistant manager to the British Oil and Turpentine Corpora- tion, at Hayes, Middlesex, and as chemist to Messrs. George Rowney & Co., Pencil Manufacturers, Malden Pencil Works. During the war he was gazetted in 1915, and served in India from 1916 to 1919, his total service with the Volunteer and Territorial Forces extending over 20 years. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1910, and a Fellow in 1914. ERNESTGRIFFITHS-JONESdied at Cairo on 24th January, in his 45th year. Educated at Chorlton Grammar School and at the University of Manchester, he graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1910, and proceeded to M.Sc.by research in 1911. After three years’ experience in the Government Laboratories, he was appointed in 1914 to the staff of the laboratories of the Public Health Department at Cairo. Throughout the war he was entrusted with the chemical analysis of food and water, and, occasionally, with special investigations for the ExpeditionaryForces in the Cairo area. He continued in the same department, where, in 1923, he was appointed Chief Chemist, which position he held until the time of his death, He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918, and a Fellow in 1930. JOHN died at Millhouses, Sheffield on the 20th January, HAWORTH in his 65th year. Educated at Midield Grammar School, Blundell’s School, Tiverton, and University College, Exeter, he was for six years assistant to Mr.Frank Scudder, Fellow, chief chemist to the Mersey and Irwell Joint Committee. From 1892 to 1899 he was public analyst to the Borough of Tiverton, science master at Blundell’s and lecturer in chemistry and physics at Tiverton Technical Schools. In 1899 he was appointed chief chemist and general manager to the Sewage Disposal Department of the Corporation of Sheffield, to which also he was Water Examiner; and he held these posts until the time of his death. His name is associated with the bio-aeration process of sewage disposal. He was a recognised authority on the treatment of sewage and effluents, and President of the Association of Managers of Sewage Disposal Works. He gave evidence on these matters before Parliamentary Committees and before an Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Health and the Royal Com- mission on Sewage, and was one of the representatives of the Institution of Municipal and County Engineers on the British Standards Institution Committee on bitumen, asphalts, tar and building materials. In 1930 he was appointed a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917.Mr. John Evans represented the Institute at the funeral at Abbey Lane Cemetery, Sheffield, on 23rd January. 70 JOHNBRIUHT died at Luton on 24th December in his 54th HOBLYN year. Educated at Dewsbury Technical School and the Royal College of Science, London, he gained the Associateship of the College in 1904, and, in the same year, was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry and in Hygiene and Domestic Science at the Luton Technical Institute.Later he became associated with the local industries. He conducted researches in the bleach- ing of straw, was interested in the manufacture of hydrogen peroxide, and later became metallurgical chemist to Vauxhall Motors, Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1905, and a Fellow in 1912. FREDIBBOTSONdied at Sheffield on the 5th February, in his 67th year, From school he gained a scholarship tenable at Firth College, Sheffield, and later obtained an Exhibition at the Royal College of Science for Ireland. He obtained the Associateship of the latter college, with medal, in the Faculty of Mining in 1887, and subsequently became a Fellow of the College.In the same year, he was appointed teacher of chemistry and mathematics at the Central Higher School, Sheffield, and in the following year graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in chemistry, in the First Division. In 1895 he was appointedlecturer in chemistry at the (then) Sheffield Technical Schools, which were subsequently incorporated in the University in 1897, and became the Applied Science Department in 1905. In due course he was awarded the degree of D.Met., and became senior lecturer in the Faculty of Metallurgy in the University. He was an acknowledged authority on the analysis of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, alloys and ores, and joint author, with Mr. Harry Brearley, of many papers contributed to The Chemical News, which were subsequently incorporated in the Analysis of Steel Works Materials (Longmans, 1920).He contributed other papers to !Z’he Chemical News, jointly with Messrs. R. Harden and S. G. Clark, ELS well as with Dr. Leslie Aitchison. He was joint author with Professor J. 0. Arnold of Steel Works Analysis (Pitman, 1919) and with Dr. Leslie Aitchison of The Analysis of Non-Ferrous Alloys (Longmans, 1922). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. Hugh Childs. JOHNCRAVEN LAYCOCK died at Warrington on 18th October at the age of 25 years. Educated at Market Lavington School and at Devizes Secondary School, he entered Downing College, Cambridge, in 1926, and graduated in the Natural Sciences Tripos, Part 11, in 1929.He then obtained an appointment as Assistant Chemist in the Research Laboratory of the British Aluminium Co. at Warrington, where he was still engaged until shortly before his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930. WILLIAMMARSHALLdied at Stockport on the 16th January, in his 76th year. He received his professional scientific training at University College, Nottingham, taking chemistry under Clowes, from 1888 to 1891. He passed the Examination of the Institute in the latter year. He was public analyst for the County Borough of Stockport and the Borough of Hyde, and was also keenly interested in textile technology. He was patentee of a method of mercerising viscose, or viscose and cotton, fabrics, whereby the ill effects of the ordinary mercerisation are avoided by washing out the caustic soda with a neutral salt solution instead of with water.He was a Member of the Council of the British Cotton Industry Research Association. 71 He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1891; served as a Member of Council from 1921 to 1924 and from 1927 to 1930, and was a prominentMember of the Manchester and District Section. Mr. S. E. Melling and Mr. J. P. Shenton represented the Institute at his funeral. RICHARDJACKSONMoss died at Ballylsrack, Co. Dublin, on 27th January, in his 88th year. In 1869, he succeeded J. Cargill Brough as Editor of the “Corner for Students” in The Chemist and Druggist, and in 1875 was appointed analyst to the Royal Dublin Society in succession to J.Emerson Reynolds. Soon after, he was also appointed to the position of keeper of minerals in the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin, and, subse- quently, from 1878 and for over 40 years, also held that of registrar of the Royal Dublin Society, from which he retired in 1921. In 1888, the Royal Agricultural Society of Ireland was amalgamated with the Royal Dublin Society, thus adding to his responsibilities, which included the arrangement of the Dublin Horse Show. He was associated with the late Professor John Joly and the late Dr. Walter Stevenson in the foundation, in 1914, of the Irish Radium Institute, under the auspices of the Society.He contributed numerous scientific papers, chiefly on mineral analysis and inorganic chemistry to the Proceedings and Transactions of the RoyalDublin Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1880. 72 Coming Events. 1934 February 19 to MAR. 2 BRITISH INDUSTRIESFAIR at the White City,Shepherd’s Bush, London, W., and Castle Bromwich, Birmingham : (Scientific and Technical Conferences at Castle Bromwich). INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : “Some Chemi- cal Aspects of Nutrition.’’ Prof. J. H. SHANNON. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY20 INSTITUTION (Scottish Section) : “Rubber Manufacture of General Interest to Sales and Office Staff.” Dr. T. J. DRAKELEY,at the Chamber of Commerce,. Edinburgh, at 7 p.m.21 INSTITUTE (London and S.E. Counties Section): OF CHEMISTRY “Problems relating to the Profession of Chemistry.” Dis-cussion opened by Dr. E. F. ARMSTRONG,J.P., LL.D., F.R.S. 30, Russell Square, W.C. 1, 7.30 p.m. OF22 INSTITUTEFUEL:Discussion on “Should Large Coal be Crushed to meet the Increasing Demand for Smalls?” at St. Ermin’s Hotel, Caxton Street, Westminster, S.W.1, at 6.30 for 7 p.m. :“Chlorophyll.” Prof. HANS FISCHER,THECHEMICALSOCIETY in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, London, W., at 8 p.m. 23 INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section), OF CHEMISTRY jointly with the Institution of Petroleum Technologists(Birmingham Section) : “Some Reminiscences of Petroleum Research.” Dr. A. E.DUNSTAN, Vice-president I.C., in Room No. 1, Main Buildings, University of Birmingham, at 6 p.m. LANCASTRIAN SOCIETY(FRANKLAND) : “The Chemical Nature of Vitamins, with special reference to Vitamin C.” Dr. E. L. HIRST. Storey Institute, 8 p.m. ROYAL SANITARY INSTITUTE: Discussion on “Some Recent Developments in Food Analysis’’ (to be opened by Mr. JOHN and on “The Advantages of the Bio-Aeration EVANS)System of Sewage Purification” (to be opened by Mr. S. THORNHILL),at Stephenson Hall, Chesterfield, at 5 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTSSOCIETY (Scottish Section) :“Fluore-scence Comparisons in Textile Manufacturing.” Mr. JOHN MUIR, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.15 p.m. SOCIETY (Liverpool Section and Chemi- OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY cal Engineering Group) : “Safety Precautions in Chemical Manufacture.” hlr.T. J. DIXON, at the University, Liver- pool, at 6 p.m. 73 February 28 INSTITCTTION (North-West Branch) :OF WELDINGENGINEERS “Recent Advances in the Technique and Applications of Electric Welding.” Mr. J. H. PATERSON,at Manchester College of Technology, at 7.30 p.m. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS: “The Canning Industry.” ByMr. T. N. MORRIS, in the Hall of the Society, John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2, at 8 p.m. March OF1 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY: Annual General Meeting. 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, 8 p.m. OFINSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (South Wales Section): “The Colloidal Conditioning of Boiler Feed Water.” Mr. H. ZAGERMAN,at Cardiff. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Bristol Section) : “X-RayInterpretation of the Molecular Structure of Fibres.” Dr.W. T. ASTBURY, at the University of Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. OF PUBLIC2 SOCIETY ANALYSTS:Annual General Meeting at the Chemical Society’s Rooms, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. 1, at 3 p.m. ; 60th Anniversary Dinner,-Trocadero Restaurant, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group and Man- Chester Section): Joint Meeting with the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association. “Cellulose Ethers.” Dr. D. TRAILL, at 17, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7 p.m. SOCIETY AND INSTITUTEOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY OF CHEMISTRY (Glasgow Sections) : Industrial Films, at the Royal Technical College, at 7.30 p.m. 5 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(London Section): “The Chemistry of Rubber Accelerators.” Dr.W. J. S. NAUNTON, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly,London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 6 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section): Joint Meeting with the Leeds University Chemical Society. “Micro-methods in Inorganic Chemistry.” Prof. F. G. TRYHORN, D.Sc. 7.30 p.m. 8 EASTLONDONCOLLEGE-CHEMICAL COLLOQUIUM: “Elements, Old and New.” Professor J. KENDALL,F.R.S., at the College, Mile End Road, E. 1, at 5.30 p.m. ASSOCIATIONOIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ : “Some observations on Colloidal Behaviour in Paint and Varnish Systems.” Part 11. Mr. W. E. WORNUM, at the Dr. W. KRUMBHAAR, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1, at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Nottingham Section): “Tariffs and the Chemical Industry.” Mr. J. DA~IDSON PRATT,at University College, Nottingham, at 7.30 p.m. 74 Ma.ch 9 SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY with the Road and Building Materials Group), jointly with the Institution of Structural Engineers : “Some Trends of Development in Building Materials.” Major VICTOR LEFEBURE,at Imperial Chemical House, London, S.W. 1. 12 SOCIETY (Edinburgh and East of Scot-OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY land Section): “Lubrication.” Dr. A. E. DUNSTAN, at the North British Station Hotel, at 7.30 p.m. OF13 INSTITUTEFUEL:“Coal Handling at Ports.” Mr. D. E. CAMERON,at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Storey’s Gate, Westminster, London, S.W.1, at 6 p.m.SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Food Group). Members’ Meeting at Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. 1, at 7.30 p.m. 14 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: “ Microchemical Methods suitable for General Analytical Practice. Part I: Quantitative and Preparative.” Prof. H. V. A. BRISCOE and Mrs. J. W. MATTHEWS,at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. OF WELDING ENGINEERS INSTITUTION : “The Collation of Research and Application for Wulded Fabrications.” Mr. H. W. HAWKINS, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, London, S.W.1. OF16 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section): Refresher Lecture on Physical Chemistry. Dr. J. A. CRANSTON,at the Royal Technical College, at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Liverpool Section) : “Salt Deposits.” Prof. H. H. READ, at the University of Liver-pool, at 6 p.m. CLUB. First Ordinary Meeting, at the Lister 17 MICROCHEMICAL Institute, Chelsea Gardens, London, S.W. 1, at 10.30 a.m. ; in the afternoon, the Annual General Meeting. 19 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Yorkshire Section) : “The Oiling of Wood and other Fibres.” Dr. J. B. SPEAKMAN. OF :20 INSTITUTEFUEL “Radiant Heat and Comfort.” Dr. HAROLDHARTLEY,at The Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 22 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Annual General Meeting, at the University of Birmingham, at 3 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Newcastle Section) : Joint Meeting with the Coke Oven Managers’ Association.“Hydro- genation of Coal.” Dr. SAUNDERS. 23 LANCASTRIAN SOCIETY(FRANKLAND) : “The Preparation of Sera and Vaccines.” Mr. A. H. ROBERTSON,at the StoreyInstitute, at 8 p.m. 75 March 23 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Birmingham and Midland INDUSTRY Section): Visit to Messrs. Dunlop, Ltd., 2 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Scottish Section) : “Tar, the Genesis of Dyestuffs.” Mr. THOMASA. WILSON, at the George Hotel, Buchanan Street, Glasgow, at 7.15 p.m. OF :26 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY‘(Microchemical Methods suitable for General Analytical Practice. Part I1: Qualitative tbnd ‘ Spot ’ Tests.” Prof. H. V. A. BRISCOE and Mrs. J. W. MATTHEWS,at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. April 6 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Yorkshire Section), Jointly with the Chemical Engineering and Food Groups of the Society: “Air Conditioning.” Dr.E. GRIFFITHS,Dr. M. C. MARSH,and Dr. L. H. LAMPITT. 2.30 to 4 p.m., Demonstra- tion of Humidity Controlling Methods by Dr. S. G. BARKER. 9 SOCIETY (London Section) : “Studies on OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Byssochlamys fulvs and its Effect on Processed Fruit.” Miss M. OLLIVERand T. RENDLE, at the Chemical Society, Burling- ton House, Piccadilly, W.l, at 8 p.m. 12 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION : “The Manufacture of Oilskins.” Mr. J. MILLIGAN,at the Institute of Chemistry,30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Nottingham Section): “Recent Developments in the Field of Petroleum.” Dr.A. E. DUNSTAN, at Derby Technical College. 18 SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group), OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Joint Meeting with the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the Institute of Fuel: “Economic Use of Steam Energy in Chemical Works.” Messrs. F. H. PREECE, B. SAMUELS,and W. F. CAREY, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. 1. 19 SOCIETY (Birmingham Section) : “SomeOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Remarkable Properties of Nascent Soap.” Mr. A. RAYNER,at the University Buildings, Edmund Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. 24 On; AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION: ‘; Thixotropy.”Mr. J. PRYCEJONES,at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1. 76 Books and their Contents. The following books have recently been presented by the authors. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute.“Boyle, The Honble. Robert, F.R.S., A Bibliography of.” J. F. Fulton. Reprinted from The Oxford Bibliographical Society Proceedings and Papers :-Vol. 111, Part I, pp. 1-172, 4to. (Oxford University Press, 1932.) Preface, including the essential facts of the life of Robert Boyle; (A)Separate Works (42); (B) Contributions to other Works; (C) Collections (with Opera Vuria); Bibliography and Criticism; Appendixes, and General Index. “O’Sullivan, Cornelius, F.R.S., The Life and Work of.” H. D. O’Sullivan. Pp. 236. (Guernsey: Guernsey Star and Gazette Co., Ltd.) General Introduction; Part I: The Life (1841-1907); Part 11: The Published Work (1872-1901); Part 111: The Unpublished Work (1897-1906). The British Standards Institution has published No.526-1933, Definitions of Gross and Net Calorific Value. This has been prepared by a Technical Committee of the Chemical Divisional Council, and is recommended for general adoption. (IS.net; post free IS. zd.) OFTHE INSTITUTE PHYSICS has published a lecture by Dr. R. E. Stradling on Physics in the Building Industry,” being the 30th lecture in a series dealing with physics in Industry. (Post free IS. Id. from the Institute of Physics, I, Lowther Gardens, London S.W.7.) The Safety in Mines Research Board has recently published “The Movement of Flame in Firedamp Explosions, ” by H. F. Coward and R. V. Wheeler:-S.M.R.B. Paper No.82 (H.M. Stationery Office, IS. 6d. net). This is a concise presenta- tion of the results of many years’ study of the way in which explosions develop in firedamp-air mixtures. It deals first with the simplest conditions of flame propagation, those of the “uniform movement” of flame in a gallery, and follows with chapters on the vibratory movement of flame and on flame propagation as influenced by a number of other factors, such as openings or constrictions in the galleries, and by turbulence in the burning mixture. 77 An account is given of the studies which have been made of the use of wire gauzes, narrow tubes, and perforated plates as a means of ensuring the reliability of safety lamps and other mining appliances.The final chapter summarises the contents of the paper, and indicates the qualifying considerations which have to be borne in mind in applying the experimental results to the study and interpretation of the behaviour of a firedamp explosion under the more complicated conditions of a coal mine. Water Pollution.-The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has published "Water Pollution Research ": Summary of Current Literature, Vol. VII, No. I, January, 1934: Abstracts, Nos. 1-125. (H.M. Stationery Office, 2s. net.) The Colorimetric Determination of Oxidation-Reduction Balance," is the title of a booklet-obtainable (free) from The British Drug Houses, Ltd., Graham Street, City Road, London, N.1,-in which are described the methods of using oxidation-reduction indicators and some of their applications.R.E.F.U.T.A.S."Viscosity-Temperature Chart.-Baird and Tatlock (London), Ltd., have published a Viscosity-Temperature Chart, designed by C. I. Kelly, Fellow. The chart measures 24in. X 24in. and derives its name from the circumstance that it deals with the principal viscometers employed by the petroleum industry throughout the world. Amongst the many functions of the chart may be mentioned: (a) The drawing of straight-line-viscosity-temperature curves. (b) The graphic determination of the viscosity of an oil in either Saybolt, Redwood, or Engler degrees from the viscosity curve obtained by a series of measurements at various temperatures with either of the instruments.(c) The interconversion of viscometer readings. (d) The estimation of the approximate viscosity of an oil-mixture obtained by mixing two oils of known viscosity. The following scales and units are included on the chart. (a) Kinematic Viscosity ( 1.72 to 20,000,000 centistokes).(b) Redwood No. 1 (31 to 100,000,000 seconds). (c) British Road Tar Association (5 to 120 B.R.T.A. seconds).(d) Saybolt Furol (20 to 10,000,000seconds).(e) Engler (1.5 to 3,000,000 degs.).(a Saybolt Universal (35 to 100,000,000 seconds). (9) Adjacent Scales graduated in " F. and " C. In addition there is another Redwood No. 1scale forming the boundary of a chart, which is ruled horizontally witb iso-viscosity lines and vertically from 40"F."to 350"F. Horizontal percentage scales marked "0.100 Light" and 100 to 0 Heavy" are situated immediately above the chart and divide into 100 equal parts the portion between the 30" F.and 250" F. sothermal lines. * Redwood, Engler, Furol, Ubbelohde, Tar,Absolute, Saybolt. 78 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 19th and 26th January, 1934,I Associate was elected to the Fellowship, 36 Associates were elected, and 15 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 8 Fellows and 2 Associates. Associate elected to the Fellowship. Davies, Cecil Whitfield, D.Sc. (Wales), 30, Berrylands, W. Wimbledon, London, S.W.20. New Associates. Baird, Donald Kenneth, B.Sc. (Birm.), 49, Allesley Old Road, Coventry.Barron, Harry, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 25, Shore Road, London, E.9. Blackmore, Richard Lye, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Doughty Street, London, W.C.1. Bloch, Albert Montague, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Norton Hall, Norton-on-Tees, Co. Durham. Bloomfield, George Frederic, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 34, Morton Way, London, N.14. Calcutt, William Edwin Joseph Richard, B.A. (T.C.D.), 28, CherryfieldAvenue, Sandford Road, Dublin. Carrette, Gerald Victor, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Devonshire Avenue, Roundhay, Leeds, 8. Cash, Wilfrid Ernest, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 10, Bexley Road, Belvedere, Kent. Chamberlain, Kenneth Alfred John, B.Sc. (Birm.), Elmleigh, Cookhill, nr. Alcester, Warwickshire. Cropper, Francis Raymond, B.Sc.(Lond.), 40, Rhgmer Road, North Moulscombe, Brighton. Desikachar, Nadipuram Narasimhachar, B.Sc. (Mysore), M.Sc. (Bombay), c/o Tata Oil Mills Co., Ltd., Tatapuram P.O., S. India. Dymond, George Cecil, c/o Sir J. L. Hulett &, Sons, Ltd., Darnal, Durban, S. Africa. Evans, Wilfrid James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Penmon, Portmore Park, Weybridge, Surrey.Hall, Norman Reginald, Sunny Cottage, Leach Green Lane, Rednal, Birmingham.Harris, Bert Stockwell, 56, Clovelly Road, London, W.5. Harry, Ralph Gordon, 183, Cathedral Road, Cardiff. Hutchinson, James Bertram, B.Sc. (Wales), 8, Risca Road, Rogerstone,nr. Newport, Mon. Kershaw, John Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sunnymede, Atwick Road, Hornsea, E. Yorks. 79 Krishna, Basettihalli Hanumantharao, B.Sc.(Mysore), M.Sc. (Bombay), Government Industrial and Testing Laboratory, Malleswaram P.O., Bangalore, India. Lawton, John Huntly Tarring, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, Hampstead Lane, London, N.6. Melville, Harry Work, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), 18, Kirkhill Gardens, Edin- burgh.Metcalfe, William John, B.Sc. (Lond.),177, Eaglesfield Road, South Shields, Co. Durham. Mills, Herbert, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dun.), 31, Highfield Crescent, Widnes. Myerscough, Leslie Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Montserrat Road, London, S.W.15. Oldfield, Alexander Ivo, B.Sc. (Birm.), 188, Lightwoods Hill, Warley Woods, nr. Birmingham. Pal, Patitpaban, M.Sc. (Calcutta), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 14, Duncan Road, Longsight, Manchester. Sadasivan, Ramasamy, B.Sc.(Mysore), M.Sc. (Calcutta), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 7, Crescent Road, High Ground, Bangalore, S. India. Shaikh, Abdul Baki Md. Solieman Solieman, M.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., Research Department, Royal Institute of Science, Fort Bombay, India. Shennan, Robert John, 18, Spray Street, London, S.E.18. Shrikhande, Jageshwar Gopal, M.Sc. (Nagpur), Ph.D. (Lond.), Gymkhana Road, Craddok Town, Nagpur, C.P., India. Smith, James Herbert Francis, 69, Eltham Hill, London, S.E.9. Taylor, William, B.Sc. (Manc.), Tangley Cottage, Pickhurst Rise, West Wickham, Kent. Timmins, Arthur Alfred, 404, Portland Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 17. Wallwork, Douglas Goodson, A.M.C.T., 32, Wilmount Street, London, S.E.18. Welford, John Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Heber Road, London, N.W.2.Young, Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 56, Holmeside Avenue, Gillingham, Kent. New Students. Barnes, David Hope, 164, Porter Road, Derby. Bell, Basil Lawn, 63, North Quay House, Great Yarmouth. Bosch, Ralph William van den, 25, Nightingale Square, London, S.W.12. Boursnell, John Colin, 3, Bridge Avenue Mansions, Hammersmith, London, W.6. Campbell, Norman Robert, 245a, Cavendish Road, London, S.W.12. Carter, Douglas Henry, Cia Mexicana de Petroleo, El Aguila S.A., Apartado 16I, Tampico, Mexico. Gorvin, John Henry, 141, Bryn Road, Swansea. Limmer, Bernard George, 471, Earlham Rise, Norwich. Nisbet, James Carey Goodwin, 557, Alexandra Parade, Dennistoun, Glasgow.Rumens, Murray James, 18, Buckthorne Road, London, S.E.4.Terry, Richard Creese, 111, Fowlers Walk, London, W.5. Tomalin, Eric Frederick Joffre, 19, Gloucester Road, Hampton, Middlesex. Walley, Geoffrey, 11, Irvine Road, Higher Tranmere, Birkenhead. Wilcox, William Thomas Thrift, 14, Cornwall Road, Bishopston, Bristol,7. Wit, Abraham Izak George de, 96, Nightingale Road, Carshalton, Surrey. 80 DEATHS. Fellows. Arthur Hamilton Burr, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Arthur Cawte Franklin. Leonard Goodban. Ernest Grfiths-Jones, M.Sc. (Manc.). John Haworth, M.B.E. John Bright Hoblyn, A.R.C.S. William Marshall. Richard Jackson Moss. Associates. William Edward Gibbs, D.Sc. (Liv.), M.1.Chem.E. John Craven Laycock, B.A. (Cantab). 81 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Thursday, 1st March, 1934, at 8 p.m.The time of the meeting has been changed from 4.30 p.m. to 8 p.m. Votes for the election of Officers, Council and Censors may be received up to 8 p.m. on 28th February. -Lecture-Demonstrations.-The Council is glad to announce that Professor H. V. A. Briscoe and Mrs. Janet W. Matthews will give two Lecture-Demonstrations, in the Hall of the Institute, on ** Microchemical Methods suitable for General Analytical Practice,” on Wednesday, 14th March : Quantitative and Preparative ; on Monday, 26th March: Qualitative and “Spot” Tests; at 8 p.m. on each occasion. The President will take the Chair. Examinations.-The list of entries for the April Examina- tions closed on 5th February.Examinations for the Associateship will be held in London and Glasgow, from 17th to 22nd September. The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 9th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 7th September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held in London from 24th to 29th September. The list of entries will be closed on 9th July, except for candidates in Branch G :Industrial Chemistry, whose applications should be received before 4th June. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to 82 British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy.Awards will be made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will meet in October, 1934,and will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not 83 successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary.The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. FORTHE LOANOF BOOKSREGULATIONS FROM THE SCIENCE LIBRARY TO FELLOWS OF THE INSTITUTEAND ASSOCIATES OF CHEMISTRY. I.The Institute has entered into an arrangement with the Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary. 2. Members, Fellows, and Associates wishing to borrow books from the Science Library are required to give to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary a written undertaking to bear the 84 cost of replacement of any work lost or damaged, and to return to the office of the Institute for cancellation, the duplicate (pink) requisition forms obtained from the Library when the books are returned. 3. Subsequently, borrowers may call, either personally or by representative, at the office of the Institute, and obtain signed requisitions, by means of which the works may be obtained from the Science Library.4. Or, books can be sent by post to Fellows and Associates on written application (specifying the volume or volumes re- quired), to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary, who will complete and transmit to the Science Library the necessary requisition forms, and the books will be posted direct from the Library. Postage will be charged to the borrower and collected from him by the Science Library authorities. 5. The regulations of the Science Library require that books on loan shall be returned at once if asked for by the Keeper of the Library; otherwise within fifteen days, or sooner, if they can be dispensed with.Fellows and Associates are earnestly re- quested to comply with this regulation, and to return books within the period specified, without waiting for a reminder from the Library. Applications for the extension of the loan period may be granted if circumstances permit. 6. A Hand-list of the periodicals in the Science Library may be consulted at the office of the Institute, or copies of the Hand- list (with Supplement) may be obtained direct from the Science Library for 2s. 8d. post free. An extensive author and subject catalogue is accessible at the Science Library, and bibliographies of special subjects are compiled by its expert staff as and when required. Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar.The current subscription arranged for members of the Institute will expire on the 1st March, and fresh application forms must be obtained by those members who desire to continue for a further year’s service. 85 The attention of such members is specially directed to the necessity for the renewal of subscriptions or the return of the last volumes and membership tokens to the respective branches of issue. Members who have had the use of the library, but do not desire to continue the service, should return the tokens and outstanding volumes to the branch of issue immediately after the date of expiration. Any subscriber detaining the property of the library beyond the period subscribed for must be charged for such detention.Hitherto such fees have been charged at the rate of IS. 3d. per month in the case of Class “A,” and 5d. per month or part thereof in the case of Class “B.” In future, detention fees will be charged at the usual subscription rate for the number of days during which the books are retained beyond the expiry. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to hotify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS.zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. 86 Appointments Register.A Register of chemists who are available for appointments, or who are seeking to improve their positions, is kept at the office of the Institute. The facilities afforded by this Register are available (gratis) to Companies and firms requiring the services of Chemists, and to Universities, Colleges and Technical Schools requiring teachers of chemistry and technology. A List of junior assistants is also available. All communications to be addressed to The Registrar, The Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.X. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1.914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treaswer, BENEVOLENTFUND, INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON, W.C.I.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9345800001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

TEE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1934. PART 11. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. April, 1934. Publications Committee, 1934-35. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), JOCELYN F. THORPE (President), C. 0. BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, R. M. CAVEN, C. DOREE, A. E. EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK K. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer). A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. F. E. RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ERNEST VANSTONE, W. WARDLAW, H. B. WATSON, A.W. M. WINTLE. Officers and Members -of Council, 1934-35. PRESIDENT : JOCELYN FIELD THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS : WILLIAM JOHN ATKINSON BUTTERFIELD, M.A. SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PH.D., M.P. ALBERT ERNEST DUNSTAN, D.Sc. FRANK GEORGE EDMED, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, M.A., B.Sc., PH.D. WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.Sc. HONORARY TREASURER : PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: FREDERIC SUTCLIFFE AUMONIER, B.Sc. : LONDON. CHARLES OLDEN BANNISTER, A.R.S.M., M.ENG.: LIVERPOOL. JESSE CARL ALBERT BRIERLEY, M.Sc. : NORTHERNIRELAND. ROBERT BRUCE: EDINBURGH AND EASTOF SCOTLAND. THOMAS CALLAN, M.Sc., PH.D. : MANCHESTER. ROBERT MARTIN CAVEN, D.Sc. : GLASGOW. FREDERICK DANIEL CHATTAWAY, M.A., PH.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.: HENRY EDWARD COX, M.Sc., PH.D.: LONDON.OXFORD. HERBERT WILLIAM CREMER, M.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : LONDON. CHARLES DORGE, M.A., DSc.: LONDON. HAROLD DOUGLAS ELKINGTON, M.Sc. : LONDON. GEORGE DAVIDSON ELSDON, B.Sc. : MANCHESTER. JOHN EVANS, SHEFFIELD. ARTHUR ERNEST EVEREST, DSc., PH.D. : NORTH-EASTCOAST LEWIS EYNON, B.Sc. : LONDON. AND YORESHIRE. PETER FERGUSON GORDON, PH.D.: GLASUOW AND WESTOF .RICHARD HENRY GREAVES, D.Sc. : LONDON. SCOTLAND WILLIAM ROSCOE HARDWICK, B.Sc. : LIVERPOOLAND NORTH-WESTCOAST. GEORGE EDWARD HOLDEN, M.B.E., M.SC.TECH. : MANCHESTEEL. REGINALD HAYDN HOPKINS, D.Sc. : BIRMINGHAM. EDWIN BURNHOPE HUGHES, M.Sc. : LONDONAND SOTJTH-EASTERN COUNTIES. JOSEPH ROBERT JOHNSON : BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS.JAMES GRIEVE KING, PH.D., A.R.T.C. : LONDON. LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT, D.Sc. : LONDON. ALFRED GODFREY GORDON LEONARD, B.Sc., PH.D.,F.R.C.Sc.1. : IRISHFREESTATBI. JOSEPH HENRY LESTER, M.Sc. : MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. HERBERT LEVINSTEIN, PH.D. : LONDON. DOROTHY JORDAN LLOYD, M.A., D.Sc. : LONDON. CHARLES AINSWORTH MITCHELL, M.A., D.Sc. : LONDON. THOMAS FRED ERIC RHEAD, M.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E.: BIRMINGHAM. WILLIAM RINTOUL, O.B.E. : LONDON. ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S.: OXFORD. SAMUEL SMILES, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. : LONDON. FRANK SOUTHERDEN, B.Sc. : EXETER. ERNEST VANSTONE, D.Sc. : BRISTOL COUNTIES.AND SOUTH-WESTERN WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc. : BIRMINGHAM. HERBERT BEN WATSON, D.Sc.: WALES AND TEE COUNTY OF MONMOUTFX.*EDWARD JOHN WAY: THE OVERSEASDOMINIONSAND ELSEWEERE ALBERT WATKINS MAGGS WINTLE : LIVERPOOL. ABROAD. *Mr. Way retires on completing three years’ service in April. 90 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1934: APRIL 27~~. 1934 : NOVEMBER 16TH. MAY 25~~. DECEMBER 7m. JUNE ~QTH 1935: JANUARY L~TH AND 25~~. JULY 20TR. FEBRUARY 22~~. OCTOBER 1m. CENSORS : 1934-1935. THE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PKD., M.P., GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S., ARTHUR SMITHELLS, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1934-35. Chairman* FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH F. S. AUMONIER, A. E. DUNSTAN, A. E. EVEREST, W.ROSCOE HARDWICK, LEWIS EYNON, H. H. HODGSON, E. B. HUGHES, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY*, W. WARDLAW, AND A. W. M. WINTLE. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH SIR G. C. CLAYTON*, CHARLES DORGE, A. E. DUNSTAN, F. G. EDMED, H. D. ELKINGTON, G. E. HOLDEN, J. G. KING, PATRICKH. KIRKALDY, L. H. LAMPITT, HERBERT LEVINSTEIN, C. A. MITCHELL, AND W. H. ROBERTS. NOMINATIONS EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. (VICE-CHAIRMAN: PATRICK H. KIRKALDY.) PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE : TEE PRESIDENT, WITH C. 0. BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD*, R. M. CAVEN, C. DORdE, A. E. EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, A.G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, C. A. MITCHELL, T. F. E. RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ERNEST VANSTONE, W. WARDLAW,H. B. WATSON, AND A. W. M. WINTLE. 91 SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (HoN. TREASURER)*, TEE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, WITH T. COCKBURN (GLASQOW),H. G. COLMAN, A. COULTHARD (MANCHESTER), W. H. GIBSON (N. IRELAND), E. M. HAWKINS, W. McD. MACKEY (LEEDS), C. PROCTOR, G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTH Wms). (In the case of Section representatives, the names of their respective towns or districts are inserted.) PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : TEEPRESIDENT, WITH F. W. F. ARNAUD, F. S. AUMONIER, F. D. CHATTAWAY, H. E. COX, CHARLES DORfiE, B. DYER, F. G. EDMED, A. V. ELSDEN, G.D. ELSDON, JOHN EVANS, A. G. FRANCIS, R. H. GREAVES, W. R. HARDWICK, E. M. HAWKINS, E. HINKS, H. H. HODGSON, E. B. HUGHES, J. G. KING, L. H. LAMPITT, S. E. MELLING, A. MORE, W. H. ROBERTS*, EDWARD RUSSELL, J. F. TOCHER, J. A. VOELCKER, AND E. J. WAY, PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (VICE-CHAIRMAN), WITH 0. L. BRADY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, R. M. CAVEN, H. G. COLMAN, CHARLES DORGE, G. D. ELSDON, J. J. FOX, E. HINKS, R. H. HOPKINS, L. H. LAMPITT, HERBERT LEVINSTEIN, MISS D. JORDAN LLOYD, T. SLATER PRICE, F. L. PYMAN, E. K. RIDEAL, W. H. ROBERTS, R. ROBINSON, AND S. SMILES. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH C.0. BANNISTER, 0. L. BRADY, THOMAS CALLAN, H. W. CREMER, F. G. EDMED*, L. EYNON, P.F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, B. F. HOWARD, G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, AND D. JORDAN LLOYD. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: THE PRESIDENT*, WITH 0. L. BRADY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, J. E. COATES, A. E. EVEREST, L. EYNON, J. HAWTHORNE, G. G. HENDERSON, R. H. HOPKINS, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, G. T. MORGAN, T. SLATER PRICE, A. SMITHELLS, AND A. JAMIESON WALKER. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT : THE PRESIDENT, WITH R. BRUCE, R. M. CAVEN, P. F. GORDON, F. W. HARRIS, G. G. HENDERSON*, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, N. PICTON, T. SLATER PRICE, AND J. WEIR. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION FOR NORTHERN IRELAND: THE PRESIDENT, WITH J. C. A. BRIERLEY, W. H. GIBSON, H. GRAHAM, J.HAWTHORNE, G. T. MORGAN, AND T. SLATER PRICE. 92 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1934-1935. Chairman: THE PRESIDENT. Three repreaentatives of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. Examiners for the Associateship: HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc. (LoND.), A.R.C.S. OSCAR LISLE BRADY, B.A. (CAPE), D.Sc. (LoND.). Examiners for the Fellowship: Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., DSc. (LoBD.). Branch B.-PEYSICAL CHEMISTRY: HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc. (LOND.) A.R.C.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: OSCAR LISLE BRADY, B.A. (CAPE), D.Sc. (LoND.) Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY : JACK CECIL DRUMMOND, D.Sc. (LOND.) Branch E.~HEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs,and of Water: *S.E. MELLING. THERAPEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY,AND MICROSCOPY:GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. (LoND.), D.P.H. (ENG). Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: HENRY ALLEN DUG-DALE NEVILLE, M.A., (Cantab.), B.Sc. (LoND.). Branch G.-INDUSTRIKL CHEMISTRY (General Chemical Technology) : THOMAS PERCY HILDITCH, D.Sc. (LoND.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required. HON. AUDITORS, 1934-35 : JOSEPH HENRY LANE AND JOHN CHRISTISON WHITE, O.B.E. AUDITOR, 1934-35 : DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. SOLICITORS : MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 5, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C. 1. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretmy.ASSISTANT SECRETARY : RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CANTAB.),F.I.C. 93 Fifty-Sixth Annual General Meeting. THURSDAY, 1st MARCH, 1934. THEFifty-Sixth Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, on Thursday, 1st March, 1934,at 8 p.m.,-Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., President, in the chair. PRESENTATIONTHE MELDOLA MEDAL. OF In opening the proceedings, the President said that his first duty was a very pleasant one. It was to award the Meldola Medal, the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans, to Dr. Maurice Stacey. After graduating five years ago with honours in Chemistry in the University of Birmingham, Dr.Maurice Stacey began a research on the cyclic structure of the glucoheptoses. He developed new experimental methods for the ascent of the sugar series and encountered examples of the Walden Inversion during this study, His first paper was published in the J.C.S., 1931, 2864, with Professor Haworth. He continued this line of work and exhibited a highly skilful technique in his second investi- gation published in 1932. His researches in the carbohydrate field then developed in the direction of the study of the mould polysaccharides obtained by synthesis from glucose. Examining the crude products from a number of these synthetic reactions, he was able to separate and identify a polymannose and a polygalactose, both derived originally by the action of moulds on glucose.He had prepared derivatives of these substances and in one case had worked out the complete constitution and chain-length. This work had been carried out in collaboration with Professor Haworth and Professor Raistrick. Utilizing the same type of reagents which he had found advantageous in the ascent of the sugar series, he took a conspicuous part at Birmingham in the experimental work which resulted in the synthesis of d-and 1-ascorbic acid, and their analogues gluco- ascorbic acid, arabo-ascorbic acid, and galacto-ascorbic acid. It 94 might be said, indeed with truth, that the success of this work was promoted to an exceptional degree by the conspicuous experimental skill which Dr. Stacey had contributed. Dr.Stacey was now the holder of a Beit Medical Fellowship, tenable at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine andin the Chemistry Department of the University of Birmingham. The President, in presenting the medal, reminded Dr. Stacey that it was struck in memory of a very great chemist and a very remarkable man, and expressed the hope that the recipient in his future life might be guided by the example set by Meldola. (Applause.) Dr. Maurice Stacey, in reply, said that he wished to express his sincere appreciation of the great honour which had been bestowed upon him. It had been unexpected but was all the more pleasant for that reason. They had had a very interesting year at Birmingham in their work on ascorbic acid.They had felt, the whole time, that many research workers in England at any rate, were watching them. However, he was very glad that the result had come out as it had done. He felt sure that further work on synthetic analogues of ascorbic acid would throw light upon the relationship between the stereo-chemical structure and Vitamin C activity. With regard to his other work on polysaccharides,-it had been his great honour to work with Professor Haworth and Professor Raistrick, and it was in this field that his future work would lie. He assured the Presi- dent and the Institute that he would do his best to maintain the reputation which the award of the Meldola Medal merited. (Applause.) HON.TREASURER’SREPORT. The Minutes having been signed, the President called upon the Hon.Treasurer to present the annual accounts. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy (Hon Treasurer), said that the accounts were before the meeting. The report of the Council contained a few comments on them, which he thought afforded an explanation of some at least of the points which might be raised here. He hoped that the fact that the Institute had received further arrears of subscriptions might be interpreted as a sign of better times. Every consideration had been shown to those members who had felt obliged to ask that the payment of their fees might be deferred. The policy of not insisting strictly on the fulfilment of the By-laws during times of stress had proved to be in the best interests both of the members and of the Institute; for it was found that those who informed the Institute of their difficulties eventually sent their arrears in full when their circumstances improved. Only the names of those members who had persis- tently ignored letters had been removed for non-payment of subscriptions.Very occasionally, instead of receiving a subscrip- tion, the Committee heard of distress which could be helped from the Benevolent Fund; in other cases it was found that the members concerned had not made use of the Appointments Register, and they had been helped in that and other ways. The Capital Account had been improved through the receipt of legacies from J. G. Gordon and J. E. Legg, for which the Institute was deeply grateful, as well as by entrance fees and life compositions, which were regularly invested.The Council had managed to keep the expenditure down sufficiently to finish the year with a balance large enough to defray the cost of a much enlarged and more useful edition of Oficial Chemical Appoint- ments, which was in proof. The Hon. Treasurer explained that the Postage-ka3 10s. gd. -referred to at the foot of the Extraordinary Expenditure, was the postage on the circulars issued to authorities and officials, from whom the information for inclusion in this book was being obtained. Another item which appeared to call for some explanation was that of Other Printing, Stationery, etc., in which there appeared to have been a considerable rise over the amount for 1932.This was the item from which Lroo in respect of National Cer- tificate Account had been deducted in 1932, and there was a note to that effect at the bottom of the accounts. The scheme for the examinations for National Certificates was administered jointly by the Institute and the Board of Education, in England, and the Institute and the Scottish Education Department, in Scotland. In previous years, after the assessors’ fees and other direct charges had been met, a sum had been allocated from the surplus available from the fees paid in respect of these examinations to the General Account of the Institute as a contri- bution towards the administrative expenses incurred. It would be impossible to assess even approximately the time of the mem- bers of the staff who were engaged on this work or to distribute the cost exactly.For this reason, the amount transferred to the 96 General Fund of the Institute had hitherto been deducted from Other Printing, Stationery, etc. It was felt, however, that the time had come when the actual amount transferred to the General Account of the Institute should be shown in the financial state- ments for the year. Even then the item for Other Printing, Stationery, etc., was higher than that for the previous year, which was to be accounted for mainly by a reprint of the Royal Charter and By-laws, and a rather heavy purchase of stationery towards the end of the financial year. The sum against Rent, Rates, Taxes, Inszcrartce and Telephone was less for 1933, because, as he had explained at the previous Annual General Meeting, an amount for Income Tax had accumu- lated against the Institute, while certain arrangements between the ground landlords (the University of London) and the Inland Revenue Authorities were under discussion.Other expenditure showed little marked variation except where fluctuations were unavoidable. The expenses of Local Sections, for example, were f160 less, but next year might easily be f160 more, while the Travelling Expenses of Members of Council might vary to the extent of E60 or E70, depending on when the requests for payment were received and from whence the members of Council travelled. The Benevolent Fund was, of course, entirely separate from the General Account of the Institute, but, in order to save time, he asked that he might be allowed to deal with it in the same Motion. The receipts for current purposes were sufficient to cover the disbursements, to clear off the deficit, and yet to leave a useful balance of over L230 at the end of the year.However, as the report indicated, in the last few weeks of 1933, the Committee had had to deal with the cases of two members out of work, married, and with families, who had required, and still required, weekly allowances; and also with two widows requiring similar help. Since the beginning of the year, the Committee had added to the list two widows, who were receiving regular allowances, and had assisted two other additional cases with grants.The Committee had learned, or were learning, that in the administra- tion of a fund of this kind, it was impossible to foretell how and when cases might arise. In order to be ready for emergencies, he was compelled to continue, therefore, to press for the generous support of the Fellows and Associates. In conclusion, the Hon. Treasurer thanked the Registrar, the 97 Assistant Secretary, Miss Cawston (the chief Clerk) and Mr. Aitken (the Cashier) for all that they had done to help him during the past year and, in moving “That the Financial Statements for the year 1933 be received and adopted,” asked leave to add “That the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the Honorary Auditors, Major J. C. White and Mr.J. H. Lane, for their valuable services.” (Applause). Dr. J. T. Dunn said that he had great pleasure in seconding the motion. He thought that the Fellows and Associates would agree that the accounts as presented by the Hon. Treasurer were extremely satisfactory. They were an index of the extreme care with which Mr. Kirkaldy had done his work and of the interest which he took in it. The President said that the motion was open for discussion. Mr. C. E. Bans asked how the account for “Donations” had been increased by Ezo. The Hon. Treasurer replied that that amount was represented by a donation to the Federal Council for Chemistry. The Federal Council had received nothing from the Institute in 1932. The motion was then put and carried unanimously.REPORTOF COUNCIL. The Report of the Council having been taken as read, the President delivered his Address (p. 101) and moved that the Report be received and adopted. Mr. John Evans, in seconding the motion, said that he had listened with a great deal of interest to the President’s admirable Address, and he would like to be allowed to add that the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the President, and that he be asked to allow his Address to be printed and pub- lished in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSin order that it might reach the Fellows and Associates who were unable to be present at the meeting. (Applause.) The President thanked Mr. Evans and concurred in the request. The President then invited comments on the Report.Mr. Bacharach said that the President had referred to the Benevolent Fund. He noticed that in the section of the Council’s Report in which that Fund was mentioned there was no indication given of the number of Fellows and Associates who contributed to the Fund. He wondered whether the figure had been deliberately left out because it was so small that it would make the Institute ashamed of itself; but even, if this 98 were so, it might be worth considering whether the very small- ness of the number might not itself be an incentive to Fellows and Associates who had not hitherto subscribed, to do so. The Registrar (as Hon. Secretary of the Fund), having been requested to reply, said that he did not know the actual number, but in the pamphlet published at the end of the year the names of those subscribing occupied nine pages with four columns to each page, and since each column contained nearly 60 names, the number would be about 2,000.Mr. Bacharach enquired whether it would be possible to include the figure in brackets after the words “annual sub- scriptions” in that section of the Report each year. The Registrar replied that he felt that the Council would be glad to do that.* Mr. Thomas McLachlan said that he would like to thank the President for stressing the importance of not allowing young boys and girls to play with chemicals without supervision. A short time ago a foreign chemist had come to this country and had started a laboratory.This chemist became ill, and his young son was allowed to work in the laboratory, with the result that the unfortunate boy made a quantity of mercury fulminate, which had exploded. He had completely blinded himself in one eye and had largely lost the use of the other, he had lost the tips of every finger of one hand and part of the fingers of the other hand. The speaker (Mr. McLachlan) had had the unpleasant task of clearing up the laboratory afterwards. The motion for the adoption of the Report was then put and carried unanimously. REPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS. The President called upon the Registrar to read the Report of the Scrutineers (Messrs. Charles A. Adams and J. R. Nicholls) on the election of officers, General Members of Council, and Censors, for the ensuing year. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 861.The following were elected:- President: J. F. Thorpe (861). Vice-presidents: Sir G. C. Clayton (848),W. H. Roberts (848), H. H. Hodgson (847), F. G. Edmed (846), W. J. A. Butterfield (843), A. E. Dunstam (842). Hon. Treasurer: Patrick H. Kirkaldy (859). The total number of members who contributed in 1933 ww 1,894. 99 The number of votes cast for General Members of CounciI was 859. The following were elected:-L. H. Lampitt (623), H. Levinstein (619), R. Robinson (613), W. Rintoul (603), R. M. Caven (599), C. A. Mitchell (580), S. Smiles (555), G. D. Elsdon (553), C. 0. Bannister (547), J. G. King (544, C. Do& (518), R.H. Hopkins (515), D. J. Lloyd (515), W. Wardlaw (498), G. E. Holden (495), H. W. Crerner (493), H. E. Cox (491), J. Evans (489), F. D. Chattcbway (488), L. Eynon (486), A. W. M. Wintle (483), T. Callan (477), R. H. Greaves (473), F. S. Aumonier (464), F. Southerden (459), T. F. E. Rhead (456), H. D. Elkington (435). The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 784. The following were elected:- Sir G. C. Clayton (630), A. Smithells (542), G. G. Henderson (521), Sir H. Jackson (459). The President declared the Officers, Members of Council and Censors who had been named by the Registrar as duly elected. He moved a vote of thanks to the scrutineers, and did so with very great pleasure. They had spent a day and a half on the work, and the Fellows and Associates were greatly indebted to them.Mr. J. H. Lane who seconded the vote of thanks said that, speaking from experience, he knew that the duties were no sinecure. The two gentlemen to whom the vote was being passed had served in this capacity before, and the Institute was doubly indebted to them. The motion was carried by acclamation. ELECTIONOF AUDITORS. The Honorary auditors, Major John C. White and Mr. J. H. Lane, and the Chartered Accountant, Mr. David Henderson, were unanimously re-appointed, Mr. Henderson at a fee of 30 guineas. VOTE OF THANKSTO RETIRING OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL. At the conclusion of the Meeting Mr. Bacharach moved “That the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the retiring Vice-president and the retiring Members of the Council for their valuable services.” It seemed to him a little invidious, on these occasions, to label with the word “retiring” those who had been compelled by an iron constitution to abandon duties which had doubtless been as pleasureable as they were burdensome.The life history of a body like the Council of the Institute was very much like that of the undergraduate 100 population of a University: it was always there and yet it was always changing; a third of its body was removed each year and another third replaced it. Fortunately, however, even the separated parts were very often endowed with an immortality not found in the individual organism, and sometimes came back again at a later date.The Fellows and Associates present had received from the President, and from the printed Report of the Council, such a detailed, explicit and highly satisfactory account of the past year’s activities that it would be superfluous for him to attempt to add anything to the written and spoken word. The Fellows and Associates were grateful to all the Officers and the Council for their services. Mr. Burford said it was a privilege to be permitted to second the resolution. The work of the Council had been considerable and continuous during the whole of the year. It might have been a labour of love, but certainly it had shown analtruism which commanded the sincere appreciation of the general body of the members.The motion was carried by acclamation. The meeting then terminated. 101 The President’s Address. In moving that the report of the Council be received and adopted, I must refer, in the first place, to the losses which the Institute has sustained by death. While the number of losses among Fellows, namely, 27, was far less than in the previous year (45) it includes names which I would like to recall on this occasion. Among teachers and educationalists,-such veterans as Professor John Millar Thomson, a Past President, and one who had given very generously of his time, service and abilities to the Institute in its early days; Dr. John Watts, of Oxford; Professor Greenish, the Dean of the School of the Pharmaceutical Society and a Past Member of the Council; Dr.George Tate, another Past Member of Council, and for over forty years a successful teacher in Liverpool and Birkenhead ; then,-less a veteran,- Dr. Henry Lloyd Snape, Past Member of Council, for over twelve years Professor of Chemistry at University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, and Chairman and Director of Education to the Lancashire County Council for nearly twenty years; and Professor William Edward Gibbs, of University College, London, lost to the profession and baulked of a career which seemed so full of promise. Of those holding official appointments under government and municipal authorities, I have to mention-Dr. Walter Craven Ball, Director of Experiments, Chemical Defence Experimental Station, Porton; William Thomas Thomson, Manager of the Royal Naval Cordite Factory, Holton Heath ; John Haworth, Chief Chemist and General Manager to the Sewage Disposal Depart- ment of the Corporation of Sheffield; and Public Analysts,- Alfred Edward Johnson, William Marshall, a Past Member of Council, and William Partridge, a member of the Public Appoint- ments Committee.Then, among industrial chemists,-Dr. Alfred Rke, Past Member of Council and for many years a leading manufacturer of aniline colours, who, after his retirement, devoted himself to public work in the interests of industry, commerce and education ; Thomas Wilson Stuart, a distinguished leader in the heavy chemical industry ; Alexander Dewar, Managing 102 Director of the Greenwich Inlaid Linoleum Co.; Edward Theodore Brewis, Chemist to Messrs. Stafford Allen & Sons, a keen sup- porter of the Institute and regular in attendance at meetings of chemical societies in London ; Frederick Woodward Branson, of Leeds, whose services should be acknowledged in connection with the provision of laboratory glass and porcelain apparatus during the early days of the war, when supplies from the Continent were cut off. The loss of 15 Associates is heavier than usual and much to be deplored. However, notwithstanding these and other losses from various causes, the roll of membership shows an increase of 88 compared with 54 in the previous year. The number of students, on the contrary, shows a decrease, largely owing to economic conditions, which have forced many who would otherwise have come into our ranks to discontinue their professional studies. At the same time, while the number of members known to be disengaged is not more than three per cent., the profession cannot be regarded as seriously overcrowded.There are some who advocate that means should be taken to restrict the number of entrants to the professions generally; but I feel that such a step would be difficult of accomplishment. What is really required is restriction, at an earlier stage, by increasing the stringency of the entrance examinations to the universities and colleges-or otherwise-in order to eliminate the man who is not really good professional material.There is never any difficulty in “placing” a really good man-at least that is my experience. It is the men of lower mental calibre who present difficulty, and they are the kind who ought never to have been allowed to study for admission to the profession. Such might probably have been quite successful in other walks of life, but the time which they have devoted to chemistry has been largely wasted and would have been better devoted to other subjects more fitted to their abilities. I do not believe that you can put more brains into the embryo than nature has provided, and although you can develop such brains as already exist you cannot create what is not there. To-day, I am informed that, taking into account the elections which have taken place during February, and the further losses sustained since the publication of the report, our roll stands at a total of 6,176, and the number of students has recovered to the extent of 36, to a total of 751.103 Thus, I feel that the Institute is consolidating its position and steadily securing the adherence of the coming generation of competent chemists. The position of the Institute as a professional body is reflected in some measure in the large number of matters of public concern in which it has been invited to participate by appointing delegates or representatives, and we are grateful to those who serve in that capacity. The report contains a list of such appointments, of which one of the most important and interesting is aconfer- ence convened at the suggestion of the Federal Council for Chemistry on co-operation among the chemical societies.This Conference has been engaged in investigating a matter which I am inclined to think many regard as far less complicated than it is in actual fact. It is evident that any scheme which involved the complete fusion of the three principal societies must be based on a secure financial foundation , which willbe acceptable to all concerned. The risks of disaster by immature action are too great to warrant an experiment being tried unless the chances of success are very real. Each Society at present fulfils certain specific functions, and it is difficult to name many points at which these functions overlap.If this is so it does not seem likely that much expense, as distinct from other considerations, could be saved by closer union. In the matter of publications there can, however, be no question but that amalgamation would relieve the Chemical Society from some of the burden-which is evidently becoming intolerable. Nevertheless Societies, like individuals, must cut their coats according to their cloth, and if the income is insuffi-cient the expenditure must be curtailed, or further funds obtained. Possibly the solution lies in the adoption of the action taken some years ago by the German Chemical Society and, more recently, by the American Chemical Society, namely, by the segregation of publications and their separate sale. These are matters which have been under consideration at recent conferences. Nothing affecting the members of the Institute can or will be done without their consent, but, for the present, there is one point to which I should like to call attention, without, in any way, prejudicing the action of the Council or of our representa-tives in these conferences.It concerns the question of a library. In 1917, the Chemical Society invited various Societies and Associations concerned with chemistry to co-operate a scheme for extending its library. It was suggested that the Societies and Associations themselves would thereby be relieved of the necessity of purchasing books and, by subscribing to the library of the Chemical Society, would secure for their members the use of a really comprehensive library in return for their support,- the library itself remaining the sole property of the Chemical Society.It was feared by some that the arrangement would not be to the ultimate benefit of the Chemical Society; but the proposal came from the Society, and the object in view, that of forming a really representative library, was clearly something greatly to be desired. Until then the Institute had maintained, and it still main- tains, a library of works of reference suitable for the use of candidates presenting themselves for its examinations. Its expenditure on books and journals, however, has very rarely exceeded E30 per annum, largely due to the fact that many such books have been presented by the authors and publishers.At that time, 1917,the financial position of the Institute was not so sound as it is to-day: it had not even completed its Building Fund, and, at the Annual General Meeting in 1917, Sir William Tilden had asked, in view of the need for economy, what was the policy of the Council of the Institute regarding the library, indicating that he hoped that it would not compete with that of the Chemical Society. For the first few years of the scheme, 1918 to 1920,the Institute subscribed to the Library of the Chemical Society L25 a year; in 1921,E30; in 1922, fl40; in 1923,LIOO; and in 1924,and every year since, E250. Since the scheme started, however, the membership of the Institute has increased from 1,850to over 6,150,and I need hardly say that the use of the library of the Society has been very much appreciated by many members who are not Fellows of the Society. In my opinion, however, the arrangement was a bad one, both for the Chemical Society and for the Institute.For its own purposes, the Institute had already its own reference library for its candidates, and unless a further addition were to be made to its building, it hardly had room for more than that. If it did not require any other library, there was no reason for it to enter into any arrangement with the Chemical Society except to support the general scheme, NOWif it wishes to continue, other Associations and Societies, to Co-oprate with the 105 Chemical Society in its library, the only equitable basis would be that the Institute and other participating societies should share in the cost of upkeep and maintenance of the library in proportion to their membership, making due allowance for overlap; but thc arrangement should include provision by which the participating societies should become partners in the library.As it now exists it belongs to the Chemical Society, but I suggest that it would not be difficult to ensure that all books obtained after a certain date should be the property of the participating bodies and should be so stamped. This would give such bodies real ownership in the library and would justify the expenditure incurred. This, of course, could not apply to runs of Journals, which could not be broken, because if any scheme of this kind were adopted, then the sections of these runs of journals after a certain date would become the property, not of the Chemical Society, but of some joint body, and if that joint body ceased to exist, naturally the Chemical Society would be in a very difficult position; but I think the scheme could apply definitely to all books other than those represented by runs of journals.Fellows and Associates will note also the increasing associa- tion of the Institute with the British Standards Institution. Mr. Butterfield, one of our Vice-presidents, is a Member of the Council of the Chemical Division. Members of the Institute are represented on many committees and panels, whose meetings are held very frequently in this building.We not only give this accommodation, but contribute annually towards the expense of the valuable work of the Institution. Our financial statements for 1933have been submitted by the Honorary Treasurer, and I would like to express to him and to his Committee, in your name, the gratitude of the Institute for the able Management of our affairs, and especially to the Honorary Treasurer himself for the keen interest which he takes in all departments of the business of the Institute. (Applause.) I am sure that you would also wish Mr. Kirkaldy and the Benevolent Fund Committee continued success in the good work which they are doing on behalf of the relatives and dependents of former members, who are in need of temporary help, as well as for those present members who are unemployed or have met with other misfortunes. From my own personal experience as a member of the Com- mittee for several years, I can only say that every case brought 106 to the notice of the Committee is dealt with promptly, reason- ably, and as generously as the state of the fund allows.I hope that every member who is able to help is giving as much as he feels he can afford to this most deserving cause. Moreover, at the risk of encouraging further appeals, I would add that every deserving case is considered confidentially, and with the utmost sympathy. The work of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, under the Chairmanship of Sir Christopher Clayton, further illustrates the willingness of the Institute to assist in public affairs in which our profession and science may be concerned.I would refer, in particular, to the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, which was passed during the year. Largely through the kind advice and help of Lord Henley and Sir Christopher Clayton, this Act contains a clause which puts beyond doubt the right of the chemist, as well as the pharmacist-for I cannot avoid making the distinction, if only for the sake of clarity-to use the only title by which he has been known throughout the ages and in every country in the world. At the same time, the Institute, being specially entrusted with the duty of certifying to the competence of candidates desirous of becoming public analysts under the Food and Drugs (Adulter- ation) Act, has been accorded the privilege of appointing a representative to the Poisons Board, which has been constituted under the provisions of this Act.The Council has been for- tunate in securing the services of Dr. Gerald Roche Lynch-the Examiner to the Institute in therapeutics, pharmacology and microscopy-in this capacity. I have on a previous occasion remarked upon the fact that far happier relations exist between chemists generally than seemed to exist when the numerical strength of the profession was much smaller, and the members were consequently more sparsely distributed throughout the Empire. To-day, with far greater numbers, and the more frequent opportunities which are now provided for their meeting together, comparatively few are so situated that they cannot, if they wish, take an active part in promoting the advance of their science and the interests of their profession.During the past year I have visited Leeds, Man- Chester, Birmingham and Sheffield, and have noted the satis- factory manner in which chemists are combining in these areas. The old and thoroughly bad segregation into pure and applied, academic and industrial, chemists is rapidly disappearing. 107 The Local Sections of the Institute, both at home and in the Overseas Dominions, and of other bodies, have contributed largely to this change which can only be beneficial to all concerned. The list of papers read, of visits to works and other places of interest, of discussions, demonstrations and exhibitions arranged by the Sections during the past year clearly shows that much can be done, and is being done, to create an even closer bond of fellowship among chemists engaged in all spheres of work.I would urge every member to co-operate by attending meetings of the Sections and by supporting them in their activities. The Council, being desirous of fostering the co-ordination of these activities, convened in June last a conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, which presented a report containing many useful suggestions, and it is intended that this conference shall be an annual event. I understand, also, that a movement is on foot to form a Local Section in India. The work of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committeewhich I would remind you is the Council in Com- mittee-continues to call for long sittings, on what is of course one of the most important functions of the Institute, as the pro- fessional body charged with the registration of qualified and competent chemists.In this also, I have to acknowledge the valuable services of Mr. Kirkaldy, who has presided over the deliberations of the Committee with unfailing regularity. (Applause.) I am also informed that sixty-four candidates have entered for the Examinations in April. In his Presidential Address last year, my predecessor, Sir Christopher Clayton, reminded you that over nine hundred candidates had taken the Institute’s Examinations since 1924, in addition to those who had submitted themselves to oral and special examinations.I think that these figures show that the Institute’s Examina- tions are valued, and that they supply an answer to the view, which I have sometimes heard expressed, that it is no longer necessary for the Institute to conduct such examinations itself. It is well known to me that many chemists of experience regard the certificate of having passed the Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry as of the greatest value, especially where a high standard of laboratory proficiency is required. I would also like to remind you that this examination provides the means whereby candidates who have received 108 adequate training but who, for reasons mainly connected with their employment, have found it necessary to move from one part of the country to another and are unable to take the examinations of universities; may yet attain the status of professional qualified chemists.(Applause.) With regard to the Examinations for the Fellowship, it must be remembered that the Institute’s diplomas in Branch E, The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and Water, and Branch F, Agricultural Chemistry, are specifically accepted as qualifying for certain important posts in Government and Municipal service, both at home and overseas, and, moreover, that the Council is willing to admit Associates to examinations for the Fellowship in a very wide range of branches of chemistry, particularly adaptable to their industrial experience.I would like to call the special attention of Associates to these examinations, for I feel sure that those who set themselves seriously to prepare for them, besides achieving the higher grade of membership of the Institute which very rightly carries with it enhanced prestige, will find the necessary reading and prepara- tion involved to be of great value to them in their professional work. The Council has in recent years received an increasing number of applications from Associates for exemption from the examina- tion for the Fellowship, but I would like to assure all members of the Institute that such exemption is only granted where a candidate can produce evidence of having materially contributed to the advancement of knowledge in some branch of chemical work, and of having reached a position of seniority and responsibility.The joint Committees of the Institute, with the Board of Education and the Scottish Education Department respectively, have reported on the increasing number of candidates taking the examinations for National Certificates, and have shown that this work is having a marked and beneficial effect on the training in technical institutions throughout the country. Mr. E. G. Savage, H.M. Senior Chief Inspector of Technical Schools, Board of Education, and Professor G. R. Clemo, Chairman of the North-East Coast Section and Professor of Chemistry at Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne, attended, by invitation of the Council, at its meeting on January 26th) to participate in a discussion on the place of chemistry in general education,-an old perennial, which is constantly appearing and never seems to die.109 It appears that, on October 28th last, Mr. Savage had stated at a meeting in Newcastle that, in his opinion, chemistry was too difficult a subject for boys under sixteen, and, in general terms, it seemed desirable for them to concentrate rather on Physics and Biology and to leave the formal study of chemistry until after the age of sixteen. In the discussion which followed, it was evident that members of the Council of the Institute were divided on the major issue, although they were satisfied with the attitude taken up by Mr.Savage towards the whole question which was, as he said, still in a very unformed state. Mr. Savage remarked that the Board of Education had not at present expressed any opinion. If the Board decided to adopt his view, he hoped that it would be tried out as an option for a period of five years and that there might be some transi- tional period before it became universal. The opinion of a section of the Council was admirably expressed by Professor Heilbron who said in a letter: “My personal view is that at present too much formal chemistry is being taught in many schools, and I would favour the alteration of the School Certi- ficate whereby General Science should replace the specialised teaching of chemistry to a greater degree than at present apper- tains.After all, only a very small proportion of those in Second- ary Schools ultimately proceed to the University, and it seems to me the wrong method to adopt, to teach physics and chemistry in a formal academic manner to the detriment of a general approach to science. The intensive teaching of chemistry could well form a part of the Higher School Certificate curriculum, and I believe that training in this science commencing at about sixteen years of age would prove more valuable than the detailed approach at an earlier period in the boy’s school curriculum. I do not, however, feel that at the present time any direct action should be taken by the Institute of Chemistry, for without doubt the whole question is at present simply under broad review and no detailed plan has so far been formulated.” The Council appreciates the action of the Newcastle Section in raising the matter.The discussion will be published with an invitation to Fellows and Associates to contribute their views. Personally, I am in full agreement with the statement made by Professor Heilbron, for, after an experience of some thirty- five years of university teaching, I have found that even after the age of sixteen there is a tendency to teach the type of chemistry in the schools which would be better left until later in 110 life. It does not infrequently happen that a student comes to the University fully under the impression that he has learned all there is to be learned at school This, as a rule, does not matter so much, because he soon becomes disillusioned, but, in some cases, the impression is difficult to eradicate.In one case I have in mind, a student was allowed to work in the school laboratoryalone from 8-11 p.m. His notebook is an amazing document. He apparently had access to an old copy of Watt’s Dictionary, and, from this, he selected a number of what he regarded as interesting substances to prepare. These included glyceryl trinitrate, cellulose hexanitrate, ethyl perchlorate, diazobenzene hydroxide, diazobenzene nitrate and diazobenzene picrate. I will read to you just one or two extracts from his notes. Regarding glyceryl trinitrate, he says: “The product was kept in quantities of three cubic centimetres in rubber corked test tubes, highly explosive on very slight provocation; with five grains of fulminate almost totally removed a tree trunk weighing about nine hundred- weight.” Of ethyl perchlorate he says: “An attempt was made to re-distil the product under a layer of water, but it disin-tegrated, as did most of the apparatus and a portion of the investigator.’’ Of diazobenzene nitrate he says : “The crystals were placed in a desiccator over night; further purification was impossible as the diazobenzene was not there the following morning ; neither was the desiccator.’’ (Laughter.) The Third Pedler Research Scholar has been appointed, and Dr.Janet Matthews, who now holds the Scholarship, is engaged at the Imperial College of Science and Technology on the development of inorganic microchemical analysis, a subject in which she has already done work of definite public importance having a direct bearing on the incidence of silicosis among miners; and we may look forward to hearing and seeing two 1ectureAdemonstrations which will be given by Professor Briscoe and Mrs.Matthews on “Microchemical Methods suitable for General Analytical Practice ” during the present month. The Publications and Library Committee, under the Chair- manship of Mr. Butterfield, has not only produced the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,which is mainly devoted to what I may call the domestic affairs of the Institute, but has arranged for lectures, which have since been published as separate monographs, and are, I believe, very greatly appreciated by the members and students.I would mention especially the remarkable series of Lectures given before the Institute during the year under review. Of 111 these, three by Professor Morgan embodied a Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry, and constitute one of the most valuable recent publications for students as well as for experienced chemists. They are a monument to the untiring energy and industry of my brother President. The scholarly and able Fifth Gluckstein Lecture by Dr. Levinstein was enjoyed by all, and that by Professor Caven on Priestley constituted a real addition to our knowledge of this remarkable man. Mr. Hulton told us a fascinating story about Beer and gave us an insight into the manner in which the modern beverage is produced.There were also lectures delivered before the London Section, by Mr. Alexander Marcan, before the Manchester Section by Professor Alexander Findlay, and before the Leeds Area Section by Mr. Norman Strafford and by Dr. Glasstone, all of which provided matter of the greatest interest to chemists. I have heard it stated that the publication of these and similar lectures does not properly fall within the province of the Institute as a professional body. A moment’s thought will, however, convince many that this is in no sense the publi- cation of new knowledge but a means of bringing into touch with new developments those of our Fellows and Associates who are not experts in the subjects dealt with.It is the only means by which professional chemists can be brought abreast of the times. The Public Appointments Committee, under the Chairman- ship of Professor Roberts, has continued to watch the interests of chemists holding official positions. The Honorary Corresponding Secretaries in the Overseas Dominions have been very helpful, especially in recent times, in connection with the preparation of the eighth edition of the List of Official Chemical Appointments, which we hope to publish shortly. Finally, the concluding paragraph of the report shows the present state of the Appointments Register, which we are glad to say is slightly better than it was at the date of the previous report. I cannot conclude, however, without expressing our thanks to the retiring Vice-president, Professor Henderson, who has again served a period of three years in that capacity, and to the retiring Members of Council, Professor Comber, Dr.Francis, Professor Heilbron, Lord Henley, Mr. George King, Dr. Naunton, Mr. Perry, Dr. Rideal and Dr. Weir, all of whom have been helpful in our work during the past three years. 112 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 16th February.-The Council directed that the report of the discussion on the place of chemistry in general education, which tookplace 011 the 26th January, should be published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSfor the information of Fellows and Associates, together with a statement that comments and opinions from other members would be welcomed and would be considered in due course.A recommendation from the Liverpool and North-Western Section, that the Council should appoint district representatives from each district as ex oficzo members of the Benevolent Fund Committee, was referred to the new Council. The Council decided to make a contribution of ten guineas from the general funds of the Institute to the Sixth International Congress for Scientific Management. The President, Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., was re-appointed representative of the Institute on the Advisory Committee on the dyeing of textiles, in connection with the technological examinations of the City and Guilds of London. Reports from the Finance and House Committee, the Benevo- lent Fund Committee, the Publications Committee, and the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Commit tee were received and adopted.The Benevolent Fund Committee reported grants amounting to f16x and the provision of an allowance, at the rate of 30s. a week, to the aged widow of a Fellow. The Publications Committee reported that, following on the lecture-demonstrations to be given by Professor Briscoe and Mrs. Matthews on microchemical methods suitable for general analytical practice, Dr. A. D. Mitchell had kindly consented to give a lecture on “Recent Applications of Indicators and Other Reagents to Chemical Analysis ’’ in October next. The elections, consequent on the recommendations of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, are reported at the end of this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 113 The names of the Officers and Members of Council and of the Censors who were elected at the Annual General Meeting on 1st March are given on pages 89 and 90.Council Meeting, 16th March.-Thirty-five Members attended the first meeting of the new Council held on 16th March when the President welcomed the new Members who were in attendance for the first time, and others who had served on the Council previously and had been re-elected, namely :-My. F. S. Aumonier, Dr. Thomas Callan, Dr. F. D. Chattaway, Mr. H. W. Cremer, Mr. John Evans, Mr. Lewis Eynon, Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Mr. T. F. E. Rhead, and Dr. Ernest Vanstone.The Standing and Special Committees and their Chairmen for the ensuing year were appointed. (See pages 90 and gr.) A request was received from the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section that provision be made for the election of an additional District Member of Council,-namely for Aberdeen and North of Scotland,-whereby Scotland would be represented by three District Members, including one for Glasgow and West of Scotland. The Council proposes to submit a recom- mendation to this effect at the next Annual General Meeting. The Council concurred in the formation of a Local Section for the Empire of India, of which Mr. G. Watson Douglas is Honorary Secretary. Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler will continue to act as Honorary Corresponding Secretary for India and as Honorary Secretary of the Indian Advisory Committee.Lecture-Demonstrations.-On 14th March, in the Hall of the Institute, Professor H. V. A. Briscoe and Mrs. Janet W. Matthews gave the first of two lecture-demonstrations on ‘‘Microchemical Methods Suitable for General Analytical Practice.” The President (Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S.), said that, continuing the scheme of lectures, under which the Institute was endeavouring to give its members information regarding recent advances in various branches of work, it was thought that laboratory technique might find a place very fittingly in the programme for the present year. He knew that Professor Briscoe and Mrs. Matthews had 114 undertaken a great task in preparing for the lecture-demonstra- tions from which he felt sure many present would learn something useful.The second lecture-demonstration was given on 26th March. The lectures are being prepared for publication as a separate monograph. Professor Briscoe delivered the first lecture, while Mrs. Matthews, with the aid of a lantern, exhibited the apparatus. At the second lecture-demonstration, given on the 26th March, Mrs. Matthews delivered the lecture, while Professor Briscoe showed reactions, spot tests, etc., with the aid of an epidiascope. At the conclusion of the second lecture, Dr. J. T. Dunn, in moving a vote of thanks, expressed his regret that it had not been possible for him to be present at the first. He recalled that Faraday, in his experimental work, had been meticulous in his attention to details, and had shown in his book Chemical Manipzclation how he delighted in unusual apparatus; for example, he had devoted a sub-section entirely to the uses of paper in experimental work.He (Dr. Dunn) found Mrs. Matthews’ discourse most interesting, and felt compelled immediately to go home and try spot tests and other experiments to which she had referred. Mr. E. M. Hawkins, in seconding, said how much he had been fascinated by the subject and the manner with which it had been dealt both by Professor Briscoe and Mrs. Matthews. He thought that the microchemical methods which had been demonstrated opened the door to work which might, and should, have been done long ago, and he knew that he was voicing the sentiments of all the members present when he expressed thanks on their behalf for two most enjoyable, entertaining and instructive evenings.Professor Briscoe, in reply, said that Mrs. Matthews and he had greatly enjoyed preparing for the lecture-demonstrations, although it had been rather a task to fit it in with their everyday work. They could but feel glad that they had been kindly received, because they both believed that microchemical methods would, in the course of time, be generally adopted. “Beer.”-Mr. H. F. E. Hulton asks that for the first two sentences of the second paragraph on page 26 of his lecture on 115 “Beer,” published by the Institute early in the year, the following be substituted :-“The Journal of the Institute of Brewing, now in its thirty- ninth year, is the leading technical journal of the fermentation industries and is published monthly.From 1895 to 1920,it was edited by my old friend, Mr. Arthur R. Ling, and since then has been edited by my friend and colleague, Mr. Julian Baker.” From 1895 to 1903,the Journal was known as The Jouurnal of the Federated Institutes of Brewing, but the word ‘‘ Federated ” was subsequently dropped. Mr .-now Professor-Ling was Editor from 1895 to 1920, and thus covered a period of both titles. 116 The Place of Chemistry in General Education. AT the meeting held on 26th January, 1934,the Council discussed the place of chemistry in general education.Mr. E. G. Savage, H.M. Senior Chief Inspector and Chief Inspector of Technical Schools, Board of Education, and Professor G. R. Clemo, Chair- man of the North-East Coast Section, and Professor of Chemistry at Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, attended, by invitation of the Council, and were welcomed by the President. The President said that the Council had received the following resolution, from the Newcastle and North-East Coast Section- “That, in view of the intellectual discipline involved in the study of chemistry as an exact science in the schools, and the great and growing dependence of science generally and of industry in particular on chemists, this meeting views with considerable concern the implied policy of the Board of Education in aiming at largely replacing the study of formal chemistry for the School Certificate by general science comprising elementary physics and biology.” The President directed the attention of the Council to the Report of the Panel of Investigators appointed by the Secondary School Examinations Council to enquire into the eight approved School Certificate Examinations held in the summer of 1931.(H.M. Stationery Office, 1932, 27-230, 2s. 6d.) In this Report, it was suggested that no candidate should be allowed to pass, or obtain a credit, in the science group of subjects, unless he had taken a paper in “elementary science.” The tentative syllabus for this paper included elementary physics, elementary biology, and some elementary chemistry, but did not insist upon much quantitative work.Candidates for the School Certificate could also take either one or two or three of the “additional ” subjects, physics, chemistry, and biology; but they could only be exempted from the paper in elementary science if they took all these three in good faith. 117 It was feared by the Newcastle Section that the result of this suggestion might be to reduce the amount of serious chemistry taught to boys under 16. The President called upon Professor Clemo to open the discussion. Professor Clemo dealt with the matter on the lines of the following memorandum- ‘‘In a discussion by the Newcastle Section of the Institute on October 25th and November 8th, the danger of ignorance of chemistry in this scientific age was stressed.On October 28th, Mr. Savage stated in Newcastle that as, in his opinion, chemistry was too difficult for boys under 16, it seemed desirable for them to concentrate on physics and biology and leave the formal study of chemistry until after 16. Reasons which have been advanced for such changes are the rather over-emphasised present-day evil of specialisation in schools, and the fact that 95 per cent. of the Secondary School population of boys pass directly into the world without an elementary knowledge of biology. The proposed new policy is outlined in the report by the Panel of Investigators on the School Certificate Examination for 1931 which, whilst criticising the teaching of physics, had little fault to find with that of chemistry, and yet advocated in the main the discon- tinuance of the latter.Mr. Savage holds that boys of 16, even if they have had four periods of chemistry per week for four years, usually fail to obtain a grasp of the atomic theory, and so he pro- poses ‘to make them a present of it.’ All teachers of experience, with whom I have discussed the subject, disagree with the former view and ridicule the latter. The new idea of teaching physics and biology ‘together with as much chemistry as is necessary to understand those subjects’ leads to various in- consistencies in the Investigators’ report. Thus, colloidal chemistry is to be touched on because of its biological importance (presumably the idea of molecules is to be another present, along with the atomic theory), and yet the study of the acids of phosphorus is to be discontinued.That only the purely descrip- tive side of biology can be dealt with in the absence of a knowledge of the basic and fundamental science of chemistry, and in particular of the atomic theory and the idea of molecular structure, will be clear to most people. Thus, how otherwise can, say, respiration and nutrition be dealt with if students have no 118 knowledge of the structure and therefore properties of CO, and the acids of phosphorus? Much stress is laid nowadays on the iniquity of making the 95 per cent. of Secondary School boys already referred to, get down for the one and only time in their lives to exact work in chemistry, and thereby get some grasp of scientific method.Accordingly, they are to be fed largely on soft mental stuffs which are even now obtainable on the wireless and elsewhere. A serious aspect of this is that such pampering will in many cases ruin the boy from getting down to hard and formal chemistry after 16, and chemistry cannot afford to lose most of the best brains. It would be of interest to learn from Mr. Savage how many of the 23 investigators who produced the report were chemists. Apparently, the panel contained only one, and, moreover, it did not appear to have had the services of any chemist engaged in academic teaching or research. It is perhaps natural that revolutionary changes should be proposed at the expense of accurate chemistry, the beauty and greatness of which lies largely in the fact that it is an exact experimental science.This is borne out by an analysis of the suggested General Science course in Appendix VIII of the report, which shows that during the four years, 54 terms are to be devoted to physics (i.e. much as now), two to chemistry, and four to biology. At present physics and chemistry absorb about equal times, and the proposal is that chemistry shall hand two-thirds of its time to biology. In practice I am told by experienced science masters that in future all boys in small schools and the weaker ones in large schools will take only general science, and in consequence a serious handicap may ensue to the better boys in small schools.The proposed remedy is likely to be worse than the evil above mentioned, and it will go hard with us to make a serious educa- tional slip of this nature, needing maybe many years to rectify, with the advent of such new realists as Japan and Russia. The President of the Royal Society two weeks ago to-day said ‘we have suffered historically for our neglect of chemistry, and the country must not cease its efforts to maintain and increase the efficiency of its schools of chemistry.’” Professor Clemo added that he agreed to the suggestion that biology should be introduced in the education of boys up to 16, but they must first have a basic knowledge of chemistry. He advanced the views of his Section, who had primarily in view the real interests of the boys and of the country.He felt the scheme was bad in reducing the amount of accurate experimental 119 chemistry, and would fail in the all important matter of incul- cating a real grasp of scientific method. The following contribution from Professor R.M. Caven, D.Sc., of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, was read :-“Whether the teaching of chemistry in schools should preponderate, or whether a place should be given to biology, depends on whether a narrow, vocational training should be introduced early, or whether general culture should take pre- cedence over such training. I say a narrow, vocational training, because training in which chemistry and physics predominate is designed to produce chemists, physicists, or engineers; whilst another kind of vocational training might be designed to produce biologists, bacteriologists, and physicians and surgeons, and in such training biology would predominate over chemistry and physics.These two kinds of vocational training are equally to be deprecated in the interests of a true scientific culture ; and such culture should precede any kind of vocational training. “How then should the study of science by a young child begin? ‘Back to Nature’ should be our slogan. The study of physics and chemistry involves bringing Nature into the labora- tory and analysing her; and such artificial methods should not constitute the first approach to science. Thus, ‘Nature Study’ should be the first theme of school science, so that a love of Nature may be fostered in the heart of the child.This study, indeed, will have both a scientific and an aesthetic value. Huxley’s Physiography : an Introduction to the study of Nature presents this ideal. “I would like to see this supplemented by the physical and chemical history of the earth and atmosphere, including the distribution of elements and compounds, and the reasons for this distribution. This would introduce such fundamental materials as lime, alumina, oxides of iron, silica, and carbon dioxide, the circulation of carbon and nitrogen in nature, and the influence of water. Thus the way would be prepared for some elementary biology, as the world was prepared for the advent of life. And so the child’s love of ‘ beasties’ and flowers would be encouraged, and some elementary ideas of the classification of animals and plants could be taught.This would lead to the rudiments of physiology, vegetable, animal, and human, and to some instruction by a wise teacher in personal hygiene. So the introduction to science would be completed, perhaps at the age of twelve. 120 “Meanwhile, the young mind should have been trained to habits of exactitude by mathematics, and the principles of measurement. This opens the way in the secondary school course to the study of the General Properties of Matter, and elementary physics. Only when a foundation of physics has been laid should chemistry be begun; and the principles common to physics and chemistry, particularly the properties of solids, liquids, and gases, should be dealt with first.“Detailed description of many of the elements and their compounds should not be attempted in the school course, nor should technical processes be described. Indeed, specific elements should only be chosen to illustrate general principles of chemical classification; the pupil’s brain should not become a lumber-room, stored with unrelated chemical facts. “Whether the scholar proceeds afterwards to the University, or not, the thoroughgoing inculcation of fundamental chemical laws, and of the need for exact quantitative experiments to establish them, should be insisted on. Such subjects as the methods of determining equivalent, atomic, and molecular weights, gaseous and liquid diffusion, and the qualitative and quantitative aspects of chemical change, can be taught; and whilst the scholars may perform simple quantitative experiments, including exercises in volumetric analysis, they should understand that a greater degree of accuracy than they are likely to obtain needs to be reached to establish quantitative laws.This kind of accuracy may be illustrated by reference to the classical work of great chemists. “In view of these remarks, I may make a few comments on the SCIENCEsection in the Blue Book. (I) That the subject most commonly taken should be chem- istry I consider a mistake. It may be more easy and attractive in some respects than physics, but should never precede physics.(2) Biology is an essential part of “General Science,” .and should always form part of the school curriculum, at least in the earlier years; though whether it should be continued to the end of the secondary school course, or should give way to an intenser study of physics and chemistry, will depend upon circumstances. Thus I agree with the first suggestion under (c) on p. 122 of the Blue Book. 121 (3) I agree that the Applied Sciences mentioned at the bottom of p. 123 should be dropped. To teach metallurgy, for instance, in a school course, I regard as absurd. (4) Practical examinations are not a good test of a scholar’s attainments or ability; but the note-book record, com-piled during his course, is. Therefore laboratory records may be examined; and the proposal of practical questions in the theoretical examination is a good one.“These remarks are sufficient to indicate my views in general on this interesting topic.” A letter from Professor I. M. Heilbron, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S., of the University of Manchester, was circulated and read at the meeting and a verbatim quotation from it was made by the President in his Address to the Annual General Meeting (p. 109). The letter, as subsequently revised by Professor Heilbron, reads as follows:- “I very much regret that I now find it will be impossible for me to get to London to-morrow to attend the Council Meeting. I would much like to have heard the various expressions of opinion regarding this difficult question of the teaching of chemistry in schools.My personal view is that at present over- much formal academic chemistry is being taught, and I would favour the alteration of the School Certificate so that General Science should replace the specialised teaching of chemistry to a greater degree than at present appertains. After all, only a very small proport ion of those in Secondary Schools ultimately proceed to the University, and it seems to me inadvisable to attempt to teach specialised chemistry at the expense of a more fundamental and general approach to science. The formal teaching of chemistry could well be delayed until the Higher School Certificate standard is reached, and I believe that training in this science commencing at about sixteen years of age would prove infinitely more valuable than the detailed approach at an earlier period in the boy’s school curriculum.I do not, however, consider that at the present time any direct action need be taken by the Institute of Chemistry, for without doubt the whole question is at present simply under broad review, and until a detailed plan is formulated only a watching brief is called for .” The following statement from Professor R. H. Hopkins, DSc., of the University of Birmingham, was read :- “Although at first sight the proposals made in the Report would appear to be hostile to the interests of chemists, in that the subject of chemistry would take a less important place in the school curriculum, there are points of view in favour of the proposals even from the chemist’s standpoint.(a) A broader outlook on science at the outset of training is of advantage to the chemist during his training. (b) Whilst a smaller attention to chemistry up to the School Certificate stage may mean less chemistry taught in the school up to the final leaving stage, this means that more chemistry will be learnt by the chemist in a University or other approved Institution, in which--e.g., first-class equipment and facilities are available. (c) The profession is overcrowded, and a little encouragement towards other branches of science would perhaps eliminate a few half-hearted students. Chemistry wants recruits who have such enthusiasrm that they choose the subject from the widest possible select ion.Apart from the above considerations, we, as chemists, should not take too narrow and sectional a view of the matter, and even from such sectional viewpoint, it is doubtful whether the proposals are detrimental to our interests. An appreciation of the function of the chemist and his value to the community may be obtained by the layman quite as well if science teaching is on the lines suggested as if more detailed chemistry is taught in the schools.” Mr. Savage said that he did not consider that the exact composition of the Panel of Investigators was of great importance, but he would point out that the Panel did, in fact, include five representatives of science, two physicists, two biologists, and one chemist.He had not reckoned himself among the chemists, although he had taught chemistry more than physics, and such research work that he had been able to do had been in physical chemistry. He agreed with Professor Clemo that the chief thing to consider was the interest of the children. He agreed that the statement made by Professor Clemo was in general accurate. He reminded the Council that there was only a certain amount of time available for science. Boys would usually take chemistry and physics, and no biology; girls botany, and little else. The choice varied very much according to the equipment of the schools. Most boys took only one science,-- chemistry or physics,-although some took both. Those who remained at school after 16 could specialise in science in prepara- tion for the Higher School Certificate.He felt that boys and girls were led too early into the formal aspects of their subject: they were expected to examine the trees before they could see the wood, whereas they needed a wider view of things. Mr. Savage reviewed the scheme suggested by the Panel of Investigators, and emphasised that where the boys took science, they could not take one science subject alone unless they knew something of general science as a whole. One merit of the scheme was that the syllabus for the suggested paper in elementary science only required 11or 12“period years.” This left a further 11 “period years” which could be used for any extra studies in chemistry or physics or biology as the individual schools might prefer, and as the individual pupils appeared to have a bent for such studies.The proposed compulsory paper left plenty of time for formal work in any special subject the schools might choose. He felt that the views of Professor Heilbron and Professor Hopkins fairly represented his own views on the matter. Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Head of the Departments of Chemistry, Technical College, Huddersfield, said that chemistry as a subject was the one science in which it was possible to combine effectively instruction in both theory and practice. In the teaching of chemistry, there was something definite which the boy could grasp. In his experience, boys learnt more if concrete examples could be given them, and he would not, therefore, be in favour of reducing the number of hours devoted to chemistry.He feared that the suggested course in elementary science was some- what vague and indefinite, and that the intellectual training would not be so valuable. Dr. A. E. Everest, Director, Messrs. J. W. Leitch & Co., Ltd., Huddersfield, said that the Council was greatly indebted to the Newcastle Section for introducing this important subject. At first, he had felt very disturbed at the introduction of more physics and biology to the displacement of chemistry, and that the Institute should regard such a step with disfavour. On the other hand, when he examined the published scheme, he did not regard it so seriously as at the first disclosure. He did feel, however, that the teaching of chemistry trained the mind in accuracy as, in a somewhat different way, did physics, to a 124 greater extent than the teaching of biology.He considered that fundamental ideas must be settled in a scholar’s mind before passing to the university. He did not mind the suggested scheme so long as it was not to the detriment of chemistry, and so long as the subjects were well taught, but he feared that the suggestion might be the result of a desire to make matters easier for the teacher and the scholar through glossing over with generalisations. He wished to assure the Board of Education that, as a member of the Council of the Institute, he welcomed the introduction of biology into the school curriculum, but would emphasise the importance of accuracy as a training for individuality.Professor C. H. Desch, D.Sc., F.R.S., Superintendent, Depart- ment of Metallurgy, National Physical Laboratory, agreed in general terms with the Report of the Panel of Investigators. He greatly approved of the desire to distinguish between Matricu- lation and the School Certificate. Only a small proportion of children went to the University, and, for those who did not do so, a general insight into the fundamental ideas of science was better than any attempt at specialised teaching in chemistry. With regard to the remarks of Dr. Everest, in his view the teaching of formal chemistry was easier than the teaching of general science, and he foresaw a difficulty in providing com- petent teachers of general science during the next few years.Referring to Professor Caven’s advocacy of Huxley’s “Physiography,” he regarded this book, in its original form as admirable, but it had been largely spoiled in revision. Every child should be taught some biology, and such teaching should not involve looseness or inaccuracy in study. He felt that a detailed course in chemistry was unsuitable for boys under 16. Professor Samuel Smiles, D.Sc., F.R.S., Daniel1 Professor of Chemistry, King’s College, University of London, said that, in his opinion, the training of a chemist would be improved by ensuring a better and wider general education at the preliminary stages. The scheme proposed by the Board of Education ap- peared to assist this object, and he did not think that the changes involved would, in the long run, adversely affect the training of a chemist, but would probably have a favourable influence.He was, therefore, not opposed to the scheme. Mr. J. C. A. Brierley, Headmaster, Science Department, Royal Academical Institution, Belfast, said that the education of boys was his life’s work. He taught physics and chemistry, 125 but the business of the school was not to produce chemists or physicists, but to prepare youth to live; the preparation for earning their living came later. At his School, so far as science was concerned, the first year (10-11 years of age) was spent on Nature Study; the second (11-12) on the study of the human body, and the next (12-13) on the study of astronomy.The time occupied during each of these years was four periods of 40 minutes per week, throughout the school year. The next two years (13-15) were concerned with the study of physics and chemistry, separately, but alongside one another for seven periods per week. After this, the boys went along different paths. Those who elected to take the science side, for the next two years took both physics and chemistry, giving six periods per week to each. Those who remained after this stage prepared for University scholarships. The teaching of biology was rightly coming into the scheme of things, but he thought it was better to leave this until boys were 16 or 17, when they had acquired a foundation of physics and chemistry.Mr. Savage here reminded the Council that the School Certificate Examination concerned only boys of 16 and under, and that 95 per cent. left at this stage. Mr. Brierley said that he was naturally speaking of boys in his own institution, who remained there until the age of 18. He feared that if they substituted biology for chemistry at too early a stage they would be substituting a subject which might easily become "sloppy," for one providing the best mental training. At his school great stress was laid on the development of scientific methods of thought, the discussion of methods and results, of what is evidence, and the making of good workmen. These matters seemed to him of much more importance than the mere acquisition of a large number of facts; indeed these latter might, to a large extent, be left to take care of themselves. It was here that he felt at variance with the proposal to introduce a course which was a medley of physics, chemistry, and biology.This would mean that the pupils would have put before them a considerable number of facts over a large field, but scientific training would seem to go to the wall, for the sake of mere information. 126 His own experience over a long period was that little of value was gained except by experiment-qualitative and quantitative- on the part of the pupils themselves, preceded and followed by discussion. Professor W. H. Roberts, City Analyst, and Associate Professor of Public Health Chemistry in the University, Liverpool, said that many chemists were lacking in a knowledge of biology, and found it necessary to acquire it later in life.He agreed in general terms with the views expressed by Professor Heilbron. He understood that Mr. Savage did not intend to imply that the time allotted to chemistry should disappear, or even that it should occupy only one-third of the total time allotted to science, as Mr. Savage, in his suggested allocation of periods had used only about one-half the time usually devoted to chemistry, physics and biology. He was in favour of separating the School Certificate from Matriculation. Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, M.A., one of the Gas Referees appointed by the Board of Trade, thought that we should con- sider the subject in its broadest aspect.He asked whether it was the intention of the Board of Education to apply the same principles to other groups of subjects, as well as to the science group. What would be thought of the suggestion that individual languages should be removed from the curriculum, and for them substituted a course in general comparative philology? He thought there was as much to be said for teaching only one branch of science as for teaching only one foreign language, for, after English and mathematics, all this elementary teaching was important mainly as training in the art of learning. Chemistry was as good a subject after the age of say 14,as a foreign language or other subject, from the point of view of its effect on general mental development.He recalled that when he was a young man, candidates for the London Matriculation had to take seven subjects, whereas, for "Smalls " (Oxford) and "Little-Go " (Cambridge), three only were required. On consideration, in retrospect, he thought that there was much to be said for the smaller number of specific subjects. He agreed that this question of the requirements for the School Certificate was best considered without regard to the future vocation of the pupil. Dr. R. H. Greaves, Director of' Metallurgical Research, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, agreed with the views expressed by 127 Professor Heilbron. He thought that the boys should be afforded every opportunity of learning science, but that, at the same time, they should be safeguarded against early specialisation. His experience was that, if teaching of chemistry was deferred until after the age of 16, it did not adversely affect training for chemistry as a career later.Laboratory assistants who came to him at the age of 17 with the School Certificate, which had not included any science, often made quite as rapid progress as those who had learnt chemistry at school. Much depended on enthusiasm. Those who took the broadest training at school were quite capable of specialisation later. He considered that the teaching of science often occupied time, some of which, in the pupils’ interests, might better be devoted to languages and literature. Mr. George King, M.Sc., Messrs. Albright and Wilson, Oldbury, near Birmingham, said that the Institute insisted on a high standard of general education, and its members were men of wide interests.It was sometimes said that chemists were only interested in the work of their own laboratories. This should not be the case of the chemist who conformed to Institute standards. There was much to be said for the suggestions made in the Report of the Investigators, provided that it did give some training in exact science. Speaking as one in close touch with industry, he had found that, in making junior appoint- ments, character was the first thing to be considered, and then a knowledge of fundamental chemistry. Special knowledge could be taught in the industry itself. At school, the aim should be to train citizens and not chemists.He supported the views of Professors Heilbron and Caven. Mr. F. Southerden, Director of Messrs. Evans, Gadd & Co., Ltd., enquired as to the amount of laboratory work it was proposed to include in the new scheme, and whether, in the absence of a practical examination, laboratory notebooks would be submitted to the examiners. Mr. Savage thought that about half the total time allotted to science would be spent in the laboratory as at present, but this depended on the accommodation available in the individual schools. With regard to practical examinations, the Investigators disliked them generally, because they often overweighted 128 the evidence given by the written papers.There were grave difficulties in setting practical examinations where the number of candidates was large. Mr. Savage agreed that practical work should be done, but he did not believe that it could be properly tested by practical examinations. He feared that the matter would not be solved if the pupils’ practical books were sent up for inspection by examiners, since the time was all too short for this to be properly done. He reminded the Council that schools were under fairly close inspection, and thought that it was perfectly safe to rely upon inspection by H.M. Inspectors to see that the practical work was adequate and suitable, having regard to all the conditions. Mr. J. R. Johnson, Messrs. Cadbury Brothers, commented on the fact that employers of all kinds now insisted upon the pro- duction of examination certificates.The prevailing tendency of teaching chemistry in schools set, in his opinion, many boys thinking that they could take up this subject as a livelihood. If more sciences were taught, there would be a greater freedom of choice in careers. He agreed, however, that accurate work must be taught. Professor Clemo, in replying to the discussion, said that his points would be largely met if the Board of Education could assure him that laboratory work in chemistry, including the quantitative aspect, would not be omitted, and that there would be time for the teaching of formal chemistry for those who desired it. He would like to know what the probabilities were of the scheme being adopted by the Board, and said that he thought the difficulty, with regard to the ignorance of the 95 per cent.of any biology, might be best met by studying physics and chem- istry, say from 13 to 15, and then for biology to be compulsory from 15 to 16. Mr. Savage thanked the Council for asking him to be present, and said that he had heard many suggestions which would be very valuable. Twelve months ago, the Headmasters’ Associa- tion had refused to accept the scheme, but this year they had passed it, although by a small majority. The Science Masters’ Association had, however, adopted the scheme by a majority of two to one. The Board of Education had not at present expressed any opinion on the scheme. If they decided to adopt it, he hoped 129 that it would be tried as an option for a period of five years, and that there might be some transitional period before it became universal.The President expressed the thanks of the Council to Professor Clemo and Mr. Savage for coming to the Institute and participat- ing in the discussion. A report would be prepared, and the Council would, in due course, give further consideration to the matter. 130 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 7th March, when two films were shown: (i) “The Manufacture of Nobel- Glasgow High Explosives for Blasting Purposes,” and (ii) “Grass-land Management, ” kindly lent by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.Professor James Hendrick presided and there was a large attendance of members and friends. The films were well received, in particular the former which showed the various processes in the manufacture of explosives at Ardeer. At the conclusion, the chairman expressed the appreciation of the audience by moving that a letter of thanks be sent to Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., for their kindness in lending the films. Belfast and District.-At a meeting held at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution on 15th February, Mr. J. C. A. Brierley spoke on bb Some Aspects of Modern Astronomy.” Mr. Brierley introduced his subject by reference to the enormous extension of human travel and interest. Distances, which meant months to previous generations, were now reduced to days, and, similarly, astronomical interest had passed from the solar system, first to the Milky Way, and now to the problem of the Spiral Nebulae.The lecturer dealt first with modem ideas on the Spiral Nebulae,-each a gigantic Catherine wheel, similar to our Milky Way, which had a diameter of something of the order of 400,000 light-years. He said that these nebulae, already at incomprehensible distances, seemed to be moving from us at speeds which increased proportionally to their distances. This led to the question of their ultimate destination, and, using as analogy a two-dimensional being living on the surface of a sphere, he showed the possible failure of three-dimensional geometry in the study of vast distances and dealt with the conception of a fourth dimension-possibly in time-and the curvature of space.From this he went on to the interesting speculation as to whether the nebulae might perhaps eventually complete the circuit and begin to approach our local system again. Mr. Brierley then spoke of some of the more remarkable stars in our own nebula. So far as was known, the masses of the stars were all comparable with that of the sun; but in two groups of stars the sizes were vastly different. First the Giant Stars, represented by Betelgeuse, Antares, etc. The diameter of Betelgeuse was over zoo million miles-more than twice that of the earth's orbit. Its average density, therefore, must be of the order of IO-~ that of water.At the other extreme was the group of stars known as White Dwarfs-typified by Sirius B, which had a volume approximately that of the earth, and therefore a density of about one ton per cubic inch. Such a density was even more difficult to conceive than the low density of the Giant Stars, but the suggested explanation was that matter in the White Dwarfs consisted of atoms stripped of many of their electrons, and so of a volume many times less than their terrestrial volume. In speaking of temperature, Mr. Brierley said that this could be considered from many aspects-the astronomer used it as a measure of the energy of motion of molecules or atoms. The temperature of interstellar space approached within a few degrees of absolute zero, in one sense.But matter in so rarefied a form did not obey ordinary laws, and its temperature, from the astronomer's point of view, was possibly close to the surface temperature of the stars. Interstellar space was at the same time intensely cold and intensely hot! The surface of the sun had a temperature of about 6000' C., which increased rapidly in the interior until at the centre it was of the order of 40,000,000" C. Proceeding to discuss the source of stellar energy, the lecturer. mentioned the Helmholtz-Kelvin contraction theory, and then gave an account of Eddington's theory that the source of the energy was the cancelling out of protons and electrons-the annihilation of matter. In the subsequent discussion, Mr.Brierley suggested that originally there had been an unstable equilibrium between the gravitational and repulsive forces in the universe. The repulsive forces won, with the result that we had an expanding universe. In answering a question about the source of energy of the White Dwarfs he pointed out that Eddington's theory would still be applicable, as their high density did not require their constituent atoms to be completely stripped of electrons, On 20th March, at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, Mr. H. T. Currie gave a lecture on (6 Paper Manufacture,” in which he dealt with the following subject-matter:- Fibrous materials used in the manufacture of paper, with special reference to wood pulp and the processes used in the manufacture of mechanical wood pulp, sulphite wood pulp, sulphate wood pulp, and soda wood pulp.Paper-making, ancient and modern,-with special reference to paper made from wood pulp and the methods used for producing papers, ranging, on the one hand, from papers of the blotting paper class made with a minimum amount of hydration and fibrillation and a maximum amount of cutting, to papers of the grease-proof and Kraft class made with a maximum amount of hydration and fibrillation and a minimum amount of cutting of the respective fibres. The technical control in paper manufacture,-with special reference to the evaluation of wood pulp in the unbeaten and beaten state, and the bearing of the evaluation tests on the selection of suitable furnishes, and in controlling the bleaching and beating processes for the production of papers ranging from blotting paper to grease-proof and Kraft-type papers. Graphical illustration of the characteristics of the various grades of wood pulp, and the application of these records in the manufacture of special papers in which the properties demanded by specification are contradictory in nature, such as maximum opacity and strength but specified amount of loading. The estimation of alpha-cellulose and lignin, and the deter- mination of copper number, the relation of lignin to bleachability and of alpha-cellulose to hydration.The importance of pH control in sizing operations using resin soaps and sulphate of alumina in the beating engine; the effect of sulphur compounds derived from the use of antichlor, and from residues of sulphur compounds in the raw materials, upon bronze paints and other metallic bodies, especially when combined with high acidity in the paper.Quantity and quality of water used in paper-making, purifica- tion of effluents by sedimentation methods, use of chlorination-coagulation process, its effect on the yield of finished paper, and as a factor in control of slime-forming bacteria derived from the 133 raw materials and from vegetable growths (algae slime) in the water and settling tanks. Dendritic growths resulting on storage of finished paper in humid atmospheres derived from specks of bronze and copper from the bronze-beating rolls and bed-plate knives.Dimensions of various paper-making fibres, permanence of paper and artificial ageing tests in the laboratory by heat treatment. Relation of alpha-cellulose content and lignin content to permanence, yellowing of paper due to lignin, resinous compounds, and compounds of iron. Bristol and South-Western.-A well-attended meeting of the Section was held at the Bristol University on 19th February, under the chairmanship of Dr. Ernest Vanstone, when Dr. J. H. Quastel, Director of Research, Cardiff City Mental Hospital, read a paper on “The Study of Chemical Processes in Animal Tissues.” Dr. Quastel stated that chemical processes in animal tissues might be characterised as follows :-They took place heterogeneously, i.e.they were usually surface phenomena. (Illustrative of this was the recent work on the chemical basis of narcosis, where it had been shown that narcotics exerted their hypnotic power by competing with a cell substratum, which was important in carbohydrate metabolism for a particular catalyst in the brain. The competition resulted in a diminution in the amount of the nerve cells, and narcosis might ensue.) Apparently simple chemical reactions might take place in a complex manner involving a number of steps each of which was controlled by a separate catalyst, e.g.-the transformation of ammonium carbonate into urea in the liver and the breakdown of glucose into lactic acid. In tissues such as liver, a number of chemical processes could only proceed if structural integrity of .the cell tissue were intact, which was illustrated by the fact that the oxi- dation of fatty acids-which was one of the dominant features of metabolism in the liverentirely ceased if the liver was cut up into small fragments or minced, though histologically the hepatic cells were apparently un-damaged. Energy was required to preserve this structural integrity of tissue.134 One of the major problems of biochemistry was to discover how such energy, derived for the most part from oxidation changes, was utilised for cell reactivity. An interesting discussion ensued in which the following took part, Drs. Vanstone, A. C. Monkhouse, W. E. Garner, M. Travers, R. C. Menzies and Edward Russell.A hearty vote of thanks was accorded Dr. Quastel, on the proposal of Mr. Russell, seconded by Mr. Bright. Through the courtesy of Professor Francis and Professor Garner, the members of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section are invited to take advantage of the facilities of the Worsley Chemical Library, Bristol University. In addition to the normal University hours, the Library is open, except during the month of August, on Tuesday and Wednesday evenings between the hours of 6.30 p.m. and 9.30 p.m. for reference purposes. Members using the Library are expected to conform to the University Library Regulations, and to sign the attendance book at each visit. The entrance to the Library is in Woodland Road. The Annual Meeting of the Section was held at Bristol University, on 23rd March. The Officers and Committee of the Section for the year 1934/35were elected as follows :-Chairman, Prof.W. H. Garner; Committee, Mr. F. Southerden, Mr. F. P. Hornby, Mr. Osman Jones, Dr. R. C. Menzies, and Dr. A. C. Monkhouse; Hon. Auditors, Dr. H. F. Dean and Mr. F. E. Needs; Secretary, Mr. E. Lewis. The retiring Chairman of the Section, Dr. Ernest Vanstone, then gave an address on “The Chemistry and Nutritive Value of Grass,” which was illustrated by means of lantern slides and a cine-matograph film. The meeting was presided over by the President of the Institute, Prof. Jocelyn Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. Dr. Vanstone dealt with the statistical aspects of grassland within the British Empire, in which the annual crop of grass is one of the main sources of wealth.In the United Kingdom alone there are over 22 million acres of grassland compared with 10million acres under the plough, Experiments had been carried out in Northumberland dealing with the influence on cattle growth and quality of meat, by treating the pastures with various types of phosphates. Phos-phate treatment of land had also given increased hay crops in Essex and increased milk yields in other areas. Reference was made to the important experiments which had been carried out at Aberystwyth on the chemical composition of grasses, and to the Cambridge Experiments on the cutting of grass at regular intervals and feeding these crops to sheep, in which it had been shown that young grass possessed the highest feeding values.At Aberdeen, the mineral composition of grass had been specially studied. Examples of diseases due to mineral deficiency were shown on the screen. Many pastures were deficient in lime and phosphoric acid and this led to malnutrition and mal- formation of the bones. At the Research Station of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., the intensive manuring of grass was being studied, and also the system of rotational grazing, together with problems asso- ciated with the drying and preservation of grass. These showed that it was possible to extend the grazing season, and so save the cost of purchased foods. Lastly, the importance of the vitamin content of grass was discussed.It had been shown that butter from cows on pasture was richer in carotin than that from cows given other foods. Subsequent to the meeting an informal dinner, which the President also attended, was held at the Royal Hotel, Bristol. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The fifth meeting of the session was held on 15th February, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, under the auspices of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. Mr. W. M. Ames, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society, presided, and Dr. L. H. Lampitt delivered the Society of Chemical Industry Jubilee Memorial Lecture entitled ‘‘ Some Fundamental Scientific Problems in the Food Industry.” Dr. Lampitt confined his remarks to the more purely scientific aspect of food science and commented on the problems of food preservation. The vital problem in food preservation was to find a means by which a judgment could be formed of the changes 136 which occurred during preservation.Our present methods of analysis only served as an indication of one small part of the value of any foodstuff, and it had now become a question of the changes induced by treatment in the substances which were present in small amounts. He maintained that, if it were known in chemical terms on what freshness depended, the problem could be tackled from a more fundamental standpoint. Although a considerable amount of work had been done on the subject of meat, much more was left yet to be done. The chemistry of fruit formed the next section oi the paper.Dr. Lampitt described recent work on fruit acids, and stressed the difficulties of this type of work. The impossibility of preserving orange juice, with its fresh flavour, was mentioned as an illustrative example in this section. Tea, decaffeinated, was drinkable, but the removal of tannin left the tea with no tea quality of flavour. In conclusion, Dr. Lampitt referred to the chemistry of milk. The variables were so many that there was some excuse for the little advance made. The pasteurisation controversy was touched on, while the degree of change caused by bacteria was a factor often ignored in chemical study: the breed and period of lactation had been considered, and yet the bacterial aspect had been almost entirely left out.Excluding the vitamin question, it would appear that an appreciation of the composition of milk might have been of great importance as light might have been thrown on the changes effected by the pasteurisation treatment; that changes did occur was, of course, well known. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Lampitt on the motion of Professor Forsyth Wilson. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 27th February, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh,- Mr. Adam Tait in the chair. The Hon. Secretary submitted the annual report and financial statement for the year ended 30th September, 1933,which were approved. The meeting then proceeded to elect members to fill vacancies on the Committee for the ensuing year as follows-as members of Committee: Messrs.Henry Elder, A. P. Mieras, Walter Smith, D. C. Wilson; as Hon. Auditor: Mr. J.W. Romanes; and as Hon. Secretary: Mr. G. Elliot Dodds. A vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring members of Committee. After the ordinary business of the meeting, a discussion took place on the desirability of closer co-operation between the various chemical societies. The feeling ,was expressed that some such scheme was desirable, especially with a view to cutting down the number of publications. In addition, it was felt that the general body of members of the Institute should be kept informed of the progress of the negotiations. GlasgowandWest of Scotland.-A joint meeting, arranged by the Local Section of the Institute, of all Chemical Societies in the Glasgow district, was held on and February, at the Royal Technical College, when Dr.F. S. Sinnatt, Director of H.M. Fuel Research Station, gave an address on 66 Some Recent Developments in Fuel Research.” Professor R. M. Caven, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, presided. Dr. Sinnatt summarised some of the work being carried out by the Fuel Research Board. He said that recently he had described the work on the low temperature carbonisation of coal in the Young Memorial Lecture which he gave in Paisley before the North British Association of Gas Engineers. He proposed to confine the present lecture to problems in which the chemical aspects were important.He divided his subject into three sections, the survey of the coal seams of the country and the investigation of the constitution of coal; the hydrogenation of coal and tar; and the purification of fine coal. Before the formation of the Fuel Research Board no systematic investigation or survey had been made of the coal seams of the country. One of the major programmes of the Board was to make a complete examination of all the coal seams. British coals ranged in rank from anthracite to lignite. Each coalfield required the attention of a special survey staff, since the problems could only be solved by officers making frequent visits to the collieries for consultations with the technical staffs of the collieries. The magnitude of the work might be gathered from the fact that, in Lancashire, for example, the twenty known seams differed materially in their properties and in their uses.Up to the present some seventy seams had been investigated in the country, either partially or completely; each seam exhibited characteristic variations in properties from locality to locality. There was a tendency among those not alive to the magnitude 138 of the coal interests to dismiss such variations in the properties of the seams as unworthy of study. It must be realised, however, that there were some three million tons of coal per square mile in a seam three feet in thickness. The properties of the seams frequently varied in less than this distance, and consequently it was essential, where such a large weight of coal was in question, that a systematic study should be made.The survey had shown that the properties of coals in certain coalfields changed systema- tically, and it was possible to plot on a map the percentage of volatile matter and tar produced on carbonisation, etc., and thus to reduce the number of points at which seam sections were obtained. In other areas it was necessary to make a much more detailed study. As an instance it had been found that in one coal area little change occurred in the properties of a particular seam in a distance of over 10miles, whereas in another direction the volatile matter fell 5 per cent. in about 2 miles. In a second coalfield the volatile matter of the seam followed fairly regular contours, ranging from 29 to 42 per cent.It would be recognised at once that the economical utilisation of such coal depended upon the complete knowledge of its properties in any particular point in the coalfield. It was becoming increasingly important that all connected with the utilisation of coal should follow the work of the Survey. It was not possible for the Coal Survey to do more than to generalise upon the variations which were occurring, and collieries were becoming alive to the need for analyses of the coal seams they were winning in order to detect minor variations. The survey of a seam was not considered complete until consignments selected with the greatest care from the coalfield had been examined in the large-scale units at the Fuel Research Station.By this means it was possible for those engaged in the utilisation of the coal to translate the variations found in the laboratory into large-scale practice. Dr. Sinnatt pointed out that the scientific examination of coal was becoming increasingly complicated. He instanced the work which was being done upon the determination of chlorine and sulphur, and the forms in which they occurred in coal, and the examination of coal ash for elements present in small quantity, particularly germanium, lead, zinc and molybdenum, which might be of importance as catalysts in hydrogenation and other processes. The speaker then touched upon the investigations being carried out upon the constitution of coal.Professor Bone had shown that, although coals might differ in rank, they might have a similar fundamental structure. He had also suggested that the coal substance was made up of nuclei comprised of six- membered rings. He had found quite definitely that the oxidation of coal gave rise to benzene carboxylic acids, and, as part of his investigation, it had been necessary for him not only to identify these acids, but to devise means by which they could be separated. The second problem dealt with by the speaker was the hydrogenation of tar and coal, and he described the results obtained at the Fuel Research Station upop the progressive hydrogenation of coal. He showed that a new series of products could be obtained from coal by this treatment.The initial products were high in phenols, and the final products contained hydrocarbons only. Considerable interest attached to the utilisation of the various products. The speaker then described the plant which had been developed at the Fuel Research Station for the continuous hydrogenation of low-temperature tar and distillates from high- temperature tars. This plant was capable of treating 50 litres a day, and progress was being made in the erection of a unit capable of treating 1000to 1500 litres a day. The motor spirit produced from low-temperature tar was rich in aromatic hydrocarbons, and had an Octane Number of 88. The speaker then dealt with the problems encountered in the purification of fine coal, and described briefly the work which had been done upon vacuum froth flotation and the precipitation of fine coal from suspensions in water.He pointed out that at the Fuel Research Station the vacuum flotation method for the treatment of certain coals had been considerably improved by the addition of coagulating agents which caused the preci- pitation of the fine impurities which might otherwise be carried over with the clean coal. In the vacuum-flotation process the coal separated as a froth which, when the pressure was brought to atmospheric pressure, collapsed and yielded a product which drained rapidly to 16-22 per cent. water. He mentioned the fact that a new process had recently been devised in which the dry fine coal was treated with air under pressure (2 atmos.), and, after treatment with oil in the presence of water, was brought to atmospheric pressure.This yielded a similar result to that obtained in the vacuum process, and might develop into an alternate means of treatment. The precipitation of fine coal 140 from suspensions was effected by coagulating agents of which, as types, lime, starch and gelatin, were effective. Gelatin was giving interesting results in the experimental work when applied preferably in the form of an aqueous solution of size. It had been found that one part in zoo,ooo of slurry brought about a precipitation which was up to ten times as rapid as that obtained when no reagent was present. Lantern slides were shown illustrating many activities of the Fuel Research Department.An interesting discussion followed, in which several members and visitors participated, and a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Sinnatt, on the motion of Professor G. G. Henderson. The members of the Section were invited to a joint meeting arranged by the Chemical Society on the 9th February at the Royal Technical College, when Sir Robert Robertson, Govern- ment Chemist, gave an address on L6 Diamonds.” A report of the meeting has been published in Chemistry and Industry, Huddersfie1d.-At Field’s Caf6, Huddersfield, on 13th February, Mr. H. Webster Moss presided at a meeting of the Section, at which Mr. W. T. Astbury, of the Textile Physics Laboratory of the University of Leeds, gave a lecture on (* The Industrial Application of X-ray Analysis.” of which the following is a synopsis:- Fundamentally, X-ray “vision ” is analogous to ordinary optical vision, but on account of the shortness of X-ray wave- lengths it reveals the nature and degree of molecular organisation: for instance, two X-ray photographs show immediately that stretched rubber is in a higher state of molecular organisation than unstretched rubber.We may conveniently classify the successive stages of structural organisation as follows:-(a) Atoms to molecules, (6) molecules to crystals, and (c) crystals to aggregates; but the final properties of a body represent the total consequences of these, and X-ray analysis is capable of supplying information about all three.X-ray analysis is the study of the chemistry of the solid state, and as such offers many unique advantages; for example, it 141 requires only minute quantities of material, is often applicable in situ, and in general avoids all destruction or decomposition. Present-day knowledge of the stereo-chemistry of inorganic compounds,-such as, in particular, the silicates and many other minerals,-rests almost entirely on the results of X-ray analysis ; while in the field of the study of animal fibres progress without it might have been held up indefinitely. It is thus an industrial tool of the highest importance, chiefly because it is a far-reaching method of fundamental research, and not simply a method of making rapid and fool-proof industrial tests.There are four main fields of application :-(I) fundamental research into the structure of molecules (this really includes all the next three and has supplied the material, during the last 20 years, of an enormous and revolutionary literature); (2) identification; (3) study of states of aggregation; and (4) study of changes of state (transformations). Proceeding at once to :-(2) The X-ray photograph is a molecular “passport” or identity photograph, and serves very simply to show at a glance whether two substances or products are actually identical or not, even though their molecular composition may be unknown. A very comprehensive example of this, of prime importance to industrial science, is the demonstration by X-rays that all the celluloses are fundamentally the same compound, as also all the natural silks (fibroin), and all the animal hairs (keratin), respectively.(3) X-ray analysis is peculiarly adapted to the study of states of aggregation and all stages of particle orientation ranging from the purely random arrangement of a “powder” to the highly oriented systems of cold-worked metals, textile fibres, etc., Departures from random orientation are accom-panied by corresponding specialisation of properties, as is seen, for example, in the swelling, “lousiness,” lustre, extensibility, and strength of silks and rayons, the hardness of cold-worked metals, and the nature of electrolytic deposits, etc. The dimen- sions of submicroscopic particles can also be measured by X-ray methods, and there is clearly great scope for this special applica- tion in the study of dyes, paints, steels and other alloys, and of the phenomena of catalysis.Crystal distortion, also, may be detected by X-ray methods. (4) The change of state of rubber on stretching (mentioned above) is a striking example of the power of X-ray technique 142 in the field of transformations, and more recently we have again the discovery of the intra-molecular transformation, on stretch- ing, of the fibre substance of animal hairs, which has laid the foundations of the stereo-chemistry of silk, keratin, collagen, etc., and unified the elastic and other properties of textile fibres into one comprehensive scheme. The nature of the mercerisation of cellulose has also been revealed by X-ray examination, as well as the details of numerous temperature changes, in particular those associated with the phenomena of alloy formation.The whole theory of alloy formation is now being built up with great precision, To summarise, the wide applicability of X-ray analysis arises from the fact that almost every solid is crystalline to some extent, so that crystallography is the borderline subject par excellence : indeed, it is a universal helper. The lecture was illustrated with lantern slides. A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Astbury, on the motion of Dr. A. E. Everest, seconded by Dr. W. R. H. Hurtley. The Fourteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on the mst March at Field’s Caf6, Huddersfield,-Mr.H. Webster Moss in the chair. The reports of the Honorary Treasurer and Honorary Secre- tary were approved. The Honorary Secretary showed that the attendance at meetings had been well maintained, and the lectures very much appreciated. The following members were elected to the Committee, Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Messrs. H. S. Pink, C. E. Randolph and W. D. Scouller. A vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Chairman, Mr. Moss, and to the retiring members of the Committee, Mr. E. W. Holmes, Dr. S. Coffey, and Dr. H. W. Stephen. Thanks were also accorded to the Honorary Auditor, Mr. C. E. Randolph, who retired from office on being elected to the Committee. Mr. N. Hallwas elected Honorary Auditor in his place.Dr. A. E. Everest, District Member of Council, referred to the work of the Institute during the past year, and Dr. H. H. Hodgson reported on the arrangements of the Advisory Com- mittee to the Yorkshire Council for Further Education, for the holding of post-graduate courses in chemistry in the West Riding during the session 1934/1g35. On the conclusion of the formal business, films were exhibited 143 illustrating Scottish Oils, Ltd., and Acetylene Welding, which were much appreciated. India.-The question of the formation of an Indian Section of the Institute has been under consideration for some years past. Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, Honorary Corresponding Secretary in India, made arrangements for members attending the Indian Science Congress, held early in January at Poona, to meet together for further consideration of the proposition.Professor H. B. Dunnicliff, President of the Chemical Section of the Indian Science Congress, having been asked to preside, Dr. Fowler stated the object of the meeting, and quoted many letters received by him in support of the proposal, which was unanimously approved. A Committee was formed consisting of the following:- Mr. N. Brodie (Calcutta), Dr. S. Krishna (Dehra Dun), Mr. A. F. MacCullock (Madras), Dr. K. G. Naik (Baroda), and Dr. K. Venkataram (Lahore); and Mr. G. Watson Douglas, of the State Laboratory, Bhopal, was appointed Hon. Secretary and Treasurer of the Section. Irish Free State.-A meeting of the Section was held on 21st March, in Trinity College, Dublin,-Mr.B. G. Fagan and, later, Prof. A. O’Farrelly presiding. Prof. E. A. Werner gave a demonstration of the estimation of the water-content of peat by the method of distillation with a hydrocarbon oil. Using xylene (b.pt. 13S0-142’) he found that 60 C.C. were required to remove all the water from 5 gr. of peat containing 90 per cent. H,O. An oil (b.pt. 155~-1S0~)obtained from the Coalite Co. was found very satisfactory, 30 C.C. being sufficient. The peat sample (5 gr.) is distilled with 30 C.C. of the oil and the distillate of water and oil is received in a tube graduated in percentages of water. It is possible to obtain a result in ten minutes within z per cent. of the results obtained by drying in an oven to constant weight.The rapidity and reasonable accuracy of the method make it suitable where a large number of estimations is required, as is the case at present in the Irish Free State in connection with the Government’s campaign for the utilisation of peat as a fuel. A process of peat-winning is at present being developed whereby 144 the water-content is reduced by compression from 66 per cent. to xo per cent. Mr. W. J. Stringer demonstrated two microscope tests, one for sodium and one for lead. The test for sodium depends upon the formation of a charac- teristic crystalline triple-acetate precipitate having the formula +q.Na00C.CH3.Zn00C.CH3.zU02(OOC.CH,)The zinc is re-placeable by other metals; but the test is specific for sodium and is therefore useful for the detection of sodium in presence of the other alkalis.The test for lead depends upon the formation of a triple nitrite 2KN0,.Cu(N02),.PbN0,; the potassium and copper may be replaced by many other metals but the lead only by barium and strontium. A description of the tests may be found in Chemical Micro-scopy, by Chamot and Mason, pp. 52 and 184 respectively,-1931 edition. Leeds Area.-At a meeting of the Section, held on 19th February, at the University of Leeds, the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize were presented to Mr. Walter Lee for his Esasy on “The Chemical Education of Part-time Students,” by Professor F. Challenger, who presided. In making the presentation, the chairman congratulated Mr.Lee on his success, and indicated some aspects of the work of Sir Edward Frankland which were of special interest. He said that the Institute no longer stood alone in desiring that the memory of a brilliant experimentalist and most original inves- tigator should be perpetuated. He referred to the formation of the Lancastrian Frankland Society, enumerated its aims and objects, and drew attention to the delivery on the 18th January, (the anniversary of Frankland’s birth), by Professor H. E. Armstrong, of the “Frankland Oration,” which constituted a very interesting historical reminiscence, The chairman then mentioned the cherished memory of Frankland in the University of Manchester, where was displayed the original tube in which he discovered zinc methyl.In connection with this important discovery, he read a letter from his former Chief at the University of Birmingham-Professor Percy F. Frankland, F.R.S.,-who stated that “the discovery of the organo-metallic compounds by my father nearly ninety years ago was one of the earliest as well 145 as one of the most important of his contributions to chemical science. The organo-metallic compounds are not only of im- portance on account of the invaluable service which they have rendered in the synthesis of carbon compounds, but they are of special interest as it was in his study of these compounds that my father soon discovered one of the most fundamental regularities in the atomic combinations of the elements, which is generally known as the Law of Atomic Valency, and which was enunciated by him in a paper communicated to the Royal Society in 1852.The recognition of this basic regularity has shaped the whole evolution of chemical science, more especially in the domain of its “organic” branch, to the present day. The causes underlying this extraordinary regularity remained hidden for more than half a century, but have now been revealed with a considerable amount of clarity through the classical investigations in atomic physics by Sir J. J. Thomson, Lord Rutherford, and others, which have excited the wonder of the whole intellectual world.” Professor Challenger added that the modern water supply, with its purification and examination, could be looked upon as Frankland’s most enduring monument.The Institute of Chemistry by awarding of the Frankland medal, stimulated interest in his work. Mr. C. H. Manley, with whom Mr. Lee has been working for over 5 years, also added his congratulations. Professor H. J. Channon, addressed the meeting on ‘‘Some Chemical Aspects of Nutrition,” of which he has kindly supplied the following pr6cis:- An account was given of the more important advances which have been made in the last few years in that knowledge of fat metabolism which has been gained by dietary methods. The modifications in the nature of the fat caused, by supplying animals with fats, in abnormally high amount, or with fats which are not present in the customary food of the animal, was considered: the effect of factors other than the nature of the food fat was also discussed.It was indicated that it was unlikely that knowledge as to the essential processes involved in the metabolism of fatty acids would be greatly advanced by this line of approach. The findings of American workers,-that animals would not grow on a diet complete in all known essentials, but fat-free,-were then considered, and the relationship of 146 their observations, namely, that very small amounts of certain unsaturated acids would cause normal growth in animals on a fat-free diet,-to the hypothesis of Leathes concerning the ability of the liver to “desaturate” fatty acids,-was discussed. This led to a consideration of the function of the liver in fat metabolism, and it was pointed out that many facts,-such as the mobilisation of fat to the liver caused by the action of certain drugs, or which occurred in certain pathological conditions, and the high degree of unsaturation of the liver acids and in particular of the phosphatide acids,-made it appear certain that the liver was carrying out some essential r61e in fat meta- bolism.Recent work of the Toronto School showed that fatty livers could be induced by diets of high fat-content, and that these fatty livers could be both prevented and cured by the daily administration of small amounts of choline. This effect of choline had been investigated by the lecturer in a joint study with the Toronto workers, and the attempts to gain further insight into the mechanism of the action of choline in fat mobilisation were described in some detail.All the findings pointed to the fact that lecithin was playing some essential part in this process, and it was pointed out that the prevention and cure of fatty livers by choline administration provided a new method for studying fat metabolism from which considerable advances might be anticipated. In reply to various questions, Professor Channon stated that lecithin, and to a certain extent betaine, could be used in place of choline for the cure and prevention of fatty livers. p-aminoethyl alcohol, however, was inactive. Choline was relatively non-toxic. The question whether choline could be used as an antidote for phosphorus poisoning had not been investigated.A vote of thanks, moved by Dr. A. Wormall, was carried with acclamation. A joint meeting of the Section with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held on 6th March, in the Chemistry Department of the University,-Professor H. M. Dawson, F.R.S., in the chair. At 5.30 p.m., two films entitled, “The Scottish Shale Oil Industry,” and “The Story of Bakelite Resinoid” were shown. The meeting was fortunate in that Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Chief Chemist of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, was present to explain and comment on the Shale Oil film. His remarks were followed with great interest by an audience of about zoo. 147 At 7.15pm., Professor F. G. Tryhorn read a paper on ‘‘Micro-Methods in Inorganic Chemistry.” Professor Tryhorn said that micro-analysis had developed in two directions: (a) the quantitative analysis of organic com- pounds, and (b)increased sensitivity in the detection of inorganic substances. The first systematic development of the technique with inorganic materials had been made by Behrens, who had examined (microscopically) minute amounts of precipitates, and characterised the substances from their crystalline form.This method, whilst qualitative in nature, could be used to detect certain elements in quantities as small as 0.0001 mg. The further development of this type of qualitative analysis was due to Emich, who introduced the method of capillary filtration. Emich also developed the quantitative technique, involving the use of centrifugal separation of precipitates in capillary tubes, and improved the Nernst torsion balance.A brief reference was made to the drop reactions of Feigl, and the lecturer demonstrated the reactions used to detect minute amounts of Ni, Al, Mn and Zn. The use of the photoelectric cell with the coloured solutions obtained, for example, from very small amounts of salicylic acid and an excess of ferric chloride, for the determination of, e.g. salicylic acid, was illustrated. Potentio-metric methods, including the “polarograph,” which involved the “dropping mercury cathode ” used for micro-analysis, were then outlined. Probably the simplest method of detection of various metallic elements was to photograph the spectrum of the unknown compound or mixture and compare it with the spectrum of “R.U.” powder (which contained 53 elements in such proportions that only a few of the principal lines of each element were given).The lecturer referred briefly to the applications of these micro-methods in industrial and forensic work and in systematic qualit at ive analysis. A vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Professor R. Whytlaw-Gray, F.R.S., was carried with acclamation. Mr. G. J. Denbigh, M.Sc., F.I.C., the new chairman of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute, thanked the Leeds University Chemical Society for inviting the Section to participate in the meetings. Liverpool and North-Western.-On 8th February, at a meeting of the Section held at the Constitutional Club, Dr.H. A. 148 Mitchell, Medical Director, Evans Biological Institution, Runcorn, gave a lecture on the interpretation and application of blood chemistry in medicine. London and South-Eastern Counties.-At a meeting of the Section held on zIst February at the Institute, Dr. E. Frank-land Armstrong, F.R.S., opened a discussion on “Some Problems of the Chemical Profession.” Mr. F. G. Edmed, Chairman of the Section, presided. Dr. Armstrong alluded to the fact that the chemical profession, unlike some others, was not and never could be a closed one, since it consisted of chemists engaged in widely different avoca- tions having the one thing in common that they had all had a training in chemistry.Putting aside such questions as the need to-day for a much larger section of the population, including politicians and leaders of finance, commerce and industry, to have had a scientific training in addition to, if not largely instead of, a wholly classical and literary education, he emphasised the desirability of setting and maintaining a very high standard for the chemical profession, even going so far as to assert that no one should be encouraged to enter the profession who had not a real love for the subject, and was prepared to devote his career to its enrichment. They were better without those who merely entered chemistry with the sole object of making it an easy or lucrative occupation. Although ancient, the profession was only now beginning to organise on a professional basis and their progress must neces- sarily be slow and groping.There could not be too many informal and frank discussions on the aims of the chemist, such as the Institute was organising, and he saw in the Institute perhaps the best means of enabling chemists to realise the highest ideals. While paying every possible tribute to those gifted enthusiasts who devoted their whole lives to chemical discovery, particularly that of a fundamental character, he wished definitely to urge that chemists as a class had also other, he would even say higher, duties to perform-namely to seek, with the aid of their chemical information, their powers of analysis and their fundamental desire to distinguish truth from falsehood, to bring greater happiness to mankind, to secure not only material ease by the making of new products of general 149 utility, but also social happiness through the scientific under- standing of the needs of all.He stressed in particular the need for the chemist to be essentially a thinking man, one qualified and able to employ his mind in the largely neglected art of thinking. He would not have him restrict his thinking to the sphere of his science as must necessarily be done by those engaged wholly in research, but would urge that the power of thinking, learned in this way, be used in later years for the advancement of civic and social ends. The average individual seldom, if ever, thought; he was content to accept what he found around him, and all too many chemists were prone to complain of their lot, rather than to think of a way to improve it.Many ardent thinkers in the sphere of politics were prone on account of their lack of training, (training of the synthetic constructive type which is so large a feature of the discipline of chemistry), to think destructively and to wish to tear down the existing forms of government and society, without having elaborated anything to displace them. It seemed to him likely that the scientist, and the chemist in particular, had a great opportunity, if not a definite call, to think constructively. In any case, far too much inertia charac- terised the profession, and if chemists complained, individually or collectively, that their position and influence, socially, politically and commercially, as well as financially, was not what it should be, the fault was their own and the remedy in their own hands.They must cultivate the power of thinking. Dr. Armstrong alluded to the marked failure of the chemists to organise and to work together as a single unit, due in the main to the qualities of analysis and criticism and scepticism resulting from their training. He felt also that though the last decade had seen an amazing change in this respect, chemists as a class were still not sufficiently sociable. With few excep- tions, worldly success and influence depended on the cultivation of all sorts of qualifications in addition to substantial technical knowledge, and though, perhaps, to the hard-worked student, the acquisition of all the qualifications necessary to make him an “Admirable Crichton ” of chemistry seemed impossible, he assured them that it was worth while making the attempt.He mentioned the desire of many of the older men to place their experience, through the media of such societies as the Institute, freely at the disposal of the younger men, who in their turn 160 must come forward to help the cause of progress of their pro-fession, even if they were inarticulate ; criticism from a distance, unless constructive, would help them nowhere. United as one body, speaking with one voice, the profession might travel forward to an ever higher standard of success. He instanced the victories gained in connection with the tariff protections accorded to the industry and the recent legislation on patents, as indications of what common action could achieve.To have vision, to see where others do not, to have the moral aspect of this capacity for vision which the world labels independence, must be the goal of every chemist. To achieve independence by unity was the real problem of the chemical profession. An interesting discussion followed in which many members participated. Mr. F. G. Edmed presided at a meeting of the Section held on zrst March, when Professor A. C. Chibnall, lectured on Recent Developments in the Bio-Chemistry of Plant Life.” Professor Chibnall opened his discourse with a few remarks illustrating the difference between animal and plant metabolism, and stated that he would try to emphasise recent advances in plant metabolism by drawing analogies where possible with the more familiar facts of animal metabolism.He first described the difficulties attending experiments directed towards the elucidation of plant metabolism. The plant makes all its essential organic compounds-proteins, carbohydrates, fats, etc.-from inorganic material taken from the soil, carbon dioxide taken from the air, water and sunlight. Except in a few cases it has not been possible to feed preformed organic material; this fact, together with the absence of a “blood stream” which can be “tapped” for analysis and excretionary products corresponding to the urine and faeces, makes it difficult to find out what influence, if any, the organic material synthesised in one organ of the plant has on the metabolism of another. As the plant requires no vitamins its metabolism must be considered on a higher plane to that of the animal, and it is therefore interesting to observe that hormones, which the animal makes itself in certain specialised organs, and which exert a profound influence on the metabolism of the animal as a whole, have been recently shown by Went and his colleagues to be present in oats (Avena sativa).151 These substances, called auxins, are synthesised in the tips of the coleoptiles, and on downward translocation they control absolutely that aspect of plant growth which is due to cell elongation. Differences in local concentrations of auxin therefore are responsible for the well-known phenomena of phototropism and geotropism.Kogl has worked at the chemistry of these substances, and finds that the best source is normal urine. From it by a 21,000fold concentration he has so far obtained 400 mg. of a crystalline material which he calls auxin A. This substance has the formula C,,H,,O,, and contains one double bond, three hydroxyl groups, one carboxyl group and a five-membered ring. To it the following structure has been provisionally assigned. f c-c c* CH-CH(0H) *CH,*CH(OH)*CH(OH)*CO,H Direct isolation from plant sources (maize germ oil and malt) has been achieved with considerable difficulty, and accompanying the auxin A previously found in urine is a second and equally potent hormone called auxin B. This appears to have a similar structure, with the side-chain modified to R-CH,OHCH,CO. CH,.CO,H.When tested on oat seedlings a diurnal variation in the potency of auxin A has been found, and this has been correlated with the effect of weak electric currents on the trans- port of the hormone, which is an acid. The lecturer next discussed possible conditions in the plant which might give rise to such currents, and illustrated his arguments by drawing on the recent work of Ruhland dealing with acid plants. In Begonia hydrocotyZifoZia the vacuole sap of the leaf cells has a pH as low as 1-1-1.z-near1y as acid in fact as gastric juice. Yet in the same cells the chloroplasts must be at $H 6-7.Haas, Hill and Cannan have shown that the pigment hermidin present in the leaves of Mercuyialis is held 95 per cent. reduced, corresponding to rH 10, yet the chloroplasts must be in equilibrium with atmospheric oxygen, probably around rH 18. These two observations show a possible potential difference of 0.2-0.3 volt between the chloroplasts and vacuoles, and though in such leaf cells conditions must be static, they suggest that in the actively metabolising coleoptile tips the generation of weak electric currents might be possible. Reference was also made to Ruhland’s work on the protein metabolism in these very acid plants such as Begonia, showing that breakdown of protein leads to large accumulations of ammonium salts instead of asparagine or glutamine.Finally, he drew attention to recent work on the infiltration of leaves with various nutrient solutions, a method first introduced by Bjorksth. This made it possible to feed leaf cells with organic substances of known composition, and in the hands of Mothes it had been possible to demonstrate for the first time an equili- brium in leaves between asparagine, aspartic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid and succinic acid. The lecture was followed by a discussion. Malaya.-A very well attended meeting was held in the Government Analyst’s Laboratory, Singapore, on 14th December, 1933,when the Chairman, Mr. Morris Jamieson, gave a lecture on bb Scientific Methods of Investigation employed by the Paris Police,” being an account of his observations made during a month’s sojourn with the Service de l’Identit6 Judiciaire in Paris.He described the organisation of this department, which comprised a finger-print and portrait record branch, a photo-graphic branch, and a physico-chemical laboratory, and was directed by a chemist; the general departmental methods of dealing with criminal investigations ; the nature of the instruc- tions given to Investigating Officers; and the laboratory methods employed. The applicability of some of these laboratory methods in general, and to Malayan conditions in particular, was critically examined. The Continental system, of Police Department experts, and the English system, of independent experts, were contrasted, and attention drawn to grave disabilities associated with both.The lecturer remarked on the fortunate compromise whichthe arrange- ments of the Colony allowed, and which was so suited to its needs, where disinterested official expert evidence was available from scientific departments-notably the Government Analyst’s Department-quite separate from, and independent of, the Police. The lecture was followed by extensive discussion on the 153 laboratory methods and on the scope of evidence, in which the Attorney-General, who was present as a visitor, participated. Manchester and District.-Members of the Section were entertained by an exhibition of films of scientific and industrial interest at a meeting held on 8th February, including:- “Cups and Saucers” (making of pottery).“Britain’s Countryside ” (industrial and rural). “Oil” (main processes in oil production). “Five Skilled Craftsmen ’’ (forging, pipe bending, metal spinning). “The Fens ’’ (agricultural).“Down Under” (root growth). “The Strangler” (life of the Dodder). “Plants of the Underworld” (mushrooms). “Peas and Cues” (the pea plant). At the Annual General Meeting of the Section, held on 15th March, Mr. F. Scholefield in the chair, the following new members of Committee were elected:-Mr. S. A. Brazier, Mr. S. E. Melling, Mr. T. Homer, and Dr. W. Hubball. Mr. L. Thompson and Mr. H. H. Stocks were appointed Honorary Auditors. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-On 1st March an opportunity was afforded members of the Section to attend the Sixteenth Earl Grey Memorial Lecture on “The Anatomist and the Engineer,” delivered in the King’s Hall of Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, by Prof.D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson, C.B., F.R.S., Professor of Natural History in the University of St. Andrews. Prof, Thompson’s fascinating discourse with blackboard and lantern slide illustrations was greatly enjoyed by all present. Upon the invitation of the Bedson Club, members also attended the 25th Bedson Lecture at Armstrong College, on 2nd March, when Prof. J. Kendall, F.R.S., of the University of Edinburgh, gave an entertaining address on “Elements, Old and New.” Prof. Kendall outlined the course of chemical theory relating to elements from the earliest times to the present day.The cordial thanks of the meeting were expressed to Prof. Kendall by the Chairman, Prof. Riley. Prof. G. R. Clemo, Chairman of the Section, presided at the Chemical and Allied Industries Annual North-East Coast Dinner, held at the Royal Station Hotel, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on 16th March, under the joint auspices of the local chemical societies. The toast of “Research and Industry” was proposed by Mr. W. E. Mordecai, President of the Coke Oven Managers’ Associa- tion. Mr. R. H. F. Houstoun of the Thermal Syndicate, Wallsend-on-Tyne, replied. Dr. J. T. Dunn, in proposing the health of the Chairman, referred to his valuable services to chemistry in the district.The remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing and music. New Zealand.-The sixth Annual Conference of the New Zedand Section was held at Victoria University, Wellington, on 25th and 26th January. After the Annual Dinner, the Section held its Annual General Meeting, when the following were elected Officers and Committee for the ensuing year:-Chairman: Mr. G. A. Lawrence; Commit- tee: Mr. F. H. V. Fielder (Auckland) ; Dr. G. M. Moir, Mr. A. D. Monro, and Mr. M. L. H. Stewart (Wellington); Mr. E. W. Hullett (Christchurch) ; and Professor J. K. H. Inglis (Dunedin) ; Honorary Auditor: Mr. T. A. Glendinning; Honorary Secretary and Treasurer: Mr. Philip White. At the conclusion of the business, the retiring Chairman of the Section, Mr.W. Donovan, Dominion Analyst, delivered an address entitled, “A Consideration of the Possibilities of the Production of Motor Fuel and Lubricants in New Zealand,” of which the following is a brief summary:- “The total yearly imports of petroleum products amounted to IOO million gallons, including the crude oil re-exported in bunkers of ocean-going vessels. The present production of crude petroleum in New Zealand was only zoo,ooo gallons per year, but the search for a more productive field was being actively continued. The larger gasworks could, if necessary, recover 400,000 gallons benzol per year. There was no cheap source of fermentable starch in the country, for the production of power alcohol. It might be possible, however, to import and ferment molasses.There was an abundant supply of whey, which could be used if at any time a commercial method of fermenting lactose to ethyl alcohol were devised. 166 “The use of compressed gas and producer gas for motor vehicles was dealt with, the latter being considered well worth a trial in the Dominion. ‘‘Many New Zealand coals were suitable for hydrogenation, and all local requirements of liquid fuel and lubricants could be met by adopting this process. From the rather meagre information available, plant to produce 100 million gallons per year would cost ~TIZ,OOO,OOO erected, and a loss of Customs revenue amounting to Ez ,500,ooo annually would be entailed. Against this a million tons of coal would be required each year, and considerable labour would also be employed in working and maintaining the necessary plant.Consideration of the question should be deferred until the I.C.I. plant at Billingham was producing on a commercial scale, and accurate process and production costs were available.” The meeting was continued on January 26th, when the following resolution was passed with acclamation :-“This meeting desires to place on record its appreciation of the great value of the association of Professor Easterfield with the N.Z. Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, since its inception. It congratulates him on his splendid record of service to science generally in New Zealand, wishes him a happy journey to England and a safe return, and a long period of quiet enjoyment in his retirement.” Professor Easterfield having replied,-the following series of short papers was given:-Dr.R. M. Dolby.-“The Buffer Capacity of Milk and Whey.” Mr. F. B. Shoreland.--“ The Colorimetric Determination of Vitamin A.” Mr. S. H. J. Wilson.-“The Use of Ultra Violet Light in Chemical Analysis.’ Mr. E. B. Davies.-“ Mechanical Analysis of Soil.” Mr. F. C. Caugh1ey.-“The Glass Electrode in the Determin- ation of pH.” Interesting discussions on each paper took place in which the members and the numerous visitors took part. After lunch a visit was made to Messrs. Metter’s Ltd., Porce- lain Enamellers, Petone. The processes of casting, scouring and enamelling were clearly explained and the visit was very much appreciated by all.156 South Wales.-On 8th February before a joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry, Dr. H. B. Watson gave a lecture on (( Polarity and Chemical Reactions.” Permanent molecular dipoles, due to the unequal sharing of the covalent pair by two atoms, give rise to “Inductive Effects,’’ manifested in the dissociation constants of carboxylic acids and in chemical reactions of varied types. The dipole moment of a monosubstituted methane or benzene may be regarded as a numerical expression of the polarity of a group. In certain cases a quantitative relationship may be traced between dipole moment and dissociation constant or energy of activation, but this is not general owing to the intervention of polar effects of different character and other complicating factors.The lecture will shortly be published in Chemistry and Industry. 157 Notes. Safeguards in the Laboratory.-The importance of taking precautions against accidents in school laboratories was referred to by the President in his Address, and also by Mr. McLachlan, at the Annual General Meeting; attention is also called to it in the chapter on teaching in the Institute’s handbook, The Profession of Chemistry.’ ’ Canon T. J. Kirkland, Fellow, Headmaster of the King’s School, Ely, has forwarded to the Institute a copy of a pamphlet entitled “Safeguards in the Laboratory” and of a Warning Notice suitable for display in school laboratories. These have been published by the Science Masters’ Association and the Association of Women Science Teachers.Copies of the pamphlet and notice can be obtained from Canon Kirkland, price 6d. post tree. These publications were noticed in the issue of Nature of the 17th February, with the following comments :-“The pamphlet contains a number of very useful hints for first aid in the laboratory, which have been compiled by the Science Masters’ Association and the Association of Women Science Teachers, and it should be very useful in the school laboratory. It should be noted, however, that the adminis- tration of an emetic, particularly salt solution, as stated, is not advisable in the case of mercuric chloride without first giving immediately white of egg: the section on poisons is not sufficiently detailed to be of much real value .. .” In the Warning Notice, the following statement appears :-“Laboratory Materials must be used only for purposes sanctioned by the master in charge and it is not permissible to go beyond the instructions of the master in any experiment.’ The necessity for restricting pupils in this respect will be generally agreed, but it might be objected by some teachers that this restriction, unless interpreted with some elasticity, might have a prejudicial effect upon the spirit of enquiry which must be maintained from the beginning if the student is to become an investigator or something more than a routine worker.158 Short Courses for Teachers.-A course for teachers of chemistry arranged by the Board of Education will be held in London from Monday, 16th July, to Saturday, mst July, inclu- sive, and will be under the direction of Mr. C. H. Creasey, O.B.E., assisted by Dr. F. A. Mason, H.M.I., and other Inspectors of the Board. The main purpose of the course will be to consider the methods of instruction in National Certificate courses, but a proportion of the time will be devoted to the study of recent advances in Pure and Applied Chemistry. The course will consist of- (a) Lectures on the general methods and devices of teaching. (b) Discussions on the method of dealing with selected sections or aspects of the subjects of the National Certificate course.(c) Demonstrations on experimental illustrations of Physical Chemistry. (a) Special lectures on modern large scale inorganic and organic processes, and other topics. (e) Visits to Works or Laboratories. Through the kindness of the Warden and Committee, accom- modation will be provided at the Imperial College Hostel, South Kensington, at an inclusive charge of 5s. 6d. per day for bed and breakfast. Other meals will be charged separately according to tariff. Among those who have undertaken to give the special lectures are Professor J. F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., President of the Institute, Mr. M. P. Applebey, M.A., of Imperial Chemical Industries, Dr. Charles Dorke, Dr. F. A. Mason, H.M.I., and Dr.P. C. L. Thorne, H.M.I. Professor Thorpe’s lectures will be given at the Institute of Chemistry, but all the other lectures will be delivered in the Chelsea Polytechnic. It is expected that visits will be paid to the Beckton By-products Works of the Gas Light and Coke Co., and to the Factory and Laboratories of Messrs. Joseph Lyons & Co., Ltd. Forms of application may be obtained from the Secretary, Board of Education, Whitehall, London, S.W.1, not later than March 31st. The form should be returned through the Local Education Authority under which the teacher is working. No fee will be charged for the course, and the Board repay travelling expenses if and in so far as these exceed 10s. 159 Mr. John Evans, Member of the Council of the Institute, has been elected President of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, in succession to Mr.F. W. F. Arnaud, Fellow. Dr. P. F. Gordon, Member of the Council of the Institute, has been appointed head of the Chemistry Department of Coatbridge Technical College. Dr. H. F. Harwood, Associate, of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, has received the designation of Reader in Analytical Chemistry in the University of London. Mr. H. J. Page, M.B.E., Fellow, of the Imperial Chemical Industries Experimental Station for Agricultural Research, has been elected a Fellow of University College, London. Professor Harold Raistrick and Dr. Samuel Sugden, Fellows, have been nominated for election as Fellows of the Royal Society.160 Obituary. WILLIAMBAIRDdied at Clapton on 21st February, in his 66th year. Educated at Airdrie Academy and Gwetsherrie Academy, Coatbridge, he studied chemistry under Mills and Sexton at Anderson’s College-later the Royal Technical College-Glasgow. From 1888 to 1891 he was an Assistant to Professor Mills, and then obtained an appointment with Donald’s Ice-Chlorine Co., Ltd., Kilwinning, Ayrshire. In 1893 he joined the scientific staff of Messrs. Lewis Berger & Sons, Ltd., Paint Manufacturers, Homerton, London, as assistant to William Thorp, Fellow. In 1901 he was appointed chief chemist to that Company, for which he produced many new products and with which he remained until 1931, when he retired owing to ill-health.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. WILLIAM EDGAR BAKES, of Eltham, died in hospital, on 21st March, as the result of an accident on the previous day, in his 37th year. Educated at Archbishop Holgate Grammar School, York, and at the University of Leeds, he graduated B.Sc. and proceeded to M.Sc., in 1922, and D.Sc., in 1932. From 1911 to 1914, before entering on his course at the University of Leeds, he was a junior chemist with Messrs. Rowntree & Co. From 1917 to 1919, he served with the Special Brigade, Royal Engineers, in France and Belgium. On demobilisation, he obtained an appointment as a chemist at the Royal Naval Cordite Factory, Holton Heath, under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and was engaged upon investigations connected with the production of power alcohol.In 1927, he was transferred to the Fuel Research Station at East Greenwich, for work on the utilisation of fuel, on which he was still engaged at the time of his death. Under a nom de plume, he was the author of several books, and of numerous articles contributed to popular journals, dealing with the chemistry of foods, bacteriology, and domestic problems. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. STANLEYBOWMANdied at Teddington on 9th March, in his 46th year. He was educated at the Gateshead Higher Grade School and Secondary School, and at Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle-upon- Tyne. He was first engaged as a chemist at Johnstone’s Cement Works, Gateshead, and after eight years’ experience as an assistant chemist with the United Alkali Co.was for a time employed in the Dockyard Laboratory at Chatham, before he joined the service of the Anglo-Persian Oil Co. in 1914. He was engaged in the Laboratory of the Company at Putney until 1921, when, having passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1920, he was given charge of the analytical work at the Research Station at Sunbury, where he continued until 1932, when he was compelled, through ill-health, to relinquish his work. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920 and a Fellow in 1923. 161 ~WAIJRICE LINNZLL,died, as the result of an accident while climbing on Ben Nevis, during the recent Easter week-end, in his 26th year.Born at Stockport, he was educated at Stramongate School, Kendal, and at the University of Manchester, where he graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1930. In September of that year, he obtained an appointment as a research chemist with Messrs. Ellis Jones & Co. (Stockport), Ltd., of Tiviot Colour Works, with whom he remained until his death. He was one of the leading spirits in a group of expert rock climbers among Manchester University students and, two years ago, had taken part in an expedition in the Himalayas. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1931. BENJAMIN MELLOR died on 13th November, 1933, in hisSTANLEY 42ndyear. Educated at Heckmondwike Secondary School and at the Victoria University of Manchester, he was Woodiwis Exhibitioner in 191 1 and graduated B.Sc. with first-class honours in chemistry in 1913, pro-ceeding to M.Sc.in the following year. He was subsequently, from 1914, engaged as a chemist with Nobels Explosives Co., Ltd., and continued with Imperial Chemical Industries until his death. He was sent on several occasions to represent his employers in the United States, and also managed a factory for them in Australia for a period of twelve months. In June, 1032, he was appointed Factory Manager at their Leather Cloth Factory, at Hyde, Cheshire, which position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. Mrs. LLLUN COLLIERMISSELBROOK(n&Bevan), who died at Singapore in July last, in her 32nd year, was educated at the High School for Girls, Swansea, and at Swansea Technical College.She graduated B.Sc. in the University of Wales in 1923, proceeding to M.Sc. in 1925, and, in the following year, obtained an appointment as chemistry mistress at the Girls’ County School, Barry. In 1930 she obtained an appointment in the Raffles Girls’ School, Singapore, and later married Mr. B. L. Missel- brook of the Norwich Union Fire Office. She was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1926. HAROLDOMARNOLANdied at Guildford, Surrey, on 22nd February, at the age of 61 years. Educated at St. Anne’s School, Redhill, and at the Liverpool Institute, he spent a short period of study in University College, Liverpool, before entering Guy’s Hospital, where he continued chemistry and toxicology under Charles E. Groves and John Wade.He graduated M.B. (Lond.) in 1896 and proceeded to M.D. in 1903; also LL.B. (Lond.), in 1897, and LL.D. in 1903. From 1804 to 1896 he was assistant to Dr. Armand Ruffer, Director of the British Institute of Preventive Medicine, and thereafter worked for some time at the Bacteriological Farm of the Institute, at Sudbury. After passing the final examination of the Institute in 1897, he practised in medicine and chemistry in Egypt and later in the United States. During recent years, he travelled in Central America and, in 1930 and 1931, was a member of an expedition for scientific inquiry in the South Polar regions.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1898. Corrigenda.-In JOURNAL Part I,pp. 68 and 80-AND PROCEEDINGS, for Arthur Hamilton Burr, read Alfred Hamilton Burr, and for 29th December, read 28th December. 162 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented to the Institute by the Authors or Publishers and may be seen in the Library. “Boyle, The Honble. Robert, Addenda to a Bibliography of.” J. F. Fulton. Pp. iii + 28. (Oxford Bibliographical Society, Proceedings and Papers: Volume 111, Part 3, Pp. 339-365.) Introduction, relating to the sale of the Library of the Honble. Robert Boyle ;Addenda to sections dealing with separate works, contributions to other works, collected works, biography and criticism, biographies and commentaries; index.“Fire Risk and Fire Extinction, Chemistry in Relation to.” A. M. Cameron. Pp. xiv + 278. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 7s. 6d. net. Historical; combustion; flame; gases; liquids; mineral and vegetable oils; solids; spontaneous combustion; explosions; dust; hazards of certain industrial processes ; storage; fire extinction and fire-proofing; index. “Foundry Practice, A Manual of.” J. Laing and R. T. Rolfe. Pp. vii + 276. (London: Chapman & Hall.) 15s. Principles of moulding and core-making; moulding tackle and tech- nique; plate, machine and loam moulding; metallurgy and melting of cast iron; special methods; non-ferrous founding. Appendix. “High-pressure Chemical Plant, The Design and Construction of.” Harold Tongue.Pp. ix+420. (London: Chapman & Hall.) 30s. Compressors; use of pressure in preparation and purification of indus-trial gases; design of pressure vessels ; measurement of pressure;valves, fittings and pipework; materials for high pressure plant at high temperatures; effect of low temperatures on ferrous and non-ferrous materials ; the chemical autoclave ;catalytic circulatory plants; the manufacture of large pressure vessels for high temperature service. Appendix and Indexes. Industrial Administration, Fundamentals of : An Introduction to Industrial Organisation Management and Economics.” E. T. Elbourne. Pp. xx+644. (London: Macdonald and Evans.) 12s. 6d. Growth of industrialisation ; main features of early technological development; scope of modern industry; origin and development of the commercial system ; international trade and exchange ; natural resources and commodities of world trade ;fhancial responsibility md 163 control; the limited company and partnership; other forms of organisa-tion; elements of commercial law; outline of industrial legislation; industrial relations in practice ;organisation of production ;organisationof distribution ; significance of development and research ; financial statements, depreciation and valuation ;principles of industrial account- ing; principles of costing and estimating; control of expenditure ; statistics and graphs ;office organisation and method ;general principles of management ;divisionof functions; the human factor.Appendix A- rating, taxation and insurance ; Appendix B-table of dates; biblio- graphical index; index of names; index of commodities and trades; general index; list of charts, diagrams and tables. “Manometric Methods as Applied to the Measurement of. Cell Respiration and Other Processes.” Malcolm Dixon. Pp. xii + 122. (Cambridge University Press.) 5s. Types of manometers-constant-pressure,constant-volume and differ- ential. Methods of measuring respiration-methods of Dickens and Simer, Warburg, and Dixon and Keilin. “Nitrogen Conservation, An Introduction to the Biochemistry of .” Gilbert J. Fowler. This volume includes the substance of the lectures delivered at Patna University, by the Author as Sakhraj Ray Reader in Natural Science.Pp. viii + 280. (London: Edward Arnold & Co.) 12s. 6d. Methods and reagents of biochemical research; sources of organicnitrogen; building up and breaking down of nitrogenous matter; chemistry of ammonia formation ; nitrification; decomposition of non-nitrogenous organic matter by micro-organisms ;nitrogen fixation ; chemistry of sewage purification ;activated sludge process ; disposal of solid refuse; assimilation of nitrogen by plants; sulphur cycle; some examples of nitrogen conservation. Appendices; Bibliography. “Pharmaceutical Formulas.” Volume I. S. W. Woolley and G. P. Forrester. 10th Edition: revised and re-written. Pp. xvi+ 1146. (London: The Chemist and Druggist.) 15s.Contains The Chemist and Druggist Book of selected formulas from the British, United States and other pharmacopaeias, together with non-official formulas from various sources, including numerous descrip- tions of practical methods employed in the manufacture of pharma- ceutical preparations and other information of use to pharmacistsand manufacturers, comprising also a selection of formulas for “known, admitted, and approved remedies ” from former editions and from The Chemist and Druggist Diaries. Volume 11. G. P. Forrester. 10th Edition: revised and rewritten. Pp. xx+984. (London: The Chemist and Drug-gist.) 15s. The Chemist’s Recipe Book of formulas for adhesives, beverages, cleaning materials, culinary and household requisites, horticultural and agricultural preparations, inks, lozenges, perfumes, photographic preparations, polishes, soaps, toilet articles, varnishes, veterinary preparations, etc., including numerous descriptions of practical methods employed in their manufacture and other information of use to pharma-cists and manufacturers.164 “Soil Analysis.” C. Harold Wright. Pp. viii+236. (London: Thomas Murby & Co.) 12s.6d. A laboratory manual of physical and chemical methods for the examination of soil. British Standards Institution.-The British Standards Institution has recently issued revised Standards, for-No. 65-1934 for Salt-Glazed Ware Pipes; No. 187-1934 Sand-Lime (Calcium-Silicate) Bricks ; and New Standards-No. 539-1934 for Dimensions of Drain Fittings, Salt-glazed Ware and Salt-glazed Glass (Vitreous) Enamelled Fireclay ;No.540-1934 for Salt-glazed Glass (Vitreous) Enamelled Fireclay Pipes. The above are obtainable from the Publications Department, British Standards Institution, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I,-zs. each. The Handbook of Information and Indexed List of British Standard Specifications,- January, 1g34,-has recently been published by the Institution, price IS., obtainable from the Publications Department, British Standards Institution, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. U Sands, Clays and Minerals.”-The first number of Volume I1 of this magazine contains, inter alia, articles on: “The Analysis of Zircon Sand,” by W. R. Schoeller; “Tungsten and its Uses,’’ by L.Sanderson; “The Decay of Building Stones through Soot,” by A. R. Warnes; “Practical Tests on Refractory Cements,” by W. 0. Lake; “Sands for Building Purposes,” by C. J. Morreau. Published by A. L. Curtis, Chatteris,-3s. 6d., post free. Messrs. Baillihre, Tindall & Cox have published a manual of “Volumetric Analysis” by H. P. Starck,-pp. viii + 224: 7s.,-and also an Appendix of “Qualitative Analysis Tables ” -pp. 3s. 6d., post free gd. Books Purchased. Adulteration and Analysis of Foods and Drugs. J. F. Liverseege. London, 1932. The British Pharmacopceia, 1932. London, 1932. The Extra Pharmacopceia. Vols. I and 11. London, 1932. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles.Vols.I and 11. Oxford, 1933. A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. VI, Part 11. Phos-phorus. E. B. R. Prideaux. London, 1934. 165 The Library, 1933-34, Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1933,the Council has had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts :-MESSRS. BLACKIE& SON, LTD.: Infra-Red Photography. S. 0. Rawling. London, 1933. EDGARBOOTH,EsQ.,B.Sc.: An Elementary Introduction to Piiysics. E. Booth. London, 1932. THE BRITISH DRUG HOUSES, LTD.: The B.D.H. Book of Reagents for Delicate Analysis and “Spot” Tests. Second and enlarged edition. London, 1933. BRITISH NON-FERROUS :METALS RESEAFXH ASSOCIATION Metallurgical Analysis by the Spectrograph. D. M. Smith. London, 1933. A.M. CAMERON,EsQ., B-So., F.I.C. : Chemistry in relation to Fire Risk and Fire Extinction. A. M. Cameron. London, 1933. CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY :PRESS Manometric Methods as applied to the Measurement of Cell Respiration and otjherProcesses. M. Dixon. Foreword by Sir F. G. Hopkina. Cambridge, 1934. A Text-Book of Chemistry. H. A. Wootton and C. W. R. Hooker. Cambridge, 1933. MESSRS. CHAPMAN& HALL,LTD.: The Design and Construction of High Pressure Chemical Plant. H. Tongue. London, 1934. A Manual of Foundry Practice. J. Laing and R. T. Rolfe. London, 1934. THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST: Pharmaceutical Formulas. Vol. I. Tenth edition. S. W. Woolleyand G. P. Forrester. London, 1929. Pharmaceutical Formulas. Vol. 11. G. P. Forrester. London, 1934.NORMANEVERS,EsQ., B.Sc., F.I.C. : The Chemistry of Drugs. N. Evers. London, 1933. DR. G. J. FOWLER,F.I.C.: An Introduction to the Bio-Chemistry of Nitrogen Conservation. G.J.Fowler. London, 1934. DR. J. F. FULTON,M.A.: A Bibliography of the Honourable Robert Boyle. J. F. Fulton. Oxford, 1932. Addenda to the Bibliography of the Honourable Robert Boyle.J. F. Fulton. 166 R. 0. GIBSON,EsQ., M.Sc., A.I.C. : The Viscosity of Gases at High Pressures. Amsterdam, 1933. MESSRS. GURNEY& JACKSON: A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. F. Ephraim. English edition by P. C. L. Thorne. Second edition revised and enlarged. London, 1934. MESSRS. W. HEFFER & SONS, LTD.: Basic German for Science Students. M. L. Barker.Cambridge, 1933, MESSRS. HERMANNET CIE: Trait6 de Chimie Organique. Parts I and 11. A. E. Tchitchibabine, Paris, 1933. SOCIETYINTERNATIONALOF LEATHERTRADES’CHEMISTS: The Swelling of Proteins, and Allied Phenomena. London, 1933. DR. S. JUDDLEWIS,F.I.C.: Spectroscopy. In Science and Industry. S. Judd Lewis. London and Blasgow, 1933. MESSRS. LONQMANS,GREEN& CO.: Introduction to Physical Chemistry. A. Findlay. London, 1933. Organic and Bio-Chemistry. R. H. A. Plimmer. London, 1933. MERSEY & IRWELL COMMITTEE:JOINT Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending 31st March, 1933. Preston, 1933. DR. H. D. O’SULLIVAN: The Life and Work of C. O’Sullivan, F.R.S. H. D. O’Sullivan-Buernsey . SIR ISAAC & SONS, LTD.: PITMAN Spices and Condiments.H. S. Redgrove. London, 1933. RIBBLEJOINT :COMMITTEE Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending 31st March, 1933. Preston, 1933. RUBBER GROWERS’ INC.ASSOCIATION, : Rubber in Chemical Engineering. H. P. Stevens and M. B. Donald. London, 1933. F. G. H. TATE,EsQ., F.I.C.: Spirit Tables. Specific Gravity. P. G. H. Tate. London, 1933. UNITED STEEL COMPANIES, LTD.: Standard Methods of Analysis of Iron, Steel and Ferro-Alloys.Shefield, 1933. H. YOUNG,Esg.: A Record of the Scientific Work of Sir James Dewar. London, 1933. The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 16th February, 7 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 38 Associates were elected, and 53 Students were admitted.The Council regrets to report the deaths of 4 Fellows, and 4 Associates. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Ellis, Bernard Albert, M.A. (Cantab.), Government Laboratory, Clement’s Inn Passage, Strand, London, W.C.2. Groves, Miss Ruby Caroline, M.Sc. (Birm.), Barnbogle, Richmond Road East, New Barnet. Jones, Edward Richard, Ph.D. (Wales), M.B., Ch.B. (Liv.), Chelsea House, Osborne Street, Rhos, Wrexham. Marsh, John Thompson, M.Sc. (Manc.), 30, Granville Road, Fallodeld, Manchester. Rees, Ralph Llewellyn, M.A. (Cantab.), 50, Norton Road, Wembley, Middx. Stokoe, Hector Vivian Thurlbeck, B.Sc. (Lond.), Wealdstone Smelting & Refining Co., Ltd., 181, High Street, Wealdstone, Middx. Woodhead, Donald Whitley, M.Sc. (Manc.), 19, Compton Road, Buxton.New Associates. Angus, George Easley, B.Sc. (Cape Town), Elbon, 5th Avenue, Fish Hoeck, Cape, S. Africa. Archard, Theodore Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 109, Cam Lane, Acomb, York. Arndell, Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond. and Manc.), 15, Cranmore Gardens, Lisburn Road, Belfast. Barbour, Robert Foster, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Burrell, 13, Rothwell Road, Garforth, Newcastle. Binns, Caleb, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Oxford Villas, Guiseley, nr. Leeds. Boon, William Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 76, Croham Valley Road, Sebdon, Surrey.Boxer, Stanley Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 24, Brigstock Road, Belvedere. Breakey, Andrew Geoffrey, B.A. (T.C.D.), 4, Sandford Road, Ranelagh, Dublin. Broughton, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Carnforth Avenue, Castleton, nr.Rochdale. Charlish, George Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 175, Owen Road, Wolverhampton. Crow, Thomas Benedict, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), Avondale, Vicarage Road, Smethwick, Staffs. Denbigh, Kenneth George, B.Sc. (Leeds), 42, Barnsley Road North, Wakefield. Dent, Charles Enrique, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 161, Lauderdale Road, London, W.9. Fergusson, William Carr, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Clive Road, Belvedere. Frayne, James Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.), Camel, Hawthorne Avenue, Long Eaton, Nottingham. Galloway, Alfred Scott, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), Old Manse, Brechin, Angus. 168 Comm, Albert Stanley, Ph.D. (Bris.), 34, Hermihge Road, Higher Crump- all,Manchester, 8. Greenstein, Abraham Woolf, 485, Manning Rdad, Durban, S.Africa. Hargreaves, Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Lincoln Street, Blackburn. Harrison, Arthur Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.), 78, Lister Street, West Hartlepool, Co. Durham. Jay, Henry Cecil, 12, Ashleigh Grove, West Jesmond, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Johnson, Wilfred, 34, Sidcup Road, London, S.E.12. Johnston, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), Messrs. H. J. Packer & Co., Ltd., Greenbank, Bristol, 5. Jonas, Richard, Dr. Ing. (Berlin), 9, Craven Hill Gardens, London, W.2. Lowry, Raymond Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 89, Leander Road, London, S.W.2. Miller, George Leslie, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Oakleigh, Cregagh Road, Belfast. Morley, John Frederick, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 3, WhitbyRoad, S. Harrow, Middx. McGavin, William Keith, M.Sc. (N.Z.),c/o The Laboratory, Shell Company of New Zealand, Ltd., Wellington, N.Z.Nurse, Frederick Aldis, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Mill, Dunmere, Bodmin, Corn- wall. Philpot, Miss Joan Peake, B.Sc. (Lond.), Waveney, Fullmer Road, Gerrards cross. Rigg, John Gordon, B.Sc. (Liv.), 32, Thirlmere Street, Wallasey. Roberts, David, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), 135, Highfield Road, Rock Ferry, Birkenhead. Salkeld, Charles Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 306, Clapham Road, London, s.w.9. Skinner, Albert Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), Thicket Cottage, Littlewick Green, Maidenhead. Soppet, Cyril Pearson, B.Sc. (Birm.), 62, Manville Road, London, S.W.17. Stacey, Maurice, Ph.D. (Birm.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C. 1. Treharne, Glynmor John, M.Sc. (Wales), Waunfawr, Pontyberem, Llanelly.Whitlock, Leslie George, 56, Moat Drive, Harrow. New Students. Austing, Cyril Edward, 15, Calmont Road, Bromley Hill, Kent. Batty, Alton McAllan, 26, Walcott Street, Mt. Lawley, W. Australia. Bone, Austin Roy, 57, Charlton Road, London, S.E.3. Boyes, James Douglas Codrington, Tostig, Belvedere Park, Hornsea, E. Yorks. Bradley, Frederick Way, 94, Uplands Road, London, N.8. Camberg, Philip, 160, Bruntsfield Place, Edinburgh. Casson, Arthur Leslie, 29, Lee Street, Holderness Road, Hull. Chatfield, Ronald Fox, 62, Clemens Street, Leamington Spa. Christian, John, Imperial College Hostel, Prince Consort Road, London, s.w.7. Clement, George Honor, 37, Northampton Street, Bath. Clinton, Thomas Gerard, 36, Duchy Street, Seedley, Salford.Cook, George Alfred, Craiglea, Polmont, Stirlingshire. Dothie, Harold James, 178, Victoria Road, Alexandra Park, London, N.22. Evans, Ivor Burford Needham, Arlington, Sketty, Swansea. Fearey, James Edgar, 122, Brunswick Avenue, Beverley Road, Hull. Firrell, John Pindar, 14, Priory Hill, Dartford. Fletcher, Philip Brameombe, 110, Nottingham Road, Long Eaton, Nottingham.Geard, Donald Henry, 68, Crescent Road, New Barnet. Gilbert, Eric Douglas, East Lynne, Steven’s Lane, Breaston, nr. Derby. 169 Gillies, Donald George, 193, Park Avenue, Hull. Goddard, Eric, 47, Longsight Road, Holcombe Crook, nr. Bury.Grainger, Arthur, 9, Old Barn Road, Poulton, nr. Wallaaey.Harper, William Kenneth, 11, Walton Vale, Walton, Liverpool, 9.Heppenstall, Miss Mollie Eileen, 236, Stanley Park Road, Carshalton. Hodges, John, 28, Harries Street, Tenby, S. Wales. Horricks, Francis, 14, St. Brendans Road, Withington, Mancheater. Hull, Charles, Oak Tree Cottage, Pickersleigh Road, Great Malvern, Worcs. Jones, Arthur George, 8, Lizban Street, London, S.E.3. Jones, William Richard, 135, Lower Seedley Road, Seedley, Salford. Jordan, Denis Oswald, 22, OaMeld Road, London, N.14. Kelly, Robert, 91, Holbeck Street, Meld, Liverpool, 4. Lay, James Owen, 104, Lion Road, Bexley Heath. McFarlane, Robert, 848, Padiham Road, Burnley. McKay, Alan, 308, Cottingham Road, Hull. Meiklejohn, Andrew McLay, Tulliallan, Garven Road, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Mew, William Edmund, 57, Bullar Road, Bitterne Park, Southampton.Owen, Leslie William, 260, Norwood Road, London, S.E.27. Payne, Reginald Charles, 69, Pagitt Street, Chatham. Pedelty, William Hopper, 44, Ullet Road, Liverpool, 17. Rose, Leslie, 15, Highland Road, Earlsdon, Coventry. Shaman, Ivan Michael, 1, Morella Road, London, S.W.12. Silvester, Alfred, 78, North Circular Road, London, N.13. Summers, Andrew, 32, Wallace Street, Grangemouth, Stirlingshire. Sweet, Frank Alexander, 58, Bigyn Hill, Llanelly, Carm. Tittensor, Eric, 52, Owen Street, St. Helens. Tiverton, Right Hon. John Anthony Hardinge Gfiard, Viscount, 61, Oakley Street, London, S.W.3. Tunnicliffe, George Ernest, 28, Belgrave Road, Anlaby Road, Hull. Walker, Alexander Robert Pettigrew, 50, Leopold Road, St.Andrew’s Park, Bristol. Walker, Miss Anita Mary, 9, Dowsett Avenue, Southend-on-Sea. Ward, Roy Yates, 23, Lower Downs Road, London, S.W.20. Weedon, Miss Christine Lois, 17, Putney Common, London, S.W.15. White, Harold, A.M.C.T., I.C.1.-Rexine-Ltd., Hyde, Cheshire. Wiseman, Leonard Albert, 4, Cavendish Road, London, N.4. DEATHS. Fellows. William Baird. Stanley Bowman. Fred Ibbotson, B.Sc. (Lond.), D.Met. (Sheffield), F.R.C.Sc.1. Harold Omar Nolan, M.D., LL.D. (Lond.). Associates. William Edgar Bakes, D.Sc. (Lee&).Maurice Linnell, B.Sc. (Manc.). Benjamin Stanley Mellor, M.Sc. (Vict.).(Mrs.) Lilian Collier Misselbrook (n& Bevan), M.Sc. (Wales). CHANGE OF NAME. Ralph Harry Klein, Pellow, to Ralph Harry Kenyon.Edward Taylor Austin, Student, to Edward Taylor-Austin. Tadhg F. Twomey, Student, to Tadhg F. Tuama. 170 Coming Events. 1934 April 11 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London Section) :Visit to The General Electric Company’s Research Laboratories (Wembley ), after-noon. 12 OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION:“The Manufacture of Oilskins.” Mr. J. MILLIGAN,at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Midland Section) : Dance at Tony’s Ballroom, Hurst Street, Birmingham. 8 p.m. to 1 a.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Nottingham Section): “Recent Developments in the Field of Petroleum.” Dr. A. E. DUNSTAN,at Derby Technical College. SOCIETY17 ROYAL STATISTICAL : Centenary Meeting.University College, London, W.C. 1, 4.45 for 5.15 p.m. 18 ROYALMICROSCOPICALSOCIETY: Ordinary Meeting, at B.M.A. House, Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l, at 5 for 5.30 p.m. 18 SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group), OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Joint Meeting with the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the Institute of Fuel: “Economic Generation of Steam in Chemical Works” by Messrs. F. H. PREECEand B. SAMUELS. “The Economic Usage of Steam in Chemical Works” byW. F. CAREY. At the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W-l., at 6 p.m. 19 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY:“The Periodic Law of Mendeleeff and its Interpretation.” LORD RUTHERFORD, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 19 INSTITUTIONOF MININGAND METALLURGY: General Meeting, at the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 5.30 p.m.OF WELDINGENGINEERS19 INSTITUTION : North-Eastern Branch. “A General Survey of Metallic Arc Welding with particulars of some Welded Products.” Mr. D. G. SINFIELD, at Neville Hall, Westgate Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Birmingham Section) : “Some Remarkable Properties of Nascent Soap.” Mr. A. RAYNER, at the University Buildings, Edmund Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. :OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION“Thixotropy.”Mr. J. PRYCEJONES,at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1. 171 April 25 INSTITUTEOF FUEL:“The Development and Use of the Velox Boiler.” Dr.ADOLPH MEYER,at the Institution of Mechani- cal Engineers, Storey’s Gate, Westminster, S.W. 1, at 6 p.m. INSTITUTION OF WELDING ENGINEERS : North-Western Branch. Annual General Meeting. “Recent Developments in Atomic Hydrogen Welding.” Mr. J. A. DORRAT, at the Manchester College of Technology, Sackville Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 26 INSTITUTION ENGINEERSOF ELECTRICAL : 25th Kelvin Lecture : “Electrical Phenomena at extremely Low Temperatures.” Professor J. C. MCLENNAN,F.R.S., at 5.30 for 6 p.m. May 2 SOCIETYOF PUBLICANALYSTSAND OTHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS: Ordinary Meeting, at the Chemical Society,Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 3 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “Unicellular Chemistry.” Dr. J. VARGASEYRE, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m.7 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section): Annual General Meeting. Chairman’s Address (Dr. J. J. Fox) at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 10 INSTITUTE (London Section): Visit to the South- OF CHEMISTRY Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent-all day. 17 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 29 CHADWICK LECTURE. “The National Food Supply and PUBLIC Public Health.” Dr. JOHNBOYD ORR, at the Royal United Service Institution, Whitehall, S.W. 1. June 5 to 8 INSTITUTION 71st Annual Meeting, inOF GASENGINEERS. London. 7 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY: Discussion on “Chemical Synthesis under Pressure,” and a visit to the Chemical Research Laboratories, Teddington, at 3 p.m.JdY 9 to 14 THE ROYAL SANITARY INSTITUTE:Health Congress at Bristol. (Dr. L. H. LAMPITT, Chairman, Food Group,Society of Chemical Industry, will read a paper on 10th July.) 16 to 20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:AMU~ General Meeting in Cardiff. 172 General Notices. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship will be held in London and Glasgow, from 17th to 22nd September. The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 9th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 7th September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held in London from 24th to 29th September. The list of entries will be closed on 9th July, except for candidates in Branch G :Industrial Chemistry, whose applications should be received before 4th June.The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1935. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1934, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy.Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will next meet in October, 1934, and will be glad, in the meantime, to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Correspondence 173 on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m.and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Insti tut e’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use 174 of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.FORTHE LOANOF BOOKSREGULATIONS FROM THE SCIENCE LIBRARY TO FELLOWS OF THE INSTITUTEAND ASSOCIATES OF CHEMISTRY. I. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with the Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary. 2. Members, Fellows, and Associates wishing to borrow books from the Science Library are required to give to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary a written undertaking to bear the cost of replacement of any work lost or damaged, and to return to the office of the Institute for cancellation, the duplicate (pink) requisition forms obtained from the Library when the books are returned.3. Subsequently, borrowers may call, either personally or by representative, at the office of the Institute, and obtain signed requisitions, by means of which the works may be obtained from the Science Library. 4. Or, books can be sent by post to Fellows and Associates on written application (specifying the volume or volumes re- quired) to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary, who will complete and transmit to the Science Library the necessary requisition forms, and the books will be posted direct from the Library. Postage will be charged to the borrower and collected from him by the Science Library authorities. 5.The regulations of the Science Library require that books on loan shall be returned at once if asked for by the Keeper of the Library; otherwise within fifteen days, or sooner, if they can be dispensed with. Fellows and Associates are earnestly re- quested to comply with this regulation, and to return books within the period specified, without waiting for a reminder from the Library. Applications for the extension of the loan period may be granted if circumstances permit. 175 6. A Hand-list of the periodicals in the Science Library may be consulted at the office of the Institute, or copies of the Hand- list (with Supplement) may be obtained direct from the Science Library for 2s. 8d. post free. An extensive author and subject catalogue is accessible at the Science Library, and bibliographies of special subjects are compiled by its expert staff as and when required.Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar. The previous subscription arranged for members of the Institute expired on the 1st March, and fresh application forms must be obtained by those members who desire to continue for a further year’s service. The attention of such members is specially directed to the necessity for the renewal of subscriptions or the return of the last volumes and membership tokens to the respective branches of issue. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS.2d. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. A new edition of the Register will be published in the Autumn of this year. Corrections of addresses, degrees, occupations, etc., should be notified to the Registrar without delay. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sectim. Hon. Seeretarim. Aberdeen and North of Patrick Mitchell, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), A.I.C., Scotland: 47, Hamilton Place, Aberdeen. BirminghamandMidlands: Dr. F. W. Norris, A.R.C.S., A.I.C., 91, Witherford Way, Selly Oak, Birmingham.Briatol and South-Weatern E. Lewis, M.I.Chem.E., F.I.C., 22, Upper Counties: Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. Cape of Good Hope: Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. Edinburgh and East of G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Scotland: Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12. Glasgow and West of A. R. Jamieson, B.Sc., F.I.C., 20, Trongate,Scotland: Glasgow, C. 1. Huddersfield: Dr. R. J. Connor, A.I.C., 415, Wakefield Road, Dalton, Huddersfield. India: G. Watson Douglas, B.Xc., A.I.C., The State Laboratory, Bhopal, Central India. Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Belgrave Road, Dublin. Lee& Area: Dr. H.Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Leeds. Liverpool and North- W. F. Buist, B.Sc., F.I.C., Airdrie, Kilburn Western : Avenue, Eastham, Cheshire. London and South-Eastem Mark Bogod, A.R.C.S., F.I.C., c/o The Institute Countiea: of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, w.c.1. Malaya : J. F. Clark, M.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Analyst’s Department, Municipality, Singapore,Straits Settlements. Mancheater and District: Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Mancheater. Newcastle-on-Tyne and M. A. W. Brown, M.Sc., A.I.C., The Bield, Norfh-East Coast: The Crescent, Wallsend-on-Tyne. New Zealand: Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C,, Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C. 1, New Zealand. South Wales: R. H. Jones, F.I.C., Glen View, Pontardawe Road, Clydach, Swansea.ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNAL AND PRocEEDINaS.-The terms for advertiaements in the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. No Commission is allowed to Agents.The circulationis over 7000--chiefly to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution LibrarieB. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of leboratory glamware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally; also to publishers of scientific books and to booksellers.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9345800087

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1934. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Commit tee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registvar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.1.LONDON, June, 1934. Publications Committee, 1934135. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), JOCELYN F. THORPE (Pvesidml), C. 0. BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, R. M. CAVEN, C. DOREE, A. E. EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON, P. F. GORDON, H.H.HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasuver). A. Ge G. LEONARD, J. €3. LESTER, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. F. E.RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ERNEST VANSTONE, W. WARDLAW, H.B.WATSON, A. We Mm WINTLE. 179 Proceedings of the Council. APRIL-MAY, 1934. Council Meeting, 27th April.-At the meeting of Council held on the 27th April, a report (with a financial statement) was received from the Federal Council for Chemistry for the year 1933, embodying the following review of proceedings relating to the question of co-operation between chemical organisations. "In January, 1933, the Federal Council for Chemistry submitted a draft scheme for co-operation between the scientific, technical and professional chemical organisations to the Councils of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, asking whether they could agree the scheme in principle and, if so, inviting each body to appoint three delegates to confer on the matter with a Committee of the Federal Council for Chemistry."The scheme in question was agreed in principle by the Councils of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, and delegates were appointed. The Council of the Institute of Chemistry, however, was unable to agree the scheme in principle, but stated that it was prepared to discuss means of promoting co-operation between the three bodies concerned, and submitted an alternative scheme as a basis for discussion. The Federal Council for Chemistry thereupon invited the Institute of Chemistry to appoint representatives to meet the Committee of the Federal Council for Chemistry and the three representatives each appointed by the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry at a Conference to discuss ab initio means of promoting co-operation between the three constituent bodies and to report to the respective Councils.This invitation was accepted. "The following were the representatives of the three bodies at this Conference: ChemicaZ Society: Mr. F. P. Dunn, Professor C. S. Gibson and Professor T. S. Moore. 180 Institute of Chemistry: Dr. 0. L. Brady, Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Sir Christopher Clayton, Mr. R. L. Collett, Mr. F. G. Edmed, Mr. L. Eynon, Mr. E. Hinks, Mr. P. H. Kirkaldy, Mr. Richard B. Pilcher, Mr. W. Rintoul, and Professor J. F. Thorpe. Society of Chemical Industry: Dr. R. T. Colgate, Dr. W. Cullen, and Dr.R. H. Pickard. “The Committee of the Federal Council for Chemistry consisted of the following: Dr. E. F. Armstrong, Mr. E. R. Bolton, Dr. L. H. Lampitt, Professor G. T. Morgan, Mr. Emile Mond, Professor J. C. Philip, Sir William J. Pope, Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, and Mr. W. Rintoul. “The Conference and its Sub-Committees held numerous meetings, and submitted a draft scheme to the Councils of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, inviting each body to appoint three delegates to serve on a Provisional Chemical Council. These invitations were accepted, and the Federal Council has invited the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers to nominate three delegates as representatives of chemical industry to serve on the Council.” The report of the Federal Council also directed attention to the heavy cost of German publications in this country, upon which representation has been made to the German Chemical Society and the Union Internationale de Chimie.The Council of the Institute has contributed fl20 to the expenses of the Federal Council for the present year. Also on 27th April, the Council of the Institute received reports from the Finance and House Committee, the Benevolent Fund Committee, the Publications Committee, and the Nomina- tions, Examinations and Institutions Committee. On the report of the Finance and House Committee, the Council resolved to contribute E250 to the Library of the Chemical Society, and made a small contribution to the British National Committee of the World Power Conference (of which Dr.Harold G. Colman is the Honorary Treasurer, and also representative of the Institute); and agreed to support the British Science Guild’s scheme for the publication of the fourth edition of the catalogue of Scientific and Technical Books. 181 Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Honorary Treasurer, was appointed as representative of the Institute on the Federal Council for Chemistry, in succession to Professor Smithells, C.M.G., F.R.S., who has been invited to serve on the Federal Council as a co-opted member. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe was re-appointed representative of the Institute on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that the fund had been reduced considerably, during the first three months of the year, by heavy demands made upon it, while the receipts were about i40 less than those recorded for the corresponding period in 1933.Additional cases, both of widows and of members temporarily embarrassed through unemployment, are now receiving regular allowances, and the Committee will, therefore, be obliged to make a further special appeal to members who have not yet subscribed during 1934. The Publications Committee reported that the eighth edition of Official Chemical Appointments was in final proof; that arrangements were being made for the publication of a new edition of the Register in the autumn; and that the lecture- demonstrations on “Micro-chemical Methods,” given by Professor Briscoe and Mrs.Matthews were also in proof. The report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee consisted mainly of the results of applications made for Studentship, Associateship and Fellowship. The names of successful candidates are given at the end of this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.The report also contained the report on an inspection of two Institutions which are not yet to be recommended for recognition for the training of candidates for the Associateship of the Institute, and dealt with correspondence with the Principals of technical colleges regarding the preliminary education of candidates who have been awarded National Certificates in Chemistry.Professor James Irvine Orme Masson, M.B.E., D.Sc., was elected District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad, in place of Mr. Edward John Way, who had completed three years’ service in that capacity, and the thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. Way on his retirement from office. 182 Council Meeting, 11th May.-A Special Meeting of the Council was held on 11th May to receive a report from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee embody- ing the report of the Board of Examiners on the April Examina- tions for the Associateship and Fellowship, an abstract of which is included in this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Council Meeting, 25th May.-The Council received reports from the Standing Committees, including the Finance and House Committee, the Benevolent Fund Committee, and the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee.The Benevolent Fund Committee reported a decrease of E20 3s. 7d. in contributions, and an increase of E231 11s. 4d. in expenditure compared with the position at the same date in 1933. Fellows and Associates who have not responded to the appeal for the fund during the present year are, therefore, urgently requested to do what they can to support the endeavours of the Benevolent Fund Committee in order to enable them to deal adequately with appeals recently received. The Committee proposes to take steps to obtain collection boxes to be supplied, with the consent of the chemists in charge, to laboratories where a number of members are employed. The names of the new members elected at this meeting are recorded at the end of this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.Professor J. F. Thorpe, F.R.S., President of the Institute, attended the Jubilee Celebrations of the Society of Dyers and Colourists held under the presidency of Professor A. G. Green, F.R.S., at Bradford, on 25th May. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Honorary Treasurer, visited the South Wales Section on 12th April, and addressed a meeting on the subject of the activities of the Institute (see page 206). International Congress.-Professor Robert Robinson, F.R.S., Member of Council, represented the Institute at the ninth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry held in Madrid from 5th to 11th April.183 Achema VI1.-Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, Member of Council, represented the Institute at the Opening of Achema VII Exhibition of Chemical Apparatus at Cologne on 18th May. The Place of Chemistry in General Education.-At a meeting to be held on 29th June, the Council intends to proceed with the further consideration of the place of chemistry in general education. Fellows and Associates will recall that a report of a discussion on this subject was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part I1 (pages 117-129),and that the President, in his address at the Annual General Meeting, intimated that members would be invited to contribute their views on the question. A number of letters have already been received, and the Council will be glad to hear from other members who may be interested, not later than Thursday, zIst June.Lectures.-The report of the lecture-demonstrations given by Professor H. V. A. Briscoe and Dr. Janet Matthews on “Micro-chemical Methods suitable for General Analytical Practice ” will be issued to the Fellows, AAssociates and Registered Students with this Part. Dr. A. D. Mitchell has kindly undertaken to give a lecture later in the year on “New Indicators and Other Reagents employed in Volumetric Analysis,’’ notice of which will be given in due course. Official Chemical Appointments, 1934.-The eighth edition of the List of Official Chemical Appointments, compiled by direction of the Council under the supervision of the Publications Committee, and recently published by the Institute, provides ample evidence of the increased employment of chemists under Government, Municipal, and other authorities in Great Britain and Ireland, in India, and in the Overseas Dominions.The general scheme adopted in the previous editions has been adhered to, the information has been revised, and many additions have been made, especially in connection with the public utility services, The book also contains a list of Societies and Institutions interested in chemistry, a comprehensive section devoted to legislation, orders, regulations, etc. affecting official chemical appointments, and indexes of names and places. 184 The information has been obtained from official sources, and the Council again acknowledges its indebtedness to the heads of Government Departments, Colonial Secretaries, Registrars and Secretaries of Universities and Colleges, Official Chemists, Town Clerks, and especially to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries and the Honorary Secretaries of the Local Sections of the Institute, without whose assistance and courtesy the list could not have been prepared.Special acknowledgment is due to Mr. Thomas McLachlan for his help in connection with the preparation of the section dealing with legislation. Intended primarily for the use of professional chemists, the publication has been found useful by many authorities and others interested in the application of chemistry to purposes of State, and in the promotion of education in the science.A list of corrections and additions to the List is being issued with this part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.Very few of the alterations, however, are due to errors in the work of compilation. In some cases, the returns were received too late or incomplete and, in others, the changes have only been notified since the book went to press. Further editions of the List will be published periodically, with the continued assistance of officials and holders of appoint- ments. Suggestions which may increase the usefulness of the work will be welcomed and carefully considered. The Register, 1934.-A new edition of the Register of Fellows, Associates and Students is in course of preparation and will be published as soon as possible.Members who have not yet completed the cards recently issued to them, with a view to ensuring the correctness of their entries, will facilitate the work by making their returns without further delay. 185 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 16th May,- Professor James Hendrick presiding,--when Dr. A. B. Stewart, of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, read a paper entitled, “Chemistry and Soil Research.” The following is a prkcis of Dr. Stewart’s paper:- An indication was given of the directions in which modem soil research is being developed, both on philosophical and on practical lines.In soil survey work-that branch of soil research which deals with the classification of soils-the chemist is concerned with the determination of the extent to which the products of weathering have remained in, or have been removed from, the place of their formation. Various methods, e.g. extraction with strong hydrochloric acid, extraction with acid ammonium oxalate, separation and analysis of clay fractions, etc. have been tried out with a view to differentiating between weathered and unweathered material in the soil. Products of weathering, such as aluminium and ferric hydroxides, silicic acid, humus and various kations, may unite to form colloidal complexes. If a soil be treated with a salt solution, an ionic exchange reaction takes place, and the kations in these complexes are displaced to a certain extent by the kations in the salt solution.The equilibrium in the exchange reactions involving the displacement of basic kations depends principally on the concentration of the salt and on the hydro- dynamic volume of the kation in the salt solution; in exchange reactions involving displacement of hydrogen ions, the equili- brium also depends on the degree of dissociation of the resulting compound formed in solution. Whereas the alkalis in chemistry generally behave very similarly to one another, it is found that in these exchange reactions there is a special order for the ease with which they enter the soil complexes by displacement. With monovalent kations the order is Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs < H, and for divalent kations Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba.For the reverse 186 reaction the above order is reversed for the monovalent kations, but not for the divalent kations. When hydrogen is the predominant kation in the colloidal complex, the soil is acid, and this gives rise to a soil condition which has considerable practical significance, as optimum growth of any particular plant is generally to be associated with a limited range in $H values. Various methods have been proposed for the determination of the ‘‘Lime Requirement ” and also for the “Manurial Requirement ” of a soil. Nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid and lime are the commonest plant nutrients in which a soil is likely to be deficient.In estimating the manurial content of a soil an endeavour is made to obtain a measure of the amount of the nutrients present in the soil in a form available to plants. Chemical methods for the estimation ,ofthe manurial content of a soil generally depend on the extraction of the soil with a weak acid or similar solvent, and on the sub-sequent analysis of the extract. Although no chemical method affects the soil in exactly the same way as does a growing plant, the results of such determinations can be interpreted to yield valuable information, when sufficient practical data are available to permit of correlation of the crop yield with the estimate of the manurial content. There was an interesting discussion at the conclusion of the paper, and Professor Hendrick moved a vote of thanks to Dr.Stewart. Thereafter, the Annual Meeting of the Section was held and, following the reading of the Secretary’s report, the following office-bearers were appointed-Chairman : Professor Alexander Findlay; Honorary Secretary : Mr. R. Craven; Committee : Professor Hendrick, Mr. A. Dargie, Captain John Allan, Mr. W. Godden, Mr. M. J. Robb and Mr. Patrick Mitchell. Mr. Craven has succeeded Mr. Mitchell on his retirement from the office of Honorary Secretary, in which capacity he has rendered valuable service since the formation of the Section in 1929. Belfast and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the “Merrythought” Caf6 on 4th May.Dr. w. Honneymanin the Chair. The following Officers and Committee were elected for the Session, 1934-5-Chairman : Dr. W. Honneyman ; E~LTrea-surer: 3fr. J. W. Porter; Hon. Secretary: Mr. c. s. McDowell; 187 Committee: Messrs. J. C. Baird, E. M. Reid, H. T. Currie and Dr. T. E. Ellison. The Annual Report, presented by the Honorary Secretary, and the Accounts and Financial Report, presented by the Honorary Treasurer, were adopted. The arrangements for next Session were discussed. Birmingham and Midlands.-Dr. F. W. Norris has relin- quished the post of Honorary Secretary of the Section after seven years’ valuable service in that capacity, and has been succeeded by Mr. Garfield Thomas. The Annual Dinner-Dance, now an established popular event of the social activities of chemists in the Midlands, was held at the Midland Hotel, Birmingham, on 3rd February, when Mr.W. A. S. Calder presided over a large gathering. The President of the Institute (Professor J. F. Thorpe) proposed the toast of “The Midland Chemists,” and the President of the Society of Chemical Industry (Dr. J. T. Dunn) brought with him a special message from brother chemists in Newcastle- upon-Tyne and the North-Eastern Counties, which was much appreciated. The Annual Concert, which is also arranged jointly with other chemical societies, took place at the Midland Hotel, on 19th February. An excellent programme was arranged by Mr. J. R. Johnson and his friends, and a very pleasant evening was spent under the chairmanship of Mr.A. W. Knapp. On 23rd February, the Section was fortunate in having the opportunity of seeing new films depicting the laying and operation of pipe lines in Iraq, and of hearing them described and explained by Dr. A. E. Dunstan. The meeting was held in the University at Edgbaston, in collaboration with the Birmingham Section of the Institution of Petroleum Technologists. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Dunstan. The Annual General Meeting took place on 26th March, in the University, at Edgbaston. Officers and Committee were elected for the ensuing Session as follows:-Chairman, Mr. A. W. Knapp; Vice-chairman, Mr. H. H. Bagnall; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. A. G. R. Whitehouse ; Hon. Secretary, Mr. G. Thomas ; Committee : Fellows, Dr.J. C. Duff, Mr. G. Harding, Professor R. H. Hopkins, Mr. T. F. E. Rhead and Dr. W. Wardlaw; Associates, Messrs. T. L. Harris, W. J. Price, A. R. Runeckles, L. V. D. Scorah; 188 ex officio, Mr. J. R. Johnson (District Member of Council); co-opted, Dr. F. W. Norris. Satisfactory reports were presented by the Hon. Treasurer and Hon. Secretary, and were formally approved by the meeting. A vote of thanks to the retiring Hon. Secretary was passed and duly acknowledged. The policy and programme of the Section were then discussed at some length. The business meeting was followed by refreshments and an exhibition of lantern slides and films. The Section is indebted to the Registrar of the Institute for the loan of a selection of lantern slides from the collection at Headquarters, and the exhibition was much appreciated.Members of the Section have been privileged to attend a number of meetings held under the auspices of other chemical societies during the months under review. Of these, the most important was the Annual Meeting of the Chemical Society, which was held this year in Birmingham on zznd March. Birm- ingham chemists were very glad to welcome the President and members of the Chemical Society to the city, and were also indebted to the Society for the invitation to be present at the Annual Meeting. A large number of chemists were present at the civic reception, listened with appreciation to the Presidential Address of Professor G. T. Morgan, and attended the Annual Dinner. The thanks of the Section were subsequently trans- mitted to the President and Council of the Chemical Society.By courtesy of the Officers and Committees of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Institute of Brewing and the University of Birmingham Biochemical Society, members have also been invited to attend the following lectures:- February 8th. Dr. E. L. Hirst, F.R.S., “Ascorbic Acid and its Relation to Vitamin C.” ,, 8th.‘ Mr. K. Taxner, “The Fermentation In- ,, 15th. dustries of Hungary.” Dr. E. H. Callow,“Food and Refrigeration.” ,, 16th. Professor J. C. Philip, F.R.S., “Some Biological Aspects of Osmotic Pressure.” March 1st Mr. A. W. Knapp, “Scientific Aspects of 1 Cacao Fermentation.” A number of members accepted an invitation from the Chairman and Committee of the Bristol and South-Western Section of the Institute to participate in a visit to the Fruit Preservation Research Station of the University of Bristol, at 189 Chipping Campden.The meeting proved very successful and may well be the forerunner of other joint meetings between the Sections. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A joint visit of the Bristol Sections of the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, together with a number of members of the Birmingham Sections, was paid to the Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Research Station, Campden, Glos., on 12th May. The party numbered 103. The work of the Research Station is concerned mainly with the British Canning Industry, and is intimately connected with commercial practice. Apart from research of a more academic nature, attention is directed to the solution of the difficulties encountered in a comparatively new industry. A brief descrip- tion of the problems studied in each department was given by Mr.F. Hirst, the Director of Research at the Station. It appears that but little information on commercial practice in the canning of cream is available in this country, and experi- mental plant was recently installed at the Research Station for the study of dairy products. The principal channels of research followed in the bacteriological department are (I) investigations on heat resistant moulds, (2)the spoilage of canned vegetables by thermophilic bacteria, (3) bacteriological examination of home- produced sugar for thermophilic bacteria, and (4) the examination of canned foods to ascertain the types of micro-organisms which survive normal sterilisation processes.In the biochemical department are being studied the changes in the starch content of peas during ripening, in which it has been shown that these changes are associated with loss of flavour and the development of a corny texture in over-mature peas. The results obtained up to the present on six of the most widely grown varieties were shown. The principal problems under investigation in the chemical department are the changes in composition of head-space gases in canned fruits during storage, the effect of hard water in the canning of fruits and vegetables, the causes of patchiness in the colour of canned strawberries, and the internal rusting of plain cans.The apparatus in the physical department was designed and constructed at the Research Station to measure pressures, head- spaces in cans, and to study problems connected with the straining 190 and distortion of can seams. In connection with research and advisory work, approximately 12,000cans were packed last year. The working of a small-size commercial product was demonstrated in the canning of rhubarb. Extensive variety trials of both fruits and vegetables are carried out each year, and new products and methods are being investigated. On the proposition of Prof.Garner, seconded by Mr. Alcock, a vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Hirst for the excellent arrangements made for the visit. Cape.-The ninth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Argus Board Room, on 30th April,-Mr. Graham Leslie in the chair. Dr. Leslie Denis-Lester (formerly Denis-Nathan) having notified the Section that it would not be possible for him to continue to hold office as Honorary Treasurer of the Section, owing to his transference to an appointment at Johannesburg, the thanks of the Section were accorded to him for his services to the Section. The Honorary Secretary reported that five meetings had been held during the year, and that the programme had included -a paper by Mr. E. H.Croghan on “Modem Sewage Disposal”; a meeting held under the auspices of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society, when Professor Newbery gave an account of the purification of mercury; a meeting held in Martin Melck House, on 30th June, when Mr. Horace Weal1 dealt with “Toxi- cology”; an excursion to and meeting at Stellenbosch, on 1st September, when the members inspected the Faculty of Agricul- ture of the University, and were addressed by Dr. I. de V. Malherbe and Dr. W. E. Isaac; and a meeting held in the Martin Melck House, on the 17th November, when Dr. Arnstein of New York, read a paper on “Fuel Alcohol from Maize.” The Honorary Secretary also mentioned that he had met Professor Smithells, Past President of the Institute, during his recent visit to South Africa.The statement of accounts was received and adopted. Mr. Leslie was re-elected Chairman of the Section, and Dr. William Pugh, Honorary Secretary. Mr. R. J. Kruger was elected Honorary Treasurer, and the following members were elected to the Committee :-Dr. J. Malan, Professor Edgar Newbery and Dr. B. W. Marloth. 191 Mr. L. N. Cohen and Mr. H. Jacobs were appointed Honorary Auditors. At the conclusion of the annual business, Mr. Leslie gave an address on bb The Relationship between the Composition and Baking-strength of Wheaten Flours,” of which the following is a brief summary. In introducing the subject, Mr. Leslie referred to the wheat production of the world, and compared the quantities produced in South Africa with those of the more important wheat producing countries. The Union produces 3& million bags (250 lbs.) annually, and consumes 4$ million bags.Some of the more important types of wheat were mentioned, particularly those which had been found suitable to South Africa. The results of work done in the Stellenbosch University were in agreement with those of investigators in other parts of the world, as showing that climate had a great effect on the composition of the wheat kernel. Wheats grown in the south-westem Cape district had a low percentage of protein, but the protein was of good quality; whereas those grown in the north-eastern Free State district and on the borders of Basutoland had a high protein content, but the quality of the protein was not so good.It had been established that a hard winter followed by a hot ripening period provided the most favourable conditions for the growing of wheat. The effects of fertilisers on the nitrogen content of wheat in South Africa were found to be similar to the effects as stated by Kent-Jones and other authorities. Various grades of flours as obtained from the roller-milling process were briefly mentioned, and a general survey of the work done in England and America on the various constituents of flour was given. It was shown that the baking-strength of a flour could not be correlated with any of its specific ingredients, but that the baking-test, though not ideal, remained the most important test of baking-strength, and, when carried out under standardised conditions, gave a good indication of the baking quality of the flour.Mr. Leslie referred to the recent work on the colloidal chemistry of flour, which had greatly added to our knowledge of the physical properties of the ingredients, but he showed that the results of investigators differed. The physical quality of gluten .was much affected by its environment, par- ticularly by the hydrogen-ion concentration of the dough, The 192 action of improvers and bleaching agents on flour was dealt with, and the lecture was concluded with an account of the Kent- Jones method of improving flours by heating them under special conditions. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The sixth ordinary meeting of the Session was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, on 12th March, Mr.Adam Tait presiding. In the unavoidable absence of Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Dr. F. B. Thole gave, at short notice, a very interesting talk on “Lubricating Oils and Lubrication.” Dr. Thole traced the history of lubrication and then described modern methods of production of mineral lubricating oils. After discussing the chief criteria of a good lubricant, the lecturer concluded by giving a forecast of the possible future trend of works processes for the production of better and more efficient lubricants. Numerous questions were asked and answered by the lecturer, and the meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to Dr. Thole.Aberdeen, Edinburgh and G1asgow.-The annual joint meeting of the Scottish Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, and Fellows of the Chemical Society, was held in Edinburgh, on 11th and 12th May. After a reception, on the afternoon of xIth May, in the Heriot Watt College, Edinburgh, Dr. D. Bain, lecturer in Technical Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh, gave an informative lecture on “The Fluid Film in Industry.” Beginning with an outline of what was meant by “The Fluid Film,” the lecturer showed its importance in various works processes, and demonstrated how the film could be controlled. In the evening, Mr. W. M. Ames, presided at an informal dinner, held at the North British Station Hotel, when Principal Smail, Heriot-Watt College, Mr. Ames, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and Mr.Jamieson, Honorary Secretary of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section of the Institute, were the principal speakers. 193 On nth May, an enjoyable visit was paid to the Edinburgh Corporation Gas Works at Granton. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Royal Technical College, on 16th March, Dr. J. A. Cranston gave a 66 Refresher Lecture on Physical Chemistry.” He divided his lecture into two parts, dealing firstly with what he considered the most important advance of general interest in the technique of measurement, and secondly with some fundamental discoveries in the constituents of the nucleus of the atom.For the former, the lecturer chose the subject of pH determina- tions, showing first of all its importance in a wide range of work. Two peculiarities are met with in the study of the influence of acidity on reactions: (I) the enormous effect produced by almost incredibly minute changes in hydrion concentration, (2) the existence in nature of buffer solutions whereby the hydrion concentration is maintained automatically within very narrow limits. Hydrion concentration was originally studied by means of hydrogen electrodes ; the technique was then successively simpli- fied by the use of quinhydrone, the glass electrode, electrometer triode valves, and the balanced circuits of the McFarlane-Pye instrument.The Harrison outfit with Morton glass electrode was demon strat ed. Reference was then made to Aston’s work with the second mass spectrograph, and the argument for the existence of a heavy isotope of hydrogen was explained. The discovery of deuterium, its concentration by electrolysis, and the properties of the heavy water produced were described. The lecturer finally dealt with the recent discoveries of the positron and neutron and summarised the achievements of nuclear chemistry. Special interest centres on the evidence that the positron arises from the materialisation of radiation, so that the constant interchange of matter into energy, and vice-versa, is seen to be more general than we had hitherto thought. Recent dis- coveries make our fundamental conceptions of matter more com- plex, and alternative suggestions about the constitution of the neutron and the proton await further evidence before a decision can be reached.The audience was supplied with a sheet containing references for further reading on these subjects, which was much appreciated, and is here reproduced- “E.M.F. Determinations with Glass Electrodes. Harrison, J.C.S., 1930, 1528. Greville and Maclagan, Trans. Par. Soc., 1931, 27,210. Morton, J.C.S., 1931, 2977 and 2983. McFarlane, Phil. Mag., 1932, 14,1. Jour. Sci. Instruments, 1933, Vols. 5 and 10. McFarlane-Pye Valve-Potentiometer (Catalogue).“Isotopes. Aston, Mass Spectra and Isotopes, (Arnold), 1933. ‘02,’Giauque and Johnston, Nature, 1929, 123, 318 and 831.‘Ha,’Urey, Brickwedde and Murphy, Phys. Rev., 1932, 40, 1. Urey, Nature, 1934, Feb. 10th. ‘Separation and Properties,’ Science, 1933, Dee. 22nd. ‘Concentration by Eloctrolysis,’ Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1932, 18, 496; Nature, 1934, 133,25. Aston, Sci. Prog., 1933, 28,203, Rutherford, Nature, 1933, 132,955. ‘D20,’: Heavy Water. J.A.C.S., 1933, 55, 3057, 3504, 4330, 4334, 4335; Nature, 1933, Oct. 7th. ‘Physiological Properties,’ Washburn and Smith, Science, 1934, 79, 188. ‘Effect on Spirogyra,’ J.A.C.S., 1933, 55, 4332. ‘Effect on Enzyme Activity,’ ibid., 5059. ‘Deutero-ammonias,’ ibid., 5057. “Positrons. Anderson, Science, 1932, 76,238; 1933, 77,432; Nature, 1934, 3rd March. Blackett and Occhialini, Proc. Roy.Soc., 1933, 139,699. Thibaud, C.R., 1933, 197,915. Curie and Joliot, C.R., 1933, 196,1105; Jour. de phys. et Ze radium, 1933, 4,494. Nature, 1934, 133,23. “Neutrons. Chadwick, Nature, 1932, 129, 312; Bakerian Lecture, Proc. Roy. SOC. 1933, 142, 1. Curie and Joliot. Nature, 1932, 130,57. Moon, ibid., 57. Review, ibid., 287. Bohr, ibid., 237. Feather, ibicl., 237; Proc. Roy. SOC.,1933, 142, 706. Webster, Nature, 1932, 129,402. Cockcroft and Walton, ibid., 649; 1933, 131,23; Proc. Roy. Soc., 1932,137, 229. Supplement, Science, 1933, 78, 10. “The Annual Reports of the Chemical Society should be available soon, and will probably give further references on the above subjects.” Huddersfie1d.-The attention of members of the Hudders- field Section is directed to the information regarding advanced courses in chemistry in the West Riding of Yorkshire.See Leeds Area Section. 195 India.-The Hon. Secretary of the Indian Section reports that the members in India are co-operating with other scientific societies in discussions on matters of common interest, and are arranging for meetings to be held in their respective areas in order to provide opportunities for social intercourse. From 30th March to 2nd April, inclusive, under the Presidency of Sir C. V. Raman, F.R.S., a series of meetings was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the Central College, Bangalore, under the auspices of five societies, including the Indian Section of the Institute, when several papers were read and a visit was paid to the Government Sugar Cane Farms and Sugar Factory, Mandya.Special arrangements will be made for members of the Indian Section to come together at Calcutta during the next Indian Science Congress. Leeds Area.-Members of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute are informed that the University of Leeds has kindly arranged to give them facilities for consulting the books and periodicals in the Chaston Chapman Library. Any member wishing to use the library should communicate beforehand with either Professor R. Whytlaw Gray, F.R.S., Professor F. Challenger or Dr. H. Burton (Hon. Secretary of the Section), in order that arrangements can be made to give the member access to the collection. The Chaston Chapman Library is for reference purposes only and books may not be borrowed.Advanced Courses in Chemistry in the West Riding of Yorkshire. -In April, 1933,the Yorkshire Council for Further Education appointed a committee to make suggestions for a series of specialised courses in advanced chemistry to be held in technical colleges in the northern part of the industrial West Riding. The committee works under the Chairmanship of Mr. H. Richardson, Principal of the Bradford Technical College, and is representative of the Leeds Area and Huddersfield Sections of the Institute, the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Society of Dyers and Colourists, the University of Leeds, the Local Education Authorities and Technical Colleges in the district, and the Board of Education.The lectures for the winter session beginning in September or October, 1934,have now been approved and will be held in the Bradford, Huddersfield and Leeds Technical Colleges. The lectures at Bradford will include a course of practical 196 work in the Microscopy of food and drugs (based on part of the requirements for the examination for the Fellowship of the Institute in Branch E) and a course of weekly lectures on recent advances in textile chemistry. In addition to members of the Technical College staff, the lecturers include Mr. S. M. Neale, of the Manchester Municipal College of Technology, Mr. W. T. Astbury and Dr. J. B. Speakman of the University of Leeds, Dr. R. C. Cunliffe of the Wool Industries Research Association, and Mr.F. L. Goodall, of the Geigy Colour Co., Ltd. The lectures will deal with the chemistry of cotton, cellulose, and wool fibres, dyestuffs (including the fastness of dyed materials and the measurement of colour) , hydrogen-ion determination, bacteria and fungi, and the new higher alcohols in their application to scouring, bleaching and dyeing. At Huddersfield, a course of lectures and demonstrations will be given on certain aspects of chemical engineering by Mr. G. B. Jones, Works Manager of Dalton Works, I.C.I., Dyestuffs Group. In particular, the handling and treatment of liquids and gases will be described, and the design, selection and use of plant for grinding, mixing, drying, etc., will be fully treated.There will also be a series of lectures on the recent advances in synthetic organic chemistry, given by experts from Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Dyestuffs Group). These lectures will deal with natural products, aliphatic and aromatic compounds, polymerisation, synthetic rubbers and resins. The courses at the Leeds College of Technology will consist of two series of weekly lectures. Mr. A. C. Francis, Chief Analyst to Messrs. Rowntree and Co., Ltd., York, will deal with modern analytical methods with particular reference to colori- metry and “spot” tests. Dr. J. W. Baker of the University of Leeds will lecture on modern theories of organic chemistry. The following quotation from the booklet describing the courses explains the reasons why advanced lectures of the above types are specially desirable at the present time.“It is un- necessary,” the committee says, “in these times of strenuous commercial Competition to stress the fundamental importance of strict chemical supervision in our major industries, not merely in the basic chemical industries themselves, but in other branches in which Yorkshire is pre-eminent, such as textiles, engineering, mining, and metallurgy. The knowledge, experience, and skill of our trained chemists will play a very important part in the gradual recovery of our industrial supremacy. The country in 197 general, and Yorkshire in particular, cannot afford to fall behind the standard set by other countries in the utilisation of our chemical talent, both in controlling and improving existing processes and in devising new ones.“Owing, however, to the very wide curriculum now neces- sarily covered in the training of chemists, one very serious diffi- culty is found, not only by senior students and young graduates of our technical colleges and universities, but also by experienced chemists already engaged in industry, namely that of keeping abreast of the latest developments in the theory and technique of special branches of the subject; to realise this, one need only quote the developments in recent years of the theories of organic chemistry, microchemical analysis and electrometric methods of analysis and control. “New discoveries are recorded in the first instance in scientific technical journals, but it is generally a matter of many years before they find a place in students’ text-books or manuals.It is, however, important that information regarding new discoveries and their applications should be made available to technical chemists as soon as possible. “These courses are intended primarily for chemists who already possess qualifications equivalent to a university degree, the Associateship of the Institute of Chemistry, the Higher National Certificate in Chemistry or Final Certificates of the City and Guilds of London Institute.” In 1935-36, and subsequent years, it is intended to carry the scheme further. New courses will be advertised and some of those given this year will be repeated, under a rota system, at a different centre. In this way it is hoped that lectures under each of the main headings will, in the course of time, be made easily available to all chemists in the northern part of the industrial West Riding.Copies of the booklet can be obtained from the Officers of any of the institutions, societies, or Local Education Authorities represented on the committee or from the Secretary, Yorkshire Council for Further Education, Education Office, Calverley Street, Leeds, I. The Hon. Secretary represented the Section at the Fifth Annual Convention of the Yorkshire Council for Further Educa- tion, held in Barnsley, on 9th May. The delegates were welcomed at 2.30 p.m. in the Mining and Technical College, by Councillor J.Jones, C.B.E., Chairman of the Barnsley Education Committee. 198 SirPercy Jackson, the Chairman of the Yorkshire Council for Further Education, spoke of the work of the Council (and incidentally referred to the advanced courses in chemistry out- lined above) and then introduced Mr. F. N. Tribe, C.B.E., Assistant Secretary to the Ministry of Labour, who opened a discussion on "The Educational Aspects of the Unemployment Bill now before Parliament. " London and South-Eastern Counties.-Members of the Section have lately participated in visits-to the Research Laboratories of the General Electric Company, Ltd., on 8th March; to Battersea Power Station on 10th April; and to the South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, on 7th May.These visits were thoroughly appreciated by those who were able to attend them. Malaya.-The Tenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 25th February at King Edward VII College of Medicine, Singapore,-Mr. Morris Jamieson in the Chair. The Annual Report and accounts having been received and adopted, the officers and committee for the ensuing year were elected:-Mr. J. Shelton, Chairman; Dr. J. L. Wiltshire, Hon. Secretary and Treasurer; Mr. J. F. Clark, Assistant Honorary Secretary; Mr. R. 0. Bishop, Dr. T. A. Buckley, Mr. P. J. R. Butler, Mr. J. C. Cowap, Committee; and Dr. I. A. Simpson and Mr. H. Marsden, Honorary Auditors. The Chairman remarked that the year under review had been rather a disappointing one in Malaya, and the activities of the Section had been somewhat hampered by the high incidence of leave among its members.Lately, however, there had been a more optimistic spirit throughout the country, and he expressed the hope that members of the Section would resume their interest and enthusiasm. The Section had completed its tenth year, and it was his firm conviction that the benefit accruing to the members from the association so established had been more real and valuable than had perhaps been generally appreciated. On the motion of Mr. Cowap, a sum of one hundred dollars was voted to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute. Votes of thanks were accorded to the Principal of the College of Medicine for the use of rooms, and to the Chairman and the retiring members of the Committee for their services; also 199 to the Malayan Breweries, Ltd., for their kindness in allowing the members to visit their brewery on the 24th.The Annual Dinner of the Section was held at the Raffles Hotel, Singapore, on the same day. Manchester and District.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Section held on 15th March, Mr. A. W. Knapp opened a discussion on “The Relation of the Works Chemist to Staff and Workers.” Mr. Knapp has supplied the following abstract :-The subject is one on which it is difficult to generalise, because the chemist occupies a slightly different position in every works. The importance of chemistry in different industries varies enormously : for example, when a chemist comes into an industry which has run successfully for many years without a laboratory, his position may at first be relatively unimportant.The success of a business depends largely on the ability of the members of its staff to co-operate reciprocally with the directors and to co-operate with each other. In any works the chemist has a certain sphere of activity. If he is energetic this sphere may expand until it encroaches on the spheres of activity of other members of the staff. For efficient and smooth working, a clear understanding must, therefore, be established, so that the total activities of the staff cover the whole of the field without overlapping and without causing dissension. The Chemist and the Buyer.-Every factory needs certain raw materials, such as coal, trichlorethylene, yeast, or potatoes.In any case the question arises, what kind or grade shall be bought? The chemist can help the buyer in every case, but obviously more in some cases than in others. For all those substances whose properties are satisfactorily expressed by chemical, physical or bacteriological analysis, the chemist can, and should, advise the buyer. The chemist should not merely be prepared to give analytical figures; he should have consulted those who use the material, so as to determine actually what properties are desired, and should therefore be able to give an opinion, The chemist, in consultation with the buyer, should draw up specifications. To draw up a sound specification the chemist also needs to have some idea of the difficulties of the supplier, so that his specification is not too narrow with regard to proper- ties that are relatively unimportant. 200 The workers in the factory, if they encounter any difficulty, are very prone to blame the raw materials.The buyer, on the other hand, is apt to look very favourably at any material he has purchased. In the case of works difficulties the chemist is usually consulted and may find himself pierced by the arrows which are flying between the buyer and the works foreman. The chemist’s business is to find out the truth and supply this in reasonable doses as tactfully as possible. The success of any modern factory is determined by a number of factors, one of which is its ability to turn out, day after day, a standard article.The chemist, in all the work he does to this end, may at times seem critical of the buyer and, at others, of the worker in the factory. This is liable to make him temporarily unpopular with his colleagues. Fortunately, the laboratory also exists as a service department, and it is most important that the chemist should do all he can to make his department as helpful and as popular as possible with the rest of the staff and the workers. The Chemist and the Works Manager.-To get the best out of the chemist it is necessary that he should be the works manager’s good colleague rather than his subordinate. The chemist should not be responsible to any other member of the staff; he should be responsible solely to his directors, because he alone under- stands his own work and, as in the case of the medical man or lawyer, is a responsible person with specialised knowledge.That he must be independent becomes evident when one con- siders how often he finds himself in the position of judging the work of others. There are works managers who only want the chemist to work out their own ideas, and otherwise would keep the chemist in the laboratory, but experience shows that such works managers are often unaware just how and where the chemist can help them. The chemist should always attempt to be as open-minded and critical concerning his own ideas as about those of other people, and he should be careful that enthusiasm for his own ideas does not lead him to do things which irritate or create bad feeling.The laboratory being, as already indicated, a service department, the chemist is generally more than willing to help the works manager out of his difficulties. With regard to research, where the chemist has invented a process in the laboratory, the idea should not be handed over to other non-technical members of the staff at that stage. They cannot feel the researcher’s enthusiasm or see the full possibilities of the invention. It is in the interests of the business to let the chemist, or his chemical colleagues, carry through the process on a large scale until it is definitely shown to work, and work profitably. It can then be handed over to the works manager or foreman.Pure research is like gold; it is very valuable, but it is not hard enough to be of use to the community until it has been alloyed with a small percentage of less valuable things. The chemist should be given the opportunity of making his own alloys. The Chemist and the Sales Manager.-Many chemists have in the past hesitated to have anything to do with sales management or advertising. I think they would do well to take considerable interest in these activities which absorb ever vaster sums every year. There is no doubt that sales managers have recently awakened to the fact that the public think better of a product if its manu- facture is subject to analytical control. Laboratories now figure quite frequently in advertisements, and the laboratory has thus acquired in business a new value.It helps sales and, incident- ally, it has thus made a great advance in popular estimation. It should be the rule in all well-conducted works that no advertise- ment containing a definite statement of a scientific kind should be passed for publication until the scientific staff have seen and approved it. To prevent this critical activity giving the sales manager the idea that chemists are merely hampering, the chemist should try his hand at supplying the sales manager with an accurate description of the qualities of various products of the firm. The chemist can thus supply new reasons for optimism, and new matter has a stimulating effect on the susceptible sales mind.There are other ways in which the chemist can help the sales department. One of the best is to supply simple technical information which tells the customer how to make the best use of the firm’s products. When the sales department complains that the products they have to sell are faulty, the chemist can often usefully mediate between the sales department and the works. It has been said that the chemist would benefit by a knowledge of salesmanship. I will return the compliment and say that I have known cases where those who sold chemicals would have benefited by a knowledge of chemistry. I think that many firms would profit by more interchange of thought between the sales and the chemists’ departments. The sales manager is able to 202 say what the public wants, and thus the chemist can direct his investigations to a more definite end.The chief danger of a chemist getting interested in salesmanship is that he may be tempted to neglect the laboratory. It is to be regretted that the most able chemists are often paid more, the more they are required to give up chemistry. In such cases we can only hope that the world profits by the application of scientific methods to new fields. In the discussion, Mr. Harold Stevenson stated that in industry, ideas put forward by the chemist were very often taken up by the works manager or the engineers, who subse- quently claimed the credit. He considered that the chemist, on entering industry, should ask for advice from men of greater experience, and use as much common sense as possible.Mr. J. G. Sherratt cited a case in which the process chemists disagreed strongly with the analytical chemists in the works laboratory, and eventually an arbitrator had to be called in. It was extremely difficult to avoid such occurrences, and tact should be exercised on both sides. Mr. Thomas Horner said that many industries were in a change-over phase-gradually passing over to control by the chemist,-so that the engineer and process chemist and analytical chemist, who were all under the management, would actually be supervised by chemists. Many disputes between the analytical and process chemists would, therefore, be avoided or settled satisfactorily. He emphasised the point that the research chemist, fresh from the university, must not consider himself in a position to teach the older members of the staff, but must mix in with the rest of the staff and develop a certain amount of common sense.He indicated that sales departments should be more clear in their requests for products, and should use foresight, so that the desired type of product could be evolved in time for the demand. Chemists must realise that if they are to rise to executive positions, they must be prepared to leave the bench. Mr. G. A. Blakey said that the chemist was a comparatively new man in many industries. Consequently, he often found himself regarded with some jealousy by older and, perhaps, more securely established members of the staff.The chemist should be able to regard fairly his own observations, that is, he should develop a self-critical attitude. Cases such as that mentioned by Mr. Sherratt had, he felt, been amply covered by Mr. Knapp, 203 who had indicated that the chemist should possess “horse sense.” In the absence of this quality, some attention to its development might usefully be considered at college. Miss Rona Robinson spoke of a higher professional status for the chemist, and considered that this could be achieved by better collaboration between the management and the chemists, until such time as it was possible to obtain a chemical registration scheme. She thought that a better feeling should now develop between the young research chemist and the older experienced man, since their salaries were now more proportionate.Industry was often indebted to the young chemists with fresh minds and new ideas. Dr. I. E. Balaban stated that if the chemist were to act as an inspector and judge in industry he must be prepared to take on the responsibility of higher positions. He said that in a firrn with which he was previously connected, it was the practice of the research chemist to work out a process in the laboratory, and also to carry out the semi-works preparation. If this were successful, he had to supervise the works manufacture until this had been established on a sound footing. He considered that the chemist should be willing to move from the bench and to introduce scientific methods into the running of other departments.Mr. H. Whittaker stressed the fact that common sense and personality were essential if a man were to be of use in industry, and that these attributes were as important as academic qualifrca- tions. He also remarked that, since the sales manager was in close contact with the Board with regard to financial statements, he would always get higher rewards than the chemist, who should become reconciled to this fact. He commented on the appear- ance of chemists, and stated that, generally speaking, they were the worst-dressed men in the works; they could not expect to be advanced into executive positions if they were badly dressed. Mr. J. H. Lester emphasised the importance of tact in industrial relationships.Industrial concerns should employ more physicists who possessed detailed knowledge of the mechanical and other fundamental properties of substances. He thought that it was extremely diflicult to obtain a fully-trained physicist. Dr. A. Coulthard felt that it was not a satisfactory state of affairswhen the first-class chemist had to leave the laboratory in 204 order to obtain a higher position and salary. He did not con- sider that this was beneficial to the industry, since a good many years’ experience were necessary before a research man acquired a really first-class technique. It should be possible, he thought, for a man of such experience to obtain a higher pecuniary position, but still remain in the laboratory, where his value to the firm was probably greatest.Mr. W. G. Jarrett enquired whether the status of the chemist had definitely improved? If this were the case, they might be more optimistic in their outlook. Dr. H. A. Thomas touched on the relationship between the research chemist direct from the university and the older works chemist who had had many years’ practical experience. He considered that, at the outset, the new recruit should have his position clearly defined by the management. He should then be encouraged to put forward ideas, however fantastic they might appear on the surface, and these ideas should be fairly considered by the more experienced man and their value assessed. No satisfactory object could be achieved by the older and more experienced men continually reminding the younger chemist of his lack of experience.The Chairman, Mr. F. Scholefield, agreed with Mr. Knapp that it was impossible to generalise, since chemists in different posts had their individual problems and relationships. He agreed that usually chemists had rather a slovenly appearance and did not “cut enough dash,” whereas engineers usually possessed a smarter appearance. Young chemists should realise that the management were less concerned with the amount of chemical knowledge their staff possessed than with the balance sheet. The economic sense should, therefore, be instilled into the chemist during his training. Mr. Knapp, in reply to a number of questions, said that advertisements which employed chemical phraseology should always be checked, before publication, by a chemist.A large number of chemists never wished to be elected to the board of directors, but were quite content to do good work in the labora- tory. If a chemist were poorly paid and wished for worldly success, he should dress as though his salary were larger than it actually was, and realise that salesmanship applies to himself as well as to the manufactured products. He must, to some extent, be commercially minded in order to succeed in industry, since industry was run for profit. He agreed that sales 205 departments should be encouraged to be definite in their specifi- cations for desirable selling products. A vote of thanks, proposed by Mr.Thompson and seconded by Mr. Rodway, was accorded to Mr. Knapp. Manchester alzd District Students’ Section.-At a meeting of the Manchester and District Students’ Section, held in the College of Technology, Manchester, on 23rd March, Mr. F. W. Allen presented a number of films illustrating the oil and soap indus- tries, which proved both interesting and instructive. On 20th April, the Students’ Section visited the Paper Mills of Messrs. Olive and Partington, at Glossop, where the manu- facture of the finest art papers was demonstrated from the raw material-logs of wood-stage by stage, to the finished product. The visit was very greatly appreciated by all who were able to participate in it. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-Mem-bers of the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, and Fellows of the Chemical Society in the district were invited to the 26th Bedson Lecture, delivered by Prof.G. G. Henderson, F.R.S., on 18th May entitled- ‘‘Notes on Balata, Gutta Percha and Caoutchouc.” Prof. Henderson outlined the oxidation of gutta percha, balata, and caoutchouc, with hydrogen peroxide, yielding finally what appeared to be the same end product from each. This work was published in the Journal of the Chemical Society, 1932, p. 386. Since that time, in the Glasgow laboratories, the hydro- genation of purified balata and gutta percha had been studied. Each C,H, unit in the molecule of those hydrocarbons becomes fully saturated on additions of two hydrogen atoms.Addition of hydrogen halide takes place smoothly, but instead of produc-tion of the same dihydrides on refluxing with metallic zinc in a suitable solvent in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide, unsaturated substances (C,H,)x with one half of the unsaturation of the original hydrocarbons were obtained, in agreement with observa- tions of Staudinger on the similar behaviour of caoutchouc hydrochloride. This may be due to ring formation. Condensa-tion of the dibromides of balata and gutta percha with phenols in the presence of ferric chloride gives rise to coloured compounds, one of which, the resorcinol compound, has the properties of an indicator. 206 A vote of thanks was accorded to Professor Henderson, on the motion of the Chairman-Professor H.L. Riley. After the lecture a number of members of the Institute were present at the Eighth Annual Dinner of the Bedson Club, which was held in the Union adjoining the College. South Wales.-On 12th April, Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Honorary Treasurer of the Institute, visited the Section and addressed the members at a meeting held at the Hotel Central, Swansea. Dealing with bb The general Activities of the Institute,” Mr. Kirkaldy said that it gave him great pleasure to have an opportunity of meeting the Section, and added that he was especially pleased to see among them two members of his own college,-King’s College, London,-Dr. Hinkel and Mr. Ayling. He had been asked to talk about the work of the Institute, but although he had been a member of the Institute-Associate and Fellow-for over 40 years, had served on the Council altogether for over 16 years, including 10 years as the Honorary Treasurer, and it was his practice, during at least 10 months of the year, to visit the Institute two or three and often four times a week, he found it rather difficult to select those of its activities which were likely to be of the greatest interest to the members. He felt that some of the matters which had been raised by the Section might be dealt with, and recalled that a year ago, at its suggestion, the Council had instructed the Finance and House Committee to investigate the expenditure of the Institute in relation to the increase in membership.He thought that it had been clearly shown that the Council had kept the expenditure within the income, having due regard to the interests of the members; further, that it had been proved that the administra- tive expenses had actually been reduced in recent years, while more had been done for the direct benefit of the members than at any previous time. He suggested that if they compared the annual subscriptions paid to the Institute with those paid to other professional bodies of the same character, they would be found as low as, if not lower than, those paid by the members of any other chartered body. Although some other professional institutions required 207 much higher subscriptions, in many cases more than double , yet their members did not receive in return as much as the members of the Institute.In some cases, indeed, they received only a year book,-no journal, no lectures, no such publication as ‘‘Official Chemical Appointments,” nor did the institutions maintain an Appointments Register or control a Benevolent Fund. He was inclined to think that it was only when a member had served on the Council that he was able to understand how it was that the conduct of the affairs of such a body necessitated an efficient staff , entailing considerable expenditure ; but some of those present had served on the Council and had seen some- thing of the work at headquarters and, although they had not had the opportunities of seeing the staff at work as he did, he thought that they realised, more clearly than those who had not so served, what was actually done. He proposed to tell them something of the staff and how they were engaged. In a general way the duties of the senior officers were so distributed that they had each their own special committee work in which they received help from one another, as well as from the Chief Clerk and the Cashier.Thus, the Registrar, though responsible for the work of the office as a whole, was specially concerned with the Finance and House Committee, the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, the Publications Com-mittee, Benevolent Fund Committee, Public Appointments Committee, the Beilby Fund, and the Censors; while the Assistant Secretary took the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, the Board of Examiners, the Pedler Fund Committee, the Appointments Register Committee, and the committees concerned with National Certificates. However, they helped one another in all their work.The Finance and House Committee was naturally concerned with the general and other funds connected with the Institute, and the management of its finances and its premises; the Legal and Parliamentary Committee and Public Appointments Com- mittee kept a watchful eye on matters likely to be of interest to chemists, affecting appointments, contracts, patents, the em-ployment of alien chemists, legislation connected with dangerous drugs, pharmacy and poisons, therapeutic substances, dyestuffs, gas, Customs and Excise, methylated spirits, stills, and a host of other things.208 The Publications Commit tee controlled the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,made arrangements for lectures and their publication, and supervised the preparation of the Register and “Official Chemical Appointments.” All the publications of the Institute were “seen through the press” by the senior officers. The “make-up” of each publication was work which needed care and time, and much of it could only be done at home, away from interruptions. The reading and correction of proofs of some of the publications required long experience and considerable knowledge of personnel and of professional matters. Incidentally, it could hardly be realised that the mere preparation of the index of “Official Chemical Appointments,’’ apart from the time occupied in checking this index when it had been printed, had taken practically the whole of the time of two members of the Staff over nearly a fortnight, including Saturdays and Sundays.The preparation of the Register was less troublesome because that included only Members and Students of the Institute; but it was a very considerable undertaking now that the roll had reached about 7,000. They might imagine what a tedious business it was to read over and check that number of entries and to see that they were properly indexed. He emphasised the fact that the Institute had no special editorial staff, and, therefore, the whole cost of this work was included in the general account for salaries.The Benevolent Fund occupied a good deal of the time of the Registrar, who was the Honorary Secretary of the Fund. They might rest assured that appeals received the greatest care and sympathy. Apart from such rather delicate matters, however, both senior officers were occupied a good deal with the private difficulties of members, which, of course, remained strictly confidential ; with other matters affecting the profession, in which the Institute was able, through them, to take unofficial action, often with very satisfactory results; and with a great variety of enquiries received directly from the public. The volume of routine work of the Institute was really surprising; for example, in interviewing candidates, in the scrutiny and attention given to applications of all kinds which came before the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. The Assistant Secretary and the Chief Clerk were required to inspect the records and certificates of every candidate, 209 to take up references from professors and employers, and to prepare concise statements of the cases for the consideration of the Committee, which was also concerned with the inspection of institutions applying for recognition by the Institute. Then, the Assistant Secretary, as the “technical” officer, was responsible for making arrangements for the examinations,-meetings of the Board of Examiners, the ordering of laboratory supplies and so forth.There was heavy work also, especially for the Assistant Secretary and the Chief Clerk, in connection with National Certificates in Chemistry, necessitating the handling of hundreds of papers, and the careful recording and checking of marks awarded. Mr.Kirkaldy recalled that Professor Henderson, in his last presidential address, delivered at the Annual General Meeting, on the occasion of his retirement from the chair, in 1927,gave some particulars of the details of work which he had observed. He said: “Within my knowledge enquiries have related to books and journals, Government papers and reports; the purchase and disposal of apparatus and instruments; contracts of service and partnership, professional fees, income tax ; laboratory accom-modation; historical subjects, the loan of lantern slides, photo- graphs and prints ; conditions of life and professional prospects in various industries and in various parts of the Empire and elsewhere abroad ; introductions to fellow members and other persons; licences for stills and for the recovery of spirits; the names of specialists in various branches of work and in different parts of the country; and the interpretation of various Acts of Parliament, and of patents. Among enquiries which one would hardly expect have been requests that the Registrar should act as a reference for tenancies, insurance and fidelity guarantees ; should recommend medical consultants and dentists, schools, hotels and boarding houses, and should obtain tickets for the Zoo.‘‘Of course it is obvious that the more enquiries received the greater is the accumulation of information; but I doubt whether many other officers of Institutions of this kind treat all enquiries with quite the same good nature.I give you the information because I think that you should know of these things, and not to encourage an extension of any unreasonable demands on the time and service of our officers.” Continuing, Mr. Kirkaldy said that, in addition to the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary and the Chief Clerk, there were-one cashier, two typists, and a filing and indexing clerk; 210 and a Local Sections clerk, who was responsible for the routine work in connection with the Local Sections, for seeing that notices were despatched and that certificates for new members were distributed, and for reminding the honorary secretaries regarding reports for publication in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,etc. Next, there was the printing operator, who not only printed notices for the Local Sections, but did a great deal of printing and duplicating work for the Council, in addition to notices, examination papers, circulars, letter headings, etc.This work, of course, saved the Institute considerable printing expense, but the salary of the operator was included in the salaries and wages account,-not under the heading of printing. The Appointments Register clerk, who also did other junior work, maintained the lists of members seeking appointments ; the register clerk attended to alterations in the list of members, and in the addressograph plates, prepared the envelopes for the distribution of the Journal, and maintained the card-index registers of members.In this it would hardly be realised that at least 25 per cent. of the members changed their addresses every year, and, of course, there were names to be added and names to be taken off all through the year. There were two other junior clerks concerned with posting, and what might be called “fetch and carry work,’’ the sergeant, the house porter and a char-woman. The Institute could not do with a smaller staff; more than half the staff had had over 8 years’ service with the Institute, and was on maximum pay according to a scale fixed nearly 10 years ago.The lines of policy of the Institute-as he saw them-were broadly-To organise and register chemists who were competent within the meaning of the Charter and Regulations; To do all that was possible within the terms of the constitu- tion to advance the prestige and interests of the profession; To render every possible assistance to the Government, industry and commerce by furthering the employment of chemists and the utilisation of scientific knowledge in all affairs affecting the public welfare; To be ready at all times to participate in discussions con- cerning chemical interests, to co-operate with other bodies in furthering the interests of chemistry and chemists; but not to form any kind of amalgamation with any other society or 211 institution without first consulting the general body of Fellows and Associates.He reminded the members that the Institute worked under a Royal Charter, and that Royal Charters were not given for selfish ends. The chartered professional bodies had become for all practical purposes part of the machinery of Government, and the Government constantly looked to them for help. The objects of these bodies were defined in their charters and, in general, it was left to their councils to interpret their aims and objects. In the interpretation of the aims and objects of the Institute, successive Councils had taken such action that it had been clearly laid down by the Special Commissioners for Income Tax that the Institute was not a charity within the meaning of the Finance Act.Hence arose the peculiar anomaly that the Institute was less fettered in the interpretation of its activities, had greater freedom to do more good and useful work for the profession and for the public by reason of the fact that it was not a charity, and consequently had to pay income tax on the dividends derived from its invested funds. This placed the Institute, in at least one particular, in a different category from those societies which were entirely devoted to the promotion of science and the publication of literature, and were not specifically concerned with, but rather debarred from dealing with profes- sional interests. However, although the Institute had lost its case before the Special Commissioners, and it was decided that it was professional rather than charitable, it claimed to have exercised a beneficial influence on the education of chemists, through its Regulations and Examinations in which a very high standard had been maintained.The prestige of chemists never stood higher than it did to-day, and this was shown by the vastly increased employment of chemists in all industries, and by the fact that chemists were more and more coming into positions of control and responsi- bili ty . The policy of the Institute was to get steadily on with its work, and it was making very good progress. It did not interfere with other societies, but, indeed, helped them much more than was generally understood. In that connection, Mr.Kirkaldy suggested that the Local Sections of the Institute had been one 212 of the most, if not the main, effective means of bringing chemists together for their mutual interest and benefit in recent times. A general discussion followed, in which the view was expressed by some that the Benevolent Fund might be put on a sound financial basis if the Council would indicate to members how much they were expected to contribute; many members did not subscribe because they felt that their contributions might be regarded as comparatively small. In reply, Mr. Kirkaldy said that the Benevolent Fund Committee had frequently indicated that it was grateful to receive contributions, however small. It had been suggested that if every member gave at least 5s., the result would enable the Committee to meet all appeals.Half-crowns and shillings were welcome, and the system of “group” contributions had been established to facilitate the collection of small sums. A suggestion was made that the Charter might be modified to include the Benevolent Fund, and provision made for ear- marking a percentage of the annual subscription for the benefit of the Fund. In reply to a question with regard to co-operation among Chemical Societies, the Honorary Treasurer said that the matter was under consideration in collaboration with the Federal Council for Chemistry, and, for the present, the proceedings were confidential; but nothing affecting the interests of members of the Institute would be decided without their consent.While appreciating the lectures published by the Institute, some members were doubtful whether such publication was one of its proper functions. Mr. Kirkaldy replied that the Royal Charter gave the Institute very wide powers, and included specific provision for the publication of lectures. The publication of Oficial Chemical Appointments was criticised, in that the information which it contained was thought to be useful mainly to public analysts and possibly not to the greater proportion of the members. The Honorary Treasurer replied that the publication was very widely distributed, and constituted not only a book of reference, but a most valuable medium of publicity for the profession of chemistry. A suggestion was made that election to Council should be 213 on the regional basis.It was thought that an undue proportion of the Council consisted of representatives of the academic and public analyst branches of the profession. Mr. Kirkaldy said that the Council seemed to represent the districts and the various branches of the profession very well.* The question was raised whether adequate steps were taken to encourage new graduates who had attained the necessary honours degrees to join the Institute, and it was suggested that the Council should set up a Publicity Committee. On the motion of Mr. C. M. W. Grieb, seconded by Professor J. E. Coates, a vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Kirkaldy for his visit to the Section and for giving the members first-hand information regarding the activities of the Institute.The meeting was followed by an informal dinner. * Twelve members of the Council are actually elected as District Members of Council without ballot by the Institute as a whole; but if the list of officers and members is carefully scrutinised, it will be found that the districts generally are represented approximately in proportion to the numbers of members resident in them respectively. The various branches of professional work are represented as follows:-Industry 19;'Teaching 17; Public Analysts 4; other Consulting Chemists 3; Government Service 4. 214 April-May Examinations, 1934. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners.Examinations were held at the times and places given below. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed was :-No. No. POTthe Associateship- Examined. Passed. General Chemistry: at the Institute and at the University, Manchester,T9th-l 6th April. . 43 22 For the Fellowship, at the Institute- Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry, 16th-20th April .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Metallography: at the Insti- tute and at the Royal School of Mines, London,-7th-l lth May .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to the Chemistry of Oils and Fats, exclud- ing Mineral and Essential Oils,-l6th-20th April .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 2 Branch D. Biochemistry,-l6th-20th April ..1 0 Branch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to Physiological Chemistry and Bacteri-010g~,-16th-ZOth A~il .. .. .. 1 0 Branch E. Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water,-l6th-21st April .. .. .. .. .. 11 4 Branch a. Industrial Chemistry, with specialreference to Pharmaceutical Chemicals, Drugs and Pharmaceutical Products,- 16th-20th April . . .. .. .. 1 0 Special Examinations : 16th-20th April-The Chemistry and Biology of Water Supply .. 1 1 General Analytical Chemistry . . .. .. 2 0 The Chemistry of Oils, Paints and Varnishes .. -1 1 -66 32 EXAMINATIONTHE ASSOCIATESHIPFOR IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-on this occasion the work of the candidates in this part of the examination was distinctly better than usual. In the written papers all the questions were attempted, but some curious preferences appeared.The question on catalysis 215 was attempted by almost every candidate and often done fairly well, but it seems strange that very few attempted the question on gas analysis, and of these only a few gave good answers to it. Some very good and interesting accounts of research work were given. In the afternoon paper, questions of a historical character were less often chosen and not so well done as the rest. The practical work was well done by the better candidates, but it is disappointing that so many of those who are already engaged in chemical work should not be able to obtain more accurate results, and should fail, as they often do, to work out their results in a simple, workmanlike fashion.Much more attention should be given by candidates to acquiring direct and simple methods of calculation. In particular, volumetric calculations should be carried out as far as possible in terms of normality. It is bad practice to carry out the main body of a volumetric calculation in weights of reacting sub- stances. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-The written work in organic chemistry of many candidates was, on the whole, disappointing. Candidates should realise that the minimum standard required is equivalent to a good honours degree. A knowledge of very recent work is not required, but answers should show an adequate knowledge of classical organic chemistry.In far too many cases it was obvious that candidates had read little more than an elementary textbook of the subject and fell far short of the standard required. Perhaps this is best brought out by the number of answers which gave, as the methods of preparing aromatic aldehydes and ketones, the oxidation of alcohols, the reduction of acids and the distillation of calcium salts. The Gattermann methods, the Reirner-Tiemann, the Friedel-Craft reactions and the methods depending on the controlled oxidation of the methyl group were seldom mentioned. Again, many of the essays on the keto-enol tautomerism were confined to little more than a statement that the phenomenon existed in ethylacetoacetate with no reference to Knorr’s or Kurt Meyer’s work, or to the fact that compounds existed in which the proportion of enol varied from o to IOO per cent.The answers to the question asking for details of two simple preparations often showed little acquaintance with the experimental method. Many candidates were ignorant of how to work up the product in the Skraup synthesis of quinoline, some crystallised the quinoline ; several 216 treated chloroacetic acid with potassium cyanide in the prepara- tion of ethyl malonate. Many did not know how to prepare thionyl chloride, and several confused it with sulphuryl chloride. Several candidates suggested that silver oxide is prepared by precipitation with ammonia and others by the ignition of silver carbonate or oxalate. In one or two cases the caligraphy and English were very poor.Examples of the association of work with individual chemists were often unfortunate; Fischer, Kiliani and Haworth were sometimes confused. The practical organic exercises were, generally speaking, quite well done, but here it is necessary to point out a serious deficiency in the training of many of the candidates. One preparation set was not to be found in any of the usual books of organic preparations, and a surprisingly large number of candidates had no idea how to obtain any information about the method, being quite unacquainted with Richter or Beilstein, which were available in the examination room. Such candidates cannot well be regarded as being trained chemists. Where these books are not available in college libraries, as they should be, teachers should endeavour to explain their use.The microscope is a valuable instrument to chemists, and some candidates would have avoided error had they used it instead of depending on the melting-point of the osazones to identify the sugar. Several candidates failed to recognise that one of the identifications contained un-ionisable bromine as well as ionisable chlorine, although they isolated the bromoaniline. EXAMINATION BRANCHFOR THE FELLOWSHIP: E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. THEORETICALPAPERS.-Ahost every candidate appeared to have a satisfactory knowledge of a systematic procedure for the microscopic examination of the various types of vegetable drug and was familiar with the diagnostic characters presented by them.The majority also were aware of the present technique for the detection and determination of extraneous water in milk, did justice to the theory of freezing-point depression, and were familiar with the Hortvet apparatus. The question on the estimation of tin and copper in canned goods, and that on the determination of fat in ice-cream, drew several unsatisfactory replies, especially in view of the fact that the candidates are 217 presumed, of necessity, to have had considerable laboratory experience in the examination of such materials. Widely divergent views were expressed on the sewage effluent problem, and, while certain candidates fairly justified the non-putrefactive nature of the effluent, few criticised it in relation to ‘the sewage from which it purported to be derived-in other words, noticed that the samples were not comparable ! With few exceptions, there was no mention of the specific r61e played by enzymes in cheese production. It was further disappointing to have, in most cases, scanty replies to the question respecting our indebtedness to outstanding men who did so much to further the work of the public analyst.PRACTICALWoRK.-The exercise on cheese (involving examination of the separated fat) was, on the whole, fairly well performed, and the opinions expressed were generally in keeping with existing requirements. The physical and analytical constants of the almond oil provided were determined in a satisfactory manner, although the adulterant (apricot-kernel oil) was entirely missed by one or two of the candidates. In certain cases, the results on the cream of tartar, the sweets and the water were erratic, and showed a lack of experience and an incapacity to search out the critical determinations for purposes of subse- quent interpretation. The straightforward quantitative work was quite sound, but conclusions, often drawn from insufficient data, were sometimes very wide of the mark. Candidates should bear in mind that the exercises given are truly representative of what may be submitted to the public analyst at any time.It should, further, be emphasised that the candidate is expected to enter his results legibly and neatly and in proper sequence, and that all calculations should be clearly shown.PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Assockt~hip. Billington, Leslie, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Farmer, Charles Sandell, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Gerrard, Saxon Archibald, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Grindley, David Noel, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Hands, Miss Olga Muriel, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Henriksen, Richard Henry, Central Technical School, Liverpool. James, George Harold, Technical College, Derby. Lunn, Harold Britnor, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Muir, Andrew, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Nightingale, John Edward, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., Royal College of Science, London. 218 Pollard, William, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Rickwood, Albert Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), SirJohn Cass Technical Institute; and Woolwich Polytechnic, London. SGgar, Harold, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Shanks,William John, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Spriggs, Herbert John, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, and Birkbeck College, London; and the Northern Polytechnic, London. Stratford, Claude Lawson, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Tomhaon, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Technical College, Derby; and Central Technical College, Birmingham. Walley, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), Central Technical School, Liverpool.Walsh, Frederick, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Wharton, John, Central Technical School, Liverpool. White, Wilfred Arthur Stephen, B.Sc. (Lond.), Municipal College of Technology, Belfast. Wright, Robert Allen, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Examinations for the Fellowship. In Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry : Chew, Clifford, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). In Branch A :Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Metallography : Jones, Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch C: Organic Chemiatry, with special reference to Oils and Fats: Longman, George Frederick, B .Sc. (Lond.) . Sleep, William Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs,and of Water: Hathaway, Lester Albert, B.Sc.(Lond.). Mallinder, Raymond, B.Sc. (Lond.). Taylor, William Wilders, B.Sc. (Lond.). Williams, Kenneth Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.). Special Examinations. In the Chemistry and Biology of Water Supply : Houghton, Gilbert Underwood, M.Sc. (Lond.). In the Chemistry of Oik,Paints and Varniaher,: Keenan, Henry Wilfrid. The following papers and exercises were given:- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 9th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Outline the chief characteristics of the effect of catalysts in chemical reactions, illustrating your answer by typical examples. Discuss briefly the principal theoretical explanations of these effects.2. Give an account of the effect of change of temperature and pressure on chemical equilibrium, dealing especially with any change that may occur in the equilibrium constant. 3. Describe in detail how you would proceed to analyse accurately a gas mixture consiating principally of methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide, with small amounts of oxygen and nitrogen. 219 4. Describe the preparation and properties of FOUR of the following substances :selenium oxychloride, monosilane, hydrazine hydrate,anhydrous hydrogen peroxide, lead tetrachloride, sulphur hexduoride, boron nitride. 5. How may ONE of the following determinations be carried out :-(a) Chromium, iron,aluminium and manganese, in chrome iron ore; (b) Aluminium, magnesium and copper present in an alloy with small amounts of carbon, iron and silicon. 6.Name the metals which are commonly extracted or purified by distillation, and for one such case give a detailed account of the occurrence, smelting and principal uses of the metal. 7. Write a short essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) The corrosion of metals; (b) The production and measurement of high temperatures; (c) The interaction of steam, oxygen and carbon; (d) Any research work on which you have been engaged. 2 to 5 p.m. (Attempt FTVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point.Give formulae and equatiom where possible.) 1. Outline the methods available for determining the change in the vapOur pressure of a liquid attendant on the solution of another substance in that liquid.Show how such data may be employed for determining molecular weights, and indicate the limitations of the method. 2. Give an account of the phme rule, illustrating your answer by reference to mono-, di-and tri-variant systems. How would you proceed to wcertain practically the transition temperature of a solid. 3. Name the new elements which have been discovered in the present century, give an account of the chemistry of one of them, and outline the reasons we have for believing that only a few elements remain to be discovered. 4. Outline the history of the development of chemistry up to the 5. Give an account of the oxy-acids of sulphur (other than sulphurous beginning of the nineteenth century. and dph uric acids) and of their salts, indicating especially any which are of importance in antdysis.6. Compaze and contrast the elements sulphur, selenium and tellurium. Given a mixture of sulphuric and selenic acids, how would you proceed to prepare therefrom pure specimens of sulphur and selenium. 7. Discuss critically the methods of pdcation and criteria of purity applicable to chemical substances. TUESDAY, 10th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt F~VEquestions only. Amer briefly and to the p&nt.Give fomuEae and equations where possible.) 1. Write a short account of EITHER (a)The stereochemistry of optically active nitrogen compounds, OR (b) The determination of the con6guration of geometrical isomerides of the general type RKC :WR,. 2.Describe the preparation and uses in organic chemistry of BOUR Of the following reagents:-(a) Cmo’s acid, (b) diazomethane, (c) potassium 220 phthalimide, (d)3 : 5dinitrohenzoyl chloride, (e)t,hionyl chloride, (f)silver oxide. 3. Outline the researches which resulted in the establishment of the structure of ONE of tho following compounds: (a) Pinene, (b) Nicotine, (c)Glucose. 4. The following formula is suggested for an organic compound: {) CH : CH.COOCH, What methods mould you employ to establish its correctness ? 5. Indicate by means of equations the general methods of preparing aromatic aldehydes and ketones. How do these compounds differ from aliphatic aldehydes and ketones ? 6.Write a short essay on keto-end tautomerism. 7. Describe with brief experimental details tho laboratory prepara- tion of TWO of the following compounds : (a)quinoline, (b)diethylnialonate, (c)benzil, (d)phenolphthalein. 8. How is anthraquinone obtained from coal tar? What synthetic methods are available for the preparation of this compound and its deriva- tives ? Describe the preparation of one dyestuff from anthraquinone. WEDNESDAY and TH UKSDA Y, 11th and 12th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day. 1. From the sample of ethylacetoacetate (A)prepare pure crystallised specimens of phenylmethylpyrnzolono and of isonitrosophenylmethyl-pyrazolone. 2. From the sample of ,!?-naptho1(B) prepare pure crystallisedspecimcns of the benzoyl derivative and thc methyl ether.3. Identify the compounds (C) anti (D). Questions 1 and 2 may be coiiipleted on the second day. (C) and (D)will be handed out on the second day. Specimens must be placed in the tubes provided and labcllctl with (a) the name of the candidato, (b) the name of the substance and, (c) tho melting point of the substance. (C = p-bromoacctanilide, p-chloroacetanilide, OR p-bromo-aniline hydrochloride; D = Glucose, nialtose, OR lactose.) FRIDAY, 13th APIZIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution E contains magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, and potassium bromate. Stantlardise the approxiinatcly N/10 thiosiilphata solution provided, and usc it to determine voluitictrically the broinate in E. Prepare N,'10silver nitrate solution and use it to determine volumctric- .ally the chlorido in E.These results ni list be iiatztlctl T to-day.in Determino gravimetrically the magnesium and chloride in E. These estimations may be completed to-morrow. 2. Identify tho pure coriipounds I1' and G. (F = Potassium chlorochroinate; C; = Potassium cobalticyatni(1e.) 221 SATURDAY, 14th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric determinations of Question 1 on Friday. 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture H which contains six radicals. (H = Copper sulphide, magnesium carbonate, nickel sulphate; OR Mercuric sulphide, barium carbonate, cobalt chloride.) Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry.MONDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions to be answered.) 1. What are the natural sources of vanadium and tungsten? In what manner would you proceed to obtain pure specimens of ammonium vanadate and sodium tungstate from the minerals? Give in detail particulars of the uses of vanadium and tungsten compounds in analysis. Describe the industrial uses of metallic vanadium and tungsten and of their salts. 2. Write an essay on the development of the discovery of isotopes.In this essay you will be expected to deal with recent developments in the separation of isotopes and the methods whereby it is demonstrated that an element consists of isotopes. 3. How are the hydrides of boron, nitrogen and phosphorus prepared ? Discuss the structural relationship of the last two classes of hydrides.Give an account of recent work on the constitution of boron hydrides.4. Describe the methods whereby “transmutation” of elements has been effected and give an account of the means whereby such transmuta- tion is demonstrated. How has the “neutron” been shown to result from the bombardment of atomic nuclei ? 5. Give a short account of the chemistry of germanium compounds, dealing more especially with the relation of its compounds to those of the elements of lower atomic weight in the same group of the periodic table (excluding carbon). 6. Describe the methods of formation and the behaviour of oxygen compounds of fluorine, and of hydrofluosilicic, hydrofluoboric, and oxy- fluoboric acids.2 to 5 p.m. (Fona qwth to be answered.) 1. Write an account of the elements of Group VIa beginning with chromium. 2. Give a full description of the methods of obtaining gaseous hydrogen commercially, showing how the product is purified. Describe the properties of atomic hydrogen and how it is obtained. What is the evidence to show that the hydrogen so obtained is in the atomic state ? 3. Write an essay on the halogen compounds of nitrogen, including in your answer the halogen amines. Describe in particular, recent work on the nitrogen fluorides and nitrogen iodide. 4. Various theories have been advanced to explain the photochemical reaction of hydrogen and chlorine. Discuss these, giving reasons for your preference for any one or more of the mechanisms suggested. 5.Describe in detail the preparation of any two complex ammines 6. What is the evidence for the existence of acids, or salts of the which you have made. Show, with respect to oneof them, how its structure has been determined. 222 acids derived from titanium, tin, zirconium and lead ? 7. By what methods may hyponitrous acids be obtained? Show how these methods of preparation indicate the constitution of the acid and adduce any other evidence in support of the structure. How would you write the electronic arrangement of hyponitrous acid? TUESDAY, 17th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify (A), (B), and (C). (A = Zirconium metal powder;B = Tantalum metal; C = Rubidium ammonium bromide.) 2.Make a quantitative examination of the specimen of cobalt blue (D).(This exercise may be cqleted to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, 18th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 6 pm. 1. Complete the previous day’s exercise. 2. Identify the mixture (E), and make a complete quantitative examination. (E = Aluminium tungstate and chromium hydroxide.) (The qualitative test mu& be given in by 3 p.m., and the quantitative part my be completed during the next two days.) THURSDAY, 19th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 6 pm. 1. Continue the examination of (E). 2. Examine the specimen (F) of thorium carbonate for impurities;determine the thorium carbonate and the impurities contained in the sample. Prepare a specimen of a pure thorium salt from the material.[F = (containing Fe,O, and CaCO,).] (Thisexercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 20th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the previous day’s work. 2. Examine the specimen of ammonium molybdate (G) which is suspected to be impure, and ascertain the proportion of MOO,it contains. [G = (containing 15 per cent. sodium molybdate).] Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry with special reference to Metallography. MONDAY, 7th MAY, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIX questions to be attempted.) 1. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:-(a) The zero group of elements; (b) Isotopes; (c) The Co-ordination Theory; (d) The Oxygen compounds of fluorine and Bromine. 2. What are the chief sources of thorium? How is the element obtained from its minerals ? How may the presence of helium be detected in the latter ? 3.Discuss critically the qualitative and quantitative methods for 4. The gas from a producer may contain the following constituents: the separation of copper, tin, antimony and arsenic. CO,, 0,, CO, CH,, H, and N,. How would you obtain and analyse:- (a) A spot sample for determining the performance of the (b) An average sample over a period of twelve hours. producer. This analysis being suitable for use subsequently in the “efficiency calcula- tions” for the plant. How may the nitrogen be determined directly? 5. Give an account of the constitution of phosphoric, phosphorous, hypophosphoric and hypophosphorous acids and of their relation to each other.6. Discuss the chief advances in chemistry associated with three of the following names :-Graham, Stas, Davy, Moissan, Le Chatelier, Roberts-Austen and Langmuir. 7. Compare and contrast the physical and chemical properties of magnesium with those of calcium and zinc. To which of these two metals do you consider magnesium to be more closely related ? Give reasons for your answer. 8. Give a short account of the employment of electrometric methods in analytical chemistry. 2 to 5 p.m. (SIXquestions to be attempted.) 1. Discuss the changes that are produced in grinding, polishing and etching a non-ferrous metal surface for microscopic examination. What is the Beilby phase and how is it believed to be produced ? 2. Describe, with the aid of sketches, two types of electric furnace used in large-scale metallurgical practice.3. Discuss the relative merits and demerits of solid fuel, liquid fuel, and gaseous fuel in firing furnaces for the melting of brass, bronze and aluminium alloys. 4. Describe the methods of preparation of iron castings, steel castings and steel forgings for microscopical examination. Indicate the type of information to be expected from such an examination. 5. Discuss briefly the various methods adopted for plotting cooling curves and state the particular uses of each method. Sketch an arrange- ment for obtaining a “difference” cooling curve by an autographic method and describe the apparatus necessary. 6. What is the characteristic constituent of hardened steel? Sketch its microstructure and discuss the factors which contribute to its hardness.7. Give details of the methods which should be used for the determina- tion of tin-( 1) in a bronze, (2) in a high grade tin concentrate, and (3) in an antifriction metal containing tin, lead, antimony and copper. 8. How would you determine the amount of arsenic and bismuth in a sample of commercial copper ? TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 8th and 9th MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Sketch and describe the microstructures of the seven specimens 2. Two samples are supplied of materials which have failed in 3. A steel bar, which has been heat-treated in such a way that the of commercial alloys (3 ferrous and 4 non-ferrous). Identify the alloys. service.Report on the causes of the failures. structure varies from one end of the bar to the other, is handed to you for examination. Estimate the composition of the steel by metallographic means and ascertain how the bar has been heat-treated. 224 THURSDAY, 10th MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the percentages of the main constituents in the sample of a light alloy. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 11th MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the percentages of the alloying element in the “straight” carbon steel. Branch C. Organic Chemistry with special reference to Oils and Fats, excluding Mineral and Essential Oils. MONDAY, 16th APBIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FOUR questions only. Answer briefy and to the point, Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1.Indicate by means of equations the general methods of preparing aliphatic primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. How do these com- pounds differ from one another in their chemical reactions? 2. Write a short account of the hydroxypropionic acids. 3. State with examples what is meant by THREE of the following: (a) Perkin’s reaction, (b) Friedel-Craft’s reaction, (c) Reimer-Tiemann’s reaction, (d) Skraup’s synthesis, (e) Aldol condensation. 4. Show by means of equations how, starting from benzene, you would prepare the following compounds :m-nitraniline, p-nitraniline, salicylic acid, benzoic acid and resorcinol. 5. How has the structure of naphthalene been established, and how would you prepare from this compound a-and /?-naphthol, and a-and /3-naphthylamine. 6.Describe in detail two methods for the estimation of chlorine in organic compounds. 7. Describe with examples the use of five of the following reagents in organic chemistry : (a)hydriodic mid, (b) benzene sulphonic chloride, (c) semicarbazide hydrochloride, (d) sodium hydrosulphite, (e) methyl sulphate, df) sodium nitrite, (9)mercuric sulphate. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be answered.) 1. Discuss the uses of potassium permanganate, ozone, hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid as oxidising agents for fats. 2. You are asked to prepare about 100 grams of TWO of the following acids in a pure condition :lauric, palmitoleic, linolenic, or erucic.Describe the steps you would take, and indicate in each case the most suitable natural raw material. 3. Give some account of work which has been carried out on the synthesis of glycerides of known configuration, and refer specially to the case of isomeric aa’-and a/3-diglycerides. 4. Describe fully the production and the chemical composition of any TWO of the following fats: Babassu fat, perilla oil, Chinese vegetable tallow, menhaden oil. In each case, state the exact form in which the fat occurs, and in what localities the fat-bearing plant or animal is most abundant. 225 5. What methods are available for the bleaching of palm oiI ? How would the purpose for which the bleached fat was to be used affect the choice of the bleaching process ? 6.Discuss modern views of the processes operative in the saponi- fication of fats (i)by aqueous and (ii) by alcoholic alkali. 7. How may the higher fatty alcohols of the series C,H,,+,OH be manufactured, and for what purposes are they used in the modern detergent industry ? 8. How would you test a sample of olive oil for adulteration? What adulterants are likely to be encountered in this oil ? TUESDAY, 17th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make a full examination of the crude fat A, and report upon its nature and possible uses. Prepare a specimen of refined fat from A. Determine the amount and nature of the unsaponifiable matter present in A, and submit specimens of any unsaponifiable components which you isolate.(This exercise may be completed lo-morrow.) (A = Shea butter.) WEDNESDAY, 18th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. From the mixed fatty acids (13) of cottonseed oil provided, prepare :-(i) specimens of crystalline tetrabromostearic acid and of ethyl linoleate ; (ii) specimens of palmitic acid and of methyl palmitate. The melting points of the three solids and the iodine value of the ethyl linoleate should be recorded. (Thisexercise need not be completed until the final duy of the Examinu-tion.) 2. Make a full analysis and report on the sample of glycerine C. THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 19th and 20th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 4. Examine and report upon the material D. (D = Sulphonated5. Identify the fatty oil E. (E = China wood oil.) Ocenol OR Sulphonated Lorol.) Branch D. Biochemistry.MONDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 am. to 1 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Give an account of the modern views regarding the biological 2. What is the nature of the more important processes serving to 3. Present a full account of recent chemical and biochemical studies oxidation of the fats. regulate the reaction of the blood and tissue fluids in animals 2 on either vitamin A OR vitamin C (ascorbic acid). 4. Write a short essay on the efficiency of biochemical reactions in 1iving tissues. 226 5. Discuss Pasteur’s statement that fermentation is life without air in the light of recent studies on respiration and fermentation. 6. What evidence is there for and against the view that proteins contain (a)diketopiperazine ring systems, (b)linkages involving a hydroxyl group, (c) other forms of sulphur than that present in cystine? 2 to 5 p.m.(Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Write a general account of the chemical nature and biochemical significance of the phosphatidos. 2. In what manner has recent work on the chemical structure of antigens thrown light on the nature of the antigen-antibody reactions? 3. Discuss, from the microbiological and economic aspects, any one industrial fermentation process other than the commercial production of ethyl alcohol. 4. Describe the function of hormones and other “growth factors” in regulating growth. 5. Give an account of recent discoveries regarding the part played by compounds of phosphoric acid in carbohydrate metabolism.6. Discuss the breakdown of any three amino-acids by micro-organisms, indicating the variations in the end-products which may be produced (a)by employing different types of micro-organisms, and (b)byaltering the cultural conditions. 7. What factors play a part in regulating the concentration of sugar in the blood ? 8. Give a general account of the preparation of any three of the following substances:-(a) tryptophane, (b)xylose, (c)lecithin, (d)glycogen, (e) creatinine. 9. What evidence is there to show that fatty substances other than the glycerides are absorbed from the mammalian digestive tract ? TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 17th to 20th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Prepare a specimen of glutaminic acid from the sample of gluten2.Identify the enzyme in the powder M and determine the optimum 3. Estimate the percentage of sucrose and asparagine in the 4. Identify as completely as possible the compounds G, H, and K. flour provided (L). conditions of its action. solution F. Branch D. Biochemistry with specialreference to Bacteriology. ( Written papers as for Biochemistry,-abwe.) TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 17th to 20th APRIL, 10 am. to 5 p.m. each doy. 1. The solution A is a fermentation of glucose by yeast in the presence of sulphite. Isolate and identify, by the preparation of deriva- tives, the chief metabolic products. 2. Identify the enzyme in the powder B, and determine the optimum conditions of its action.227 3. Identify aa far as possible by microscopical examination the cultures C, D and E. 4. Estimate the percentages of sucrose and asparagine in the solu- tion F. Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. From what sources is saponin obtained and how is it prepared on a commercial scale? State what is known of its constitution. 2. What contributions, confined to matters which come within the scope of this examination, are associated with the names of Hassall, Edward Frankland, Hehner, T. E. Thorpe and Vieth. 3. What is the theoretical basis of the Freezing Point Test for the detection of extraneous water in milkS If the molecular depression of the freezing point of water is 1-86 and sodium chloride is 84 per cent.dissociated into its ions at the con- centration of physiological salt solution (9 grms. per litre; specific gravity, 1.007), calculate the depression of the freezing point of water in physiologi- cal salt solution. (Answer in a separate notebook.) 4. What are the chief uses of the following drugs or their prepara- tions in medicine. Indicate the dose which is usually prescribed:- Phenolphthalein, phenobarbitonum, cinchona, cocaine, buchu, potassii citras, hexamina, iodophthaleinum. 5. How would you detect and estimate chloroform in the tissues of a person who had died under an anaesthetic. 6. What are the symptoms of an overdose of opium. Indicate the analytical procedure required for the detection of opium in viscera.2 to 5 p.m. 1. Give a brief account of the manufacture of cheese, and the methods of control employed. Indicate the nature of the vital agencies concerned. What are your views regarding the establishment of a statutorylimit (or limits) of composition of this food? 2. You are supplied with a vegetable drug of unknown origin.Outline with all essential practical details, a scheme for its microscopical examination, 3. The following data, purporting to represent the performance of a Treatment Plant dealing with domestic sewage, are submitted for yourcriticism:-Crude Filtered Sewage. Effluent. Parts per 100,000.Total suspended solids .............. 28.0 3.7 Ammoniacal nitrogen .............. 5.5 0.86 Alblbuminoid do............... 1-1 0.18 Nitrous do. ..............nil 0.006 Nitric do. .......... ....nil 1.65 Combined chlorine .. 16.8 13-0 Oxygen absorbed in 4 ho& at 26.ibo C.** :: : :: ,. 11-2 1.72 Biochemical oxygen demand ............ 25 plus 1.90 What is your general interpretation of these results and what opinion do you express as to the fitness of the effluent for discharge into a stream of relatively high purity and low volume. 228 4. How would you propose to determine accurately the fat-content of ice-cream ? 5. Outline the procedure you would adopt in the examination of a sample of canned goods for small amounts of tin and copper and mention sensitive confirmatory tests for their presence. TUESDAY, 17th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Make as complete an examination as possible of the sample of Cheshire cheese and ascertain whether it complies with The Agricultural Produce (Grading & Marking) Regulations, 1933. (Genuine, “+-meat,” OR “mar-garine” brands.) WEDNESDAY, 18th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse the sample of powder provided which purports to be cream of tartar. As the result of your analysis tabulate its composition quantitatively. Give reasons for arriving at your conclusions. (Con-taining calcium tartrate OR potassium sulphate.) 2. Determine the nature and approximate amount of adulterant in the specimen of almond oil provided. (Containing apricot kernel oil.) THURSDAY, 19th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Ascertain the wholesomeness or otherwise of the sweets sold to school-children. If you take exception to the sample, report fully as to your reasons, and give a full interpretation of the facts. (Coated with a pigment of arsenical iron oxide.) 2. Examine the milk for the presence of a preservative. (Contains formalin and sodium nitrite.) FRIDAY, 20th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Estimate the degree of hardness of the sample of organically-pure water and extend your examination to allow an opinion as to its potability from the point of view of mineral constituents. Determine, by microscopi- cal methods, the nature of the deposit present. (Containing 100 p.p. 100,000 NaHCO,.) 2. Confining yourself to miscroscopical technique, what foreigncomponents do you certify in (a) the sample of maize and (b) the dried mint ? Illustrate your answers by sketching the diagnostic charac-teristics.( (a)Containing rye and chalk OR barley; (b)containing ailanthus leaves.) 3. The specimen of wool flock is said to be genuine. What micro- scopical evidence have you to the contrary ? (Containing cotton.) SATURDAY, 21st APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. From the drop of blood provided prepare:-(A) Haemin crystals, (B) A solution of haemochromogen. Leave the specimens you have prepared on your bench, labelled. 2. Examine the powder (A) microscopically. Make careful drawings of what you see, and indicate as far as you can the nature of the con- stituents of the powder. Credit will be given for careful and accurate drawings.(Pulv. Glycyrrhizae Co.) 3. Assume that (B) is a sample of vomit from a patient who has been attacked with acute vomiting and diarrhoea. Examine for the presence of poison and, if found, determine the amount present and express your result in grains per fluid ounce of vomit. Indicate also the form in which the poison has been taken and state what in your opinion would be a fatd dose. (Containing mercuric potassium iodide.) 229 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Pharmaceutical Chemicals, Drugs and Pharmaceutical Products. MONDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer QUESTION 1, and any three (but not more than three) other questions.) 1. On what different factors does the cost of production of a chemical product depend ? Which of these factors are, in your opinion, (a)whollywithin or (b)wholly beyond the control of the works chemist.2. Describe modern methods of separating (a)small quantities of suspended solids from gases and (b) small quantities of liquids present in the vapour phase in gaseous mixtures. 3. Give an account of the methods used to raise (i) solids and (ii) liquids to a height in chemical factories. What steps may be taken to minimise the number of such operations in the course of a sequence of processes? Give instances in which special construction or material must be resorted to in consequence of specific properties possessed by the material handled. 4. Write a short essay on the construction and manipulation of apparatus suitable for chemical processes which are carried out at very high pressures (above 100 atmospheres). 5.Describe forms of plant suitable for washing solid materials in chemical processes, giving references to actual cases with which you are acquainted. 6. Compare and contrast the use of fireclay or silica with that of metals in the construction of vessels for use at high temperatures. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. What are the factors which determine the degree of dispersion and stability of an oil-in-water emulsion ? Describe the types of machinery in use for the preparation of pharmaceutical emulsions. 2. Describe briefly a method used for the synthesis on a manu-facturing scale of each of the following :-(a) camphor, (b)iodophthalein, (c) phenobarbitone, (d) acriflavine, (e) procaine.3. Discuss the possibility of the use of other fish oils as substitutes for cod-liver oil. To what extent is such substitution detectable by analysis? Give your views on the advisability of including other oils in the official description of cod-liver oil. 4. Describe in detail a method for the manufacture of insulin and suggest by means of a sketch a suitable arrangement of the plant. 5. What methods of sterilisation are available for pharmaceutical products? Discuss the applicability of such methods to different types of preparations. 6. Describe briefly the botanical and geographical sources and the methods of collection or purification of the most important materials which are valuable for the property of forming mucilage with water, 7.What is known of the chemistry of the anti-anaemic principle of liver? Give a method for the preparation of a solution suitable for intravenous injection. 230 TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 17th to 20th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 pm. each day. 1. Prepare a specimen of adrenaline from the gland material supplied and determine its purity. Report on the practicability of the commercial extraction of adrenaline from this material. 2. Examine the specimen of cod-liver oil and report upon its quality and purity. 3. Determine whether the specimen of powdered cinchona bark complies with the requirements of the B.P. for total alkaloids and for quinine and cinchonidine.4. Prepare 4 02s. of light bismuth carbonate from the metallic bis- muth supplied, and carry out the necessary tests to prove the purity of your preparation. 5. Identify the drugs A and B. (A = Hyoscyamus; B = Podo-phyllum indicum Resin.) General Analytical Chemistry. MONDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions.) 1. It is now known that boron is very widely distributed in nature. Describe the methods which have been proposed for determining this element when present (a)in appreciable proportions and (b) in traces. 2. What is the modern way of defining pH ? Give the theory of the methods of determining pH, including the hydrogen electrode, quin- hydrone electrode, and the use of the glass electrode. 3.Describe as fully aa you can the methods (other than the Carius and lime methods) for the determination of halogens in organic com- pounds. 4. Furnish details of the qualitative and quantitative micro-methods for any six metals and one non-metal. 5. Write a description of the methods for determining the bromine, iodine and thiocyanogen values of oils. In what manner may these determinations be utilised to furnish information concerning the constitu- tion of the oils ? 6. Give a description of the polarimeter or saccharimeter, indicating the functions of the various parts, and state briefly how the instrument is used in analytical problems. 2 to 5 pm. (Answer FIVE questions. 1. Give an account of the utilisation of colloidal processes and adsorption phenomena in analysis.Illustrate your answer by describing the use of (a) stannic acid, and (b) peptisation by sodium hydroxide. 2. To what uses is pyridine put in inorganic and organic analytical operations? Furnish full details of any quantitative work you may have carried out employing this reagent. 3. What is the “absolute unit” of viscosity? Describe forms of viscometers used for the determination of viscosity. State in each case what is being measured and how you would proceed to utilise the measure- ments to obtain the viscosity in “absolute units.” 4. Write a short essay on the use of combustion methods in gasanalysis, and describe in your essay improvements in apparatus for the more effective examination of mixtures of combustible gases.6. How would you propose to make a complete quantitative examina- tion of a cup grease consisting of an insoluble soap incorporated with a mixture of mineral and vegetable oils ? How is the consistency of such a grease determined? 6. Show how the variation in the pH value of their solutions may be applied to the separation of the iron group of hydroxides from cobalt, nickel and manganese through the agency of zinc oxide. TUESDAY, 17th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the powder (H). (Results required before 12 noon.) Make a complete quantitative analysis of the material and report upon its value. (Trisodium Phosphate.) 2. Commence the examination of the floor polish and complete it next day.WEDNESDAY, 18th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the examination of the floor polish. 2. Make as full an examination as possible of the dust allaying liquid (K). (K = Engine oil, kerosene and phenol.) THURSDAY, 19th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the sample of brass (B) fully. (You MY finish this exercise to-morrow, but the results for copper and one other constituent must be given in to-day.) FRIDAY, 20th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Finish the analysis of the brass. 2. Report on the sample of boiler-feed water, and prescribe the treatment, if any, required to render the water fit for boilers working at about 80-lb. pressure. Special Examination for the Fellowship in the Chemistry of Oils, Paints and Varnishes.MONDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer not more than F~URquestions.) 1. Write an essay on the production and properties of lake colours with special attention to their durability and fastness to light. Discuss the effects on the resulting lake of varying the bases and toners. 2. What physical and chemical changes take place in the drying of oils? Briefly describe the theories which have been advanced to account for the drying and the evidence on which the theories are founded. 3. What properties are sought for in anti-fouling compositions and how are these secured? In your answer describe the pigments and media employed, with the reasons for their use in each case. 4. Give an account of the driers used in paint and varnish, describing their mode of prepmation, properties and uses.What is the difference in the action on the resulting films between the various kinds of driers in common use? 232 5. Discuss the factors influencing the setting of red lead-linseed oil pastes and the methods for obtaining stable pastes. How would you assay such pastes? 6. Describe some recent work on the composition of linseed and tung oils, giving some account of the constitution of the principal fatty acids obtained from these oils. 2 to 6 p.m. (Answer not more than FOUR questions.) 1. What do you understand by the “hiding power” of paints and pigments? What methods are available for determining this property? 2. How are the plasticity and viscosity of paints and varnishes ascertained practically ? Illustrate your answer by describing in detail one method of carrying out the determination of each property.What is the value of determining the viscosity of varnishes ? 3. What changes in composition occur during the running of gumsfor making varnish? Give your views of the physical and chemical effects resulting from incorporating the oils with the gums. 4. Give a brief account of the various materials used in the making of a typical pigmented cellulose-ester finish. Your account should include the cellulose esters and gums, plasticisers, solvents and thinners and a brief statement of the reasons for using the different materials. 5. Write an essay on the nature and use of the various synthetic resins in the manufacture of varnish.A brief discussion of the advantages or disadvantages of synthetic a~ compared with natural resins should be included. 6. It is known that the protection of metal by means of paint may be due to physical or chemical effects, or to both together. Discuss this, with particular reference to the types of protective paint in common use. TUESDAY, 17th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine quantitatively the ready mixed paint. (This exercise may be carried on through the whole of the period of the examination. ) As a result of the analysis and any other tests you care to apply, the value of the paint should be assessed. WEDNESDAY, 18th April, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the sample of “reduced” oil and report on its composition.(Tung oil, linseed oil, and white spirit.) THURSDAY, 19th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make a complete analysis of the sample of cadmium lithopone. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 2. Identify the dry pigments in the specimen tubes. Indicate their main uses. FRIDAY, 20th APRIL, 10 am. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the outstanding tests. 2. Report on the samples of thinners (A) end (B). (A = White spirit and kerosene; B = White spirit and turpentine.) 233 Special Examination for the Fellowship in the Chemistry and Biology of Water Supplies. MONDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Describe in detail the effect of the ingress of imperfectly purified sewage into a stream of relatively low flow. Trace its effect by reference to the macroscopic appearance of the stream and the successive changes in the.flora and fauna until the self-purification of the polluted water- course is completed. 2. What is meant by the term “Humusyy Explain its appearance ? in water and trace the fermentative changes which substances of this nature bring about under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 3. For what purpose and in what way is active carbon used in the treatment of water-supplies? State what you know of its manufacture and properties and detail the tests you would apply for its evaluation. 4. Give a survey of the methods which are available for the determina- tion of dissolved oxygen in water. Contrast the value of the biochemical oxygen demand of a contaminated water with the permanganate, bichro- mate and chlorine oxidation tests.5. Explain the following terms :-Zoogloea, tetrad, symbiotic, nekton, confervoid, chlamydospore, holophytic. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Deal generally with the question of water storage and, more particularly, in respect of its effect on (a)the quality and condition of the water and (a) the plankton-content of the reservoir. Discuss specifically the question of abnormal plankton growth and its effect upon subsequent filtration and potability of the supply. What means may be adopted to combat such possible difficulties ? 2. Give a method for the determination of silica in circumstances where only a relatively small volume of water is available. What sensitive confirmatory tests would you apply for the detection of traces of lead, copper and manganese in a drinking water? 3.What type of organism is involved in “sulphate reduction,” and what are the appropriate conditions for this reaction. Suggest a readymeans of demonstration of this phenomenon. 4. Write a brief account of the mechanism of coagulation (with special reference to “floc” characteristics) in relation to the treatment of water intended for potable use. 5. What signifkance do you attach to a positive B.CoZi (presumptive) test in the case of a drinking water supply ? What steps would you take to satisfy yourself as to the potability of the supply ? Discuss generally the views held, in respect of hygienic signifkance, of aerial contamination and suggest what means are available for differentiation from actual infiltration of sewage and/or drainage from manured land.TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 17th to 20th APRIL, 10 am. to 5 p.m. 1. The water (A) is said to be responsible for the incrustation in the GI pipe (B). Fully investigate this matter by analysis of both water and deposit and indicate what remedial measures should be taken to obviate the trouble. 2. The water (C) is supplied to a large municipality. Carry out a bacteriological examination and determine the presence or otherwise of a 234 coli-form organism, making such confirmatory tests JM the time of the examination will allow. Determine, ako, its plumbo-solvent action and critically examine microscopically the deposit (D)which has been frequently found in the water.3. Make comparative tests upon the two samples of active charcoal submitted (“G” and “T”). Which of them wo$d you recommend for use in the treatment of the water (E),given that G” costs half as much again as “T”? 4. Owing to shortage of the normal supply, a public authority is, at present, using the water “F” to which certain aesthetic objections have been taken, although its organic purity is not in question. Make such examination as will enable you to express an opinion upon the desirability of its use (a)in its present state and/or (b) after pre-treatment-setting out the form which this should take. 235 Notes. Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, P.R.S., Fellow, has been awarded the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts for 1934 in recognition of his researches in biochemistry. Professor Harold Raistrick and Professor Samuel Sugden have been elected Fellows of the Royal Society.Laboratory Arts.-The Institute of Physics has announced a scheme to meet the demand for the proper training and certificating of laboratory and technical assistants in physics, and proposes in due course to set up an appointments register and an organisation for these assistants. Candidates for certificates will be required to attend approved courses of instruction and to pass examinations in accordance with prescribed regulations. Courses will be divided into- A. Practical Mathematics; Physics. B. Simple Wood and Metal Work.C. Glass Blowing. D. Laboratory Technique and Organisation. In addition to fulfilling certain other regulations, candidates must obtain an adequate standard in A and in any two of the remaining sections. Fellows and Associates who desire to direct the attention of laboratory attendants to these arrangements may obtain informa- tion from Dr. H. R. Lang, Secretary of the Institute of Physics, I, Lowther Gardens, Exhibition Road, London, S.W.7. Indian Science Congress.-Dr. H. B. Dunnicliff, as President of the Chemistry Section of the Indian Science Congress, held in January at Poona, gave an address on “The R61e of Chemistry in the Advancement of India,” in which he dealt with chemistry and culture ; the teaching profession ; chemists in commerce ; employment for chemists; Government of India appointments ; appointments under Local Government or in Indian States; pharmacology and the control of drugs; appoint- ments held by officers of the Indian Medical Service; chemical examiners; and an Indian Chemical Service.236 SURREY Fellow has directed attention COUNTYI,IBRARY.--A to the facilities afforded by the Surrey County Library to resi- dents in Surrey-except those in the boroughs of Guildford, Godalming, Kingston-on-Thames, Richmond and Wimbledon, and the urban districts of Chertsey, Mitcham and Surbiton- who wish to borrow books on special subjects. Books in the Surrey County Library, the National Central Library, and other libraries co-operating with the National Central Library, are available for study purposes-fiction will not be lent in this way.Communications should be addressed to the County Librarian, County Library Office, Milner Road, Kingston-on- Thames, who will send an application card to be signed by the borrower, and other particulars. Residents in the above-mentioned towns and urban districts should apply to their own libraries. Public Analysts.-Mr. Frederick Grant Duncan Chalmers, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the County Borough of Wolverhampton, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. Alfred Edward Johnson, Fellow. Mr. Thomas Reginald Hodgson, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the Borough of Hyde, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr.William Marshall, Fellow. Mr. Henry Turner Lea, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the County Borough of Burton-on-Trent, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. William Partridge, Fellow. Mr. Roy Warren Watridge, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the County Council of the Isle of Wight, in addition to Mr. S. Emsley, Fellow. Mr. Hugh Amphlett Williams, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the Metropolitan Borough of Deptford, in addition to Mr. Henry George Harrison, Fellow, 237 Obituary. EMRYSTHOMAS AUBREYdied on 9th May, at Llansadwrn, Llanwrda, South Wales, at the age of 40 years. Educated at Llandilo County School and University College, Aberystwyth, where he graduated in science, he was subsequently employed, from 1915 to 1919, at H.M. Factory, Pembrey, where he was chemist in charge of the acid section of the general laboratory of the Factory.In 1920 he became engaged in the Government Laboratory, and, in 1927, at the Aeronautical Inspection Department of the Royal Air Force Depot, at Kidbrooke, until 1929, when he was compelled to relinquish his appointment owing to ill-health. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. WILLIAM DALRYMPLE died at Beacon Lodge, Bean, near BORLAND Dartford, Kent, on 20th May, in his 71st year. He studied chemistry under Williamson at University College, London, and, in 1879, entered the laboratory of Otto Hehner, where he worked for nearly two years. In 1881 he became assistant analytical chemist to Tuson, and demon-strator in chemistry at the Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town, but shortly after joined the staff of the Explosives Co., Ltd., at Stowmarket, where he was engaged on research, in addition to the manufacture of gun-cotton.About the same period, he acted as abstractor of explosives literature for the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. From 1885 onwards he pursued the study of explosives privately, having a laboratory in London and experimental ground in the country for rifle powder experiments. In 1887 he was appointed consulting chemist to the E. C. Powder Co., Ltd., for whom he designed and in- augurated works in Oakland, New Jersey, U.S.A., and trained the necessary technical staff.In 1888, he devised a new smokeless powder, known at first as “J. B.,” and subsequently as “E. C. No. 2.,” and thereafter a powderknown as “E. C. No. 3” of a distinct type, which was the forerunner of several similar powders. He also made a special study of the means of testing percussion caps. His methods for the determination of energy,heating effect, time, and his arrangements for flame photography placed this testing on a sound scientific basis. In 1896 he became managing director of the E. C. Powder Co., and, when the company was amalgamated with Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., he was retained as technical adviser on sporting powder and ammunition. In 1932-33 he was Master of the Worshipful Company of Gunmakers, and he was also for some time a director of the Architect and Building News.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1905. WILLIAMCROXFORDJOHN died as the result of an accident, on 9th June, in his 35th year. He studied chemistry at East Ham Technical College. His course was interrupted by military service from 1917-1919, and was then continued until 1925. From the end of 1922 he was also engaged with Messrs. Loders and Nucoline, Ltd., first as assistant chemist, and later, in charge of a laboratory until 1930. In 1924, he obtained the Higher National Certificate with distinction in organic chemistry. From January, 1931, he was assistant instructor in practical inorganic chemistry at East Ham Technical College, and occasional lecturer in the technology of 238 oils, fats and waxes.In 1929, he published in The Analyst a paper en- titled, “The Differential Halogen Absorction of Oils and Fats,” and in 1930 (in the same Journal) a paper on The Investigation of Rye Oil.” In 1933, he passed the examination for the Fellowship in Branch C: Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Edible Oils and Fats. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930, and a Fellow in 1933. THOMAS DALLIMOREWARWICK died recently at the age of 35 years, after several years of suffering. He was educated at Westminster City School, and served with the King’s Royal Rifles from 1915 to 1918, whn he was discharged disabled. Towards the end of the latter year, he entered the Chelsea Polytechnic, where he studied science until 1922.He subse- quently obtained an appointment with the Gas Referees, which he held until 1928, when a recurrence of his disability necessitated his obtaining leave, and later compelled him to resign. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923. RICHARD GEORGE DANIELS, after a long illness, died recently at Derby in his 42nd year. He was born at Harwich, and educated at the Grammar School, Earls Colne, Essex. He studied chemistry at the Royal College of Science from 1909 to 1913, obtaining the Associateship of the College, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1912, and devoting the fourth year to chemical engineering under Professor Hinchley. He obtained an appoint- ment with the Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers, with whom he remained until the outbreak of war, when he enlisted with the Infantry.Later he was transferred to the Royal Engineers with whom he served until January, 1918, attaining the rank of Captain. After six months’ experience at the Experimental Station at Porton, he waa appointedARsistant Chemical Adviser to the Fourth Army H.Q. under Major G. W. Monier-Williams. In February 1919, he became a technical research assistant with the British Portland Cement Manufacturing Co., Ltd., and later in the year was appointed works chemist to Metallic Chemicals, Ltd. In 1922, he became employed as a chemist with Messrs. Jenson & Nicholson, Ltd., and in 1928, accepted an appointment with Messrs. Hadfields (Merton), Ltd., at Mitcham.In the following year he moved to Derby as chemist to Messrs. John Mason & Co., Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. THOMAS ELLWOODASHCROFT died at Trinidad, B.W.I., on the 10th March, in his 72nd year. Originally engaged in pharmacy, he worked with A. W. Smith, of Rye, Sussex; Stokes Dawson and John Woodland; con- tributed papers on investigations on Fixed Oils to the Pharmaceutical Journal in 1886 and 1887, and qualified as a member of the Pharmaceutical Society. From 1888, he was engaged as demonstrator in chemistry and lecturer on physics at the Central School of Chemistry, Marylebone Road, and at the City School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chancery Lane, London, and conducted a private consulting practice, paying particular attention to electro-chemical analysis and metallurgy, with specialreference to the isolation of metals on a commercial scale by electro-chemical means.Later, he qualified in medicine, was admitted M.R.C.S. and L.R.C.P. in 1897, and obtained the Diploma in Public Health (Cambridge) in 1898. He was in General Practice as a Homeopathic Physician until 1924, when he retired and resided at Hastings. Ho was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and a Fellow in 1892. 239 SIR RICHARDCHARLES GARTON died at Lythe Hall, Hademere, Surrey, on 22nd April, in his 77th year. Educated at Queenwood College, Hampshire, under Clowes and Prevost, and at Owens College, Manchester, under Roscoe and Schorlemmer, he subsequently spent a year with Graham at University College, London, and two years with Zincke and Fittig at the University of‘ Marburg, where he remained three years, devoting special attention to problems connected with fermentation.He became head partner in the firm of Garton, Hill & Co., of Battersea, manufacturers of invert sugar, glucoses, corn syrup and starch products, directing the business of the firm from the age of 22 years. In conjunction with his father and brother, he initiated the business of invert sugar making, and, in due course, in addition to being a Director of Manbr6, Garton & Co., Ltd., he became Chairman of Watney, Combe, Reid & Co., Ltd., and a Director of E. Lacon & Co., Ltd. In 1923, he was one of the founders of the British Empire Cancer Campaign, of which he was Honorary Secretary and Treasurer, and to which he contributed the first €20,000, maintaining a keen and active interest in its work until his death. In 1928 he defrayed the cost of the International Conference on Cancer, which was attended by over 600 delegates from all parts of the world.He was knighted in 1908, and created Grand Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1918. He was also a generous benefactor to local charities in Haslemere and district, and was well known in sporting circles as a racing owner. At his funeral at Haslemere Parish Church on 25th April, the Institute was represented by Mr. Julian L. Baker. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1909 and served as a Member of Council from 1912 to 1915.CARL OLOFLUNDHOLMdied at Beulah Hill, Upper Norwood, on 8th May, in his 84th year. Of Swedish birth, he studied at Stockholm Technical School, and from 1871 to 1873 was engaged as a chemist in the Swedish mining industry. From 1873 to 1875 he worked with Messrs. When & Co., Heating and Ventilating Engineers and, while with them, controlled the installation of apparatus in the Houses of Parliament at Stockholm and other places in Sweden and Finland. From 1875 to 1877 he was works manager and chemist in a wood cellulose factory, and in 1878 began the study of fulminate of mercury and other explosives at Geveleto Ammuni- tion Works, near Paris, before he joined Nobel’s Explosives Co., Ltd., for whom he constructed and built the Fulminate of Mercury Factory at Redding Moor.From 1879 he was chemist and manager’s assistant at West Quarter and Redding Moor; from 1887 to 1889 he was assistant manager, and from 1889 to 1909, chief chemist and works manager, at Ardeer; and from 1909 to 1914, when he retired, technical adviser to the Nobel Dynamite Trust. In the early days of the war he was entrusted with a mission abroad on behalf of the British Government, He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1907. WILLIAMMACDONALDdied at Inverness on 23rd April, in his 68th year. From 1885 to 1889 he studied chemistry and metallurgy at the Royal College of Science and the Royal School of Mines, under T. E. Thorpeand Roberts-Austen, respectively, obtaining the diplomas in both depart- ments.In 1889 he became an assistant in the London laboratory of the Rio Tinto Co. Two years later he left for China, where he was engaged at the Polytechnic Institution at Shanghai in preparing a general laboratory and in examining and classifying minerals until the following year, when he proceeded to the Imperial College at Peking. There he had charge of 240 the English department, including astronomical, physical and chemical laboratories, until 1895, when he joined the Imperial Maritime Customs Service, at Peking, of which he became Commissioner, retiring in 1923. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1890 and a Fellow in 1894. FREDERICK died at Cornwall General Hospital, in WALTER SNELGROVE Ontario, Canada, on 25th March, at the age of 44 years.Born at Frome, Somerset, he was educated at St. John’s College, Frome, and at the Northern Polytechnic Institute. During the latter half of 1914 he was a lecture-demonstrator and assistant to Dr. Senter at Birkbeck College, London. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1912, and proceeded to honours in chemistry in 1914. From 1914 to 1919 he was engaged in the Research Laboratory of Messrs. Burroughs, Wellcome & Co., Ltd., at Dartford; from 1919 to 1922 he was on the scientific staff of Messrs. Courtaulds at Coventry. In the latter year he was transferred to the works of the same Company at Flint, North Wales, and in 1925 was appointed chief chemist to Messrs. Courtaulds (Canada), Ltd., at Cornwall, Ontario, which position he held until his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1914 and a Fellow in 1917. BERTRAMVINCENTSTORRdied at Ilford on 5th April, in his 57th year. Born at Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire, he was educated at the Central Higher Grade School, and at Yorkshire College, Leeds, and thereafter held a Priestley Research Scholarship at Mason University College, Birmingham. He graduated B.Sc. (Vict.) in 1897, proceeded to honours in chemistry in 1898, and M.Sc. in 1901. In 1899, he joined the scientific staff of Ilford, Ltd., where he continued as a works and research chemist until his death, his work contributing to the invention and improvement of several valuable processes. During the war he assisted in initiating the X-ray Department of the Ilford Hospital, and was then first and voluntary radiographer.He was an abstractor for the Society of Chemical Industry on matters connected with photography, and, for several years, author of the photographic section in the Reports of Applied Chemistry issued by that Society. In 1922 he was appointed chief chemist of the Ilford Company’s plate factory, and in 1930 a director of Selo, Ltd., at Brentwood, Essex, the Company’s film factory. He thus held prominent positions on the production and scientific staffs of the amalgamated companies of which Ilford, Ltd., is now composed. In 1923 he was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919.WILLIAM GEORGE WHIFFEN died at Wimbledon Hospital on 28th April, in his 83rd year. The son of Mr. T. Whiffen, Chemical Manufacturer, of Lombard Road, Battersea, he studied at the Royal College of Chemistry under Frankland from 1866 to 1868, and was subsequently assistant for six months to Mr. John A. R. Newlands, who first suggested the “Periodic Law.” He then joined his father, and was for many years chemist and manager of the works at Battersea, eventually becoming Chairman of Messrs. Whiffen & Sons, with additional works at Carnwath Road, Fulham. He equipped the Whiffen Laboratory at the Imperial College of Science, London, at an expense of %12,000, and collaborated with Professor Jocelyn Thorpe in the direction of research bearing on the production of medicinal chemicals, in which he was specially interested.He was also Chairman of George Atkinson & Co., and a Director of Marshall, Sons & Co., of Gainsborough. He was a trustee and, since 1916, Chairman of 241 Wimbledon Hospital, was a Governor of the London Hospital, and served on the Committees of St. George’s Hospital and Queen Charlotte’s Maternity Hospital. He endowed wards in memory of his wife, both at the Wimbledon and London Hospitals. He was a Justice of the Peace, a Conservator of Wimbledon Common, and a member of the Committee responsible for the planning of the War Memorial Garden in Kingston Vale. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878.At the memorial service at Robin Hood Church, Kingston Vale, and the funeral at Putney Vale Cemetery, the Institute was represented by the President. WILLIAM ELLARD WOOLCOTT died at Rock Ferry, Cheshire, on the 18th April, in his 66th year. He was educated at the Catholic Institute, Liverpool, and studied science at Liverpool Technical College, and School of Science and Art, partly under G. Watson Gray, Fellow, and passed many examinations in chemistry and other subjects for the Honours and Advanced Stage Certificates of the Science and Art Department. He also attended classes in several subjects in the University of Liverpool. After some business experience with his father, he entered, in 1888, the labora- tories of Dr. A. Norman Tate, Fellow, an old-established practice in Hackins Hey, which was continued after the death of Dr.Tate in 1892, under the title of A. Norman Tate & Co., in which Mr. Woolcott, in 1917, became a partner in association with Mr. Joseph Davies, Fellow, and continued until his death. Previous to 1892, he was also Secretary of the Liverpool Science and Art Classes. He was a member of the Com- mittee of Analysts appointed by the Ministry of Food, in 1918, to draw up standard methods of analysis of oils and fats. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1922. At his funeral at Flaybrick Hill Cemetery, Birkenhead, the Institute was represented by Mr. W. Roscoe Hardwick, Member of Council, and Mr. F. Robertson Dodd. 242 Books and their Contents.The following books have been kindly presented to the Institute by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library :-“The Atom.” J. Tutin. Introduction by Frederick Soddy, F.R.S. Pp. 110. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 6s. net. An alternative theory of atomic structure. Dr. Tutin “inverts” the nuclear type of atom first proposed by Nagaoka and now current in the form known as the Rutherford-Bohr atom, and in his model the electrons form the inner nucleus, with the massive particles circulating in quantized orbits outside. “Biochemistry, An Introduction to.” William Robert Fearon. Pp. x + 314. (London: William Heinemann (Medical Books), Ltd.) 10s. 6d. net. Preface; the subject-matter of biochemistry ; the biological elements ; inorganic compounds ; carbohydrates; chemical reactions of carbo-hydrates; proteins; amino acids and protein structure; lipides and lipoids; pyrrol pigments; catalysts; oxidation systems; food and vitamins; animal digestion; intermediate metabolism; purines and pyrimidines; nitrogenous bases; urea; excretion; autacoids.AppendicesI and 11. Index. “Conductometric Analysis: Principles, Technique, Applica-tions.” Hubert T. S. Britton. Volume VIII of a Series of Monographs on Applied Chemistry. Edited by E. Howard Tripp. Pp. xii + 178. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. net. Specific and equivalent conductivity. The preparation of conductivity water ; the significance of electrical conductivity ; conductometric titration apparatus; the conductometric titration of strong acids and strong bases; the conductometric titration of weak acids and weak bases; di- and tri-basic acids; di- and tri-acid bases; acid mixtures; base mix- tures ;replacement reactions ; the titration of alkaloids ; the principles of conductometric titration involving precipitation; conductometric estimates involving precipitations; conductometric titrations with mercuric perchlorate ; conductometric titration of abnormal acids ; the precipitation of metallic bases ; the application of conductometric titration to research; industrial applications ; author index ; subjectindex.243 “Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, A Comprehensive Treatise on.” J. W. Mellor.Vol. XIII. Pp. x + 948. (London: Longmans Green & Co.) 63s. net. The volume consists of the continuation of Chapter LXVI-The mechani-cal properties of iron and iron-carbon alloys; thermal properties of iron and iron-carbon alloys ;optical properties of iron and iron-carbon alloys ; electrical properties of iron and iron-carbon alloys ;magnetic properties of iron and iron-carbon alloys; the chemical properties of iron; the corrosion of iron and steel; the valency and atomic weight of iron; the passivity of iron; alloys and intermetallic compounds of iron; ferrous oxide and its hydrate; ferrosic oxide, or magnetic oxide of iron ; ferric oxide ;hydrated ferric oxide-hydrosol; the hydrated ferric oxides-hydrogels, the ferrites and perferrites ; iron trioxide-ferric acid and the ferrates.“Mechanical Technology.” A Treatise on the Materials and Preparatory Processes of the Mechanical Industries. G. F. Charnock. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by F. W. Partington. Pp. xii + 725. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.) Production and Properties of the Chief Materials of Construction (metals, alloys, timber and stone) ; other materials used for mechanical purposes; oils, lubricants, etc., leather, rubber, plastics; preparatory processes, processes depending on the property of fusibility (castings, foundry practice, moulding, welding) ;processes depending upon the properties of malleability and ductility (forging and stamping) ;rolling wire drawing, manufacture of tubes and sheets.A Practical Chemistry for Higher School Certificate and Intermediate Students.’’ G. P. McHugh. Pp. viii + 118. (London: Longmans Green & Co., Ltd.) 2s. 9d. Qualitative Analysis ; Volumetric Analysis ; Preparations ; Tables of Atomic Weights, Vapour Pressures, Solubilities ; Logarithms and Antilogarithms. General Index. “Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry.”-Supplement. Jocelyn Field Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley. Vol. I: A to M. Pp. xxii + 680. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 60s. net. Supplementary Volume dealing with those sections of Thorpe’s Dictionary in which the greatest and most striking advances have been made, consisting largely of monographs written by eminent contributors giving a concise account of the present state of knowledge in various sections.British Standards Institution.-The British Standards Institution has recently issued the following :-No. 334-1934. Chemical Lead. (Types A and B.) (Super- seding No. 334, 1928.) 244 No. 541-1934. British Standard Technique for Determining the Rideal-Walker Coefficient of Disin- fect ants. No. 544-1934. Linseed Oil Putty: Types I and 2. No. 549-1934. Diacetone Alcohol. No. 551-1934. Normal Butyl Acetate. No. 552-1934. Amy1 Acetate. No. 553-1934. Ethyl Acetate. No. 554-1934. Report on Standard Temperature of Volu-metric Glassware. Copies can be obtained from the Publications Department of the Institution at 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1, 2s. each. Imperial Institute.-The Annual Report for the year 1933 deals with the services rendered by the Imperial Institute during 1933, and includes reference to enquiries and investigations relating to silk, timber, vegetable fibres, oils and oilseeds, essential oils, and resins, hides and skins, drugs, and many other materials.Price 2s. Legal.-The Institution of Chemical Engineers has pub- lished, as a separate monograph, ‘‘Legal Pitfalls for the Chemical Engineer,’’ by J. Davidson Pratt and G. S. W. Marlow (3s.), in which the authors have dealt, inter alia, with questions affecting the safety, health and welfare of workers in factories, the emission of fumes, the discharge of effluents, and the infringement of patents and designs. The publication includes an appendix consisting of a summary of factory legislation from the point of view of design and construction. National Physical Laboratory.-Report for the year 1933, giving a record of the work of the various departments- Physics, Electricity, Radio, Metrology, Engineering, Metallurgy, Aerodynamics, and William Froude Laboratory.Pp. iv + 264. (London : H.M. Stationery Office, for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.) 13s. Non-Ferrous Metals.-The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association has recently published Bulletin No. 65 (May, 1934), which contains references to current literature relating to advances in non-ferrous metals research and industry, and a list of the more important accessions to the library of the Association up to April, 1934.245 Institution of Professional Civil Servants.-The fifteenth Annual Report of the Council of the Institution of Professional Civil Servants (for the year 1933). Pp. xiv + 74. (London: 69, Victoria Street, S.W.1.) The objects of the Institution include the advancement of efficiency in the Civil Service, the maintenance and improvement of the position and status of professional, scientific and technical Civil Servants, and the promot ion anci extension of professional knowledge and practice, anti their application for the good of the State. Members consist of Civil Servants “of the directing, administrative, or higher grades engaged in professional, scientific, or technical work ”; Associates are those who are “engaged in scientific and technical work” and are ordinarily the technical assistants of the Members.Mersey and Irwell Committee Proceedings, for the year ending 31st March, 1934. (Preston, Lancs.) Ribble Joint Committee : Proceedings for 1933-1934. (Preston, Lancs.) The Scientific Journal of the Royal College of Science, Volume IV, recently published, contains seven papers contributed to the Imperial College Chemical Society:-“ Gold,” by D. McDonald; “Shapes of Molecules,” by N. V. Sidgwick; “Water of Crystallisation,” by H. Bassett ;“Aluminium,” by R. Seligman ; “Vitamin D,” by R. K. Callow; “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Nitrogen,” by J. Kenner; “Determination of Structure in the Sesquiterpene Group,” by J. L. Simonsen.Pp. 172. (London: Edward Arnold.) 7s. 6d. Society of Dyers and Co1ourists.-The Jubilee Issue of the Journal of the Society published from its General Offices (33, Piccadilly, Bradford) contains a foreword by Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, F.R.S., and a remarkable series of articles by well-known authorities, constituting a valuable record of achievement by the Society and its members during the past fifty years in all aspects of the industry which they represent. (Price 25s.) The World Power Conference announces the publication of “The Transactions of the Scandinavian Sectional Meeting, in seven volumes, at Lt3 15s. the set, obtainable from Messrs. Percy Lund, Humphries & Co., Ltd., 12,Bedford Square, London, W.C.I. The volumes may be obtained separately.246 Vol. I, “Chronicle ” of the Sectional Meeting; General Reports in English, French and German; Index to the Com- plete Transactions, fl2 10s. Vol. 11,Electrical Energy (Section Ia), fla 10s. Vol. 111,Solid and Liquid Fuels and Gas (Sections Ib, IC), fl~5s. Vol. IV, Power and Heat Combinations, Steam Heat Consuming Industries (Sections 2 and 3),j6z 5s. Vol. V, Iron and Steel Industry, Electric Heating, Adaptation and Transmission of Motive Power in Industrial Plants (Sections 4, 5 and 6),flz 10s. Vol. VI, Railways, Urban and Suburban Traffic (Sections 7 and S), flz 15s. Vol. VII, Marine Transport (Section 9), fl~. I‘ Lewis’s Catalogue of Medical and Scientific Lending Library.” Second Supplement, 1931-1933.Pp. 112. (London: Lewis’s Library, 136, Gower Street, W.C.) 2s.; IS. to subscribers. Messrs. Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. have forwarded a copy of “Uncle Joe’s Nonsense for Young and Old Children,”-a Medley of Fun and Philosophy reported by J. W. Mellor, Hon. Secretary of the Ceramic Society; with 129 drawings and two photographs. Pp. xii+232. 12s. 6d. net. 247 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 27th April, 11th May and 25th May, z new Fellows were elected, 20 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 63 Associates were elected, 2 Associates were re-elected, and 60 Students were admitted. The deaths of 10Fellows and 3 Associates have been reported. New Fellows. Underwood, Arthur Joseph Victor, D.Sc.(Leeds), M.I.Chem.E., 38,Victoria Street, London, S.W.l. Villiers, FranFois Jean de, B.A. (Cape Town), M.Sc. (Calif.), Ph.D. (Cornell), D.Sc. (S.A.), Division of Chemistry, Pretoria, South Africa. ' Associates elected to the Fellowship. Banks, Maurice Alfred Lister, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Britannic House, Finsbury Circus, London, E.C.2. Barr, Joseph Robert, M.Sc. (Liv.), 36, Knole Road, Dartford. Burch, William John Nobbs, Ph.D. (Lond.), 28, Craven Park, London, N.W.lO. Charles, Frank Roland, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., c/o Canadian International Paper Co., Hawkesbury, Ontario. Chew, Clifford, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Technical College, Brighton. Cranston, John Arnold, D.Sc. (Glas.), 25, Hillside Road, Mansewood, Glasgow, 5.3. Fenner, Joseph Bell, 15, Acreville Road, Lower Bebington, Cheshire.Harwood, Henry Francis, M.Sc. (Mane.), Ph.D. (Heid.), Royal College of Science, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Houghton, Gilbert Underwood, M.Sc. (Lond.), Salcombe, Fourth Avenue, Chelmsford. Jones, Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), Bryn Awel, Antons Road, Pensby, Cheshire. Keenan, Henry m7ilfrid, 8, Portland Mansions, London, W.14. Lea, Colin Henry, Ph.D. (Cantab. and Liv.), Low Temperature Research Station, Cambridge. Norris, Mrs. Dorothy, M.Sc. (Mane.), Indian Lac Research Institute, P.O. Nankum, Ranchi, Bihar & Orissa, India. Norris, Frederick Walter, A.R.C.S., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 91, Witherford Way, Selly Oak, Birmingham. Sleep, William Henry John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Parkfield Road, Bebington, Wirral.Smith, Gilbert Ernest, B.Sc. (Birm.), 67, The Avenue, West Wickham, Kent. Taylor, William Wilders, B.Sc. (Lond.), Norfolk Cottage, East Runton, nr. Cromer. Turner, Ernest, B.Sc. (Dun.), 31, Mill Lane, Billingham-on-Tees. Webb, William Denis Lucking, 28, Laird Avenue, Blackshotts Lane, Grays, Essex. Williams, Kenneth Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Messaline Avenue, London, W.13. 248 New Associates. Best, John Kenneth, 7, Hemyock Road, Weoley Hill, Birmingham. Billington, Leslie, A.M.C.T., 26, Church Road, Northwich. Bremner, Thomas Sergeant, A.R.T.C., 14, North Castle Street, Alloa. Burdekin, Leslie, B.Sc.Tech. (Sheffield), 29, Carswick View Road, Sheffield, 10. Bussell, Eric Charles, B.Sc. (Glas.), Roseneath, Montgomery Drive, Giffnock, Glasgow.Cowie, Douglas Williamson, B.Sc. (Glas.), Holmlea, Wishaw, Scotland. Cowley, Eric George, M.Sc. (Lond.), 4,Walsingham Road, Enfield. Davis, John Edward, Easedale, Mottingham Lane, London, S.E.9. Ellis, Louis, B.Sc. (Leeds), 27, Northfield Terrace, Leeds. Farmer, Charles Sandell, A.M.C.T., 37, Elmwood, Welwyn Garden City. Finn, Arthur Edward, B.Sc. (W.A.), Lincoln College, Oxford. Frisken, James, B.Sc, (Edin.), 2, Dursely Road, Shirehampton, Bristol. Galbraith, Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 44,Tannsfeld Road, London, S.E.26. Galloway, Walter Johnstone, M.Sc. (Manc.), c/o Anglo-Persian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Persian Gulf. Gerrard, Saxon Archibald, Bryn Cottage, Upton Heath, Chester. Gleave, John Leslie, B.Sc.(Lond.), 14, Camden Square, London, N.W.l. Glover, Wilfrid, School Lane, Leyland, Lanes. Goodman, Lewis, 23, Tormount Road, London, S.E.18. Griffiths, Leslie Herbert, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 82, Cavendish Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Grindley, David Noel, 28, Tollemache Road, Claughton, Birkenhead. Harden, Harold Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Ruskin Road, Belvedere, Kent. Haslewood, Geoffrey Arthur Dering, M.Sc. (Lond.), Toc H, Mark VII, 15, Fitzroy Square, London, W. 1. Henriksen, Richard Henry, 65, Moss Lane, Orrell Park, Liverpool. Huebner, Denis Willison, M.Sc. (Liv.), Connaught Hall, 18-20, Torrington Square, London, W.C. 1. Hunter, Eric Charles Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D., 76, Lloyd Road, London, E. 17. Jackman, William Henry Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 82, Henslowe Road, London, S.E.22.James, George Harold, Main Road, Branston, Burton-on-Trent. Jones, Tudor Stanley George, Ph.D. (Wales), National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, nr. Reading.Kelly, Hugh Edward, The Laboratory, Messrs. 0. Younger & Son, Ltd., Alloa. Kirkpatrick, Kenneth Cyril, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Upper Derby Road, North End, Portsmouth. Lewis, Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 63, Moy Road, Aberfan, Merthyr Vale, Glam. Lintern, Philippe Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), Weydon House, Weydon Lane, Farnham Surrey. Lowe, William Joseph, M.Sc. (Liv.), Reynolds Park, Woolton, Liverpool. Lunn, Harold Britnor, A.M.C.T., 5, Tom Shepley Street, Hyde, Cheshire. Martin, Robert Mitchell, B.Sc. (Glas.), P.O.Box 2933, Johannesburg, South Africa. Martin, Stanley Reginald William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 24, Goldie House, Hazelville Road, London, N.19. Mathur, Krishna Gopal, M.Sc. (Allahabad), D.Sc. (Punjab), 25, Old Anarkali, Lahore, India. Muir, Andrew, c/o Gosling, 11, Stompland Street, Stowmarket. Newbury, Norman Frederick, M.A. (Liv.), M.Sc. (Sheffield), 26, Eldred Road, Liverpool, 16. 249 Nicholls, Claude Edward Courtenay, B.Sc. (Lond.), 77, Beverley Road, Hull. Nightingale, John Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 17, Park Avenue, Gillingham.Parker, Robert Thomas, B.Sc. Met. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., c/o North British Aluminium Co., Ltd., Lochaber Works, Fort William, Inverness-shire. Peutherer, David Morwood, M.A., B.Sc.(Edin.), Hope Cottage, Winch- burgh, West Lothian. Pollard, William, A.M.C.T., 13, Birch Lane, Longsight, Manchester, 13. Pounder, Frederick Edward, B.Sc. (Dun.), 4, Church Villas, Durham. Pratt, Henry Reginald Clive, B.Sc. (Lond.), 88, Ealing Road, Wembley. Reynolds, George David, Ph.D. (Sheffield), 72, Peartree Lane, Welwyn Garden City. Rickwood, Albert Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 51, Sydenham Street, Whitstable. Sagar, Harold, A.M.C.T., 13, Albert Street, Whitworth, Rochdale. Sams, Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 36, Fernhurst Road, London, S.W.6. Shanks, William John, A.M.C.T., 302, Audenshaw Road, Audenshaw, Manchester. Spriggs, Herbert John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Barrowell Green Villas, London, N.13. Stratford, Claude Lawson, A.M.C.T., 7, Winifred Road, Didsbury, Man- Chester.Tomlinson, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Wayside, Littleover Lane, Derby.Walley, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Irvine Road, Tranmere, Birkenhead. Walsh, Frederick, A.M.C.T., 97, West Street, Warrington. Weinstein, Samuel, M.Sc. (Saskatchewan), 79, Brunswick A\-enue, Toronto, Canada. Wharton, John, 134, Bedford Street South, Liverpool. White, Wilfred Arthur Stephen, B.Sc. (Lond.), 58, Pretoria Street, Stan- millis, Belfast. Wood, Eric Charles Clifford, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 22, Holland Park Road, Wembley. Woolgar, Cedric Warren, B.Sc. (Lond.), 26, Constance Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.Wright, Robert Allen, A.M.C.T., 8, Redclyffe Road, Barton-on-Irwell, Manchester. Wyatt, Gordon Hilliar, B.Sc.(Lond.), Perivale, Linden Avenue, Maiden- head. Associates Re-elected. Sadler, Miss Eileen Sybella, fi1.S~. (Liv.), 2, Dovedale Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Scouller, Walter Daly, MSc. (Leeds), Sewage Disposal Works, Deighton, Huddersfield. New Students. Armfield, William, 75, Newmarket Road, Ashton-under-Lyne. Aslett, Herbert Henry, 32, Vernon Avenue, London, S.W.20. Baldry, Frank, 124, Nansen Road, Sparkhill, Birmingham. Basford, Frederick Robert, 38, Victoria Street, Grantham. Bean, Charles Ernest, 17, Hanworth Road, Feltham, Middlesex. Bilsbury, Thomas Charles, 7, Willow Way, Didsbury, Manehester. Blundell, John illortimer, 164, Greenvale Road, London, S.E.9. Budds, Gordon Jack, Burma,Uorden Lane, Sittingbourne, Kent. 250 BUPTOW,Kenneth, 459, Alcester Road S., King’s Heath, Birmingham, 14.Case, Albert Cecil, 15, Eastfields Road, London, W.3. Charlton, John Edward, 33, Weldon Crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Clague, Miss Helena Langlands, Strathdene, Benhill Road, Dumbarton. Cooper, Harold Matthew, 30, Edgecumbe Street, Newland Avenue, Hull. Cox, Richard George, 7, Suffolk Road, London, E.13. Deeley, Ernest Lancelot, Prestwick Golf Clubhouse, Prestwick, Ayrshire. Downer, Archibald Walter Eric, Ashmere, Upper Heath Lane, Dartford. Drummond, William, Edinburgh University Union, K.B. Branch, West Mains Road, Edinburgh. Emsley, Ernest, 1, Devonshire Place, Yeadon, nr. Leeds. Frye, Derek Alan, 4, Berkeley Place, Cheltenham. Galloway, Robert Macleod, 3, Old Springfield Avenue, Shirehampton, Bristol.Harris, Frederick Reginald, 41, Princes Road, Brighton. Hart, Stanley James, 2, Brent Lane, Dartford, Heron, Harry, 12, Alexandra Road, Blackburn. Holt, Cyril George, 30, Cargill Road, London, S.W.18. Holyday, Leslie Charles Horace, 30, Grosvenor Road, London, N.9. Howie, John Duncan, Rosegarth, Arthurlie Street, Barrhead, Glasgow. Jarrett, Stanley Graham, 87, Stanmer Villas, Brighton. Jessup, George Albert, 11, South Avenue, Rochester. Lee, David Claude, 5, Finchley Avenue, London, N.3. Lockett, James, 12, Aldersgate Road, Mile End, Stockport. Lockett, John Edward, Great Leighs Rectory, Chelmsford. Marsh, Thomas, 114, Babylon Lane, Adlington, Lancs. Marshall, Charles Roy, Sledmere, Lichfield Road, Four Oaks, Sutton Coldfield.Martin, Edgar Sydney Frederick Merrington, Estrella, Chesswood Road, Wort hing . Masters, Gerald, 5, Shafter Road, Dagenham. McDougal, Edward Ian, 30, Douglas Road, London, E.4. McKay, Alexander, c/o Rosie, 22, Lauriston Road, Edinburgh. McKelvie, Archibald Neil, 33, Montgomery Street, Irvine, Ayrshire. Merrick, Leslie, 2, Waugh Avenue, Failsworth, Manchester. Morrison, Robert Murdoch, 8, Newlands Road, Darlington, Co. Durham. Munday, Charles Walter, 54, Maxey Road, London, S.E.18. Peill, Peter Livingstone Davies, Cove Hithe, Homefield Road, Worthing. Pertwee, Kenneth Stuart Guy, Barratts, Dedham, Colchester. Poole, Horace Robert, 82, Station Road, London, N. 11. Riley, Fred, Norbreck, Burnley Road, Huncoat, Accrington.Riley, John, 2 1, Coleridge Road, Old Trafford, Manchester. Rose, Maurice James, 19, Furnival Street, London, E.C.4. Sampson, Philip Thomas, Fordwater, Park Crescent, Harrow Weald. Sealey, Frank, 61, Primrose Lane, Hall Green, Birmingham. Stocks, Miss Helen Margaret, 68, Montalt Road, Woodford Green. Swindells, Norman, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. Thomas, George Edward, 51, Middleton Boulevard, Wollaton Park, Nottingham.Vclonsky, Abraham Colman, 25, Waterloo Road, London, S.E. 1. Vines, John Charles, 79, Dukes Avenue, London, N.lO. Warner, Lionel William Jeffrey, 5, Howard Street, Gloucester. Webb, Alan Frank, 14, Alexandra Road, Burton-on-Trent. Williams, Norman Edgar, 25, Vine Avenue, Sevonoaks. Wilson, John Hamilton, 10, Charlton Road, London, S.E.3.Winsor, Cecil Edward, Corporation Park, Blackburn. Wise, Stanley George Arthur, 1, The Crescent, Hall Lane, Horsforth, nr. Leeds. 251 CHANGES OF NAMES. Kathleen Culhane, B.Sc. (Lond.), Associate, to Lathbury-n her marriage. Caroline Phyllis Macoun, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Registered Student, to Caroline Phyllis Weir-n her marriage to Dr. Hubert C. Weir, of the British African Medical Staff. Dorothy Johanna Minter, B.Sc. (Lond.), Associate, to Dorothy Johanna Wolfsohn-an her marriage. DEATHS. Fellows. William Dalrymple Borland. John William Croxford. Thomas Ashcroft Ellwood, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.P.H. Sir Richard Garton, G.B.E., Ph.D. (Marburg). Carl Olof Lundholm. William MacDonald, A.R .C.S., A.R.S.M. Frederick Walter Snelgrove, B.Sc.(Lond.). Bertram Vincent Storr, M.Sc. (Leeds and Vict.). William George Whiffen. William Ellard Woolcott. Associates. Thomas Emrys Aubrey, B.Sc. (Wales). Thomas Warwick Dallimore. Richard George Daniels, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.). 252 Coming Events. JdY 9 to 14 THE ROYAL SANITARY INSTITUTE:Health Congress at Bristol. (Dr. L. H. LAMPITT,Chairman, Food Group,Society of Chemical Industry,will read a paper on 10th July.) 16 to 20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY: Annual General Meeting,-Cardiff . 253 General Notices. Examinations-Examinat ions for the Associat eship will be held in London and Glasgow, from 17th to zznd September. The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 9th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 7th September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held in London from 24th to 29th September.The list of entries will be closed on 9th July, except for candidates in Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, or those desiring special examinations, whose applications should have been received before 4th June. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person.The next award will be made in January, 1935. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1934, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy. Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.254 The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will next meet in October, 1934,and will be glad, in the meantime, to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated. Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between 255 the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m,), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m.Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. FOR THE LOANOFBOOKSREGULATIONS FROM THE SCIENCE LIBRARY TO FELLOWS OF THE INSTITUTE OF AND ASSOCIATES CHEMISTRY. I. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with the Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary. 2. Fellows, and Associates wishing to borrow books from the Science Library are required to give to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary a written undertaking to bear the cost of replacement of any work lost or damaged, and to return to the office of the Institution for cancellation, the duplicate (pink) requisition forms obtained from the Library when the books are returned. 3.Subsequently, borrowers may call, either personally or by representative, at the office of the Institute, and obtain signed requisitions, by means of which the works may be obtained from the Science Library. 4. Or, books can be sent by post to Fellows and Associates on written application (specifying the volume or volumes re- quired) to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary, who will complete and transmit to the Science Library the necessary requisition forms, and the books will be posted direct from the Library. Postage will be charged to the borrower and collected from him by the Science Library authorities.256 5. The regulations of the Science Library require that books on loan shall be returned at once if asked for by the Keeper of the Library; otherwise within fifteen days, or sooner, if they can be dispensed with. Fellows and Associates are earnestly re-quested to comply with this regulation, and to return books within the period specified, without waiting for a reminder from the Library. Applications for the extension of the loan period niay be granted if circumstances permit. 6. A Hand-list of the periodicals in the Science Library may be consulted at the office of the Institute, or copies of the Hand- list (with Supplement) may be obtained direct from the Science Library for 2s.8d. post free. An extensive author and subject catalogue is accessible at the Science Library, and bibliographies of special subjects are compiled by its expert staff as and when required. Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar. The previous subscription arranged for members of the Institute expired on the 1st March, and fresh application forms must be obtained by those members who desire to continue for a further year’s service.The attention of such members is specially directed to the necessity for the renewal of subscriptions or the return of the last volumes and membership tokens to the respective branches of issue. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. 9d.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 257 As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanertt addresses for registration. A new edition of the Register will be published in the Autumn of this year. Corrections of addresses, degrees, occupations, etc., should be notified to the Registrar without delay.LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections. Hon. Secretaries. AberdeenandNorthof R. Craven, Esq., B.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C., Scotland: 2, Richmondhill Gardens, Aberdeen. Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C., 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Bristol and South-Western E. Lewis, M.I.Chem.E., F.I.C., 22, UpperCounties: Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. Cape of Good Hope : Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. Edinburgh and East of G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Scotland: Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12. Glasgow and West of A. R. Jamieson, B.Sc., F.I.C., 20, Trongate,Scotland: Glasgow, C. 1. Huddersfield: Dr. R. J. Connor, A.I.C., 120, Long Lane, Dalton, Huddersfield.India : G. Watson Douglas, B.Sc., A.I.C., The State Laboratory, Bhopal, Central India. Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Belgrave Road, Dublin. Leeds Area : Dr. H. Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Leeds. Liverpool and North- W. F. Buist, B.Sc., F.I.C., Airdrie, Kilburn western: Avenue, Eastham, Cheshire. London and South-Emtern Mark Bogod, A.R.C.S., F.I.C., c/o The Institute Counties: of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, w.c.1. Malaya: J. F. Clark, M.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Analyst’s Department, Municipality, Singapore,Straits Settlements. Manchester and District : Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester.Newcaatle-on-Tyne and M. A. W. Brown, M.Sc., A.I.C., The Bield, North-East Coast : The Crescent, Wallsend-on-Tyne. New Zealand: Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C.l, New Zealand. South Wales: R. H. Jones, F.I.C., Glen View, Pontardawe Road, Clydach, Swansea. ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNAL PROCEEDINGS.-The terms for advertisements in theAND Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. No Commission is allowed to Agents. The circulation is over 7000--chiefly to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution Libraries. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally; also to publishers of scientific books and to booksellers.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9345800177

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1934. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELL W.C.I.SQUARE,LONDON, Augzcst, 1934. Publications Committee, 1934135. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), JOCELYN F. THORPE (Pvesidd), C. 0. BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, C. DOREE, A. E. EVEREST LEWIS EYNON, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T.I?. E. RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ERNEST VANSTONE, W. WARDLAW, H.B. WATSON, A. W.M. WINTLE. 261 Editorial. AT the recent Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, a suggestion was made that the JOURNAL AKD PRO-CEEDINGS of the Institute should contain an editorial article on some controversial subject or that its pages should be opened to correspondence on matters of professional interest. The latter suggestion-implying open discussion-is little suited to a publication which appears at intervals of two months, although the outcome of correspondence which has been sub-mitted to the Council is usually reported in the Proceedings, and subjects referred to in letters received from Fellows and Associates in the ordinary course of the business of the Institute are also occasionally mentioned.It would, however, be a grave mistake forthwith to dismiss the suggestion of discussion by correspondence as impracticable, if its purpose can be gained by means which may be better suited to the Journal. It is proposed to give a trial to such an alter-native, of which the outlines will now be indicated. An article, for which the Publications Committee must accept editorial responsibility, will be included in each issue of the Journal, dealing with some matter which appears to be of par- ticular topical interest to a considerable section of the Fellows and Associates. It is difficult to imagine any subject-matter connected with so virile a profession as that of the chemist which will not be more than less controversial, and opportunity will be given in a subsequent issue of the Journal for members to comment briefly on these articles as they appear.The comments will be assembled, and edited when unduly long or inapposite: it is not anticipated that an editor’s waste- paper basket will have to be requisitioned for the reception of wholly irrelevant or unsuitable communications. In exceptional instances, anonymity may be conceded to a member who desires it; but in the ordinary course the comments will be published in sequence, over the names of those who offer them, in one and the same issue of the Journal. Such comments should reach the Institute within a month of the issue which contained the article to which they refer, as it is felt that members would tire of a particular topic, the discussion of which extended over several issues.By way of introduction of the scheme, it is proposed in this issue to make a few observations on the responsibilities of mem- bers of the Institute to their profession, and to their professional colleagues in particular. There is too often an inclination, fomented by temptation on the part of the individual to regard the Institute as primarily concerned with that branch of practice which happens to be his own. It is, however, in the antithesis of this attitude of the individual that the strength of the Institute lies. The real bond on which its corporate structure depends is that the initial training of all members has been directed towards fitting each of them to take his share in the practice of the professional chemist, with prospective benefit not merely to himself but likewise to his professional brethren whether in his own or some other branch of practice.In the long run, the community at large must be benefited by his membership of the chemical profession. The aspirant to recognition as a professional chemist must be prepared to submit his initial training to be tested in accord- ance with the provisions of the Institute’s Charter, and only if it passes that test can he obtain the qualification which has become the British Standard credential for the pursuance of practice in the chemical profession. Having secured that credential, he owes an allegiance to his fellow members, how- ever divergent may be their branches of practice, which he can best express by loyal co-operation in maintaining the status of his profession and by a wise choice when he exercises his right to ballot for members of Council, and thereafter by giving the Council his support in its efforts to further the interests of the great body of chemists who have, like himself, entrusted to the Institute the safeguarding of all that concerns them in a professional capacity.Linked by the bond of professional qualification almost, if not quite, as firmly as by ties of blood or birthplace, the members of the Institute have formed themselves into a society which exercises an influence for good far beyond the confines of its Register. The spirit of unity which now pervades the profession of chemistry, as personified in the Institute, is well displayed in the proceedings of the Council, on which serve as many as 263 forty-seven Fellows, convened from almost every centre in Great Britain and Ireland.Mostly able to claim that they have had long experience, and therefore the longer removed from the days when they qualified for their Fellowships, and engaged in the most divergent branches of chemical practice, they are obviously inspired in their deliberations primarily by the same sense of duty to the members and the community which pervades the rank and file of the Institute from the date of the inscription of their names on the roll. Just as the widely varying interests of members of the Council give breadth and force to its decisions, so must the even wider outlook and distribution of the membership as a whole tend to enhance the influence which the Institute now wields in all affairs per- taining to chemistry.It is the most potent factor in the chemical world for achieving active co-operation and full understanding among the different branches of professional chemists, e.g. those engaged in teaching, in industry, in official or in independent work. Just as all these branches claim their share in the deliberations of the Council, so must the decisions of each and all of them be weighed by individual members before any policy is advocated which may advance the interests of one branch to the detriment of the interests of another.Numerical strength may seem to dictate that one branch should receive preferential consideration, or that one locality should be favoured, but a moment’s reflection would lead to the recognition of the claims of other branches and other localities to equality of treatment. The purpose of the latter portion of this article is to suggest to members that the Institute does not stand for any one section, branch or interest-it comprises within its ranks employees as well as employers, administrators, officials and consultants. The common bond is that all have had a substantial equality of initial training in chemistry, and in that respect the Institute stands apart from all institutions or societies which either accept all and sundry to membership, or aim at representing the interests of only one section of the chemical profession.In subsequent articles, various aspects of the work or position of the different branches of the profession will be discussed, and in the meantime it is open to members to submit for publication brief comments on this first “editori:J.” 264 Proceedings of the Council. JUNE-JULY, 1934. Council Meeting, 29th June.-On a suggestion received from the Solicitors of the Institute, the Council agreed to join with other professional institutions incorporated by Royal Charter, in making representations to H.M. Privy Council that they should be given notice of petitions for Royal Charters by other bodies, which might contain provisions likely to affect the privileges of existing chartered professional bodies. A Fellow of the Institute raised the questions-(I) How far a chemist in an official position was bound by professional rules to supply another qualified professional chemist with details of tests which he had applied in a matter in which differences had arisen; and (2) Whether it was the view of the Council of the Institute that a chemist in an official capacity should be entitled to utilise a secret test which he was not willing to disclose and to make official reports in direct contradiction to the reports of other professional chemists, while steadfastly refusing to disclose the tests which he had employed.Regarding the matter as one of professional procedure rather than professional conduct, the Council discussed it, and arrived at the conclusion that there was no generally accepted rule that a professional chemist must, if requested, divulge his methods, either in analysis or in any other scientific work, to another chemist.The Council considered that it was equally the privilege of one qualified chemist (if he be in a position to do so) to give, as it is of another qualified chemist (on request) to receive, reasonable information about such methods, unless they relate to any question which is wb$dice. The questions in point, however, related to a chemist in an official position, and it appeared to the Council that, in these circumstances, such a chemist could not do otherwise than carry out the instructions given to him by his authority.The attention of the Council was directed to a Bill, introduced in the House of Commons on 12th June, to “Amend the law 265 relating to patents and designs by providing for the protection of employee inventors,” the main section of which was as follows:-“I. The following section shall be inserted after section thirty-eight (A) of the Patents and Designs Act, 1907:-“38 (B).-(I) Subject to the rights of any Government Department, and notwithstanding any express or implied agreement to the contrary or relationship expressed to exist or implied between employer and employee, any em- ployee whose name appears upon the application for a patent or the grant of a patent as the first and true inventor or patentee thereof either singly or jointly with his employer may apply at any time after the sealing of the said grant either by way of original application or by way of review to the comptroller to settle the terms securing to the em- ployee an adequate interest in or remuneration for the invention and to fix the amount of royalty or other considera- tion payable by the employer to the employee, and, where at any time after the sealing of the grant of the patent the employer abuses the monopoly rights in the patent as defined by section twenty-seven of this Act or any Act amending the same, for leave to deal with the patent either by way of licence or disposal in such manner and upon such terms as the Comptroller may deem expedient.” After careful consideration, the Council arrived at the decision that the terms of the Bill, in its present form, were not in the best interest of inventors or of the progress of science.Mr. H. Douglas ‘Elkington, Member of Council, was requested to communicate the views of the Council on this matter to the Patents Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manu- fact urers . Reports from the Finance and House Committee, the Benevo- lent Fund Committee, the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, the Pedler Fund Committee, the Publica- tions Committee, and a preliminary report from the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Scottish Education Depart- ment were received and adopted. The Benevolent Fund Committee again reported that appeals received during the year were likely to require funds in excess of those available in Current Account, unless further contributions were forthcoming. 266 The names of candidates elected on the recommendation of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee are given at the end of this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.The Committee gave consideration to the choice of a subject for the Frankland Essay and Prize for Students for 1934,and the Council adopted the recommendation that my essay on a suitable subject chosen by the student himself should be considered, although, at the same time, they suggested that one of the following subjects would be suitable:- “The Chemist of the Future”; ‘‘The Relation between Thinking and Learning in Training for a Scientific Career.” On the report of the Pedler Fund Committee, the Council resolved that the Scholarship awarded to Mrs.Janet Matthews be extended for a further period of twelve months. The subject of the research is “The development of inorganic microchemical analysis, with special reference to gravimetric work requiring separations,-the first problem being to develop a method for the micro-analysis of samples of lung, sputum, dust from mines, etc. for potassium, aluminium and silica in the presence of iron and phosphate, with reference to the suggestion that silicosis is caused by mineral sericite (a potassium aluminium silicate)”. Mrs. Matthews’ report indicated that very valuable work had been carried out, and the Committee recorded its apprecia- tion of the interest shown in the work by Professor Briscoe, Professor Jones and Dr.Hanvood of the Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Publications Committee reported that Dr. A. D. Mitchell had kindly consented to give a lecture on “New Indicators and Other Reagents employed in Volumetric Analysis ” before the Institute in October next, and that arrangements were being made for the S. M. Gluckstein and Streatfeild Memorial Lectures. The Council received the Pass List on the result of examina- tions for National Certificates (Scotland). The Council also received the report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. (See page 271.) The Council proceeded with the further consideration of “The Place of Chemistry in General Education.’’ (See page 278.) 267 Council Meeting, 20th July.-Before proceeding with the business of the meeting, the President referred to the loss sustained by the Institute through the death of Professor Robert Martin Caven, Member of Council.Arising from the Minutes, Dr. Everest gave notice that he would ask the Council, at the meeting to be held in October, to reconsider its decision-on the Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections-not to adopt the suggestion that steps should be taken to provide for the election of an additional Member of Council for the North-East Coast and Yorkshire District. A letter was submitted from the Institute of Arbitrators directing attention to the new Arbitration Act, 1934, which comes into operation on 1st January, 1935.(See “Notes,” p. 293). Reports were received from the Finance and House Com- mittee, the Benevolent Fund Committee, the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, and on the examina- tions for National Certificates in Chemistry held in Scotland and in Northern Ireland. The Benevolent Fund Committee is seriously perturbed because the balance of current account is running out, and the Fund has now to contribute to the support of ten widows, including seven with children to educate ;one daughter (epileptic) of a deceased Fellow; three aged Fellows, with practically no resources and no prospect of returning to work; and three members out of work who are receiving weekly allowances, in addition to making casual grants to members who are temporarily embarrassed.The Committee has lately received some valuable contribu- tions, but estimates that at least L450 more will be required before the end of this year, and will be very grateful for any help which members who have not yet subscribed this year will forward to the Hon. Secretary of the Fund. At the same time, being desirous of safeguarding the Capital Account which has been established to ensure constant revenue for current purposes, the Committee has recommended the Council, and the Council has agreed, to amend Rule 7 to read as follows:- “7. Monies subscribed for current purposes not required immediately for the purposes of the fund may be invested at the discretion of the Council in duly authorised trustee securities under the seal of the Institute for and on behalf of the Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund.The dividends derived from such investments shall be allocated to the income of the fund. It shall be competent to the Council to realise or vary such investments as and when they think fit, for the purposes of the fund. All monies received as “Donations” shall be invested in duly authorised trustee securities under the seal of the Institute for and on behalf of Capital Account of the Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. The dividends derived from such investments shall be allocated to the income of the fund.It shall be competent to the Council to realise or vary such investments as and when they think fit, but not so as to withdraw any sum so realised for the current purposes of the fund or for any purposes not connected with the fund. Subject to any provision made by the testators to the contrary, legacies bequeathed to the fund shall be invested, for and on behalf of the CapitaZ Account of the Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund.’’ Rule 7 previously read as follows:-“7. Monies not required immediately for the purposes of the fund may be invested at the discretion of the Council in duly authorised trustee securities under the seal of the Institute for and on behalf of the Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund.The dividends derived from such investments shall be allocated to the income of the fund. It shall be competent to the Council to realise or vary such investments as and when they think fit, for the purposes of the fund. Subject to any provision made by the testators to the contrary, legacies bequeathed to the fund shall be invested.” The Report on the Examinations for National Certificates (England and Wales) was not then available, but the Council authorised the publication of the results when ready. Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Vice-president, Chairman of the Publications Committee, reported that Lord Melchett had kindly undertaken to deliver the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, and Mr. George Elliott Shaw, the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, during the coming session.Mr. F. G. Edmed, Vice-president, Chairman of the Appoint- ments Register Committee, reported briefly on the work of his 269 Committee, indicating that the number of members without appointments had considerably decreased. The Honorary Secretary of the Fund has been authorised to proceed with arrangements for providing collecting boxes in laboratories where the heads are willing to display them. Butter Fat Testing.-The Association of Public Analysts for Scotland has been in communication with the Institute regarding representations which it has made to the Scottish Milk-Marketing Board with reference to butter fat testing under the scheme introduced by the Board. It appears that deductions have been made on the returns to producers on the alleged ground that the butter-fat cantent in milk supplied by them was below the prescribed minimum.Such deductions being based on analyses made on behalf of, or in tlie laboratories of the purchaser or purchasers, it appeared to the Association that the Board was penalising the producers on the statement of one interested party without hearing the other. This position would be obviously unjust, because a producer may be faced with a series of allegations which, on account of lapse of time, apart from the other reasons, he would be unable to rebut. In this respect, his position is less favourable than it is under the Food and Drugs Adulteration Act, where not only does he have the protection of a duplicate sample, but provision is made for a third analysis, in the event of a dispute.The Association suggested that it was desirable that any analysis for price-fixing should be made by an independent and uninterested party who has the necessary qualifications, and whose results would be accepted by those concerned. Public Analysts and Official Agricultural Analysts are qualified for such work, as are also many independent private practitioners who have had special experience in the analysis of milk. In previous correspondence between the Institute and the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, it will be recalled that the Ministry agreed that Official Agricultural Analysts might be regarded as suitable authorities for the testing of milk samples under the scheme, and the Ministry promised to consider the question of their inclusion in the regulations.The Association of Public Analysts for Scotland, therefore, urged that advantage should be taken of the arrangements already available for butter-fat testing and for the determination 270 of other constituents of milk, and recommended that the work be entrusted only to those who have had adequate experience. The reply received from the Scottish Milk-Marketing Board, however, appeared to disregard the question as to who should perform the analysis. The Board replied that the question of the payment for milk on a quality basis and the arrangements for the testing of the milk had been deferred.In cases where the Board received a complaint from distributors as to the butter-fat content for milk, the producer was advised and given an oppor-tunity of having a check test made by the Board. At the Board’s Creameries, and in the cases of the larger distributors, the milk was analysed from a composite sample drawn from the daily deliveries of the producers. The Board added that it did not without investigation accept the results of the analysis of the buyers. The Association is pursuing the matter. Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs.-A draft of the Fourth Report of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Standing Advisory Committee has been referred to the Institute for observations and criticism. Copies have been circulated among a number of Fellows having special knowledge of the subjects referred to, and their opinions have been forwarded to the Standing Advisory Committee.The Society of Public Analysts has also contributed its views on the report, which deals with deleterious ingredients, such as castor seed and castor seed husks in imported feeding stuffs, molasses feeds, fibre in oil cakes, tapioca root flour, and fertilisers, such as basic slag and rock phosphate, poultry guano, wheat offals, etc. 271 Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. SATURDAY,IGTH JUNE, 1934,AT 10 A.M. The second conference of Honorary Secretaries of LocaI Sections was held at the Institute on Saturday, 16th June, when the President, Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., welcomed the following :-Mr.Mark Bogod, London and South-Eastern Counties. Mr. M. A. W. Brown, Newcastle-upon-Tgne and North-East Coast. Mr. W. F. Buist, Liverpool and North-Western. Dr. H. Burton, beds Area. Dr. R. J. Connor, Huddersfield. Dr. A. Coulthard, Manchester and District. Mr. G. Elliot Dodds, Edinburgh and East of Scotland. Mr. A. R. Jadeson, Glaaguw and West of Scotland. Mr. R. H. Jones, South Wales. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Irish Free State. Mr. Edgar Lewis, Bristol and South-Western Counties. Mr. C. S. McDowell, Belfast and District. Mr. Patrick Mitchell, Aberdeen and North of Scotland. Mr. Garfield Thomas, Birmingham and Midlands. The Registrar and the Assistant Secretary were also present. The President said he was glad to see that every Local Section in Great Britain and Ireland was represented.The Council would be gratified to know that they were all interested in the work of the Institute, and he was sure that their delibera- tions would again tend to the good of the Institute. He com- mented briefly on the matters which had been suggested for discussion. It was an interesting and comprehensive programme and included matters on which it was important that the Council should have some idea of the opinions held by the Local Sections in different parts of the country. He stressed the importance of bringing chemists and others interested in chemical science in industry together as much as possible, without destroying the autonomy of any individual body.He expressed his regret that his engagements prevented his participating in the conference. 272 A vote of thanks was accorded the President for his presence at the meeting and for the welcome which he had extended to the Honorary Secretaries. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard having been elected to the Chair, the conference proceeded to discuss the following subjects :-(I) Co-ordination or unification of Chemical Societies ; (2) The type of the meetings and the nature of the lectures or subjects for discussion which are most suitable for Local Sections of the Institute ; The possibility of arranging lecturers from remote areas to visit Local Sections ; What films had proved most suitable; Local chemical exhibitions arranged in conjunction with other bodies; (3) The advisability of arranging for memorial lectures to be held in the provinces ; (4) The advisability of asking the Council to issue a considered statement in favour of the adoption of the decimal system of weights and measures; (5) The improvement of the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute ; The provision of bound copies of the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute for the Honorary Secre- taries of Local Sections; (6) The constitution of the Council,-particularly the proposal that Chairmen of Local Sections should be ex-uficiu Members of Council in addition to the present Members of Council; (7) Local refresher courses ; (8) An annual dinner or similar function, under the auspices of (9) The minimum age and qualifications of candidates apply- (10) Recruitment of Students and Associates; headquarters, to be held away from London; ing for exemption from preliminary examination ; The revision of local registers of members; The Appointments Register.(1)With regard to the first subject,-co-ordination or unifca-tion of Chemical Societies.-The attention of the Conference was 273 directed to a statement on the subject contained in a Report of the Federal Council for Chemistry (see Journal and Proceedings, Part 111, pages 179-180). Some of the difficulties connected with the matter were mentioned, but the conference decided that the discussion of the subject, owing to its complexity, was inopportune on that occasion.(2) LOCAL SECTION MEETINGS.-with regard to the type of the meetings and the nature of the subjects to be discussed by Local Sections, it appeared that the tastes of the various Sections differed widely. In some Sections considerable attention was given to matters of professional interest and policy, but in others it was considered that interest in these matters had waned. In some Sections, exhibitions of apparatus and demonstrations of laboratory technique, “gadgets,” etc., had been very successful. Some members of the conference had found that lectures of the “Refresher Course” type had been very successful and had produced the best attendances. Some favoured subjects of specialised character, particularly where a lecturer of outstanding personality could be secured ; other members emphasised the importance of general subjects which would interest large numbers of chemists.The general opinion was that a varied and well balanced sessional programme was desirable. Lectures showing the applicability of chemistry to other professions and sciences, such as medicine, agriculture, etc., had been found to be attractive. An occasional meeting of a more social character, to which ladies were invited, had served to preserve interest, and in many cases had produced good attendances. It was suggested (a) that it was desirable that Honorary Secre- taries should take steps to ensure the attendance of prominent members of the Section Likely to be interested in any particular meetifig, and that the lecturer should be entertained before the meeting.Members of the Conference compared notes with regard to films which had been shown before various Sections. (3)MEMORIALLEcTuREs.-It was suggested that, perhaps, one of the Institute’s Memorial Lectures could occasionally be delivered at centres other than London; but it was pointed out that both the Institute’s Memorial Lectures, namely, the Streat- feild and the Gluckstein Lectures, were closely associated with London organisations. It was, therefore, suggested (6) that each 274 Local Section should consider inaugurating a lecture commemorating the name of some chemist associated with the district. The Registrar said that he thought that the Finance Committee would agree to defray the additional expenditure involved; that, on appro- priate occasions, the whole Institute could be invited to attend, and the President could be asked to take the Chair.(4)DECIMALSYSTEM.-A short discussion took place on the advisability of the adoption of the decimal system of weights and measures. It was considered by the majority that this subject lay outside the province of the Institute, and that it was unlikely that the Council would take any steps in the matter at the present time, although it might be a good subject for discussion at a Local Section meeting. (5) JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.-Amember of the conference suggested that the present Journal and Proceedings should be discontinued, and that the Institute should use the money thus rendered available to increase the number of published lectures which had proved very popular.Examination papers might be printed and published separately, but he did not consider that the reports of proceedings of Council and of Local Sections were worth placing on permanent record. It was pointed out, however, that the Journal and Proceedings was neither a scientific journal nor a newspaper, but was essentially a record of the work done by the Institute. The Examination Papers were of value to students and teachers, and, moreover, were watched with interest by many employers; they were published and sold in yearly sets. The Officers mentioned that many subjects were dealt with in the Journal which were subjects of correspondence with the Fellows and Associates.It was essential that all members should be kept informed of what the Institute was doing, and the Journal and Proceedings constituted the means by which this was done. It was suggested (c) that the Journal might be improved by the introduction of an editorial on some controversial subject OY by inviting letters intended for Publication. Books might not merely be noted, but might be reviewed. The Council might be asked to consider these suggestions. It was pointed out, however, that the policy of the Council was not to recommend any books as particularly suitable for students, and reviews might go counter to this policy. The contents of the books were indicated in the notice in the Journal.276 It was agreed that the reports of Local Section meetings had been much improved since the last conference. The general opinion of the conference was that the Journal fulfilled a useful purpose and should not be discontinued, but that the Institute should, if possible, increase the number of lectures published and distributed. It was agreed to ask the Council to supply Honorary Secre- taries of Local Sections with bound copies of the Journal at the end of each year, in addition to cases for keeping current numbers. (6) CONSTITUTION OF THE COUNCIL.-It was suggested that the Chairmen of Local Sections should be ex-oflcio Members of the Council. It was pointed out that it was important to secure full representation not only of districts, but of all branches of chemical work.If, in addition to the present district members, there were 14 further representatives of Local Sections, the Council would be increased to 61, and this number was too large. It was agreed that the District Member should be in every case a member of the Committee of the corresponding Local Section. With reference to this matter, the anomaly of the present position with regard to the North-East Coast and Yorkshire district was mentioned, and it was agreed (d) that the Council be asked to give consideration to this matter, as had been done in the case of Scotland, where it uas proposed that Aberdeen and the North of Scotland should have a separate Member of Council.It was pointed out that the present constitution of the Council did, in fact, give a close approximation to proportional representation by districts. (7)REFRESHERCouRsEs.-Members of the Conference gave accounts of what was being done in th’e way of providing Refresher Courses in their respective areas. Such courses had been greatly appreciated. Attention had originally been called by the Institute to the need for such courses which linked up with the scheme initiated by the Board of Education for regular classes of instruction in branches of applied chemistry in the Technical Colleges in Lancashire and Yorkshire. (8) In considering the question whether an annual dinner or similar function (under the auspices of headquarters) should be held away from London, the conference learned that the Institute participated with twelve or more other societies in the Annual Dinner and Dance in London, and Local Sections in Birmingham, 276 Glasgow, Leeds, Manchester, Newcastle, and elsewhere held annual functions in which all chemists and others interested in chemistry and chemical industry participated.In view of the present tendency towards co-operation, doubts were expressed as to the advisability of increasing the number of functions limited to members of the Institute. If such functions were held, however, it was generally agreed that they should not be too “cheap,” because attempts to cheapen entertainments with a view to attracting the younger men had in almost every case proved unsuccessful.(9) PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS.-The question was raised as to whether there should not be a fixed minimum age below which the Council should not consider any request for exemption from preliminary examination. Local Committees were often asked by the Council to arrange for the interview of candidates for such exemption, and considered that whereas a person who had had a good secondary school education, but had merely failed to pass the requisite examination in certain subjects, might be treated leniently, it should be made more difficult for others to obtain exemption. It was resolved to recommend to the Council (e) that if a student had never attempted an approved preliminary examination, he should not ordinarily be considered for exemption unless he had reached the age of 25 years.The Officers outlined the steps which were being taken by the Council at the present time to deal with this problem. (10)RECRUITMENT AND ASSOCIATES.-A mem-OF STUDENTS ber suggested that steps should be taken towards initiating more effective means of recruiting Students and Associates. The conference was informed that advertisements were inserted in the technical press, stating the objects of the Institute and that the Regulations could be obtained on application to the Registrar ; also that, from time to time, copies of the Regulations were sent to the heads of the chemistry departments of the recognised colleges for distribution among chemical students. Individual members of the Institute also undoubtedly persuaded chemists to apply for admission; but it did not appear to be likely that the Council would utilise propaganda other than that usually adopted by professional institutions.The majority of new members applied for admission out of esprit-de-corps and in order to reap advantage of the collective prestige of the Institute, and it was felt that the best method of propaganda was to continue to do solid work for the profession. The Institute was widely known,- partly because of the assistance it gave to members of the public who sought information on scientific education and many other matters relating to the profession. (11)A short discussion took place with regard to the Appoint- ments Register.The Officers thanked the Honorary Secretaries for calling their attention to vacancies notified in the provincial press and invited any criticisms or suggestions with regard to the administration of the Appoint men t s Register. The Conference met at 10a.m. and continued until 4 p.m., with an adjournment for luncheon. At the conclusion a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Leonard for presiding. The above report was submitted to the Council of the Institute at the meeting held on 29th June. The suggestions under Section (z), relating to Local Section Meetings-(a) ; under Section (3), relating to Memorial Lectures-@) ; and under Section (4), relating to the Decimal System, were referred back to the Honorary Secretaries, to be brought to the notice of their respective Committees.The suggestion under Section (5), re-lating to the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS-(C)-WaS referred to the Publications Committee. The suggestion contained in Section (6)-namely (d), that steps be taken to provide for the election of an additional Member of Council for the North East Coast and Yorkshire-was not adopted. With regard to Section (8) it was contemplated that the Institute might hold a celebra-tion in 1g35,-being the 50th year since the grant of the Royal Charter. The proposal contained in Section (g), referring to the exemption of Candidates from passing a preliminary examina- tion-(e)-was referred to the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Commit tee.The President and Council expressed their appreciation of the report, which was referred to the Publications Committee for incorporation in the next Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 278 The Place of Chemistry in General Education up to the age of 16 Years. CONTINUINGthe consideration of the place of chemistry in general education, the Council, at a meeting held on 29th June, had before it further opinions which had been received from Fellows and Associates of the Institute since the Conference held on 26th January last. (See JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, pages 116et sep.) Dr. James Bruce, Technical College, Huddersfield, in his communication on the subject, said that he regarded chemistry as of great interest and value in general education, although the full extent of this interest and value could be attained only by a course of study passing far beyond the limits of the school years.No satisfactory specialised knowledge of any branch of science could be given at school: the curriculum was too crowded and the pupils were too young. The attempt resulted only in the exclusion of other branches of knowledge that were equally important. The tendency had long prevailed to begin to specialise too soon. This entailed special disadvantages .in the case of chemistry which required a certain maturity of mind, and depended on a due appreciation of the value of experiment. Education should aim at a complete correlation of the individual to life. Where chemistry was taught without physics, or physics without chemistry, and biological subjects without either, students who proceeded to a scientific career might have these defects remedied to some extent later, but in other cases, the study of such special science subjects usually ended with a school examination, and for the purpose of general education u7as of doubtful utility.Yet some knowledge of science should be possessed by all who claimed to be educated. The need for it had grown with the increasing applications of science to life and its environment, It should not be confined to chemistry or physics: it should be more general and comprehensive, and should aim, in the first place, for purposes of general education, at a wide though neces- sarily elementary knowledge of the material world.It should 279 include the elements of physics and of chemistry, and also of biology, geology and astronomy, and convey some measure of sympathetic understanding of the universe, some comprehension of scientific truth and of the order of nature. Specialised training in chemistry for any branch of the profession would have greater efficiency after such preparatory work. Mr. Lewis Eynon, Member of Council, inclined to the view expressed by the majority of the members at the Conference held on 26th January, that training in general science should take precedence of chemistry. He appreciated the danger of “too soft mental stuff” which had been mentioned by Professor Clemo, but thought that this danger could be avoided in an elementary course of general science.Mr. E. C. Gifford, suggested the consideration of the applica- tion of methods adopted by the Institute of Industrial Psychology for estimating the intelligence of children, and for determining their education and subsequent training. He stressed the importance of Scriptural instruction in general education. Dr. P. F. Gordon, Technical College, Coatbridge (formerly of Royal Technical College, Glasgow), Member of Council, who has had opportunities of studying the various types of education represented by students preparing for the Associateship of the Institute, said that, for the pre-matriculation chemistry which was taught in schools, he had no admiration.From his experi- ence of students with and without school chemistry, he would prefer those without,provided that their general education were otherwise of matriculation standard. Unless the pupils at school were old enough to be taught chemistry, including laboratory work, thoroughly and systemati- cally from the outset, the teacher was obliged to “skip” and to “skim” over sections, picking tit-bits from the surface. The pupil thought that he knew this work, but when disillusion came to him at college, his interest and enthusiasm waned. Until the pupil was intellectually mature enough to undergo such specialised rigorous and systematic training, his “science” work should be selected from all branches. Physics was essential, and he would include biology, geology and astronomy.He believed that, in the teaching of natural science to young pupils, almost as much depended upon the teacher as upon the branch of science selected; and, with pupils under 16 years of age, it would be better to adhere to the general title “Science.” 280 Mr. J. A. Lauwerys, Lecturer and Tutor in Methods of Science, University of London Institute of Education, emphasised that the problem concerned not only the secondary schools but also the senior and central schools, that the great majority of pupils left school either at 14or 16, and that only a few would hope to earn their living as chemists or physicists. Since direct vocational education was thus out of the question, the problem was to plan a course of instruction in science which would enrich the pupil’s store of information, broaden his interests and inculcate a sense of law and a sense of fact, It should help him towards an understanding of scientific method, and it should not cramp the intellectual development of those who would later specialise, but it should give them a solid founda- tion on which further progress might be based.There was general agreement on these aims, but disagreement as to how they should be attained. Some urged that “worth-while” know- ledge and a solid foundation could only be acquired by restricting the work to one particular science. Mr. Lauwerys favoured the view that a solid foundation need not be narrow, and urged the claims of “General Science.” A chemist would be a better chemist if he were familiar with the problems of physics and biology, and in judging the allocation of time between physics and chemistry, it would be obvious that much foundation work was of equal importance to both subjects, e.g., the gas laws, capillarity, osmosis, etc.The evils of specialisation were by no means exaggerated. He had found among his students (Honours-Chemistry graduates) quite a number who were unable to teach elementary physics really efficiently. If it were decided to teach general science, the courses of study should not be a medley, but should be unified by being grouped round central concepts; they should involve hard intellectual work and should be planned so as to make proper allowance for individual laboratory work, although much time might be saved by making greater use of demonstrations, as was done in Germany for instance.Too much attention was concentrated on syllabuses: educa- tional problems were not solved by the publication of these, however excellent. He stressed the importance of the method of teaching, and in comparison with this, suggested that problems regarding the content of the courses-such as whether the atomic theory should be included-were mere matters of detail. It was easier to teach chemistry to an undergraduate student ignorant 281 of this subject, but who had been taught physics really well, than to one who had been taught both subjects badly. In senior and central schools, physical sciences were best presented as a study of the ways in which man obtained energy by the utilisation of natural forces (physics), and of the ways in which man obtained materials from the earth’s crust (chemistry).Both were of equal importance, and the work in chemistry might consist of a short examination of the chemistry of air, water, earth and metals. The work would be largely qualitative in character, though quantitative considerations would also occur. Much more use might be made of the “Topic Blethod,” in which no attempt was made to separate the sciences but the work was grouped round the study of a particular process or application of science-(eg. a steam engine, or a heating system). In secondary schools, more quantitative work could be attempted, though very little formal chemistry should be taught at the pre-school certificate stage.Boys of 15 and 16 often lost interest in chemistry owing to their being taught purely logical, formal and detailed “stuff.” Accuracy and observation could not be taught, although ideals could be instilled. Practical recognition of this fact might help to utilise more efficiently the shorter time which would be available for chemistry when the wider curriculum now suggested began to be senerally adopted. Mr. Lauwerys found himself in agreement with Mr. E. G. Savage, H.M. Inspector, Board of Education. In his view the suggestions put forward by the Panel of Investigators, if applied in a broad, reasonable and progressive spirit, could do nothing but good.The ultimate result would be to raise the level of the science in this country and thus help, rather than hinder, the production of skilled and efficient chemists. Mr. C. Pask Matthews, Headmaster, Bourne Grammar School, Lincolnshire, wrote that the consideration of the place of chemistry in general education depended upon what was the real purpose of science teaching in schools-whether it was the crowding into the pupil of the maximum number of facts that might be useful at some time or other, or the development of accurate thought, the power of generalisation based upon precise measurement, combined with ability to criticise evidence and to assess it at its true value. There never was a time when the rising generation needed the latter so vitally, while the Press, the 282 wireless, and the cinema forced upon them ready-made con- clusions on every conceivable subject.A large percentage of those receiving general education had no intention of pursuing science as a profession, and, therefore, the special needs of the few could hardly be regarded as “general.” The facts of science were soon forgotten by most pupils, because they did not make regular use of them. The main purpose, therefore, should be to produce the “habit of mind ” that only the study of science could produce. The lack of this was apparent in all those whose education had been wholly on literary lines. The accepted method of science teaching to-day was to lay a foundation almost wholly experimental, so that sufficient facts were available.These facts were built into generalisa- tions, first of a simple character requiring little co-ordination, and later into more complete explanations as laws of nature, the exceptional cases forming the material for developing the critical faculty. Biology did not even offer the first stage of experi-ment; for although laboratory work in simple botany might be successfully attempted, the anatomy and physiology of animals did not lend itself to experimental work in schools, to give more than very imperfect illustration of the principles it was desired to teach. There were strong reasons against the dissection of animals as a method of school education, but if the facts, apart from the method, of biology were so well worth while to inculcate a knowledge of life, surely a suitable course in human physiology would form more profitable instruction; but, at best, it was instruction, not education.Physics, on the other hand, was a good subject, for it provided unbounded opportunities for experiment, and the principles and laws established were simple to understand, and universal in their application. The notion of reducing the work in chemistry to the position of the mere handmaid of biology and physics was a thoroughly false one; for chemistry was the ideal school subject as it fulfilled the aim of science teaching more completely than any other. It had a wide and varied field of experimental work involving close observation and measurement, laws and generalisations, only to be established on a basis of accurate thought, and, what was most important of all, exceptional cases which prevented too hasty generalisation.Generalisations in physics were quickly reached and were usually true from the scholar’s point of view. Chemistry, however, from the exceptional behaviour of particular sub- 283 stances, called for logical thought, more difficult because more critical, and it was this careful weighing of evidence and com- parison of detail that was its special contribution to education, and for it no other subject was a substitute. This rendered it more difficult than other sciences, but, if properly approached, not too difficult from the age of 14 upwards.Scrappy and in- formative, rather than educative subjects, such as the proposed science syllabus, were the true cause of the criticism levelled at the superficial nature of modern education : nothing was pursued sufficiently far to achieve a worthy end. Mr. J. H. Naylor, Cockburn High School, Leeds, wrote heading his letter with the quotation-" Number and proportion, weight and measure are the law of the kingdom of things." Mathematics, mechanics, physics and chemistry-he said-all come to the mind, when we consider this kingdom. Never did the chemist get away from the law of number and proportion, from weight and measure. This very exactness of study and this insight into the atomic structure of things of everyday use made chemistry not only an excellent training but also a sheer delight.It was equally a noble science for girls as well as for boys; for girls who would have to earn their own living no science was better suited. Unless boys and girls possessed a sound knowledge of the fundamental science of chemistry, only the descriptive side of biology could be studied. The development of true scientific methods of thought could be much better achieved through chemistry than through biology. Biology had one great weak- ness-it gave no training on the quantitative side of things. Biology was easier to learn, but this could hardly be considered as a virtue. He saw no reason why boys from twelve years of age should not start the study of chemistry and continue it as long as they remained at school.Professor Robert Robinson, F.R.S., Member of Council,-who was unavoidably absent from the meeting-wrote that he had views on the subject, but he would not press them against the considered opinions of those who had devoted life-long thought and disinterested study to the question of the position of science, and of the relative merits of the different sciences, in school education. Mr. P. L. J. Smith, Senior Science Master, Loretto School, expressed the opinion that the curtailing of time given to chemistry 284 in favour of a purely descriptive subject, such as biology, which after all was so dependent for its correct study upon a grasp of chemical principles, would be detrimental to the scientific training of boys or girls up to the age of 16.The study of chemistry properly pursued,-not for its isolated facts, but as a rigid mental training,-supplied a mental discipline which could not be obtained even from elementary physics of School Certificate standard; for frequently, in the latter subject, the boy’s mathematical powers were not adequate to cope with the difficulties. In chemistry, however, at least in its elementary stages, the extent of the mathematics required was not so great. Pupils should be examined in practical chemistry, the examiners themselves should be present, and should set the questions on work covered in the particular school. This was the method adopted by the Scottish Education Department with very good results.In his opinion, the real test of clear thinking in chemistry was to be found in the laboratory. Mr. J. A. Stevenson, Science Master, Selhurst Grammar School, insisted that the schools should teach fundamentals. All were agreed that science should be taught in schools, but this could not be accomplished without chemistry, physics and mathe- matics. From the point of view of examination results, chemistry was not too popular with headmasters, who were inclined to judge a subject from its examination-success possibilities, which they felt justified in doing as the “business heads” of the schools. As a teacher of chemistry in secondary and evening schools for over 20 years, he considered the School Certificate Examinations in chemistry were too academic ; the questions were vague and wordy, and little stress was laid on everyday applications of the science.They should be more straightforward than they were at present, and should definitely deal with domestic and familiar aspects of chemical science. The teachers should try to put a living interest into the subject. In industry,-he said-chemical products, substances, were basic to all manufactures, as chemistry, the science of substance, was basic to all scientific knowledge. There was a danger of the subject being “cold shouldered” in the schools with great loss to national progress in scientific knowledge. Since chemistry was fundamental, he asked how far could biology be usefully taught without a reasonable knowledge of chemistry ? How many boys would feel, later on, that the school has “let them down”? They would have to acquire slowly and painfully 285 elementary knowledge that could and should have been given at school.To summarise briefly, he advocated-Retain chemistry; make it less abstract; teach (at school) fundamental subjects. Dr. E. Vanstone, Seale-Hayne Agricultural College, Member of Council, said that fifteen years’ experience in an agricultural college had shown him that most students from public and secondary schools who came to take up agriculture had failed to acquire a knowledge of elementary chemistry and had no know- ledge of biology. He was in agreement with the proposal to make elementary science, including biology, compulsory for the School Certificate, and formal chemistry an optional science subject. Such a change might lead to a better realisation of the necessity for a knowledge of chemistry in matters of health and nutrition.It might, however, lead to a demand for more teachers of biology, with a result that there might be fewer students taking chemistry for degree courses. Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Huddersfield Technical College, Member of Council, asked that he might supplement what he had said at the first conference. He had thought a great deal about the matter in the meantime, and felt that he must emphasise his support of the views of Professor Clemo. He thought that the majority of those who supported the ideas of the Panel of Investigators were idealists who as trained chemists themselves did not realise the position of boys prior to a scientific training.Experience of life had also determined and biassed the attitude of these idealists, which was not necessarily correct, and quite wrong in the speaker’s opinion. He felt that the substitution of biology for chemistry would take away or reduce the value of the mental training of the pupil. The point had been stressed that only 5 per cent. of boys and girls went to the Universities; so that for the 95 per cent. the only quantitative training they might get was in the chemistry they did at school, an important point made by Prof. Clemo. At Huddersfield, however, 500 students (largely of the 95 per cent.) were attending the Technical College in the Chemical Department alone, and similar institutions all over the country were trying to do something for the 95 per cent.Whether boys wished to earn their living at chemistry or not they should begin the study with practical work at the earliest possible stage, because it taught them to think and use their hands. Postponement of practical work tended to decrease the zest for it and to increase reliance upon memory. 286 He had been much impressed with the contribution from Mr. Pask Matthews. Even Honours graduates when they came to do post-graduate work of any importance had much to learn in laboratory technique. Finally, Dr. Hodgson reminded the Council that in rgoo, or thereabouts, the University of London had general elementary science among its compulsory subjects for matriculation, but had long since discarded it.He agreed with what Mr. Butterfield had said in January regarding languages, and felt that students could not be satisfactorily educated in a pot-po.urri of science any more than in a pot-pourri of languages. What was called a broad foundation was too vague to be really useful. Mr. Frank Southerden said that the discussion was most interesting and valuable. However, it appeared to him that the main points were (I) the relative amount of time to be devoted to chemistry in the school curriculum of all boys and girls up to 16, and (2)the desirability of substituting compulsory General Science for Chemistry or Physics or Biology aZone up to that age; and he felt that it might not be the business of the Institute to express an opinion on either of these points unless it was within the power conferred by Royal Charter--" to afford facilities for the better education and examination of persons desirous of qualifying, etc." Like Professor Robinson, he felt rather disposed to leave ;the matter with the schoolmasters.The Registrar, with the permission of the chair, said that he thought that the Institute, if it so wished, was entitled toexpress an opinion on the subject ; all professional -Chartered Bodies were concerned to safeguard the standard of general education for the professions. The Assistant Secretary remarked that it was a common experience that the chemist suffered owing to the ignorance of the man in the street of science in general, and of chemistry in particular.The question, therefore, as to what scientific subjects should form part of the curriculum of general education in schools was a matter of concern to the Institute. Mr. W. Roscoe Hardwick remarked that, speaking from his own experience when at school, he did not understand nor did he believe that the average schoolboy could understand the principles essential to chemistry as an educational subject. He felt strongly that elementary physics was of greater utility in the school curriculum. 287 The President said that he was anxious that early specialisation should be discouraged. He had been greatly interested in the correspondence and much impressed by the arguments of some of the schoolmasters, but he felt that the pupils, while at school, should gain as much general knowledge as possible.In any case, there should be no specialisation at 16 years of age. Dr. Levinstein concurred. He did not think that the teaching of chemistry or of any science subject should be emphasised in the school curriculum up to 16 years of age. Dr. Vanstone remarked that it was not intended to disregard chemistry: some chemistry would be retained in any case, and those who were promising chemistry students could take chemis- try as their optional subject. He hoped that biology would be added to the curriculum. Mr. T. F. E. Rhead said that, since he considered thatthe science of chemistry dealt with the foundations of our material well-being, he viewed with grave misgivings any move to reduce the quota of chemistry in the curriculum of the schools.However worthy might be the substituted sciences, there should be no mis- understanding as to the effect on chemistry of acquiescing in the proposals of the Panel of Investigators. By so doing, the pro- fession of chemistry would make a free gift to the other sciences of a proportion of its inheritance, which had taken several generations to build up. The chief function of education was to give suitable mental, moral and physical environment, in order to allow children in the best interests of society to reach the highest possible level of intellectual attainment.It was frequently admitted that not more than 5 per cent. of the boys and girls possessed brains of the ,first magnitude, and that from this small proportion came the great men and women who advanced civilisation. The remaining 95 per cent. did their best to follow up and consolidate their achievements. The brains were at their most impressionable age during youth, and ready to develop in this or that direction according to the influence of environment. Teaching played a major part in determining that environment, and it therefore followed that a reduction in time devoted to chemistry in the schools reduced proportionally the chances of attracting some of the 5 per cent. of the first-class brains to the profession, and it had none too many of them even now.Any reduction at the source of the flow of chemists with such brains into society, via the schools and universities, was not in the best interests of society 288 and would certainly be inimical to the profession of chemistry-While he agreed that a knowledge of biology was very desirable, he did not agree that it should be taught at the expense of chemistry. Dr. Gordon said that he would prefer the use of the single word “science ’’ in the school curriculum, rather than the use of “chemistry, physics and biology.’’ He would not use the word chemistry for “school” chemistry, or until it referred to a systema-tic and thorough course of real chemistry. Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield expressed the hope that whatever “general science” might include, some regard would be given to the quantitative aspect of the subject, and that the pupils would be trained in the use of the balance, to use their hands, to be observant, and to draw deductions-not simply to accumulate facts.The Council agreed that the further consideration of the subject be postponed until the October meeting. Dr. Gordon gave notice that he would then submit a motion, of which due notice would be given, expressing approval of the Report of the Panel of Investigators. In the meantime, it was agreed that, subject to the consent of those who had contributed to the discussion, the Publications Committee be requested to report thereon in the next Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.289 Local Sections. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The visits ar-ranged for members of the Section in March, April and May were very briefly mentioned in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111. The visit to the Research Laboratories of the General Electric Company at Wembley took place on 11th April. On arrival, each member participating in the visit was handed a complete guide to the various sections of the laboratories, and was invited to wander through them at will and ask the staff questions about any particular phase of the work in which he was interested. Many interesting features were thus made available. Mention must be made of an ingenious glass lathe for making large “glass to metal” and “glass to glass” joints, in which tubes up to 6” diameter could be welded together, and the latest developments in gas discharge lamps (hot cathode type), with which some arterial roads are being so successfully lighted.Demonstrations of analysis by X-ray diffraction methods, by spectroscopic methods, and by fluorescence in an ultra-violet- light cabinet, were given, the technique of all these methods having been adapted and improved to suit the particular needs of the industry which these laboratories so efficiently serve. The visit to the South-Eastern Agricultural College, at Wye, Kent, on 7th May, included a tour of the College buildings, including the chemical department, and inspection of the flori- cultural section, the agricultural machinery hall and the glass- houses of the horticultural department ; a short discourse and demonstration of soil sampling by Dr.Brade-Birks; a walk through the orchards, and a general view of the stock nurseries and market garden, tree nurseries and plantations; and visits to the National Poultry Institute, to Coldharbour Farm, to “Wye Field” for hop manurial experiments, and to the College playing fields. The party lunched at the King’s Head Hotel, and was kindly entertained to tea in the College Refectory. The London and South-Eastern Counties Section will hold a Supper-Dance at the Russell Hotel, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Friday, 26th October, at 8 p.m. (Tickets, 8s. single, 16s. double.) 290 The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held on Wednesday, zIst November, at the Institute, and will be followed by a demonstration of apparatus by members of the Section.Malaya.-Mr. James Shelton, Chairman of the Section, presided at a meeting held at the Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, on 14th May, when Mr. W. B. Wiegand, of the Binney CL Smith Co., New York, gave a lecture on his recent researches in rubber, in the course of which he discussed the Joule-Thompson effect and its bearing on the structure of rubber. Manchester and District.-The annual Summer Meeting of the Section was held on 9th June, in the beautiful grounds of the Marbury Hall Country Club, near Northwich. The members. enjoyed boating on the mere, golf, tennis, and bathing in the open-air pool (supplied with Northwich brine).The chairman, Mr. F. Scholefield, welcomed the guests, and Mrs. Scholefield presented prizes to the successful competitiors in the golf putting competition. The outing, which was greatly appreciated, concluded with dancing. On 18th July, a team of twelve golfing members of the Section played a match against a similar number of members of the local section of the Institution of the Rubber Industry. It is hoped to make this match an annual affair. 291 Notes. The Australian Chemical Institute, which received the grant of a Royal Charter in 1932, and has hitherto published its proceedings in The Chemical Engineering and Mining Review, has now decided to publish its own Journal and Proceedings, of which No.I of Vol. I is dated April, 1934. The Publications Committee consists of Sir David Onne Masson, K.B.E., F.R.S., Mr. W. R. Jewell and Mr. F. J. Watson. The Hon. Editor is Mr. G. A. Cook, who will be assisted by a Branch Editor in each State of the Commonwealth, on whom he will depend for regular monthly reports. The first Number of the new publication contains, inter alia, an extract from a letter dated 13th December, 1933, from the Honorary Solicitor of the Australian Institute, in answer to a request from that Institute for advice whether, under the Charter of Incorporation (1932), a member of the Institute could describe himself officially as a “ chartered chemist ” :-“I have carefully considered the matter, and it seems tc me that it is one of general principle only.I can find nG direct statutory provision either for or against the use of the word ‘chartered.’ In my opinion every member af the Australian Chemical Institute is entitled, if he so desires, to describe himself officially as a Chartered Chemist, by virtue of his membership of the Institute incorporated by Royal Charter. “The use of the word ‘chartered’ is merely an alternative way of saying that an individual is a member of the Australian Chemical Institute, incorporated by Royal Charter, in the same manner as certain public accountants . . . now describe themselves as being chartered accountants by virtue of their membership of an Institute of Accountants also incorporated by Royal Charter.“ I also direct your attention to the fact that the Australian Chemical Institute, now being incorporated by Royal Charter, could take out an injunction against any chemist who describes himself as a chartered chemist, if he is not a member of the Institute, as it is by virtue of the membership that he becomes entitled to use the description.” 292 It is mentioned, for the general information of members, that Council, at its meeting on 12th February, 1934,decided that it is permissible for any Fellow or Associate of the Australian Chemical Institute to refer to himself as a “chartered chemist.” In Great Britain and Ireland it has not yet been established that the members of Chartered professional bodies can adopt any specific title beyond those conferred by their respective Charters.The second Number of the publication contains an interesting article by Mr. A. E. Leighton on “Efficiency and Unemployment,” and particulars of a Fund which has been raised for a presentation to Dr. Thomas Cooksey, who has been Honorary Secretary of the Australian Institute since 1920. A Chemical Warfare Defence League has been formed as a non-party organisation of British residents in the British Isles to disseminate knowledge of self-defence against poison gas. (Secretary: Major D. Spurling, O.B.E., 147,Grosvenor Road, London, S.W.1.) The attention of members interested in the problem may be directed to an article entitled “The Truth about Poison Gas,” contributed to The Listener (Vol.11, No. 285, 27th June, 1934), by Major Paul Murphy, Fellow, who was formerly Director of Experiments of the Chemical Defence Experimental Station. The article has been followed by correspondence in subsequent numbers of the same journal. Legal.-In a case heard at Stockport County Court recently, a chemist, employed as assistant to a works manager, claimed from his employers three months’ salary in lieu of notice on the ground that, being a chemist, he was entitled to three months’ notice. The defendant company stated that he was employed as assistant to the works manager and only entitled to one month’s notice. The plaintiff contended that even though he were only assistant, which he denied, reasonable notice for a person of his qualifications, was three months.His Counsel quoted three cases in which it had been held that a chemist was entitled to three months’ notice; but Counsel for the defendants said that he was not concerned with the customary notice for chemists; the matter depended on the capacity in which the plaintiff was employed. Judge Burgis said that if the plaintiff had been engaged as a works manager and chemist, he would have accepted the view 293 that three months’ notice was due. The company had admitted liability to the extent of one month’s notice by paying a month’s salary into Court, and he gave the judgment to the plaintiff for that amount. From the above, it is important to note that when a chemist is engaged for his professional knowledge, skill and experience, he should ensure that his engagement as a chemist is made clear in his contract or agreement.Arbitration.-The Institute of Arbitrators has directed the attention of the Council of the Institute to the recent amendment of the law relating to Arbitration. In March, 1926, the Lord High Chancellor appointed a Committee under the Chairmanship of Mr. Justice MacKinnon, “to consider and report whether any, and if so, what alterations are desirable in the law relating to Arbitration, and in particular to submissions, arbitrations and awards made or held in England and Wales, or the law relating to the effect given in England and Wales to submissions, arbitrations and awards made elsewhere.” In 1927the Committee duly reported to the Lord Chancellor, but the matter was left in abeyance by successive Governments, and no steps were taken to give statutory effect to the snggestions made by the Committee.In November last, the matter was reconsidered by the Institute of Arbitrators, and a question was asked in the House of Lords by Lord Askwith, President of that Institute, with the result that the Lord Chancellor practically challenged him to produce a Bill, stating, at the same time, that, although the Government could not guarantee to give any special facilities, it should have favourable consideration. The Bill was drafted by a Committee of the Institute of Arbitrators and introduced into the House of Lords early in February this year.It has since passed both Houses, and received the Royal Assent in May. It will be cited as the Arbitration Act, 1934, will come into operation on 1st January, 1935, and will be construed as one with the Arbitration Act, 1889. That Act, the Arbitration Clauses (Protocol) Act, 1924, and the Arbitration (Foreign Awards) Act, 1930, are all to be cited together as the Arbitration Acts, 1889 to 1934. The text of the new Act is set out in full in the June issue of the Journal of the Institztte of Arbitrators, which also contains an 294 explanatory article by Mr. W. T. Cresswell, K.C., dealing with the changes in the law effected thereby. This article gives a brief summary of the main amendments, which deal principally with the effect upon an arbitration agreement of the death or bankruptcy of parties or the removal of arbitrators and umpires .or the revocation of their appointment.The Act is intended to remedy certain deficiencies in the existing law, and to expedite proceedings. Power is granted to arbitrators or umpires to order specific performance of contracts and to make interim awards. It further provides that the Court shall have power to make orders in certain matters, as it has in relation to an action or matter in the Court, and deals with cases of interpleader or statement of special cases, and with judgments of the Court. Interest is to be allowed on a sum granted by award at the same rate as on a judgment debt, and provisions are made as to costs and the taxation of fees.Relief may be granted where an arbitrator is not impartial or where a dispute involves a question of fraud. The statutes of Limitations are made to apply to the time for commencing arbitration proceedings under the principal Act and under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894, and the method of serving notices is specified. The new Act does not apply to Scotland or Northern Ireland, but is applicable to arbitrations except in so far as it is inconsistent with any other Act or with any rules or procedure authorised or recognised thereby; the provisions which do not so apply are set out in the second schedule. British Association €orthe Advancement of Science.-The Annual Meeting of the British Association will be held at Aberdeen, from 5th to 12th September, under the presidency of Sir James Jeans, F.R.S.The President of Section B (Chemistry) is Professor T. M. Lowry, C.B.E., F.R.S., who will address the Section on “Physical Methods in Chemistry.” The principal topics for discussion in the Section are-Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C), the Physical and Chemical Properties of Heavy Hydrogen (to be considered at a joint meeting with the Section of Physics) and the Chemistry of Milk (at a joint meeting with the Agricultural Section). Scientific Management.-Arrangements are in progress for the Sixth International Congress for Scientific Management to be held in London in July, 1935,under the patronage of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. The meetings will be held in the Central Hall, Westminster, and at the halls of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.At least 600 delegates are expected from abroad, and arrange- ments are being made for visits to factories, farms, and institu- tions. An Evening Reception will be held in the Guildhall of the City of London, upon the invitation of the Court of Common Council. Papers will be read by the managing directors in a wide range of industries, and by merchants, prominent agriculturalists and representatives of leading women’s organisations. The Congress is being supported financially by a large number of industrial companies and public institutions. Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., is Chairman of the Organising Committee of the Congress; Sir Christopher Clayton, M.P., Past President of the Institute, and Sir Robert Hadfield, F.R.S., are.also members of the Executive Committee, and Mr. William Rintoul, Member of Council, is the representative of the Institute on the Council of the Congress. Particulars can be obtained from Mr. H. Ward, M.Sc., Fellow Secretary, International Congress for Scientific Management, 21 Tothill Street, London, S.W.I. On 4th July, at 14, Buckingham Street, London, W.1, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, P.R.S., unveiled a plaque as a memorial to William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828). Dr. Richard Charles Bowden, Fellow, has been appointed Superintendent of the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey. Professor Herbert Edmeston Watson, FeZZow, who previously held the appointment of Professor of General Chemistry at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, has been appointed to the Ramsay Chair of Chemical Engineering at University College, London.The Library of the Chemical Society will be closed from Monday, 6th August until Saturday, 18th August inclusive, and also on each evening at 5 o’clock from 20th August to 15th September. 296 Obituary. HARRY AITKENdied on 23rd March in his 29th ARTHUR ASHWELL year. Educated at Otago Boys’ High School, he gained a Scholarship and studied from 1924 to 1927 at Otago University, where he obtained the degree of M.Sc. with honours in chemistry. He continued at the Univer- sity, working under a Smeaton and a National Research Scholarship until 1929, devoting his attention, in the first instance, to essential oils and, in the second, to the sulphur content of grass pastures. In 1930, he worked at the New Zealand Medical School on the microchemical estima- tion of iodine in relation to goitre problems.In the following year, he was appointed chemist to the New Zealand Branch of the British Empire Cancer Campaign, in which capacity he was engaged in the study of serum enzymes; and in 1932, he worked in the Department of Medical Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh. In 1933, he passed an Ex- amination for the Fellowship of the Institute in Biochemistry, with special reference to Proteins, but shortly after suffered a breakdown in health from which he did not recover. His work was published mainly in The Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, The Biochemical Journal, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, and The Journal of Hygiene.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1929, and a Fellow, in 1933. ROBERTMARTIN CAVENdied at Glasgow, on the 16th July, in his 65th year. The son of the Rev. R. Caven, he was educated at Wyggeston Boys’ High School, Leicester, and from 1886-1890 was engaged with a wholesale chemist in that city, before entering University College, Notting- ham, where he studied under Clowes, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1892. In the following year, he became assistant to Dr. Alfred Hill, City Analyst for Birmingham, with whom he remained until 1895, when he was appointed demonstrator of analytical chemistry and lecturer in inorganic and physical chemistry at University College, Nottingham.He proceeded to the Degree of D.Sc. (Lond.) in 1902. In 1919, he was appointed Principal of the Technical College, Darling- ton, and, in the following year, Professor of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow. He contributed many papers to the Journals of the Chemical Society and to the Society of Chemical Industry, and was the joint author with Dr. G. D. Lander of “Systematic Inorganic Chemistry’’ (1906). He was the author of-“Systematic Qualitative Analysis” (1909); “A Short System of Qualitative Analysis” (1917); “Carbon and its Allies”-Vol. V of a textbook of Inorganic Chemistry, edited by Dr.J. Newton Friend- (1918); “The Foundations of Chemical Theory” (1920) ; “Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Part I (1923), Part I1 (1925); “Gas and Gases” (1926); and “Symbols and Formulae in Chemistry”-jointly with Dr. J. A. Cranston-(1928). He was also General Editor of Blackie’s Manuals of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 297 In March, 1933, on the occasion of the celebration of the bi-centenary of the birth of Joseph Priestley, Professor Caven was chosen t~o delivcr a lecture before the Institute. This lecture, which was entitled “JosephPriestley : 1733-1804,” and was subsequently published, was an admirable example of the attractive manner of his lecturing and the clarity of his discourse. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1893 and a Fellow in 1897.He had served as a Member of Council since March, 1932, and was Chairman of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section. At the funeral, the Institute was represented by Mr. Hugh Findlay, Vice-chairman of the Section, and six members of the Committee of the Section. The deat’h has recently been reported of Mr. THOMAS HUGHES,of Cardiff, which occurred on 9th December, 1933, in his 75th year. He obtained his professional education at the Royal School of Mines and at the University at Zurich. He established a practice as a consulting and analytical chemist in Cardiff, and was, for many years, public analyst for that city and other boroughs. He was elected a fellow of this Institute in 1888.MALCOLMERIC GIRLINU NORRIS died in Greece, on the 28th June, in his 30th year. He was educated at Whitgift Grammar School, Croydon, and at Christ’s Hospital. In 1923, he joined the staff of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., Ltd., with whom he continued until his death. He studied at the Chelsea Polytechnic and graduated with honours in chemistry in the “Special” Internal Examination for B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1927, in which year he was elected an Associate of the Institute. JAMES SCHOFIELDALEXANDER died at Sydney, New South Wales, on 31st May, in his 65th year. Educated, from 1877 to 1886, at Dulwich College, London, he gained a National Scholarship under the Science and Art Department, and studied at the Royal College of Science and the Royal School of Mines, where he obtained the Diploma of A.R.S.M.in metallurgy in 1889. In 1887, he was also awarded a Royal Scholarship. In 1891, on the recommendation of Professor-later Sir-Edward Thorpe,he was appointed demonstrator in chemistry in the University of Sydney.In 1895, he was also appointed demonstrator in assaying in the Mining School of the University, and in 1899, one of the lecturers in chemistry, in succession to Professor Liversidge, whom he subsequently succeeded as professor. He retired in 1926. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1901. ALFREDWALTER STOKES died at Haverstock Hill, London, on the 24th July, aged 86 years. He studied under Williamson at University College, London, and under Huxley and Tyndall at the Royal School of Mines, and became assistant to Sir Thomas Stevenson at Guy’s Hospital, with whom he remained for seven years.He was public analyst to the Metropolitan Boroughs of Paddington, Hampstead, and Bethnal Green, and held those appointments for over 45 years. He contributed papers on dairy products to The Analyst, and various articles relating to food to a number of other journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. 298 WILLIAMFRANCISJOHNWOODdied at Barnsley, on 26th June, in his 58th year. On leaving school in 1892, he entered his father’s glass works, but in the following year entered the laboratory of Mr. F. W. Richardson Fellow, with whom he remained as pupil and assistant until 1897, at the same time keeping in touch with the glass works at Barnsley, and preparing for matriculation.From 1897 to 1899, while still with Mr. Richardson, he attended University College, Sheffield, and Leeds University, and in December, 1899, obtained the degree of B.Sc. (Lond.). He then spent about six months in glass works at Baccarat in France, and on his return, continued in his father’s business, and for three years taught physics and electrical engineering at the Barnsley Technical School. From 1909, he was managing director and responsible head of Rylands Glass and Engineer- ing Co., Ltd., Tomlinson & Co., Ltd., and Wood Bros. Glass Co., Ltd., and from 1913 of the Derby Crown Glass Co., Ltd., and thus was connected with the manufacture of every kind of glass except table and ornamentaI glass, and window glass.During the war he was in close collaboration with the Glass Research Committee of the Institute, and rendered very valuable service to the country in the supply of glass of various kinds which had hitherto been imported from the Continent, and was Chairman of the British Chemical Ware Manufacturers Association. In recognition of these services, he was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. He was a Past-President of the Society of Glass ’Technology and a Justice of the Peace for Barnsley. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. 299 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented to the Institute by the Authors or Publishers and may be seen in the Library :-‘I Absorption Spectrophotometry, The Practice of (with Hilger Instruments): An introduction to the Theory of the Subject, and Guide to the Technique of Absorption Measurement in the Visible, Ultra-violet, and Infra-red Regions of the Spectrum.” F.Twyman, F.R.S., and C. B. Allsopp. Second Edition. Pp. 140. (London: Adam Hilger, Ltd.). 3s. 6d. Part I. Absorption Spectra and their applications. Part 11. Technique of Absorption Spectroscopy. Electronic Structure and Properties of Matter : An Intro- ductory Study of certain Properties of Matter in the Light of Atomic Numbers.” C. H. Douglas Clark. Volume I of a Comprehensive Treatise of Atomic and Molecular Structure. Pp. xxvi + 374.(London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 21s. Part I. General Introduction; the classification of the elements; the classification of atomic electrons ; line spectra and multiplicity ; the transitional and rare earth elements ;valency and chemical combination. Part 11. Physical Properties and Molecular Constitution; melting- points and boiling-points; atomic and molecular volumes ; atomic and ionic radii; electrical conductivity; magnetic susceptibility ; atomic magnetic moments ; cohesional and other properties; Tables ; Symbols;Abbreviations; Indexes. ‘‘ Higher Control. A Manual for Company Directors, Secretaries and Accountants.” T. G. Rose; Foreword by A. H. Pollen. Pp. xvi + 269. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 12s. 6d.The problem of industrial control; the basis of comparison; statistical arrangement and its importance in control; how a control is built up; the theory of higher control; the business position; the trading position; the Gnancial position; control reports; higher control in retail distri- bution; works control; the uses of higher control. Appendix. Charts. Index. “Plant Biochemistry, An Introduction to.” Catherine Cassels Steele. Pp. viii + 356. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 15s. net. An introductory account of the chemical nature and relationship of the substances elaborated by plants. The chemical composition of plants ; the colloid state; alcohols, fatty acids, fats and oils; aldehydes, ketones and carbohydrates; plant acids; proteins and related compounds; cyclic compounds ; plant metabolism.Bibliography. Indexes. 300 “X-Rays and Electrons, The Diffraction of, by Amorphous Solids, Liquids, and Gases.” J. T. Randall. Pp. xii + 290. (London: Chapman gi Hall, Ltd.) 21s. Survey :Elementary principles of X-ray crystallography ;the diffraction of X-rays by minute crystals: physical theory; the diffraction of X-rays and electrons by gases and vapours; the diffraction of X-rays (and electrons) by liquids ; some important examples of amorphous and microcrystalline solids ; the structure of organic fibres ; X-rays, electrons, and surface structure; the transition from solid to liquid; isotropic and anisotropic melts. Appendices I and 11. From the Editor of The Ifidustrial Chemist, the Institute has received a copy of “A Summary of Food Laws and Regulations,” by C. L.Hinton. Pp. vi+go. (London: The Nema Press, Ltd.) zrs. Milk products and cheese; biscuits, cakes, pastry, etc. ; sugar confec- tionery; cocoa and chocolate; jams, preserves and jellies; canned fruits and vegetables; canned and potted meats; pickles, sauces, etc. ; non-alcoholic beverages, labelling ; preservatives ; colouring matters. Food Legislation of the United Kingdom as affecting the manufacture of foods. Standards for Jam of the Food Manufacturers’ Federation. Tables and Indexes. Alkali, &c., Works.-The 70th Annual Report on Alkali, &c., Works, by the Chief Inspectors, dealing with the proceedings during the year 1933 has recently been published-(H.M. Stationery Office, gd.net)-and contains references to many industries and processes with which the inspectors have been concerned, The British Standards Institution has recently pub- lished the following specifications :-No. 556-1934. Cement Concrete Cylindrical Pipes and Tubes. (Not Reinforced.) No. 558-1934. Nickel Anodes (for electroplating). No. 560-1934. Engineering Symbols and Abbreviations. A Corrigendum has been received for 407-1931: Phosphor Bronze Sheets and Strip, and an Addendum, for 526-1933: Gross and Net Calorific Value. Industrial Accidents.-The Home Office publishes (quar- terly) ‘‘ Descriptions of Accidents ” notified to H.M. Inspectors of Factories. (H.M. Stationery Office: 3d.net). The pamphlet, issued on 1st July, contains, inter aha, reports on-acid leakage from an earthenware cock, explosions in metal foundries, an explosion at a suction-gas plant, explosion of a gas cooler, explosion in a petrol tank wagon, a dangerous method 301 of cleaning dirty spirit, and various cases of “gassing.” With the same issue is enclosed the Index to Volumes I to IV in which there are references to many accidents of interest to chemists, as well as to engineers: the Index, in fact, shows how great a variety of accidents is covered by these reports which should be studied by works managers and others in control of plant. The reports also embody the precautions recommended by the Inspectors, or devised by the employers, against repetition of accidents.Lancastrian Frankland Society.-The first Frankland Memorial Oration of the Lancastrian Frankland Society, which was delivered at Lancaster by Professor H. E. Armstrong, F.R.S., an 18th January, was published in the Journal of the Society af Chemical Industry, 25th May, Vol. LIII, No. 21, pp. 459-466. Joseph Priestley .-Mr. W. Cameron Walker, Associate, has contributed to the Proceedings of the Leeds Philosophical Society (Scientific Section), Vol. 11, Part 11, pp. 549-559-a paper entitled “A Portrait of Joseph Priestley and some of its Associations,” A copy of the portrait, the history of which has been traced, is printed with the paper, showing Priestley, at about 30 years of age, when he was teaching at Warrington Academy.It is now in the possession of a granddaughter of hfrs. Bilbrough (nbe Ellen Priestley : 1791-1865), whose relation- ship to Joseph Priestley is illustrated in a genealogical chart appended to the paper. Mr. Cameron Walker has also contributed to Isis (KO.60, 1’01. XXI, I, April, 1934)a paper entitled “The Beginnings of the Scientific Career of Joseph Priestley ” (St. Catherine Press, Ltd., 51, Rue du Tram, Bruges, Belgium). Mr. Ronald Martineau Dixon of Thearne has contributed to the Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 11, No. 5, May, 1934, a paper entitled “Did Priestley resign his Fellowship of the Royal Society? ” Many writers had differed on the question; but Mr. Winckworth, Assistant Secretary of the Royal Society, in reply to an enquiry addressed to him by Mr.Dixon in June, 1933, said that “so far as our records show” (Priestley) “re- mained a Fellow until his death in 1804.” The Royal Statistical Society announces the publication of Vol. I, No. I, 1934,of the Supplement to its Journal dealing with Industrial and Agricultural Research. (Particulars can be obtained from the Assistant Secretary, Royal Statistical 302 Society,. g, Adelphi Terrace, London, W.C.2. Enquiries to be marked I.A.R.S.) The Science Museum.-The Report of the Advisory Council of the Science hruseum for 1933 has recently been published (H.M. Stationery Office, gd. net.). The Report contains a portrait of Sir Henry Lyons, F.R.S., who retired, in October last, from the position of Director and Secretary of the Museum, which he had held since 1920.The increase in the usefulness and popularity of the Museum during his directorship is evidenced by the increase in the number of visitors, the yearly attendance having risen from about 400,000 to over 1,250,000. Sir Henry Lyons has been succeeded by Col. E. E. B. Mackintosh, D.S.O., late R.E. Much of the year’s work in Chemistry (Division IV) was devoted to the arrangements for the Plastic Materials Exhibition. The Report also records that Mrs. Alfred Chaston Chapman has presented a valuable collection of analytical apparatus. B.D.H. Reagents for Spot” Tests.-The British Drug Houses, Ltd., has published a third and enlarged edition of the B.D.H. Book of Reagents for “Spot” Tests and Delicate Analysis, containing particulars of the uses of sixty reagents.(2s. 6d. each, 2s. Iod. with postage, obtainable from the British Drug Houses, Ltd., Graham Street, City Road, London, N.I.) The same Company has introduced a “Spot” Test outfit, comprising the principal organic reagents used for the detection of various metallic ions and acid radicles (Lz 7s. 6d.). Ilford, Ltd. have forwarded a brochure entitled “Photo-graphy as an Aid to Scientific Work,” containing a list of photographic materials, including products which do not normally appear in price lists. R.E.F.U.T.A.S. Viscosity-Temperature Chart.-Baird & Tatlock, Ltd., have now issued the R.E.F.U.T.A.S. Charts on thin paper in pads of 25 (12s.6d.per pad). See JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I, 1934,p. 77. United Steel Companies, Ltd.-In June, Lord Rutherford opened the new Central Research Department of the United Steel Companies, Ltd., at Stocksbridge, near Sheffield. A copyof a brochure containing a description of the Department by the Director, Dr. T. Swinden, with many illustrations of the laboratories, apparatus and machinery, has been received for the Library of the Institute. 303 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 29th June and 20th July, 1934,I new Fellow was elected, g Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 49 Associates were elected, and 13 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of 6 Fellows and I Associate.New Fellows. Rodd, Ernest Harry, D.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.I., D.I.C., Cranleigh, Moss Lane, Timperley, Cheshire. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Ackroyd, Herbert, M.Sc. (Leeds), 41, College Road, Isleworth. Backeberg, Otto Guido, M.A. (Oxon.), D.Sc. (Witwatersrand), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Eastland, Cyril Jack, 64, Torrington Square, London, W.C.1. Glover, Arthur, M.Sc. (Manc.), 110, Clarksfield Road, Oldham. Jolly, Victor George, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Walpamur Co., Ltd., Darwen, Lencs. Kendrick, Stanley Gordon, B.Sc. (Lond.), Berrybank, Summerhill Road, Dartford. Peutherer, Willison Bryce, A.H-W.C., 41, Burnside Road, Uphall, West Lothian. Shacklock, Cecil Wilson, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), The Lester Technical Institute, Seward Road, Shanghai, China.Stimson, John Charles, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 23, Cromwell Road, Tunbridge Wells. New Associates. Ashworth, David Richmond, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Sturt Farm,Burford, Oxon. Baird, Robert Crabbe, B.Sc. (Glas.), Ashgrove, Mauchline, Ayrshire. Beattie, Stanley, M.Sc. (Liv.), 76, Derby Road, Douglas, Isle of Man. Birrell, Kenneth Stewart, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 9, Stone Street, Mornington, Dunedin, N.Z. Bone, Austin Roy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 57, Charlton Road, London, S.E.3. Carman, Philip Crosbie, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 24, Coram Street, London, W.C.l. Caulfield, Thomas Hume, B.Sc. (Glas.), 261, New Edinburgh Road, Viewpark, Uddingston, Glasgow. Collins, Edward, B.A. (Cantab.), Longwood, Langho, nr.Blackburn. Crozier, Henry William, M.Sc. (N.Z.), c/o New Zealand Refrigerating Co., Ltd., Islington, Canterbury, N.Z. Dashwood, Francis Raymond, B.Sc. (S.A.), Windsor House, Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa. 304 Doss, Kadarumandige Sitaramdas Dheerender, B.A. (Madras), Assistant Chemist, Customs and Salt, New Customs House, Bombay, India. Freeman, George Grosvenor, B.Sc. (Bim.), 166, Pineapple Road, Stirchley, Birmingham. Haldane, William Spence, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Edin.), Airthrey, Perth Road, Cowdenbebh, Fife. Hendry, John Telfer, A.R.T.C., New Cross, Beith, Ayrshire. Higginbottom, Miss Alice, B.Sc. (Birm.), Quarry Bank, New Mills, nr. Stockport.Hiles, Jack, M.Sc. (Sheffield), 176, Dykes Lane, Hillsborough, Shoffield, 6.Hill, John Arthur, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), 28, Warrington Road, Harrow. Hillary, Hubert Cawood, B.Sc. (Vict.), 46, Gawber Road, Barnsley, Yorks. Hills, George Mason, B.A. (Oxon.), 288, Millhouses Lane, Sheffield, 11. Howat, James Borland, B.Sc. (Glas.), 202, Mill Street, Rutherglen, nr. Glasgow.Jackson, Alan, B.Sc. (Dun.), Station House, Bedlington, Northumberland. Jackson, Arthur, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Leeds), c/o Government Laboratory, Hong Kong. Jackson, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ash Tree Cottage, Westwood Drive, Allenton, Derby.James, Thomas Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Technical College, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Jarrett, Maurice Eugene Decimus, B.Sc. (Lond.), South View, Willand, nr.Cullompton, Devon. Johnson, Miss Ethel Muriel, B.Sc.(Mane.), 7,Trafalgar Road, Salford, 6. Kinnear, Alan Macpherson, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 6, Clarendon Crescent, Eccles, Manches ter. Lahiri, Jagadish Kumar, B.Sc. (Calcutta), M.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Albion Road, London, N.W.6. Lloyd, Henry Elwyn, B.Sc. (Wales), Llys Arthur, Carmel, Groeslon, Caernarvonshire. Miller, David, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Messrs. W. & R. Jacobs & Co., Aintree Biscuit Factory, Liverpool. Milton, Ernest William, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), 73, Kilkenny Road, Parkview, Johannesburg, South Africa. Montgomery, Fred Harding, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 60, Linden Road, Levenshulme, Manchester. Nandi, Birendra Kumar, M.Sc. (Calcutta), Ph.D. (Mane.), College of Technology, Manchester. Perkins, Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Bean Road, Bexley Heath, Kent.Pycock, Ernest Rowland, B.Sc. (Leeds), 46, Cemetery Road, Heckmond- wike, Yorks. Read, Alfred Leonard, BSc. (Lond.), 8, Carterhatch Lane, Forty Hill, Enfield. Rippon, Eric Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Napier Avenue, London, S.W.6. Saletore, Shankerrao Amrithrao, BSc. (Benares), Ph.D. (Liv.), Swaika Oil Mills, Lillooah, E.I.Rly., Bengal. Shaw, William, B.Sc. (Liv.), 8, Belgrave Street, Wallasey, Cheshire. Sheppard, George Wilhelm, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.K.C., Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, Bucks. Stevenson, Walter Wilfred, A.Met. (Sheffield), Gwynfa, Sheffield Road, Oxspring, nr. Sheffield. Stone, Victor, B.Sc. (Bris.), 53, Severn Avenue, Weston-super-Mare. Taylor, Alfred McMullon, B.Sc. (Lond.), 163, Fox Lane, London, N.13.Vero, Eric, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 39, Lyme Grove, Romiley, Stockport. Viol, Frank William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, St. Albans Road, Watford. Walkley, Alan, B.A. (Cantab.), Ph.D. (Adelaide & Lond.), Waite Institute, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, South Australia. 305 Wigram, Peter Woolmore, B.A. (Cantab.), Greystones, Kings Stanley, nr. Stonehouse, Glos. Wiles, Leslie Alfred, M.Sc. (Lond.), Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, Bucks. Wise, William Charles Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 64, Pembroke Road, London, W.8. New Students. Boyes, Kenneth James, 14, Christchurch Street, Cambridge. Brown, David Alexander, 24, Brown Street, Greenock. Harrison, Arthur Denwood Richard, 24, Belmont Road, Beckenham. Jackson, Harry, 149, Fitzstephen Road, Dagenham, Essex.Lyon, Charles John, c/o 145, Shirehampton Road, Sea Mills, Bristol, 9. Palmer, Victor GriEiths, 321, Blackburn Road, Accrington. Phillips, Eric Jack, 40, First Avenue, Bush Hill Park, Enfield. Smith, Stanley, 168, Fosse Road South, Leicester. Tozer, Bernard Thomas, 3, Bank Square, Tavistock, Devon. Twiselton, Maurice Samuel James, 15, Grange Road, Alvaston, Derby. Watson, Gerald Hugh, 38, Nelson Road, Gillingham, Kent. Wickens, Philip George, 19, Bower Mount Road, Maidstone. Willott, Ernest Raymond, 58, The Mall, Southgate, London, N.14. DEATHS. Fellows. Harry Arthur Ashwell Aitken, M.Sc. (N.Z.).Robert Martin Caven, D.Sc. (Lond.). Thomas Hughes. James Alexinder Schofield, A.R.S.M. Alfred Walter Stokes. William Francis John Wood, C.B.E., B.Sc.(Lond.). Associate. Malcolm Eric Girling Norris, B.Sc. (Lond.). CHANGE OF NAME. Abdul Hamied Khwaja, As8ociate, wishes to be known in future as Khwaja Abdul Hamied. 306 Coming Events. September 1-4 INSTITUTION :OF GAS ENGINEERS 2nd International Gas Conference, in Zurich. Particulars are obtainable from the Secretary, Institution of Gas Engineers, 28, Grosvenor Gardens, London, S.W. 1. OF3-6 INSTITUTEMETALS: Annual Meeting at Manchester. “The Work of Walter Rosenhain.” Dr. J. L. HAUGHTON. 5 to 12 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF SCIENCEFOR THE ADVANCEMENT : Annual Meeting at Aberdeen. 21 to 24 ASSOCIATIONOF SPECIAL LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION BUREAUX 1lth Annual Conference, at Somerville College, : Oxford.(Particulars are obtainable from the Secretary, A.S.L.I.B., 16, Russell Square, London, W.C.l.) October 5 INSTITUTION “Crushing and Grind -OF CHEMICALENGINEERS. ing.” Professor B. W. Holman, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. 1, at 6 p.m. OF19 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY:“New Indicators and Other Re- agents employed in Volumetric Analysis.” Dr. A. D. Mitchell, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, W.C. 1, at 8 p.m. 26 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: London and South-Eastern Counties Section-Supper-Dance, at the Russell Hotel, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1, at 8 p.m. 26 INSTITUTIONOF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS. “The Influence of Texture on the Chemical Resistance of Materials.” Professor C. H. Desch, F.R.S., at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, Westminster, S.W.1, at 6.30 p.m. November 15 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture. “Economic Aspects of the Human Being considered as a Biological .Specimen.” The RT. HON. LORD MELCHETT, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. 21 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:London and South-Eastern Counties Section-Annual General Meeting, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1. December OF7 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY: Streatfeild Memorial Lecture. “Quinine Manufacture in India.” Mr. G. E. Shaw, at the In- stitute, 30, Russell Square, W.C. 1, at 8 p.m. 7 RAMSAYCHEMICAL DINNER:at the Central Hotel, Glasgow. (H. C. Moir, Convener, c/o William Beattie Ltd., 116, Paton Street, Glasgow, E.1 .) 19 INSTITUTIONOF CHEMICALENGINEERS.“Separation of Solids from Liquids.” Dr. W. CULLEN, C.B.E., and Mr. H. T. DURRANT,at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.l, at 6 p.m. 307 General Notices. Lectures.-Dr. A. D. Mitchell will give a lecture at the In- stitute on “ New Indicators and Other Reagents employed in Volumetric Analysis,” on Friday, 19th October, at 8 p.m. Tickets will be issued in due course. S.M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Lord Melchett has kindly consented to give the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Thursday, 15th November, at 8 p.m., when he will speak on “The Economic Aspects of the Human Being as a Biological Specimen.” Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Mr.George Elliott Shaw, FeZZow, has kindly consented to give the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Friday, 7th December, at 8 p.m., and has selected for his subject, “Quinine Manufacture in India.” Examinations, 1935.-The arrangements for examinations during 1935 will be as follows:- FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Dates of Examinations. Entries close. 7th to 12th January. 5th November, 1934. 1st to 6th April. 11th February, 1935, 16th to zIst September. 8th July, 1935. FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. 8th to 13th April. 11th February, 1935. 23rd to 28th September. 8th July, 1935. For Candidates wishing to be examined in Branch G Indus-trial Chemistry the list will close on 3rd June, 1935. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzeans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1935. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1934, to work of the character indicated. 308 Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy .Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will next meet in October, 1934, and will be glad, in the meantime, to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated. Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1935, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questionsof professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. 309 The following are suggested- “The Chemist of the Future.” “The Relation between Thinking and Learning in Training for a Scientific Career.” The subjects of the seven previous Essays have been-1927.“The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People. ’’ 1928. “The Importance of General Education to the Professional Chemist .” 1929. “The Cultural Value of Science.” 1930. “Chemical Education from the Student’s Point of View.” 1931. “Why I have chosen Chemistry as a Profession.” 1932. “Some Aspects of Chemical Research.” (Selected by the successful Competitor.) “The Chemical Education of Part-time Students.” 1933. (Selected by the successful competitor.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1934,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar.310 Appointments Register-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 pm. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present , to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, 311 but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. FOR THE LOANOF BOOKSREGULATIONS FROM THE SCIENCE LIBRARY TO FELLOWS OF THE INSTITUTEAND ASSOCIATES OF CHEMISTRY. I. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with the Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary.2. Fellows and Associates wishing to borrow books from the Science Library are required to give to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary a written undertaking to bear the cost of replacement of any work lost or damaged, and to return to the office of the Institute for cancellation, the duplicate (pink) requisition forms obtained from the Library when the books are returned. 3. Subsequently, borrowers may call, either personally or by representative, at the office of the Institute, and obtain signed requisitions? by means of which the works may be obtained from the Science Library. 4. Or, books can be sent by post to Fellows and Associates on written application (specifying the volume or volumes re- quired) to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary? who will complete and transmit to the Science Library the necessary requisition forms, and the books will be posted direct from the Library.Postage will be charged to the borrower and collected from him by the Science Library authorities. 5. The regulations of the Science Library require that books on loan shall be returned at once if asked for by the Keeper of the Library; otherwise within fifteen days, or sooner, if they can be dispensed with. Fellows and Associates are earnestly re-quested to comply with this regulation, and to return books within the period specified, without waiting for a reminder from the Library. Applications for the extension of the loan period may be granted if circumstances permit.6. A Hand-list of the periodicals in the Science Library may be consulted at the office of the Institute, or copies of the Hand- list (with Supplement) may be obtained direct from the Science 312 Library for 2s. 8d. post free. An extensive author and subject catalogue is accessible at the Science Library, and bibliographies of special subjects are compiled by its expert staff as and when required. Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar. The previous subscription arranged for members of the Institute expired on the 1st March, and fresh application forms must be obtained by those members who have not already had them and desire to continue for a further year’s service.The attention of such members is specially directed to the necessity for the renewal of subscriptions or the return of the last volumes and membership tokens to the respective branches of issue. Covers €or Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.;in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides €or Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permartent addresses for registration.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9345800259

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1934. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. October, 1934. Publications Committee, 1934-35. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairmaw), JOCELYN F. THORPE (President), C. 0. BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, c. DOR~E, A. E. EVEREST LEWIS EYNON, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Ron. Treasurer), A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. I?. E. RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ERNEST VANSTONE, W. WARDLAW, H. B. WATSON, A.W. M. WINTLE. 315 Editorial. The Place of Chemistry in Pre-University Education. In ancient times, the aim of education was to teach children what they should know and what they should be able to do when they became men and women, and included the physical, mental and moral culture, which is desirable in the good citizen. In medieval times, philosophy and learning in the academic sense were restricted to the nobility, the religious orders, the medical men and the lawyers. Boys were sent very early to the universities, associating with men of ripe years; though knowledge in general was more limited than it is to-day, scholars frequently attempted all branches of learning then open to them. New knowledge and new ideas were distrusted, and anyone bold enough to suggest innovations was liable to persecution. In modern times, with the provision of free education for the masses, the schools have aimed more and more at encouraging those who are capable of doing so, to continue their general mental development in the schools up to the threshold of manhood.In still more recent times, since the introduction of natural science subjects, the schools have tended to allow boys and girls, not always to their ultimate advantage, to break away from the normal curriculum and to specialise in subjects for which they may have appeared to evince an aptitude or preference. At the same time, at enormous expense, a system of-so-called -“technical” education, devoted to science, arts and crafts, has been developed.This has been largely directed to the needs of specific industries which have been forced by competition, internal and international, to seek new and more economical methods of working. Technical education, however, has proved a sound and profitable investment, both for the individual and for the State, and incidentally has enabled many who have deserved well of their country to rise from humble stations to positions of honour and influence. This has obtained conspicuously in those who have been concerned with the applications of science to industries in which imagination and initiative beget invention. Invention marks progress, and as a 316 rule, demands a mind trained to recognise the necessity for some- thing to be done, and so enlightened as to be able to achieve the results desired, although, by way of exception to prove the rule, many inventions have been due to the inspiration of the untrained minds of craftsmen.The training of the mind is the important thing,-training in the means of acquiring knowledge and experience, and in the appreciation of truth and accuracy, which contributes to the make-up of those who can form an independent judgment of what should be done and develop the resource to do it. This type of mind is rarely developed, except among men and women who have received a sound foundation of general culture. Such a foundation is necessary to the formation of character and the attainment of savoir faire, and is especially desirable because the ever-widening activities and increasing complexities of life call for a more and more acute, orderly and extensive comprehension of Nature ,-The World and all that therein is.The methods and matter of education have been constantly under discussion and reviewed in the light of progress. The schools have realised that this general culture should embrace natural science as part of the necessary equipment of youth, in order that young people may not be ignorant of the progress of knowledge, and because the study of the natural sciences en- forces a mental discipline, inculcates a love of truth, of law and order, requires patience and perseverance, and awakens and exercises the mind in ways different from those in which it is exercised by other subjects.In the latter half of the nineteenth century, much had been done to promote the study of natural science, both in the schools and in the Universities; but the impetus which it received in consequence of the Great War would appear to have had the effect of greatly magnifying its importance in the school curri- culum-especially in respect of the study of chemistry. This impetus was associated, moreover, with an increasing demand for scientific services and with a marked increase in the number of men and women seeking to qualify themselves to pursue science as a career. For a time the increased output of the Universities was fairly easily absorbed by industries and by governmental, municipal and educational services, but many graduates were obliged to seek their livelihood in other professions and callings, and the 317 profession of science became less attractive as the impression gained ground that it was overcrowded.However, overcrowding also occurred in other professions, and in considering the school education, in the interests of the coming generation, the need was confirmed that the schools should provide a comprehensive curriculum, not more broadly vocational, but more broadly cultural, in order that youths should be more generally well-informed, and also be afforded the oppor- tunity of revealing aptitude in any particular direction and of determining their choice of subjects for their higher education and for their future careers.Regarding the place of the sciences in general education,- chemistry, as dealing primarily with the different kinds of matter, offers many opportunities of useful service, and has perhaps been given more prominence, than other sciences; but physics has not been neglected, for physics and chemistry necessarily run to- gether and cannot be dissociated. Medical sciences-such as anatomy, physiology, pathology, etc.-lie outside the school curriculum; but biology-as dealing with life, and embracing botany and zoology-has received particular attention during the present century, partly owing to the development of bio- chemistry, and it is now proposed that it should be generally prescribed as a school subject and that possibly part of the time devoted to chemistry, should be allotted to it.As an argument for this proposal, it has been suggested that chemistry is too difficult a subject to be understood by boys and girls under sixteen years of age; but this must depend on the character and extent of the teaching provided, and the definition of chemistry as a school subject. Teachers are not unanimous on that point; some hold that no science is superior to chemistry for inducing habits of accuracy and co-ordination between brain and hand. The question then arises-What shall "science" comprise in the general education of youth? Mathematics, though usually considered as a subject apart from science, must, as the science which treats of all kinds of quantity which can be numbered or measured, be included as a necessary instrument in all science.But what and how much should be included of those which are generally termed the natural sciences-chemistry, physics, zoology, botany, geology, astronomy and the like-the sciences calling for investigation, observation and reasoning, associated with practical experiment ? 318 It is agreed that early specialisation is to be deprecated; therefore, youths destined for professional careers must obtain as much as they can of general knowledge before specialising, for there is little time for other subjects when. once they begin their technical training. Granted that English language and literature, universal history and geography, mathematics and modern languages are essential, and that some acquaintance with classical literature is desirable, it is difficult to find time for more than a very general foundation, if several sciences are to be included. Such a general foundation, however, need not be scrappy or merely superficial. It may be made instructive and very attractive if introduced, as it can be, conveniently and systematically, to children of eleven or twelve years of age, by the historical method, embracing the evolution of theories in several branches of science taken concurrently, with the establishment of the accepted laws and their bearing on life.The subjects can be so correlated as to show their dependence on one another and so imparted that the interest of the pupils may be sustained by example and narrative.By such a course may be covered a survey of fundamental scientific knowledge such as every public and secondary school should provide, the subject matter being limited according to the average mental capacity of the pupils of different ages up to sixteen years, only the higher classes reviewing it in rather more detail. The history of chemistry and physics would inevitably find a substantial place in such a general survey, while other sciences would not be neglected. They would be taught under the general term of “Science,” and not as “chemistry,” ‘‘physics ” or “biology,” although all would receive due attention. It might be objected that individual teachers could not be found with such knowledge, but the staffs of schools include graduates who have taken their degrees with honours in various branches of science, and many teachers, though they may be inclined to emphasise the subjects with which they are most intimately acquainted, are well able to give instruction in several sciences of a standard appropriate to boys and girls between the ages of twelve and sixteen.Although the point lies outside the present discussion, it may be remarked that professors of chemistry in the universities were formerly inclined to complain that students who were taught 319 chemistry at school up to the age of 18 often came to them with much to "unlearn ";but to-day-possibly in some degree owing to the conditions prescribed under the Burnham Scale-such youths are usually picked scholarship students, have been well grounded and have prospects of doing well.Most public and secondary schools, moreover, now possess laboratories and workshops. Manipulative ability in the laboratory arts is encouraged, as well as freehand and perspective drawing, and handicrafts, carpentry, modelling and the like. Practical instruction in sciences under adequate supervision is emphasised in the higher classes, and increased for those who continue at school until 17 or 18 years of age, when they are allowed to specialise, to some extent, in those subjects for which they show enthusiasm, while languages and literature and the development of character are not neglected. The discussion of the subject by the Council has been reported in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I1 (p.116) and Part IV (p. 278), and is concluded in this Part (p. 325). Professional Fees. In correspondence received from consulting chemists in private practice, there has been mentioned from time to time a matter of importance to professional men generally, since it affects their very existence,-namely, that of fees for professional advice and services. The Institute has collated and published in the past useful information regarding salaries of chemists in whole-time appointments. The present article primarily concerns the chemist in independent practice; but it may be held to affect the interests of the profession as a whole, for not a few who are now in employed positions look forward to a time when they may be able to practise independently, and, in any case, the prac- tioners who come into direct contact with the public are able to exercise an important influence in maintaining the status and reputation of the profession.When enquiries for technical services are received at the Institute, the person making the enquiry will sometimes assume that information or advice should be immediately forthcoming, and is much disappointed when he is advised to go to a consultant. Too many members of the public appear to assume that they can ask what questions they please and receive immediate 320 answers of value to them, but at no cost, because the consultant may be able to supply such answers with little effort.Even if he has to conduct an investigation in order to supply the answer, they expect that the fee should be very small because the consultant likes his work, and the knowledge which he gains by the way may be useful in some other connection. It is derogatory for a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians to sue for a fee without permission from the Royal College, but the general medical practitioner ensures that the consulting physician is recompensed. The profession of chemistry has not yet established this procedure to any marked extent; but, in much the same way, chemists who are engaged in industry are nowadays not infre- quently required by their employers to confer with consultants on questions .of unusual difficulty, and endeavour to ensure that the necessary business arrangements between employers and the consultants are mutually agreeable.The consulting chemist in independent practice is ever liable to be imposed upon. The prospective client learns that a certain practitioner has acquired a reputation in a certain branch of work. The client requires enlightenment from the practitioner, and often has to submit a problem for solution which is of much financial importance to him. He makes an appointment and states his business: it may be a sample for analysis, with or without advice; it may be an industrial investigation, or a proposition of considerable magnitude involving the flotation of a company and the raising of funds for industrial development.There are occasions when a professional chemist, even when the problem is a substantial one, feels some diffidence in refer- ring to the question of fees at the initial stage, and it is in this particular relation to the subject that troubles arise, of which little is known, but which are none the less real and serious to the consultant. It is often very desirable, if not imperative, that an understanding should be arrived at definitely, at an early stage in the negotiations. Among consulting engineers, the employ- ment of a secretary to record the appointments and to ward off undesirables, by intimating that a fee will be charged for the interview, is very usual and effective. In medicine, the consultant’s fees are known beforehand within certain limits ; or, where an operation is contemplated, the general practitioner performs the duty of ascertaining the fee on behalf of his patient.No definite scale can be laid down for 321 the general medical practitioner. His position, in many cases, has been improved, however, under the provisions of the National Health Insurance Act, although he is too often expected to be a philanthropist and give his time and services for nothing, and frequently has to contend with defaulters. In chemistry, the circumstances and the conditions of practice are so various that it appears to be impossible to prescribe scales of fees for general adoption, as in the case of solicitors, architects, and auctioneers.If, early in the negotiations, the client enquires as to the cost, the chemist will naturally take advantage of the opening, and if he cannot give a direct answer, as he would do in a matter within his everyday practice, he will proceed to ascertain more definitely what is required, and if it is a problem of much difficulty, will be chary of promising too much by way of result, but will undertake to do his best and will help his client, so far as he can, with information as to the probable expense to which he will be put. In chemistry, the actual cost of an investigation (including laboratory maintenance), the time occupied, the circumstances involved, the value of the advice, and the responsibility, financial or otherwise, may all have a bearing on the question.The client may be surprised if the chemist requires a fee in respect of the time actually occupied by the preliminary consultation, but it should certainly be brought into the account, and it is very necessary, even when the relations of client and practitioner have been established by an introduction which leaves no doubt as to bonajdes, that some basis of understanding should be laid down before any work is undertaken. There are still many people, including such as should know how to behave in matters of this kind, who appear to be surprised that a man of science cannot give his time, knowledge and experience without charge, and, in some cases, that he will even require his expenses when called upon to visit factories or works, and to inspect processes.Cases have been known to occur, wherein chemists have been consulted by local authorities or industrial corporations, with whom it could reasonably be assumed that any preliminary bargaining would be unthinkable, where days of work, involving conferences, inspection of plant, and repoi-ts with valuable advice, for which very reasonable recompense was required, have been met with pained astonishment and a protest that there was no arrangement made as to the cost. Too often this situation has arisen, and even the practitioner of long standing sometimes suffers a set back of this kind. Steps must be taken to avoid such risks. If it be a proposition such as may be put to a consulting technologist, or chemical engineer, he will often require a retainer and such further fees-it may be on a percentage basis of the whole cost of a new plant or works-and also re-imbursement of all expenses incurred in the performance of the work.Chemists are consulted in such a great variety of circum- stances that it would be impossible in an article of this kind to deal with all possible contingencies, but it must always be borne in mind that, apart from the routine of everyday ordinary practice. the genuine specialist with the most up-to-date knowledge and skill in a particular branch, the exceptional investigator who knows how to tackle and solve satisfactorily a technical difficulty, and the practical industrial chemist who is capable of devising plant and of advising on a process for putting it into operation on a manufacturing scale,-all these should be sufficiently men of affairs to be sure that they will be adequately rewarded both for their time and for their achievement. Incident ally, the unsuspecting newly-es t ablished practitioner may be subject to the insidious method of the “friend” who, on a casual encounter, puts a question involving technical knowledge, and hopes to obtain advice without the formalities of a consulta-tion.The chemist may be inclined to give away all and get nothing, but he should suggest a definite professional appointment at the risk of his friend “cooling off .” There is the prospective client who asks for technical informa- tion and promises payment, if and when his scheme materialises, and there are those who, when a fee has been mentioned, take a particular delight in suggesting that the enquiry can be referred to some state-aided institution or sent to the advisory department of a trade journal and solved gratuitously.The consultant has not only to contend with this competition and annoyance, but with the difficulty of recovering his fees when the business has been concluded. A Fellow of long experience, who has referred to the subject, is fortunately able to introduce some humour into his correspond- ence, from which the following is abstracted:- A Dentist was attending to a Bishop’s teeth, and a good fee was charged. His Lordship said that it was almost as much as his Curates received in a year, but the Dentist replied, “That may be, but I am a Bishop in my profession!” 323 Referring to the recovery of fees, he says the County Court process is the most outrageous method of recovering money one could adopt: the best is the railway method,-payment before you start on your journey; but this does not obtain in the professions.Reference, by the way, may be made to another despicable practice which was discovered a few years ago. A firm advertised for a chemist, and the selected candidates were each asked to take away a sample of a material and to analyse it; so that the firm obtained several analyses for nothing, and so far as could be ascertained, the proposed vacancy was never filled.Obviously, this kind of trick should be resisted. HDWto meet these and like difficulties can only be learned by long experience, which is commonly gained by working with established practitioners; but those who have not had that experience invariably find that they can obtain guidance in such matters from their elder professional brethren who fully realise the necessity for maintaining the professional status of competent practice. There are some who can stipulate that consultations can only be arranged by definite appointment and will not hesitate to warn the prospective client that a fee will be payable and also a retainer, when the consultation is likely to lead to an investigation, and that, where necessary, travelling expenses and time spent in travelling will be charged. COMMENTS on the Editorial in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV, 1934 (p.261). The subject-matter of the first “Editorial” was not likely to be provocative of comments from members, and few have been received. They are referred to below with observations which are printed in italics. An Associate, commenting on the reference, in the first Editorial, to the remarks on the responsibility of members of the Institute towards one another, urges that a practical way in which this might be shown would be by Fellows and Associates who have the opportunity of choosing candidates for chemical appointments, selecting members, wherever possible, to fill such vacancies. In the experience of the OBcers concerned with the Appointments Register, Fellows and Associates do generally select, caeteris paribus, members of the Institute rather than other persons, although occasions arise from time to time when a person who is not a member of the Institute may be selected for his exceptional knowledge and experience for certain positions.Another Associate refers to the election of the Council, and states that he has refrained from attending the meetings of his Local Section since “the Chair” was used to emphasise the necessity of supporting all local candidates, whom he suggests had been put forward by a clique. It is certain that “plumping” is not generally approved, and attempts to organise it have been known to have the efect of creating opposition to the favoured candidates for election :but, since every member is at liberty to exercise his vote according to his own discretion, it cannot be prevented.The fact remains, however, that the constitu- tion of the Council approximates, broadly speaking, to proportional representation of all Sections. Two other communications referred to the Regulations for the admission of Associates and Fellows. 325 Proceedings of the Council. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1934. Council Meeting, 19th October.-Reports were received from the Standing Committees,-Finance and House Committee, the Benevolent Fund Committee, and the Nominations, Exami- nations and Institutions Committee, the Appointments Register Committee and the Publications Committee : also from the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute on Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales).Mr. James Macleod was elected a Member of Council to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Professor R. M. Caven. Dr. Charles J. J. Fox was appointed to represent the Institute on a Committee of the British Standards Institution which is concerned with the standardisation of cellulose acetate. The Council also had under consideration matters relating to the Provisional Poisons List and Poisons Rules, prepared by the Poisons Board appointed under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933, and a memorandum from the Special Committee on Co-operation, regarding suggestions which have been received from the Provisional Chemical Council, which will be reported to the Fellows and Associates in due course.The Benevolent Fund C.ommittee reported an improvement in the position of the Fund, over fifty contributions of E2 and upwards having been received, besides other contributions, in answer to a special appeal issued in July, and a sum of L34 10s. having been returned on Loans Account. Further contributions to the discussion on the Place of Chemistry in General Education up to the age of 16 years were received from Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler (India), Mr. H. H. Gray (Huddersfield), and Dr. G. M. Moir (New Zealand):- Dr. G. J. Fowler, a Past Examiner of the Institute in Bio- chemistry, said that he would regret the omission of chemistry from the school science course because it had a special value in awakening an interest in phenomena and in cultivating the 326 desire for experiment as distinct from observation.It was difficult to reach a conclusion -of general application, because so much depended on the enthusiasm of the teacher and the aptitude of the pupil. In a classical elementary textbook by Paul Bert, chemistry was placed last among the scientific sub- jects to be presented to the mind of the child: it was thought desirable that he should first learn something of those things which came within his daily observation and were naturally the first to awaken attention and a desire for information; but these, Dr. Fowler suggested, did not minister to the desire of the child who wants to see “how it works.” He recalled an old book-“Learning to Think”-which consisted of imaginary conversations between a small boy and his learned cousin concerning such mysteries as-why he could fly a kite and not a penny, and why he could bowl his hoop and not his handkerchief. This seemed to indicate that simple physical conceptions were easier to grasp than chemical pheno- mena; but a boy’s “chemical chest” contained many joys, including the raising of “Pharaoh’s Serpents” from the eggs of thiocyanate of mercury, and these things remained in the mind, as did also the more elaborate experiments made in the course of the early lessons on science at school.He also re- called early memories of working for the “South Kensington” examinations and training later under Sir Henry Roscoe at Manchester. He thought that it would be a misfortune for chemistry to be left out of the ordinary school teaching.(Dr. Fowler was informed that it was not proposed to leave chemistry out of the school curriculum, but that it was probable that some of the time now devoted to chemistry might in future be devoted to biology). Mr. H. H. Gray, Lecturer in Chemistry, Technical College, Huddersfield, favoured the introduction of biological science in school education, because it “should prepare the way for a dispassionate view of life and its processes-the milestones of life being births, marriages and deaths.” He asked “Does the formal teaching of chemistry do this? If it does not, is there room for it in a crowded time-table to the exclusion of those subjects which will prepare us for a conscious effort to improve the race?” Mr.Gray expressed the hope, however, that any revision of the policy of the Board of Education in this matter would not adversely affect the interests of those who were now engaged 327 in teaching chemistry. Where a teacher, who had been led to believe that he would do well if he taught chemistry and had kept himself up to date, was confronted with the possibility of having to teach new subjects in a modern way, he hoped that he would be allowed to refresh the necessary knowledge by suitable time allowance, with no loss of salary, status or pension rights. Dr. G. M.Moir said that for many years he had regretted that his school and university training had included no biology. As a dairy chemist, he was dealing with many samples which required bacteriological examination. In a new country like New Zealand, educational tendenci& were often over-practical, and they heard too much about the need for an “agricultural bias” in their schools. There was an idea that children would become good farmers if they were taught at school how to grow calves and turnips. The study of botany appeared to him to be of fundamental importance. It was a subject which showed the order and system of nature in an altogether different light from the organised precision of chemistry and the mechanism of the physical sciences.A great deal of it could be taught with little expense for equipment. The overwhelming superiority of chemistry as an educational subject had tended to become an obsession with some people, and it was satisfactory, he thought, to observe that the majority of chemists who took part in the discussion supported the view that, in the preliminary stages, a broad outlook upon science was more desirable than specialisa- tion. The discussion, which was originally raised by Professor G. R. Clemo, Chairman of the North-East Coast Section, has proved of great interest. The Council, while not averse to the introduction of biology in the school curriculum, did not come to an unanimous opinion on the proposals laid down in the Report of the Panel of Investigators appointed by the Secondary Schools Examinations Council, but will continue to watch future developments in the matter.On receiving the report of the Conference of Honorary Secre- taries of Local Sections, the Council at the meeting held on 29th June did not adopt the suggestion to make provision for the election of an additional District Member of Council for the North-East Coast and Yorkshire. However, the question has been raised again on the motion of Dr. A. E. Everest, the present 328 representative of the District, and has been referred to a Special Committee for consideration and report. The Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee, embodied the report of the Board of Examiners on the September Examinations (see p.339). Appointments Register.-The Council received the follow- ing Report on the working of the Appointments Register during the period 1st October, 1933, to 30th September, 1934. The number of membercat present using the Appointments Register is 389, as against 424 on the 1st October, 1933. The total number of vacancies notified was 896, as against 687 in the previous year. The following table gives a rough analysis of the vacancies :-Universities, etc.. . .. .. .. 57 Schools .. .. .. .. .. 55 Educational Authorities .. .. 20 Scholarships, etc. *. .. .. 26 Government Appointments .. .. 21 Public Bodies, etc. .. .. .. 34 Industrial .. .. .. *. 516 Chemical Engineers .. .. .. 45 Technical Salesmen .... *. 6 Junior Vacancies .. .. .. 46 Women . . .. .. .. .. 56 Temporary Appointments .. .. -14 896-Of the above, 79 were abroad, compared with 48 in the previous year. Salaries.-The following figures indicatk the salaries offered in connection with some of the above vacancies:- €200 p.a. or under . . .. 35 vacancies €2004250 .. .. .. 46 ,,€2504500 .. .. .. 112 ,,€500-;E1,000 .. .. .. 32 ,,Over S1,OOO .. .. .. 11 ,, It will be seen that the figures only account for 236 out of the 896 vacancies. In a very large number of cases, no definite indication as to salary was given, and the practice of asking candidates to state the salary required still continues. Unemployment.-The following table shows the number of members who were unemployed at the times stated.The number against each month gives the average for the four weeks 329 of that month. The figures for the previous corresponding period are given in brackets. F.I.C. A.I.C. Totals. October, 1933 .. .. 29 (37) 162 (161) 191 (188) November. . .. .. 30 161 191 December .. .. 30 159 189 January, 1934 .. .. 28 (36) 156 (160) 184 ( 96)February .. *. 31 152 183 March .. .. .. 32 143 175 April .. .. .. 32 (34) 137 (150) 169 ( 84)May .. .. .. 31 134 165 June .. .. .. 29 127 156 July .. .. .. 25 (32) 128 (148) 153 (180) August .. .. .. 25 133 158 September .. .. 25 131 156 It will be seen that there has been a fairly consistent but slight drop in the number of unemployed. Of the 153 members (which includes 13 women) unemployed at 30th September, 45 had been unemployed for three months or less, 38 for from three months to one year, and 70 for over one year.The number who have been unemployed for a long period shows a decrease. The ages of members unemployed are as follows:- 21-25 years .. .. .. 37 25-30 ), .. .. .. 30 30-35 ,, .. .. .. 23 35-40 ,) .. .. .. 17 40-45 ?9 .. .. .. 18 45-50 ,) .. .. .. 14 50 and over .. .. .. 14 The total membership of the Institute at the date of the publication of the printed Register (August, 1934) was 6,212. The percentage of unemployed, therefore, was about 2-5 per cent., as against 3.2 per cent. at this time last year. The number of members in the various Section areas who have informed the Institute that they are without any remunera- tive employment is as follows:- Aberdeen .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 Birmingham and Midlands Bristol .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 2 Belfast .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 Edinburgh .. GlaagowHuddersfield' . .. .. .. .. .* .. .. .. .. .. .. .. *. .. .. 7 2 1 Dublin .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Leeds.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 330 Liverpool . . .. .. Manchester . . .. .,London and S.E. Counties .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 7 83 Newcastle . . .. .* .. .. .. 2 South Wales .. .# .. .. .. 6 Abroad . . .. .# .. .. .. 0 List of Laboratory Assistants.-~og persons are now making use of this service, but only 41vacancies for these assistants have been notified in the twelve months.The Council again urges Fellows and Associates who have the responsibility of appointing chemists to make use of the Appoint- ments Register of the Institute when they wish to notify vacancies. The Sixth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture will be given at the Institute on 15th November, by Lord Melchett, who will discuss the question-“Is Nature Wiser than Man ?” The Seventeenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will be given at the Institute on 7th December, when Mr. George Elliott Shaw will deal with “Quinine Manufacture in India.” Lecture.-On 19th October, in the Hall of the Institute, Dr. A. D. Mitchell gave a lecture, with practical demonstrations, on “New Indicators and other Reagents employed in Volumetric Analysis.” The President, in moving a vote of thanks to Dr.Mitchell, said that the lecture followed very fittingly on the lecture-demonstrations given by Professor Briscoe and Mrs. Matthews earlier in the year. The lecture will be published as a separate monograph in due course. 331 Local Sections. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Professor W. E. Garner, Chairman of the Section, presided at a meeting held at Bristol University on 8th October, when Dr. A. E. Dunstan gave an address entitled “Oil Finding and Oil Refining in Persia,” illustrated by two films, one of the Persian Oil Field, and the other dealing with the Llandovey Refinery, Swansea. Dr. Dunstan dealt with the modern methods applied in locating oil-bearing areas, giving statistical data relating to the world output of oil and a general outline of refinery practice.An excellent discussion ensued, in which Mr. J. Edwards, Professor Garner and Mr. R. D. Littlefield participated. A vote of thanks was accorded Dr. Dunstan, on the motion of Professor M. W. Travers, seconded by Mr. Edward Russell. Huddersfie1d.-The opening meeting of the session was held in Field‘s Caf6, Huddersfield, on 10th October, 1934. Mr. W. D. Scouller, Chairman of this Section, presided and introduced Professor F. Challenger, of the University of Leeds, who gave a lecture, illustrated by lantern slides and specimens, entitled b6 The Methylation of Compounds of Arsenic and Selenium by Mould Fungi.” The lecturer treated his subject from the historical, experi- mental and theoretical aspects.In a preliminary historical survey, he said that, as long ago as 1815, more or less severe cases of arsenical poisoning occurred in Germany which were ascribed to the use of wallpapers, the pigments on which were shown to contain arsenic. Since then, several similar cases-some fatal-had occurred, of which the most recent was in the Forest of Dean, in December, 1931. Here the source of the arsenic was a plaster containing coke- breeze underlying a mouldy wall-paper. The exact nature of the arsenical compound responsible for these effects had only recently been established by the lecturer. Gmelin, in 1839, observed a garlic odour in rooms where the symptoms had developed and ascribed the poisoning to a volatile arsenic compound liberated from the wallpaper which, in his experience of such cases, was damp and mouldy.In 1874, Selmi suggested that the moulds on the wallpaper might play a definite part in the volatilisation of the arsenic, producing arsenic trihydride. This had long been known to possess a garlic odour and to be intensely poisonous. In 1846, Basedow sug- gested that the poisonous substance might be cacodyl oxide, but brought forward no evidence in support of this suggestion. In 1891, Gosio began a systematic study of the whole question and by exposing potato-mash containing arsenious oxide to the air he observed that it quickly became infected with various moulds and evolved a garlic odour.Some of these organisms he isolated as pure cultures and studied their effect on various media containing carbohydrate and arsenious oxide. Some, though not all, of the moulds were found to be intensely active, especially one which Gosio named PenicilZium brevicaule, which later he actually found growing upon damp wallpaper. From a chemical examination of the volatile arsenic compound Gosio reached the conclusion that the gas contained an alkyl arsine which he believed to be diethylarsine. Klason, a Swedish chemist, suggested diethylarsine oxide from a consideration of the analyses, but Wigren prepared both these compounds and showed that their behaviour towards mercuric chloride was entirely different from Gosio gas.' The position until October, 1932,may therefore be summar- ised by saying that the arsenical gas evolved from mouldy wallpapers or from pure cultures of certain moulds in presence of arsenious oxide was believed to be diethylarsine, but that definite proof was lacking and the evidence conflicting.In that month the lecturer and his collaborators reported that by employing pure cultures of four different strains of Penicillium brevicaule on sterile bread crumbs containing arsenious oxide, sodium arsenate, sodium methylarsonate or sodium cacodylate, the same volatile arsenic compound was produced. Absorption of the garlic-smelling gas in mercuric chloride, benzyl chloride, or in nitric acid gave rise to compounds which were isolated, analysed and compared chemically and physically with the corresponding compounds prepared from pure trimethylarsine. This established that Gosio gas was trimethylarsine.333 The lecturer went on to describe the experimental conditions of his investigations in some detail. He then drew attention to the work of Dr. Rosenheim in 1902, who showed that when Penicillium brevicaule was grown upon sterilised bread crumbs in presence of inorganic compounds of selenium and tellurium, gaseous organic compounds possessing powerful and unpleasant odours were evolved. The substances responsible for the odours were not identified. By a similar method to that used with arsenic compounds, the lecturer showed that the gaseous compound from the cultures containing selenium was dime thylselenide.Reverting to the action on arsenic compounds the lecturer described the results of employing ethylarsonic acid, diethyl- arsinic acid, fin-propylarsonic acid and allylarsonic acid as sources of arsenic in cultures of Penicillium brevicaule on sterile bread crumbs, Under these conditions the products consisted of ethyldimethylarsine, diethylmethylarsine, n-propyldimethyl-arsine and allyldimethylarsine. Finally, the lecturer discussed several theories as to the mechanism of biological methylation in which such compounds as formaldehyde, acetic acid and amino acetic acid were the starting points. The lecture was followed by an interesting discussion and a very hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Professor Challenger on the motion of Dr.Bruce, seconded by Mr. Randolph. India.-A joint meeting of the members of the Indian Section of the Institute and of the Bombay Section of the Indian Chemical Society was held on 5th September, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institute of Science, Bombay, when Dr. A. M. Pate1 read a paper on ‘‘Absorption of Dyes by Cellulose.” The lecturer said that the dyes used in the last century often contained inorganic salts as impurities, and therefore the conclu- sions derived from the experiments with them were apt to be erroneous. He described various methods for purifying dyes, and dealt with the action of various electrolytes, viz. the chlorides of barium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium, upon the absorption and stated that the amount of the dye absorbed was directly connected with the coagulating power of the electrolyte.Absorption was not confined to the cellulose surface, but involved 334 rather a process of diffusion into the interior of the fibre. The curve obtained by plotting the rate of diffusion against salt con- centration was of the same type in all cases, i.e. reaching a maximum and then decreasing. Dr. Pate1 described methods for dyeing union fabrics, such as those made of viscose and cotton. It was found that these two constituents had different affinities for dyes, and whenever such a cloth was to be dyed, the affinity of both must be brought to the same degree, which could be done either by increasing the affinity of cotton or decreasing that of viscose.In attempting the former by mercerising, the viscose was damaged, and there- fore it was preferable to decrease the affinity of the viscose by steaming. Finally, he emphasised the importance of having men with a knowledge of chemistry in the dye-house. A discussion followed, mainly touching upon the practical side of the paper, and the meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer on the motion of the Chairman (Dr. R. C. Shah). Liverpool and North-Western.-The opening meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, Water Street, Liverpool, on 11th October, when Mr. G. E. Knowles, the retiring Chairman, introduced Mr. A. E. Findley as his successor.Mr. Findley gave an address on Training the Industrial Chemist.” He said that when he came to Liverpool fourteen years ago, he sought the advice of the Section as to the course which he should adopt in the teaching of chemistry at the Central Tech- nical School. He was advised that he should not teach the theory and practice of particular industries, but that the first and fore- most thing for him to teach was chemistry. He was told that a man employed in a soap works would learn the industry there, and that the same applied to all other specialised industries. Mr. Findley said that he had often had enquiries for courses in special industries-leather , laundry, rubber , oils and paints, sugar-but when he pointed out the advantages of a general knowledge of chemistry, the students usually realised that it was better to study fundamentals before attempting to specialise. The industries at Liverpool varied from jam and biscuits to tin and chromium, and it was difficult to decide on the technological chemistry which would appeal to the greatest number of students.There were only a few trained chemists in each works, in dozens 335 of industries. The demand for trained chemists in any one industry was small and fluctuating. He decided to introduce in the advanced courses those subjects which would appeal to most students-(i) Fuel, because no industry could get on without it; (ii) Iron and Steel, for the same reason; (iii) Catalysis, on account of its widespread impor- tance.Courses for operatives were dropped. A special syllabus for pharmacists was found to be desirable, and this was arranged in accordance with the requirements of the Pharmaceutical Society. Mr. Findley felt that the advice which he received from the Section was amply justified when the Board of Education sought the co-operation of the Institute in setting up a scheme of ex- aminations for National Certificates in Chemistry. The need for chemists, not only in the laboratories but on the works in many industries, had been strongly emphasised during the war. Qualified chemists were appointed as assistant managers and departmental managers in the place of the old type of unqualified semi-trained rule-of-thumb men.Employers began to insist on junior chemists and apprentices attending evening classes, and if they had not already matriculated, it was rightly pointed out to them, at the technical schools, that they should pass some form of preliminary examination before taking up a course of study in chemistry. Employers were, therefore, asked to choose apprentices who had obtained such certificates. Some firms, however, continued to employ the sons of existing employees without regard to the suggestion, but in course of time they would suffer in competition with employers who recruited their staffs from the secondary schools and universities. In 1920, the students attending chemistry classes at the Central Technical School were mainly untutored lads, mostly from the elementary schools, but since then, the standard had risen markedly, and at the present time at least 75 per cent.had obtained School Leaving Certificates and 50 per cent. had matriculated. There had been great progress in secondary school education, and employers were more careful in selecting their juniors. However, many positions in chemical industry were still occupied by non-graduates, who came into the scheme for National Certificates which had been devised by the Board of Education in conjunction with the Institute. This had proved 336 one of the most successful schemes of the kind, had spread to many other industries and had done more to promote general scientific knowledge than any previous scheme of technical education for youths engaged in industry.They were required to get the rudiments of all the ancillary subjects fully established before they could specialise. The scheme generally consisted of five years’ training-one year of pre-matriculation standard, two years intermediate, and two years final. Two kinds of National Certificates in Chemistry were awarded-( I) the Ordinary, (2) the Higher. The Ordinary was taken at the end of three years’ training, and both the papers set and the candidates’ answers in the examinations in the final year were assessed by the Institute. In most technical institutions, the syllabus included, during the first year, chemistry, physics and mathe- matics; in the second year, inorganic and organic chemistry and physics; and in the third year, inorganic, organic and physical chemistry.Some attempt had been made to introduce specialised subjects in the third year, but this was only possible in centres where one industry predominated, and even then was not always successful. The Institute did not encourage the inclusion of specialised subjects until the higher stages. The Higher National Certificate Courses varied in different parts of the country, but everywhere there was a tendency to introduce some technological subject into the two years’ course, which comprised the higher training. The Institute assessed the examinations, as for the Ordinary Certificate, and both certificates were awarded jointly by the Board of Education and the Institute.When the scheme was supplemented by further study, matriculated students could apply for admission to the examina- tion for the Associateship. In Liverpool, the scheme for National Certificates had worked well: 14per cent. of the awards for the whole country at the intermediate standard and 20 per cent. of the whole awards at the final stage had been obtained by Liver- pool students. He felt, therefore, that something definitely good had been done in the way of chemical education in that centre. The big firms had allowed their apprentices and junior chemists one afternoon a week to attend classes, and the courses were so arranged that each year occupied a different afternoon, so that too many juniors from one firm were not granted leave on any one day of the week.He knew only one important firm which had not co-operated in the scheme. Mr. Findley claimed for the qualified chemist who had been trained in evening classes that he was specially valuable because his training was two-fold. He obtained good laboratory and works experience with his firm, while working for his diploma in the evening. On the other hand, the universities were sometimes able to encourage their students to take up industrial work during the long vacations, and the university man more often had the advantage in that he had been able to obtain experience in re- search, the importance of which had been emphasised by Dr. H. Levinstein, Professor Meldola, and Major Freeth. In big works, there were many openings for qualified tech- nical men, and often it was tantamount to remaining in a rut if they remained in the laboratory.In his opinion, the present- day industrial chemist was far in advance of his predecessor, but industry must be prepared to pay for genius, otherwise the best brains would find employment elsewhere. He had been asked to introduce classes on chemical en- gineering, but had never a sufficient number of enquiries to justify the formation of a course. He felt that it should be conducted by a physical chemist with a sound knowledge of industry, and he hoped that an experiment on those lines might be tried in the near future, but he had to contend with the diffi- culty of finding adequate laboratory space.In conclusion, Mr. Findley referred to post-advanced courses for students who had obtained the Higher National Certificate and wanted to proceed to Honours B.Sc. or A.I.C.; also to the scheme for post-graduate courses which the Board of Education, in conjunction with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute, had established so successfully in Liverpool and still more successfully in Manchester. This consisted of revision courses and valuable specialised lectures. Thus, the Institute had taken an active and important part in such work and generally in the production and maintenance of a good supply of well-trained chemists for the service of the community. Professor Hilditch, in moving a vote of thanks, congratu- lated Mr.Findley on his address and on the clear picture which he had given of the activities and policy of the Chemical Depart- ment at the Liverpool Central Technical School. He drew atten- tion to features in the training of industrial chemists in Tech- nical Colleges and in Universities, some of which were common to both and others somewhat divergent. In his opinion, active 338 research work proceeding in either type of institution was of definite value to the students, whether the latter were actually engaged therein or not. He urged the need of constant effort to maintain the status of British chemical industry, especially in view of foreign competition. He expressed admiration, in which the members present concurred, for the assiduity with which many young chemists, after their working day, devoted the evenings to professional study over periods of, in many cases, six or seven years. Principal R.R. Butler of the Central Technical School, Liverpool, said that as a comparative stranger amongst them his words would be few, but that, in such thoughts as he wished to express, appreciation of Mr. Findley’s paper was accompanied, inevitably, by appreciation of Mr. Findley’s work with and for his students. Mr. Butler said that the suggestion of placing such classes as Science for Flour Millers in Junior Technical Schools did not appear to be as desirable as first considerations might indicate, but that he did not intend to enlarge on one aspect of an admirable paper,. Professor Meldola had said that a De- partment of Chemistry which was not a centre of research was bound to degenerate.Mr. Butler asked whether the Professor had not perhaps omitted from his mental picture the vital factor of the “personality” of the student, and suggested that, though research work at the Central Technical School was limited, statistics of examination successes and responsible positions held by present and past students indicated no degeneration. In seconding the vote of thanks to Mr. Findley, Mr. Butler said that he realised the difficulties under which the Department had worked, owing to the need for greater accommodation, and hoped that in due course that need would be met. Mr. J. Farrar Hardwick, B.Sc., Associate, has been appointed Honorary Assistant Secretary of the Liverpool and North-Western Section.339 September Examinations, 1934. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship were held as scheduled below. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed was :-Entered. Passed. FOTthe A8soc&zteship-- General Chemistry. At the Institute and at The Royal Technical College, Glasgow- 17tL22n.d September .. .. .. 38 18 For the Fellowship- Branch D. Biochemistry: at University Col- lege, London-25thc28th September .. 1 0 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Micro- scopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water, at the Institute-24th-29th September .. 13 - 4 - 52 22 - - In the Examiwtiort for the Associateship in General Chemistry five candidates completed their Examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts of the Examination in which they had previously failed; six candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners only in part of the Examination.In the Examination for the Fellmahip in Branch E, five candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners only in part of the Examination. FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIPEXAMINATION IN GENERALCHEMISTRY. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY .-The work of the candidates in the inorganic papers was generally good, with one or two marked exceptions. The answers to questions dealing with hydration in aqueous solution and the occurrence of isotopes separately in Nature, were few and poor.On the other hand, one question elicited many excellent accounts of work in which candidates were engaged and afforded them an opportunity to display their critical faculty. In the second paper only a few candidates gave a satis-factory outline of the methods of ascertaining the molecular state of a substance, and the historical question disclosed the 340 usual gap in the knowledge of many candidates. The essays were often good, except that those candidates who chose the question on the methods available for following the progress of rare-earth separations often confined their answers to the methods of separation themselves, which was not an answer to the question. The practical work was quite well done. Straightforward determinations were given and really accurate results were expected.The chief disappointment was that so few candidates reported correctly on the solid solution of sulphur and selenium, and some seemed never to have met the latter element. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-The written paper in organic chemistry was poorly answered by many of the candidates. Far too many had no accurate information about the more elementary parts of the subject. The question on hydrocyanic acid was in general poorly answered and some candidates must still be using very antiquated textbooks as the formula R-NEC was frequently given for the alkyl isocyanides. Most of the answers to the question on the Walden Inversion merely described the phenome- non first observed by Walden, and many of those to the question on the configuration of oximes gave the view current as it existed about 1895.It is of the utmost importance that candidates should use textbooks that have been re-written within the last five years, not merely reprinted. The practical work in organic chemistry was quite creditably performed, but candidates should avoid keeping their knowledge of inorganic and organic chemistry in separate compartments. The unknown compounds given for identification were of a simple nature, but proved more troublesome than they should have done. The German translation seemed to present greater difficulty than usual. EXAMINATIONTHE FELLOWSHIPFOR IN BRANCHE. WRITTEN PAPERS.-with few exceptions, the candidates did very fair justice to the papers and, in particular, fulfilled expectations in respect of those questions relating to matters of administration and a knowledge of recent developments in the analytical control of foods and drugs.Everyone appeared to have had considerable experience of the Gutzeit method (arsenic test), but in several instances, the B.P. procedure for 341 the preliminary treatment of certain specified galenicals was not given, nor was any clear description forthcoming of the method recommended by the Standing Committee on the Uniformity of Analytical Methods (Analyst, 1930, p. 102). Some of the easily-recognisable indications of sewage pollution in a stream were correctly stated and the cycle of nitrification traced, but there was no clear-cut impression given of the successive saprobic zones natural to these circumstances.Some confusion was evident when dealing with industrial methylated spirit and its use in pharmacopceial preparations. PRACTICALWoRK.--The analytical results on the three types of milk given were in close agreement and, when coupled with the freezing-point depression, the interpretation was quite sound. It was surprising to find, however, that while the con- ventional preservatives were satisfactorily eliminated, few of the candidates, who were supplied with coloured milk, thought fit to apply any test for the presence of colouring-matter. It should be noted, also, that whenever a formal certificate of analy- sis is called for-as was the case here-the candidate must complete it in accordance with the requirements of the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, e.g.the necessary observation respecting stability of the sample was omitted by more than half the candidates. The iodised table salt gave considerable trouble : having regard to the iodide-content usually associated with this material and the amount provided, a little thought would have prompted candidates to take a reasonable amount (not 10or 15 grammes) of the sample for the analysis. A general lack of experience, in fact, was evident in this instance. Several candidates failed to show that dilute hydrochloric acid had been substituted for dilute hydrobromic acid in one of the medicines, but, in the other type supplied (containing 33 per cent.excess of quinine sulphate), correct figures were returned in most cases. Again, identification of the preservative (hexamine) was not always satisfactorily established. Examina-tion of the dripping entailed the usual physical observations and determination of “constants,” which absorbed considerable time but were, on the whole, satisfactory. Unfortunately, the incorporation of 3 per cent. of paraffin wax remained un- detected in several cases, while in other samples containing water and/or free fatty acid, some of the candidates failed to detect this irregularity. 342 The performance of much of the microscopical exercises was indifferent, both as to diagnostic structure of characteristic components, and as to the presence of foreign starch and mineral contamination. The algal growth (mixed infection) gave some- what better results, but failure, by many, to observe motility in one of the predominating organisms present was really sur- prising, as was also the omission to observe the distinguishing characters of a typical rotifer.To sum up-the results are, on the whole, disappointing. Lack of experience in the handling of everyday problems which confront the Public Analyst cannot be taken, by any means, as the sole reason for failure to satisfy the Examiners, although the advantages of such training are obvious. Intending candi- dates may be assured, very definitely, that ,although the practical work set may call for careful preliminary consideration, it is solely confined to the normal duties of a “food and drugs” analyst.THERAPEUTICS,PHARMACOLOGY MrcRoscoPY.-TheAND papers were on the whole well done, and in the oral examination a good average was attained. The practical work was disappoint- ing, especially with regard to the examination of the plate culture. This plate was of McConkey’s medium on which were typical colonies of 23. coli and B. tyjbhosus, yet many candidates paid special attention to the B. coli and failed to realise the significance of colonies which from their very nature suggested immediate investigation for the “Typhoid-dysentery ” group. The films left were often poor, and the knowledge of simple stains such as Gram was indifferent.It is time that candidates who are presumed to have had experience in water analysis should know of the existence of other organisms than B. coli. The identification of luminal sodium was well done by most. The work on the detection of morphine in urine was unsatis- factory. Many candidates looked for cyanide, which the Ex- aminers have never known to be found in urine. In a previous examination, when a sample of vomit was given and the candi- dates were told that the case was one of diarrhoea and vomiting, valuable time was lost by searching for substances such as morphine. 343 PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Assockteship. Ancrum, Robert William, Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.Aspa, Alfred, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Baldwin, Gordon Tate, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London.‘ Bowcott, Harold Joseph, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Burman, Henry, A.M.I.Chem.E., The University, and Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Campbell, George Reid, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Fishburn, Arthur George, Ph.C., Technical College, Cardiff. Fleck, Harry Ronald, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Fleming, William Alexander Latto, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Johnson, Alfred Henry Osborne, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Ham MunicipalCollege ; and Birkbeck College, London. Lee, Walter, College of Technology, Leeds; and Technical College, Bradford. McGill, John Heron, Royal Technical College, Glasgow.Millidge, Alfred Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Southampton. Minor,. Roland Gordon, Ph.C., Technical College, Cardiff. Silvester, Alfred, B.Sc., College of Technology, Leicester ; and Northern Polytechnic, London. Watson, Robert Sinclair, Royal Technical College, Glasgow ;and Technical College, Paisley. Watson, William, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Weigham, William Reginald, Central Technical College, Birmingham. In Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. Boizot, George Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.). Fletcher, Albert Edward. McGowan, Harold, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Smith, Percy Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.). The following papers and exercises were set: Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry.MONDAY, 17th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible). 1. Discuss critically the several methods by which the molecular 2. Give a brief account of the chemistry of TWO of the following state of a substance can be ascertained. elements so as to show their relationship to contiguous elements in the Periodic System both in the same Group and in adjacent Groups: vana- dium, thallium, hafnium, tungsten. 3. What stages in the history of the development of chemistry are represented by the names “oil of vitriol” and “muriatic acid”? Outline briefly the experimental work on the basis of which these names were changed.4. Having regard to the Phase Rule in relation to condensed systems 344 of two components, discuss the conditions which may give rise to the following observations :-(a) a liquid solidifies completely at one steady temperature; (b) a liquid solidifies progressively with cooling and the cooling curve shows three arrests. 5. What is “heavy water”, how is it obtained, and what are the more interesting facts already known about it? Suggest the principal uses that are made or are likely to be made of the elements of heavy water. 6. Outline the principles underlying the various methods of deter- mining transport numbers and give experimental details of ONE such method. 7. Write a short essay on om of the following topics:- (a) The practical effects of absorption in analytical chemistry.(b) Persulphides and peroxides. (c) The spatial configuration of co-ordinated compounds. (d) The methods available for following the progress of rare-earth separations. (e) The photographic latent image. 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefiy and lo the point. Give formulae and equations where possible). 1. How would you determine accurately the percentage content of copper, iron and sulphur in a sample of copper pyrites? 2. Describe the procedure and apparatus employed in obtaining accurate values for TWO of the following:- (a) the depression of freezing point of a solution; (b) the ratio of specific heats of a gas; (c) the electrochemical equivalent of a metal; (d) the reaction velocity in a homogeneous system of reactants. 3.Discuss comparatively (and quite briefly) the acids, acid oxides and acid halides formed by sulphur, selenium and chromium. 4. Review the evidence relevant to the contention that many substances are hydrated in aqueous solution. 5. What reasoning led Soddy to anticipate that certain isotopes would be found to occur separately in nature, and what attempts have been made to test this reasoning experimentally. 6. Give equations and brief explanatory notes to indicate for FIVE of the following substances, how they have been prepared and investigated and what is their theoretical importance :-B,H,, SF,, PbCl,, NiC,O,, LiH, I,O,, I(C104)3, H,SiF,.7. Describe any manufacturing process with which you are personally familiar, with special reference to the use of chemical methods ininvesti- gation or control. TUESDAY, 18th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give fomulae and equations where possible.) 1. Outline the principles of the methods employed for the orienta- tion of benzene derivatives. Indicate by equations how you would pre- pare the following compounds, benzene or toluene being the starting 345 material: (a)m-nitrotoluene;(b)p-dinitrobenzene; (c)m-hydroxybenzalde-hyde; (d) o-bromobenzoic acid. 2. Write a short essay on EITHER (a),The Walden Inversion OR (b), Methods for the determination of the configuration of oximes.3. Outline the researches which resulted in the establishment of the structure and the synthesis of ONE of the following compounds: (a) Indigo, OR (b) Atropine, OR (c) Camphor. 4. Describe briefly FOUS of the following reactions: (a)Michael’s; (b) Reformatsky’s; (c) Thorpe’s; (d) Reher-Tiemann’s; (e) Perkin’s; (j)Claisen’s. 5. Give a brief account of the chemistry of hydrocyanic acid, the alkyl cyanides and isocyanides and the fulminates. 6. Write a short essay on unsaturation and indicate the methods employed to determine the degree of unsaturation of an organic compound. 7. How has the constitution of naphthalene been established 9 Start-ing from naphthalene, how may the following compounds be prepared:- Q-and p-naphthols, Q-and p-naphthylarnines, naphthionic acid, decahydronaphthalene, 1 :4-nsphthaquinone.8. Write an account of EITHER (a) a group of organic dyestuffs excluding indigo, OR (b) synkhetic local anaesthetics, OR (c) synthetichormones. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translation from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. From the sample of salicylic acid (A) prepare a, specimen of 2 :5-di-iodosalicylic acid. 2. From the benzaldehyde (B) prepare specimens of benzoin and benzil. 3. Determine the amounts of ethyl benzoate and ethyl oxalate in the mixture of the two esters (C). (These exercises may be completed to-morrow. Quantity a8 well a8 quality will be considered when judging the specimens.) TH URSDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1934 : 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. Identify the compound (D). (D = Urea sulphate OR sodium ammonium tartrate OR calcium citrate OR sodium ethyl sulphate.) FRIDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The alloy A contains copper and silver. Determine the per- centage of each metal present both volumetrically and gravimetrically. You are supplied with the necessary standard solutions but must yourself standardise them. (The volumetric results MUST be reported TO-DAY. The gravimetric determinations may be completed and reported TO-MORROW.) Please report the result8 of your standardisations in terms of NORMALITY and your deter-minations on the alloy as PERCENTAGES by weight of SILVER and COPPER.CHEOK ALL CALCULATIONS carefullv, as no credit can be expected for erroneous results, whether the error be due to the experimental work or to the calcuhtione. 2. Examine the substance B qualitatively and report upon its nature. (B = A solid solution of selenium in sulphur.) 346 SATURDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric portion of yesterday’s exercise 1. 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture C which contains six radicals. (C = Ferric oxide, potassium bromide, barium nitrate and cadmium bromide OR 9, 9, 9) ,, strontium nitrate ,, OR 7, ,, magnesium oxide, barium nitrate $9 ) Examinationfor the Fellowship in Branch E.The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. What is industrial methylated spirit ? What chemical tests would you employ to distinguish it (a)from ethyl alcohol and (b)from isopropyl alcohol ? Under what conditions is its use in the preparation of pharma- copoeial medicaments permissible ? 2. Discuss briefly from your own point of view as a food analyst the “presumptive standards” of the Sale of Milk Regulations, 1901. What changes (if any) in these standards would you advocate ? Comment upon any legal difficulties which the changes you suggest might raise. 3. The use of ultra-violet light in chemical laboratories has been suggested for various purposes.Discuss the use of a mercury vapour lamp in the examination of foodstuffs or other material which may be submitted to you in your capacity as a Public Analyst. (Anszoer in a separate notebook.) 4. How would you make (a) a temporary and (b) a permanentpreparation of a vegetable drug for microscopic examina.tion ? Describe how you would measure the diameter of any structure seen by you in the preparation. 6. What is Lysol? How is it prepared? What me the chief symp- toms when it is drunk for suicidal purposes? How would you examine a sample of stomach contents from a case of suspected lysol poisoning? 6. What me the chief uses of strychnine ? What symptoms are seen in accidental overdosage ? Enumerate those preparations in the B.P. which contain strychnine, and indicate their approximate dosage.2 to 6 p.m. 1. What is meant by the Specific Rotatory Power of a substance? What is “Clerget’s Formula”? From first principles, show how it is derived. [(u)D.cane sugar = + 66.6”: (u)D. invert sugar at temperature t = -(27.9--0.32 t)”]. 2. Discuss the chemical and ecological changes associated with the 3. Describe the Gutzeit method for the detection and determination self-purification of a sewage-polluted stream. of small amounts of arsenic. How would you prepare from the following specimens a solution to which the test could immediately be applied: (a) flowers of sulphur; (b) beer; (c) potassium chlorate; (d) a syntheticorganic food colour. 4. One of the decisions in the recent Report of the Departmental Committee on the Composition and Description of Food was that it is desirable that the law should be altered to enable standards and definitions 347 to be prescribed.State which foods, in your opinion, most urgently need such standardisation and definition, giving your reasons. 5. What are the sources of Lecithin and how is it prepared ? Define its composition and properties and state what you know of the uses to which it is put. TUESDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. As a result of examination of the formal sample of Milk, report your opinion on the certificate provided. (EITHER“abnormal” OR watered 4per cent. milk, the latter containing traces of nitrate or colouring-matter.) 2.Determine the Iodine content of the Table Salt. (Potassium iodide, either 1/33,000or 1/50,000.) WEDNESDAY, 26th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Check the accuracy of the prescription (“Mist. Quin. et Gelsem.”) which purports to contain:- Quinine sulphate . . .. .. 1% grains 6.Pot. bromide .. 79 ,¶ Acid hydrobromic $1. . . .. 74 minims. Tinct. Gelsem B.P., 1914.. -. 74 ,3Aq. ad. . . .. .. . . 4 fluid ounce. (With HCI substituted for HBr, or containing 33 per cent. excess of Quinine Sulphate.) 2. Identify the preservative (A) which might be found in certain imported delicacies. (A = Hexamine.) THURSDAY, 27th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Ascertain the purity of the sample of Dripping. (Containing 4 per cent.of water and 5 per cent. free fatty acid OR 3 per cent. of paraffin wax .) 2. Analyse the contents of the bottle marked “Dr. Brown’s British Lysol” which is being sold by an itinerant vendor. Having regard to the results you obtain and the wording of the container and label on the bottle, what action, in your opinion, should be taken in dealing with the matter ? (A diluted Lysol containing 1-5per cent.-3-0 per cent. of Cresols-strength declared.) FRIDAY, 28th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the soluble solids, sucrose and invert sugar in the Raspberry Jam. Examine the seeds microscopically, illustrating the significant or diagnostic structures and write accurate descriptions of them. (Containing no glucose, variable proportions of water and sucrose, together with Sesame seeds.) 2.Make a microscopical examination of the specimens provided of: (a) Cocoa; (b) Mace; (c) Pepper; (d) a deposit from a potable water storage-tank. (a) Containing excess of cocoa-shell OR soya-bean meal. (b) ,, ground rice OR exhausted ginger. (c) ,, calcium sulphate OR bean flour. (4 ,, algae, bacteria and rotifers. 348 SATURDAY, 29th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. (A) is a plate culture of water from a swimming bath, where it is suspected that the atration plant is inadequate. Examine it in order to determine the morphology of the organism present. Indicate what further investigations you would make to enable you to give a report on the culture.Leave on the bench a stained preparation suitably labelled. (Candidates must assume that the culture may be a pathogenicorganism and must take precautions when handling it.) B. Coti and B. Typhoszcs.) 2. Identify the-tablets (B). (B =Phenobarbitonum Solubile.) 3. Identify and estimate the poisonous substance in the sample of urine. (Morphine.) Branch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to the Chemistryand Bacteriology of Dairy Produce. PRACTICALWORKONLY. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 25th to 28th SEPTEMBER, 1934: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Make a full report on the nature of the milk product (A) and 2. A complaint has been made that the sample of milk (B) has been state whether it is suitable for edible purposes. contaminated by contact with a vessel which had previously contained lubricating oil.Prepare a report dealing with this question. (Evaporatedwhey containing copper.) 3. Report on the nature of the naturally occurring pigments respon- 4. Make a bacteriological report on the organism present in the sible for the colour of the three solutions (C), (D) and (E). milk product (F). (Commerical Youghourt.) 349 National Certificates in Chemistry, 1934 THE COUNCILhas received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute on the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales). Assessors.-Professor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor T. Slater Price, O.B.E., DSc., F.R.S., and Professor J.E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc. The following is an abstract of the Report. I. Introductory.-During the present session, two schools have submitted candidates for the first time in the Senior Grade, and two Schools for the first time in the Advanced Grade. The number of entries in the Senior Grade was 197, of whom 102 passed. In 1933, there were 230 candidates, of whom 124 passed. In the Advanced Grade there were 76 candidates, of whom 56 passed. In 1933, there were 83 candidates, of whom 56 passed. Of the 76 candidates, 60 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate, and of the 56 successful candidates, 43 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. 11. General Remarks.-The Assessors are pleased to report that the standard of the questions set has been raised above that which held at the commencement of the scheme.The fact that such a rise in standard has been possible is indicative of the influence that a definite scheme of training has had in bringing out the latent capabilities of the evening student. Not only has the student benefited, but also the teacher, since he has had better material to train. 111. Inorganic Chemistry.-Theoretical Examination (Senior Grade).-With papers set by so many different authorities it is surprising to find that there is not a great deal of difference in the standard of the questions, even before they have undergone the scrutiny of the Assessors. A much greater difference is shown in the answers given, as is to be expected. The work of a par- ticular class in a particular college depends not only on the teacher, but also on the members of the class, and since these 350 are independent variables it is unlikely that a desired standard will be obtained every year.It is still true to say that in some cases the answers given display a lack not only of knowledge of the facts of chemistry, but also of reasoning power. For example-one question set was of the usual type, in- volving the separation or identification of the components of various mixtures. In too large a number of cases, the answers given involved the testing for the separate components as if they alone were present. Thus, in a solution containing silver and copper salts, the copper was separated from the solution by precipitation either with zinc or by sodium hydroxide. Com-plications due to the presence of the silver were never mentioned.When outlines of ordinary industrial processes are asked for, it is expected that some accuracy of knowledge should be shown. In the description of the Solvay process it was quite a common statement that the sodium bicarbonate remained in solution, the ammonium chloride separating out. In the Leblanc process, which was not mentioned as being practically obsolete, the formation of black ash from the sodium sulphate was some- times treated as if it were a two-phase operation, carbon being first added to reduce the sulphate to sulphide; after this process was completed, the limestone was then added.All candidates are supposed to have taken an approved course in physics, but they commonly mistake the anode for the cathode in electrolytic processes, and often seem quite at a loss as regards distinguishing between electrothermal and electrolytic processes. There were several questions involving the Periodic Law, and again it was stated that Mendel6ev made use of atomic numbers. In the Advanced Grade, the standard both of the papers and of the answers was again distinctly high. The questions were not purely of an academic character, and often had a bearing on the industries of the district. Generally speaking, good answers were given. It may be well to remind teachers that for courses of this kind it would be wise not to go too deeply into speculative matters, especially when this means neglect of parts of chemistry of direct use to the student.Practical Examination.-As in previous years the practical work was well done and of a standard higher than that of the 351 theoretical; in both grades there were comparatively few failures. The standard attained in the various colleges was much more uniform than in the case of the theoretical work. The methods used and descriptive matter were quite satisfactory. IV. Physical Chemistry.-The questions set in both grades covered most of the aspects of physical chemistry as ordinarily taught in evening classes, leaving out the more academic branches, such as dipole moments, etc. In some colleges the teacher has endeavoured to fit his course to the special problems which arise in the industry in which the students are engaged.This has apparently given very good results, the answers showing that the student has taken a keen interest in the subject when pre- sented in this way. So keen has been the interest that he some- times has devoted too much time to it and so has forgotten his inorganic chemistry. In several instances a whole class has obtained better marks in physical than in inorganic chemistry. It must be emphasised, however, that teachers should satisfy themselves that the students really understand the subject. For example, many students do not seem to understand that saturated solutions are essential when dealing with the solubility product, and their ideas on indicators are very elementary.Many schools still have no practical examination in physical chemistry, a gap which should be filled as soon as possible. In several cases where there is a practical examination, the questions are purely physical in nature and this is to be deprecated. V. Organic Chemistry.-In the Advanced Grade a high stan- dard was generally attained and the answers returned showed evidence of systematic teaching. The standard of attainment was more varied in the Senior Grade, and it is evident in many instances that the weaker students would profit from a repetition of the course. Compulsory questions were introduced into each of the papers of this grade and the answers received afford a significant insight into the general state of knowledge of the candidates.One of these questions involved a comparison of the primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, with a contrast of their proper- ties with those of phenols. Among the weaker candidates there was considerable confusion, and these alcohols were stated to be mono-, di-and tri-hydric alcohols. Benzyl alcohol was quoted as a secondary alcohol. The different behaviour of the three classes of alcohols 352 towards oxidising agents was frequently mentioned, but only in few cases was there any reference to Victor Meyer's diagnosis based on the colour reactions obtained by the action of nitrous acid on the nitro-paraffins derived from primary and secondary alcohols through the iodides (the nitrolic acid and pseudo-nitrole reactions).A similar question was set on the three classes of organic amines and the influence of an aromatic radical on the properties of these primary, secondary and tertiary bases. The classical methods of preparation associated with the name of Hofmann were mentioned, but it was not generally known that alcohols and ammonia yield amines under the catalytic influence of certain metallic oxides such as thoria, or tungstic oxide. Moreover, when ethyl alcohol and ammonium chloride (or bromide) are heated under pressure, mono-, di-and tri-ethyl amines are ob- tained in quantities varying with the proportions of alcohol to ammonium salt. It is noteworthy that these bases boiling at ~g",56" and goo respectively may be separated quite readily by fractional distillation without recourse to the laborious chemical method based on the use of di-ethyl oxalate.Another compulsory question referred to the relationship of benzene and naphthalene. Although the industrial method of oxidising naphthalene to phthalic acid is becoming generally known, a variety of other oxidising agents, such as alkaline hydrogen peroxide, chromyl chloride, or sulphurous acid, are still regarded as being suitable. For the catalytic method thoria and alumina were sometimes suggested. The constitu- tion of naphthalene was usually well confirmed by both oxidation and synthetic processes. In certain instances candidates' answers suggested that they had never handled the materials in question.The preparation of aniline and its separation from nitrobenzene is a case in point. In a large school less than 50 per cent. of the available marks were obtained for answers to this question. Thionyl chloride deserves mention as a useful alternative to phosphorus pentachloride in converting benzoic acid and similar acids into their chlorides. A question on the chloro-derivatives of toluene involves a reference to m-chloro- toluene. A practical method of arriving at this compound is reached by the action of ammonium chloride on m-cresol under pressure. The resulting m-toluidine obtained in good yield is then converted into chloro-derivative by the Sandmeyer or Gattermann process. 353 Candidates showed a good knowledge of general reactions associated with the names of Claisen, Fittig, Friedel and Craft, Grignard and Hofmann, but the Michael and Reformatsky reactions were sometimes confused.Excellent stereochemical diagrams were drawn in explanation of the relationships of fparic, maleic and tartaric acids. Satisfactory answers were obtained to questions on ureides and uric acid and on the relation- ship of uric acid to xanthine and purine. A compulsory question in this grade on the use of ozone in the study of un-saturated organic compounds was answered quite adequately. Practical Examination.-As in former years the Assessors wish to stress the importance of applying discriminating tests to the halogens when present in organic compounds.For lack of precision in this respect bromine was frequently returned as chlorine, In the Advanced Grade methylaniline was returned as either o-toluidine or m-toluidine on account of a positive carbylamine reaction; the nitrous acid test was not applied satisfactorily. The carbylamine reaction is not reliable unless confirmed by other tests. With the foregoing exceptions, the practical work was generally satisfactory . VI. Chemical Technology.-Theoretical Examination.-The papers set on the bleaching and dyeing of the natural and artificial fibres generally contained a fair proportion of questions relating to the chemical principles underlying this branch of technology. In some instances candidates in bleaching and dyeing were not very strong on the theoretical implications of their arts.Cotton dyestuffs from benzidine were incorrectly formulated and naphthol A.S. was stated to be the anilide of /?-naphthol. In answer to questions about wetting agents reference was made to mercerol, igepon and other proprietary articles, but little knowledge was disclosed of the chemical nature of such materials. The chemistry of cellulose formed the subject of one paper in which a compulsory question on modern views of the structure of this material was adequately answered. Several special papers were set to students taking a course in Painters’ Oils, Colours and Varnishes. Examinations in physical chemistry and applied physical chemistry contained questions on salt hydrolysis, preparation of sols containing gold, ferric hydroxide and arsenious sulphide, suspensoids and 354 emulsoids, particle size of precipitates and the nature of colloidal solutions.In the paper on inorganic pigments, candidates showed commendable knowledge of the chemical nature of these substances. The classification of phenol-formaldehyde resins in the paper on varnishes was not always clearly made so as to bring out the difference between heat hardening and thermo-plastic resins. The glyptal resins were not well described. Answers to the theoretical paper in metallurgy showed a tendency for the candidates to memorise the newer parts of the subject, while forgetting older sections. The production of wrought iron was generally not well described. A description of the production of aluminium from bauxite was defective and there was some uncertainty about the nature of pewter and haematite. The same candidates gave correct thermal diagrams of typical alloys and remembered the microscopic appearance of certain types of steels.The papers set on oils, fats and waxes contained an excellent blend of questions on the technical and scientific aspects of these branches of chemical technology, and candidates displayed a sound knowledge of fundamental principles. PracticaZ Exami~ation.-Technical skill was displayed in the practical tests on dyeing. Three acid colours dyed on wool fents were correctly placed in the order of their level dyeing properties and the matching of the strengths of dyes was very close, but candidates were not quite so successful in devising the best method of applying an unknown dye (alizarin).Practical exercises in technical analysis included estimations of zinc dust and sodium formaldehydesulphoxylateand a report on dyed fabrics in which such colours as ciba blue, naphthylamine claret and thioxine black were identified on the fibre. The exercise in practical metallurgy included a study of a copper-tin alloy which was polished and etched for microscopic examination. Students taking an Advanced Course on the chemistry of coal were given a comprehensive practical examination which included an estimation of nickel by dimethylglyoxime, identifica- tion of coal-tar products such as resorcinol and sulphanilic acid and an assay of coal by the Gray-King method.Their results were on the whole quite satisfactory. VII. Physics and Mathematics.-The general standard of the examinations was maintained. The scope and standard of 355 the work done in these subjects varied appreciably among the different schools. The performance of candidates in Physics was not very good this year. Due weight was generally given to accuracy of working, and candidates were always instructed to enter their observations directly in the examination book at the time these were made and to show all calculations. This important requirement has had a good effect. As reported last year, candidates generally obtained high marks for their practical work.CERTIFICATESIN CHEMISTRY(SCOTLAND)NATIONAL , 1934. The Council has also received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Scottish Education Department and the Institute on National Certificates in Chemistry. Assessor.-Dr. Norman Picton, B.Sc. During the present session fifteen candidates were examined for the Ordinary Certificate and eleven passed; six candidates were examined for the Higher Certificate and four passed. These numbers show a substantial increase on those for last year. NATIONALCERTIFICATESIN CHEMISTRY(NORTHERNIRELAND), 1934. Examinations for the above Certificates were held for the first time. Eight candidates entered for the Examination, and Certificates were awarded to five of these.The Examiners are appointed by the Ministry of Education, Northern Ireland, with the concurrence of the Council of the Institute, and act, as regards National Certificates in Chemistry, in consultation with Professor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. 356 Notes. Scientific Management.-The draft programme of the Sixth International Congress for Scientific Management, to be held in London, from 15th to 20th July, 1935, indicates that the Congress will be divided into six sections. The manufacturing section will consider methods of controlling production ; the agricultural section, standardisation as a factor in agricultural development, including standardisation of equipment, and methods of production. The distribution section will deal with concrete examples of the application of scientific management to distribution problems in manufacturing, wholesaleing and retail- ing.The educational and training section willconsider papers on methods of selection, education and training of personnel suitable for high administrative positions ; the development section will consider how best to inculcate modern management principles and practices in large-scale, medium and small under- takings. The domestic section will receive papers illustrating how scientific management in the home can contribute to the raising of the standard of life. The Congress fee will be two guineas, for which members will receive the papers, reports and discussions of all the sections. Opportunities will be offered to national committees to submit outstanding contributions, additional to their contributions on their allotted subjects, dealing with any subject within the field of scientific management. They must contain original studies based on actual practice, intended to appeal specially to those engaged in researches beyond the strict scope of the programme.If papers are received from a number of different sources dealing with the same or allied subjects, thus indicating a common interest in some question not covered by the programme, or if some paper on a free subject appears to be of sufficient interest to justify such a course, arrangements will be made for the dis- cussion of these papers. As already mentioned in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV, H.R.H.The Prince of Wales has consented to act as Patron. Several Fellows of the Institute hold office on the Organising Committee: Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., is Chairman of the 357 Committee, Sir Christopher Clayton, M.P., and Sir Robert Hadfield, Bart., F.R.S., are members of the Executive Corn- mittee, Mr. William Rintoul, Member of Council, represents the Institute on the Council of the Congress, and Mr. Harry Ward is Secretary. Meetings will be held at the Central Hall, Westminster, and at the halls of the Institution of Civil and Mechanical Engineers respectively. The office of the Congress is at 21 Tothill Street, London, S.W.I. Industrial Administration.-The Institution of Mechanical Engineers has decided to introduce in its examination for its Associate-membership, in April, 1935,and subsequently, a new paper entitled, ‘‘ English Essay and Fundamentals of Industrial Administration,” as an alternative to the paper in a modern language.Under the syllabus for Fundamentals of Industrial Adminis- tyation, are included two sections (A) and (B):-A. Ceneral Considerations. Growth of industrialisation. Main features of technological development. Scope of modern industry. Origin and development of the commercial system. International trade and exchange. Natural resources and commodities of world trade. Financial responsibility and control. The Limited Company. Other forms of organisation. Elements of commercial law.Outline of industrial legislation. Industrial relations in practice. B. Conduct of the Industrial Undertaking. Organisation of production. Organisation of distribution. Significance of development and research. Financial statements : valuation and depreciation. Principles of industrial accounting. Principles of costing and estimating : rates, taxation and insurance. Control of expenditure: authorisation, budgets. Statistics and the use of graphs. Office organisation. General principles of management. Division of functions. The human factor. It will be recalled that although the Council of the Institute found it impracticable, in view of the already heavy curriculum prescribed for the membership of the Institute, to add the subject of industrial administration to the requirements for membership of the Institute, it was regarded as highly desirable that members who aspire to managing positions should have regard to the subject and endeavour to acquire the knowledge and experience necessary for higher positions in industry.Expert Witnesses.-A matter of interest and importance to consultants in many professions has lately been discussed by a special correspondent to the Smday Times. On the recom-mendation of the Rules Committee of the Supreme Court, the Lord Chancellor's Department has provided, as an experiment, that in civil cases without a jury, the Judge may appoint a "court-expert '' to report on the technical matters involved, in order that, if his report is accepted by both sides, time and expense may be saved to those concerned.The Rules Com- mittee, which includes eight Judges, appears to hold that the calling of several witnesses does not assist the Judge in coming to a right decision, as the opinions given in many cases are con- tradictory and cancel one another. The parties may still employ their own expert witnesses, but their fees will not be allowed in costs, unless they materially assist the court, and presumably the Judge may disregard such witnesses and rely upon the report of the court-expert, who must of course be impartial. It is suggested, however, that it will not be possible for the court-expert to formulate his report until he has heard all witnesses for both sides, and also that he may acquire a measure of the authority which is vested in the court alone.Complications are likely to arise from the fact that it has been the practice of well-known corporations to retain the services of distinguished consultants, and it may happen that the Judge and the parties concerned may all contend for the help of the same consultant. Although, at present, the provision applies to non-jury cases, it may be extended to jury cases and to the county courts, and possibly it may be found expedient, on occasion, to employ a panel of experts as is the practice in France. Glue.-In JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11, 1933,refer-ence was made to a competition announced by the International Association for the study and improvement of the Bone Glue Industry open to investors, chemists and others who could dis- cover new uses or new outlets for bone glue.The Managing Director of British Glues and Chemicals, Ltd., has lately issued a summary of the prize winning entries, and supplementary information. The sum of zo,ooo Swiss francs was divided into prizes of 2,000 Swiss francs each, and awarded as follows:- 359 G. F. Michot-Dupont, Fontaine-Chaalis (France), for his contribution relating to the use of glue as a hydrofuge of cement. J. Van Stolk, Delft (Holland), and Roger Chanut, Algiers (France), for similar proposals dealing with the formation of emulsions of water, oil and bone glue, used for insecticides and washes. V. Boulez, Brussels St.-Gilles (Belgium), on the use of glue in soapmanufacture for the hardening of the soap base.H. Holliinder, Tourcoing (France), on the use of glue in polishes and waxes. T. Grenness, Copenhagen (Denmark), on the effect of glue upon vulcanisation of rubber, and improvements and advantages resulting from the manufacturing point of view. F. Grsbe and St. Reiner, Berlin (Germany), dissolving glue in new solvents with the object of obtaining plastic masses for electrical insulation. F. Strelba, Prague (Czecho-Slovakia), on the use of glue as a coagulant in the manufacture of insulating materials for buildings. P. Walter, Versailles (France), on the use of glue by a new process for varnish lacquer and under-coatings. W. Scherman, Budapest (Hungary), on the use of glue asa nitrogenised material in the manufacture of yeast.A supplementary sum of 10,000Swiss francs was awarded for suggestions which were regarded as useful, referring to the employment of glue:- in metallurgy as a catalyst in galvanising; in the rubber and latex industry; in the textile trade; in the paper trade; in plastic substances; in ceramics; in the use of cardboard for new purposes as well as many other industries. Information regarding the competition can be obtained from the General Secretariat of Epidos, 40, Rue de Coliske, Paris. The Epidos Association contemplates organising a further competition in the near future. Gas Warfare.-In The Listener for 15th August, a further article by Major Paul Murphy, Fellow, on gas warfare dealt with the defence of civil population against gas, and emphasised the necessity for reasonable co-operation on the part of every section of the population in any emergency.As the reference to Major Murphy’s previous article in The Listener was made in Journal, Part IV, immediately following a reference to the “Chemical Warfare Defence League,”-in case there should be any misunderstanding-it may be mentioned that the juxtaposition of these two paragraphs was not intended to imply that Major Murphy was connected with that League. In a recent interview, published in the GZasgow EvefizingNews, Mr. R. R. Tatlock-now in his 98th year, and probably the 360 oldest living Fellow of the Institute,--expressed the view that the use of poison gas might very well prevent nations from warring against one another, for if one Power attacked the civilian popula- tion of a large city in an enemy country, and the Power thus attacked retaliated, both would soon realise the futility of such methods.The British Red Cross Society has issued a New Manual on first aid in defence against chemical warfare, prepared by Major- General D. J. Collins and Major H. Stuart Blackmore. This publication also outlines defensive measures for the protection of the public. The policy of the International Red Cross organisation is to endeavour, so far as possible, to eliminate chemical methods of warfare, but the British Red Cross Society has deemed it advisable to introduce it in its syllabus of training.(London: Cassell & Co. 6d. net.) Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, Fellow, formerly Superintendent of the Chemical Warfare Research Department, gave a lecture, on 5th October, before the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry entitled “The Chemist and National Defence,” a full report of which was given in the issue of Chemistry and Industry,- 19th October, Volume 53, No. 42. He dealt with the urgency and importance of providing for defence against chemical war- fare, because a country which had not prepared schemes of defence would be vulnerable and its defencelessness might induce an enemy which had the means of attack ready to hand to use gas, in defiance of any prohibition, in order to secure a speedy victory.He advocated the provision in every house, office or building, of a gas-proof room or rooms, in which the occupants could remain until the “all clear” signal was given. Chemists would be required to give assistance and advice on such matters, especially in the poorer districts. Public gas-proof shelters could be provided for people caught in the streets, and persons engaged in essential services would require gas masks and oil- skin clothing to protect them against aeroplane spraying and contamination by liquid splashes. Mr. Pratt also dealt with the attitude of the chemist towards prohibited methods of warfare. It had been suggested that if the chemists of the world would agree to include in their code of ethics an undertaking not to work knowingly on the development and production of any prohibited method of warfare, secret preparations would be impossible.In time of war, however, it 361 was every man's first duty to serve his country, and very few people, when requested by their Government, would refuse to work on a method of warfare because it was the subject of International prohibition. In spite of this, the idea was worth further consideration, for the chemist might well destroy the civilisation which he had been instrumental in creating, unless he insisted that his inventions were not used for wrong purposes. As this part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSgoes to press, Messrs. William Blackwood & Sons, Ltd., have announced the publication of liGas!" by Major-General C.H. Foulkes, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., with an Introduction by Field-Marshal the Earl of Cavan, K.P., G.C.B. (See p. 367.) Income Tax.-From time to time, enquiries are received as to whether subscriptions made to professional societies, such as the Institute, are exempted from income tax. In general, this is not so where the taxpayer concerned is assessed under Schedule E. In the case of Simpson v. Tate (1g25),z K.B. 214,g T.C.314,a county medical officer claimed to deduct his subscription to several professional societies when his liability to Schedule E tax was being computed, but, although membership of these societies was customary for county medical officers, such membership was not a condition of his employment, and it was held that as the subscriptions were not "expenses wholly, exclusively and neces- sarily incurred in the performance of his duty," they were not admissible deductions.362 Obituary. MARCUSBELL died at Melbourne, Australia, on 3rd June, in his 64th year. He received his early training from 1898 to 1902 at the Working Men’s College and at the University of Melbourne, and in 1901, on the recommendation of Professor Sir David Orme Masson, became assistant to the late Mr. C. Napier Hake, Chief Inspector of Explosives, Victoria. In 1907 he came to England and worked for a.year at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, and at the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey. In the following year he returned to Australia as assistant to Mr.Hake, whose official appointment was then designated Chemical Adviser, Department of Defence, Australia. In 1911 he succeeded to Mr. Hake’s position, which he held until 1917, when he was appointed Superintendent of Laboratories, Commonwealth Arsenal. During the war he was Acting Director of Munitions in Australia, and in that capacity visited India and England in connection with the plans for the new Commonwealth Arsenal, and in 1921 became Superintendent of the Laboratories of the Munitions Supply Board at Maribyrnong, which office he held at the time of his death. For his services during the war he was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. He waa joint author with Mr. Hake of several papers relating to explosives published in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. From 1921 to 1924 he was Honorary Secretary, and from 1926 to 1927 President of the Victorian Branch of the Australian Chemical Institute. JOHN WILLIAMBIQQARTdied at Greenock on 27th March, 1934, in his 80th year. He studied under Ferguson at the University of Glasgow, and under Bischof at the Andersonian Institution, and settled in Greenock as an analytical and consulting chemist in 1874. He held appointments as public analyst and official agricultural analyst for Ayrshire, its towns and burghs, Ayr and Kilmarnock excepted, Argyllshire, its towns and burghs, Buteshire and its burghs, Greenock, and Port Glasgow, and was also public analyst for Rothesay and Gourock.He was analyst for the Lancashire Sugar Association, Ltd., Liverpool, and for the Greenock Sugar Association Ltd., Greenock. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. GEORGEEDWARDBROWNdied at Surbiton on 23rd August, in his 62nd year. Educated at Dorchester Grammar School, he obtained his professional training under Tilden at Mason College, Birmingham, where he studied from 1889 to 1892, and was Tangye Scholar in Chemistry He passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in the follow- ing year, and entered the laboratory of the London and South-Western Railway, but two years later proceeded to the laboratories of the Great Western Railway at Swindon. From 1904 he was Editor of the British Journal of Photography and the British Journal Almanac.He was the author of several books, incluwg a treatise on photographic copyright, and translated a work from the French on the theory and practice of photography. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1897. 363 HOLROYDGEORQE WILLIAM FRASER died at Hampstead on 9th September, in his 64th year. Born at Wimbledon, he was educated at Winchester College and Oxford University, where he graduated with fist class honours and gained a Fell Exhibition in Chemistry at Christ Church, subsequently proceeding to MA. He worked for a year with Fresenius in Wiesbaden, and for two years with Thiele at Munich, and on returning to England in 1897 was for a time assistant to Vernon Harcourt at Christ Church, and a demonstrator in the laboratory of the college.In 1905 he was engaged as a science master at Bristol Grammar School, and in the following year was appointed chemist at the Shoreham Works of Messrs. Forbes, Abbott and Lennard, Tar and Ammonia Distillers. From the outbreak of the war he was on active service for two years, and in 1917 was appointed chief laboratory chemist at the synthetic phenol works at H.M. Factory at Ellesmere Port. In 1918 he obtained an appointment with Messrs. Brunner Mond & Co., at Northwich, and in 1919 was appointed lecturer in organic chemistry at Blackburn Technical School-now College-and shortly afterwards Vice-Principal and Head of the Chemical Depart- ment.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1920. ROBERTDRYSDAU MACKECHNIE died on 30th September, after an operation, at the age of 52 years. He was educated at Bellahouston Academy, at the Collegiate School, Glasgow, and at Stirling High School, and studied chemistry at Anderson’s College Medical School, the Royal Technical College, and the University of Glasgow. After some experience in the laboratory of Dr. A. P. Aitken, he was engaged as a chemist with Messrs. Charles Tennant & Co., at Carnoustie, with whom he remained for about sixteen months. Thereafter,he held appointments with the British Explosives Syndicate, Ltd., at Pitsea, Essex, with Messrs. A. Boake Roberts & Co., Ltd., of Stratford, and then became engaged with the Rio Tinto Co.for about 7 years-six yearsin Spain and one year in the United States. From 1914 to 1918 he was assistant works manager and chemist in charge of processes at the Alumina Works of the British A1um;n;Um Co., Ltd., at Larne Harbour, and in July of the latter year obtained an appointment as a technical chemist with the Mond Nickel Co., Ltd. at Clydach. In 1919 he started in business in the City of London as a Chemical Merchant and Agent. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. The Rev. FRANCISSAMUELYoma died on 2nd September, at Sawbridgeworth, Herts., in his 63rd year. Born at Harlow, he was educated at Bishop’s Stortford College, and obtained a Scholarship in Natural Science to Queen’s College, Oxford, where he graduated in the Final Honour School of Chemistry in 1894, later proceeding to M.A.He also worked at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, under Ruhemann, with whom he was joint author of a paper contributed to the Journal of the ChemicaZ Society, and later was engaged with Messrs. Cross and Bevan, in London. He passed the final examination for the Associateship of the Institute in the chemistry of food and drugs, but did not practise in that branch. He was appointed a science master at Mill Hill School, and in 1900 became headmaster of his old school at Bishop’s Stortford, which position he held with marked success until 1931. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1899 and a Fellow in 1902. 364 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented to the Institute by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library :-“ ‘ Analar ’ Standards for Laboratory Chemicals,” being improved standards for the Analytical Reagents formerly known as “A.R.” Pp.xvi + 295. Formulated and issued jointly by the British Drug Houses, Ltd., and Hopkin & Williams, Ltd. (London: 1934.) 3s. 6d.; by post, 4s.; obtainable from either firm. Foreword by Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. Preface, dealing with the history of the book; explanatory notes; conditions of testing; types of tests employed; maximum limits of impurities; reagent solutions ; time; solubility tests; tests for chloride; tests for residue; volumetric standards; chemicals for buffer solutions; quantitative methods; atomic weights.“Analar ” Standards for Laboratory Chemicals; appendix; reagents used in testing “Analar ” chemicals; indicator solutions ; standard solutions ; preparation of standard comparison solutions ; limit test for arsenic ;analoids; bibliography; table of atomic weights. Index. (Hitherto, each firm concerned in the publication has published its own book of standards, and while these have been on closely similar lines they have not been identical. While still remaining active business competitors, the two firms, in the interests of pure and applied science, have pooled their knowledge and experience, by co-operation between their chemical staffs, and have produced this volume.) “ Practical Bacteriology.” An Introductory Course for Students of Agriculture.Andrew Cunningham. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Pp. viii + 204. (Edinburgh and London: Oliver & Boyd, 1934.) 7s. 6d. General bacteriological technique-preparation of culture media ; the microscope; staining and microscopic examination of bacteria ; culti-vation and characterisation of bacteria, moulds, yeasts, and actinomy- cetes; bacteriology of milk, dairy products, and water supplies;bacteriology of soil and farmyard manure; bacteriology of plantdiseases; bacteriology of animal diseases; bacteriological tests for graded milk ;stains and staining reagents ;indicators, chemical reagents, etc.; index. 365 “The British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1934.” An Imperial Dispensatory for the use of Medical Practitioners and Phar- macists, published by direction of the Council of the Pharma- ceutical Society of Great Britain.Pp. xxvi+ 1768. (London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1934.) 35s. Preface ;abbreviations; British Pharmaceutical Codex, General mono- graphs on chemicals, crude drugs, etc.; surgical dressings; formulary ; appendices. Index. Mr. Thomas Hartley, FelZow, has kindly presented to the Library of the Institute several books of historical interest, including Watson’s Essays, Graham’s Chemical Reports and Memoirs, Liebig’s Letters on Chemistry, Laurent’s Chemical Method, translated by Odling, Frankland’s Lecture Notes, Wurtz’s The‘orie Atomique, Odling’s Animal Chemistry, and an early edition of Bloxam’s Laboratory Teaching, Crookes Papers on the Viscosity of Gases (1881)) Radiant Matter Spectroscopy (1883 and 1885)) Scandizcm (1908), Annual Reports of the Chemical Society (1904-1926),and other publications.Messrs. Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers), Ltd., have forwarded the first copy of a Technical and Scientific Encyclopaedia, which is to be completed in 40 weekly Parts,-Is. 6d. each. The work is being compiled by well-known contributors and covers a very large variety of sciences with information regarding terms, processes, and data connected therewith. (London: Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers), Ltd., 34 Paternoster Row, London, E.C.4.) The Solid Products of the Carbonisation of Coal.”-The South Metropolitan Gas Company has published, under the above title, an account of an investigation, carried out in the Chemical Department of the Company, into the possibility of producing by the carbonisation of coal a smokeless fuel suitable for the domestic fire.The volume also contains chapters on the characteristics of a satisfactory low temperature fuel and on the use of high temperature coke as a domestic fuel, and includes a bibliography. The Preface indicates that the publication embodies the results of the collaboration of a team of workers and refers to the advantages gained by that method of attacking industrial problems. Reasons are given for publication in the name of the chemical department and not in the names of the individuals 366 comprising it.The circumstances may be exceptional in some laboratories, but in general it is felt that a chemist or other scientific worker should have due acknowledgment of the part which he has taken in any investigation leading to results of importance; for it is only by his work that he may become known among his professional brethren, and achieve the success which he deserves. It is true that new ideas advanced by one worker are often improved by others, and it may be difficult to determine the extent of the credit due to particular individuals, but in such cases it would seem desirable that the members of the team should be named. Messrs. Eyre and Spottiswoode have announced the pub- lication of the first volume (Abietic Acid-Dypnone) of a 41 Dictionary of Organic Compounds,” of which Professor I.M. Heilbron is Editor-in-Chief. The work is to be completed in three volumes,-the second volume to be published in 1935 and the third in 1936 (;tl15 15s. net per set). Messrs Chapman & Hall have published the Third Edition of an *l Introduction to Physiological Chemistry,” by Meyer Bodansky. Pp. xi + 662. 25s. net, and also a new book by Dr. S. Cyril Blacktin on “Dust.” Pp. 308. 18s. net. Dr. Blacktin deals with dust in general, in nature, in everyday experi- ence, in experimental sciences, in geology, in botany, in industry and technology, and in pathology and physiology. ‘‘Insecticides and Fungicides.”-The Association of British Insecticide Manufacturers has forwarded a copy of a booklet of “Specifications and Methods of Analysis for certain Insecticides and Fungicides,” published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries,’’ (Bulletin 82, July, 1934: H.M.Stationery Office. 3d. net). The Specifications relate especially to-lead arsenate, lime-sulphur solution, nicotine and nicotine sulpha te, copper sulphate, Bordeaux powder, Burgundy powder, Cheshunt compound, soft soaps for spraying purposes, cyanides and formaldehyde. The methods of analysis have been prescribed by technical representatives of the manufacturers in collaboration with the Government Chemist, and have been adopted by the Ministry. The Director of the Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, has announced the publication of a pamphlet on “The 367 Automatic Telephone,” by W.T. O’Dea, in which the auto- matic telephone of the British Post Office is described and illustrated. (H.M. Stationery Office.) 6d., post free 7d. l1Sands, Clays and Minerals.”-A. L. Curtis of Chatteris has published No. 11of Volume I1 of “Sands, Clays and Minerals.” (3s. 6d. obtainable from A. L. Curtis, P.O. Box 61, Westinoor Laboratory, Chatteris). It contains, inter alia, a reprint of Part I of Klaproth’s Observations relative to the mineralogical and chemical history of the fossils of Cornwall, 1786, with marginal notes by E. H. Davison; and articles on Molybdenum and its uses, by L. Sanderson; English Oil Wells, by L. Owen; Methods of testing china clay, by Dr. Julius Grant; Furnishing a works laboratory for Inorganic Analysis, by A.L. Curtis; Limestones, by F. J. North; Analysis of Tungsten Ores, by W. R. Schoeller; Calorific Value of Coal and its Determination, by G. W. Himus; Old Stone Cross Heads (illustrated), by A. R. Warnes; and Concrete Aggregates, by C. J. Morreau. The Report of the Government Chemist upon the work of the Government Laboratory for the year ending 31st March, 1934 (H.M. Stationery Office, 9d. net.), shows that the work of this Department is increasing, 503,592 samples having been examined, compared with 460,995 in the preceding year,-an increase of 42,597. Purchased dlGas! ” The Story of the Special Brigade.-Major-General C. H. Foulkes, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O. With an Introduction by Field-Marshal the Earl of Cavan, K.P., G.C.B.Pp. xvi+36z. (Edinburgh and London : William Blackwood & Sons, Ltd.) 30s. net. 1914; the first German gas attack; early experimental work; formation of tho special companies; the Battle of Loos; expansion into the Special Brigade; inventions; the Battle of tho Somme; smoke clouds, thcrmit and flammenwerfor, the Lirons projector ;German and English opinions on gas clouds; publicity; 1917; the gas directorate--A. offence, B. defence; 1918; summary ; conclusion. Index. (Maps, charts and illustrations.) Corrigenda. Messrs. Adam Hilger, Ltd., have drawn attention to the price of their book on “The Practice of Absorption Spectro- photometry,” mentioned on page 299 of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV.It should be 12s. 6d. not 3s. 6d. 368 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 19th October, 1934,I new Fellow was elected, 6 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 58 new Associates were elected, and 48 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of 5 Fellows and of I Associate. New Fellow. Ray, Jnanendra Nath, M.Sc. (Cal.), D.Sc., 3’h.D. (Manc.), University Chemical Laboratories, Lahore, India. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Gillam, Albert Edward Maxwell George, M.Sc. (Liv.), 4, BuckinghamGrove, Timperley. Hussey, Arthur Vivian, A.C.G.I., Mardale, Watts Wood, Purfleet, Essex. McCallum, Louis Francis, Chemical Department, Cairo, Egypt. Northcott, Leslie Faithful Cyril, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 33, EaglesfieldRoad, London, S.E.18.Sen, Kumud Bihari, M.Sc. (Cal.), c/o Messrs. Bird & Co., Research Dept., Calcutta, India. Smith, Percy Harry, B.Sq. (Lond.),217, Ribblesdale Road, London, S.W.16. New Associates. Aiyar, Subrahmanya Parameswara, B.A. (Madras), Rothamsted Experi-mental Station, Harpenden. Ancrun, Robert William, 14, Leybourne Terrace, Yarm Lane, Stockton- on-Tees. Anderson, Frank William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Ridley Road, Rochester, Kent. Aspa, Alfred, A.M.C.T., 44, Kingsley Road, Swinton, Manchester. Baldwin, Gordon Tate, 18, Manship Road, Mitcharn, Surrey. Bennitt, John Hector, B.A. (Cantab.), Heathercroft, Hewlett Road, Cheltenham, Glos. Bowcott, Harold Joseph, 527, Fox Hollies Road, Hall Green, Birmingham. Bryant, Bernard William, B.A., B.Sc.(Oxon.), Red House Farm, Langhrzm, Essex. Burman, Harry, A.M.I.Chem.E., 82, Dee Street, Riddrie, Glasgow. Campbell, George Reid, 60, Claremont Crescent, Kilwinning, Ayrshire. Carrie, Maxwell Stuart, M.Sc. (N.Z.), N.Z. Co-op. Rennet Co., Ltd., P.O. Box 112, Eltham, New Zealand. Carter, Miss Marjorie Belle, B.Sc. (Lond.), 41, Ferndale Grove, Frizinghall, Bradford. Choppin, Frederic Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 63, WoodyatesRoad, London, S.E.12. Cole, Horace, B.A. (Cantab.), 22, Gamble Avenue, St. Helens. 369 Davis, Frederick Victor, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Woodbank Avenue, Offerton Lane, Stockport. Dougary, James McCulloch, B.Sc. (Lond.), Meadow View, Edge Hall Road, Orrell, nr.Wigan.Fishburn, Arthur George, Ph.C., 30, Velindre Place, Whitchurch, Glam. Fisher, Geoffrey Garratt, B.Sc. (Birm.), 164, Birmingham Road, West Bromwich, Staffs. Fleck, Harry Ronald, 38, Farm Road, Morden, Surrey. Fleming, William Alexander Latto, c/o Mrs. Wright, 188, St. George’s Road, Glasgow, C.3. Garlick, Reginald Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Livingstone Road, London, N.13. Goodall, Miss Honor, B.Sc. (Lond.), Green Bower, Marsden, nr. Hudders-field. Grimwade, Arthur Geoffrey, B.A. (Cantab.), Rivington, Woodland Avenue, Wolstanton, Staffs. Grimwade, Michael, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Grove Home, Whyteleafe, Surrey.Hall, Donald Hugh, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Fairview, Eaglesfield Road, London, S.E.18.Hayman, Roy Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 74, Cranbrook Rise, Ilford, Essex. Hellicar, Ames Gresley, B.A. (Oxon.), Rough Close, Hawkshead, Ambleside. Hitchen, Oswald, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 1, Sandbed Villas, Hebden Bridge, Yorks. Hosking, Jack Sargent, M.Sc. (W.A.), Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Glen Osmond, S. Australia. Hudson, John Herbert., B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Belgrave Terrace, Westmorland Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Huggett, Leslie Polan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 26, Alton Road, Waddon, Surrey. Hughes, Martin Luther, 57, Glenalla Road, Llanelly, S. Wales. Johnson, Alfred Henry Osborne, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Bedford Road, Ilford, Essex. Key, Richard Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Arcadian Gardens, London, N.22. Lee, Walter, 62, Armley Lodge Road, Armley, Leeds, 12.Leigh, Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Rose Avenue, Beech Hill, Wigan. Lennox, Francis Gordon, Weatherall Road, Cheltenham, S.22, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Lunam, Miss Peggy, M.Sc. (Dun.), York Home, Westbourne Grove, North Ormesby, Middlesbrough. Markham, Peter John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Elmside, Marlborough Hill, Harrow. Miller, Samuel Aaron, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 62, Camp Road, Leeds, 7. McFadyen, William Tennent, M.Sc. (N.Z.), c/o Mrs. Geldard, 37, HartleyCrescent, Hyde Park, Leeds, 6. McGill, John Heron, 7, Garven Terrace, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Minor, Roland Gordon, Ph.C., 2, Penylan Place, Tydraw Road, Penylan, Cardiff. Nadebaum, Oertel Oswald, B.Sc. (W.A.), 21, James Street, Bassendean, W. Australia. Perdue, Geoffrey Robert, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., 39, Redcliffe Square, London, S.W.10. Pollard, Kenneth Yewdall, B.Sc. (Lond.), 32, Kingswood Avenue, London, N.W.6. Purdie, Robert Hume, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 114, Haverstock Hill, London, N.W.3. Silveshr, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 78, North Circular Road, London, N.13. Smith, Miss Margaret Sarah, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 7, Albert Road, Brighton. 370 Smith, Wilfred Alan, B.Sc. (Mane.), 37, Cambridge Avenue, Lincoln. Stafford, George Basil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Diana Place, London, N.W.l. Venugopalan, Mudambai, B.Sc. (Mysore), M.Sc. (Bombay), Indian Lac Research Institute, Namkum P.O., Ranchi, Bihar and Orissa, India. Watson, Robert Sinclair, 18, Fintry Drive, King’s Park, Glasgow, 5.4. Watson, William, 186, Broomfield Road, Glasgow, N.Weigham, William Reginald, 658, Foleshill Road, Coventry. Williams, Albert Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 51, Colfe Road, London, S.E.23. Wood, Lionel Oswald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 59, Cloncurry Street, London, S.W.6. Wright, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 17, Hazellea Drive, Griffnock, Renfrewshire. Re-elected Associate. Thakore, Ramanik Kalyanray, R.Sc. (Bombay), A.R.S.M., Chemist and Metallurgist’s Office, Mechanical Department, G.I.P.R., Parel, Bom- bay, India. New Students. Angel, William, Collingdene, London Road, Isleworth. Armstrong, Herbert Harding, 113, Stanley Park, Litherland, Liverpool, 21. Barrey, Theodore Francis Henry, Friern Mount Drive, Whetstone, London, N.20. Beckton, William John, 16, Wilfred Street, Derby.Billson, Miss Frede Amy Lilian, 71, Hulse Avenue, Barking. Blackburn, John Stuart, 1, Roker Terrace, Stockton-on-Tees. Bottomley, Laurence, 11, South Meade, Chorltonville, Chorlton-cum- Hardy.Bovey, Edward, 81, Iffley Road, London, W.6. Bradley, Ivor Lewis, 39, The Grove, Hemlington, Marton-in-Cleveland, Yorks. Buchanan, Jack, 12, Nathans Road, N. Wembley, Middlesox. Burgess, Harold, Dean Lane, Hoscar, Ormskirk, Lanes. Cahill, Terence John, 34, Oriel Road, North End, Portsmouth, Hants, Clarke, Thomas Elliss, 18, Oak Bank Avenue, Moston, Manchester, 9. Cochrane, Ronald, 22, Macaulay Road, London, S.W.4. Crane, Norman Charles, 107, Salisbury Road, Barnet, Herts. Crosbie, Peter Malcolm, Delaford, Iver, Bucks.Denley, Philip George, 59, Calton Road, Gloucester. Derry, Ronald Lewis, 10, Wiverton Road, Sherwood Rise, Nottingham. Dickinson, Denis, 40, Avondale Road, Cheatllo Heath, Stockport.Doble, Stanley Mannford, c/o Resoarch Dept., I.C.I. (Alkali), Ltd., Winnington, Northwich. Downes, Hermann Hall, 48, Gaysham Avenue, Ilford. Fowkes, Francis Samuel, 2, Gaynesford Road, Carshnlton, Surrey. Henderson, George Mann, 11, Shandon Place, Edinburgh, 11. Heron, Alexander Eltringham, 56, Stokesley Crescent, Billingham,Stockton-on-Tees. Hobbs, John Francis, 463, Kingstanding Road, Erdington, Birmingham. Horne, Tom, Park View, Chimney Lane, Lepton, nr. Huddersfield. Horsley, Thomas Edward Victor, 68, St. George’s Road, London, E.lO. Laird, James, 62, Love Street, Paisley.Lewis, John A., 503, Archway Road, London, N.6. Lightfoot, Percy Robinson, 3, Morley Road, Runcorn. Lyne, Francis Arthur, Littledean, Glos. Melvin, John Stannislaws, 9, Wellpark Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. McLaren, James, 12, Drumoyne Square, Glasgow, S.W.l. 37 1 Robinson, Marcus, 3, West Royd Villas, King Cross, Halifax. Ross, John Ferdinand, 81, St. &ky’s Road, London, E.10. Sellar, Thomas, I, Thistle Place, Edinburgh. Sharpe, Clifford John, 65, Greenhill Road, Leicester. Shirley, Marcus Bernard Elward, 20, Westbourne Road, Handsworth, Birmingham, 21. Shreir, Louis Lionel, 128, Churchfield Road, London, W.3. Smith, John Chapman, 18, Francis Road, Acocks Green, Birmingham. Stewart, Charles Campbell, Lob’s Cottage, Cromwell Road, Worcester Park.Stubbs, Robert Bertram Eric, 48, Dene Avenue, Lemington, Northumber- land. Terry, Edward Thomas, 62, Brockley Grove, London, S.E.4. Watt, William, 5, Watson Crescent, Edinburgh. Welsh, Russell Oswald, 76, Cross Lane, Newton-le-Willows, Lanes. Whale, William, 96, Moor Street, Earlsdon, Coventry. Wjlkins, Frank Spencer, 26, Rochester Road, Coventry. Young, Harold Burnley, 16, &OSSneSS, Abbey Wood, London, S.E.2. DEATHS. Fellows. Marcus Bell, O.B.E. John William Biggart. George Edward Brown. George William Fraser Holroyd, M.A. (Oxon.). (Rev.) Francis Samuel Young, M.A. (Oxon.). Associate. Robert Drysdale MacKechnie. CHANGE OF NAME. Maisie Ursula Cullen, Associate, to Maisie Ursula Lee,--on her marriage.Omission. The list of new Associates elected on 27th April, 1934, published in Part I11 (p. 249), should have included:- Pillai, Thacha t Raman Narayana, M.Sc. (Benares), Public Analyst,Public Health Laboratory, Trivandrum, S. India. 372 Coming Events. 1934 November 1 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. OF1 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY AND THE SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Glasgow Section) : “Impregnation.” Mr. W. BAIN, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. 2 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Glasgow Section) : “Photo-synthesis of Carbohydrates.” Professor E. C. C. BALE, C.B.E., F.R.S., at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. 2 ROYALINSTITUTION:“Elements and Isotopes.” Dr.F. W. ASTON,F.R.S., at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 9 p.m. MUSEUM, The Director announces 2 SCIENCE SOUTHKENSINGTON: that the Rubber Exhibition at the Science Museum will be open to the public on Friday, the 2nd November, and will remain open for six months-Week-days, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. ; Sundays, 2.30 p.m. to 6 p.m. Admission free. The Exhibition includes: a Plantation Section, Manu- facturing Processes, Scientific Section, the Applications of Rubber, and Historical Exhibits. A series of conferences will be arranged and an exhibition of films dealing with the various branches of the rubber-growing manufacturing industries.2 SOCIETY (Plastics Group) : “Impregna-OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY tion of Textile Materials.” Mr. WM. BAIN. Joint Meeting with the Glasgow Section of the Society at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. 5 BRITISH GAS FEDERATION:Inaugural Dinner in the Great Hall of Grosvenor House, Park Lane, London, W.1, at 7 p.m. 5 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section): “Spon-taneous Oxidation in Coal and Some Other Materials.” Dr. J. S. HALDANE,C.H., F.R.S., and Dr. R. H. MAKGILL, C.B.E., at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 6-7 INSTITUTIONOF GAS ENGINEERS: Sixth Autumn Research Meeting, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, St. James’ Park, S.W.l, at 10 a.m. The programme includes a report on the use of Coal Tar Oils in Internal Combustion Engines.Mr. H. M. SPIERS and Dr. E. W. SMITH,C.B.E. 373 November. 6, 13 ROYAL INSTITUTION:“Progress and Problems in Photo- graphy.” Mr. OLAF BLOCH, at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 5.16 p.m. 7 ALCHEMISTS’CLUB (Glasgow University): “Does Time Fly? ” atMr. A. H. LAMBERTON, the University, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. 7 SOCIETY ANALYSTS: Spectroscopy, Ordinary Scientific OF PUBLIC Meeting,at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 8 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ : “Polymerisation ofASSOCIAT~ON Organic Substances and their ability to form Colloids.” Mr. H. F. FREUNDLICH,at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m.9-10 CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Manchester Meeting). Discussion on the Applications of X-Rays and Spectroscopy to the Elucida- tion of Chemical Structure. In the Chemical Lecture Theatre of the University of Manchester: at 2 p.m. on 9th November, and at 10 a.m. on 10th November. 9 INSTITUTION ENGINEERS:OF CHEMIC~L “Modern Cast Irons for Chemical Engineering Plant.” Mr. J. G. PEARCE, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 12 INSTITUTEOF FUEL:Meeting open to the Members of all technical societies, in the rooms of Geological Society of London, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.l, at 11.30 a.m., when Sir HARRYMCGOWAN,K.B.E., President-elect, will deliver his Presidential Address.Dr. FRIEDRICHBERGIUSwill give the Melchett Lecture in the same lecture theatre at 2.30 p.m. Annual Dinner, Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C.2.-H.R.H. the Duke of Kent, the guest of the evening. 14 SOCIETY ANALYSTS AND SOCIETY IN-OF PUBLIC OF CHEMICAL DUSTRY (Food Group). Papers relating to Fish. At the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 15 CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Discussion on “Chemical Problems in Agricultural Science,” to be opened by Sir JOHNRUSSELL, C.B.E., F.R. S., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture. “Is Nature wiser than Man 1 ” The RT. HON. LORD MELCHETT, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, W.C.l, at 8 p.m.374 November. 16 INSTITUTION :OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS“High-pressurePlant for Experimental Hydrogenation Processes.” Messrs. A. T. BARBER and A. H. TAYLOR,at the Institution, Storey’s Gate, St. James’ Park, London, S.W.1, at 6 p.m. 16 ANDERSONIANCHEMICAL SOCIETY: “Petroleum Refining of To-day.” Mr. W. R. GUY, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 3 p.m. 16,23, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON. “The Colloid Chemistry 30 of India-Rubber.” Prof. H. FREUNDLICH,at 5.30 p.m. (Free.) 18 INSTITUTIONOF MININGAND METALLURGY:General Meeting at the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 5.30 p.m. “The20,27 ROYALINSTITUTION:Solid State.” Sir WILLIAM BRAGG, O.M., K.B.E., F.R.S., at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 5.15 p.m. 21 ALCHEMISTS’CLUB (Glssgow University): “Are we Greeks or Romans ? ” Sir JAMESC. IRVINE, C.B.E. 21 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: London and South-Eastern Counties Section-Annual General Meeting, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m. 21 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group): Joint Meeting with the Institute of the Plastics Industry. “Urea-Plastics.” Mr. K. M. CHANCE. In the Council Room, Federation of British Industries, 21, Tothill Street, London, S.W.l, at 7.30 p.m. OF21 INSTITUTEFUEL(North-Western Section): Joint meeting with the Manchester District Association of Gas Engineers, at the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7 p.m.OF23 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section):Syrnposium on Micro-chemistry with demonstration, by Dr. D. T. GIBSONand Dr. R. ROGER, at the University of Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. OF :23 INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL ENGINEERS“The Chemical Engineering Aspect of Low Temperature Carbonisation.” Col. W. A. BRISTOW, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 26 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : Annual General Meeting. “Natural Syntheses based on Isoprene.” Professor I. M. HEILBRON,D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S. 26 INSTITUTION Special Properties of OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY: Latex. Mr. F. H. COTTON,at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, London, S.W.1. 28 INSTITUTEOF FUEL:“The Nature of the Processes of Oil Crack-ing, Water Gas Carburetting and Hydrogenation.” Professor M. W. TRAVERS, F.R.S., at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. 1, at 6 p.m. 375 November. 30 SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Scottish Section) : “Recent Chemical Developments in Wool Research.” Dr. H. PHILLIPS, at George Hotel, Buchanan Street, Glasgow, 7.15 p.m. 30 JOINT OF CHEMISTRY,MEETINGOF THE INSTITUTE THE SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY THE INSTITUTEAND OF BRITISH FOUNDRPMEN: “Recent Developments in Silicate Enamels and a Study of their Industrial Uses.” Mr. E. E. GEISINGER, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. 30 ROYALINSTITUTION:“Heavy Water in Chemistry.” Dr.M. POLANYI, at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 9 p.m. December 3 SOCIETY (London Section) : “PhenolsOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY from Low Temperature Tar.” Professor G. T. MORGAN, O.B.E., F.R.S., andMr. A. E. J. PETTET. “Formaldehyde Condensations with Polyhydric Phenols.” E. L. HOLMES and B. A. ADAMS, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 4 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Aberdeen Section): “The Use of the Ultra-violet Lamp in Analytical Work.” Mr. A. HILL, at the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, at 5.15 p.m. “The4,ll ROYALINSTITUTION: Solid State.” Sir WILLIAM BRAGG,O.M., K.B.E., F.R.S., at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 5.15 p,m. 5 SOCIETY ANALYSTS:OF PUBLIC Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 6 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 7 INTERNATIONALSOCIETYOF LEATHER TRADES’ CHEMISTS (British Section) : Symposium on “Technical Aspects of Emulsions,” under the Chairmanship of Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S. Part I, The Making of Emulsions: Papers by Dr. W. CLAYTON, Dr. J. B.Dr. R. M. WOODMAN, SPEAKMAN,Dr. J. W. CORRAN and Mr. R. I. JOHNSON. Part 11, The Breaking of Emulsions: Papers by Professor H. FREUNDLICH,Dr. L. A. JORDAN, Mr. L. GABRIEL, Mr. W. R. ATKIN and Mr.F. C. THOMPSON,Dr. V. G. WALSH and Dr. H. P. STEVENSand Mr. H. W. STEVENS. Open Meeting to all interested in the subject,-at the Royal Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2, from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Dinner at Maison Lyons, Shaftesbury Avenue, London, W.l, at 7.30 p.m. Organising Secretary: Mr. C. H. SPIERS,17, Market Street, London, S.E. 1. 376 December. OF :7 INSTITUTECHEMISTRYStreatfeild Memorial Lecture. “Quinine Manufacture in India.” Mr. G. E. Shaw, at t’he Institute, 30, Russell Square, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. RAMSAYCHEMICALDINNER: at the Central Hotel, Glasgow. (H. C. Moir, Convener, c/o William Beattie, Ltd., 116, Paton Street, Glasgow, E.1.) 7 ROYALINSTITUTION: “The Crystallisation of Alloys.” Professor C.H. DESCH, F.R.S., at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 9 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY10 SOCIETY (Yorkshire Section) : “Some Problems of Water Supply.” Dr. A. PARKER. 12 ALCHEMISTS’CLUB (Glasgow University) : “The Biogenesis of Alkaloids.” Professor G. BARGER, F.R.S., at the University, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. 12 INSTITUTEOF FUEL(North-Western Section): A Film evening (“Processes and Appliances in Fuel Production ”), at tho Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 12 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group): Joint Meeting with the Road and Building Materials Group and the Institution of County and Municipal Engineers, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 7.30 p.m.13 OILAND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION:“Paint and Varnish Problems in Aeronautics.” Dr. E. W.J. MARDLEY,at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1, at 7.30 p.m. 13 ROYAL AERONAUTICAL :SOCIETY “Recent Researches in Metallurgy.” Dr. W. H. HATFIELD, in the hall of the Royal Society of Arts, 18, John Street, Adelphi, W.C.2, at 6.30 p.m. 14 INSTITUTIONOF CHEMICALENGINEERS: “The Chemical Aspect of Timber Research.” W. G. CAMPBELL, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTION : “A General Compari- OF MECHANICALENGINEERS son of Gas and Electricity for Heat Production.” A. H. BARKER,at the Institution, Storey’s Gate, St. James’ Park, London, S.W.l, at 6 p.m.18 ANNUALCHEMICALDINNER. Wharncliffe Rooms, Great Cen- tral Hotel, Marylebone, London, N.W. 1, at 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMICALENGINEERS19 INSTITUTION : “Separation of Solids from Liquids.” Dr. W. CULLEN,C.B.E., and Mr. H. T. DURRANT, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.1, at 6 p.m. 377 December. 20 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 20 INSTITUTIONOF MINING AND METALLURGY:General Meeting at the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 5.30 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS,21 SOCIETY at George Hotel, Buchanan Street, Glasgow, at 7.15 p.m. 1935 January. 5 SPECIAL R.E.: The Thirteenth Annual Re-union and BRIGADE, Dinner of “Q” Special Company, R.E., will be held in Edin- burgh, on Saturday, 5th January.Particulars may be obtained from Mr. H. .T. ISLIP, Honorary Secretary, Wayside, Iver, Bucks, or Mr. L. FLETCHER,22, Kirkhill Gardens, Edinburgh, 9. 16 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ “The Limitations ofASSOCIATION: Chemical Analysis.” Joint Meeting with the London Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain arid Ireland. The discussion will be opened by Mr. C. A. KLEIN, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1, at 7.30 p.m. March. OF1 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY: Annual General Meeting. 1 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Aberdeen Section): “The Use of Polarimetric Methods in Determining Constitutions and Reaction Mechanisms.” Dr.R. ROGER, at the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, at 5.15 p.m. 378 General Notices. Sixth S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Lord Melchett has kindly consented to give the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Thursday, 15th November, at 8 p.m., when he will deliver an address entitled “Is Nature wiser than Man?’’ Seventeenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Mr. George Elliott Shaw, Fellow, has kindly consented to give the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Friday, 7th December, at 8 p.m., and has selected for his subject, “Quinine Manufacture in India.” These Lectures are open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute, and the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will also be open to all former Students of Finsbury Technical College.Tickets of admission may also be obtained by persons other than members or students of the Institute on application to the Registrar. Annual Chemical Dinner, 1934.-The Annual Chemical Dinner will be held on Tuesday, 18th December, in the Wharn- cliffe Rooms, Great Central Hotel, Marylebone, London, N.W.r. This will be a social event in which members of the various societies and institutions interested in chemistry are invited to participate. The dinner will be followed by music and dancing. Tickets, price 12s. 6d. each-for lady or gentleman-including gratuities, but not wine-are obtainable from Mr. F. A. Greene, The Chemical Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.1.379 Examinations, 1935.-The arrangements for examinations during 1935 will be as follows:- FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Dates of Examinations. Entries close. 7th to 12th January. 5th November, 1934. 1st to 6th April. 11th February, 1935. 16th to zIst September. 8th July, 1935. FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. 8th to 13th April. 11th February, 1935. 23rd to 28th September. 8th July, 1935. For Candidates wishing to be examined in Branch G Indus-trial Chemistry, or desiring Special Examinations, in September, the list will close on 3rd June, 1935. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of Council, to take office from 1st March, 1935, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Tuesday, 11th December, 1934.I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting, held on 7th 1c921, and amended on 1st March, 1923:- 9 Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham,Leices ter , Lincoln, Rutland and Northamp ton. Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the tom of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line.The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Hunting- don, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Laneasher and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through t.he postal districts of Wigan and Warrington &g aforesaid. 380 North-East Coast and Yorkshire, including the Counties of Northumberland, Durham and York. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Hadding- ton, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk, and Roxburgh.Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Caith- ness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Inverness, Argyll, Dum- barton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries. Wales (excluding the County of Flint, see iii). The County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defhed in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies, and elsewhere abroad.The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council. 11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a) may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form:- “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members. Nominations for District XI1 should be received not later than 31st August. 111.(1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section 381 or Sections in the respective District; except that in the cw of District (xii) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(6) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the fist post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting lists shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list of any member who on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January is in orrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the Friday next of the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose. (4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting.V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section, in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election. Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. 382 If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District.If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. The names of those who will have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council and retire in accordance with By-Law 23 are printed in italics. Birmingham and Midlands : Joseph Robert Johnson. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Ernest Vanstone, D.Sc. Liverpool and North-West Coast :William Roscoe Hardwick, B.Sc.London and South-Eastern Counties : Edward Burnhope Hughes, M.Sc. Manchester and District : Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc. North-East Coast and Yorkshire : Arthur Ernest Everest, Ph.D., D.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Robert Bruce, M.C. Glasgow and West of Scotland :Peter Ferguson Gordon, Ph.D. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Herbert Ben Watson, D.Sc. Northern Ireland : Jesse Carl Albert Brierley, M.Sc. Irish Free State: Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard, B.Sc., Ph.D., A.R.C.Sc.1. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad: James Irvine Orme Masaon, M.B.E., D.Sc. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of MaccabEans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award..The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the sarne person. The next award will be made in January, 1935. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1934,to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Award.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical 383 Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy.Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice . The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will next meet on 6th November, 1934, and will be glad, in the meantime, to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Correspondence on this subject should be addressed (without delay) to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1935,and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than zz years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. The following are suggested- “The Chemist of the Future.” “The Relation between Thinking and Learning in Training for a Scientific Career.” 384 The subjects of the seven previous Essays have been- 1927. “The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People.” 1928.“The Importance of General Education to the Professional Chemist .” 1929. “The Cultural Value of Science.” 1930. “Chemical Education from the Student’s Point of View.’ ’ 1931. “Why I have chosen Chemistry as a Profession.” 1932. “Some Aspects of Chemical Research.” (Selected by the successful competitor.) 1933. “The Chemical Education of Part-time Students.” (Selected by the successful competitor.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1934,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 385 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, 386 to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. FOR THE LOANOF BOOKSREGULATIONS FROM THE SCIENCE LIBRARY TO FELLOWS OF THE INSTITUTEAND ASSOCIATES OF CHEMISTRY. I. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with the Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary. 2. Fellows and Associates wishing to borrow books from the Science Library are required to give to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary a written undertaking to bear the cost of replacement of any work lost or damaged, and to return to the office of the Institute for cancellation, the duplicate (pink) requisition forms obtained from the Library, when the books are returned.3. Subsequently, borrowers may call, either personally or by representative, at the office oi the Institute, and obtain signed requisitions, by means of which the works may be obtained from the Science Library. 4. Or, books can be sent by post to Fellows and Associates on written application (specifying the volume or volumes re-quired) to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary, who will complete and transmit to the Science Library the necessary requisition forms, and the books will be posted direct from the Library.Postage will be charged to the borrower and collected from him by the Science Library authorities. 5. The regulations of the Science Library require that books on loan shall be returned at once if asked for by the Keeper of the Library; otherwise within fifteen days, or sooner, if they can be dispensed with. Fellows and Associates are earnestly re-quested to comply with this regulation, and to return books within the period specified, without waiting for a reminder from 387 the Library. Applications for the extension of the loan period may be granted if circumstances permit. 6. A Hand-list of the periodicals in the Science Library may be consulted at the office of the Institute, or copies of the Hand- list (with Supplement) may be obtained direct from the Science Library for 2s.8d. post free. An extensive author and subject catalogue is accessible at the Science Library, and bibliographies. of special subjects are compiled by its expert staff as and when required. Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar. The previous subscription arranged for members of the Institute expired on the 1st March, and fresh application forms must be obtained by those members who have not already had them and desire to continue for a further year’s service. The attention of such members is specially directed tothe necessity for the renewal of subscriptions or the return of the last volumes and membership tokens to the respective branches of issue.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 388 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their 9ermanent addresses for registration.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9345800313

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

TEfE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1a71. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER,1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1934. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD 13. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. December, 1934. Publications Committee, 1934-35. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, Vice-President,Chairman, JOCELYN F. THORPE (Presided), C. 0. BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, c. DOR~E, A. E. EVEREST- LEWIS EYNON, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, IIon. Treasurer, . A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. F. E. RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ERNEST VANSTONE, W. WARDLAW, H.B. WATSON, A. W. M. WINTLE. 391 Editorial. Advertising and Trade Certificates.-During more than half a century, the profession of chemistry has established a code of ethics-for the most part unwritten, but generally understood-framed mainly on that accepted in the professions of law and medicine. Lately, however, expression has been given by a few practitioners to a desire for a measure of greater freedom both in respect of advertising for practice and of the issue of certificates to be used in connection with advertisements concerning commercial products. It has been pleaded that professional chemists in private practice have to contend with greater competition than formerly, and this mainly from state-aided institutions of various kinds and from public companies who employ chemists.It has also been contended that it is not in the public interest that reputable consultants should be forbidden to give certi- ficates for publication because this impels the industrialist to resort to practitioners who ignore the professional code or to organisations whose qualifications for practice are unknown. The names of architects and engineers are affixed to their buildings and structures, those of accountants are to be found in the prospectuses and balance sheets of public companies, those of barristers and solicitors in the law reports, and those of medical men appear in connection with inquests and as medical referees for life assurance ; but professional chemists get little or no such publicity.On the other hand, their services are not in the same demand by the man in the street, who will find, however, so far as London is concerned, listsof consulting chemists scheduled in Kelly’s Post Ofice Directory, and in the Buy$ Book, with special entries referring to the Institute to which he may put any enquiry that he may wish to make. This is arranged by the Institute. Section 16 of the Royal Charter of the Institute provides that if any person while he is a member of the Institute is held by the Council, on the complaint of any member of the Institute or of any person aggrieved, to be guilty of any act or default discreditable to the profession, he shall be liable to be excluded or suspended from membership; and By-law 57 prescribes that 392 unprofessional soliciting for practice and issuing or allowing to be issued reports or certificates intended for publication con- taining unjustifiable statements, shall be deemed to be dis- creditable within the meaning of the said Section 16.The By-laws further require the Council to nominate not less than five persons from whom four Censors shall be elected at the Annual General Meeting, the President being ex-u$ciu a fifth Censor; and under By-law 56, the Censors are required to investigate all complaints arising under Section 16. The Censors, by their manner of dealing with such complaints as have arisen over a long period of years, have contributed largely to the establishment of a very high standard of professional conduct on the part of all who have subscribed to the Charter and By-laws.The reports submitted annually to the Council by the President, show that the complaints received in recent times have been very few, and have referred to acts which are undesirable rather than discreditable, but which lead to questions as to what is allowable. The Censors, however, are not called upon to consider hypothetical cases, and it is left to other officers to answer enquiries on the subject as best they can. A Past President of the Institute, Sir Thomas Stevenson, stigmatised advertisement by a professional man as a confession that he could not acquire practice without resorting to such methods; but it might signify that he merely wished to intimate that, although well established and busy, he was anxious to be busier : indeed, if advertising for practice became general, such an individual could afford to advertise more extensively than the beginner and thus be a serious menace to all new-comers.Incidentally, the question is asked-How is the beginner to establish a practice? He rarely attempts it unless he has already gained the necessary experience to warrant his doing so, by working for some years with an established consultant, or by having been engaged in industry and thereby having established a reputation in a specialised branch of work. However, to return to the subject of advertisement-it is obvious that if the practice of advertising were generally estab- lished, competition in the size and character of the advertisements, undercutting of fees, and less and less satisfactory service, would be the inevitable consequences, and the ultimate effect would be disastrous to all efforts to maintain professional status.Presuming, however, that the size of the advertisement were restricted by agreement to a small announcement of the 393 “business card” type, that the size of the print were specified and the extent of the particulars limited to the name, qualifica- tion, special experience and place of business of the practitioner- what benefit would result to anyone if advertisements were resorted to generally and all practitioners employed such means of notifying their existence? Limited liability companies occasionally appear to be seeking to add professional chemical work to their ordinary industrial and commercial undertakings, and, in some cases, it is supposed that they attempt to secure analytical work, in order to recover, in part at least, the cost of maintaining a laboratory for their normal business. Works analysts are, thus, sometimes required to deal with samples which itre brought to the laboratories of such concerns.It is surprising, however, that some firms of laboratory furnishers, which supply apparatus and chemicals to private consultants, advertise for professional work and are prepared to compete with their own customers, who presumably could retaliate by obtaining their supplies from other sources.Possibly, in some of these instances, as in the case of some shops whose proprietors profess to control analytical laboratories, the work is actually sent to a practitioner, although that type of practice which is known as “cover work” is regarded as distinctly discreditable, when the practitioner gives a certificate of analysis to an unqualijed person knowing that the latter will pass it off as his own. There has also been criticism of concerns which employ, on their staffs, chemists as technical advisers and advertise that their services are available to customers, but this can hardly be open to the same objection, for the success of industry very largely de- pends on the proper use of chemical products which can only be ex- plained by those who are specially acquainted with such products.It is another matter, however, to publish lists of fees for analyses, and to solicit the work which should be entrusted to professional men who are forbidden to advertise; while it is very reasonable to contend that it would be contrary to public interest that the posi- tion of such independent practitioners should be jeopardized, for their existence is very necessary and often advantageous to in-dustrial concerns themselves, for consultative work, and in matters of arbitration, litigation and the like. Advertisements by state-aided institutions and research associations have occasionally been brought to the notice of the 394 Institute, and teaching institutions, as such, have been known to offer professional chemical services both in the technical press and by circular letters, thus entering into competition with independent practitioners including their own past students, by requiring their staffs and present students to undertake analyses at low fees.There can be no question that such offers are not in the interests of the chemical profession. With regard to research associations, it must be borne in mind that while they are anxious to do what they can to retain the support of their members, much of the consulting work and analyses which goes to them would not, without their existence, be required at all, and, in some circumstances, could not be undertaken by private practitioners, for lack of special apparatus and facilities.On the other hand, practitioners in various branches feel convinced that many firms who previously consulted them now contribute a few guineas a year to research associations in return for services afforded by these State-aided institu- tions. In this connection, it may be mentioned that the National Physical Laboratory and the Chemical Research Laboratory decline to compete with private practitioners, and refer enquiries to the Institute. Many practitioners include, on their forms for certificates and reports, a statement to the effect that they must not be published without specific sanction. This is a wise precaution, for many cases have been known where certificates have been published without the consent of the practitioners and much to their detriment.In some cases they have been abridged and garbled most unscrupulously. For example, from a certificate of analysis of a sample of milk, the words omitted were-"The milk was very dirty." The issue of certificates for advertisement purposes can rarely be justified, although a formal certificate of scientific fact and honest opinion may be permissible in the single publication of a company prospectus, when the investing public regard it as ancillary to that of an accountant or of a surveyor or engineer. It may also be necessary in rare cases, for a limited period, where the public needs to be reassured-for example, after an arsenic scare, such as arose some years ago in connection with the brewing industry.It has been customary, however, to regard as in a different category, the use of professional certificates attached to bottles and containers. They may comprise the 395 results of the analysis of a single sample or perhaps of a series of samples taken at intervals, but can seldom guarantee the products for all time; whereas firms have been known to use such certificates for twenty years or more after the death of the chemist named on such labels. Even when systematic inspection of samples drawn or bought by the analyst himself is undertaken, discrepancy or deviation from uniformity may occasionally be detected. In any case, such certificates cons tit Ute advertisement of the chemist, of ten described with ad j ectives-" eminent,'' "well-known," e tc.Fortunately the type of rogue who offered to give a favourable report for publication before he even received a sample has disappeared, having been exposed in the public press many years ago. It is contended that firms which are now paying some organisation for a periodical inspection of their works or their products, feel that they must have some such arrangement, al- though they regard it as a necessary evil, if not blackmail. They refer to professional consultants, however, when they wish for any advice, or for a scientific investigation to be undertaken. In this connection, a suggestion has been received that the Institute should countenance some form of protective advertise- ment, and establish a censorship of certificates before they can be used for advertisement, in order to ensure that they are not merely "trade puffs," but straightforward statements of fact based on scientific examination.Further, the view has been expressed that if the Institute declined such a function it would be failing in its duty, presumably because a certain amount of practice of a kind is being placed elsewhere in the meantime. If any such system may be regarded as a species of blackmail, it would more certainly be so regarded if the system were ex- tended, for under it who could refrain from supporting the scheme? What, moreover, could be said of the prospect of a Committee sitting in judgment on certificates, good or bad, and varying as the product or the method of production varied? Who could find a compromise when a firm was determined to have a higher-sounding certificate than its competitors as manufacturers of a certain commodity ? Without some laudatory recommendation such things are of small value for the purpose.Again, having given a certificate to one firm in praise of its products, would not the practitioner be debarred from giving a certificate to another firmin the same industry, in respect of 396 the same products? Or would both firms contend with the practitioner for a more favourable report? Surely, in most cases, the manufacturer should know whether he is producing a good thing, and should be able to assert that it is a good thing on his own behalf.An individual may do many things which are breaking neither the law nor the decalogue, but which are not usually done by decent people. Emerson wrote: “The infallible index of true progress is found in the tone a man takes.” The same may be said of professions. An understanding has been estab- lished in the Institute with regard to such matters. Professional ethics generally obtain more serious observance in this than in any other country; but it is probable that if there had been no Institute, and no notice had been taken of advertisements and certificates given by chemists for advertisement purposes, both practices would have been considerably more in vogue, would have been imitated by succeeding generations of prac-titioners, and would thus have become customary, and still further abused and more obnoxious.It has been advanced as an argument that the Institute has no legal right to insist on the observance of such strict pro- fessional procedure, but the code has not been dictated by caprice or tyranny. Moreover, it embraces the consensus of opinion of all those who constitute the professional body, i.e. the Institute, and experience has shown that a court of law will have due regard to the tenets adopted by a professional institution in the public interest for the protection of honourable practice. COMMENTS ON THE EDITORIAL FEES‘I ” ON PROFESSIONAL vide JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part v, page 319. Editorial observations are printed in italics. A correspondent refers to the discrepancies between different practitioners in their fees for analyses.This is a matter of very great dij’iculty in the chemical profession, since so much depends on the circumstances in which a sample of any kind may be submitted, the extent to which the investigation is to be carried, the purpose for which it is required, and whether it is an isolated sample from a new client or one from a regular client who is in the habit of submitting samples at regzclar intervals 397 or in large numbers. Two practitioners may be doing equally good work, yet one may have established his practice in a poor neighbour-hood where rent is low and clients can aflord to pay little, and the other may be in a great city where his expenses are much higher and clients better able to pay for such services.The same thing obtains in medicine, and such diferences can hardly be adjusted. No professional man should take any step to injure the interests or the practice of another, by deliberately undercutting fees for example ;otherwise, if undercutting is adopted, the extent and character of the work are liable to be modijed to accord with the fee. Good work cannot be done for inadequate fees. Caveat Emptor,- the buyer must beware. He ought to know that he will only get value to the extent of his payment. The law does not allow anybody to interfere with a man for charging low fees, or no fees at all, so long as he is not committing fraud; but business men will say cheap analyses are no good.” The same member suggested a method for the recovery of fees, namely, by means of a Demand Note which he sends to his bank, endorsed’as in the case of an ordinary cheque.The bank obtains the endorsement of the debtor, which is rarely refused, and the money is subsequently recovered from the debtor’s bank. This method is seldom resorted to, but rarely fails, because presentation of the Demand Note is at least an indication that the creditor is prepared to proceed further if necessary. A member refers to the type of client who openly asks for a simple analysis while trying to conduct a consultation at the same time, and also to the prospective client who, without disclosing his name, telephones to a consultant and endeavours to get information for nothing.The same member, referring to the question of suing for fees, remarks that the amount is often so small that it is not worth the trouble, but he feels that it is a bad practice to allow rascals to have services and advice and to go scot-free. This correspondent introduces another question, that of commissions on introducing plant and other goods to clients. Such commissions are taboo amongst the highest type of $70-fessional men, who rely on earning their living solely by their clients’ fees, in order that they may be above suspicion of being biassed in giving advice as to the plant recommended in particular processes. It is likely also that such commissions cannot be 398 accepted with impunity, unless they are disclosed to the clients to whom the plant or goods are recommended.They would appear to constitute one variant of commissions which the law defines as illicit unless disclosed. Another member relates that he had actually been approached by persons in high authority who said they would like to “know his professional fees,” without indicating in any way what they wanted him to do. Presumably they expected him to have a schedule of fees, which is hardly more usual among chemical than medical consultants. The main complaint of this member, however, was against the staffs of state-aided institutions, and in one instance (specified) of a Government Department. He asserts that professors still undertake analyses which may be entrusted to students who may or may not be rewarded for their work.The Institute should take more serious cognisance of such matters. The Institute has had less evidence of this practice in recent years, but cases have been brought to its notice from time to time and have received attention with satisfactory results. The chief objection lies in the college, as such, practising,-i.e. requiring its sta$ or students to undertake professional work, instead of restricting itself to its proper function of education. In matters of greater importance, however, it is common knowledge that professors often stand in much the same relation to industrial concerns as do consulting physicians and surgeons of the hospitals and medical schools to the public.Consulting chemists, indeed, on matters beyond their special knowledge, not infrequently refer to them, and there is every justiJication for professors keeping in touch with the industrial applications of their science, both in the interests of their students, and for their infEuence in upholding the professional status attached to the high positions which they occupy. The same correspondent tells of a well-known physician who had a notice in his waiting room reading “Patients will kindly hand the fee of three guineas to the Secretary before visiting the Doctor.” This correspondent says that he himself invariably asks for fees in advance from firms and persons pre- viously unknown to him, and feels that he has lost nothing by that practice.He suggests that the Institute should hold a conference on the whole subject. 399 Proceedings of the Council. NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1934. Council Meeting, 16th November.-At the meeting held on 16th November, the Council considered some correspondence from Fellows regarding advertising for practice and the issue of professional certificates for advertisement purposes. The Council was definitely opposed to advertising and to granting certificates, feeling that it would be a retrograde step to depart from the principles which, largely due to the action of the Censors, had been so long established. After discussion, the correspondence was referred to the Publications Committee, with a request that the matter be dealt with in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,and that special refer- ence be made to the practice of public companies having chemists in their employ advertising for analytical and consulting work.Having dealt with correspondence with various government departments and with the Local Sections, a suggestion was submitted that the Council should reconsider the question whether the Institute should adopt some form of academic dress, but the Council decided not to pursue the matter. Reports were received from the Standing Committees and from a Special Committee appointed to consider the advisability of making provision for the election of a second District Member of Council for the North-East Coast and Yorkshire, on which the Council decided to recommend such provision, by creating a separate District for Newcastle-on-Tyne area.At the same time, the Council was reminded that the rules for the nomination of District Members of Council provided that the Committees of the Local Sections within any district were required to confer to- gether for the purpose of nominating a District Member of Council. The President reported that the Administrators for the Beilby Memorial Fund had awarded IOO guineas each to Dr. W. Hume-Rothery and Dr. E. A. Rudge (see page 450). The President also reported on the conference of representa-tives of the Institute and of the Association of British Chemical 400 Manufacturers on the Provisional Poisons List and Poisons Rules, which had been transmitted to the Institute by the Poisons Board. He stated that an agreement had been reached on the action to be taken in respect of the matters referred to therein, and the Council agreed that the same be incorporated in a letter to the Poisons Board.A Special Committee consisting of the President, Vice-Presidents, Honorary Treasurer, Dr. Lampit t, Dr. Levinstein and Dr. Wardlaw was appointed to consider the desirability of making arrangements for the celebration of the Jubilee of the Institute under Royal Charter, in 1935, and to report to the Council thereon. Council Meeting, 7th December.-The Council received reports from the Standing Committees, and considered pre- liminary arrangements for the nomination of the new Council to be elected at the Annual General Meeting on 1st March, 1935.The new District Members of Council will be as follows:- (i) Birmingham and Midlands : Mr. William Alexander Skeen Calder. (vi) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Mr. Adam Tait. (viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland: Professor Forsyth James Wilson. (x) Northern Ireland: Dr. William Honneyman. The names of the Ordinary Members of Council who will retire at the Annual General Meeting on 1st March, in accordance with the By-laws, are as follows:- Dr. Charles Dorke. Dr. Richard Henry Greaves. Mr. William Rintoul, O.B.E. Professor Samuel Smiles, O.B.E., F.R.S. Mr. Albert Watkins Maggs Wintle. Correspondence was submitted from a Fellow asking whether the Council could not make some kind of protest against adver- tising for practice, publication of schedules of fees, and under- cutting, by persons and public companies not associated with the Institute.The letters were referred to the Publications Committee and will receive further consideration. A presentation was made to Miss Cawston, Chief Clerk, in appreciation of her valuable and devoted services during the 401 past 25 years. In making the presentation, the President expressed the hope that the Institute might long have the advantage of her assistance in its work. The Council regrets to record that Sergeant Thomas Matthews, the Commissionaire who has been in the employ of the Institute for the past 10 years, has been obliged to retire owing to ill-health.A fund has been raised among past and present Officers and Members of Council on behalf of Sergeant Matthews and his family. The Sixth S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-The President (Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S.) presided at a meeting in the hall of the Institute on 15th November when Lord Melchett delivered the Sixth S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture. In opening the proceedings, the President said that it should be unnecessary for him to remind the meeting that the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture was instituted to preserve the memory of a man, who, although not a chemist himself, had shown very great interest in the work of the profession of chemistry and had taken no small part in developing the methods by which science could be utilised in furthering the interests of an industrial enterprise. On the present occasion they had the honour to welcome Lord Melchett, himself a believer in the practical applications of chemistry, the son of a leader in industry, and a grandson of Dr.Ludwig Mond, a Fellow of the Institute almost from its foundation and for over thirty years, until his death twenty-five years ago. The title of the address which Lord Melchett was to give was in the form of a question: Is Nature Wiser than Man?” It would be interesting, the President said, to see how he would develop that theme. Lord Melchett spoke extempore, but a report of his address is being prepared for publication shortly. The Seventeenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-On 7th December, in the hall of the Institute, Mr.George Elliott Shaw, Fellow, delivered the Seventeenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture. The President reminded the members that the lecture was given in honour of the memory of Frederick William Streatfeild, 402 who was, for many years, demonstrator at Finsbury Technical College, of which Mr. Shaw was a past student. He mentioned that Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, who had so far attended every Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, had expressed his deep regret that he was unable to be present on that occasion. Mr. Shaw dealt with L4 Quinine Manufacture in India.” The lecture will be printed and issued as a separate mono- graph in due course. At the conclusion of the lecture, the President congratulated the members on having heard another lecture from a chemist who illustrated so well the type of training provided by “Fins- bury.” He had listened to Mr.Shaw with great interest. Mr. Shaw had had remarkable experience: it was not often that a research chemist had to build works and make his own bricks, as well as equip his laboratory. He was struck by the fact that the cinchona trees were destroyed in order to obtain the bark. The Japanese, who formerly destroyed the camphor tree, now harvested the trees, which continued to grow and yield the leaves from which the camphor was obtained. With regard to the attack on the mosquito, as the cause of malaria, he had been told that at Rio de Janeiro inspectors visited the houses every week and imposed fines, payable there and then, on any householder where any pool of water was found which might harbour the insects: this undoubtedly tended to check the prevalence of fever.The President presented Mr. Shaw with the Streatfeild Medal, the gift of the City and Guilds of London Institute, and also a photographic portrait of Frederick William Streatfeild. Mr. Bernard Howard said that he would like to pay a very sincere tribute to Mr. Shaw for one of the most interesting evenings which he had ever spent. They had listened to a very modest account of the work of a distinguished pupil of Streat- feild. That Mr. Shaw had been able to overcome so many difficulties and prove himself capable in so many capacities was due to his fine practical training at Finsbury.They had heard something more than a paper of scientific interest: it was a personal history of a man of science. He (Mr. Howard) was especially glad to have been able to hear the lecture because, in a junior capacity, he had worked as a colleague with Mr. Shaw. Referring to the analysis of bark from India, he said that the 403 bark sent to England was not the same as that dealt with in the factory controlled by Mr. Shaw. This was to some extent explained by the fact that the wholesale druggist sent his buyer to a showroom in Mincing Lane, and the buyer relied rather on the notes in his catalogue than on analysis. Dr. David Hooper also said that the lecture was one of the most interesting he had heard.He recalled the history of the quinine industry when he was in Madras, fifty years ago. Mr. Shaw had described the successful evolution of a quinine factory in India in the face of very great difficulties. Dr. J. Newton Friend, Mr. E. M. Hawkins, and Mr. J. H. Coste also having expressed their appreciation of the lecture, the meeting closed with a vote of thanks to Mr. Shaw. La Maison de la Chimie.-The new headquarters for chemists in France, known as La Maison de la Chimie or the Centre Marcelin Berthlot, was opened officially on 1st December in the presence of the President of the Republic and many delegates from foreign countries. The Institute was represented by Dr. L. H. Lampitt, Member of Council, and Mr. A. R. Smith, Fellow.The ceremony was held in the Salle des Congrks, Monsieur Mellarmk, Minister of Education, presiding. Monsieur Bkhal, President of La Maison de la Chimie, spoke of the objects of the foundation, and was followed by other speakers, including Sir Robert Mond. After the ceremony the foreign delegates were entertained at tea by Monsieur Gkrard, the administrateur of the foundation, who showed the visitors over the premises. The State has given the house that once belonged to La Rochefoucauld d’Estissac, built in 1708. The body of the house remains in its original form, while the wings have been rebuilt to suit the purposes of the new organisation, a capital fund of over 25 million francs having been raised with the help of international subscrip- tions.The foreign delegates had been given a reception and enter- tainment on the previous evening. Sir Robert and Lady Mond entertained the English delegates to lunch at the Ritz Hotel. The President of the Institute had been unable to be present at the inaugural ceremony and the reception, but attended the banquet given in honour of the foreign delegates, which brought the celebrations to a close. 404 Local Sections. [The Imtitute is Not responsible for the views expressed in j5apers read, OY in speeches delivered during discussions.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Agricultural Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 4th December,-Professor Alex. Findlay presiding-when Mr.Alfred Hill delivered a lecture on ‘&The Use of Ultra-Violet Light in Analytical Work.” The lecturer, at the outset, described the ultra-violet ray lamp with which he had been experimenting, which was of the type known as the Hanovia Utility Lamp. He then proceeded to outline briefly the history of the use of ultra-violet light in analysis, stating that although of comparatively recent introduc- tion, great progress had been made in its use. He stressed the point that, although the lamp could not in any way replace chemical analysis, it was of considerable help in diagnosing certain problems connected with scientific investigation in many walks of life. The lamp was now a recognised appliance in the laboratories of many up-to-date institutions and was employed by chemists in a large number of industrial undertakings as well as by those interesting themselves in police investigations.Mr. Hill described how the ultra-violet rays caused certain substances to “fluoresce” or glow in varying colours according to their composition, and how some chemicals, for instance, although very closely related chemically, fluoresced in entirely different colours if pure, when subjected to filtered ultra-violet light, so that these compounds could be easily differentiated. It was demonstrated, by the aid of the lamp, how the chemist could make use of these rays in many ways in the course of routine analysis and also demonstrated to the industrial chemist,- whether he be connected with the paper industry, the drug industry, textiles, the manufacture of jams and jellies, or a 405 number of other industries,-that the lamp could at times set him on the right road towards the solution of a problem.Within recent years the ultra-violet lamp had been used successfully in legal work, in the detection of forgery and alterations and erasures on legal documents of importance. The Customs authorities of several countries had made use of the lamp in rapidly identifying contraband goods. The advantage of such methods of diagnosis lay in the fact that, particularly in legal and police work, the article to be examined under the lamp suffered no deterioration such as might happen if it had to be subjected to chemical tests.Mr. Hill showed some interesting examples of uses to which the ultra-volet rays might be put. Butter could easily be distinguished from margarine without any previous preparation, while it was possible to detect the adulteration of butter by the addition of small quantities of margarine or vegetable fats. Another interesting example of the detection of fraud was the case of the obliteration of the mark of origin on imported eggs. This stamp was easily deleted by various means without leaving any mark visible on the shell, but the erasure was always visible under the ultra-violet rays. The lamp had actually been the means of securing a conviction in several cases of this nature. It was somewhat similar in the case of erasure or alteration of words written in ink on a document ;the erasure, whether carried out by the use of chemicals or by scraping, could be definitely detected.In some experiments, although the treatment was carried out very carefully and no visible trace of the words could be noted, it was possible to read the actual words when subjected to the rays of the lamp. So also most secret inks could be made to disclose their secrets. The presence of certain preservatives in foodstuffs could be rapidly detected. Milk fluoresces canary yellow, but a trace of sodium salicylate will alter the colour to bluish-white. Various drugs and dyes fluoresce differently either by them- selves or under treatment by various reagents. The lecturer showed a series of yellow-coloured papers which under the lamp appeared in varying colours ; some yellows in filtered ultra-violet light seemed purple or almost black, others lavender, while the yellow wrapping on the box of a well-known brand of matches fluoresced a brilliant yellow.The fluorescence of several cattle- cakes, poultry foods, artificial fertilisers and samples of seeds and other materials was demonstrated. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer. 406 Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Belfast Section held on 24th October, in the Physics Department of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, Dr. W. Honneyman delivered a lecture on ‘‘The Treatment of Water for Industrial Purposes.” Dr. Honneyman recounted the troubles which had arisen in the past on account of the use of naturally hard waters in indus- trial processes.This used to be the case on bleach greens, and in dyeing works and laundries, while every user of a boiler for steam-raising purposes knew the difficulties en-countered with the deposit of scale in the boiler. This caused a great waste of heat and much lost time when the boiler had to be descaled. Industrial apparatus had been in use for some considerable time for removing the hardness from water. This had resulted in better products and had effected a large saving in coal, soap, etc. The lecturer described modern improvements in plant for this purpose, which had been introduced within the last few years, resulting in much greater efficiency.The zeolite process which had been in considerable vogue until recently was stated to be of less general application at the present time. It was being replaced by more effective coagulation processes using sodium aluminate. The lecturer also said that he was not in favour of the use of zeolite water softeners in the household, as the water from such plants contained soda in most cases. Soda would act on aluminium cooking vessels, and so all food prepared in such circumstances would contain traces of aluminium. While this was harmless in most cases, it had been alleged to cause digestive trouble in others. There was a good attendance of technical chemists and others interested in the subject, and a general discussion followed the lecture.The Annual Dinner of the Belfast and District Section was held in the Grand Central Hotel, Belfast, on 30th November, Professor K. G. Emeleus being the guest of the evening. After the loyal toast, the Chairman, Dr. W. Honneyman, proposed the health of “The Guests,’’ to which Professor Emeleus replied. Birmingham and Midlands.-The opening meeting of the Session was held at the University, Edgbaston, Birmingham, on 31st October,-Mr. A. W. Knapp, Chairman of the Section, presiding. 407 The first part of the evening was spent in the Department of Oil Engineering and Refining, where Professor A. W. Nash gave an account of the application of physics and chemistry to the production and refining of petroleum. The methods of detecting geological structures favourable for the accumulation of oil at varying depths, and the correlation of the geological formation of one portion of an oilfield with another were described, and the gravimetric method of surveying by means of the torsion balance and the seismic method of determining geological structures and were explained.The various methods of distillation, the type of plant employed, and the principles of cracking heavier oils to produce petrols were also discussed, and specimens of the numerous products of fractionation were exhibited. A number of pieces of apparatus and small scale plants in the Department (among them a distillation unit capable of working at a pressure of I mm. absolute) were then inspected, and several experiments were carried out-one of these, the analysis of natural gas by means of the Podbielniak apparatus, being particularly interesting .The second half of the meeting was held in the Department of Brewing and Industrial Fermentation, where Professor R. H. Hopkins addressed the meeting, giving an outline of the teaching and research activities of the Department. The Chair was endowed by brewers for the training of technical brewers and chemists, the former involving a Diploma Course and the latter a Degree Course. The Degree in Industrial Fermentation covered a very wide field and fitted students for employment in a wide range of industry, including food manufacture, fer- mentation, etc. The research work included, firstly, that performed by students reading for higher degrees (this was concerned with problems of yeast and alcoholic fermentation, diastases in relation to starch constitution, pectins and cell wall constituents) ; and secondly, much of the research work of the Institute of Brewing, which was performed in these laboratories.Many most interesting devices and instruments were exhibited. The second meeting of the Session was held at the University of Birmingham, on zIst November,-Professor R. H. Hopkins presiding. Dr. J. B. Speakman delivered a lecture on “The Chemistry of Wool and Related Keratins.” Attempts to elucidate the structure of fibres, such as wool and hair, by orthodox chemical methods, are complicated by the 408 fact that the keratins are biological structures.For example, the medulla contains no sulphur, the cuticle contains sulphur but no histidine or tyrosine, while the cortex contains sulphur, histidine and tyrosine. In addition, the composition of any one type of cell, e.g., the cortical cell, varies along the length of the fibre, as is revealed by variations in sulphur-content. Analytical methods, by emphasising such variations in com-position, are not well adapted to reveal the essential features of fibre structure, and indirect physico-chemical methods have been more successful. In the first place-because the swelling of wool fibres in water is much greater laterally than longitudinally, and because the change in rigidity with water absorption is far greater than the change in breaking load-it seemed probable that the fibres are built up of long molecules.The simplest way of using amino acids to make macro molecules is by way of a-amino and asso- ciated carboxyl groups to form molecules of the type:- -CO-CH-NH-CO-CH-NH-CO-CH-NH-,I 1 I R, R2 R3 and proof of their existence is due to the X-ray investigations of Astbury. The side chains R,, R2, R,, etc. may be inert (glycine), basic (arginine), acidic (aspartic acid) or contain sulphur (cystine). The latter may form a covalent link between chains in parallel, and salt linkages may also be formed from the acid and basic side chains. If such covalent and electrovalent linkages exist, it is to be expected that the fibre will consist of crystals having characteristic properties.The real existence of these crystals, which are about 200 A.U. thick and are lamellar in shape, has been demonstrated by physico-chemical methods based on the accessibility of the fibre to molecules of varying size. When fibres are treated with acid, the salt linkages are rup- tured, and fibres in acid solution are, therefore, much less difficult to stretch than in water. In the case of strong acids the reduction in the resistance to extension is proportional to the amount of acid combined at any +H, and the form of the titration curve of wool can be determined by simple measurement of the resis- tance to extension in media of varying $H. In this way it was shown that the wool fibre has a stability region extending from pH 4 to 8, a region which is explicable only on the assumption 409 that the acid and basic side chains of wool are present in equiva- lent proportions, and that they combine to form salt linkages.Up to the present, the necessary amount of di-carboxylic acids for combination with amide nitrogen and the basic amino acids known to be present in wool has not been isolated, but the position has been improved recently by the ascertained hydroxyglutamic acid from Cotswold wool. The existence of a cystine bridge between peptide chains is proved by the fact that wool and hair react with agents such as sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite, silver sulphate and baryta in much the same way as cystine. In the case of fibres, reaction with the sulphur linkage is again recognised from the changed elastic properties.For example, sodium bisulphite, being acid, is able to break the salt linkages; in addition, it breaks the sulphur linkages with formation of an addition compound, and when both types of link are broken, the main peptide chains collapse and the fibre contracts to a length about one-third less than the original length. Besides the reagents mentioned, hot water attacks the sulphur linkage of fibres, so that their elastic properties are dependent on temperature as well as humidity. Baryta-treated fibres, however, are largely unaffected by tem- perature because the sulphur linkage is already broken. Salt and sulphur linkages take part in an interesting reaction when strained fibres are exposed to steam.The sulphur linkages are first hydrolysed and then react with the amino groups of salt linkages to form new linkages of the type R-S-NH-R between the peptide chains. The reaction is the basis of many industrial processes, including permanent waving, and its successful realisation is dependent on the sulphur linkages of the fibre being intact. Actually, the sulphur linkage is rarely intact because it is sensitive to oxidation, which takes place slowly in air and rapidly in alkaline hydrogen peroxide. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-On 20th October, members of the Section were very kindly entertained by Dr. A. C. Fryer at his residence at Clifton. Dr. Fryer gave a very interesting address dealing with the architectural features of Westminster Abbey.The lesser known features of the Abbey were well illustrated by lantern slides which had been recently prepared by Dr. Fryer himself. On the proposition of Prof. W. E. Garner, a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Fryer for his hospitality and entertainment. 410 A joint meeting of the Local Section of the Institute and the Bristol University Chemical Society was held at the University on 12th November, when an address was given by Mr. Osman Jones, Chief Chemist and Technical Adviser to Messrs. Harris (Calne) Ltd., on bb The Preservation of Meat.” Having referred to the important part played by science in the meat industry of the world, Mr. Jones gave a general survey of the various methods now in use for the preservation of meat, the subject being treated historically from the earliest efforts of primitive man to the highly technical methods now employed, by means of which meats are available in an edible state after long periods of storage and available for human consumption in any part of the world.Mr. Jones then dealt with the far- reaching effects of the research work now in progress at the Low Temperature Research Station at Cambridge, and with the important bearing that this will have upon the Empire meat trade. Special reference was made to the modern methods applied in the canning of meat and an outline given of the tech- , nical work involved, in order to bring about success in what is one of the most important branches of the meat-preserving industry.Other methods of meat preservation considered were curing, smoking, and cooking. The meeting was presided over by Prof. W. E. Garner, Professor of Physical Chemistry at the Bristol University. In an interesting discussion which ensued, the following took part, Professor W. E. Garner, Dr. R. C. Menzies, Mr. F. E. Needs, Mr. H. F. Barke, and Mr. E. Lewis. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposition of Mr. Edward Russell, seconded by Mr. Southan. A more complete report was published in “Food” :December, 1934. At a meeting of the Section held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Chemical Department of the University of Bristol, on 10th December, Dr.Herbert Levinstein, Member of Council, gave an address entitled b4 Chemical Defence.” Dr. Levinstein said that, to many people, the application of chemical knowledge to war appeared to have added cruelty to an already horrible thing. If, with sufficient goodwill, war was 411 very unlikely to occur, then the subject was of no importance, and they need not care whether chemical warfare was or was not prohibited internationally. In the first part of his address he dealt with the fundamental policy imposed on Great Britain by reason of its insular situation, and expressed his views on the policy of democratic government in relation to war. A democracy was usually badly prepared for war. A people might feel that a democratic government was not less likely to cause war,-only less likely to win war.Could we not, he asked, by agreement among the political parties, tell the people clearly the possibilities against which it must be our policy to protect ourselves ? Surely, everybody who mattered loathed war, and we were not a timid people afraid to face facts. He felt that war was not imminent, but deplored that universal peace was not yet secured. He did not underrate the value of the League of Nations and other movements that made for goodwill between nations, and suggested that the Boy Scout and Girl Guide organisations, with their appeal to young people all over the world, had in them the germ of something that would make war, not war but fratricide.Continuing, Dr. Levinstein said :-I‘ Excepting the above, community in scientific pursuits probably links together different nations as closely as any other form of intellectual or other type of co-operation. “The pursuit of science is just glorious curiosity. To know just a little, to guess just a little more of why or how nature works, is entrancing to all imaginative human beings. “But if war must come, or does come, is it wrong to use the inventions of science, but right to use every other weapon, however murderous or wicked? I am repelled by such reasoning. I do not think that a scientifically trained person should stand aside in these calamities, which from time to time invade the world. “It is generally thought that if another European war were to occur within a few years, our present Western Civilisation would go under.General Smuts gave expression to this thought in his recent eloquent address to the Students of St. Andrews University. It is difficult for a layman to realise that matter is built up of tiny quantities of energy, and that the most solid substances, under certain condition, can be resolved into their 412 constituents. So perhaps it may be difficult for us to realise that our civilisation, apparently so solid, also may be capable of a ruthless resolution into chaos. “But I am convinced that General Smuts is wrong in saying that ‘Every new scientific discovery, every new war invention, is making war more and more improbable’ and that ‘more and more will Statesmen pause before they loose the new terrors on their peoples.’ “The widespread notion that Science has made war so dangerous that it is less likely to happen is, I think, based on a fallacy.In fact, the destructive power of science in war is absurdly overrated. One might imagine that invention had rendered it possible to destroy a city, to wipe out humanity in the mass, as it were, by pressing a button. “The application of chemical science to war has not made war more dangerous either to soldiers or to civilians. It has done something quite different and of more significant military importance. It has introduced fresh possibilities of effecting a strategic surprise, a surprise such as may decide a whole cam- paign and affect the fate of an empire.Invention is nothing without large-scale production. It is in fact the chemical industry, not pure science but applied science; science and production in harmonious marriage, that provides this new weapon to people at war, or threatened by war. “It is not easy to see, therefore, why the introduction of chemical warfare methods should be necessarily a deterrent to a nation that possesses powerful chemical industries. “In former days, surprise and the terror that it caused enabled great commanders to achieve decisive military results with a small loss of life. Masses of men could be assembled in secrecy. They moved slowly, but news, too, travelled slowly. Thus, troops could be moved by a skilful general so as to surprise his enemy, by concentrating unexpected forces at a critical spot.By such manceuvres great victories were won. They occasioned not greater, but less, slaughter. “To-day, we know how difficult it is to concentrate forces in secret, so as to have at a given moment predominant strength at a selected spot. On the other hand if you can use a new gas that penetrates your enemy’s gas defences on a sufficiently wide front, you have a great opportunity, by surprise, of ob- taining decisive results. 413 “The possibilities of surprise by invention are in a way un- limited and it is this power, not greater brutality, that is in truth the distinguishing feature of chemical warfare. “Far more destruction of property, greater mortality and suffering, are caused by dropping high explosive or incendiary bombs from aircraft than by using gas-filled bombs or shells.“On the other hand, gas, though less destructive, may be more effectual, because it causes panic to uninstructed, unprotected civilians, just as it quite naturally terrified uninstructed and unprotected troops. The fear of gas is partly the fear of the unknown, like the fear of children to go into the dark. “A nation exposed to gas attacks might become demoralised if it had no defence and no means of counter-attack. “The wars which devastated Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries, were proportionately more wasteful of life than the Great War. In the Great War the casualties were due chiefly to the lack of invention-to the reliance on mere numbers of men and projectiles, and to the wooden methods inherited by the soldiers on both sides from the past.“We heard much in the War from soldiers and politicians alike of a ‘war of attrition.’ What, is a war of attrition less terrible than a war of invention ? The very question startles one! For more than four years men killed each other without either side getting a decision. War of attrition meant that this was to go on, until one side or the other could not longer hold the lines. What a brutal and brainless idea to make of a war a monstrous sum of simple subtraction in corpses! At last came invention to end this war of attrition-and not chemical invention only. The tanks were of the utmost value at the end, for the enemy had no counter to the tanks.When the Hindenburg Line was stormed, we used Mustard Gas for the first time with great effect and great economy of force. “The Military value of gas was fully recognised towards the end of the war. As the American Army came late in the war, they arrived at the front when the use of gas had reached its maximum. “The casualties to the American Troops caused by gas num- bered 75,000, of which only 18per cent. proved fatal. Of the total casualties they suffered, 275,000 in number, 30 per cent. proved fatal. “This is an instance of what has been proved to be generally true, viz. : that toxic substances such as Mustard Gas, Phosgene, 414 D.A., D.M., Blue Cross, Yellow Cross and the rest, caused far less mortality than high explosive shells, but were more effective in military results.“Thus, the evidence is against the statement that the introduc- tion of science has made war more dangerous to life. It is amaz- ing that this fallacy should have become engraved in the public mind. “In the second battle of Ypres, the war would have been lost by us had the German High Command assembled reserves before launching their first surprise gas attack. This attack made a gap eight miles wide in the Allied line. If we had lost the war, as we nearly did on that occasion, the war would have ended early in 1915,with what consequences, who can tell? But this is certain: the slaughter in three and a half further years of war, the loss of millions of lives, would have been avoided.“Now you have here the true horror of gas as it presented itself to the older professional soldier. A new weapon of great terror had appeared of which soldiers then knew nothing. Why, a general might win or lose a war by enemy use of wholly unpro- fessional, if scientific, methods. “The result of a war of attrition can be foreseen. Those with the most men will logically outlast those with fewer men. “Such changes, in the history of man, have always been dis- liked. Later on when disarmament was discussed in Paris, this dislike had its effect on policy.’’ Dr. Levinstein proceeded to consider the Paris Resolutions and the reason for prohibiting chemical warfare in the Treaty of Versailles. He said that if his argument had been sound they might well ask why, in a kind of way, chemical warfare was prohibited? The reason lay in the pre-war predominance of the German dyestuff industry.“The Paris Resolutions of 1916 were a declaration by the Allies that they would, after the War, render themselves inde- pendent industrially and commercially of the Central Powers. “The German-made products which the Allies lacked, were Potash Salts and Synthetic Dyestuffs. These only could be acquired, and subsequently were, by victory in the field. ‘‘The predominance of the German dyestuff industry could not be settled in this way. It was a purely technical question which chemists and technologists, not soldiers, had to solve.415 “Thus the Paris Resolutions gave great political importance at this period to the developments then taking place here in the dyestuff industry, which were to render us substantially inde- pendent of German dyes. “It was equally important to prevent the German Govern- ment from using their dyestuff supremacy as a bargaining point later on, when Peace negotiations took place. These considera- tions induced the Board of Trade to bring about an amalgamation of Levinstein Limited with their own creation, British Dyes Limited, and to form the British Dyestuffs Corporation. Such progress was made that the Germans, who had counted on being able to put a squeeze on the Allies at the Peace Conference owing to an anticipated dyestuff famine, were unable to get the slightest advantage on this account.“The British production of dyestuffs had grown from 4,500 tons in 1913to 25,000 tons in 1918. Naturally, this involved a proportionately greater increase in the production of inter-mediates. “There was a boom in textiles immediately after the War, which boom was really a disguised disaster. Prices were forced too high. Quantities were bought in excess of requirements. There was in consequence in 1921, a slump accompanied by a disastrous price fall, which ruined some of the most important export houses in the country. “Although dyers and printers had not so good a range of dyes as they would have liked to have, they were able-chiefly from British but also from Swiss suppliers-to carry out an unpre- cedented amount of business in the two years following the Armistice.“After the Battle of the Marne, the Germans-to the great surprise of the High Command-found they had fired their great accumulated stocks of ammunition which had seemed ample for them to blast their way to Paris. The week’s delay in Belgium was the cause. Much more ammunition had been used than was expected. It was then that the Military Authorities turned to the German dyestuff plants, who rapidly produced for them in plant already standardised, large quantities of high explosives. “With the introduction of Gas Warfare, the importance of these plants increased. The toxic products used by the Germans during the war were manufactured in one or more of the German dyestuff plants. Much was made in existing plant, or in standard plant, which could be readily altered or enlarged.416 “Now, at the Peace Conference, France twice invaded in less than fifty years, now dazed but victorious, unable to dictate the Terms of Peace, fought hard with her Allies to be allowed to make the Rhine her frontier. Thus she hoped to obtain for ever the security she so ardently desired. “The Allies would not agree to this, but endeavoured by the complete disarmament of Germany to satisfy the French that they would be secure at least for a long time. “The Soldiers advised the Governments concerned that the object was achieved if all the German military war material was destroyed (see Clause 169 of The Treaty of Versailles) and her Troops limited to IOO,OOO.“But, it was pointed out by others, that Germany was not disarmed if these Rhineland Factories where all the gas had been made-dyestuff -making in peace, arsenals in war-were left uncontrolled. The Allies had as yet no effective counter to these potential arsenals. “To destroy these plants was unthinkable. It was suggested that possibly the best solution would be a period of control, until such time as our own plants could be expanded according to the plans which already had been taken in hand. “But control, even temporary, was inconsistent with the desire to interfere as little as possible, with the rebuilding of German trade and industry. Further, it was difficult to avoid a charge of commercial espionage-a most disagreeable charge which was readily brought.“How, then, was this argument to be met that Germany was not in fact disarmed, so long as these chemical factories remained in being, or uncontrolled? “The solution was found in Clause 171of the Treaty of Ver- sailles, which cut the Gordian knot and forbade the use of chemicals in war. “Thus, in fact, the use of chemicals was prohibited in war, because we could not control their manufacture in peace, and because Germany had at that time far the most powerful in- dustry in the world. It was not forbidden on moral grounds. “Is there anybody left who will still argue that to bayonet or bludgeon people, or to blow them to bits, or to dismember them by means of projectiles containing a high explosive charge, is less bestial, wicked or cruel, than to attack them with gas? “It is clear that we are much better prepared for War, whether it be for manufacturing propellants, high explosives, or toxic products, than we were in 1914.This is not because we have taken any steps of a warlike nature, but because our chemical industry is much stronger now, both absolutely and relatively, than it was in 1914. “The most important changes since I914 in the Chemical Industry in this country are due to the formation of the I.C.I. great vertical combine. “Alkali, sulphuric acid (including, of course, fuming sulphuric acid) chlorine and nitrates, are the most important products used in peace and war.“Before the War, our alkali industry was the traditional repository of Britain’s chemical industrial strength. The ammonia soda industry was extremely well managed, very prosperous and strong. It was, of course, a member of the International Solvay Ring. Most of the caustic soda was made by causticising sodium carbonate. Castner-Kellners were the chief, though not the only makers of electrolytic caustic soda, for the Bird-Hargreaves process was also carried out at Middlewich. Though bleaching powder was produced on a very large scale, strangely enough, liquid chlorine was made in very small quanti- ties. “In Germany, on the other hand, most of the chlorine was made electrolytically, partly because practically all the world’s caustic potash obtained by electrolysis, was then made in Ger- many. The problem for finding an outlet for surplus chlorine thus became acute in Germany, long before it did in this country.“Thus, in Great Britain, the pre-war production of liquid chlorine was only about 300 tons per annum. As chlorine is of great importance in war, this figure had grown to 18,500tons per annum in 1917. “The pre-war production in Germany of liquid chlorine on the other hand, amounted to 13,000 tons, which was expanded in the course of the war (1918)to zz,ooo tons. “The production of caustic soda to-day by electrolysis in England, as in Germany and elsewhere, is limited only by the capacity to find a profitable market for chlorine.“The research which, for instance, introduced into commerce the chlorinated naphthalenes, may be said to be stimulated by this requirement. 418 “In war time, chlorine is far and away the most necessary substance for the manufacture of toxic substances of the first importance, such as mustard gas and phosgene. Phosgene itself is used for the manufacture of a number of dyestuffs. On account of its low molecular weight, the quantities used for making dyestuffs are comparatively small, but the technique is under- stood and expansion of the plant is easy. “Of outstanding value, is the use of bleaching powder for destroying mustard gas, for cleansing areas that become con- taminated with this disagreeable substance. There is nothing so effective for the purpose, though unfortunately, a surface skin is sometimes formed beneath which remains a trace of undestroyed mustard gas, sufficient to cause trouble.The recent introduction of high-strength bleaching powder of good stability, is obviously a useful product in war. It is an example of the double purpose inevitably served by our industry without conscious effort. “The pre-war production of sulphuric acid (calculated as mono-hydrate) in this country, was about one million tons. “Of this, only 21,000 tons was made by the contact process, available as oleum. “During the war, the manufacture of sulphuric acid reached 1,500,000 tons annually, but large plants for the manufacture of oleum had to be erected hastily, most of them Grillo plants burning sulphur, of negligible industrial value.‘‘The proportion of chamber acid produced in Germany before the War, was very much smaller, for the dyestuff plants, the principal consumers, required large quantities of oleum for the manufacture of intermediates. “The total German pre-war production of sulphuric acid was I,Z~O,OOO tons, of which 400,000 tons was made by the contact process. In 1918, the German production reached z,ooo,ooo tons. “The production of sulphuric acid in this country to-day is about goo,ooo tons, of which over zoo,ooo tons are made by the contact process. The productive capacity is much more, but the increase in the proportion of contact acid is notable. “Synthetic ammonium sulphate, our chief nitrogenous ferti- liser, is now made without using sulphuric acid.“As ammonium sulphate was also an important substance in war, less sulphuric acid would be required than during the war, even if we made ammonium nitrate by the old process. ‘‘Of interest is the recent development here of the process for making sulphuric acid from anhydride, a raw material already 4 19 used in Germany for this purpose during the war. The potential importance of the method lies in the fact that we could become independent of imported sulphur in time of need. “In 1913 our import of Chile saltpetre was 117,895 tons. “During the war our imports reached a peak of 526,300 tons. “We can now manufacture our nitrates and nitric acid without importing Chile saltpetre.If we could become self-supporting for sulphuric acid we should effect, in war, a most important saving of shipping. Thus, the developments at Billingham, having a purely industrial objective, have remedied almost involuntarily two weak spots in our defences. “I do not wish to burden this address with figures elsewhere available. But I would draw your attention to the difference in scale between the total productions during the war of high explosives (700,ooo tons) and the total production of toxic gases (about 10,000tons). Of this only a little more than half, viz., 5,700 tons, was actually liberated by the British troops in France. “If you consider the total casualties caused by gas and the small percentage of fatalities, the great military results and the small tonnage of production, you get a striking picture of the economy of applying inventiveness, and consequently surprise, in war-an economy of force of material and of lives.“The Hartley Report stresses sharply the distinction between the measures taken here when gas warfare arrived and those available in Germany with their large dyestuff plants. “Although our production of dyestuffs is only about 25,000 tons against the German pre-war production of about 135,000 tons, it is sufficient to give us protection. “The I.C.I. was formed entirely for economic reasons. Clearly, it also gives a versatility and flexibility and central direction, formerly lacking, of advantage in war. “The same products are used in great quantities for both civil and military purposes, and everything done to strengthen this industry economically without design strengthens the defensive capacity of the nation.“It has been urged for some years past that the chemists of the world should agree not to work on discovering or producing any substance which could be used for warlike purposes. The Technical Commit tee of the Disarmament Conference at Geneva, as Mr. J. Davidson Pratt recently told us, carefully considered this point. It was thought that if all chemists agreed as a matter of professional ethics to expose anybody detected in such work, 420 the use of toxic products in war might be effectively prohibited. The idea is unworkable. “In Russia, for some time past, they have been spraying the earth from low-flying aeroplanes with insecticides.“At the Third International Locust Conference (see The Times, September 13th, 1934) Prof. J. C. Faure, of Pretoria, refers to the successful use of aeroplanes in dealing with the plague of red locusts in the Union this year; from these aeroplanes, 8 to 10lbs. of sodium arsenite were sprayed per acre. (The use of sodium arsenite has many drawbacks.) Would it be wrong for a chemist to work on the production of better insecticides to be sprayed from aeroplanes? Yet such work might obviously lead to results important in war. “I do not know whether the manufacture of explosives comes within the ambit of this prohibition. If it does not, then chemists would be free to devise explosives which might be toxic, but not toxic substances, unless they were also explosive.The distinction is too subtle to be effective. Research in the manufacture of explosives must continue in peace. Explosives could be made in war, if need be, without employing academically-trained chemists. Efficiencies would go down, but processes are well worked out, and manufacture could be carried on. If invention were stifled, carnage could still proceed.” Professor W. E. Garner, who presided, and Messrs. S. Robson, R. D. Littlefield and J. Wilson contributed to the discussion. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Levinstein, on the motion of Professor W. M. Travers, F.R.S. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-A Joint meeting of the Section of the Institute, with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society was held on zznd October, in the North British Station Hotel,-- Dr.Alexander Lauder, presiding-when Prof. W. N. Haworth read a paper on “The Molecular Constitution of the Carbohydrates.” Dr. Lauder complimented Prof. Haworth on his recently completed work in connection with the identification and synthesis of the active principle of Vitamin C, called ascorbic acid. Dr. Haworth referred to the fact that recent industrial activities and the newer discoveries in preventive medicine had 421 emphasised the need for an intensive study of the chemical structure of the carbohydrates, more especially of the complex members of this group known as polysaccharides, of which starch and cellulose are examples.He outlined a series of researches which had extended the knowledge of the inner structure of these more complex members. He pointed out that the polysaccharides were composed of simple sugar units linked in various ways to form a large complex molecule, and that this was normally fashioned in the form of a long chain of limited length, this length being measurable by several chemical and physical methods. This assay of molecular size represented the most recent advance in the study of the carbohydrates. Prof. Haworth showed diagrammatically how he and his co- workers had broken down the chain of simple and complex carbohydrates, making use of protective methylation to give comparatively simple products, a study of whose constitutions threw a very clear light on the constitutions of the original complex bodies, and on the relationship of one polysaccharide to another.He stated that plants were the most useful source of the members of this large group of compounds, but that some were found in animal tissue and that others could be produced by biochemical synthesis. He had carried out investigations with representatives from all three sources, and showed his attempt at the structural representation of the molecular formulae of a number of more important polysaccharides. He mentioned the relationship of gums and pectins to cellulose and starch and his more recent work in which he had shown that the carbohydrates of animal origin, such as glycogen, had a definite and close molecular relationship to starch.He concluded by remarking that the study of the carbohy- drates was as interesting and important to biologists and physio- logists as to chemists, since the results of his investigations had a close connection with the chemical changes proceeding in the plant and animal cell. A vote of thanks to Dr. Haworth was proposed by Dr. B. Wylam. Mr. Adam Tait presided at a meeting of the Section held on 30th October, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, 422 when Mr. R. Leslie Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, opened a discussion on ‘‘ Headquarters ” Mr. Collett said that when he was first appointed to his position, nearly ten years ago, Professor Henderson, then President, impressed it upon him that one of his most important duties was to keep as much in touch as possible with the work of the Sections.Notwithstanding the title selected for the discussion, the meeting might very well consider the work of the Institute as a whole. The Institute was a body of over 6,200 Fellows and Associates engaged in various branches of chemical work, and it was the sum of the efforts of these chemists and the collective effect of their work and influence which constituted its strength as the professional body. From time to time he received visits or letters from newly graduated chemists who began by saying that they were thinking of “joining ” the Institute, and asked him to give them some idea of the advantages and privileges of membership.He invariably replied that that was not of such importance as the question as to what they could do for the Institute. He felt that the members would agree with him that a prospective member should approach the Institute in that spirit. He proposed to give as much information as he could in the time at his disposal, as to the way in which “Headquarters” actually functioned, and would refer first to the Council. The Council.-The Council consisted altogether of forty-seven individuals-the President, six Vice-presidents, the Honorary Treasurer, twelve District Members and twenty-seven ‘‘Ordin-ary ” Members. All except District Members were elected at the Annual General Meeting.The President was nominated by the outgoing Council. The Vice-presidents were nominated by the Council by ballot. Of the election of a Treasurer, he could not speak with experience. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy had been Treasurer since he (Mr. Collett) had had any inside information as to the work of the Institute, and he was sure that those who know the Hon. Treasurer hoped that there would not be any necessity, for a long time to come, to consider the nomination of a new Treasurer. 423 The election of the Ordinary Members of Council, was by postal ballot. The outgoing Council had the right to nominate twenty-four candidates, but any twenty Fellows and Associates might nominate one candidate.Conceivably, therefore, there might be over 300 candidates for the twenty-seven places. The Institute was primarily an examining and qualifying body, and it was, therefore, essential that its Council should contain representatives, not only of Districts and of particular interests, but also persons who were experts in all kinds of work which devolves upon chemists. It had been suggested on more than one occasion that the Council should be entirely nominated by Districts, but he would ask them to consider whether the baZance of a Council elected in that way would be as good, from the point of view of technical knowledge and experience, as that elected under the present arrangement. During the last ten years, 145 individual Fellows had served on the Council which was, therefore, a very repre- sentative body.It is of course essential that the Council should meet at the headquarters of the Institute in London, where access might be had to all necessary papers, documents and records. As evidence of the work to be done at meetings of the Council he might tell them that the schedules before its last meeting ran to over 60 pages of typewritten foolscap. In spite of the fact that a large proportion of the Members of Council lived at long distances from London and, therefore, could not be expected to attend every meeting, the average attendance throughout 1933 was over 24, and for the present year so far was 26. Members who were unable to attend fre- quently sent their views on the agenda by letter.The Committees.-The Council itself constituted the Nomina- tions, Examinations and Institutions Committee, which had an average attendance during 1933 of over 16, and in the present year of 23. This committee not only dealt with applications for election to the Fellowship, Associateship and Studentship, and all matters relating to training, but also gave consideration to the very large number of requests received from students requiring advice with regard to their training. A not unimportant part of this committee’s work came under the heading of “Institu- tions.” Attendance at a ‘‘recognised college ” was an essential part of the curriculum for admission to the Associateship, and 424 in recent years the Council had received an increasing number of applications from colleges for such recognition.In some cases this could be accorded immediately, but in many instances within his experience it had taken several years before the authorities had been able to bring their staffs, equipments, courses, library, etc., up to the standard required. In these matters the Institute’s influence had been of great benefit to chemical training through- out the country, and the views expressed by the Council had enabled the staffs of colleges to obtain equipment from their local education authorities, boards of governors, etc., which they had been trying in vain to obtain on their own initiative. In one case, a large town in England had obtained an entirely new technical college largely as a result of the Institute’s representa- tions in connection with an application for recognition.ExamiPzatiom-The Examinations conducted by the Insti- tute (Mr. Collett continued) had a character all their own, and, especially as regards the practical work, had influenced those conducted by other examining bodies. Candidates, so far as he was aware, had always been allowed the use of textbooks, notes, etc., during their practical work, and gradually this system was being adopted by other bodies. The number of candidates now examined by the Institute was very similar to that in the years before the War, when everyone (almost without any exception) was obliged to take the Institute’s own examination before admission; and the examinations for the Fellowship had in recent years become extremely complicated and varied, as the papers reprinted in the JOURNAL would show.During the last ten years, examinations had been held in the following subjects :-Inorganic Chemistry either alone or with special reference to mineral products or metallurgy; Organic Chemistry with special reference to fine chemicals; dyestuffs; oils and fats; paints and varnishes ; Physical Chemistry with special reference to electro-chemistry, and, oddly enough, cereals ; Biochemistry with special reference to chemical pathology ; industrial microbiology ; bacteriology and physiological chem-istry; vitamins, proteins and hormones; 425 Chemistry of Food and Drugs, etc.Agricultural Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry with special reference to gas; coal tar and ammonia ; coke and by-products ; low temperature carbonisation; fuel technology; petroleum ; textiles; soap; water supplies; artificial silk; paper. In addition to the above there had been examinations in General Analytical Chemistry, and special examinations in the chemistry of foods, such as milk and milk products; jams and jellies; chocolate and confectionery ; dairy products. He would remind them that the examination in Branch E, the Chemistry of Food and Drugs, etc., was not only the quali- fication accepted by the Ministry of Health for persons who wished to obtain appointments as Public Analysts, but was also considered extremely important in industries in which natural products were used, as well as in the food industries proper.In his presidential address this year, Professor Thorpe had said-“ It is well known to me that many chemists of experience regard the certificate of having passed the examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry as of the greatest value, especially where a high standard of laboratory proficiency is required. I would also like to remind you that this examination provides the means whereby candidates who have received adequate training but who, for reasons mainly connected with their employment, have found it necessary to move from one part of the country to another, and are unable to take the examinations of universities, may yet attain the status of professional qualified chemists.” With regard to the examinations for the Fellowship, the President said: “I would like to call the special attention of Associates to these examinations, for I feel sure that those who set themselves seriously to prepare for them, besides achieving the higher grade of membership of the Institute, which very rightly carries with it enhanced prestige, will find the necessary reading and preparation involved to be of great value to them in their professional work.” Finance Committee.-The Finance Committee dealt with all matters relating to money.A critical examination of the annual accounts should tend to dispel any idea that the Institute was engaged in “building up a large reserve fund,” “hoarding money,’’ 426 etc.The Institute in common prudence invested life com-positions, entrance fees and any legacies which might be bequeathed to it, and usually had a small excess of revenue over income, rarely more than about ,6250. Occasionally, however, a larger margin was purposely left uninvested in anticipation of some unusual or heavy expenditure becoming due in the following year. Altogether, the reserves at the present date amounted in value to about ,628,000, which, he thought, they would agree was not an unduly large sum for a body of the standing of the Institute. The financial policy of the Council had always been to adhere strictly to the principle of “cutting one’s coat according to one’s cloth,” and to give as much service as possible with the funds available.The Legal and Parliamentary and Public A$$ointments Committees were concerned mainly with questions of broad principle where the public interest was involved. While on this subject he would remind them that the Institute was definitely constituted by Charter to carry out particular duties in the public interest. It was not primarily formed for the special interest of individual members. Nevertheless, when the Institute made an appeal to the Special Commissioners of Income Tax for relief from taxation, on the ground that the Institute was a body functioning in the public interest and therefore claiming to be considered as a “charity,” relief was refused on the grounds that the PROCEED-INGS of the Institute showed that so much had been done for our members that it could not claim to be considered primarily as a charity.The Institute must be content to leave to other bodies, who have succeeded in obtaining such relief from taxation, the enjoyment thereof. Where representations had been made to Government Departments, to public authorities or other bodies, the Institute had always acted in accordance with the above principle,- namely-only to act if and where public interest might be prejudiced. The work of the Benevolent Fund Committee was sufficiently well-known, but he did not think that he ought to let the oppor- tunity go without asking all members who could afford to do so to help in the work of this Committee to the utmost of their ability. 427 The Appointments Register Committee had recently issued a report which was published in the JOURNAL.There had been a distinct increase in the number of vacancies notified (896, as against 687 for 1g33), and the number of members unemployed had dropped from 190 in October, 1933, to about 140 at the present moment,-including 7 in the Edinburgh district. Com-paring these figures with the general information received as to the position in other professions, he thought the members were not doing too badly. In addition to the above, there were the special committees dealing with National Certificates. He felt that it was the general opinion that by entering into the schemes for the award of these Certificates, initiated by the Board of Education (in England and Wales), the Scottish Education Department, and the Ministry of Education, Northern Ireland, the Institute had been able to bring very beneficial influences to bear on the standard of evening-class training throughout the country.He had purposely left the Publications Committee to the last because he knew that diverse opinions were held with regard to some of the Institute’s publications. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,which might perhaps more appropriately be called the PROCEEDINGSonly, really consisted of a record of work done. The only purely chemical matters published therein were the condensed accounts of papers read before the Sections. The Institute’s Journal was neither a newspaper nor a scientific journal in the true sense of that term.It did, however, contain a large amount of useful information, and he personally wished that more members would pay it the compli- ment of looking it through more carefully, because the subject of many enquiries received in the office had already been dealt with in the Institute’s official organ. The publication of the Register was a duty definitely imposed upon the Institute by its Charter, and this book was becoming more and more regarded by the public as an authoritative list of qualified chemists. He was fully aware of the fact that it did not contain the names of aZZ qualified chemists, but it was none the less the only list of qualified chemists in existence.O@cial Chemical Appointments was a publication which entailed a very large amount of work to produce, and its value was sometimes doubted, However, it was in great demand, 428 not only with Government departments and those whose appoint- ments figure in its list, but also with industrial firms. It afforded a most useful “advertisement” for the chemical profession. In the course of its preparation the attention of a very large number of authorities was called to the existence of the Institute and of the profession generally, and when completed it also came into the hands of important administrators in Government and industrial circles. With regard to the published lectures, the policy of the Council had been to publish only such as were considered to be of general utility or interest to professional chemists, and to represent matter which was not dealt with by any other Society.Some three years ago, the Institute had received many enquiries from chemists as to where they could obtain “refresher” courses. Those who had left the university for some years were probably all too well aware how easy it was to get out of touch with recent work, and how difficult it was to spare the time to read the journals, such as that of the Chemical Society, where such new work was constantly being published. By direction of the Council a circular was first addressed to all the universities and colleges asking what facilities were available for such refresher courses, and as a stimulant the Council decided to ask three eminent chemists to give in condensed form lectures covering recent developments in the three main branches of pure chemistry.It was the general opinion that the lectures delivered by Professors Robinson, Allmand and Morgan were of the greatest value in this connection. Largely as a result of this campaign, the interest in “refresher ” courses had greatly widened, and courses of this kind had been given under the auspices of some of the Sections and were now provided in several universities and colleges. The Board of Education had also been active in stimulating post-graduate courses in branches of applied chemistry, and sought the advice of committees on which the Institute was represented, particularly in Lancashire and Yorkshire.The more recent lectures had dealt mainly with “New Methods,” and were very widely appreciated. Another very useful publication was the handbook, The Profession of Chemistry. This had been found of the greatest interest and value to parents and to students who intended to adopt chemistry as a career, and hardly a day passed without two or three copies of this book being sent gratis to such persons. 429 Mr. Collett then referred to the work which did not come directly before the Council or any of its committees. The officers were frequently called upon to give information and advice. There might be present at the meeting only a few who had found it necessary to ask the Institute for such help, but he could assure them that the sum total of letters and inter- views in which advice on all kinds of subjects, both directly connected with chemistry and with other subjects, was very large, and, furthermore, the Institute seemed to be more and more looked to by members of the general public as a source of information on every conceivable subject in any way connected with chemistry.The archives contained over 28,780 separate files, mainly representing correspondence with individuals or firms during recent times. Printing.-The Institute maintained a small printing press where all its own examination papers, appointment register notices, local section notices, tickets, and in fact all printed matter, other than Journal, lectures and bound publications, were printed on the premises.He had been asked by the Honorary Secretary to deal particularly with another side of the Institute’s work, namely the function of the Censors, and he quoted Section 16 of the Charter and certain By-Laws on the subject. He believed that the number of cases in which a member had been called upon to resign was not large, but he knew that there had been cases. The work of the Censors, however, often militated for the protection of the members concerned. For instance, in a case of complaints regarding the publication of professional certificates, the Censors most often found that cer- tificates had been published without the member’s consent, and the first he heard of it was when he was notified by the Institute. In such cases, the advertisers, as a result of this mechanism, had withdrawn publication.They would probably agree, however, that the Institute (as a censor) had greater influence than actual power. The fact that a man was a member of the Institute meant that he had expressed himself as willing to conform to a certain code of professional behaviour, and this fact alone had the greatest beneficial influence upon the profession as a whole. 430 The detailed work of the Institute was a subject on which he could talk for hours; perhaps, however, they would pardon his enthusiasm. In conclusion, Mr. Collett said that he would attain his majority as a member of the Institute in 1935.Before he was appointed as Assistant Secretary, he had served the Institute in an honorary capacity for three years, as Secretary of the London Section. The Institute also did him the honour of electing him to serve for three years as an Ordinary Member of Council. He liked, therefore, to feel that he came amongst them, not only as a paid official, but as one of their body. “We are citizens of no mean city.” Mr. J. Sandilands asked questions regarding the position of students who took Senior National Certificates in Chemistry and wished to go forward to the Associateship of the Institute. Mr. Tait and Mr. Sandilands mentioned the difficulty in connection with subsidiary subj ects,-particularly mathematics and physics, -and Mr. Dodds suggested that an enlargement of the Associate- ship Examination, to include mathematics and physics, might overcome the difficulty of dealing with these students.Mr. Dodds also raised the question of the wisdom of creating a body of semi-trained chemists, holders of Senior National Certificates; he hoped that the Council would watch the matter carefully. Mr. Peutherer mentioned the problem of the Associate who was not working in a public analyst’s laboratory, but wished to study for the Fellowship in the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs. Mr. Ames compared the Institute with the British Medical Association and suggested that the Council should gradually take up a firmer attitude in the matter of salaries. Mr. Hastie, however, spoke against Mr.Ames’ suggestion. Mr. Kelly asked if there were any scheme for the enrolment and placing of chemists in the event of an outbreak of war. Mr. Collett having replied, the meeting terminated with a vote of thanks for his attendance. A joint meeting of the Local Section of the Institute and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 20th November, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, 431 -Mr. W. M. Ames, the Chairman of the Local Section of the Society, presiding. The Chairman introduced Mr. Hugh Campbell, lecturer in Chemistry to Pharmaceutical Students in the Heriot Watt College, who gave a lecture, illustrated by specimens, entitled ‘6 Some Notes on Poisons.” As the object of the lecturer was rather to introduce a discus-sion than to give a comprehensive address on poisons, he dealt particularly with the extraordinary difficulty of defining ‘‘a poison” and the changes in the rules relating to the sale and storage of poisons that would take place under the new Poisons Act.After commenting on the change in outlook of chemists, pharmacists and laymen when the word “poison” was used, Mr. Campbell gave numerous examples of substances which, though certainly not normally poisons, could, by reason of pecu- liar circumstances, such as personal idiosyncracy, become poison- ous. He cited the danger of dual injections of white of egg, over-doses of aspirin, potassium iodide solution taken internally and, what had proved fatal to a woman in Scotland-anexcessive amount of Epsom salts. In connection with the regulations under the new Poisons Act, Mr.Campbell mentioned the possibility of chemical labora- tories having, in the future, to be fitted up on the model of a pharmacist’s laboratory, with poisonous substances kept under €ock and key, well apart from harmless reagents. The last part of the lecture was devoted to a series of notes on a number of the less well-known ‘‘dangerous,” (( habit-forming” drugs, most of which were illustrated by specimens prepared in Edinburgh. The lecture was followed by an interesting discussion in which Messrs. W. M. Ames, J. Sandilands, Rutherford Hill, Adam Tait, Alfred Caws and G. Elliot Dodds took part, and the meeting concluded with a very hearty vote of thanks to Mr.Hugh Camp- bell, on the motion of Mr. Walter Smith. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Engineers and Ship- builders Institute, Glasgow, on 19th October, when the following members were elected to the Committee: Chairman, Mr. T. Cockburn ; Vice-Chairman, Mr. H. Findlay ; Hon. Secretary, Mr. A. R. Jamieson; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. R. G. W. Eadie; Hon. Assistant Secretary, Mr. J. R. Ferguson; Committee, Dr. P. F. Gordon, Mr. J. S. Grant. Mr. G. D. Muir was appointed Auditor. The reports of the Honorary Secretary and the Honorary Treasurer were read and adopted. The former showed that the Register of the Section contained the names of 325 Fellows and Associates and 41Students; that the Section had met on 12 occasions, and 9 meetings had been held jointly with other Societies.The average attendance had been over 32 per cent. of the membership of the Section. “Refresher” lectures-one on organic chemistry by Dr. S. H. Tucker and one on physical chemistry by Dr. J. A. Cranston had been very well attended. Two lectures of a similar nature had been arranged during the present session. Mention was also made of the fact that a local examination for the Associateship had been held in Glasgow, at which 13 candidates presented themselves. At the conclusion of the business, the members inspected a display of balances by Messrs. Oertling, Ltd., including the latest type of assay balances and micro-chemical balances.Under the scheme of Refresher Lectures arranged by the Local Section, a symposium on Micro-chemical Methods was held in the University of Glasgow, on 23rd November. Invitations were extended to the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and to other chemical societies. In the unavoidable absence of Mr. T. Cockburn, the Chair was occupied by Dr. P. F. Gordon. Dr. Gordon explained that each lecturer would describe his own particular methods; that visits would be paid to the various laboratories to inspect exhibits, and that practical demonstrations would be given by Dr. D. T. Gibson and his colleagues, and by Mr. M. M. Love, of the Royal Technical College. The lecturers were Dr.R. Roger and Dr. D. T. Gibson. Dr. Roger explained that in Dundee they were working on methods that lay between true micro- and the ordinary macro-methods for the combustion and estimation of organic compounds. He described it as a semi- or hemi-micro method. In his early experiments a Pregl tube had been employed, filled in the usual way with lead peroxide and about 30 to 40 milligrams of substance were required for each estimation. 433 Difficulty, however, had been experienced with the lead peroxide filling, and he had endeavoured to adapt the usual macro-method in order that quantities of substance weighing about 20 milligrams, could be used. He then described a simple apparatus which he had devised for semi micro-chemical work which gave accurate results, was convenient to use and could be operated with safety by the average student.A Pregl tube was employed. This tube had a snout drawn out at one end and, in the narrow end there was a wad of Gooch asbestos, so arranged that it allowed 10to 12C.C. of air to pass when hot. The speed of the air-stream could be insreased, but, if that were done, there was a danger of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide being swept through the apparatus. The asbestos plug was followed by a length of copper oxide wire (24 cm.); this in turn was followed by the boat, and finally by a short copper oxide spiral. The absorption train was attached to the narrow end of the combustion tube and was of a special type. These absorption vessels were straight vertical tubes with a ground-in stopper at one end, near which there was a side tube.The other end of the tube was drawn out and bent at right angles, and a small plate of glass with a hole in it was placed in this constricted end. Three such tubes were employed, two being packed with soda- lime and one with calcium chloride. The air passed into the calcium chloride tube by the constricted end, where the glass plate prevented any sudden inrush of water which would choke up the tube. These tubes were easily weighed by counterpoise. The boat employed was of quartz and did not lose more than 0-0002 gms. in a year. A small protection tube was attached at the end of the absorption train. The air was passed through a Pregl pressure regulator, then through soda-lime and calcium chloride.The combustion can be completed in 45 minutes, and the tubes wiped with silk or chamois and weighed after standing in the balance case for 15 minutes. One of the advantages of these semi-micro-methods was that weighings could be performed with sufficient accuracy on an ordinary balance. Dr. Roger had found a chainomatic balance ideal for his purpose. A table of results was shown, and the figures agreed very closely with the theoretical values, 434 particularly iii the case of hydrogen. With the carbons, however, the results were slightly low, and it was suggested that this might be due to loss as unburnt carbon monoxide. Liquids were handled in a large melting-point tube which was pulled out at one end, filled, and then sealed at the con- stricted end.In the estimation of substances containing elements other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, suitable modifications in the packing of the tubes had to be made. Substances containing nitrogen had a reduced copper spiral placed after the asbestos plug. This was followed by a packing of copper oxide and lead chromate, and finally a silver spiral. This arrangement gave good results. By way of comparison, Dr. Gibson described the quantities used in the various methods of combustion. In an ordinary combustion, one used 0.1to 0.15 gm.; Dr. Roger used 0.025 gm. for his semi-micro method, while the Pregl method required only 0'002 gm. As far as the saving of time and material was concerned, no method gave better results than the Pregl.Dr. Gibson then gave a description of the micro-balance, and explained-its use by the aid of diagrams. One disadvantage of this type of balance was that the zero was liable to alter, and for this reason methods have been devised in which there was only one set of weighings, the rest being done by titration. In this way chlorine and sulphur could be oxidised and titrated with silver nitrate and alkali, respectively. Like Dr. Roger, he had found lead peroxide to be a variable packing for a substance free from nitrogen. He was now conducting combustions in his laboratory using only platinum gauze as packing. The platinum contained a little rhodium and cost about 15s.In his early experiments he had controlled the gas stream by means of an asbestos plug, but this had certain disadvantages. When a combustion went wrong, the half-burnt material collected in the asbestos and possibly would not be detected until the results from the next combustion were calculated. The flow of air was now controlled by a constriction in the tube which not only regulated the flow, but also showed the presence of any unburnt material. On the advice of Dr. Bell, of Aberdeen, this constriction was expanded into a wider tube to prevent the water evolved from forming a seal in the constricted part of the tube during a combustion. Dr. Gibson then explained another modification which he had introduced. In 435 the Pregl method a cymene bath was placed at the exit end of the tube to provide a zone having a temperature about ZOO’ C., to ensure complete combustion of carbon monoxide which may have been produced by decomposition of carbon dioxide at the high temperature prevailing in the tube.The cymene bath had proved unsuitable in many ways, the corks were attacked, and there was always the risk of fire. To overcome these difficulties a small electric furnace was substituted and this had given excellent results. These furnaces were made in the University. Dr. Gibson also mentioned an ingenious substitute for the Pregl pressure regulator. In this regulator water is used and the stream of air has to be subsequently dried. To obviate this, a form of manometer using a high-boiling paraffin was suggested, but this was ruled out as undesirable owing to the possibility of evaporation.The ideal liquid was mercury, but in the ordinary type of manometer the variations of the mercury would be so slight that they would be scarcely perceptible. To overcome this difficulty, Dr. Gibson inclined his mercury manometer at an angle such that the effective density of the mercury was only 1113th of its normal value. In this way the variations were quite easily observed, and he had actually made his mercury manometer as sensitive as a water manometer, with none of the latter’s disadvantages. Dr. Gibson then dealt with some aspects of the quantitative and qualitative uses of micro-chemistry. In the quantitative, he described the uses of filter Stabchen for gravimetric work.In the qualitative, he mentioned the separation of silver, mercury, and lead ions from one drop of solution. Demonstrations of various applications of microchemistry were arranged in the rooms of the Chemistry Department, and these were visited at the conclusion of the lecture. These included micro methods for the estimation of carbon, hydrogen, halides, nitrogen, and sulphur, B.D.H. “Spot tests,’’ and the separation of inorganic radicles. At the conclusion, Prof. W. M. Cumming thanked the lecturers and their assistants for a very interesting lecture with very instructive demonst rations. The Ramsay Chemical Dinner was held at the Central Hotel, Glasgow, on 7th December, under the joint auspices of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of 436 Chemical Industry, the Society of Dyers and Colourists, the British Association of Chemists, the Glasgow University Alchemists’ Club, the Andersonian Chemical Society and the Ardeer Chemical Club.Sir James Irvine, Principal of St. Andrews University, presided. The memory of Sir William Ramsay having been pledged in silence, Sir James Lithgow, Bt., proposed the toast of “The Profession of Chemistry.” Sir James Irvine, in reply, invited examination of the position of the chemical industries in Scotland. Bleaching powder had brought to Scotland the alkali trade and all the industries which depended thereon. In certain cases, such as the manufacture of chromium compounds, Scotland enjoyed a virtual monopoly.New conditions now confronted them to which they must adapt themselves as rapidly as possible. There was undoubtedly a southward drift of industry, but this was inevitable, and in no way connected with Scotland’s political position. It had sometimes been suggested that Scotland was to some extent decadent, but he felt that a country which had produced a Tennant, a Townsend, a Neilson, a Young and a Beilby in due season had little to fear. Genius and inventiveness had triumphed over material limitations in the past, and there was no reason to suppose that they would not do so again in the future. The slogan “Trade follows the brains’’ was at least as true as the older one “Trade follows the flag.” With regard to scientific training, Sir James Irvine said that he felt himself somewhat at variance with the spirit of the times.Courses leading to degrees were too rigid, and left little scope for the play of individuality. Many students at present engaged in research would be better employed in supplementing their academic knowledge by training in the methods whereby science was operated in industry and in the conduct of the practical affairs of life. Research in the academic sense had become a fashion and would soon become a trade. History had proved, however, that Scotland was capable of providing that combination of qualities which could advance chemistry as a science, and he thought that this should lead them to take fresh courage. Mr.H. Moir, Convener of the Dinner, proposed the health of the Chairman. 437 Professor G. Barger, of Edinburgh, replied to the toast of “The Guests,” proposed by Mr. A. R. Jamieson. The Institute was represented by Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Vice- President, and Dr. J. G. King, Member of Council. Dancing was enjoyed by a company of over two hundred until z a.m. Huddersfie1d.-Mr. H. W. Moss, Vice-chairman of the Section, presided at a meeting held in Field’s Cafk, Huddersfield, on 9th November, when Dr. A. E. Dunstan showed and discoursed upon “Some Films of the Oil Industry.” In his introductory remarks he dealt with the modern refinements in locating, drilling for, and refining of, oil.The flexibility of the oil industry was stressed, in relation to the change-over from the “petrol age’.’ to the “diesel age,” and the lecturer also referred to the anti-knock requirements of modern pet r 01. The films were shown, the first illustrating the processes of refinement as carried out at the Llandovery Refinery, Swansea, and the second describing the laying of the new pipe line in ’Iraq. The discussion was extremely interesting dealing, among other subjects, with the technical difficulties encountered in laying the new pipe line in ’Iraq. A vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer, on the motion of Mr. G. B. Jones, seconded by ‘Mr. Rinkel. Irish Free State.-The Annual General Meeting of the Sectionwas held on zIst November, in University College, Dublin, -Mr.B. G. Fagan presiding. The following members of Committee were re-elected-Messrs. J. Bell, B. G. Fagan, A. G. G. Leonard, J. H. Millar, A. O’Farrelly and J. W. Parkes. A letter from Mrs. Adeney, conveying Prof. Adeney’s wish to have his name removed from the list of committee-members having been read, the following resolution was passed unani- mously-“That this meeting of the Irish Free State Section of the Institute of Chemistry learns with sincere regret of Prof. 438 Adeney’s inability to participate further in an active capacity in the work of the Section, and that the Hon. Secretary be asked to convey to Prof. Adeney the warm appreciation of the members for his kindly interest and wise guidance in the past, and their earnest wish that he may long enjoy a well- earned and peaceful retirement.” Dr.Gilmour proposed that the Committee should be asked to consider the advisability of restricting the period of chairmanship to three years; Dr. Leonard seconded, and the proposal was adopted unanimously. Dr. Gilmour also suggested that when the Committee were filling the vacancy caused by Prof. Adeney’s retirement, they should consider the advisability of electing a chemist in the service of the Government of the Irish Free State. Leeds Area.-A joint meeting of the Section, with the Leeds University Chemical Society, was held on 30th October, in the Chemistry Department of the University,-Professor F. Challenger in the Chair.After the exhibition of two films entitled--“ Production of Monel Metal” and ‘‘Fabrication of Acid-resisting Steel Plant,” which were much appreciated, Dr. A. E. Dunstan gave a lecture on 66 Recent Developments in the Application of Petroleum Gases.” The lecturer began by indicating the magnitude of the problem of the utilisation of gases, which was confronting the petroleum industry. The annual production of zoo x 106 tons of crude oil gave 36x10~~cubic feet of natural gas, while cracking processes produced a further 6 x 106 cubic feet. In America, the gas was widely used for lighting and heating. Thus, Chicago was supplied by pipe line from the Texas oil-field. Dr. Dunstan then gave a short account of the Persian oil- fields, and of the processes used in the separation of the dissolved gases in crude oil and the further purification of the oil.He said that, owing to the increased demand for petrol, the cracking of the higher portions had become important. In this particular process, IOO tons of heavy oil heated at 450° and 1,000lbs. pressure gave 60 tons of petrol. The cracking unit comprised a pipe still and reactor in which the time factor is obtained, followed by a separator and a fractionating tower with accessory 439 gas plant. The various processes were illustrated by slides showing the actual plant used and diagrammatical representations of it. Owing to the present-day demand for anti-knock petrols, stress was now laid on the quality and not the quantity of petrol produced.The “quality ” was measured in iso-octane units, i.e. by comparing the petrol with a synthetic mixture of n-heptane (= o) and iso-octane (= 100). A good commercial petrol has an iso-octane value of over 60 while “ethylised” spirit is considerably higher. Dr. Dunstan then dealt with the possibility of utilising methane, the predominant constituent of petroleum gases, for the production of benzene hydrocarbons by suitable heat treat- ment and showed how low yields and experimental difficulties made such utilisation impracticable. A better yield of “benzol” was obtained at lower temperatures by heat treatment of butane; 5 X 1oS tons may thus be produced annually. Styrene was a valuable by-product in the process; this could be reduced to ethylbenzene (a valuable anti-knock) or polymerised to meta- styrene, which was now being used in the preparation of safety glasses. Butane could also be converted into butene and thence, by heat treatment under pressure, into a mixture of polymeric olefinic hydrocarbons.These processes served to dispose of the butane, which must be largely eliminated from petrol, owing to stringent vapour-pressure requirements. In the discussion which followed, the lecturer mentioned that some of the gas oil produced was now being used in Diesel- engined vehicles. The Diesel cycle and the related cetene stan- dard were discussed. The presence of sulphur and the absence of iodine in crude oil were also commented on. The Chairman of the Section-Mr.G. J. Denbigh-proposed a vote of thanks to the lecturer, which was carried with acclamation. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the University of Leeds, on 26th November,-Mr. G. J. Denbigh in the Chair. Professor R. D. Abell, Dr. F. A. Mason, Dr. A. L. Roberts, and Mr. H. A. Steinmann were elected to serve on the Committee. Messrs. J. T. Thompson and J. M. Wishart were re-elected Honorary Auditors, and Dr. H. Burton, Honorary Secretary. 440 Professor Heilbron being unable to attend owing to temporary ill-health, his lecture on 44 Modern Alchemy : Post-War Advances in the Synthesis of Natural Products” was read by Dr. F. S. Spring, of the University, Manchester. (A prkcis of the lecture is given on p.443.) A vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer, on the motion of the Chairman, seconded by Mr. H. J. Hodsman. Liverpool and North-Western.-The Second Meeting of the Session was held at the Constitutional Club, Liverpool, on 8th November, Mr. A. E. Findley, Chairman of the Section, presiding. Dr. R. F. Corran, of the Evans Biological Institute, Runcorn, read a paper entitled: bb Some Chemical Aspects of Modern Biological Products.” Dr. Corran gave the general requirements for biological products ; clinical activity with freedom from toxic substances, micro-organisms and materials affecting blood-pressure. His paper, which was illustrated with lantern slides, dealt mainly with four classes of material:-(I) Liver and Liver extracts-the lecturer giving an interesting account of pernicious anaemia and of other anaemias and their treatment; (2) Mer-curochrome, an antiseptic-the manufacture and properties of which were described; (3) Thyroid-the active constituents of which were dealt with, a slide being exhibited to show the stages of the synthesis of thyroxine ; (4) Hypodermic solutions-the many important points which have to be observed in making these solutions, being described and emphasis laid on the impor- tance of purity, sterility, chemical stability and clinical suitability of such solutions, of which specimens were exhibited. A discussion followed, in which the Chairman, Mr.N. Marsh, Mr. E. G. Jones, Mr. G. E. W. Sexton, Mr. L. V.Cocks, Mr. E. H. Shepherd and Prof. T. P. Hilditch participated. Mr. E. G. Jones and Mr. L. V. Cocks proposed and seconded the vote of thanks and the Chairman asked the members also to accord a vote of thanks to the Vice-chairman, Mr. G. E. Knowles, who supplied and operated the lantern. In the afternoon preceding the meeting a party of about thirty members and students visited the Evans Biological 441 Laboratories at Runcorn, and were shown many interesting processes in addition to seeing the work done in the control laboratories, The Chairman, in calling upon Dr. Corran to give his paper at the meeting, expressed the thanks of the Section to Messrs. Evans, Sons, Lescher & Webb, Ltd., and their Medical Director, Dr. H.A. Mitchell, for their courtesy in rendering this visit possible. A joint meeting with the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held at Liverpool University on a3rd November, when Professor C. 0. Bannister, as Chairman for the hosts, welcomed the visiting members of the Institute. Mr. J. A. Walters, of the General Electric Company, Wembley, read a paper entitled : LL Photo-Electricity and the Chemical Industry.” This was illustrated by means of lantern slides and interesting experiments. Mr. A. E. Findley having proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Walters, the Chairman invited a discussion, in which Dr. C. F. A. Roberts, Mr. C. E. Mold, Mr. E. Gabriel Jones, and Cr. R. A. Morton participated. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Section held a dance at the Hotel Russell, Russell Square, on 26th October, which was attended by the President of the Institute and Mrs.Thorpe, Mr. F. G. Edmed, Chairman of the Section, Mrs. Edmed and the Misses Edmed, and many members and their friends. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 2Ist November, when the Committee of the Section for the ensuing year was elected. On the same evening, an exhibition of apparatus devised by members of the Section was held in the main laboratory of the Institute. London and South Eastern Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on zrst November, when the following officers were elected : Chairman, Mr. F. G. Edmed; Vice-Chairmen, Dr.L. H. Lampitt and Mr. J. R. Nicholls; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. C. A. Adams; Hon. Secretary, 442 Mr. M. Bogod; Committee, Fellows; Dr. E. A. Dancaster, Dr. B. S. Evans, Mr. L. Eynon, Dr. F. H. Garner, Dr. J. Grant, Mr. R. F. Innes, Mr. H. J. Page, Prof. H. Raistrick, Mr. H. Shank, ster, Mr. F. G. H. Tate, Mr. K. A. Williams, Mr. W. 0. R. Wynn, Associates: Mr. W. H. Bennett, Mr. E. B. Bennion, Mr. T. Howard, Mr. W. C. Peck, Mr. E. J. Vaughan, Mr. D. M. Wilson. Hon. Azditors: Mr. R. A. 0. Claudet, Dr. H. B. Cronshaw. Following the official business, an exhibition (with demon- strations) of members’ apparatus was given. The following is a description of the exhibits: -Exhibitor. Exhibit. Mr. s. A. Ashmore Determination of crystallisation tempera- ture of cocoa butter.Mr. A. L. Bacharach Apparatus used in industrial vitamin (Glaxo Laboratories). research. Dr. H. Barnes,Mr. Olaf Bloch New emulsions for scientific purposes.and Dr. S. 0. Rawling Illustrations of the cause and cure of (Ilford Research Labora- halation in photographic films and plates. tories). Colour filter, arranged for spectroscopic examination. Absorption curves of colour filters. Neutral wedges and filters. Absorption curve of a neutral filter. Filters for selectingspecial regions of the mercury spectrum. Mr. E. It. Bolton. Laboratory hydrogenation plants. Mr. F. G. Edmed Oil recovery process. Oil fuel ther-(Admiralty Laboratory). mome ter. Dr. B. S. Evans. A moving mercury cathode. A simplesyphoning device.Adaptor collars for use in filtration through pulp. A device for preventing loss of measuring flask stoppers. Dr. J. J. Fox and Mr. Groves Photronic cell as a colorimeter. Deter-(Government Laboratory). mination of moisture in powders by means of dielectric constant. Mr. T. McLachlan. Cribb specifk gravity bottle. Cribb CO, apparatus. Device for collecting gas from blown cans. Mr. S. A. de Lacy. ‘ ‘ Plastome ters. ” Dr. L. H. Lampitt Rapid determination of CO, in flours and (J. Lyons & CO., Ltd. baking powders. Vacuum distillation Laboratories). apparatus. Jell-strength tester. Con-tinuous Dialysis apparatus. Mr. H. B. Oakley. A new type of Osmometer. Mr. F. L. Okell. Portable self-filling burette. Banks H,S generator.Mr. H. W. Thorp. Prof. W. E. Gibbs’ apparatus for measur- (University College, Ram-ing dust content, say Laboratory). 443 Manchester and District.-The opening meeting of the session was held at the College of Technology, Manchester, on 11th October, Mr. F. Scholefield in the chair. Professor I. M. Heilbron, F.R.S., gave an address entitled: LL Modern Alchemy: Post-war Advances in the Synthesis of Natural Products.” Professor Heilbron gave a general review of some of the more important post-war advances in the chemistry of natural compounds. After referring to the outstanding work carried out by Professor W. N. Haworth, Dr. E. L. Hirst, and their collaborators at Birmingham University on carbohydrates, leading finally to a definite representation of the cellulose molecule, Professor Heilbron reviewed the development of the story of vitamin C from Szent-Gyorgyi’s original observations in 1928 up to the isolation and synthesis of pure 1-ascorbic acid.He also referred to the brilliant syntheses elaborated by Professor R. Robinson in the anthocyanin field. He pointed out that during the past year the structures of a further group of naturally occurring water-soluble pigments had been elucidated, viz. : the lyochrome pigments, and indicated the probable connection between lactoflavine and vitamin B,. Professor Heilbron next proceeded to discuss the carotenoids, and showed how this whole group could be derived from the simple isoprene molecule.He concluded his address with a brief resum6 of the sterols and the sex hormones related thereto, and explained how the latter were obviously derived from the former, A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. Cardwell, who referred to the fundamental and vital nature of the work described, and also to the lucid manner in which Professor Heilbron had dealt with so complex a subject. The vote of thanks was seconded by Mr. Chorley, who in- dicated the swift nature of the progress in this field of organic chemistry and the profound effects which the new discoveries were having on biology and medicine. He stated that in con- trast with discoveries in physics and astronomy, it was difficult to make the man in the street realise the significance of such developments in organic chemistry.He suggested that further lectures from Professor Heilbron in the near future would be 444 much appreciated,-for example, one on experimental tech- nique, and a second on the part played by the natural products described (vitamins, hormones, carbohydrates and sterols) in the human organism. On 2nd November, a joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the Manchester Literary and Philo- sophical Society was held to hear an address by Professor M. Polanyi on the subject of ‘(Heavy Water in Chemistry.” Heavy water has a density 10per cent. greater than ordinary water. Its chemical composition is the same as that of ordinary water, two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom.Nor is there anything unusual about the oxygen atom. All the heaviness is due to the new kind of hydrogen discovered by Professor Urey, which is contained in the heavy water. Its atomic weight is two instead of one. Heavy hydrogen atoms have the same structure as ordinary hydrogen atoms, but with a heavier nucleus. Such a pair of atoms would have the same chemical properties if the atoms were merely material particles. Atoms, however, are not only particles, but they are also waves; as waves, the two hydrogen atoms are different. The heavy one has a shorter wave-length. The chemical dissimilarity between the two hydrogens shows to what extent atoms behave as waves and not as particles.The chemical differences between ordinary and heavy water make it possible to extract heavy water from its natural dilution of one part in four thousand and prepare it in pure form. The preparation is, as yet, very expensive, but methods can be out-lined by which it might be considerably cheapened. Heavy hydrogen might then be used in the manufacture of drugs and dyestuffs, if its properties should turn out to be useful, e.g., if products containing it show greater stability than the products containing ordinary hydrogen. With heavy hydrogen, reactions can be discovered in which nothing is changed chemically, because all that happens is an interchange of hydrogen atoms. When some of the hydrogen atoms are “labelled” as being of the heavier sort, this inter- change becomes apparent.Some well-known chemical reactions 445 of hydrogen appear now as subordinate effects of this hitherto undiscovered interchange process. When, e.g., hydrogen is added to benzene forming hydrobenzene, for every molecule adding on hydrogen, there are a hundred molecules which react with hydrogen in the way of an interchange. Obviously hydrogenation is just an occasional by-reaction of this main interchange process. Following this line, the atomic mechanism of hydrogenation can be worked out completely. Mr. J. Adam, President of the Literary and Philosophical Society presided over a very large audience. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer, on the motion of Dr.A. Schedler, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, seconded by Mr. Laurie, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. The Annual Dinner and Dance of the Manchester and District Section, which was attended by nearly 300 members and their friends, was held at “The Manchester, Ltd.,” on 6th December, and was a most successful and enjoyable event. After the loyal toasts, Mr. Fred Scholefield, who presided, proposed “The Guests,’’ to which the Registrar of the Institute replied. Manchester and District Students ’ Section.-At a meeting held in the Reynolds’ Hall of the College of Technology, Manchester, on 9th November, Mr. J. R. Maddocks gave a lecture entitled : “The Transition from Laboratory to Large- Scale Manufacture.’ ’ Newcastle and North-East Coast.-The Annual Meeting of the Section was held on 12th November, when the report of the Committee and the Honorary Treasurer’s statement for 1933-34 were received and adopted, and the Officers and Committee for the ensuing session were elected.The Annual Report showed that the Section had held two joint meetings with the Society of Chemical Industry and four with the Bedson Club, and that the members of the Section had also attended the (sixteenth) Earl Grey Memorial Lecture. The Committee also recalled that Professor Clemo, Chairman of the Section, had initiated the discussion already reported in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,on the place of chemistry in general education, 446 Dr.W. E. Scott was elected Honorary Secretary in succession to Mr. M. A. W. Brown, to whom the thanks of the Section were accorded for his services. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club, on 12th November. The Chairman, Professor G. R. Clemo, welcomed Dr. A. E. Everest, District Member of Council, who informed the Members regarding the proposal to make provision for an additional representative of the North East Coast and Yorkshire on the Council. Council had re-opened the subject and had appointed a Special Committee to consider further the claims put forward by the Sections in this area. Dr. Everest also commented on the widespread interest evoked by the discussion on “The Place of Chemistry in General Education,” initiated by this Section a year ago.Dr. Everest was asked by Dr. P. L. Robinson whether he could give any information as to the progress of the discussions taking place among the various chemical societies regarding amal- gamation. Dr. Everest replied that it was an extremely com- plicated question, and that he was unable to give any information at that stage. Dr. A. A. Hall, strongly supported by other members, said that this matter was of great interest to this Section, having been first raised in 1929, He thought that members should have the opportunity of expressing their views before any decision was reached. Dr.Everest expressed himself in sympathy with this opinion. Dr. Everest was thanked for his attendance and for the information which he had given the Section. The Committee’s Report and Hon. Treasurer’s Statement for the year ended 31st October were received and approved. Nine meetings, including the Joint Annual Dinner, had been held during the Session. In pursuance of the general desire for co- operation with regard to the meetings of the various local chemical bodies, two joint meetings were held with the Society of Chemical Industry and four with the Bedson Club. There were 47 Fellows and 123 Associates resident in this Section-an increase of 4 Fellows and 14 Associates during the past year. 447 The Officers and Committee for the ensuing year were elected as follows: Chairmaut, Dr.P. L. Robinson; Committee, Dr. J. T. Dunn, Dr. R. D. Haworth, Dr. J. H. Jones, Mr. E. W. Mud- diman, Dr. L. A. Sayce, Mr. D. H. B. Wride, Mr. F. H. Walker (Hon. Treaswer) and Dr. W. E. Scott (Hon. Secretary), and Hon. Auditors, Mr. H. C. L. Bloxam and Mr. A. F. McCarley. Mr. M. A. W. Brown received the thanks of the Section for his services as Hon. Secretary during the past two years. South Wales.-The opening meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at the Central Hotel, Swansea, on 18th October, when a lecture on the bb Functions of a Colliery Chemist” was given by Mr. T. G. Watts. The lecturer detailed the duties of a colliery chemist in regard to ventilation, analysis of gases, coal, by-products, and stores, and stressed the necessity of close co-operation between the chemist and the salesman.On 9th November, at Swansea, a lecture entitled bb Food Control from the Chemical Aspect” was delivered by Dr. L. H. Lampitt. The Annual General Meeting was held at Swansea on 30th November. The following Officers and Committee were elected: Chairman: Mr. E. E. Ayling; Hon. Secretary: Mr. R. H. Jones; Asst. Secretary: Dr. E. A. Rudge; Committee: (Swansea) Mr. J. W. Adye, Prof. J, E. Coates, Mr. P. F. Ellis, Mr. C. M. W. Grieb, Dr. P. M. Macnair, Mr. E. Thornton. (Cardiff) Dr. J. J. Dippy, Mr. S. Dixon, Mr. D. Hicks. Dr. H. B. Watson was re-nominated as District Member of Council. The following resolution was passed :--“That this Section is of the opinion that there is an undue proportion of Council nominees in the list of candidates for election to the General Council.It urges all members to exercise their full nominating power under By-Law 26 in order to reduce the proportion of Council nominees. Members in the South Wales Area (160 members) propose to nominate two members for the coming elect ion. 448 “The Section also feels that the Council would be strengthened by the inclusion of a greater proportion of industrial chemists.” The meeting adjourned to an informal Dinner at the Central Hotel. On 7th December, at Swansea, a lecture on the ‘‘ Decay of Wood and the Formation of Coal ” was given by Dr.E. A. Rudge, who has kindly supplied the following abstract : The formation of coal is the result of two distinct processes,- humification, and coalification. Humification, or the production of humus, begins with the decay of vegetable matter under the peat-bed, and coalification is a subsequent change producing a hard, compact, and relatively inert coal. This contribution to the subject has for its object the examination of some of the accepted characteristics of peat and coal from the view-point of the infiltration theory of decay. The many attempts to determine the structure of coal may be arranged as suggested by Bakes (Action of Solvents on Coal, 1933),in three groups: (I) thermal decomposition, (2) action of chemical reagents, and (3) extraction by solvents.Little evidence concerning the structure or mode of formation of coal is forthcoming from the mass of data available, although one conclusion appears definite, as Tideswell has stated, that coal consists of a highly polymerised mass, which may be loosened by solvent action. Of the many methods of classification, those of Stopes and Wheeler, and of Thiessen, into morphological types, are of very great importance to the discussion, for many of the features of these types have a bearing on the observed phenomena of wood decay. Biological theories of coal formation are of interest in that they were developed, like those of timber decay, subse- quent to the fundamental work of Pasteur in the middle of the nineteenth century, yet in recent years developments have suggested that modifications must be made to a purely biological conception.Many workers have concluded that agencies other than micro-organisms must have operated in the formation of the peat-bed, although hitherto no information concerning the nature of these agencies has been forthcoming. A purely chemical investigation of the related phenomenon of wood decay has resulted in the establishment of the funda- mental behaviour of specific ions in setting up the early symptoms 449 of decay, summarised in the author’s infiltration theory, and supported by analytical and synthetic data. “Artificial peat ” may be produced under sterile conditions, and it is evident that both the lignin and the cellulose are involved in a series of changes producing two fractions.The first is water-soluble and contains reducing sugars, and the other is an insoluble complex containing the inorganic salts of cellulose degradation products. It is suggested that subsequent polymerisation and dehydration by a mechanism, similar to that put forward by Browne (1g33),produces at first humus, and later coal. The problem of “fusain” may be reviewed from the stand- point of this proposed mechanism. Fusain has generally an abnormally high ash content consisting mainly of calcium oxide, and is composed largely of resistant plant entities. It is sug-gested that this type of coal is produced from the insoluble calcium complexes formed during inorganic infiltration of the peat-bed, the soluble ash-free humic fraction having been removed either by the action of micro-organisms, or by leaching out under the influence of some special climatic or meteorological conditions.450 Notes. Beilby Memorial Awards.-The Administrators of the Beilby Memorial Fund, consisting of the Presidents, Treasurers and Secretaries of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals respectively, have announced the award of one hundred guineas each to Dr. William Hume-Rothery, M.A. (Oxon.), Royal Society Warren Research Fellow, and Dr. Ernest Albert Rudge, Fellow. Dr. Hume-Rothery, who is 35 years of age, was educated at Cheltenham College from 1912-16 and at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, from which he was invalided on account of ill-health.He entered Magdalen College, Oxford, as a Com-moner in 1918, and was elected to a Demyship in 1920, and to a Senior Demyship in 1925. He took first-class honours in chemistry at Oxford, and then worked at metallography for three years at the Royal School of Mines, under the direction of Sir Harold Carpenter, F.R.S., after which he returned to Oxford for independent research work at the Old Chemistry Department, University Museum, where accommodation was found for him by Professor F. Soddy, F.R.S. He was elected to the Armourers’ and Brasiers’ Company’s Research Fellowship in Metallurgy in 1929, and to his present Fellowship in 1932.His published work includes a book on the electrical properties and theories of metals and alloys, papers on valency relations in alloy structures, and determinations of equilibrium diagrams of metallic systems. Dr. Hume-Rothery has introduced new conceptions and generalisations into the study of alloys, and has provided much new information as to the general laws and relations which determine the nature and properties of alloys. Dr. Ernest Albert Rudge is 40 years of age and was educated at the Battersea Polytechnic and, from 1913 to 1915, at Uni- versity College, London. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with first-class honours in chemistry in 1915. During the war he served as a corporal in the Special Brigade, R.E., and was attached to the General Headquarters Laboratories in France.After demobilisation, he obtained an appointment with the Morgan Crucible Company until July, 1919,when he was 451 appointed a lecturer in chemistry at Cardiff Technical College. In 1917 he was elected an Associate of the Institute; early in 1929 he obtained the degree of M.Sc. (London) for research on “Titanium Cyanonitride : a Blast-Furnace Product,” and was elected a Fellow of the Institute in the same year. Since 1930, Dr. Rudge has made a special study of the uses and behaviour of timbers in South Wales industries, and of the causes and circumstances of decay in industrial timbers. His papers on these subjects have been published in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry.This year, he has been awarded the degree of Ph.D. for a thesis entitled “The Decomposition of Timber under Industrial Conditions,” and he has now in the press “The Decay of Wood in Relation to Humification,” and “Wood Decay and Coal Formation.” Gas Warfare.-The Great War of 1914-1918 gave occasion to the introduction of several new weapons, both of offence and defence, and of these none was more novel than the weapon of poison gas, and none was developed to a more remarkable degree. Prior to the war the use of poison gas had been banned by general international consent, but its use by the Germans, in April, 1915, left the allied powers no alternative to a reply in kind. The British responded by the formation of special companies for gas attacks.Major-General Foulkes bore the principal part in the organisation and development of these companies, which were subsequently expanded into a brigade, and his book-“ Gas ! The Story of the Special Brigade”-gives a very complete, graphic and accurate account of the work of this force. Gas (chlorine), in the form of a cloud discharge from cylinders, was first used by the British at the Battle of Loos on 25th September, 1915,and, taking into consideration the short time available for preparation, and of the doubtful weather conditions, a considerable degree of success was obtained. During the night of zqth-z~th September, the wind was “paltry” and the advisability of the gas attack was a matter of anxious doubt. Actually the zero time for gas discharge, originally fixed at 4.30 a.m., was postponed for an hour.In some places the gas drifted back into our own trenches, and in some parts of the line, at least, the order was given to stop the discharge before all the cylinders had been emptied. In this battle Corporal F. G. Cousins (Associate), “following the infantry after they had 452 captured the German trench, entered a dug-out unarmed and found a German colonel, a captain and five men, all of whom he brought back prisoners.” It is a pity that General Foulkes calls him “Cousens.” Cousins received the D.C.M. Several gas attacks were made during the next three or four months, and in one of these (October 13th) Corporal Dawson won the Victoria Cross.In January, 1916, the Gas force was withdrawn from the line and expanded into a brigade in which form it continued until the end of the War. The Brigade played a very important part in the Battle of the Somme, a large number of cloud gas (Phosgene) attacks being made, and it was used on many occasions subsequently for the discharge of gas clouds, gas shells, and other forms of “frightfulness.” General Foulkes shows very clearly that poison gas in one form or another became of increasing importance as the war continued. In his brief description of his experiences at the Front, prior to the organisation of the Gas force, General Foulkes observes that “In the early months of the war, Engineer units were not used to the best advantage and their mechanical skill was to a large extent wasted.’’ In the first formation of the special companies in 1915 a similar and very serious error was made in calling for skilled chemists to serve in the rank and file.The Gas units were to be organised as Engineer companies, “the War Office stating that instead of sappers the men would be enlisted as Engineer corporals, with special rates of pay, as they would be University graduates or students.” The War Office appears to have assumed, and quite correctly, that patriotism would induce University graduates to accept this very modest military rank. In addition to the specially enlisted men, others with chemical qualifications who were already serving in other branches of the Army were transferred to the special companies. General Foulkes makes no reference to the work of the Institute of Chemistry in connection with the enlistment of chemists: he was probably unaware that the War Office looked to the Institute for assistance in this recruitment. In the outline of a scheme for a gas attack described by General Foulkes, the following occurs: “Two men would be required at each battery to open the valves, and while one of them might be a specially enlisted chemist, to supply whatever technical knowledge was needed, the other should have experience of trench warfare conditions, and ought to be an infantryman transferred from one of the battalions in the line.” The work certainly required 453 courage and coolness, but it required no technical knowledge whatever, and it appears to have taken the War Office two years to realise that the turning of a tap does not require a knowledge of chemistry.General Foulkes’ book should be of great value to the historian and to the military student, and is, of course, of especial interest to those who were members of the Special Brigade. A smaller book, by Professor J. B. S. Haldane, F.R.S., ‘‘Callinicus : A Defence of Chemical Warfare ”, though written some years earlier, serves as an interesting commentary on the account of gas warfare by General Foulkes. Both authors agree in condemning the sensational statements sometimes made to the effect that a few gas bombs, dropped from aeroplanes, would suffice to destroy the inhabitants of a great city.Professor Haldane bases his defence of chemical warfare chiefly on the grounds that its adoption would shorten the duration of a war and lessen the number of deaths and serious casualties. He supports the latter claim by statistics and examples from the Great War, and one example may be quoted. “Lachrymatory gas was only once used under ideal conditions-by the Germans in the Argonne in 1915. They captured a fairly extensive French trench system, and about 2400 prisoners, almost all unwounded, but temporarily blind.” Professor Haldane considers that “our greatest weapon in chemical warfare is not gas, but education, and education of all classes.” No doubt Professor Haldane would agree that an ideal education would teach the futility of war.Expert Witnesses.-Regarding the Note on Expert Wit- nesses in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V (p. 358), Mr. G. S. W. Marlow, FeZZow, formerly Assistant Secretary of the Institute, has kindly supplied the following additional informa- tion :-Up to the present it has been the custom, where scientific or technical “terms of art” have to be explained to the Court, or where scientific or technical facts have to be decided by the Court, for both sides to call evidence from expert witnesses on these points. Each of these witnesses provides a “proof of evidence” on which he is examined, and is then liable to cross- examination; the “proof,” of course, is not disclosed to the other side or to the Court, and only so much becomes public as is elicited by viv8-voce evidence. 454 Occasionally the number of “experts ” called was excessive and, by protracting the trial, not only caused unnecessary ex- pense to the parties, but seriously delayed the hearing of other actions.The Courts have lately sought to redress this evil. In 1927, Tomlin J. (as he then was) laid down the rule that neither side should call more than two experts; this ruling (which, by the way, was not made in a patent action) has been generally adopted by the Courts. In 1931, Order LIII A, rule 21A of the Rules of the Supreme Court (R.S.C.) was made, by which the parties were required, before setting down a patent action for trial, to go to the Court for directions as to, inter alia, restricting the number of witnesses to be called at the trial on any particular issue.Finally, in June 1934, Order XXXVII A (R.S.C.), which is the subject of the Note, was adopted, dealing with expert witnesses, who must not be confused with “assessors.” Assessors sit with the Court to assist the Court and give no evidence. Order XXXVII A is obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office. It provides that the Court (I) may, (2) on the ap9Zication of any party, appoint an independent expert (to be called the “Court expert”) to enquire into and report upon any question of fact or of opinion not involving any question of law or construction, (rule I). The person to be appointed is, if possible, to be agreed between the parties (rule 4).The initiative lies with the litigants, but even if one of the litigants wishes a Court expert to be appointed the Court may prefer not to appoint one. If, however, at the wish of one or both of the parties, a Court expert is appointed and, nevertheless, either party insists on calling his own expert, the Court would certainly not disregard that expert’s evidence, even if it were directly contrary to that of the Court expert. The Court will seek to ascertain the truth, as elicited in examination, cross-examination and re-examination of both witnesses. If a Court expert is appointed by the Court in the exercise of its discretion, it may be taken for granted that that discretion will not have been exercised without hearing all parties. This is implied from rule 7, which provides for opposition to the appoint- ment. It is only proper, therefore, that if one of the parties insists on calling his own expert the costs of that expert should not be allowed unless the Judge is of opinion that it was reasonable to call him, and that his evidence materially assisted the Court.This does not mean that, even if the Judge prefers the evidence 455 of the Court expert, he will disallow the costs of the other; evidence may assist the Court even though it is not accepted. The function of the Court expert is to report on questions of fact or of opinion, and those questions are, failing agreement between the parties, to be settled by the Court (rule 4). If any supplemental report is required the Court will direct him (rule 5).The “report” takes the place of a “proof of evidence”; of course it is available for all parties. The Court expert will certainly not examine any witnesses. On the contrary, if he even wants to do an experiment he will have to give the parties an opportunity to attend and see what he is doing (rule 5). Moreover, he may be (and probably would be) cross-examined on his “report” (rule 3). It follows, therefore, that, in spite of the fears expressed, the Court expert has none of the authority which is vested in the Court. It is convenient here to say that on more than one occasion in the past, Court experts have been. appointed by agreement between the parties for like purposes. It is true that in some cases it may be difficult to find a Court expert.Indeed, it is sometimes difficult even for one of the litigants to secure the services of experts, as $he most suitable experts may all be retained by the other side. In any event, there will be no “contending” between the Court and the parties. Dyestuffs.-The Board of Trade has appointed the following, for a period of three years, together with the members of the Dyestuffs Advisory Licensing Committee, to be a Committee to advise with respect to the efficient and economical development of the dye-making industry:- Major J. A. Barber-Lomax, Mr. G. Garnett, Professor A. G. Green, F.R.S., Fellow, Mr. A. Hittinger, Mr. J. R. Lane, Professor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow, Mr. W.Palmer, Mr. John Rogers, O.B.E., Fellow, Mr. G. S. Whitham, M.1.Chem.E. The members of the Dyestuffs Advisory Licensing Committee are :-Mr. R. Waddington (Chairman), Mr. P. Caldwell, Major L. B. Holliday, 0.B.E., Mr. S. T. Kinsman, Professor A. Lap-worth, DSc., F.R.S., Fellow, Mr. D. R. Mackay, Mr. N. G. McCulloch, Mr. G. H. Nisbett, Sir Henry Sutcliffe Smith, Mr. C. M. Whittaker, Mr. W. J. U. Woolcock, C.M.G., C.B.E. Mr. F. W. Hammond has been appointed secretary to the Commit tee. 456 Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., President of the Institute, has been appointed an Officer of the Legion of Honour. Dr. Herbert William‘ Bolam, Fellow, has resigned his appoint- ment as lecturer in chemistry at Queen Margaret College, Uni- versity of Glasgow, which he has held since 1903.The University Court has expressed its high appreciation of his services. Professor Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, F.R.S., Fellow, received the degree of Doctor in the Faculty of Medicine (Honoris causa), and Professor Thomas Martin Lowry, C.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow, received the degree of Doctor in the Faculty of Science (Honoris causa) at the centenary celebration of the Universitk Libre at Brussels. Dr. L. H. Lampitt and Professor H. Raistrick, F.R.S., Fellows, have been appointed members of the Food Investigation Board, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow, has been elected a Member of the Council of the Royal Society.* Professor J. C. Philip, O.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow, has been elected Dean of the Faculty of Science, University of London, for 1934-1 936. Dr. D. F. Twiss, Fellow, has been awarded the Colwyn Gold Medal of the Institution of the Rubber Industry. The degree of M.A. (Honoris causa) has been conferred upon Professor William Palmer Wynne, F.R.S., Fellow, by the Senate of the University of Cambridge. The Registrar delivered a lecture on “The Profession of Chemistry ” at University College, Southampton, on 9th Novem- ber, and again, on the same subject, at King’s College, London, on 4th December. East London College.-On 12th December, the Council of East London College attended Buckingham Palace to receive a Royal Charter from the hands of H.M.the Queen. The College has become incorporated with the University of London, under the title of Queen Mary’s College. 457 Obituary. NORRIS died, as the result of an accident, on CEARLES BEETLESTONE 1st November, in his 49th year. Educated at Alleyn’s School, Dulwich, and University College, London, he graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry, and in 1906 was appointed chief assistant chemist to Messrs. Barclay Perkins & Co., Southwark. From 1916 to 1919 he held an appointment as an Inspecting Chemist, Explosives Department, Ministry of Munitions, and after the war was appointed chief chemist to Messrs. Ind Coope (1912 Ltd.), Burton-on-Trent, with whom he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920.JOHNARTFITJRCLEMENTSdied at Spital, Chesterfield, on 13th October, in his 46th year. He was educated at Chesterfield Central and Municipal Technical Schools, and at Sheffield University, where he obtained the Associateship in Metallurgy. Before the war he was engaged as a metal- lurgical chemist at the Sheepbridge Coal and Iron Co., Ltd., and at the Devonshire Works of the Staveley Coal and Iron Co., Ltd. In 1916 he was appointed a Technical Chemist on the Acids Section of H.M. Factory, Oldbury; during the same year, he assisted in starting up H.M. Factory, Queensferry, and in the following year was transferred to H.M. Factory. Pembrey. In 1919 he was appointed Chief Chemist at the Brown-Firth Research Laboratories at Sheffield, where he devoted special attention to problems connected with corrosion, the production of pig iron and the manufacture of alloy steel.In association with his brother, he was the author of papers contributed to the Iron and Steel Institute on “British Blast Furnace Practice” (1920) and on “British Siemens Furance Practice ” (1922). He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1922. WILLIAMALEXANDERGUTECRIEdied suddenly at Knaresborough, York, on 7th November, in his 56th year. Educated at Allen Glen’s School, the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, and at the Royal College of Science, London, he joined the staff of Young’s Oil Co., Ltd., Linlithgow, as a junior assistant chemist in 1900. He remained with that company until 1910, when he was appointed chief chemist and assistant manager with the Roumanian Oilfields, Ltd., subsequently becoming refining manager to the Roumanian Consolidated Oilfields, Ltd., and manager of two oil refineries.In 1917 he was appointed adviser to the Trinidad Oil and Transport Company, and Trinidad Leaseholds, and in 1918 research chemist to the Geological Oil Survey of Egypt, and later petroleum research chemist to the Egyptian Government. He was a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. JOHNWALTER LEATHER died at Malvern on 14th November, in his 74th year. He received his scientific education mainly in Germany under Kekul6 at Bonn, and obtained the degree of Ph.D.(Freiburg). In 1886 he was appointed senior assistant to Dr: Augustus Voelcker, Consulting Chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society, and six years later, having 458 passed the examination of the Institute, was appointed Imperial Agri- cultural Chemist in the India Agricultural Service, which position he held until his retirement in 1916. A keen volunteer officer, he served in the Indian auxiliary force while in India, and, during the war, with the Cheshire Regiment, with the rank of Major. His published papers relate to investigations into the chemistry of Indian Agriculture. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1890. WILLIAM MCHUTCHISON died at Glasgow on 8th November, in his 45th year, He was educated at Pollokshields Schools, Albert Road Academy, and the University, Glasgow, and graduated l3.S~.in 1915. During the war he was engaged at H.M. Factory, Site By Oldbury, Birmingham, where he became chemist-in-charge of the T.N.T. Depart-ment, and was engaged on practical research on a patent nitration process. He subsequently held appointments with Messrs. Synthite, Ltd., at West Bromwich, until 1921, and was then for a year partner and manager in the firm of Messrs. Cumming and McHutchison, Glasgow, as manufacturers of essences, food colours and fine chemicals, and later held appointments with Messrs. Bratley and Hinchliffe, Ltd., of Manchester, and of Messrs. Perry and Hope, Ltd., Glasgow. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. JOHN WILTSHIRELAURENCE was killed in a motor accident in Kuala Lumpur on the 13th November, in his 29th year.He passed the Higher School and Intermediate Science Examinations of London University while at Colfe Grammar School, Lewisham, and, in 1922, became an assistant in the laboratory of Messrs. Riley, Harbord and Law, with whom he remained for 24 years. He continued his studies at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute, and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry in 1925, proceeded to M.Sc. in 1927, and Ph.D. in 1931. In 1925 he became assistant chemist to Messrs. Burt, Boulton and Haywood, Ltd. In 1928 he joined the staff of the Fuel Research Station, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, as a research chemist.Jointly with Dr. E. de Barry Barnett he carried out a considerable amount of research on anthracene chemistry, and subsequently continued working on the constitution of tar in relation to carbonisation conditions, conversion of tar into motor spirit by hydrogenation at high pressures, and the prepara- tion and refining of motor spirit from gas and tar. In 1931 he proceeded to a position in the Chemical Division of the Rubber Research Institute, KuaIa Lumpur, which ho hold at the time of his death. The majority of his papers were published in the Journal of the Chemical Society, The Berichte, and the Journal of the Rubber Research Institute of Malaya. He was elected an Associate of the Institmte in 1927, and a Fellow in 1931, and had served as Honorary Secretary of the Malaya Section.At his funeral, the Institute was represented by six members resident in Selangor. Lantern Slides.-Mrs. R. M. Caven has very kindly presented the Institute with 40 lantern slides dealing with various chemical subjects previously the property of her husband, the late Professor R. M. Caven, of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, Member of Council, which have been added to the collection at the Institute. 459 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented to the Institute by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library :-“Breadmaking, The Practice and Science of.” D. W. Kent- Jones. Pp. viii + 184. (Liverpool: The Northern Publishing Co., Ltd.) 7s.6d. net. An elementary book dealing with the practice, but emphasising the scientific aspect, of breadmaking.History and general considerations of breadmaking ; constituents of flour; types of wheat and milling; dough ingredients other than flour; the principles of panary fermentation ; breadmaking processes ; bread faults ; brown and fancy bread ; the nutritive value of bread ; bakerymachinery and ovens; bakehouse management and laws relating to the baking industry; analytical work; subject index ; art plates. “Food and Drugs, Aids to the Analysis of.” C. G. Moor and William Partridge. 5th Edition, revised and partly re-written by J. R. Nicholls. Pp. viii + 322. (London: Bailli&re, Tindall and Cox.) 5s. net. Analysis of food and drugs ;preservatives ;colouring matters ;poisonousmetals; examination of oils and fats; notes on the British Pharmacopceia; disinfectants and soap.Appendix : legal information; atomic weights ; useful data; calibration of volumetric apparatus; volumetric analysis. Index. “This Modern World and the Engineer.’’ Illustrations. (Edin-burgh: Royal Scottish Society of Arts.) 5s. net. The fist six Keith Lectures, with a foreword by the President of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts. Physics and the Engineer, C. G. Darwin, F.R.S.; The Trend of Mechanical Engineering, A. R. Horne; Civil Engineering in the Fields of Transport and Sanitation, Sir Thomas Hudson Beare ; Electrical Engineering, F. G. Baily ; Chemical Engineering, R. Lessing;Mining in the Melting Pot, H.Briggs; Extrapolation, H. Briggs. “The Spirit of Chemistry.” An Introduction to Chemistry for Students of the Liberal Arts. Alexander Findlay. 2nd edition, with portraits and illustrations. Pp. xvi+gro. (London: Longmans Green & Co.) 10s. 6d. net. The aim and method of science; the twilight age of chemistry; the dawn of chemistry ; the fundamental laws of chemistry; atomic weights and the periodic law; radioactivity and atomic constitution; the three states of matter; the determination of atomic weights; the gases of the atmosphere and the phenomenon of combustion ; the production of fir% matter and energy; fuels and illuminants; hydrogen, water and hydrogen peroxide ;solutions ;acids, alkalis and salts, theory of ionisation ; electricity and chemistry; metals and their properties; metals and 460 alloys; velocity of reactions and catalysis ;sulphur and sulphuric acid; salts of potassium and sodium; nitrogen, the production of fertilisers and explosives ;silica, clay, lime and glass ;the colloidal state ;the rise of organic chemistry ; the aliphatic compounds ; stereochemistry; the aromatic compounds.Appendices I, 11, and 111, and Index. A Bibliography of the More Important Heavy Metals Occurring in Food and Biological Material (for the years 1921 to 1933, inclusive) has been published by Messrs. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., Cambridge. Price to Members of the Society of Public Analysts, 2s. ; to Non-Members, 3s. The British Standards Institution has recently published, inter alia, the following Specifications :-No.568-1934 for the Determination of Phosphorus in Coal. No. 571-1934 for Distillation Flasks. No. 572-1934 for Interchangeable Conical Ground Glass Joints. No. 573-1934 for Dibutyl Phthalate. No. 574--1934 for Diethyl Phthalate. No. 575-1934 for Carbon Tetrachloride. No. 576-1934 for Glacial Acetic Acid and Dilute Acetic Acids. No. 577-1934 for Hexachlorethane (Hexachloroethane) . No. 578-1934 for Technical Acetic Acids. No. 579-1934 for Technical Ether. No, 580-1934 for Trichlorethylene (Trichloroethylene), Tech- nical and Stabilised. The Institution expresses the hope that Fellows and Associates of the Institute will adopt these Standards wherever possible.2s. each net, by post 2s. zd., obtainable from the British Standards Institution, Publications Department, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. The Science Museum: Rubber Exhibition.-In connec-tion with the Rubber Exhibition at the Science Museum, South Kensington, which will be continued until 30th April, 1935, the Rubber Growers’ Association, with the assistance of the Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers and in collaboration with the Science Museum, has produced a handbook giving an historical survey of the rubber industry and an account of the story of rubber from its source to the finished manufactured article. (H.M. Stationery Office, 6d. net, 7d. post free.) 461 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 16th November and 7th December, 1934,z new Fellows were elected, 7 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 27 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 50 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of four Fellows and two Associates. New Fellows.Merry, Ernest Wyndham, M.Sc. (Sheffield), Ph.D. (Wiirzburg), 25, St. Georges Avenue, Southall. Prasad, Mata, M.Sc. (Allahabad), D.Sc. (Benares), Royal Institute of Science, Bombay. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Atkinson, Harold, B.A. (Oxon.), 22, High Street, Slough. Botham, George Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Harper Adams Agricultural College, Newport, Salop. Hall, Edward Herman, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Beech Grove, Beverley Road, Hull. Matthews, Mrs.Janet Warden, Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., Ester, Cobham Road, Fetcham, Surrey. Smith, Wilfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), Analytical Dept., Messrs. Allen & Hanbury,Ltd., Bethnal Green, London, E.2. Spencer, Wilfrid Devonshire, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Imperial Chemical Industries (General Chemicals), Ltd., Central Laboratory, Widnes. Young, Roland Francis, 176, High Street South, London, E.6. New Associates. Abbott, Arthur Lewis, B.Sc. (Cape Town), c/o Municipal Disposal Works, Athlone, Cape, S. Africa. Barat, Chittaranjan, M.Sc. (Calcutta), Dr.Ing. (Munich), University College of Science and Technology, 92, Upper Circular Road, Calcutta, India. Bartram, John Henry, B.Sc. (Birm.), 10, Market Square, Sandy, Beds. Black, Hugh Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), 63, Middle Street, Brighton.Bruce, James, B.Sc. (Gla.s.), 6, Hampden Terrace, Mount Florida, Glasgow, s.2. Elsbury, Edward Alfred, 134, Woodland Gardens, Isleworth. Etheridge, William, B.Sc. (Leeds), 90, Dunbar Avenue, Foleshill, Coventry. Farrand, Eric Austin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 201, Goldhawk Road, London, W.12. Fish, Hubert James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Eastcote Road, Harrow. 462 Flohren, John Albert Charles, M.Sc. (Lond.), 86, Blackboy Lane, London, N. 15. Gage, John Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, Bramerton Street, London, S.W.3. Gaul, Matthew, A.H.-W.C., 54, Willowbrae Road, Piershill, Edinburgh. Green, Arthur Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 40, Glenhouse Road, London, S.E.9. Green, Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.C., 55, Biggin Hall Crescent, Stoke, Coventry.Henshall, Joseph Henry, B.Sc. (Reading), Bucklebury Place Gardens, Woolhampton, Berks. Holder, Stanley Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Gourock Road, London, S.E.9. Hughes, Leslie Alfred, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 393, Bromley Road, London, S.E.6. Meyer, Charles Gustave, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Linden Avenue, London, N.W.lO. Mills, Maurice Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Laboratory, Messrs. Michael Nairn & Co., Ltd., Kirkcaldy, Scotland. Mundy, Mrs. Lilian Marjorie, Raydents, Barrow Point Avenue, Pinner. Newell, William Edwin, 5, Ewell Park Gardens, Ewell Park, Ewell, Surrey. Pickering, Noel Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.C., 30, Avenell Road, London, N.5. Rhodes, Oswald Stanley, M.Sc. (Leeds), 16, Woodlands Avenue, Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire.Rudd, Herbert William, M.Sc. (Lond.), Allways, Ormonde Rise, Buck hurst Hill, Essex. Varma, Har Kumar Prasad, M.Sc. (Allhabad), 60, Burnbank Terrace, Glasgow, N.W. West, Trustham Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), Heathcroft, Hertford Heath, Herts. Williams, Harold George, M.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D., 80, Wyndham Crescent, Canton, Cardiff. Associate re-elected. Fleming, Robert, M.A. (T.C.D.), A.R.C.Sc.I., 27, Steeles Road, London, N.W.2. New Students. Archer, Henry Robertson, 15, Sheepburn Road, Uddingston, Glasgow. Arcus, Charles Laurence, 152, Browning Road, London, E.12. Bailey, Arthur Edward, Three Counties Hospital, Arlesey, Beds. Campbell, Robert Edward, Setterdene, Tadcaster Road, Copmanthorpe, York. Collier, Anthony, 119, Central Avenue, Billingham-on-Tees, Co.Durham. Collins, Frank Caldwell, 30, Hereford Road, Seaforth, Liverpool 2 1. Cookson, John Francis, Garth, Sharmans Cross Road, Solihull, Birmingham. Cowan, Alexander Sefton, 18, Grendon Gardens, Wembley Park. Davenport, Robert, 39, Blackburn Street, Blackburn. Davis, John Kirby, 511, Wardley Lane, Manchester Road, Swinton, Manches ter. De Carle, Herbert Hastings, 8, Leonard Road, London, S.W.16. De Giacomi, Romolo, 71a, Hambalt Road, London, S.W.4. Drysdale, Angus, 45a, Ann Terrace, Bo’ness, Scotland. Elliott, Antony Lester, 68, Rotton Park Road, Birmingham 16. Ellis, Leonard Frederick, 25, Southfield Avenue, Rotton Park, Birmingham 16. Elwell, William Thomas, 58, Arthur Street, Windlestone, Ferryhill, CO.Durham. 463 Fairhead, Edward Cooper, 13 1, Broadway Street, Burton-on-Trent. Fowler, Ronald George Francis, 22, Hoadly Road, London, S.W.16. Hicks, Ronald, Ballyre, Milton Hall Road, Gravesend. Hilton, Herbert, 15, Canterbury Street, Chorley. Holt, Norris, 1, Rising Lane, Garden Suburb, Oldham. Hurran, Walter John, 50, Lower Green Road, Rusthall, Tunbridge Wells. Jackson, Frederick John Parland, 77, Prince of Wales Mansions, Battersea, London, S.W.ll. Jackson, Robert Henry, 35, Queens’ Road, Beeston, Nottingham. Laithwaite, Horace, 11 6, Cowlishaw Road, Sheffield 11. Leckie, Miss Margaret Woodrow, 41 Clouston Street, Glasgow, N.W. Lewis, Cyril Jesse, 48, Hatherley Street, Liverpool 8. Mawer, Frank Clifford, 37, Alexandra Road, Grimsby. Millington, Bert, Lyndholm, Lyndhurst Road, Wolverhampton.Mobbs, Thomas Herbert, 69, Hillfleld Park, London, N.21. Moore, Jeffrey, Lyndhurst, Overseal, Burton-on-Trent. Morrison, Louis Duncan Keeble, 33, Mundon Road, Maldon, Essex. Neill, Leslie Charles, 2, Watling Street, Gillingham. Newell, Wilfrid Hugh, 31, Atherlay Road, London, S.E.15. Newton, Eric James, 25, Bourne Avenue, Shirley, Southampton. Owen, Geoffrey Albert, 40, Homefield Rise, Orpington. Perrins, Lyle Eugene, Lightholme, Fir Grove, Wollaston, Stourbridge. Prescott, Albert, 23, Chestnut Avenue, Widnes. Puttick, Alfred Vernon, 31, North Street, Spennymoor, Co. Durham. Rastall, Bernard Jack, 41, Warwick Road, London, N.ll. Reeson, William Bateman, 18, Mount Avenue, Littleborough, Lancs.Roberts, Thomas, 2, Clovelly Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester. Robinson, Ian Francis Stewart, 16, Belgrave Road, Gloucester. Rose, Bernard Arthur, 6, Hillcrest Road, London, E.17. Silvester, Richard Morgan, 61, Addison Road, King’s Heath, Birmingham 14. Tayler, Paul Bernard, New Hall, Swaythling, Southampton. Tighe, Robert Patrick, 22, James Street, North Ormesby, Middlesbrough. Warry, William Vivian, Westrow House, Holwell, Sherborne, Dorset. Whalley, William Clarence Roy, 52, Annandale Road, London, S.E.10. Whiteheart, Colin, 22, Tipthorpe Road, London, S.W.ll. DEATHS. Fellows. John Arthur Clements. William Alexander Guthrie, M.B.E. John Walter Leather, V.D., Ph.D. (Freiburg).John Laurence Wiltshire, M.Sc , Ph D. Associates. Norris Charles Beetlestone, B.Sc. (Lond.). William McHutchison. CHANGE OF NAME. Douglas Eric Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), Fellow, to Douglas Eric Davis,-by Deed Poll. 464 Coming Events. 1935 January 1st-PHYSICALSOCIETY: Exhibition of Scientific Instruments and 3rd Apparatus, at Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, S.W.7. 4th SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Manchester Section) : “The Chemical Engineer and his Training for Industry.” Dr. A. J. V. UNDERWOOD,at The Engineers Club, 17, Albert Square, Man- Chester, at 7 p.m. 5th SPECIAL BRIGADE, R.E.: The Thirteenth Annual Re-Union and Dinner of “Q” Special Company, R.E., will be held in Edinburgh, on Saturday, 5th January.Particulars may be obtained from Mr. H. T. Islip, Honorary Secretary, Wayside, Iver, Bucks; or Mr. L. Fletcher, 22, Kirkhill Gardens, Edinburgh 9. OF7th INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section): “The Neutron and Positive Electron.” Professor K. G. EMMBLEUS. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Food Group) : Joint Meeting with London Section. Jubilee Memorial Lecture: “The Fats- New Lines in an Old Chapter of Organic Chemistry.” Professor T. P. HILDITCH,at The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 10th INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North-Western Section) : “Some Applications of Absorption Spectra.” Dr. R. A. MORTON, at the Constitutional Club, India Building, Water Street, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section):OF “Laboratory Animals :their Causes and Cure.” A.L. BACHARACH, at 7 p.m. 11th ARDEER CHEMICAL CLUB: Smoking Concert, at the EglintonHotel, Ardrossan, at 7.15 p.m. INSTITUT~EOF CHEMISTRY(South Wales Section) : “Hydrogenation : Present and Future.” Dr. W. I. JONES, at the Central Hotel, High Street, Swansea, at 5.45 p.m. (Joint Meeting with Society of Chemical Industry.) OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : “Properties of Pigment Powders.” Mr. G. A. CAMPBELL, at Reynold’s Hall, College of Technology, Manchester. 15th INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Huddersfield Section) : Jubilee Year of the Huddersfield Technical College. Joint Meeting. “FiftyYears of Chemistry.” Dr.A. E. EVEREST. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North West pt Section): Joint Meeting with Society of Chemical Industry: In Quest of Colour.” Mr. C. J. T. CRONSHAW. 465 Janu-Y 16th OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’AssoCIATIoN: (Joint Meeting with London Section of the Institute of Chemistry) :“The Limitations of Chemical Analysis.” The discussion will be opened byMr. C. A. KLEIN, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 7.30 p.m. ALCHEMISTSCLUB (Glasgow University) : Social Evening and Address: “Some Chemical Oddities.” Dr. T. S. STEVENS,at 7.30 p.m. Socmm OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Road and Building Materials Group): Joint Meeting with Chemical Engineering group : “Fillers.” Professor E.NEUMANN. 17th CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 18th ANDERSONIAN : “Fractional Distillation with CHEMICAL SOCIETY special reference to Coal Tar.” Mr. R. G. W. EADIE, at Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 3 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERS AND COLOURISTS (Manchester Section) : “Dermatitis.” Professor B. A. MCSWINEY, at the Literary and Philosophical Society’s Rooms, 36, Great Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 21st INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (South Wales Section) with The Chemical Society: “Isothermal Sol-Gel Transformations.” Professor H. FREUNDLICH,at the Central Hotel, Swansea, at 5.45 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY22nd INSTITUTION (Scottish Section) : “The Mechanical of the Rubber Factory.” Mr.GUEST, at Chamber of Commerce Rooms, Edinburgh, at 7 p.m. SOCIETY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Section): “Modern Methods of Factory Deodorisation and the Prevention of Fume Emission.” Dr. B. WYLAM, at North British Station Hotel, at 7.30 p.m. 24th CHEMICALSOCIETY(Manchester Meeting) :For discussion of original papers, at the Chemical Theatre of Manchester University. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY25th INSTITUTION (Manchester Section) : Annual Dinner and Dance, at the Manchester Ltd. Restaurant, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTIONSTRUCTURALOF ENGINEERS (Midland Counties Branch) : “The Deterioration of Reinforced Concrete.” Mr. A. ASHWORTH,at James Watt Memorial Institute, York House, Great Charles Street, Birmingham, at 6.30 p.m.OF29th INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): “The Activities of Life and the Laws of Thermo-dynamics.” Professor F. G. DONNAN, C.B.E., F.R.S. 30th ALCHEMISTSCLUB (Glasgow University) : “Science and Education.” Mr. R. M. ALLARDYCE,at the University, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Birmingham and Midlands Section) :OF “The Future of the Institut,e.” THE REGISTRAR OF THE INSTITUTE. 31st INSTITUTE (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-EastOF CHEMISTRY Coast Section): “Types of Chemical Linkage.” Dr. R. D. KAWORTH. 466 February 1st ANDERSON~ANCHEMICAL SOCIETY (Glasgow) : ‘‘AnthraquinoneVat Dyestuffs.” Mr. W. SMITH, at the Royal Technical College, at 3 p.m. INDUSTRYSOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Joint Meeting of Glasgow and Edinburgh Sections) : Jubilee Memorial Lecture : “The Fats- New Lines in an Old Chapter of Organic Chemistry.” Professor T.P. HILDITCH,at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Joint Meeting of Manchester and Liverpool Sections) : Jubilee Memorial Lecture : “In Quest of Colour.” Mr. C. J. T. CRONSHAW,at the Engineers’ Club, 17, Albert Square, Manchester, at 6 p.m. Preceded by a Works Visit and followed by a Dinner. 2nd MIDLAND CHEMISTS ANNUAL DINNER-DANCE, at Midland Hotel, Birmingham. 4th SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Joint Meeting of London Section and Plastics Group): “Lac Research.” Mr. A. J. GIBSON and Members of Shellac Research Board, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W.1, at 8 p.m.OF5th INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): Joint Meeting with the Bristol University Chemical Society, “Some Recent Developments in Solid Chemistry.” Mr. N. F. H. BRIGHT. 7th OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ Joint Meeting with the ASSOCIATION: Birmingham Paint andLacquer Club. “Shellac.” Mr. A. J.GIBSON, at Grand Hotel, Birmingham. 8th INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East OF Coast Section): J,int Meeting with the Bedson Club. 29th Bedson Lecture. The Biochemistry of the Thyroid Gland.” Professor C. R. HARINGTON. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (Manchester Section) : “Fastness to Light.” Members’ Evening, at Reynolds Hall, College of Technology, Manchester.12th INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Huddersfield Section). “Chemistry in the Service of the Railway.” Dr. P. LEWIS-DALE. 13th ALCHEMISTS’ CLUB (Glasgow University) : “some Problems in Molecular Structure.” Dr. N. V. SIDGWICK, O.B.E., F.R.S., at the University, at 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMISTRYINSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) : Practical Demonstrations in Chemical Technique. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Birmingham and Midlands Section) :OF “Recent Advances in the Examination of Documents.” Dr. C. A. MITCHELL. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Food Group) : “The Training of the Food Technologist.” Dr. H. B. CRONSHAW,at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, W.C.1, at 8 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials INDUSTRY Group): “Road Research.” Dr.R. E. STRADLING. 14th CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Manchester Meeting) : “Recent Work on Chemistry in the Service of Medicine.” Dr. J. F. WILKINSON, at the Chemical Theatre of the University. 467 February 14th INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Liverpool and North-Western Counties Section): Paper by Professor J. McM. THOMPSON, at the Con- stitutional Club, India Building, Water Street, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION:At the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m. 15th ANDERSONIAN (Glasgow): “Immuno-chemistry.”CHEMICALSOCIETY Professor C. H. BROWNING,F.R.S., at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 3 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Glasgow Section, with Glasgow Section of Institute of Chemistry) : “Recent Advances in Tech- nical Chemistry.” Mr.J. CRAIK,at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY : (Joint Meetingwith theInstitute of Chemistry South Wales Sections) : “Drikold.” Mr. F. HAYWOOD, at Central Hotel, High Street, Swansea, at 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Manchester Section) : “Sul-phonated Fatty Alcohols.” Dr. A. F. KERTEES,at the Literary and Philosophical Society’s Rooms, 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 18th SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Manchester Section, with Institution of the Rubber Industry and the Textile Institute) : “The Physico-Chemical Properties of Latex and their Significance in Manufacture.” Mr.A. W. MADGE, at the Engineers’ Club, 17, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-Western Counties OF Section): “Modern Trends in the Manufacture of SulphuricAcid.” Mr. W. A. DAMON. INSTITUTION INDUSTRYOF THE RUBBER : “The Coating and Impreg- nation of Fabrics and Textiles by Latex.” Dr. H. P. STEVENS and Mr. W. H. STEVENS,at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, London, S.W.l. OF19th INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section): Annual General Meeting, at North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.15 p.m. SOCIETY (Edinburgh and East of ScotlandOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Section): “Laundering.” Mr. A. P. MIERAS, at North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m.OF20th INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section): “Modern Methods of Photography.”Dr. L. A. SAYCE. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties OF Section): Lecture by Professor J. F. THORPE, C.B.E., F.R.S., President, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m. 22nd INSTITUTION : Annual Corporate Meeting OF CHEMICALENGINEERS and Dinner. SOCIETY OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Scottish Section) : “Recent Chemical Developments in Wool Research.” Mr. J. CRAIK, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.16 p.m. 468 February 23rd SWANSEATECHNICALCOLLEQE METALLURUICAL SOCIETY: “The Constitution of Basic Open Hearth Slags.” Dr. R. HIGGINS, at the Technical College, Swansea, at 6.45 p.m.27th ALCHEMISTS CLUB (Glasgow University) : “Dye Manufacture in Scotland.” Dr. R. F. THOMPSON,at the University, at 7.30p.m. March CHEMIC~~ANDEWONIAN SOCIETY,GLASGOW:“Some Stereo-chemical Problems.” Professor A. MCKENZIE, F.R.S., at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 3 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:Annual General Meeting, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m.INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Aberdeen Section): r‘The Use ofOF Polarimetric Methods in Determining Constitutions and Reaction Mechanisms.” Dr. R. ROGER, at the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, at 5.15 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Glasgow Section): Annual General Meeting, at Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 6.30 p.m.SOCIETY (Manchester Section) : “ChemicalOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Constitution and Physiological Action.” Dr. F. L. Pyman,F.R.S., at the Engineers’ Club, 17, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7 p.m. THEANNUALCHEMICALDINNERAND DANCEwas held at the Wharncliffe Rooms, Great Central Hotel, London, on 18th December, Brig.-General Sir Harold Hartley, C.B.E., F.R.S., presiding. Sir Bernard Spilsbury, the guest of the evening, proposed the toast of “Chemistry,” to which the Chairman replied. 469 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Friday, 1st March, 1935, at 8 p.m. Nomination of General Members of the Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council:-By-law 26.(1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form: “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in OUT estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24 (2). No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy. The General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, 1st March, 1935,in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election, are as follows:-Members of Council.Charles DorBe, M.A., D.Sc. Richard Henry Greaves, D.Sc. William Rintoul, O.B.E. Samuel Smiles, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Albert Watkins Maggs Wintle. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 4.30 p.m. on 18th January, 1935. 470 District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:- Birmingham and Midlands : William Alexander Skeen Calder. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Ernest Vanstom, D.Sc. Liverpool and North-West Coast :William Roscoe Hardwick, B.Sc. London and South-East,ern Counties : Edward Burnhope Hughes, M.Sc.Manchester and District: Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc. North-East Coast and Yorkshire : Arthur Ernest Everest, Ph.D., D.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Adam Tait. Glasgow and West of Scotland: Forsyth James Wilson, Ph.D., D.Sc. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Herbert Ben Watson, D.Sc. Northern Ireland: William Honneyman, B.Sc., Ph.D. Irish Free State: Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard, B.Sc., Ph.D., A.R.C.Sc.1. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : James Irvine Orme Masson, M.B.E., D.Sc. Examinations, 1935.-The arrangements for examinations after January, 1935, will be as follows:- FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Dates of Examinations. Entries close. 1st to 6th April. 11th February, 1935. 16th to zIst September.8th July, 1935. FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. 8th to 13th April. 11th February, 1935. 23rd to 28th September. 8th July, 1935. For Candidates wishing to be examined in Branch G Industrial Chemistry, or desiring Special Examinations, in September, the list will close on 3rd June, 1935. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments 471 Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary.The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations.The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary. Regulations for the loan of books will be found in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V, 1934,page 386, or may be obtained from the Registrar.Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with 472 Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd. ;in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their 9errnanent addresses for registration.The Chemical Club.-The Chemical Club provides a pleasant and useful social centre for gentlemen engaged in, or con- nected with, the profession of chemistry or chemical industry. The Club is conveniently situated in Westminster, and in addition to the usual restaurant, billiard and card rooms, bedroom accommodation is available on the premises of Whitehall Court. The attention of members resident in the provinces is par- ticularly directed to the usefulness of the Club to those who visit London on business. The annual subscription is very low for a Club of this kind, being, for town members &4 4s., for country members (those having no residence or place of business within 20 miles of Charing Cross) fI2 112s.6d., and for Overseas members EI IS. Candidates for membership must be proposed by one and seconded by two members of the Club who know them personally. Full particulars and forms of application can be obtained from the Secretary, Chemical Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.1, or from the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. 473 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES, 1sT MARCH TO 15~~DECEMBER, 1934. Council Council in Committees Committee n 0)& 3e2 ll7 J. F. Thorpe, Pres. . . .. .. .. 7 0 27 19 W. J. A. Butterfield, V.-P. .. ..9 7 5 5 1 Sir G. C. Clayton, V.-P. .. .. .. 1 0 1 0 A. E. D~tan,V.-P. .. .. .. 4 2 13 4 F. G. Edmed, V.-P. .. .. .. 7 7 3 3 H. H. Hodgson, V.-P. .. .. .. 9 7 18 18 1 W. H. Roberts, V.-P. .. .. *. 7 4 1 0 P. H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treas. .. .. 7 5 26 22 6 F. S.Aumonier . . .. .. .. 9 7 13 13 2 C. 0. Bannister .. .. .. .. 6 0 5 0 J. C. A. Brierley . . .. .. .. 2 1 4 0 Robert Bruce .. .. .. .. 1 1 5 0 T. Cellan .. 2 2 1 0 The late R. M. Cavin (diedJuly,'i934) . . 1* O* * 2 0 F. D. Chattaway .. .. .. .. 8 4 0 0 H.E. Cox .. .. .. .. .. 5 4 0 0 5 H. W. Cremer .. .. ,. .. 8 6 1 0 1 C. Dor6e .. .. .. .. .. 3 4 5 0 3 H. D. Elkington . . .. .. .. 9 7 0 0 2 G. D. Elsdon .. .. .. .. 2 1 1 0 John Evans .. .. .. .. .. 5 1 0 0 A. E. Everest .. .. .. ..7 7 18 12 L. Eynon .. .. .. .. .. 9 7 20 18 4 P. F. Gordon .. .. .. .. 6 2 6 1 R. H. Greaves .. ,. .. .. 3 6 0 0 2 W. R. Hardwick .. .. .. .. 5 4 13 7 .IG. E. Holden .. .. .. 2 2 0 0 R. H. Hopkins .. ,. ,. .. 3 2 2 0 E. B. Hughes . . .. .. .. 4 3 13 8 J. R. Johnson .. .. .. .. 8 3 4 1 J. G. King .. .. .. .. .. 4 1 0 0 1 L. H. Lampitt .. .. .. .. 4 4 1 0 1 A. G. G. Leonard .. .. ,. .. 1 2 4 0 J. H. Lester .. .. .. .. 0 1 4 0 H. Levinstein ,. .. .. .. 5 6 1 0 1 D. J. Lloyd .. .. .. .. .. 4 6 2 1 1 J. Macleod (from Nov., 1934) .. .. 0 1 0 0 J. I. 0. Masson (from May, 1934) .. 1tt 0 0 C. A. Mitchell .. .. .. .. "st 5 4 2 3 T. F. E. Rhead .. .. .. .. 3 2 4 1 W. Rintoul .. .. .. .. .. 3 0 1 0 R. Robinson.. .. .. .. .. 6 0 7 0 S. Smiles . . .... .. .. 6 4 1 0 F. Southerden .. .. .. .. 7 2 4 0 E. Vanstone .. .. .. .. 9 5 4 0 W. Wardlaw .. .. .. .. 4 2 22 1 H. B. Watson .. .. .. .. 6 2 4 0 A. W. M. Wintle .. .. .. .. 9 7 17 17* Of a possible 4. ** Of a possible 3.t Of a possibls 7, it Of a possible 6. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Aberdeen and North of R. Craven, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C., 2, Scotland : Richmondhill Gardens, Aberdeen. Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C., 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Bristol and South-Western E. Lewis, hl.I.Chem.E., F.I.C., 22, UpperCounties : Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. Cape of Good Hope : Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. Edinburgh and East of G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Scotland : Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12.Glasgow and West of A. R. Jamieson, B.Sc., F.I.C., 20, Trongate,Scotland : Glasgow, C. 1. Huddersfield : Dr. R. J. Connor, A.I.C., 120, Long Lane, Dalton, Huddersfiold. India : G. Watson Douglas, B.Sc., A.I.C., The State Laboratory, Bhopal, Central India. Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. Lee& Area : Dr. H. Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Leeds. Liverpool ant1 North- Glynne ItT.13oaumont, F.I.C., The Harbour- Western : master’s Old House, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern Mark Bogod,A.R.C.S., F.I.C.,c/o The Institute Counties : of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. Malaya : J. F. Clark, RI.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Analyst’s Department, Municipality, Singapore,Straits Settlements. Manchester and District : Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle-on-Tyne and Ur. \V. I<;. Scott, J\l.Sc., A.I.C., Itossie House, North-East Coast: Canning Street, Hobburn-on-Tyne. New Zealand: Philip TVhite, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C. 1, Kew Zealand. South Wales : R. H. Jones, F.I.C., Glen View, Cae Bryn Avenue, Sketty Green, Swansea. ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNAL PROCEEDINGS.-The terms for advertisements in the AND Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee.No Commission is allowed to Agents. The circulation is over 7600--chiefly to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution Libraries. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally; also to publishers of scientific books and to booksellerq.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9345800389

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

474 Index: 1934. Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section, 10, 31, 32, 113, 130, 185, 192, 275, 404 Accidents, Industrial, 300 Accounts (1933), 22 et seq.Achema VII, 183 Administration, Industrial, 5, 357 Advertising and Trade Certificates, 391 “Alchemy, Modern: Post-War Ad- vances in the Synthesis of Natural Products,” 440, 443 Alcohol, Recent Developments in Production, 35 Alkali, etc., Works, 300 Aluminium, Use in Industry, 42 Animal Tissues, Chemical Processes in, 133 Annual Chemical Dinner, 300, 465 Annual General Meeting, 81, 93, 469 Apparatus, Exhibition of, 441 Appointments Register, 4, 20, 82, 91, 328 Arbitration, 293 Astronomy, Some Aspects of Modern, 130 Attendances, Council, etc., 473 Auditors, 21, 92, 99 Australian Chemical Institute, 291 “Bacon, A Leaf from,” 50 Balata, Gutta Percha and Caout- chouc, Notes on, 205 Bankers, 92 “Beer,” 114, 115 Beilby Memorial Awards, 5, 7, 81, 450 Belfast and District Section, 10, 31, 130, 186, 406 Benevolent Fund,4, 8, 91, 181, 267 Bequests, 7 Biological Products, Chemical Aspects of Modern, 440 Birmingham and Midlands Section, 11, 31, 33, 187, 406 Books and their Contents, 76, 162, 242, 299, 364, 459 Boots Booklovers’ Library, 84, 175 Bristol and South-Western Counties’ Section, 11, 133, 189, 331, 409 British Association, 67, 294 British Standards Institution, 6, 3 1, 76, 164, 243, 300, 460 Butterfat Testing, 269 Caoutchouc, Balata, and Gutta Percha, Notes on, 205 Cape Section, 11, 31, 35, 190 Carbohydrates, Molecular Cons titu- tion of, 421 Cellulose, Absorption of Dyes by, 333 Censors, 29, 90, 392 Charter, Supplemental, 10 Chemical Club, 472 Chemical Defence, 410 Chemical Profession, Some Prob- lems, 149’ Chemical Research Laboratory, 63 Chemical Trades Advisory Com-mittee, 5 Chemical Warfare Defence League, 292 Chemist and National Defence, 360 City and Guilds of London Institute, 5,402 Civil Servants, Professional, Insti- tution of, 245 Coal, 48, 365 Colliery Chemist, Functions of, 447 Coming Events, 72, 170, 252, 306, 372, 464 Comments on Editorials, 323, 396 Committees, 4, 90 Co-operation (Chemical Societies), 30 Council, 89 Council Attendances, 473 Council, Committees and Repre-sentatives, 4 Council, Constitution of, 275, 447 Council, Nomination of the, 28, 469 Council Proceedings, 28, 112, 179, 264, 325, 399 Council, Report of, 3, 97 Conference of Local Section Secre- taries, 10, 271, 327 Courses, Advanced, in Yorkshire, 195 Courses, Refresher, 275 Courses, Short, for Teachers, 168 475 Deaths, 3, 80, 169, 251, 305, 371 Gordon Legacy, 7 Decimal System, 274 Government Chemist, Report of, “Diamonds,” 140 367 District Members of Council, 89, Grass, Chemistry and Nutritive 181, 379 Valueof, 134 Dyers and Colourists, Society of, Gutta Percha, Balata and Caout- chouc, Notes on, 205 245 Dyestuffs, 455 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 10, 11, 31, 38, 113, 135, 192,420 Editorial, 261, 315, 391 Education, Board of, 5, 91, 349 Education, Place of Chemistry in General, 30, 116, 183, 278, 315, 325 Education, Scottish Dept., 5, 91, 355 Examinations, 15, 57, 81, 214, 307, 339 Examinations, Preliminary, 276 Examiners, Board of, 4, 16, 92 Exhibition of Apparatus, 441 Federal Council, 5, 29, 179, 181 Fees, Professional, 319, 396 Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs, 270 Films, 436 Finance and House Committee, 4, 7, 90 Flour, Composition and Baking Strength, 191 Fluid Film in Industry, The, 192 Food Control, Chemical Aspect, 447 Food Fakes and Food Laws, 32 Food Law, 19 Foods, 135 Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 16, 144, 266, 308 Frankland : Lancaster Chemical Society, 301 Fuel Research Board, 63 Fuel Research, Recent Develop-ments in, 137 Fuel, Gaseous, Use of, in S.Wales Industries, 185 Fungi, Methylation of As and Se Compounds by, 331 Gas Warfare, 359, 451 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 10, 11, 31, 40, 113, 137, 192, 193, 432 Glassware, Scientific, 6 Gluckstein, S. M., Memorial Lec- ture, 17, 307, 330, 401 Glue, 358 Headmasters’ mployment Com-mittee, 5 “Headquarters,’ 422 “Heavy Water,’ 444 1Higher Atmosphere, Physical and Chemical Constitution, 55 Honorary Corresponding Secre-taries, 19 Honorary Secretaries, Conference of, 10, 271, 327 Honours, 65, 203 Huddersfield Section, 12, 31, 42, 140, 194, 331, 437 Imperial Institute, 244 Income Tax, 361 India, Empire of, Section, 113, 143, 195, 333 Indian Advisory Committee, 14, 16, 113 Indian Science Congress, 235 Indicators, 330 Industrial Administration, 5, 357 Industrial Chemist, Training the, 334 Insecticides and Fungicides, 366 Institute of Chemistry, General Activities of, 206 Institute, Roll of, 3, 102 Institutions, 16 International Congress of Chemis-try, Madrid, 182 Irish Free State Section, 12, 31, 46, 143, 437 “Is Nature Wiser than Man?” 401 Jubilee of Institute Charter, 400 Laboratory Arts, 235 Laboratory, Safeguards in, 157 Lantern Slides, 18, 85, 458 Lead for Chemical Plant, 54 Leeds Area Section, 12, 31, 114, 144, 195, 438 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 4, 9, 90 Legal Pitfalls for the Chemical Engineer, 244 Legg Bequest, 7 Library, Boots Booklovers’, 84, 175 476 Library, Chemical Society, 8, 18, 83 Library, Science Museum, 83 Library, Surrey County, 236 Library, The, 83, 165 Liverpool and North-Western Sec- tion, 12, 31, 47, 147, 334, 440 Local Sections, 10, 31, 32, 130, 185, 273, 275, 289, 331, 404 London and South-Eastern Coun-ties’ Section, 12, 31, 48, 148, 198, 289, 441 Lubricating Oils and Lubrication, 192 Maison de la Chimie, 403 Malaya Section, 12, 31, 152, 198, 290 Manchester and District Section, 13, 31, 50, 153, 199, 290, 443 Manchester and District Students’ Section, 13, 14, 64, 445 Meat, Preservation of, 410 Meldola Medal, 16, 93, 172 Metals, Non-Ferrous Research Association, 244 Microchemical Club, 67 Microchemical Methods for Analyti-cal Practice, 30, 81, 113 Microchemical Methods in In-organic Chemistry, 147 Microchemical Methods Symposium, 432 Microsublimation, 47 Motor Fuel, etc., in New Zealand, 154 National Certificates in Chemistry, 5, 17, 349 National Physical Laboratory, 244 Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section, 13, 30, 31, 54, 153, 205, 445 New Zealand Section, 13, 31, 154 Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 4, 14, 90 Nomination of General Members of council, 395 Northern Ireland, Ministry of Edu- cation, 91, 355 Notes, 65, 157, 235, 291, 356, 450 Notice to Associates, 470 Notices, General, 81, 172, 253, 307, 378, 469 Nutrition, Chemical Aspects of, 145 Obituary, 68,160,237,296,362,457 Officers and Council, List of, 89 “Official Chemical Appointments,’’ 8, 18, 183 Oil Industry, Films,436 Oil in Persia, 331 Organic Compounds, Dictionary of, 152 Organic Reagents for Metals, 34 Paper Manufacture, 132 Paraffin Wax Manufacture, 66 Pans Police, Scientific Methods of, 152 Patents and Designs Act, 265 Peat, 144 Pedler Scholarship, 17, 91, 266 Petroleum Gases, 438 Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 5,9,400 Photo-Electricity in Chemical In-dustry, 441 Photography, Infra-red, 40 Photography, Modern, 46 Physical Chemistry, Refresher Lec- ture, 193 Plant Life, Biochemistry of, 150 Plated Finishes Conference, 31 Poisons, Notes on, 431 Polarity and Chemical Reactions, 156 President’s Address, 101 Priestley, 301 Professional Interests, 292 Public Analysts, 236 Public Appointments Committee, 4, 19, 91 Publications and Library Com-mittee, 5, 17, 90 Punjab University Jubilee, 5, 29 Quinine Manufacture in India, 402 Ramsay Chemical Dinner, 436 Register, 4, 78, 167, 184, 247, 303, 368, 461 Regulations, 16 Research Associations, 61 Ring Structures, Complex Aro-matic, 55 Roll of the Institute, The, 3, 102 Royal Charters of Professional Institutions, 264 Royal College of Science, Journal of, 245 Royal Statistical Society, 301 Safety in Mines Research Board, 76 Scientific and Industrial Research, Report of Department, 5, 61 Scrutineers, 29, 98 Scientific Management Congress, 29, 294,366 477 Serological Methods in the Detec- tion of Crime, 38 Soil Research, Chemistry and, 185 Solicitors, 92 South Wales Section, 7, 13, 31, 56, 156, 182, 206,447 Standards, British, 6, 31, 76, 164, 243, 300, 460 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 18, 330, 401 Students, Registered, 14 “Then and Now,” 42 Therapeutic Substances Act, 5 Trade Certificates, Advertising and, 391 Trade Marks, 5 Ultra-Violet Light in Analysis, 404 Valency, Theories of, 44 Water for Industrial Purposes, 406 Water Pollution Research, 77 Witnesses, Expert, 358, 453 Wood, Decay of, and Formation of Coal, 447 Wool and Keratins, Chemistry of, 407 Works Chemist and Staff, Relations between, 199 World Power Conference, 5 X-ray Analysis, Industrial Applica- tion, 140 PRINTED BY W.HEFFEW & SQNS LTP.. CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9345800474

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC