THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885 Patron -H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART 11: 1942 Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secvelavy 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1 April, rgp Publications Committee, 1942143 F. P. Dunn (Ch,airman), J. J. Fox (President), A. L. Ba.charach, H. Baines, F. Challenger, J. W. Cook, D. Jordan-Lloyd, J. .R. Nicholls, Sir Robert Pickard and Garfield Thomas. Important Notice Remuneration Statistics.-In the near future Fellows and Asso- ciates resident in Great Britain will be asked to make a return of their remuneration. The return will be in simple form, similar to that made in 1938, when members were asked merely to make a cross on a card and return it anonymously.On that occasion 5,386 cards were received. The Council considers that it would be of great value to the Institute and to the profession to obtain as full a record as possible of the remunera- tion now being received by members under war conditions. It is hoped therefore that all Fellows and Associates will respond to the request. Correspondence should normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.Iz.Telephone number : Hillside 1859. Qfficers and Members of Council, 1942-43 PRESIDENT : JOHN JACOB FOX, C.B., O.B.E., D.Sc. VICE-PRESIDENTS : HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc., A.R.C.S. ALEXANDER FINDLAY, M.A., PH.D., D.Sc. LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT, D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. SIR ROBERT PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. HAROLD AUGUSTINE TEMPANY, C.M.G., C.B.E., D.Sc. HON. TREASURER : JOHN CHRISTISON WHITE, O.B.E., M.C., A.K.C. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: EDWARD BERTRAM ANDERSON, M.Sc. : London. JOHN ANDREWS, B.Sc. : Irish Free State. EDWARD FRANKLAND ARMSTRONG, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. : London. EHNEST EDWARD AYLING, M.Sc., A.K.C. : Wales and the County of Monmouth. ALFRED LOUIS BACHSRACH, 1C1.A. : London. HARRY BAINES, D.Sc.: London. SYDNEY RAYMOND CARTER, D.Sc.: Birn&ghanz.FREDERICK CHALLENGER, PH.D., D.Sc. : Lee&. LESLIE VICTOR COCKS : Liverpool and North- West Coast. JAMES WILFRED COOK, PH.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.: Glasgow and West of Scothnd. ALBERT COULTHARD, PH.D. : Manchester. WILLIAM CULLEN, LL.D., M.I.CHEM.E. : London. GEORGE JBMES DENBIGH, M.Sc. : Yorkshire. DONALD ALFORD DERRETT-SMITH, B.Sc., A.C.G.B.C. : Northern Ireland. JACK CECIL DRUMRIOND, D.Sc. : London. FREDERICK PERCY DUNN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : Londou. ALBERT ERNEST DUNSTAN, D.Sc. : London. NORMAN EVERS, B.Sc. : London,JAMES BRIERLEY FIRTH, D.Sc., M.I.CHXM.E. : P~eslott. LOUIS FLETCHER : Edinburgh and East of Scotlard. DAVID MICHAEL FREELAND : Londcn arzcl South-Enstem Counties.EDWIN GREGORY, M.Sc., PH.D. : Eust Midlands and South Yorkshire. IAN MORRIS HEILBROK, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S.: London. EDMUND LANGLEY HIRST, &LA., D.Sc., F.R.S.: Bristol. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, MA., B.Sc., PKD. : HuddersJiekE. EDWIN BURNHOPE HLTGHES, D.Sc. : London. SYDNEY JAMES JOHNSTONE, l3.S~. : London. LOUIS ARNOLD JORDAN, D.Sc., A.R.C.S.: Lo)~do,a.DOROTHY JORDAN-LLOYD, MA., D.Sc.: London. JAMES. GRIEVE KING, PH.D., D.Sc.: London. JOHN ARNOLD LOVERX, PH.D., D.Sc. : Aberdee)i ad North of Scotland. FREDERICK GEORGE MANX, Sc.D.: Cambridge.GORDON WICKRAM MONIER-WILLIAMS, O.B.E., M.C., M.A., PH.D. :London. ALLAN CUTHBERTSON ;\IONKHOUSE, B.Sc., PH.D:Bristol ad South- Western JOHN RALPH NICHOLLS, D.Sc. : London. [Counties.THOMAS FRED ERIC RHEAD, XSc., M.I.CHEM.E.: Birmingham.WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.Sc.: Liverpool.NORMAN LINDSAY SHELDON, C.I.E., PH.D. : The Ouerseas L)ominions um! HAROLD STEVENSON : Manchester and District. [Elsewhere Abroad. GARFIELD THOMAS, XSc. : Birmingham and Midlaid. SIGURD WALFRID ALBERT WIKNER : NewcaRtle upon Tyne und North- East FORSYTH JAMES TVJLSON, PH.D., D.Sc. : Glnsgow. [Gocl-3t. 1631 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: FRIDAYS, 24~~ MAY, 19~~ OCTOBER,APRIL, 15~~ JUNE, 24TH JULY, 16~~ ZOTH NOVEMBEH, 18~~ DECEMBER, 1942, 22ND and 29TIf JANUARY, and 19~~FEBRUARY, 1943. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: MONDAY, 1ST MARCH, 1943. CENSORS: 1942-43 TEE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. FRANCIS HOWARD CARR, C.B.E., D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S.SIR ROBERT PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. SIR ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1942143 Chairman* FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, A. E. DUNSTAN, NORMAN EVERS, A. FINDLAY, H. H. HODGSON,S. J.JOHNSTONE, L. A. JORDAN, L. H. LAiMPITT, G.'ROCHE LYNCH, H. A. TEMPANY, AND J. C. WHITICE". LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH A. L. BACHARACH, H. V. A. BIEISCOE, W. CULLEN, J. €3. FIRTH, J. G. KING, L. H. LAMPITT, G. ROCHE LYNCH*, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, J. R. NICHOLLS, W. H. ROBERTS, AND H. A. TEMPANY. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*; H. V. A. BRISCOE (VICE-CHAIRMAK); AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH A.L. BACHARACH, H. BAINES, F. CHALLENGER, J. W. COOK, F. P. DUNN", D. JORDAN-LLOYD, J. R. NICHOLLS, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, AND GARFIELD THOMAS. SPECIAL COMMITTEES BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, J. C. WHITE (HoN. TREASURER)*,THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, H. G. COLMAN, E. M. HAWKINS, AND G. RUDD THOMPSON. APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. BAINES, H. V. A. BRISCOE, A. COULTHARD, H. E. COX, J. C. DRUMMOND, NORMAN EVER8S, E. GREGORY, L. A. JORDAN, J. G. KING, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, G. ROCHE LYNCH, F. G. MANN, J. R. NICHOLLS, W. H. ROBERTS, R.E.SLADE, H.A.TEMPANY,* AND W. WARDLAW. EMERGENCY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT", THE VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND THE HONORARY TREA- SURER. CONSTITUTION OF THE COUNCIL: THE PRESIDENT", THE HONORARY TREASURER, E.E. AYLING, A. L. BACHARACH, H. BAINES, M-4RK BOGOD, A. FINDLAY, D. M. FKEE-LAND, I. M. HEILBRON, T. P. HILDITCH, G. KING, J. H. LESTER,G.ROCHE LYNCH, A. .J. PRINCE, TV. H. ROBERTS, AND S. B. WATKINS. i-641 TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY: H. V. A. RRISCOE*, WITH R. R. BUTLER, T. J. DRAKELEY, J. KENYON, H. WEBSTER MOSS, H. STEVENSON AND W. WARDLAW; CO-OPTED: EL B. NlSBET AND E. A. RUDGE. POLICY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT", WITH E. E. AYLING, MARK BOGOD, H. V. A. BRISCOE, F. CHALLENGER, G. ELLIOT DODDS, A. FINDLAY, E. M. JOINER AND SIR ROBERT ROBINSON. PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE: (Proceedings suspended.) THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, F. H. CARR*, F. CHALLENGER, W.CUMMING, E. H. FARMER, I. M. HEILBRON, T. P. HILDITCH, R. H. HOPKINS, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, L. H. LAMPITT, H. McCOMBIE, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, E. K. RIDEAL, SIR ROBERT ROBINSON, D. F. TWISS, AND WILLIAM WARDLAW. PUBLICITY COMMITTEE : (Proceedings suspended) A. L. BACHARACH*, H. BAINES, L. EYNON, T. P. HILDITCH, J. G. KING, AND E. Q. LAWS (REPRESENTING THE COMMITTEE OF THE LONDON AND SOUTH-EASTERN COUNTIES SECTION). SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER COMMITTEE : (Proceedings suspended) THE PRESIDENT*, WITH W.M. AMES, E. E. AYLING, H. V. A. BRISCOE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, H. E. COX, A. E. EVEREST, I. M. HEILBRON, T. P. HILDITCH, H. HUNTER, G. ROCHE LYNCH, D. W. PARHES, SIR ROBERT YICKARD, W. H. ROBERTS, AND S. B. WATKINS. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON THE JOINT COMMITTEE WITH (a)THE BOARD OF EDUCATION (ENGLAND AND WALES) : THE PRESIDENT, WITH H.V. A. BRISCOE, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, AND SIR ROBERT PICKARD. (b) THE SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT: THEPRESIDENT, WITH R. BRUCE, J. W. COOK, W. M. CUMMING, A. FIND- LAY, P. F. GORDON, J. W. HAWLEY, F. D. MILES, N. PICTON, J. WEIR", AND F. J. WILSON. (c)'THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, NORTHERN IRELAND : THE PRESIDENT, WITH D. A. DERRETT-SMITH, J. HAWTHORNE, W. HONNEYMAN, AND G. S. ROBERTSON. REPRESENTATIVE ON THE POISONS BOARD : (Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933) G. ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL : J. J. FOX (PRESIDENT),A. E. DUNSTAN, AND H. A. TEMPANY. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE JOINT LIBRARY COMMITTEE : A.L. BACHARACH, H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. W. CREMER, AND ERNEST VAN- STONE. [ 65 1 JOINT COMMITTEE OF THE INSTITUTE AND THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS AND OTHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS : Imtitute: A. L. BACHARACH, F. H. CARR, G. ROCHE LYNCH, E. B. ANDER- SON AND E. HINKS. SOC.Pub. Analysts: E, B. HUGHES, F. W. F. ARNAUD,H. E. COX, S. E. MELLING, E. V. SUCKLING. BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1942-3 Chairman: THE PRESIDENT. Representativesof the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee: H. V. A. BRISCOE, G. ROCHE LYNCH, F. G. MA", SIR ROBERT PICURD, AND W. H. ROBERTS. Examiners for the Associateship: JOSEPH KENYON, D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S. WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc.(DUNELM). Examinersfor the Fellowship: Branch A.-INORQANIC CHEMISTRY:WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc. (DUNELM). Branch B.--YHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: RONALD GEORGE WREYFORD NOR-RISH, Sc.D. (CANTAB.),F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: JOSEPH KENYON, D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY : HAROLD RAISTRICK, B.A., Sc.D. (CANTAB.),D.Sc. (LEEDS), F.R.S. Branch E.-CREMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: HENRY EDWARD COX, D.Sc. (LoND.). THERA- PEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY, AND MICROSCOPY: CHARLES HERBERT HAMPSHIRE, M.B., B.S., B.Sc. (LoND.), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Braqch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY:ERNEST VANSTONE, D.Sc. (BIRM.).Branch G.-~NDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY(General Chemical Technology) : ILER-BERT WILLIAM CREMER, M.Sc.(LoND.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed a8 required. HON. AUDITORS, 1942-43 : CLAUDE LEOPOLD CLAREMONT, B.Sc. (LoND.), AND JOHN GNUS ASHWELL GRIFFITHS, B.A., PaD. (CA~TAB.). AUDITORS, 1942-43 : &SSRS. J. Y. FINLAY, PEARSON & CO., Chartered Accountants. SOLICITORS : MESSRS.MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 5, Bishopsgete, London, E.C.2. BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloombury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C.l. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY: RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CANTAB.), F.I.C. Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 20th February, 1942.-A cordial letter was received from Professor G.G. Henderson, F.R.S., Past President, thanking the President and Council for their message of good wishes on the occasion of his 80th birthday. A communication was received from the Ministry of Food reporting that the proposal that milk should be purchased from producers on a quality basis was being closely considered, with other proposals affecting the organisation of milk marketing, but until final decisions had been reached, the Ministry would be unable to send the Institute the further particulars. A letter was received from the British Association of Chemists asking whether the Council would be willing to appoint two or three members to meet members of the Council of the Association with a view to taking joint action, if deemed desirable, in matters affecting the duties of Gas Identification Officers.It was understood that the London Section of the Association felt that the position might be improved if some remuneration were allowed for the services of such Officers. In this connexion, letters were read from absent Members of Council expressing their personal opposition to the suggestion of remunerating Gas Identification Officers, the service having been built up on a voluntary basis. Members of Council stated that the Officers were acting mainly in an advisory capacity. They had been seldom called upon to function and were not giving as much time to duty as that given by many other branches of the Civil Defence, although from time to time in some regions their advice had been sought by the authorities on certain confidential matters and on a few incidents.Several Senior Gas Advisers had informed the Registrar, directly or through Members of Council, that an enquiry among representative Gas Identification Officers showed that the idea of remuneration was repug- nant to the Service, so far as could be ascertained in the time available. Members of Council present at the meeting expressed similar views. The Council was aware that complaints and difficulties which had arisen in connexion with this service had been communicated by the executive officers of the Institute from time to time, to the Home Office and had received prompt attention. The Council recalled the decisions made at meetings held on 20th October and 15th December, 1939,that, as those who offered themselves as Gas Identification Officers were already in paid employment, their services should be voluntary.The Council directed, therefore, that the British Association of Chemists be informed accordingly; but that, apart from the question of remuneration, the Council would be glad to be informed of any matter c 67 1 concerning chemists who are Gas Identification Officers which, in the opinion of the Association, should be investigated. The Council discussed correspondence relating to instructions which had been sent by the Ministry of Labour and National Service to the Joint Recruiting Boards, especially as they affected part-time students. The Council formed the opinion that whereas there was evidence that a few students might have been inclined to embark on courses of chemistry with a view to obtaining deferment of military service, this tendency had been carefully watched and only those who were serious in their studies had continued to be reserved.Such continuance was subject to reports of satisfactory progress from the colleges. It had been suggested that it would be desirable to ask the Ministry of Labour to give the Institute representation on the Technical Committees, but the Council held that it would then be impossible for the Minister to refuse similar representa- tion to other professions. The Council also coiisidered that it would be unreasonable to ask that a part-time Student who might be more than two years-in some cases from five to eight years-from the completion of his course should be reserved, but realised that the part-time Student was ex hypothesi employed in chemical work during the day.Except in the case of Students who were within two years of the completion of their courses, the claim to be reserved must rest upon the work on which they are engaged. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Bene- volent Fund Committee reported that the following representatives had been appointed to deal with cases arising within their respective areas:- Birmingham and Midlands: E. G. K. Pritchett; Cardiff and District: S. B. Watkins; East Anglia: W. Lincolne Sutton; Huddersfield: A. E. Everest; Belfast: Wm. Honneyman; Leeds Area: H.111. Mason; London and South-Eastern: J. G. A. Griffiths; Manchester and District: A. Coul-thard; Newcastle upon Tyne and North East Coast : P. L. Robinson; South Wales: E. E. Ayling; South Yorkshire: E. Gregory. A special vote of thanks was accorded to Professor Briscoe and Dr. E. H. Farmer for their most valuable services, as Chairinan and Member, respectively of the Interviewing Sub-committee of the Nomina- tions, Examinations and Institutions Committee during the year. The Council confirmed the appointment of the Board of Examiners and reappointed the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries and the execu- tive officers of the Institute for the ensuing year. The President expressed the thanks of the Council to the retiring Members for their seryices.Council Meeting, 20th March, 1942.-The President welcomed the new Members of Council who attended for the first time,-Messrs. L. V. Cocks, W. Cullen, Norman Evers, D. M. Freeland, E. L. Hirst and S. J. Johnstone,-and others who had served in previous years,-Messrs. A. L. Bacharach and H. H. Hodgson, and Miss D. Jordan-Lloyd. In addition to appointing the Committees and their Chairmen, and r 68 1 fixing the dates of Council meetings for the ensuing year, the Council reviewed correspondence from the Sections and from individual members on (I) the method of nomination and election of the Council and (11)the future policy of the Institute, in order that a discussion should enable the Special Committees to obtain, especially from new Members of Council, further views which would assist them in their deliberations.The Council decided that the Special Committees concerned with those topics should continue their work and report, so that the present Council could formulate proposals for acceptance by the Institute at the appropriate time. Under (I), the size of the Council was discussed, the period for which it should be elected, representation of areas and of branches of science and professional work, and the inclusion of Associates on the Council. No definite decisions were arrived at, but three additional suggestions were submitted :-. (a) That the Council should have the power to co-opt, say, not more than three, additional members, in order to ensure the inclusion of members whose services might be of value to the Council in some particular respect.(b) That past Presidents, not more than say four, should be included among the Vice-presidents, and (c) That the Council should consider the desirability of electing a small number of Honorary Fellows. Under (11), the discussion was directed to the importance of the Institute securing the registration not only of qualified chemists but of a possible third grade-Licentiates,-within the definition of the Central Register of the Ministry of Labour. It had been suggested that there were as many as 7,000 chemists within that definition, many of them young men who should be attached to some organisation. Arising from this discussion, reference was made to the question as to the part the Institute could take in promoting the economic interests of chemists through the influence of its senior members.The Council decided that it was desirable to obtain, in the near future, remuneration statistics, as had been done on several previous occasions. Whether or not a third grade of membership were established, the Council was firmly determined not to lower the standard for Fellowship and Associateship of the Institute, although the fees for assessment might be reconsidered. Reference was also made to “Chemistry House” and the possibility of professional and learned societies obtaining sites for an appropriate science centre after the war. The Council asked that the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists should continue in being to pursue negotiations with the Ministry of Health on the subject of Emergency Public Health Laboratory Services, and with the Ministry 1691 of Food regarding the proposal that milk should be purchased from producers on a “pay on quality’’ basis, The Ministry of Food had informed the Institute that the scheme for testing milk was related primarily to the keeping quality of milk, and there was no intention to make any arrangements for chemical analysis.The Council felt, however, that the Institute and the Society should be assured that there was no intention of interfering with the duties of the public analysts.A letter was received from the Chancellor of the Exchequer thanking the Institute for foregoing the interest on a further holding of LI,OOO 24% National War Bonds. The Council resolved to send greetings and congratulations to the following members on their election to the Fellowship of the Royal Society :-Professor E. C. Dodds, M.V.O., Professor T. P. Hilditch, Assistant Professor D. M. Newitt, and Professor A. R. Todd, Meldola Medallist. Sixty-Fourth Annual General Meeting MONDAY, 2nd MARCH, 1942 The Sixty-fourth Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Monday, 2nd March, 1942, at 3 p.m.,-Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., President, in the Chair. PRESENTATIONOF THE MELDOLA MEDAL The PRESIDENT: “The pleasant duty falls to me of presenting the Meldola Medal to Dr.Clement Henry Bamford. (Applause.) It is a great pleasure to me, on behalf of the Institute and of the Society of MaccabEans, to present this Medal, which was founded by the Society of MaccabEans to commemorate a very distinguished Past President of this Institute. It is given to a chemist under the age of 30 years who has distinguished himself by his work. In presenting it to Dr. Bamford, I should like to say that the Medal has been held by a fairly long line of predecessors, every one of whom has distinguished himself since he received it. The award on this occasion is particularly fortunate, inasmuch as Dr. Bamford’s Professor, Dr. R. G. W. Norrish, was a recipient of the Medal in 1926. “Dr.Bamford has published outstanding work, first in conjunction with Professor Norrish on the photolysis of certain compounds, and then on his own account on the’ photolysis and pyrolysis of certqin nitro- genous compounds, which has definitely established the proper quantum yield. It forms a chapter in chemistry which has been put on a solid foundation and must lead to far-reaching results in the future. I have seen another paper, which Dr. Bamford has not yet published, on the subject ofoa very elegant and neat apparatus for the accurate analysis of gases.” r 701 The President then presented the Medal to Dr. Bamford, and said: “Dr. Bamford, on behalf of the Council of the Institute and of the Society of Maccabzans, I ask you to accept this Medal.It is our practice to present a book chosen by the Medallist, which I am also glad to hand to you.” (Applause.) Dr. BAMFORD: “I deeply appreciate the honour which the Council of the Institute and the Society of Maccabaeans have conferred on me. It was very unexpected, and I feel that I am unworthy of it. “This Medal commemorates a man who frequently complained of the lack of chemical research in this country, Had he lived in present times, he would have seen chemical research coming into its own, and he would undoubtedly have played an important part in the direction of our chemical industry; this will be a determining factor in the present war, on which the future of science itself depends.The Medal, therefore, is a special incentive now to give of one’s best in the common effort, and I shall try my utmost to keep up its high tradition. “It gives me great pleasure to thank Professor Norrish for all that he has done. He has guided my footsteps since I was a second-year student, and anything that I may have achieved is entirely due to him. For his infectious enthusiasm and inspiration I have the very deepest regard.” (Applause.) PRESENTATION FRANKLANDOF THE SIR EDWARD MEDAL AND PRIZE The PRESIDENT:“My next duty is to present to Mr. Gordon Alfred Baxandall a cheque and this handsome Medal. The Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for 1941are awarded to Mr. Baxandall for his essay ‘The Graduate Chemist and Industry.’ The Assessor reported that Mr.Baxandall had presented a good essay which showed that he had ideas of his own, although, as might be expected, some were debatable.” (Laughter.) Mr. BAXANDALL:“I thank you, Sir, and the Council of the Institute for the presentation of this Medal. I receive it with deep appreciation, and I feel honoured that the Council should find my essay worthy, even if it is a little debatable. As for the cheque, I can assure you that that will be very useful, especially at the present time, when books and other things a student requires are very expensive. It is encouraging to receive this award, and I hope that I may look on it as a symbol of a progressive career.” (Applause.) MINUTES The Minutes of the previous Annual Meeting, which had been circu- lated in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSfor April, 1941,were taken as read, and signed.ANNUALACCOUNTS Mr. JOHN C. WHITE (Hon. Treasurer): “The Accounts have been published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,and I shall not weary you by going into details with regard to them; I will only say that we carry [ 71 3 forward from this year a slightly larger balance of income over expen- diture than we did last year. We have followed the precedent of setting aside ;tlr,ooo to a Reserve for War Contingencies, LI,OOOto Intermittent Publications Reserve, and a further LIOO to the Staff Superannuation Reserve Fund. I think everyone will agree that it is a sound policy to continue to supplement those reserve funds. “1 should like to take this opportunity to express to the Registrar my appreciation, and I am sure yours, of his careful custody of the In- stitute’s funds which pass through his hands, and of the economy which he has practised without stinting the service demanded.” (Applause.) “With your permission, I submit the Accounts for acceptance, and move that they be received and adopted.” Dr. A. E. DUNSTANseconded the motion. The motion was carried unanimously. VOTE OF THANKSTO THE AUDITORS Mr. JOHN C. WHITE(Hon. Treasurer): ‘‘ I should like to propose a vote of thanks to the Honorary Auditors, Mr. Claremont and Dr. Griffiths, for their work. Having been an auditor myself, I know that it means at least one day’s hard work. In my case it was work with which I was not too familiar, and that, perhaps, made it a little more arduous than Mr.Claremont and Dr. Griffiths may have found it. I know the care with which they audit the accounts; they do not simply take the word of the chartered accountants for everything, but like to see things for themselves. I am sure that I am only interpreting your wishes when I extend to them, and to the professional auditors, our hearty thanks for what they have done for us.’’ Dr. A. E. DUNSTANseconded the motion. The motion was carried unanimously. REPORTOF THE COUNCIL The PRESIDENT:“It is now my privilege to present to you the Report of the Council, which appears in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I, 1942. I shall not read the Report, but I should like to make some comments on it.“Before we proceed to that, however, I should like to call your atten- tion to what may be regarded as a landmark in the history of the Institute. This month marks the fiftieth year of Mr. Pilcher’s association with the Institute. (Applause.) I am glad to be in the chair as President on such an occasion. “The third year of the war finds the Institute still active in matters of national concern, and at the same time carrying on its normal business. The Report is a summary of the work of the Institute during the past twelve months. It records continued admissions to membership, re-sulting in a net increase of 264 in the roll, bringing the total number to over 8,000, which is considerably more than five times the number that we had in 1914.Almost the whole profession is engaged in work of im-portance in the war, and you will recollect that even in times of peace I: 7.2 1 there has not been at any time a surplus of chemists, to judge by the number reported out of work. The number of new admissions com- pares very favourably with the average of the last five years, which was 252; this year, as I have said, the figure is 264. “We have suffered severe losses by the death of many distinguished chemists and loyal members of the Institute. I will reoall to you only a few-Andrew Campbell, with his remarkable record as a petroleum engineer; Professors Francis E. Francis, Arthur George Green, Arthur Lapworth, James Charles Philip and Robert Robison, between them representing all branches of chemistry; Herbert Lloyd Hind, a brewing chemist and a man of standing; William Macnab, explosives chemist, who rendered such great service throughout the last war; and Sir William Henry Willcox, the famous toxicologist and physician.We have lost many others, not so well known generally, who have served their country and been honoured members of this Institute. We have also to mourn those who have fallen in action. Their names should be recorded per- manently in the years to come. “I should here like to emphasise the request for the names of all members who are serving with the Forces and also for the addresses of those with whom we have lost touch for the time being, due to their engagement on war work.“Next, the Report deals with finance and with the Benevolent Fund. I am sure we should all like to express our very great appreciation of the services of the Hon. Treasurer. (Applause.) Having attended meetings of the Finance Committee over which he presides, I have personal know- ledge of the care and thought which he and his colleagues give to their work, and I think that you may well be satisfied with the Accounts which have been presented to you. Although our Treasurer sometimes tries to make light of the work, let me assure you that to be Treasurer of this Institute is a heavy burden. “At the same time, I want to express my personal thanks for the very kindly response which so many members have made to the appeal for the Benevolent Fund.I hope that members will not disregard appeals fcr the fund because it happens that we have not such great calls on it now as in the past. We may anticipate that the fund will be in demand when the war is over, and, to be frank, it is useless to pretend to be entirely satisfied so long as less than one-third of our members actually subscribe. I have stated before that if the rest would each contribute only half-a- crown a year, we should get a very substantial sum. Past experience shows that, when bad times come, the Committee is hard put to it to give the help that is needed. I would assure you again that the Com- mittee decides each case with sympathy and sound judgment, and that anything that you can spare will be aery well spent.There is need for giving even small amounts at this time, because we must build up a sum for the future. I should also like to call the attention of members to the fact that we have asked the Local Sections to appoint one member in each Section to act as a kind of almoner. We find that the personal c 73 1 touch in these cases gives us very useful information and also a closer contact of great value. “The Co-operation Scheme , recommended by the Chemical Council in I940 and adopted by the three chartered bodies at the beginning of 1941,has made a fairly good start. Over 1,500 Fellows and Associates have agreed to participate, and I understand that the number is steadily increasing. Through this scheme, the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry have each elected about 800 new members from among the Fellows and Associates of the Institute, and the Institute itself has gained a few members.I feel that Fellows and Associates should participate, not only for the great advantage to be gained from the publications which they receive on generous terms, but also because we cannot afford to ignore the work carried out by those who are busy in other fields than our own, and it is timely to indicate that we cannot afford not to know what is going on in bodies other than ours. Apart from that, the privileges of membership of the Societies, whereby we can attend meetings and meet our professional brethren, must always be helpful. “The importance of science in matters bearing on the war has been constantly before the Council.The Institute has been of assistance to various departments, and the advice of the executive officers has been readily at the disposal of our members. Many subjects discussed in Parliament have been mentioned in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,and the Council have also dealt with questions relating to the interests of Public Analysts and others. “With the United States as our Ally, I should like to ask you to-day to send greetings from this Annual General Meeting to the American Chemical Society (applause),-and to that suggestion I am sure that I have your unanimous consent, We propose sending this cable: ‘Cordial greetings and good wishes to our Allies from the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland in General Meeting.’ (Applause.) “With the coming of the Japanese into the war, the Institute is much concerned for its hundred members or so in the Far East and Burma.They were all good friends, and I know that out there they constituted an excellent fellowship. We have tried to get into touch with them, but we have not so far been able to obtain much information about them. So far as we know, however, none of the chemists has become a casualty, and I hope that that will continue to be true. They are prob- ably prisoners; numbers of them were at Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, and Hong Kong and in Burma. “The record of the activities of the Local Sections at home is re-markable for the present time, and it reflects very great credit on the officers and committees of Local Sections that they have carried out such very fine programmes. I have had the pleasure of visiting one or two Sections, and I hope in the course of this year to visit them all.For various reasons that has not so far been possible, but I feel that I have to c 74 3 make an effort, so that at least some of them can see what kind of President they have! “I have, however, had the opportunity of attending the Conference of Honorary Secretaries. This is an important meeting, for it lets the Council know what is in the minds of the various Local Sections. Out of this Conference has come the idea of making some attempt to formulate the future policy of the Institute, and a Special Committee has, as you know, been appointed for that purpose.“Opinions differ widely on such questions as the size, the constitution and the method of election of the Council; whether members should be elected to represent different branches of the science; and whether Associates should be eligible to serve on the Council. “Questions of policy include such matters as the relationship of the Institute to the State; the exercise of influence in matters affecting the conditions of employment of chemists; the maintenance of the standards of membership ; the possible extension of membership to other grades; further co-operation (some have suggested union) with other bodies, including all grades of qualification; the development of publicity, by publications and otherwise ; the promotion of conferences and annual meetings in various parts of the country; and the acquisition of a ‘Chemistry House.’ “Here I want to call attention to a matter which is somewhat dis- turbing.As you know, chemists with a certain minimum qualification are compulsorily registered with the Central Register. I speak subject to correction, but I understand that the Chemical Section of the Central Register contains about zo,ooo names. Of those, the members of the Institute and of the other chartered bodies are not more than 12,000. If you take another 1,000for members of the British Association of Chemists who are not members of the other bodies, it means that 13,000 out of the zo,ooo are united with their fellows in some orgainsation of mutual interest; so that we have 7,000 who are called chemists, and there must be large numbers of others not so called, but doing chemical work, outside any organisation whatsoever.I do not think that is a good state of affairs. Some steps should be taken, I do not quite know how, to see whether these chemists can be brought to associate with their fellows insome organisation for their mutual interest and for the ultimate benefit of chemistry. “The views of most of the Sections on some, but not all, of the subjects I have mentioned, have been received, and they are by no means in agree- ment. Some would have the consideration of such subjects by the Sections deferred until the Special Committees of the Council have re- ported; some would defer it until after the war, but others are anxious to press on now.“It is not my intention to answer these questions to-day, but some facts and opinions may be mentioned for your censideration. “As to the numerical strength of the Council, now consisting of eight officers and forty-two members, there seems to be general agreement that [ 76 3 it is too large. As to the representation of various branches of chemistry and practice, it should be evident that it is desirable that the Council should have within its ranks those who can give advice on all branches of our science. There is general agreement that there should be district or regional members, but some Sections would prefer that every Section should be represented; yet this would result in enlarging and not in reducing the size of the Council, unless the number of General Members is reduced.Others urge some scheme of proportional represen tation, but this, of course, depends upon the unit taken; if, for example it were taken at IOO members, we should have an overwhelming number of representatives for London and the South-Eastern Counties. It is that sort of thing that makes the consideration of this subject by no means easy. As to the method of nomination and election of the Council, various types of procedure have been suggested, including some which would certainly not lighten the labours of the scrutineers. These con- siderations are before- a Special Committee which has already come to some conclusions, and has framed modifications of the By-laws which will be submitted to the Fellows and Associates in due course.“Turning to matters of policy, affecting the position of the Institute as a chartered body, it is the duty of the Council to bear in mind the prime importance of maintaining the standards of qualification for the Fellowship and Associateship. Then comes the question, which has been raised again and again, of forming another grade. How far would candidates desiring membership be content with a third grade? “The subject of remuneration and the suggestion that the Institute should use its influence in that connexion, are constantly recurring. It is interesting to note that before the war chemists between 21 and 30 years of age earned much the same as men of the same ages in other professions; they usually earned about twelve times their age in pounds.In wartime, the Powers that be have specified salaries for definite posi- tions, and there has been no compulsion on anyone to take any position offered; but taking the subject as a peacetime problem-and we have to look to that-it is by no means certain that any great body of chemists will want a minimum wage or a minimum salary for different types of work, because minimum salaries are apt to become maximum. There is always the risk attached to laying down a minimum salary, that men will never get beyond it; and, as you know, advancement in industry is likely to depend on other factors than the particular academic distinction held.“This subject is linked in some ways with that of publicity, which in turn may have its effect upon supply and demand. The main object of publicity is to ensure the full employment of the chemical talent available, and it is well to remember that, while the roll of the Institute is more than five times as great as it was during the last war, the number of members unemployed at any time during the intervening years has only for a short period exceeded 4 per cent,-and that was in the years of depression-and for nearly all that time has been under z per cent. As in other professional technical work, any advance in chemistry that C761 can be understood by the people or by those who direct industry is soon the subject of comment; but without such advances it is unlikely that people will notice chemistry any more than any other profession.There is no doubt, however, that chemistry stands higher than ever to-day, and its influence for good will, we hope, steadily grow in the happier days to come. “As to Chemistry House, I would only remind you that it is in the programme of the Chemical Council, My own view is that if we are going all out for Chemistry House, it is no use doing so unless we are reasonably certain that we shall succeed. “The Report deals with the work of the Nominations, Examina- tions and Institutions Committee, which, in spite of the war, shows no decrease, but rather the reverse, in volume and complexity.The number of applications of various kinds received exceeds by nearly IOO those considered in the previous twelve months. The standards on which we have insisted for admission to the Associateship and the Fellowship have been fully maintained. I should like here to acknowledge the excellent help of the Chairman of that Committee, Professor Briscoe, and of Drs. E. H. Farmer and J. R. Nicholls, members of the Interviewing Committee. They have carried a very heavy burden. “The lectures published by the Institute are really best-sellers, as you know, and we are sorry that at the moment we cannot provide more, because of paper restrictions and for other reasons. Mr. F. P. Dunn, the Chairman of the Publications Committee, has had to contend with great difficulties, and he deserves our cordial thanks for his activities in this direction.“Then we have to thank the members of the Council who have, very often at considerable inconvenience and at considerable expenditure of time, come here and attended to the business of the Institute. You will have observed that the Council stood to lose the services of five Vice- Presidents. We therefore appealed to the Privy Council, and they allowed us to waive the By-Law which would have forced this on us. I should like. to take this opportunity to express our special thanks to Dr. Francis H. Carr, who has given us exceptional service during the past five years, but who has, I regret to say, decided, owing to pressure of other work, not to stand for re-election on this occasion.“1 beg to propose the reception and adoption of the Report.” Dr. G. ROCHE LYNCH: “I do not propose to add anything to the interesting observations of the President on the work of the Council for the past year. As you see, we have discussed many problems thoroughly. There are only two observations that I should like to make. The first is, Sir, to say how happy all the members of the Council have been to serve under your Presidency and to receive your sound advice during our year’s work. Secondly, I should like to pay a tribute to the regularity with which members have attended at Council meetings, often, in these days, in spite of great difficulties as regards travelling. I beg to second the motion for the adoption of the Report.” I: 771 The PRESIDENT:“Are there any questions? If not, I will put the motion that the Report of the Council be received and adopted.” The motion was carried unanimously.REPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS The SECRETARY read the following Report of the Scrutineers: The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 1244. The following were elected :-President: J. J. Fox. Vice-presidents: H. V. A. Briscoe, Alexander Findlay, L. H. Lampitt, G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Pickard, H. A. Tempany. Honorary Treasurer : John C. White. The number of valid votes cast for General Members of Council was 1241. The following were elected :-I. M. Heilbron, A. L. Bacharach, William Cullen, A. E. Dunstan, J.C. Drummond, Frederick Challenger, E. F. Armstrong, T. F. E. Rhead, F. J. Wilson,E. L. Hirst, D. Jordan-Lloyd, G. W. M~nier-VC~illiams, J. G. King, E. B. Hughes, J. B. Firth, Norman Evers, Harry Baines, L. A. Jordan, Albert Coulthard, E. B. Anderson, S. R. Carter, W. H. Roberts, J. R. Nicholls, H. H. Hodgson, F. P. Dunn, F. G. Mann and S. J. Johnstone. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 11.53. The following were elected:-G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Pickard, Sir Robert Robinson and F. H. Cam. The following voting papers were disallowed :--89 from Fellows and Associates whose subscriptions were in arrear; 1 unsigned; 2 received after the close of the poll;2 others irregular. The total number of papers received was 1336.The PRESIDENT:“I have to declare those members whose names have been read are duly elected to their offices respectively. “I should like to propose a cordial vote of thanks to the scrutineers, -Mr. C. A. Bassett and Mr. B. A. Ellis- who have assisted us again on this occasion. It is a considerable effort to go through all the papers, and I should like on your behalf to express to them the thanks and appreciation of the Institute for their services.” (Applause.) ELECTION AUDITORSOF The PRESIDENT:“The next business is to elect the Auditors and fix their remuneration. I desire from the Chair to nominate Mr. C. L. Claremont as Honorary Auditor. One Honorary Auditor must be nominated from the body of the hall.” Dr. G.ROCHELYNCH:“I beg to nominate Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths.” “Messrs. C. L. Claremont and J., G. A. GriffithsThe PRESIDENT: have been nominated as Honorary Auditors. Is their appointment agreed to ? ” The motion was carried unanimously. Mr. JOHN C. WHITE (Hon. Treasurer): “I beg to move that Messrs, J. Y. Finlay, Pearson & Co., Chartered Accountants, be reappointed Auditors, at a fee of fifty guineas.” Mr. C. L. CLAREMONTseconded the motion. The motion mas carried unanimously. c 78 I TO THE RETIRINGVOTEOF THANKS OFFICERSAND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL Professor H. V. A. BRISCOE: (‘I have much pleasure in moving that the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the retiring Officers and Members of Council for their services.The Vice-presidents who retire are Dr. Carr and Professor Hilditch; seven General Members of Council and seven District Members of Council also retire on this occasion. I am sure you will realise, as we all do, that membership of the CoiznciI and office in the Institute is a great pleasure and honour, but none the less a fairly heavy duty, especially for those who live far away. It is right and proper that we should accord to those who are retiring our thanks on the termination of their period of office.” Dr. EDWINGREGORY:(( I have great pleasure in seconding this vote of thanks to the retiring Officers and Members of Council. We shall miss them at the Council meetings.” The motion was carried unanimously, with acclamation. THE REGISTRAR The PRESIDENT:“I am sure that we should like to hear Mr.Pilcher on the occasion of his fiftieth year in the service of the Institute.” (Applause.) Mr. RICHARD (Registrar and Secretary), who was received B. PILCHER with applause, said: To tell you the truth Mr. President, I feel a little embarrassed; but I had some warning that something might happen in this way, because I received to-day from the Sections many kind tele- grams which have very deeply moved me. It is true that I came to the Institute fifty years ago, when it occupied one room at 9, Adelphi Terrace. I worked there under a Secretary who was expected to attend for two hours a day. George Henry Robertson had been in the Army, had subsequently attended classes in chemistry and electrical engineering. He had only recently been appointed Secretary of the Institute, and he had not been used to office work.However, we got on very well together until he fell ill. For a while, I carried on without him, and then his illness brought on blindness, and the Council (in 1894) appointed me Assistant Secretary. I had at that time been clerk for two years, but for much of that time I had carried on the work alone. In 1895, I was appointed Secretary and in 1900 Registrar and Secretary. In 1892, we had about 800 members, and it is curious how everything has since been multiplied by ten. Instead of 800 members, we have 8,000 members to-day. Our investments were worth about L6,500 then, and I think we are well worth L65,ooo to-day, if we take into account the value of our premises which cost j621,000,and j644,ooo invested.In the early days we had a staff of two, the Secretary and one clerk; to-day we have nineteen, and at times have touched twenty. I feel, therefore, that I have been associated with something which has been growing, and I often wonder what the position of this country would be like to-day if it had not the 8,000 members of the Institute, “lgl and-as the President has suggested-Iz,ooo other chemists, to help it. It is surprising, when one reflects, that the profession was one which nobody was encouraged to follow. Boys were told that there was nothing in it; but those who had the pluck to follow it are of service to the country to-day, and I venture to say that they are not doing too badly.In the course of years, under the encouragement of such excellent Presidents as I have known-and I have known every one from the very beginning, although the Institute had been in existence for some fifteen years when I came to it-and with the encouragement of the Vice- Presidents, the Treasurers and Members of Council, I have myself developed a little from the nervous youth that I was when I came to you fifty years ago at the age of 18. I have had a good time with you. I am very grateful to you, and,when I look round this room, with its portraits of Past Presidents, and think of the friends that I have had and lost, you will know what it means to me, I never expected to reach this period in the history of the Institute.I never expected to have the happiness to be with you so long. I will not detain you, but to tell one little story. In 1923, I broadcast from zL0, Savoy Hill, and at that time chemists were saying “Don’t encourage them”;-meaning that I was not to encourage young people to become chemists. I did not, I warned them that the profession demanded brains of an unusually high order, hard work, considerable sacrifice and steady application and, among other things, I said “Chemistry is not a profession for the fool of the family: the fool will be wise to leave it to others.” A Scottish elder greeted me on the station platform, on the morning after the broadcast, with “What is the trouble between you and the kirk, Pilcher?” I replied: “I said nothing about the kirk!” At home five people with headphones were listening on one cat’s whisker! “I really do thank you, and I am more than grateful to you all.” (Prolonged applause.) The PRESIDENT:“That concludes the business of this Annual General Meeting, and I thank you for your attendance.” Local Sections The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read or in speeches delivered daring discussions.Belfast and District.-On 6th February, a meeting was held jointly by the principal scientific institutions in Northern Ireland for discussion of “Efficiency in the Use of Fuel,” in the Central Hall of the College of Technology, Belfast. The Chair was taken by Mr. Alexander Brown, M.I.Mech.E., and the discussion was opened by Mr.L. O’Connor (Member of the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Mines Department). r 801 There were upwards of IOO representatives of industry and science present and among others who took part in the discussion were Messrs. F. H. Wysall of the Belfast Electricity Department, W. H. Hyslop of the Belfast Gasworks, Dr. R. H. Common, Dr. H. Mastin, and Professor Warnock. Bristo1 and South-Wes tern Counties .-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Department of Bristol University on 26th March,-Dr. A. C. Monkhouse, District Member of Council, presiding in the unavoidable absence of Professor W. E. Garner. The Reports of the Honorary Secretary and Treasurer were received and adopted.Messrs. Edward Russell and W. J. Carter were re-elected Honorary Auditors. Dr. E. B. Maxted, Mr. Osman Jones and Mr. I. Dembrey were elected Members of the Committee. The proceedings concluded with a vote of thanks to the University for allowing the Section to hold its meetings in the Chemical Department. Members subsequently attended, by invitation, the Jubilee Memorial Lecture given before the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry by Professor F. L. Engledow, C.M.G., on “Science and the Land.” Cardiff and District.-A meeting of the Section, jointly with the Chemical Society and the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, was held on 27th February, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff.Before proceeding with the business the Chairman, Mr. S. Dixon, introduced Mr. Valentin Rawson who brought a message of greeting from the chemists of Australia. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Vice-president of the Institute, gave an address on “Chemical Methods of Attacking Certain Biological Problems,” dealing particularly with investigations into the effects of inorganic dusts on the grain-weevil. The lecture was highly appreciated. Messrs. Dixon and Rawson, and Drs. Evans, Sharma and Williamson participated in the ensuing discussion. A vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Dr. Williamson, seconded by Mr. F. Kernick, was carried with acclamation. There were 68 persons present at the meeting. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Since the beginning of the year, the Section has met on three occasions.On 28th January, Professor R. D. Haworth, lectured to a large audience on “Synthetical Investiga- tions in the Natural Resin Field.’’ On 27th February, members took part in a Symposium held jointly with the Food Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, on various aspects of Fish Preservation and, on 6th March, Mr. S. Ellingworth gave a lecture on ‘‘Chemotherapy.” This last lecture attracted an audience of over 100,despite inclement weather, and the ensuing discussion was lively and extremely instructive. A synopsis of Mr. Ellingworth’s lecture was given in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part I, 1942(pages 37-38). Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A SpeciaI Meeting of the Section was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 30th January, to LSlI consider the proposals put forward by the London and South-Eastem Counties Section, and other matters.Professor W. M. Cumming presided. There was a good attendance of members and many of those who could not be present had forwarded their views in writing. The items for consideration were :--eligibility of Associates as council- lors, the size of the Council, place of Annual General Meetings of the Institute, co-operation or collaboration with the B.A.C. and other organisations, method of election of the Council and the possibility of forming a Federation of Science. The first item brought forth a large amount of discussion: Dr. F. Rumford, opened the argument in favour of Associates serving on the Council and Dr.P. F. Gordon, spoke in favour of the present system. The overwhelming majority were in support of the proposal, and when the motion “That Associates should be made eligible for election to Council, subject to certain limitations (to be decided), but that there should be no lowering of the standard of the Fellowship” was submitted by Dr. Caunce and seconded by Mr. Grant, it was carried unanimously. There was not much discussion regarding the “Size of Council,” and despite the views of some ex-members of Council that a large Council ensured a reasonable attendance at meetings the motion that “Council as constituted at present is too large” was carried unanimously. On the question of the place of the Annual General Meeting there was not a single voice raised in support of the present system and a motion that “An attempt should be made to hold the Annual General Meeting of the Institute in centres outside London in alternate years or once in every three years at least” received the complete support of all present. Time did not permit of full discussion of the other matters and no other formal decisions were reached.In view of the importance of these items and the fact that the Secretary had received a memorandum, signed by twelve members, outlining their proposals regarding the forma- tion of a Federation of Science, the members present asked the Committee to convene, another meeting at an early date and that copies of the memorandum should be sent with the notice of the meeting.It was hoped to hold a further meeting on 20th March when the items left over would be fully discussed and some suggestions formulated for the guid- ance of the Special Committees of Council. In addition to the above, members were invited by the Chemical Society to attend two meetings. The first of these was held on 16th January when a lecture on “Sesquiterpene Ketones” was given by Professor J. L. Simonsen, F.R.S., and the second-the Tilden Lecture- on 20th February, when Dr. H. J. EmelGus was the lecturer and his subject was “Fluorine.” Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., presided over both meetings. Newcastle uponTyneand North-East Coast.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society was held on zznd January, at E 82 1 2.30 p.m., under the chairmanship of Dr.A. A. Hall (Chairman of the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry). Professor F. A. Paneth, Ph.D., of the University of Durham, gave a lecture on “The Completion of the Periodic System,” illustrated by lantern slides. Professor Paneth outlined the bearing of the periodic classification and the results of X-ray spectroscopy on the discovery of new elements. He discussed the methods employed for the artificial disintegration of elements and some of the results obtained, illustrating his remarks by reference to the disintegration of magnesium and aluminium and the preparation of the elements numbers 43, 61, 85 and 87.The possibility of the natural occurrence of these latter four elements and the evidence for the existence of transuranic elements was also discussed in a highly interesting way. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer, moved by Mr. Wikner, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute. Many members on Tees-side find it difficult to attend meetings arranged on Tyneside under existing conditions. The Committee of the Local Section has under consideration the possibility of forming a sub-section on Tees-side; alternatively, occasional meetings may be arranged in other centres than Newcastle. The 23rd Annual General Meeting was held at the Chemical Industry Club, Lovaine Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, on 25th February, Mr. S.W. A. Wikner in thechair. The reports of the Hon. Treasurer and Hon. Secretary were received and adopted, and officers were re-elected for the ensuing year. Mr. W. G. Carey and Dr. G. E. Stephenson were re-elected members of the Committee, and Mr. L. L. Walls was elected in place of Mr. E. G. Hancock, who had retired on leaving the district. The Committee was empowered to co-opt a Tees-side member in place of Mr. A. J. Prince who retired owing to pressure of work. Mr. H. Berry and Dr. J. H. Jones were re-elected as auditors. The meeting endorsed the Committee’s action in appointing Dr. P. L. Robinson to undertake local responsibilities in connexion with the Benevolent Fund. A discussion ensued on the future policy of the Institute.Opinion was divided on the subject of election of Associates to Council, but there was substantial agreement about proposals that the Institute should explore means of watching over the interests of members in regard to remuneration and conditions of service. The programme of the Section for the year was discussed. Members appreciated the difficulties of transport, etc. arising out of the-prevailing conditions and agreed that so far as possible arrangements should be made with local chemical organisations to hold joint meetings. The business of the evening was followed by the Chairman’s address on “Some Notes on Industrial Benzole.” (See p. 84.) The interest aroused by this address was indicated by the lengthy discussion which followed.r 83 I South Wales.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society on 14th February, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea, -Mr. R. H. Jones presiding. Dr. H. Baines, Member of Council of the Institute, Vice-president of the Royal Photographic Society, delivered a lecture on “Recent Advances in Photographic Theory.” (See p. 85.) South Yorkshire.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association was held at the latter’s premises, 14th February, when Mr. E. J. Vaughan, of the Admiralty Laboratories, delivered a paper on “Further Advances in Metallurgical Analysis.” Mr. Vaughan detailed recent work in connexion with the application of the photo-electric absorptiometer to metallurgical analysis, on which a monograph has already been published.The meeting was very well attended, an appreciative audience including members from the Manchester, London and other Sections. The interest of the subject was further demonstrated by the excellent discussion in which Mr. Vaughan was joined by Dr. J. Convey in answering the many questions raised. The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held in May, and notices will be circulated in due course. The Secretary of the Section reports that a Fuel Economy Meeting was held in Sheffield on 16th February, when the speakers included Dr. R. A. Mott, FrlZow, representing the Mines Department and the Institute.In this connexion it may be mentioned that the Department of Applied Science, University of Sheffield, inaugurated in October, 1941, courses of lectures on boiler management for furnacemen, boiler firemen and stokers; also, that classes for instruction in boiler management and on engineering calculations and drawings are being organised, probably under the auspices of the Sheffield Trades Technical Section, of whose Development Board Mr. G. Parkin, Honorary Secretary of the South Yorkshire Section of the Institute, is Chairman. SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Some Notes on Industrial Benzole By S. W. A. WIKNER,F.I.C. [Newcastle upon Tyne and N.E. Coast Section, on 24th February, 1942.1 Current practice for recovering and refining motor benzole from the carbonisation of coal was described.At low carbonising temperatures, unsaturated hydrocarbons such as mono- and di-olefines occur in the benzole. Although valuable as fuel these will polymerise on storage, c 84 I with formation of gum, and were formerly removed by treatment with H2S04. In the Inhibitor process, invented by chemists of the National Benzole Co., Ltd., unsaturated substances are not removed, formation of gum being prevented by addition of a small proportion (0.03 per cent.) of an inhibitor, e.g. cresol, catechol. No treatment with strong acid is necessary, so there are increased yields with reduced costs. The most important advantage is that crude benzoles from vertical gas retorts and from low temperature carbonisation processes can be refined at reasonable cost, thus greatly widening the source of supply.In time of war this assumes greater importance not only as an addition to our fuel supply but for production of hydrocarbons even more vital to our war effort. The specification for motor benzole was modified to suit the new process and a test introduced for determining the potential gum content. A stream of oxygen is passed through the boiling benzole under controlled condi- tions, the amount of gum formed giving an indication of that to be expected on prolonged storage. Sulphur content of crude benzole may vary from 0.5 per cent. to 2.0 per cent. and is usually present half as carbon disulphide and half as thiophen.The finished benzole must not contain more than 0.4 per cent. of sulphur, so that the excess must be removed, In the former acid wash, thiophen was removed with the unsaturated substances; until a means is discovered of taking out thiophen without attacking them, sulphur reduction must be by removal of carbon disulphide. This can be effected by distillation in efficient fractionating plant but there is waste of hydrocarbons. Chemical methods are preferred. The methanol-soda process is based upon the reaction CS, + NaOH + CH,OH = CH,O.CSSNa + H20. Sodium methyl xanthate is formed and on treatment with dilute sulphuric acid is decomposed with recovery of methanol and carbon disulp hide. Another mkthod of purification is by treatment with ammonium sulphides The products are decomposed by simple distillation, e.g.: (NH,), CS, = zNH, + CS, + H2S + S. Recent Advances in Photographic Theory By H. BAINES,DSc., F.R.P.S., Member of Council, [South Wales Section, on 14th February, 1942.1 The tremendous advances which photography has made during its IOO years of existence have been almost entirely empirical. The theorist has lagged far behind the practician, and it is only in the last three or four years that we have been able to form any adequate picture of the formation of the photographic latent image. I85 1 Microscopic examination of the development of a silver bromide grain shows development to commence at one or more points on the grain surface and to spread rapidly therefrom throughout the grain.These initial points are known as "development centres they are formed "e; by light action on the grain and are therefore thought to constitute the latent image. Experimental evidence has supported the view that even before exposure there exist on the grain certain regions which differ from the remainder of the crystal. Sheppard's work indicated that these *' sensitivity specks " consist of silver sulphide formed by interaction with labile sulphur compounds contained in gelatin. For some years, therefore, the chemist has believed that an unexposed grain consists of silver iodobromide containing specks of silver sulphide which of themselves are unable to make the grain developable, and that light action causes disassociation of silver bromide, the bromine being absorbed by the gelatin and the silver being deposited on the silver sulphide specks so as to convert them into development centres. The explanation of transfer of silver through the crystal lattice from regions of light absorption to the sensitivity specks has proved very difficult for chemists, and it was not until Gurney and Mott (1938) advanced their theory that a satisfadory mechanism was proposed.According to these physicists the formation of the photographic latent image is based upon two well- known properties of silver bromide-photoconductance and electrolysis. The primary (electronic) process is the immediate production by light of a cloud of electrons in the silver bromide lattice; some of these are trapped in the silver sulphide sensitivity specks, and the region of high negative charge thus formed is capable of bringing about the slower, secondary (ionic) process, viz., the attraction and neutralisation of interstitial silver ions to give larger and more efficient electron traps.This process is capable of repetition until light action ceases. Strong supporting evidence of the Gurney and Mott theory has been provided by subsequent experimental work, and by the ability of the theory to explain known photographic effects. Berg and Mendelsohn, and also Webb have shown independently by a study of reciprocity failure and other photographic effects at low temperatures that the primary and secondary effects can be separated in conformity with ex- pectations based on the Gurney-Mott theory.Th? development process has been the object of intensive study over many years, but purely chemical considerations of reduction poten- tials and catalysis have failed to supply a complete explanation of known phenomena. The recent application in the Eastman Kodak Laboratories of the electron microscope to a study of development has shown very clearly that the developed silver has a filamentary structure, and that it appears to be forced in ribbons out of the grain from specific points on the grain surface. It is now considered that previous conceptions of the production of silver by ionic reaction in solution between developer and dissolved silver halide are untenable, and that the mechanism involves reaction of adsorbed developer.Modern fast emulsions invariably contain r 86 1 excess soluble bromide and hence silver bromide grain must be present as “bromide body” (Fajans). It is incapable of adsorbing further negative ions such as developer ions, and the silver sulphide specks of a correctly digested emulsion are postulated to be insufficient in size to give an area suitable for such adsorption. The effect of exposure to light may be explained by assuming that the addition of metallic silver increases the size and modifies the properties of the specks so as to allow local adsorption of developer ions, which act as an electrode for the introduction into the silver bromide mass of electrons from the reducing agent.Doubtless there will be considerable modification of the present theory, but the theoretical physicists have thrown a flood of light on the chemists’ darkness and provided conceptions which may well prove to be of practical value in photographic technique. Artificial Radioactivity and the Completion of the Periodic System By Prof. F. A. PANETH. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section, on 18th February, 1942.1 The first prediction of a missing element and of its atomic weight by Newlands was followed by the development of Mendeleeff’s Periodic System. The elements masurium, illinium, alabamine and virginium which have been supposed to fill the vacant places 43, 61, 85 and 87 of the Periodic System, have so far not been found.The element 87 probably occurs in nature as a branch product of the actinium series, “actinium K,” recently discovered by Mlle Perey in Paris. The properties of the elements 43, 61 and 85, however, can be studied owing to the possibility of artificially producing these missing elements in a radioactive form. Element 43 has been obtained by bombardment of molybdenum with deuterons; its chemical investigation showed that it is more closely akin to rhenium than to manganese. Element 61,a rare earth, could be obtained from neodymium as well as from praseodymium. Element 85 makes it appearance if bismuth is bombarded with helium nuclei; although the higher homologue of iodine it differs markedly from the halogens and reacts in several ways more like a metal.One element higher than uranium, with the atomic number 93, has been obtained; its chemical properties seem to be similar to those of uranium. “Mattauch’s Rule” indicates that it is not likely that stable isotopes of an element can be found if one of its neighbours in the Periodic System possesses isotopes of the same weight. The rule does not exclude the possibility that aLl the elements missing on our Earth have a transitory existence in the hot interior of the Sun and the stars. c 87 3 Notes War and Science.-Addressing the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee in February, Sir Henry Tizard said that he had been consider- ing the position of Science in the war as a whole. With the changing problems and the vast arena of the war, mistakes were almost inevitable; but it was wrong to imagine that the other side did not also make mistakes.The influence of science was greater than it had ever been, and the present Government and Parliament attached a value to the help and guidance of scientists that no previous Parliament had ever done. There was hardly a phase of the national life with which scientists were not now associated. We had a Prime Minister who had a scientific adviser con- tinually at his elbow, and he was not the only Minister who had a scientific adviser. Scientists were a very critical lot: they were brought up to be critical, and it was part of their education to accept things only on evidence and not merely on the unsupported authority of older men.There was no such thing in the scientific world as authority based merely on position and seniority. Scientists were brought up to be constructive critics, and that was what they generally tried to be. They did not always agree among themselves and that fact should be borne in mind. There were not many people who really understood the methods and processes of science. Like war, it had its strategy and its tactics. Tactics came in when the plan was settled, the task decided and the problem set. Success in tactics depended on good command, good organisation, an adequate amount of up-to-date equipment and an adequate supply of highly trained men. The tactical strength of science in this country, he said, was very great.There were many well-run and well-equipped research and experimental establishments, and there was a large number of able young men who were rendering great service to the State. The amount and quality of the scientific and technical ability available in the country surprised not only the older generation but foreign friends and foes. So far as tactics in science were concerned, we had nothing to fear in comparison with any other nation, but so far as strategy of science was concerned, Sir Henry said he was not so confident. The strategy of science was to attack at the weakest spot of the barrier to knowledge. The choice of the problem, more than anything else, marked the man of genius in the scientific world. We could not afford to dissipate our efforts over things that did not matter or did not matter much, and had to remember that any technical advance, to have a decisive effect in war, made big demands on the productive capacity of the country.The real trouble and waste of time was caused by inventions and proposals that had something to be said for them, that were not technically impossible and that might be of some use in some circumstances; but if we tried to use all of these things we dissipated our efforts and would end by doing C881 nothing well. Who was to decide the strategy of scientific war, to decide what things really mattered, and where we should devote our scientific strength ? Certainly not the scientists alone, however eminent. Nor could it be left to the staffs of the fighting services, even though each Service Department might contain officers of high scientific ability.Nor could it be left to a War Cabinet, however fertile in ideas. The safest way to reach the right decision was to have scientists working side by side and in the closest collaboration with those who had the administrative and executive responsibility. Moreover, the first thing that the scientist learned, when he had the benefit and privilege of such collaboration, was that he had a lot to learn. Sir Henry expressed the hope that due credit would be given to those senior members of the staff of the Air Ministry, and to the then Minister, Lord Swinton, for adopting this policy, which had since been greatly developed.The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee could do no greater service than to ensure that kind of co-operation. The Committee should concern itself rather with general strategy than with tactics. In conclusion, Sir Henry referred to the two great driving forces of our modern civilisation,-Science and Christianity,-and he quoted from the Right Rev. Herbert Hensley Henson :-it Science and Christianity are the distinctive features of the civilisa- tion which has been cradled in Europe and from Europe extended over the world. The principle of both is liberty, the expression, in un- shackled freedom, of the innate powers of the human spirit, the expres- sion and vindication of individuality.” The present tyranny would be beaten and die away, sooner perhaps than we dared hope, maybe only after years of suffering, but, when it passed, it was to be hoped that scientific men, administrators and legisla- tors, tempered in the furnace of war, would continue to work side by side with respect for each other’s knowledge, and tolerance for each other’s ignorance, to restore a stricken world and to lead us to better things.Income Tax.-In Part I of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,reference was made to possible rebate to chemists in respect of damaged clothing, and a quotation was given from State Service, December, 1941. It should be explained that in December, 1920, the Commissioners of Inland Revenue received a deputation from several scientific bodies with regard to the claims of chemists and others for abatement of tax in respect of subscriptions to societies, libraries and periodicals, the purchase of books and instruments, damage to clothing, expenses incurred in attend- ing meetings and conferences, rent and expenses of private laboratories and also those incurred in research.The deputation sought to demonstrate that scientific workers incurred such expenses essentially in the exercise of their profession. The Com- missioners intimated that, in the case of scientists who derived their incomes from appointments, such claims would need to be decided according to the terms of their respective appointments. Such claims c 89 1 could not ordinarily be allowed except in cases where it could be proved to the satisfaction of the Commissioners that the expenses were incurred necessarily, wholly and exclusively in the performance of duties required to be carried out under formal agreement.It was clear, however, that where the agreement provided an allow- ance for specific expenses of the nature indicated above and the allowance was expended in accordance with the agreement, it was not subject to tax. In JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI, 1922,it was reported that the correspondence between the Institute and the Board of Inland Revenue had been brought to the notice of the Income Taxpayers Society, whose Director, Lord Decies, consented to the publication of opinions given thereon, including, inter aZia, that abatement of tax on damage to clothing is allowable so far as it is inevitable and is the result wholly of use for professional purposes.The Registrar’s Jubilee.-On the suggestion of the President, past and present Officers and Members of Council and Officers and Members of Local Section Committees have contributed to a fund for a presentation to the Registrar on the occasion of his having completed 50 years’ service with the Institute. Mr. Pilcher was engaged as Clerk-at that time, the only clerk-in March, 1892; he was appointed Assistant Secretary in March, 1894, Secretary in March, 1895, and Registrar and Secretary in March, 1900. Over 180 members have responded to the President’s proposal, and very many letters have been received expressing appreciation of the Registrar’s services. Mr.Pilcher has been informed of the proposed presentation-the nature of which, however, has not yet been determined-and has asked the Publications Committee to allow him to express in the JOURNAL, to all concerned, his very sincere and grateful thanks for the messages and congratulations which he h’as received and for the great kindness which has been shown to him on the occasion of his Jubilee. The staff of the Institute has also congratulated “the Chief” and has taken advantage of the opportunity to present him with an umbrella, for which he desires to express his warm thanks. Paints Industries.-Mr. C. A. F. Hastilow, FeZZow, is joining the Miscellaneous Chemicals Control at Terminal House, 52, Grosvgnor Gardens, London, S.W.1, to be in charge of a Section dealing with raw materials required by the Paint Industry. Gas Identification Officers.-It is understood that the Ministry of Labour will not apply compulsory enrolment in the Home Guard to Gas Identification Officers without the consent of their local authority.The following have been awarded the degree of D.Sc. (London):- G. W. Scott Blair, Fellow, A. H. Cook, Associate, and C. L. Hewett, Associate. c 90 1 Medals of the Institution of Chemical Engineers have been awarded to the following :-Dr. Albert Parker, Fellow; The Osborne Reynolds Medal; Mr. Percy Parrish, Fellow-The Moulton Medal; and Mr. E. W. Pates, Associate, The William Macnab Medal. A Registered Student, Sergeant John Webster Murfin,’ R.A.F., is reported to be a prisoner of war in Germany.Obituary ALFRED CLAY ABRAHAM died at Ormskirk on 7th March, aged 89 years. The son of John Abraham, one of the founders of Clay and Abraham, Ltd., he became associated, in 1871, with his father’s firm, of which he was managing director from 1911 until his retirement in 1928. He was educated at the Liverpool Institute and his early training in science was obtained under Christison, Balfour, Crum Brown and T. H. Huxley in the University of Edinburgh, and under Attfield, Redwood and Bentley in the School of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. He qualified as a pharmaceutical chemist in 1878 and during his career published about forty papers, many of which were read before the Liverpool Chemists’ Association and the British Pharmaceutical Conference.An early paper entitled “Note on the Estima- tion of Fixed Oils and Fats with special reference to Milk” was published in The Analyst in 1884 and, jointly with Mr. John Rae, he contributed a series of papersdealing with Opium to The Pharmaceutical Journal in 1922-1926. He served on tho Council of the Pharmaceutical Society and on the British Pharmaceutical Con- ference Formulary Committee from its inception in 1888 until the work was taken over by the Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. At his funeral, the Institute was represented by Mr. F. Robertson Dodd, Fellow. ARTHURCHARLES CARTERdied at Harrow on 30th March, in his 60th year. Educated at Brighton Grammar School and trained at University College, London, under Sir William Ramsay, he was appointed, in 1903, an assistant chemist to the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal, under Dr.George McGowan. In 1914 he was appointed an Inspector under the Alkali Works, etc. Regulations Act and after some years at Swansea under Dr. A. C. Fryer was transferred to the Birmingham and Midlands District. During the last war he served with the Welsh Regiment, attaining the rank of Captain. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1904, and a Fellow in 1907. DAVID ALLAN GRACEY died at Southend-on-Sea on 7th February, in his 76th year. Educated at the City of London School, he entered the Inland Revenue Department by open competition in 1886, later becoming attached to the Govern- ment Laboratory and attending courses at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington. , He continued as an assistant in the Laboratory until 1898, when he was appointed to the permanent staff, and in 1906 was promoted Analyst, First Class.At the time of his retirement in 1929 he held the position of a Superintending Chemist and received the honour of the Imperial Service Order. In 1934, havingfor several years been specially concerned with the examination of tobacco and snuff, he succeeded J. F. Halpin, Fellow, as Director of the Tobacco Laboratory attached to the Ministry of Finance, Alexandria, Egypt, which position he held until 1940. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1908. OSWALDHITCRENdied, as the result of enemy action, on 19th March, 1941, in his 35th year.Born at Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire, he attended the Local Grammar School and from 1925-1929 he was a pupil with Messrs. Richardson and Jaff6 at Bradford. He then became an analyst at the I. C. I. Agricultural Research Station, Jealotts Hill Farm, where he remained until 1931, when he entered on his training at the Manchester College of Technology; there he continued until 1034, graduatingB.Sc. Tech. with first class honours. In the same year he joined the st& of c 91 1 Mr. R. W. Sutton, FeZEow, Public Analyst for the County of Derby, and in 1939 passed the Examination for the Fellowship in the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food, Drugs and of Water. At the time of his death he was attached to a Govern-ment Department in London.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1934, and a Fellow in 1939. ALFREDWILLIAMTOVEYHYDE died in New Zealand on 18th February, in his 67th year. Educated at Walsall Grammar School, he was trained in science at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and at Birmingham University. He became an assistant lecturer in chemistry in the Department of the Birmingham Municipal Technical School under Dr. Slater Price and, in 1913, joined the laboratory staff of the Dunlop Rubber Co., Ltd., first as chief assistant chemist and later in charge of the physical testing laboratories. He equipped laboratories at the Para Mills and Manor Mills factories of the Company, and developed metkiods of testing and control of manufacture of rubber products.He retired in 1929 and proceeded to New Zealand, where he joined his son, who was engaged in farming in the Dominion. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. ROBERT ERNEST JEFFERSONdied at Sutton Coldfield on 4th February, in his 59th year. Born at Peridleton, Salford, he was educated at the Peridleton Higher Grade School and the Pupil Teachers’ Centre, Salford, before his training at the University of Manchester, where he graduated B.Sc. in 1906, proceeding to M.Sc. in 1909. He taught science in elementary schools at Sale from 1906 until 1911, when he was appointed science master at Jamaica College, Kingston, B.W.I. He returned to England in 1913 and, after teaching for some time at a college in Harro-gate, obtained a post as chemist in a cement works at Kirkington, Oxon.In 1915 he joined the laboratory staff of H.M. Factory, Oldbury and, in 1919, was appointed to the chemical staff of the City of Birmingham Gas Department, whbre, in 1936, he became senior chemist in charge of the special laboratories, the position he held at the time of his death. He served on the Standardisation of Tar Products Test Committee, and pub- lished several papers on refractories, coke, and allied subjects. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. JOSEPHLONES died at Smethwick on 4th February, in his 72nd year. He was educated at King Edward’s Grammar School, Five Ways, Birmingham, and after spending five years as pupil and assistant with A.E. Tucker, Fellow, of Birmingham,studied from 1892-1894 under Tilden at Mason College. He obtained an appoint- ment as a teacher of metallurgy and iron and steel manufacture under the Smethwick Technical Board, and established a private practice as a consulting and analytical chemist in the same town, where, in due course, having qualified by passing the necessary examinations of the Institute, he became Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1895. FREDERICKO’BRTENdied at Bristol on the 28th March, within three days of his 69th birthday. Educated at Ackworth School, near Pontefract and at the Liverpool Institute, he studied from 1896 to 1899 at University College-now the University-Liverpoor, graduated B.Sc.(Vict.) with honours in chemistry, and proceeded to M.Sc. in 1902. For about fifteen months he was an assistant to Professor Campbell Brown in the Lancashire County Laboratory, before he obtained an appointment as research chemist with the Western Tanning Po., at Bedminater, Bristol, with whom he remained until 1907. He then entered into partnership with C. J. Waterfall in an analytical and consulting practice in the same city, still acting as consultant and analyst to the Tanning Co. After the death of Mr. Waterfall in 1928, he was joined by Mr. F. P. Hornby until 1938, when he continued his practice independently, Mr. Hornby having been appointed chemist to the Brivtol Water- works Co.He retired in 1940, and the practice is now carried on by Mr. H. s.Howes. Mr. O’Brien was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. The Institute was represented at the funeral by Messrs. F. P. Hornby and F. E. Needs. GEORGESENTERdied at Pinner on 14th March, at the age of 68 years. Educated at Kildrummy Public School, Aberdeenshire, he became a student at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, where he was a Bell Scholar and gained the Pereira Medal. He subsequently studied at University College, London, c 9.2 1 from 1901-1903, under an 1851 Exhibition Research Scholarship, and at the Univer- sities of Leipzig and Gottingen. He graduated B.Sc. (Loud.) with first class honours in chemistry, Ph.D.(Leipzig), subsequently proceeding to D.Sc. (Lond.). From 1904-1914 he was lecturer on chemistry at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School and during this period, for some years lecturer at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute. From 1914-1932 he was head of the chemistry department at Birkbeck College and, from 1918 to 1039 was also Priricipal of the College. He wtts an examiner in chemistry (1906-1910) for the Conjoint Board of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, and for the University of Birniingham. He was Member of the Senate and (1912- 1911) a Reader in Chemistry of the University of London and, from 191!‘to 1917, Honorary Secretary of the Faculty of Science. He was the author of Outlines of Physical Chemistry” (17th edition, 1933), “A Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry” (14th edition, 1934) and of many papers on physico-chemical and biochemical subjects contributed to The Transactions of the Royul Society, The Journal of the Chemicul Society, and Transactions of the Paraday Society, and to other chemical journals.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1915.Pilot Officer WILLIAM KELMAN was reported missing in February, BURR THOMAS 1941, after air operations over Germany, and it was thought that he might have been taken prisoner, but information has lately been received that he lost his life while on a raid. The son of Alfred Ernest Thomas, Associate, he was born at Oban, Argyll, on 3rd April, 1914. He was educated at Glasgow Academy and at the University of St.Andrews, where he graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1936, having interrupted his course while obtaining experience in 1934 and 1935 with the Gourock Ropework Co., Ltd., Port Glasgow, and with the Union Cold Storage Co., Ltd., London. He took the chemical engineering course at University College, London, and was engaged in the Engineering Division of the Norton Grinding Wheel Company, Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, until the outbreak of war, when he joined the Royal Air Force. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936. LEONARDVICTOR WRIGHT died at Grantham on 3rd March, at the age of 71 years. He was educated at Nottingham High School, and proceeded to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he was Foundation Scholar and Prizeman of his college and gained a first class in the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1892.Shortly after, he was appointed Science Master at Pocklington School, Yorks. Subsequently he taught in tho Northampton County Modern and Technical School, but from 1920 in Northampton School only, where he continued as second Master and Senior Science Master until his resignation, in 1928, owing to ill-health. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1900, and a Fellow in 1903. The death has been reported of Leading Aircraftman JOHN MORTIMERBLUNDELL, a Registered Student of the Institute. He was born at Southampton in 1.912, was educated at Cannock House School, Eltham, and studied at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute while employed on the technical staff of Messrs.W. B. Dick & Go., Engineers. He joined the Royal Air Force in July, 1940. ERRATUM.-owing to an accident in filing the papers of two members with the same surnames and initials, the particulars given in the obituary notice in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I (p. 48),relating to the late Walter Sydney Clark should be omitted from the words “From 1917” to “until the end of the War.” Books and their Contents The Annual Report of the Imperial Institute, 1941, recently issued, deals with the work of the Scientific Departments concerned with Plant and Animal Products and Mineral Resources ;Exhibition Galleries, Lectures, Films, etc. ‘‘Tannin Analysis.” A Provisional Official Method of Quantitative Tannin Analysis of the British Section of the International Society of Leather Trades’ Chemists.Edited by D. McCandlish. Pp. 14. (Croy-don: A. Harvey.) 93 3 The National Smoke Abatement Society has recently published memoranda on Smoke Prevention in relation to Initial Post-War Recon- struction ; obtainable from the temporary address of the Society, Wood- borough, Not tingham. The British Standards Institution has published :-No. 998-1931:Pure Vacuum Salt for Dairy Purposes; and No. IOII-I941: Red Lead Ready Mixed Paints. Each, 2s. net, post free 2s. 3d. The Steam Boiler Yearbook and Manual. Edited by Sydney D. Scorer; foreword by E. S. Grumell. Pp. 400. (London: Paul Elek.) 20s. net. Steam boilers ; mechanical design ; selection ; combustion appliances ; fuel ; boiler types; superheaters ; feed pumps ; water treatment, etc.; coal selection and storage; fuel economy and combustion; pulverised fuel; oil fuel; ash; design and operation ; steam generation ; automatic control. The first of a number of enginsering textbooks dealing with modern practice, as well as research and development work recorded in technical journals, which will be followed by others under the titles of The Machine Shop Yearbook and Production Engineers’ Manual, The Mechanical Handling Yearbook and Manual, and Wirelea and Telecommunications Yearbook. The Library, 1941-42 Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1941,the Council has had the, pleasure to acknowledge the following gifts :-MESSRS.J. BIBBY& SONS,LTD.: Bibby’s Rook on Milk.Sections I and 11and Supplements. Liverpool, 1928. Also Progress in Milk Technology. Edited by J. Hanley. Liverpool, 1936. MESSRS. BLACKIE & SON, LTD.: Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Analysis. H. J. S. Sand. Vol. 111. London and Oladgow, 1941. THE BRITISH ALUMINIUMCo., LTD. : Analysis of Aluminium and its Alloys. London, 1941. MESSRS. CHAPMAN & HALL,LTD.:The Identification of Molecular Spectra. R. W. B. Pearse and A. G. Gaydon. London, 1941. Mercerising. J. T. Marsh. London, 1941. Principles and Practice of Chromatography. L. Zechmeister and L. Cholnoky. Translated from the Second and Enlarged German Edition by A. L. Bacharach and F. A. Robinson. London, 1941. Technology for SugarRefinery Workers.0. Lyle. London, 1941. PROFESSORJ. W. COOK, D,Sc., F.R.S.: Atti del XO Congremo Internazionale Di Chimica. Roma, 15-21 Maggio, 1938. Vol. IV. Roma, 1939. MESSRS.J. M. DENT& SONS, LTD.: An Introduction to Organic Chemistry. J. W. Baker. London, 194 1. Pam ELEK,Publisher: The Steam Boiler Year-Book and Manual. London, 1942. DR. E. GREGORY,F.I.C.: Steel Manufacture simply explained. E. N. Simons and E. Gregory. London, 1940. OF PETROLEUMTHEINSTITUTE : Annual Reviews of Petroleum Technology. (Petro-leum Technology in 1940.) Vol. 6. F. H. Garner. Birmingham, 1941. THE INSTITUTION Annual Report on the Progress of OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY: Rubber Technology. Vol. IV, 1940. Cambridge, 1941. MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN& Co., LTD.: Elementary General Science.Book 111. Edited by J. M. Harrison. London, 1942. Practical Physical Chemistry. A. Findlay. 7th Edition, revised and enlarged. London, 1941. Tables of Physical and Chemical Constanta-and some Mathematical Functions. G. W. C. Kaye and T. H. Laby. London, 1941. Thorpe’s Dictionary of AppliedChemistry. 4th Edition, Vol. V. By (the late) Jocelyn Field Thorpe, Kt., C.B.E., F.R.S., and M. A. Whiteley, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.I.C. Also an Abridged Index to Vols. I-IV of the new edition of Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. London, 1941. I943 THE MOND NICKEL Co., LTD.: The Nickel Bulletin. Vol. 13, 1940. London, 1941. THE PHARMACEUTICALSOCIETYOF GREAT BRITAIN : The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.Centenary Commemoration, 1841-1941. London, 1941. RICHARD B. PILCHER,O.B.E., Registrar of the Institute: A number of books of historical interest, and lectures published by the British Science Guild. THE TALBOT PRESS,LTD.: Three Centuries of Irish Chemists. Edited by D. O’Raghallaigh. Cork, 1941. THE WILLESDEN PAPERAND CANVASWORKS, LTD.: The Romance of Willesden Dux Oriental and Anti-Gas. London, 1941. Book Purchased The Mineral Industry. Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1940. Edited by G. A. Roush. Vol. 49. Supplementing Vols. 1-48. London and New York, 1941. Coming Events April (Leeds Area Section). Joint Meeting with Leeds University 21 THE INSTITUTE Chemical Society. Films: “Vitamins ”; “Enough to Eat ”; by courtesy of Dr.L. J. Harris and of the British Commercial Gas Association, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of th:, University of Leeds (entrance Wood- house Lane), at 5.15 p.m.; also Vitamins in war-time,” by Dr. L. J. Harris, ar 6.30 p.m. 25 MIDLAND CHEMISTS. “Recent Applications of Chemical and PhysicalMethods.” Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., at the Midland Hotel, Birmingham, at 11 a.m. Annual Luncheon, 1.30 p.m., followed by a f?lm show and informal dancing. 30 THE INSTITUTEOF FUEL. “Practical Application of Gas Producers to Road Transport, including Passenger Service Vehicles.” Dr. S. G. Ward and Mr. W. J. Morison, at the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, Kings-way, London, W.C.2, at 2.30 p.m. May OF THE RUBBER INDUSTRY.6 INSTITUTION Twentieth Annual General Meeting, at the Empire Restaurant, Wilton Road, London, S.W.l, at 6.45 p.m.7 THE INSTITUTE(Liverpool and North Western). Annual General Meeting, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool. Lecture by Dr. J. B. Firth, Member of Council. THE INSTITUTE(Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section).“The Completion of the Periodic System.” Professor F. A. Paneth, at the Black Lion Hotel, High Street, Stockton-on-Tees, at 7.15 p.m. 12 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY (Leeds Area): Eighth Pedler Lecture. “Recent Progress in Stereochemistry.” Dr. W. H. Mills, F.R.S. 29 THE FARADAYSOCIETY.A general discussion on “The Structure and Re- actions of Rubber,”-at the Hotel Rembrandt, South Kensington, London, S.W.7, from 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Contributions by G. S. Whitby, W. J. S. Naunton, E. H. Farmer, J. R. Scott, R. M. Barber, G. Gee, D. D. Eley, R. F. Tuckett, L. R. G. Treloar, and C. W. Bunn, will be issued in advance proof,-free to members; 5s. to non-members,-on application to the Secretary of the Faraday Society, 6 Gray’s Inn Square, London, W.C.l, before 15th May. THE INSTITUTE(South Wales Section). Annual General Meeting and Visit of the President, Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E. I:95 1 The Register At the meeting of Council held on 20th February, 1942,z new Fellows were elected, 11 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 33 new Associates were elected, and 24 Students were admitted. The Council records with regret the deaths of 8 Fellows, 3 Associates and one Student. New Fellows Hoar, Thomas Percy, M.A., Ph.D.(Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 5c, Market Hill, Cam-bridge. Saunders, Bernard Charles, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), Magdalene College, Cambridge. Associates elected to the Fellowship Bayley, Dudley Perrin, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., Oban, Greenbank Road, Latchford W., Warrington. Blyth, William, 27, Canterbury Road, Bybrook, Ashford, Kent. Dougill, George, M.Sc. (Leeds), 15, Worcester Gardens, The Drive, Ilford, Essex. Edwards, William Arthur Meredith, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 46, Stourcliffe Close, George Street, London, W.l. Gant, Thomas Harold, A.R.C.S., M.I.Chem.E., 258, Gillott Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 16. Jones, Ewart Ray Herbert, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Wales), Organic Chemistry Department, Imperial College, London, S.W.7. Mundy, Mrs. Lilian Marjorie, Ph.C., Cornerways, Red Lane, Claygate, Surrey. Page, James Ernest, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Glaxo Laboratories, Ltd., Greenford, Middlesex. Radley, Jack Augustus, M.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Wilton Road, Crumpsall, Manchester, 8. Stewart, Martin Louis Haerpfner, M.Sc. (N.Z.), The Shell Company of New Zealand, Ltd., c/o G.P.O., Box 1663, Wellington, N.Z. Walton, Arthur, M.Sc. (Manc.), 2, Prince’s Drive, Littleover, Derby. New Associates Ablett, Edward Thomas, B.Sc. (Dunelm), 124, Smawthorne Lane, Castleford, Yorks. Airs, Mrs. Margaret Veronica, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Westways, Stoneleigh Hill, Ewell, Surrey.Batty, John Woolley, B.Sc., P1i.D. (Lond.), 77, Acresfield Road, Middleton, Lancs.Braithwaite, Donald Parkinson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Randall Drive, Hornchurch, Essex. Brown, Arthur William, B.Sc. (Liv.), 34, Woodland Drive, Worksop, Notts. Cann, Charles, 152, Parsonage Lane, Enfield, Middlesex. Church, Mervyn George, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Little St. Ann’s, Ferndale Avenue, Chertsey. Surrey. Clow, Archibald, M.A., D.Sc., Ph.D. (Aberdeen), 20, Edgehill Road, Aberdeen. Cooper, Richard Herbert Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Roberts Road, Rainham, Kent. Copp, Frederick Charles, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), 36, Manor Road, Beckenham, Kent. Coutts, Donald Kerr, l3.S~. (Q.U.B.), 6, Alliance Avenue, Cliftonville, Belfast, N. Ireland. Davis, Vivian Edwin, M.Sc. (Wales), Rock Villa, Sunnybank Road, Griffithstown, Nr.Pontypool, Mon. Emblem, Harold Garton, B.Sc. (Liv.), 263, Marshall8 Cross Road, Sutton, St. Helens. Fenemore, Stanley, M.Sc. (Liv.), 11, Southwood Road, St. Michaels, Liverpool, 17. Hoyes, Reginald Grime, B.Sc. (Leeds), Ph.D. (Liv.), Sedanka, Parkway Close, Welwyn Garden City. Holness, Harry, T3.h (Leeds), 127, Wallwood Road, London, E.11. Horrocks, Robert Heaton, H.Sc. (Lond.), 1165, London Road, Alvaston, Derby. Howard, John Leslie, M.Sc. (Birm.), 20, Clee Road, Cleethorpes, Lincs. Hutchison, Alexander Cantlay, M.A., BSc. (Aberd.), 51, Sharphill Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. r 96 1 Jdniey, John Charles, B.6c. (Lond.), 41, Woodberry Avoiiue, North Harrow, Middle- sex. Lovelock, James Ephraim, B.Sc. (Mane.), The National Institute.for Medical Re- search, London, N.W.3. Mayland, Harry, 28, Lincoln Drive, Newton Eanlr, Hoole, Chester. Murfitt, George, 40, Vernon Road, Totley Rise, Shoffield. Myles, Donald, 48, “Skernwood,” Canal Bank, Monton, Nr. Manchester. Paige, Mark Frank Critchell, B.Sc. (Glas.), 17, Cessnock Road, Troon, Ayrshire. Peters, Raymond Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 38, Studley Drive, Word, Essex. Phillips, Derek Michael Phillips, B.$c. (Lond.), 3 1, Green Lane, London, N.W.4. Russell, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), 86, Spottiswoode Street, Edinburgh, 9. Shanahan, Cyril Edmund Arthur, E.Sc. (Lond.),38, Murray Road, Rugby. Skelly, Hugh McKenna, B.Sc. (Glas.), 26, Leven Street, Glasgow, S.l. Soper, Henry Robert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 36, Barton Court, Barons Court Road, London, W.14.Taylor, John Boris, B.Sc. (Mane.), 21, Margaret Road, Wornbwoll, Nr. Barnsley,Yorks. Turtle, Edgar Ernest, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., c/o Biological Field Station, Slough, Bucks. New Students Baker, Brian Yatrick, 10, Ripplevale Grove, Barnsbury, London, N.1. Bathgate, Ronald James, 91, Cornhill Terrace, Leith, Edinburgh, 6. Bennett, Harold Hoy, 119, Whibehill Road, Gravesend, Kent. Bibby, Robert Heslani, 15, Central Avenue, Slyne Road, Lancaster. Bones, Leonard William Alfred, 9, Dymokc Road, Romford, Essex. Brooks, Archibald, 84, Merton Drive, Hillington, Glasgow, S.W.2. Cowap, Douglas, 1, Blantyre Road, Swinton, Manchester. Dick, Terence Anthony, 60, Southcoates Avenue, Hull. Felstead, Donald Robert William, 75, Pondcroft Road, Knebworth, Herts.Freestone, Philip Harry, 432, East Park Road, Leicester. Harper, Harold Whalley, 54, Kearsley Road, Criimpsal!, Manchester, 8. Harrington, John Frederick, 86, Putnoe Lane, Bedford. Henstock, Hubert Ian, 22, Grosvenor Street, Ellesinere Port, Wirral, Cheshire. Holt, Alfred Gordon, 18, Mill Lane, Shoreham-by-Sea. Kiiowles, Ernest, 17 1, Manchester Road, Denton, Manchester. Matchhar, Bhishmasen Ishwarlal, Chemistry Department, Royal Technical College, Peel Park, Salford, 5. McFarlane, Dondd, 29, Cross Green Crescent, Leeds, 9. Morrisroe, John Douglas, Mill House, Canklow, Rotherham. Ronder, Jack Tobias, 18, Moston Terrace, Edinburgh, 9. Rosenberg, Wolfe, 59, Kingston Road, Willerby, E.Yorks. Speedie, John Douglas, Holly Farm, Gt. Sutton, Wirral, Cheshire. White, John Alexander, Hillside, Harrow Road, Sudbury Town, Wembley. Williams, Charles Frederick, 17, Lodge Road, Southampton. DEATHS Fellows Alfred Clay Abraham. Arthur Charles Carter. David Allan Gracey, I.S.O. Oswald Hitchen, B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.). Joseph Lones. Frederick O’Brien, M.Sc. (Vict.). George Benter, D.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Leipzig). Leonard Victor Wright, &LA. (Cantab.). Associates alfred William Tovey Hyde. Robert Ernest Jefferson, M.Sc. (Mane.).Pilot OEcer William Kelman Burr Thomas, B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Student John Mortimer Blundell. r 97 1 General Notices p-Examinations-It is hoped that examinations for the Associateship and for the Fellowship will be held in September as usual.Candidates whose applications have not yet been accepted by the Council must forward them to reach the Institute not later than Monday, 15th June. It is hoped that candidateswhose applications hatve then been accepted, may be informed early in July its to the arrangements for the esamina- tions. The last date for actual entries and ya-yment of examination fees will be Monday, 20th July. -. Active Service.--Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Asso-ciates to qualify for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the ofices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. For Library Notices of the Institute, The Chemical Society, The Science Library, Boots’ and Lewis’s, see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, August, 1941,pp. 250-251. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 7d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Kegistrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their pevmavtent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-x8.Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Z-reaswer, l%x;EvoI,EN'r FUND,TWTIT~'TL:, OF CHEbiIsTRY, 30, RUSSELL u'.c.I.SQUARE, LONDON, APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. 1 WAR SAVINGS CAMPAIGN1 1 1 1 151-becomes 2016 1 1 Hmso? I AIS/-National Savings Certificate growsinI value until at the end of 10years it is worth 20/6. I Do I pay any Income Tax on this increase?I No. It is entirely free of Income Tax.I 1 Where do I buy Savings Certi$cates? From any Post Office, Bank, or Trustee1 Savings Bank; through a Savings Group or1 from shops acting as Honorary Official Agents. 1 How do I buy Savings Certz&ates?1 You can buy them outright at IS/-each. Youcan also purchase them by instalments bybuying 6d. or 2/6National Savings Stamps. Is there tiny limit to the number I may hold? No individual may hold more than 500 Certificates. Can I get my money back if I need it ? Yes. YOU can cash Savings Certificates atanytime by giving a few days’ notice. You will get your money backwith the increase which your Certificates have earned up to that date. 4 NATIONAL SAVINGS CERTIFICATES4. vwvwv~~vvv~~w Issued by The National Savings Committee, Lmdon