THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1926. PART 1x1. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C. 1. June, 1926. Publications Committee, 1926-27 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), G. G. HENDERSON (President), H. C. L. BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, J. C. DRUMMOND. W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, C. A. F. HASTILOW, 1. M. HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer). A. W. KNAPP. W. H. LEWIS. THOMAS MACARA, B. G. McLELLAN. L. Q. PAUL, L. G. RADCLIFFE. FRANK SOUTHERDEN. 127 Proceedings of the Council.APRIL-MAY, 1926. Congress of Chemists, London, 19th-23rd July, 1926. -Under the patronage of H.M. the King, the Society of Chemical Industry, with the co-operation of other societies and institutions, is organising a Congress of Chemists to be held in London from 19th to a3rd July, inclusive. The programme of arrangements includes :-On Monday, 19th July, Annual Meeting and Annual Dinner of the Institution of Chemical Engineers; Opening of an Exhi- bition of ChemicaI Plant, at the Central Hall, Westminster; at the Mansion House, in the presence of H.R.H. the Duke of York, presentation by the Lord Mayor of the Messel Medal of the Society of Chemical Industry to the Earl of Balfour, who will deliver the Messel Memorial Lecture; Reception by the President of the Society of Chemical Industry, followed by a Smoking Concert at the Hotel Great Central.The Exhibition of British Chemical Plant will be open on Monday, the 19th July at 11.30a.m. until Saturday, the 24th July, at 8 p.m. On Tuesday, 20th July,-Annual Meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry (for members only); a Symposium on “Corrosion,” at a joint meeting of the British Chemical Plant Manufacturers’ Association, the Institute of Metals, the Institu- tion of Chemical Engineers, and the Chemical Engineering Group; a joint meeting of the Bio-Chemical Society with the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, to discuss “The Scientific and Industrial Problems presented by The Hormones-the Natural Drugs of the Body ”; Luncheon, by invitation of the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry; Annual Meeting and Annual Dinner of the British Chemical Plant Manufacturers’ Association ; Discussion on “Chemistry House,” open to members of any of the participating Societies at the Hotel Great Central; Garden Party at the Royal Botanic Gardens; and Reception and Dance at the Hotel Great Central.128 On Wednesday, the aIst July,-Annual Meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry, continued: Visits to Works and Laboratories ; Reception, and Annual Dinner. On Thursday, the aand July,-Annual Meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry, continued: A joint meeting of the Chemical Engineering Group, the Institution of Petroleum Technologists, and the Institution of Chemical Engineers, on “Power Alcohol ”; Joint Meeting of the Institution of the Rubber Industry and the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association; Visits to Works and Laboratories ; Conversazione.On Friday, the a3rd July,-Excursions and Visits to Works; Meeting of the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association; Meeting of the Fuel Section; Launch Trip from Westminster to Greenwich. As a contribution to the programme, the Council of the Institute, with the concurrence of the General Committee of the Congress, proposes to afford facilities for an exhibition to be held at 30, Russell Square, of laboratory apparatus and instru- ments, reagents, filter papers, scientific books, etc.The object of the exhibition will be to afford companies and firms which are concerned with laboratory equipment an opportunity of showing recently introduced and improved forms of apparatus and instru- ments and other British products of interest to chemists. This exhibition will be open from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. on each day, to all holders of Congress tickets, and to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute. Members of the allied societies which are co-operating with the Society of Chemical Industry in arranging the Congress are entitled to apply for tickets for the various functions on the same terms as members of the Society and to attend meetings for which no tickets are necessary; but only members of the Society may attend its annual business meeting to be held on Tuesday, the 20th July.Applications should be sent as early as possible to the General Secretary, Society of Chemical Industry, Central House, Finsbury Square, London, E.C.2. The form of application must be accompanied by the appropriate remittance. 129 The offices of the Society during the Congress will be in the Brown Room, Hotel Great Central, and members are requested to attend there, on arrival to register their names and receive their tickets for the various functions. It is expected that accommodation in London will be limited during June and July. Members are advised to make early application for rooms. Belfast Resol utions.-The Finance and House Committee has reported on the resolutions received from the Belfast and District Section which have been referred to it by the Council.The Committee reports that the proposal to reduce the annual subscriptions of Fellows and Associates would involve a loss of approximately -&oo to the income of the Institute; but as the margin of income over expenditure in 1925 was only about j5300, the Committee regrets that it is unable to make any recommendation for such reduction at the present time. Regarding the proposal to defray the whole of the expenses of Members of Council attending meetings, the Committee points out that the present system of making allowances towards expenses was adopted in June, 1923,and amended, in May, 1925, to include allowances towards expenses of attending Committee meetings.The Committee does not see its way at present to recommend any further change. Indian Ordnance Department.-In the Report of the Royal Commission on the Superior Civil Services in India, published in March, 19~4,certain provisions were made for specialised officers of the Superior Civil Service, but the civilian officers of the Indian Ordnance Department , including the chemists, appeared to have been overlooked in the Orders, which were subsequently made in accordance with the recommen- dations of the report. Correspondence has passed between the Council of the Institute and the India Office on this matter and a reply has lately been received to the effect that the Secretary of State has sanctioned the application of the new pension rules to such Superior Gazetted Civilians (including chemists) of the Indian Ordnance Department as are on a pensionable basis.The new passage rates, with some modification, have also been applied with a proviso, in the case of those whose contracts are terminable at six months’ notice on either side, that five years must intervene between two successive passages. As regards 130 pay, the Council is informed that it is not possible to apply exactly the new rules to the class of personnel in question since they have not hitherto drawn overseas pay in any form; but the Secretary of State has decided, in the case of those drawing not more than Rs. 1000 per mensem, that Rs. 250 per mensem of their pay may be converted into sterling overseas pay of E25 per mensem, and in the case of those drawing more than Rs.1000 per mensem, that Rs. 300 per mensem may be similarly converted into j630 per mensem. Associazione ltaliana Di Chimica.-On the occasion of the Second National Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, held under the auspices of the Associazione Italiana di Chimica, at Palermo, in May, the centenary of the birth of Stanislao Cannizzaro was celebrated. Prof. Sir William Pope, attending as the representative of the Chemical Society and of the Institute, presented an address conveying fraternal greetings from the Institute to the Asso-ciazione and paying a tribute to the memory of Cannizzaro. National Milk Conference.-The National Milk Con-ference which was to have been held on the 8th June, has now been fixed for Tuesday, the 16th November next. The Institute will be represented by Mr.E. M. Hawkins. The Register, 7 926.-The publication of the Register of Fellows, Associates and Students has been delayed owing to recent labour conditions, but it is hoped that it may be issued during the present month. New Zealand.-Exception has been taken to some of the remarks in a paragraph referring to New Zealand which appeared in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI, Igz5,-especially to those remarks which refer to the number of chemists employed in industry in the Dominion. It is also held that the opinion that industries in New Zealand do not utilise science to the extent that they might for their own benefit, applies to the industries of the mother country,-a fact which is not disputed.That the number of chemists engaged in industry was considerably under-stated is shown by a return which has since been prepared in the Dominion and forwarded to the Institute, through the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. This return shows that the chemists engaged in industries (including the milk and meat industries) in various capacities as directors, managers, superintendents, works chemists, shift chemists, and assistants, and as consultants, number 61; and an additional return shows that nine physicists are employed, three of whom are also included in the list of chemists, while several others also are engaged as chemists.Although the return is more comprehensive than the reference in the paragraph in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSand shows that the position, so far as the employment of chemists is concerned, was much understated, it is to be hoped that no harm, but rather good, may result from directing attention to the matter; since it cannot be held that science is well represented even by 67 chemists and physicists where the industries concerned represent an annual productive value of 76 million pounds. The original paragraph was prepared from information received directly from a responsible source in the Dominion with the sole object of discouraging Fellows and Associates from emigrating to overseas Domminions without definite appoint- ments in view.It appears probable that in the near future steps will be taken to form a Section of the Institute in New Zealand, Honorary Correspon ding Secretar ies.-The Council has appointed the following Honorary Corresponding Secretaries,- Mr, Robert Boyd (British Columbia), Mr. William Francis (British Guiana), Mr. James Gray (South Africa), Professor Matthew A. Parker (Manitoba), and Professor D. H. Peacock (Burma). The Journal and Proceedings,-In view of the criticism of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSat a meeting of the Manchester and District Section, the Publications Committee wishes to state that the reports of meetings of Sections are, in the main, practi- cally verbatim reproductions of the reports received from the Sections themselves.The Publications Committee considers it desirable to maintain a record in the Journal of the meetings and proceedings of the Sections, but is not permitted to allow any Section more than about a page for any meeting devoted to technical subjects, because the Council holds that other journals should deal with such matter. The reports received are not cut down unless the matter exceeds the allotted space. The Com- mittee, however, is prepared to give more space to matters of general professional interest and, when they are of exceptional 132 and far-reaching importance, may consider their publication as separate monographs. The Committee necessarily reserves the right to withhold the publication of any matter which is considered undesirable.Regulations.-At the suggestion of the Board of Exam- iners, the Council has resolved that when Associates who are not engaged in industry desire to present themselves for examination for the Fellowship in Branches A (Inorganic Chemistry), B (Physical Chemistry), or C (Organic Chemistry), they may, in special cases, be allowed to take their examination in either of these Branches, without being expected to show an intimate knowledge of its application to a particular industry. Therapeutic Substances Act.-In accordance with clause 4 of the Therapeutics Substances Act, the Council has appointed Dr. James Fowler Tocher as the representative of the Institute to serve as a Member of the Advisory Committee which is concerned with the preparation of regu-lations relating to the manufacture, sale, and the importation of vaccines, sera, and other therapeutic substances. Ben evoI ent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee has reported that the total sum received for the fund during the year in subscriptions and donations amounts to i1794s.5d. less than that received during the corresponding period of 1925. The committee is receiving urgent appeals for deserving cases and expresses the hope that every Fellow and Associate will endeavour to make a small contribution, if only 2s. 6d. or 5s. annually, in order that all cases may be dealt with adequately. 133 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Section held on 30th March in the Chemistry Department of Queen’s Uni- versity, a discussion took place on Chemical Education, Dr.W. H. Gibson being in the chair. The discussion was to have been opened by Mr. J. C. A. Brierley, but as he was unfortunately unable to be present, the Chairman called upon Mr. William Honneyman, the Honorary Secretary. Mr. Honneyman said that he intended to look at the subject from the point of view of its importance to industry. By far the larger number of persons trained to be chemists had to go into industry to earn a living; teaching could absorb only a very limited number. He would like to consider how a graduate could be better fitted to take up an industrial post. He called attention to a conference of metallurgical chemists which had recently discussed a similar problem at Birmingham, and read some of the findings of that conference-notably the suggestion that a student should spend at least six months in a works before the granting of his degree.He felt that there was some truth in the comment often heard that a university man frequently did not have the viewpoint of industry. He imagined that some kind of apprenticeship before the university course might solve the problem. Jf a boy left school-say at 17years of age-he might profitably spend two years in a works, keeping up his studies at an evening technical school in the meantime, and then proceed to his university training. When he graduated -say at 22 or 23 years-he would have behind him the industrial experience of the bottom rung of the ladder, and could start out in industry knowing what to expect and how to deal with the people amongst whom he would work.Mr. A. Percy Hoskins did not think that apprenticeship was always successful; but if the man in charge were sympathetic, the apprentice would do well. He recalled several such cases. However, the apprentice did not only have to deal with chemists. The foreman often was a man of much practical experience, and, 134 unless met with tact, might possibly resent what he might construe as the interference of young people. Everything depended, in his opinion, on the training of character. He mentioned that an apprentice trained in a particular works might be subjected to restrictive clauses in a contract hampering his future movements.The young chemist should endeavour to win the confidence of the non-chemical people around him in the works. Dr. W. G. Bennett thought the chief difficulty was the educa- tion of the chemist before he went to the university. The school- boy who intended to become a chemist should start earlier in chemistry than was now the case and cover a wider course. He thought a student entering the university should have become already proficient in qualitative and quantitative analysis, and simpler organic preparations. The university should lay greater stress on chemical engineering-an essential thing for the industrial man-and give a wide general training. Mr.Bainbridge did not think that the human side had had adequate discussion. He agreed with Mr. Hoskins that the chief function of the University was the training of character. The apprenticeship system might be good, but he objected to any system which had as its object the training of a particular type of chemist. He thought training should be very general. Specialisation was neither necessary nor desirable at the uni- versity; it should come much later. The idea of putting a student into a job at a mere retaining wage was good, if, and it was a big if, the sympathy of all concerned, employers and employees, was ensured. The object of industry was to make money, not to train chemists. University training was most useful to a man in later years.It was his experience that although a purely technical man got on better in the earlier years of life, he very much questioned whether this was true in later years. Technical training was the job of the technical schools; a student could usually get that at any time. The graduate must go to a works like a new boy to a new school. He really needed a father-confessor to tell him he must spend his first few years in low paid employment at the bottom of the ladder until he had made good in industrial life. A man so advised would be likely to do much better than one who thought he knew the last word on the particular technical subject. Mr. Thompson thought a thoroughly trained man should not have much difficulty in adapting himself to his new conditions.135 Six months’ experience after graduation would be sufficient to make a student appreciate the problems of industrial life. Employers in notifying posts often required experience in a particular line, and this debarred a student from applying. He suggested that not infrequently a man not so competent, or so well trained, got a post merely on the strength of some ex- perience. He thought that managers and foremen often trusted those who would give an opinion without the painstaking experimentation of the chemist. Dr. Gibson thought that speakers had taken a rather narrow view of the subject. He asked to what extent people at large should receive a chemical education? The importance of chemistry to the general public was not sufficiently emphasised.He thought that education should aim at pointing out the contacts of chemistry with everyday life. An attempt should be made to make a school boy realise, at an early age, how much, and in what way, chemistry would influence his life. Students at large should be trained to be users rather than knowers of chemistry. When a student entered life outside the university he came in contact at once with people who do not make a living out of chemistry. If these people knew some chemistry inculcated as he suggested, the chemist would get on better with them. With regard to the chemist himself, he noticed recently in the JOURNAL a terrible indictment of present training. A report by the Board of Examiners stated that the advanced questions asked were well answered, but the elementary questions were very badly dealt with.He must stress this point about elementary knowledge, since the groundwork must be known well. He thought that academic chemists were leading chemists astray in their study. The teacher often made his own specialised subject preponderate, and that was bad for industry, although helpful for research at the university. In industry a man found that he had to tackle the problems facing him. Industry rarely had the kind of problems which academic people in general regarded as essential to a training in research. The academic problems were often of interest only to a very limited circle of specialists. Many of the problems in industry were practically insoluble; at best, only a partial solution could be found, and to attain even that a wide groundwork was usually necessary.Recent advances were often made a strong point in training, on the principle that they might be asked in examinations. But recent ideas were never so important as basic facts, and in any 136 case were frequently superseded in a few years. He was inclined to think that the system of industrial fellowships in the U.S.A. was a good one, where a firm maintained a graduate at an institute doing work in which the firm was interested. One difficulty in training chemists for industry was that there were practically no teachers, A supply of industrial chemists as teachers was badly needed: the majority of teachers at the present time had practically no works’ experience, and this was not good for the student.As an illustration of what he meant, he instanced the subject of bleaching. This was not merely a collection of chemical facts. To teach such a subject properly you must have an industrial man who has been through the mill, and who can bring the feeling of the works to bear on the student. In chemical training, many points of much importance to an industrial chemist were usually completely neglected. Micro-methods were rarely included, although often essential in practice. The use of instruments should be made a strong point. Refractometers, polarimeters and such like instruments were in common use in industry, but were often cursorily dealt with by teachers; so that the young graduate entering industry did not know how to use his tools.The course should include some business training in such matters as costing, methods of saving waste, difference of the scale of operations affecting reactions, the preparation of specifications and the ability to use them. He felt hopeful of the future, but the industrial chemist must come out of his shell and tell the people responsible for training chemists what kind of training was suitable for a chemist who is to work in industry. Mr. Honneyman, replying to the discussion, thought that the situation seemed to be that academic life was not sufficiently in touch with industrial life. One way which occurred to him to bring a more industrial trend into training would be for the universities to co-opt more frequently well known industrial chemists on their boards of examiners.In that way questions bearing on industry would be more adequately dealt with, and the courses would become modified accordingly. Birmingham and Midlands.-On 31st March, members of the Section visited the Brewery of Messrs. Bass, Ratcliff & Gretton, Ltd., at Burton-on-Trent. This privilege and the demonstration of the processes of brewing were much appreciated, and the visitors were also greatly impressed with the remarkable output of barrels by the electric cooperage plant. Subsequently a meeting of the Section was held at Burton, when a vote of thanks was accorded to the Company on the motion of the Chairman, Prof. A.R. Ling. Dr. Arthur Slator, Member of Council, then opened a discus- sion on “The Functions of a Chemist in the Fermentation Industries.” He dealt in some detail with the important question of the determination of the original gravity of beers, and also referred to the routine work of testing beers for traces of metallic impurities and to the biological work necessary to control the flavours in beers. Mr. C. G. Matthews contributed a paper, in which he outlined the progress made in the application of chemistry to brewing since he first commenced practice in Burton in 1878. With humorous anecdote to illustrate his point, he described the introduction into the brewery of various pieces of scientific apparatus such as the polarimeter, and he emphasised the importance of the experimental forcing tray.He also remarked that successful brewers no longer feared, so much as formerly, that they might give away valuable information by open discussion. Prof. A. R. Ling then discussed the university training of the would-be brewer and advised the sound basis of a degree course in chemistry before taking the specialised diploma. Mr. N. C. Beetlestone concluded the discussion by referring to other fermentation industries, such as vinegar brewing, power alcohol production, and fermentation for acetone and glycerine. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-On the 3rd July, the members of the section hope to visit the Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station of the University of Bristol at Long Ashton, by kind permission of the Director.Those intending to be present are requested to notify the Honorary Secretary not later than 28th June. Sir Ernest H. Cook has been re-elected Chairman of the Committee and of the Section for the ensuing session. Cape.-The Cape Explosives Works, Ltd., entertained the members of the Cape Chemical Society and the Cape Section of the Institute during the week-end 18-20th April, at Somerset West, the local members providing hospitality for those who 138 carne from a distance. Dr. R. Marloth presided, and Dr. C. F. Juritz acted as secretary. A paper on “Sulphuric Acid Concentration” was read by Dr. E. Taberner. After referring to the lead chamber process and the introduction of the Glover Tower, Dr.Taberner dealt with four types of acid concentration plant, namely, the Cascade, the Kessler, the Gilchrist, and the Gaillard systems. The hearty thanks of the meeting were accorded to Dr. Taberner for his interesting and valuable contribution. A paper was then submitted by Mr. W. J. Copenhagen on “Notes of Chemical Work performed at Sea.’’ Mr. Copenhagen referred to the important part played by chemistry in modem oceanographic investigation. The practical applications of oceanography were mainly on the biological side. Just as in agriculture, so in “aquaculture,” the nomad and hunter would have to develop into the settled farmer if his harvest was to be less precarious.In both pursuits the problems were susceptible of scientific treatment, and in this connection chemistry was of considerable value. Variations in ocean currents might account for movements or abundance of migratory fishes, and changes in the physico-chemical characters of the sea corresponded with distribution of the microscopic organisms which, amongst other factors, had a relation to our marine harvests analogous that which similar organisms on land had to soil fertility. The con- cluding portion of the paper dealt with the subject of the salinity of seawater, the author mentioning that, as the ingredients nearly always bore the same ratio to each other, the sum of them all, in any particular sample of sea-water, could be most rapidly ascertained by finding the amount of chlorine in the water.From the figure thus arrived at the specific gravity of the water could be calculated, by a simple formula, up to the fifth decimal place. This specific gravity was oceanographically of great importance, as the ocean currents were largely due to differences in the specific gravity of the layers of surface water. The thanks of the meeting were expressed to Mr. Copenhagen for his paper. The Chairman, on behalf of the visiting members of the two societies, proposed a hearty vote of thanks to the local members and to the Cape Explosives Works for their hospitality and for the facilities given for holding the meeting. The Cape Section has elected the following officers:-Chairman, Prof.J. Smeath Thomas; Secretary, Dr. C. F. Juritz; 139 Treasurer, Mr. E. H. Croghan; Members of Committee, Prof. E. Newbery and Mr. G. C. Scully; Auditors, Dr. W. Pugh and Mr. M. H. Hallack. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Mr. J. Adam Watson has retired from the position of Honorary Secretary on account of pressure of work, and Mr. Charles Forrester, A.I.C. has been elected in his place. Edinburgh and Glasgow.--In furtherance of the scheme of co-operation among societies interested in chemistry, a joint meeting of the Scottish Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry was to have been held at St. Andrews on 28th and 29th May. However, owing to circum- stances following upon the general strike, Principal Sir James Irvine, who was to have addressed the meeting on “Polysac- charides ” was compelled to alter his arrangements and this, coupled with the difficult conditions of transport, rendered it necessary to cancel the meeting.Future arrangements will be notified in due course. Liverpool arid North-Western. On 8th April, at St. George’s Restaurant, the members of the section enjoyed a smoking concert arranged by Mr. F. J. Smith. Mr. Alfred Smetham presided. Manchester and District.-On the 8th March the Section held a meeting at The Manchester Caf6,-Dr. Herbert Levinstein in the chair. The Chairman welcomed as a visitor Mr. Valentine Rawson, a member of the Australian Chemical Institute, whom he asked to convey the best wishes of the Section for the further progress and success of the Australian organisation.Mr. Rawson, in reply, promised to convey the message to the proper quarter, and said that the Australian Institute was endeavouring to follow the lead given by the old country. Mr. Garfield Thomas opened a discussion on the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute, with special reference to the reports on Section meetings. Mr. Thomas expressed the opinion that while the reports often contained matter that was trivial, lectures by very eminent men were omitted or so curtailed that the reports were of no value. He thought that fuller reports were desirable. He commented on the meagre description of some of the papers given on technical subjects. Space was given 140 to personal affairs at the expense of really interesting matter, and no more space was occupied in dealing with an important paper than in describing a cabaret evening. He suggested that the Sections should ensure that their meetings were adequately reported, and that the Publications Committee should give further attention to the editing.He suggested the appointment of an Editor and a Sub-Editor, who should ensure good reports and avoid trivialities. The Chairman said that the members were grateful to Mr. Thomas for his criticism, which was in some respects very sound, and suggested that his notes should be sent to the Local Section committee in order that they might be considered more closely. One important point to be borne in mind was the extreme difficulty, in the chemical world, in financing the journals already in circulation. The proper place for the publication of the technical matter, to which Mr. Thomas had referred, was the Review Section of Chemistry and Ikd&Yy.He, personally, would use all his influence to dissuade the Institute from develop- ing a journal and publishing papers in competition with other societies. The Committee of the Section subsequently forwarded a resolution to the Council advocating that manuscripts of lectures delivered before sections be kept in the Library of the Institute and be available for perusal by Fellows and Associates, and that lists of such manuscripts should appear periodically in the proceedings, together with a short synopsis of the contents. On the same evening, Dr.Meredith Young read an interesting paper on “The Endocrine Glands,” describing the chemical contents of these glands, including the thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, postpituitary, pineal, and suprarenal glands. He touched on their functions and the variability of their secretions with age, sex, diet, and health conditions. He considered that we had not yet arrived at the point at which, from an examination of the blood or serum, we could tell whether the endocrine glands were functioning normally, but thought this would be possible in the near future. In the discussion which followed, Dr. Levinstein, Mr. Melling, Mr. Scholefield, Dr. Ardern, Mr. L. G. Radcliffe, Mr. Hanna, Mr.Manley, Mr. Rawson, Mr. G. Thomas, and Dr. McClure participated. A vote of thanks, proposed by Mr. Melling, and seconded by Mr. Scholefield, was accorded the lecturer. 141 Notes. Regist ration.-Having regard to the question of registration which is now under consideration of a Special Committee, it is interesting to record that the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec has adopted an Act, which came into force on the 11th March, to incorporate the Association of Professional Chemists of Quebec wherein the title of ‘‘Professional Chemist ” is reserved to members of the Association. The Act, however, does not prevent any other person from practising chemistry provided that he does not assume the name of professional chemist or any other abbreviation thereof.A suggested clause providing for a “closed profession ” was refused reconsideration by the Public Bills Committee. American Chemical Society.-The American Chemical Society celebrates its fiftieth anniversary in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from the 6th to 11th September next, when it is anticipated that 3500 chemists from all parts of the world will be present. Arrangements are being made for meetings in eighteen divisional gatherings devoted to various branches of chemistry. In addition there will be two general meetings of the whole Society with evening entertainments open to mem- bers and visitors. The Society will send no direct invitations for the appointment of specialdelegates from other organisations, but publicly invites all non-American chemists to attend and take part in the meeting on the same basis and under the same conditions as members of the Society.The Society promises a warm welcome is full fellowship to the visiting chemists, who are invited to communicate at once with Mr. Charles L. Parsons, Secretary, Mills Buildings, Washington, D.C., U. S. A. 142 Soci6t6 de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-The Council will be glad to hear from any Fellows who intend to be present at the Sixth Congress of Industrial Chemistry which is to be held at Brussels from 26th September to 3rd October, 1926. The Seventh Congress will be held in Paris in October, 1927, when the Societ6 de Chimie Industrielle will celebrate the centenary of the birth of Marcelin Berthelot.Mr. Herbert Lambourne, formerly Senior Lecturer in Organic Chemistry, University College, Nottingham, from 1919-24,and, later, Head of the Chemistry Department, Borough Polytechnic, has been appointed Head of the School of Chemistry at the Regent Street Polytechnic, in succession to Dr. E. C. Edgar, who has been appointed Principal of the Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Mr. Bernard Cracroft Aston has been elected President of the New Zealand Institute, which holds a place in the Dominion similar to that of the various Royal Societies in the Australian States, and administers government grants for scientific research. At the Science Congress held in Dunedin in February, Mr. Aston received the Hector Research Medal which is awarded annually in rotation for the Sciences-Botany, Chemistry, Ethnology, Geology and Physics.A donation of E250 has been made from the general funds of the Institute to the Library of the Chemical Society for the year 1926. The Council of the Society will continue to allow the use of the Library to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute as before. 143 The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). ON 29th April, a meeting of the Association was held at the Institute, Professor Arthur Smithells, President, in the Chair. The Registrar and Mr. C. F. Tumber, Vice-president of the Association, dealt with the subject of “Alchemy, Past and Present,”-the former showing a considerable number of lantern slides indicating the nature of the activities of the early alchemists, and the latter dealing with the more modern developments, indicating the present possibilities of “transmutation.” The President, in thanking the lecturers, gave a brief summary of the position.Owing to the inconvenience caused by the strike and also owing to a prospective alteration in the constitution of the Association, the Annual General Meeting has been postponed until October. 144 Agril-May Examinations, 1926. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places scheduled below. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed was :-For the Associateship- No.examined. No passed. At the Institute, 19th to 24th April .. 21* 9 At the Indian Institute of Scienco, Bangalore, in April .. .. .. 2 0 For the Fellowship- At the Institute and the Royal School of Mines: Branch (A), Section 11, Metallurgy; 26th to 30th April .. At the Institute: SBranch (B), Physical Chemistry, with special reference to Cereals; 26th April .. .. .. At the Royal College of Science: Branch (B),Physical Chemistry with special reference to Electro-chemical Pro-cesses, 19th to 22nd April .. .. 1 1 At the Institute: Branch (C), Organic Chemistry with special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes; 26th to 30th April .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 At the Institute: Branch (C), Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Paints and Varnishes, 26th to 30th April .... .. .. .. 1 0 At the Institute: Branch (E),The Chemistry, including microscopy, of Foods and Drugs, and of Water, 26th April to 1st iWay . . .. 7 At the University, Manchester : SpecialOral examination in Bio-Chemistry 1 -36 -* Six candidates failed only in the translation of French and German literature, and one only in the translation of German literature. One candidate passed the examination in the translation of French and German literature, one in French translation, and two in German translation, thus completing their examination. 145 PASS LIST. Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. Bond, Edward John, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Ham Municipal College.Bothamley, Richard Parkinson, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Nottingham. Bourns, Frank, The Technical College, Loughborough. Coucill, Joe Harrop, A.M.C.T., Manchestcr College of Technology. Elvidge, Wilfred Farrand, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Nottingham. Groves, Ida Mary, B.Sc. (Birm.), The University, Birmingham. Henshaw, Charles Royston, A.M.C.T., Manchester College of Technology. Massie, Duncan MeRobert, A.M.C.T., Royal Technical College, Salford; and Manchester College of Technology. Reid, Eric, Liverpool Central Technical School. Examination for the Pellowship. In Brunch A: Inorganic Chemistry, Section II: Metallurgy. Forrester, Charles. In Branch B: Physical Chemistry. Byrne, Laurence James Patrick, B.Sc.(Birm.). Herd, Clifford William, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E: The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Pood and Drugs, and of Water. Chalmers, Frederick Grant Duncan, M.A., l3.S~.(Ahrd.). Fraser, James Ross, A.C.G.F.C., I3 .Sc. (Lond.) . Hope, William Plenderleith Lewellen, B.Sc. (Ediii.). House, Cecil John, A.R.C.S., l3.S~. (Lond.). McKean, John Brown. Napier, Oswald James Walter, M.A. (Cantnb.). In Brunch P: Biochemistry. Boyd, Major Thomas Crawford, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. (Ireland), D.P.H. 146 FOR INEXAMINATIONTHE ASSOCIATESHIP GENERAL CHEMISTRY. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The compulsory question in the first paper elicited very fair answers as regards the work of Mendeleev, except that candidates did not always bear in mind that some elements had been discovered since his presentation of the Periodic Law.As regards the atomic number, most of the replies were very vague, and only one candidate hazarded a definition. Essays on the specific heats were dis- appointing : the candidates who chose this question appeared to be ignorant of work subsequent to that of Dulong and Petit. More care is required in reading the questions; several candidates gave information not demanded. The work as a whole was very fair, the weakest answers being given to questions dealing with inorganic chemistry. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-The answers to questions in organic chemistry were more satisfactory than on the two previous occasions. LANGUAGES.-sP€!Cial attention is called to the failure of six candidates in the translation of French and German literature.The importance of this part of the examination does not seem to be sufficiently realised by some of the candidates. PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS.-In the practical work the candidates continue their experiments until a few minutes before the close of the examination with the result that in many instances the quantitative results are either left uncalculated or are vitiated by mistakes in arithmetic. This observation applies to both the inorganic and organic sections of the practical work. EXAMINATION THE FELLOWSHIP.--In the examination FOR in Branch E., The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Foods and Drugs, and of Water, the work showed a general, marked improvement on that of previous examinations. The micros- copical work was somewhat weak, and much more attention should be paid to this branch of the subject.More attention should also be given to Statutory Regulations, and to the wording of certificates under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. The following papers and exercises were given in the:- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 19th APRIL, 1926. 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions to be attempted, of which No. 1 is compulsory.) 1. Give an account of the periodic law as presented by MendelBev. To what extent have Mendelhev’s conclusions been modified and extended by the discovery of the atomic numbers? 2. Give an account of the preparation, properties and reactions of THREE of the following:- Pure 30 per cent.hydrogen peroxide, Caro’s acid, nitrosyl chloride, potassium borofluoride, cuprous chloride (dry), hypophos- phorous acid. 3. Either Describe current processes for the manufacture of hydrochloric acid on the industrial scale, indicating the conditions which would determine the choice of process. Or Describe the by-products in the Leblanc, Solvay and electrolytic processes for the manufacture of caustic soda from salt. Shew how these by-products have been utilised and discuss tho effect of this utilisation on the choice of process. 4. What is the action of water on the following:-Sodium peroxide,aluminium carbide, pyrophosphoryl chloride, lead tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride.5. Discuss the influence of the work of Black, Cavendish and La- voisier on the development of chemical theory. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions to be attempted.) 1. What is implied by the term “allotropy”? Give an account, with examples, of the application of physico-chemical methods to the study of allotropes. 2. Draw up a scheme for the determination of ONE of the following:- (a) Zinc oxide and antimony sulphide; (b) Aluminium, titanium, iron and thorium in a mineral. (c) Hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen cyanide, and carbon dioxide in a gas mixture containing these three gases in quantity. 3. Mention the chief orzs of nickel. Describe tho processes now 4. Discuss at least two different methods for the determination in use for the extraction of the metal.For what purposes is nickel useful? of atomic weights. 5. Write a short essay on either (a) The effect of surface on the reaction velocity of gases, or (b) The atomic heat of tho solid dements. TUESDAY, 20th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. By what industrial processes can glacial acetic acid be manu- factured ? Outline methods for converting this acid into (u) acetic anhy- dride, (b) acetonitrile, (c) ketene, (d) diethyl malonate. 148 2. Write an account of the preparation and properties of hydro- carbons having the general formula CnR2n-2. Give TWO examples o the application of these hydrocarbons in chemical industry. 3. Describe the practical working of the Grignard reaction and give a theoretica,l explanation of the process.Illustrate the utility of the reaction by one example of each of the following synthetic operations :-(a) production of tertiary alcohols, (b) synthesis in the terpene series. 4. Give a general description of the preparation and properties of aldo-and keto-oximes. Illustrate your answer by TWO typical examples each of (a) stereoisomerism of oximes, (b) the Beckmann change. 5. Either Write graphic formulae for anthracene ancl anthraquinone and adduce evidence in support of these chemical constitutions. Givo TWO examples of the employment of anthraquinone in the production of synthetic colouring matters, Or Write a concise essay on the diazo-reaction, giving examplcs of the use of this general reaction in (a) determining orientation of substituents in aromatic nuclei, (b) the production of technically important azo-dyes.2 to 3.30 p.m. The candidates wero required to translate into English passages from the Berichte and from Chimie et Industrie. WEDNEXDAY, 21st APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Solution A contains two organic liquids and an organic solid. Identify these three constituents ancl submit your report to the examiners immediately on completing t'he qualitative analysis. (A1=Methyloxalate, methyl alcohol, and chloroform ; A2 = iwethyl oxalate, acetone, and carbon tetrachloride. 2. Estimate the amount of the solid constituent present in a litre of solution A. (This exercise may, if necessary, be completed to-morrow.) T'HURSDAY, 22nd April, 1926: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Ascertain the nature of the dissolved substance in aqueous L= m-zylidine; B2= p-xylidine).solution B and if possible identify it. (B1 2. Ascertain the amount of orgcwic compound in solution l3 expressingthe result in grams per litre. FRIDAY, 23d APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. lo 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the solution C, (C'ornmercial water glass2. Determine tho iron, potassium and oxalic acid in solution D. containing excess of Silica). (This exercise may be continued on the following day.) SATURDAY, 24th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Conclude the analysis of solution D. 2. Determine the ratio of sodium to silica in solution C. 148 Branch A.-Inorganic Chemistry.Section 11. Metallurgy. MONDAY, 26th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. How would you sample :-(a) A cargo of 1,000 tons of blende, while unloading? (b) Two hundred pigs of rich argentiferous lead? (c) Ten 500 oz. ingots of gold bullion, obtained from the zinc box precipitate of a cyanide plant? 2. Give the charges you would consider suitable for the dry assay of the following gold ores:- (a) A telluride ore. (b) A basic ore, containing barytes. (c) A highly pyritic ore, containing blende. 3. What do you understand by the Calorific Power of a coal? In what units may this be expressed? Show tho relationship existing between these units. 4. Outline the method you would adopt for tho rapid estimation of tho principal constituents of the slag from a blast furnace producing copper matte.5. Give methods for the determination of (a)phosphorus in a phos- phor bronze, (b) antimony in a bearing metal. 6. Describe the determination of carbon in a steel rail by a suitable combustion method. 7. Describe briefly the methods you would use for the determination of (a)the chief constituonts of a producer gas, as a control of tho running of the producer; (b) the sulphur dioxide in the flue from a battery of roasting furnaces. 8. What are the principal by-products obtained from coke-oven gases? Describe the method of treatment for the recovery of these by- products on a large scale. 2 to 6 p.m. (SIX questions only to be answered.) 1.Give the chemistry of tho process of iron smelting in a blast furnace in which coke and hot blast) are used for the reduction of the iron ore when limestono is added as a flux. 2. Give an outline of the various changes which take place in the bmic Bessemer and basic open-hearth processes. Compare the relative advantages and disadvantages of the two processes. 3. Describe the process you would recommend for the treatment of an ore of the following composition in order to obtain those metals which can be economically extracted. Give your reasons for the process you select:-Iron pyrites .. .. .. 15 per cent. Copper pyrites .. * * 3 ,, I, Galena .. .. --5 ,I 9) Zinc blendo . . .. '' I) IJ Lime . . .. .. * 12 )J Magnesia .. .. * 3 ,, >* Alumina .. .. * >J J2 Silica, . . .. .. * ' 60 1, 2, Silver . . .. .. .. 40 02;s. per ton. Gold .. .. .v .* 5dwts. per ton. 150 4. Describe the process for the desilverisation of argentiferous lead by means of zinc. Illustrate Tour answer with the aid of sketches of the plant used. 5. What ores are used for the production of aluminium? Describe their preparation, and the method of obtaining aluminium from them. 6. Discuss the changes undergone by a metal during the operations of grinding, polishing and etching, and state the conditions that must be fulfilled if a surface satisfactory for microscopic examination is to be obtained. 7. Describe a research form of pyrometer, suitable for investigating small thermal changes in alloys. How would you calibrate the instrument ? 8.Two ores (A) and (B) have the composition shown in the table. These ores are to be smelted in the proportions:- (A) 600 lbs. (B) 2,500 lbs. Calculate: (a) The amount of limestone to be added to yield a sesqui-silicate slag. (b) The percentage loss of sulphur and copper if the matte produced weighs 1,000 lbs., and assays:-Copper . . .. .. 35 per cent. Sulphur . . .. -. 25 ,, ,, Iron .. .. * * 40 8, J8 How would you expect the above slag to behave in the running of the furnace? TABLE. SiO, Fe CaO A1,0, CU s Yo Yo % Yo % % Copper ore (A) .. . . 2.5 37.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 46.0 Copper ore (B) . . .. 58.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 13-0 1.0 Limestone .... .. --55.0 ---TUESDAY, 27th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the chief constituents, including gold and silver, in a sample of Broken Hill Ore. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, 28th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Make a qualitative analysis of the sample of bearing metal and determine the percentages of the chief constituents. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, 29th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the percentages of carbon, silicon, phosphorus and manganese in a sample of steel. (Thk exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 30th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Submit the given samplo of steel to a complete examination under the microscope, report on its structure, especially in connection with the heat-treatment it has recently received.Branch 6.-Physical Chemistry, with special reference to Cereals. MONDAY, 26th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions to be answered. The candidate can pass by answering four.) 1. Explain exactly what is meant by “the PHvalue” of an aqueous solution. How may it be determined ? Represent graphically the change in PHvalue during neutralisation and discuss in this connexion the significance of “buffer solutions.” 2. Deduce the thermodynamic relationship which exists between the osmotic pressure and the rise of boiling point for a solution of a non-volatile solute in a volatile solvent. The osmotic pressure of an aqueous soluton of a certain carbohydrate is 10 atmospheres at 25°C.Calculate the boiling point of this solution under a pressure of 760 mm. 3. What explanation have you to offer of the following facts? Correlate these as far as you can with recognised general principles:- (a) The freezing point depression found for a solution is smaller than that calculated from the constant for the solvent and the simple molecular formula of the solute. (b) The heat of neutralisation of a strong acid with a strongbase is a constant. (c) A salt solution can be raised to its boiling point at (say)105”, by injecting steam generated at 100”. (d) A partially hydrolysed salt has an abnormally high electrical conductivity. (e) Silver acetate is more soluble in dilute nitric acid than in pure water.4. Discuss the bearing of the following factors on the conductivity of an electrolyte solution :-(a) degree of ionisation; (b) viscosity of the medium; (c) tcrnperature; (d) complexity of the ions. 5. Discuss the evidence in support of the view that colloid particles carry an electric charge, and show how the properties of the colloid are affected by this charge. 6. What do you understand by “the Avogadro number ? ” Describe two lines of experimental research which have led Lo the evaluation of this constant. 7. Contrast the characteristics of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, illustrating your remarks by references to experimental work which has been carried out in recent years.8. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) The Le Chatelier-Braun principle of mobile equilibrium. (b) Van’t Hoff’s contribution to the basis of physical chemistry. (c) The scope and significance of Hittorf’s work. 152 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions to be answered. The candidate can pass by answering four questions.) 1. Write a short account of the interaction between mono-calcium phosphate and (a) calcium hydroxide, (b) sodium bicarbonate. How does the hydrogen ion concentration alter as the reactions proceed and what light does this throw on the nature of the products formed ? Discuss the reactions in connection with the leavening process. 2. In 1920, 293 samples of hard spring wheat grown in N.Dakota were examined and it was found that the correlation co-eflcient connectingtest weight per bushel and yield of flour was + 0.822 f0.019. lridicate briefly how the probable error (P.E.)and correlation coefficicnts are cal- culated. Discuss the significance of a high positive coefficient and of the P.E. 3. Two duplicate lots of No. 1 N. Manitoba wheat are cleaned and milled under identical conditions, the one difference in treatment being that one lot is passed direct from the hydrolyser (T = 110°F.)to the grinding bin (T. of the wheat on reaching the bin = 90°F.). the other lot is cooled to 70°F. before reaching the bin. Time in bin = 48 hours. Draw up a scheme of laboratory and baking tests that would afford maximum information concerning the effects of these different treatments on the baking quality of the flour.Give details of the baking tests you would employ and indicate to what extent the usual commercial baking test is unsatisfactory in this case. 4. Discuss the significance to the miller of the ash content of flour. To what extent is the ash content correlated with other properties of flour ? 5. Write a short account of the principal enzyme reactions that occur in a fcrrnenting dough. To what extent, if any, is the ripening process modified by the atlclitiori of “yeast such as malt extract and/or ammonium phosphate ? 6. Discuss the changes that take place in flour during storage. How are such storage changes affected by (a) moisture, (b) temperature? glutenin content x gluten quslity factor b 7.It has been stated that --~~----’---A=loaf volume a constant. Explain this and describe in some detail the evidence on which it is based. To what extent is the above statement supported by recent work? 8. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) Wheat conditioning. (b) Flour bleaching. (c) Past and present theories of the “strength” of flour. (d) Tho function of the chemist in flour mill control, Branch B.-Physical Chemistry, with special reference to Electro-Chemical Processes. MONDAY to T’HURSDAY, 19th to 22nd APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Report on the eficiency of the secondary cell supplied. 2. Make an experimental study, as complete as time will permit, of the yield of ammonium persulphate obtainable by electrolysing am-monium sulphate solutions, more especially in relation to such factors as electrode material, current density, condition of electrode surface, temperature and acidity.Branch C.--Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Paints and Varnishes. MONDAY, 26th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Two questions to answered out of Part I and THREE out of Part II.) PARTI. 1. Discuss the development of our present views on the relationship between the optical activity of certain organic substances in solution and the molecular structure of such substances. How far may the disappearance, change or reversal of tho former be interpreted in terms of the latter? 2.Write an essay on the part aceto-acetic ester has played in the development of organic chemistry. 3. Give a brief account of the influence of unsaturation on the physical and chemical properties of organic compounds. PART11. 4. Illustrate by examples the valuc and limitations of the following methods employed for the determination of the structure of organiccompounds : Zinc dust distillation, fusion with potash, treatment with ozone, the Beckmanil change, X-ray analysis. 5. What views are held at present on the indcpcndent existence of free radicals ? 6. Give an account of the manufacture of one of tho following: (a) Calcium carbide and substances derived therefrom; (b) The synthetic perfumes. 7.Discuss the following statement: “The entrance of oxygeninto a carbon compound cawes in gencral an increase in the velocity of react,ions and tends to overcome the iiicrtia of carbon compounds.” TUESDAY to THURSDAY, 27th to 29th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse tho specimcn nurnbcrcd 1 arid report on its suitability or 2. Analyse the specimen numbered 2. (Awhite paint.) otherwise for interior and exterior application. (A nitro-cellulose Varnish.) FRIDAY, 30th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p-m. Carry out a complete examination of the pure organic substance in the solution supplied. (Di-ethyl. phthalate.) Branch C.-Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes. MONDAY, 26th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. As for previous Branch. 154 2 to 5 p.m. 1. What physical and chemical tests would you employ in tho examin- ation and valuation of mineral lubricating oils ? 2. Describe methods suitable for use on a large scale for the con- version of oleic acid into candle material. 3. Give a short description of the methods and plant employed for the production of petrol and light burning oil from crude mineral oil. 4. What oils and fats are used in the preparation of margarine? Describe briefly the methods employed in the manufacture of margarine. 6. Write a brief account of the preparation of essential oil of bitter almonds. To which groups of compounds do essential oils owe their principal characteristics ? TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, and THURSDAY, 27th to 29th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Analyse and report upon the foI1owing:- 1. The mixture of oils A. (Mineral and rosin oils.) 2. The sample of woolsuds B. 3. The wax C. (A beeswm substitute.) FRIDAY, 30th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. As for previous Branch. Branch E.-The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 26th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 pm. 1. What is meant by the term P, value? How may this value be determined by other than electrometric methods ? 2. Explain the following terms : Colloid, Dialysis, Gel, Adsorption,Enzyme. 3. Discuss the application of the spectroscope to examinations conducted in the laboratory of a Public Analyst. (Answer in a separate notebook.) 1.State what is known concerning the active principles contained in digitalis leaves, and discuss the therapeutic use of preparations made from these leaves. 2. What precisely are “Tincturae ” and “Extracta Liquida” ? 3. What symptoms follow upon an overdose of opium? State Mention three examples of each, giving their medicinal doses. fully and exactly the methods you would employ for the detection of morphia in a case of supposed poisoning by that alkaloid. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. State what you know of the official regulations governing the labelling and sale of Dried Milk and Condensed Milk. 2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of colouring matters in food. Which, if any, of such colouring matters do you regard as injurious to health ? 155 3.Give the method of preparation, and some uses to which they are put in analysis, of the following substances: (a) Hydroxylamine. (b) Potassium perchlorate. (c) Hydrogen peroxide. 4. Outline a scheme for the bacteriological examination of Milk. 5. Describe the methods you would employ to determine whether or not a sewage effiuent complies with the Royal Commission standards for an effluent fit for discharge into a stream. TUESDAY, 27th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Analyse the sample of butter and report upon it on the accompanying form. (Amixture of butter and cocoa-nut oil.) WEDNESDAY, 28th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. From a microscopical examination only, report as far as you can on the specimens, A, B, and C.(A. Pepper and rice starch ; B. around cinnamon ; C. Mixture ojstarches.) 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the specimen D, which is a mixture of two substances only. (Phenacetin and cafSeeine.) 3. Determine the Nitrogen as Nitrates in the sample of Water E. THURSDAY, 29th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse as fully as possible the Milk Powder F. 2. Identify the irritant poison in the specimen of Beer G. (Phenol one per cent.) FRIDAY, 30th APRIL, 1926: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The Medicine M is supposed to have been dispensed in accordance with the following prescription :-Spirit Ammon Aromat. 3iv Sodii Bicarb. 3ii Sodii Salicyl. 3ii Aqua ad. 'piii Analyse the medicine and report as to the correctness of the dispensing.(Deficient in Sod. salicylate and Sod. bicarbonate.) SATURDAY, 1st May, 1926: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Assume that the apple provided has been subjected to "rayingwith an arsenical preparation. Decide whether the amount presentis likely to be harmful to a consumer. 2. Examine the two samples of blood, A and B, microscopically.Decide which, if either, is of a mammalian origin. Make permanent preparations to show the form of the corpuscles. 3. Report on the objects to be seen microscopically in the sediment C, 156 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented recently by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Antiques : Their Restoration and Preservation.” A.Lucas. Pp. i to viii+136. (London: Edward Arnold & Co.) 6s. Restoration : cleaning; repairing; strengthening; renewing. Preser-va.tion: light; moisture; duht ; insects; bacteria; handling. Prescr-vative coatings; application of methods to specific materials ; simplephysical and chemical tests. “Chimie G4n@rale et Industrielle.” Vol. V. E. Molinari, translated from the Italian by 13. de Vivik and M. Amic. Pp. 793. (Paris: Dunod). 109 frs. Completes “ Organic Chemistry,” of which tho first part was the subject of Vol. IV. Vols. I and I1treated of gcneral laws and metalloids, and Vol. 111, of metals. ‘‘ Chemistry in Modern Life.” Svante Arrhenius, translated from the Swedish and revised by C.S.Leonard. Pp. xvi t 286. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 15s. Ancient ideas about the constitution of matter; the groundwork of scientific chemistry; fire, oxidation and reduction ; tools and metals ; the cultural value of silica; the chemistry of the earth’s crust; ores and fossil fuels; the chemistry of water and air; sources of energy; electricity and chemistry; the course of a chemical process; dym, perfumes and drugs; cellulose and rubber; chemistry and thc bread question ; housekeeping with the treasures of nature. “Dyestuffs and Coal Tar Products: Their Chemistry, Manu- facture and Application.” Edited by Geoffrey Martin. 4th edition. Pp. xi + 168. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son.) 16s. Industry of coal tar and coal tar products, synthetic colouring matters and natural dyestuffs ; the dycing and colour-printing industry; modern inks; saccharine and other sweetening chemicals; modern synthetic drugs; photographic chemicals.“Glass Manipulation, Practical.” D. B. Briggs. Pp. xvi + 29. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son.) 2s. 6d. 157 “Zinc Oxide.” D. B. Faloon. Pp. x + 145. (London: Bombay and Sydney: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 12s. History of zinc; ores; technical study of the pigment; French and American processes ; physical and chemical specifications of all grades of zinc oxide ; physical and analytical testing methods; Government specifications. Organic Compounds, The Preparation and Analysis of .” J. B. Coleman and F. Arnall. Pp. xvi. + 352.(London: J. & A. Churchill.) 15s. A comprehensive course of practical organic chemistry for students. Section I : General processes of manipulation ; Section I1: Preparations ; Section I11 : Qualitative identification of compounds ; Section IV : Processes of ultimate analysis ; Section V : Determination of molecular weights and estimation of typical groups. 0bituary. BERNARDCECIL HARTLEYdied at Bradford on the 24th March in his 47th year. Born at Bradford, Yorkshire, he was educated at New York High School, and passed the preliminary examination of the College of the City of New York. From 1903 to 1907 he took the full diploma course of the Bradford Technical College, and then became an Assistant Chemist with Messrs. Lever Bros., Ltd.In 1911 he was appointed Chemist to the Bradford Corporation Electricity Department, and in 1913 held an appoint- ment with Messrs. Hill, France & Gardiner, Dyers, at Yeadon. He served throughout the war in the R.A.M.C., and in 1919 obtained an appointment as Chemist to the West Riding Chemical Co., Ltd., Mirfield. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. 158 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 30th April, 1926,6 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 24 new Associates were elected, and 16 Students were admitted. The list of Fellows, Associates and Students elected in June will be published in Part IV. The Institute has lost I Fellow and I Associate by death. Assoaiates elected to the Fellowship.Bennett, William Gordon, D.Sc. (Leeds), Ardlea, Waterloo Gardens, Antrim Road, Belfast. Burton, Donald, M.B.E., D.Sc. (Leeds), Messrs. W. Walker & Sons, Ltd., Rose Hill Tannery, Bolton, Lancs. Callister, Cyril Percy, M.Sc. (Melb.), Annandale, Lockwood Avenue,N. Brighton, Victoria, Australia. Jones, Alfred Owen, 390, Wakefield Road, Huddcrsfield. Matthews, Marcus Aurelius, D.Sc. (Lond.), 28, The Crescent, Loughton. Robinson, Percy Lucock, M.Sc. (Dun.), 60, Earl’s Dene, Low Fell, Gates- head. New Associates. Askew, Henry Oscar, M.A. (N.Z.), Chemistry Department, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Bangham, Philip Fletcher, M.Sc. (Liv.), 91, Wellington Avenue, Wavertree, Liverpool.Boyd, George Hanson, B.Sc. (Glas.), 31, Second Avenue, King’s Park, Cathcart, Glasgow. Cooper, James Marchbanks, 79, Balgreen Road, Murrayfield, Edinburgh. Edmondson, William, B.A. (Oxon), Magdalen College, Oxford. Fawson, Harold Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 67, Marriott Road, Tollington Park, London, N.4. Gaj jar, Madanlal Jekisanlas, M.A. (Bombay), Vanita Vishram Buildings, Sandhurst Road, Girgaum, Bombay, 4, India. Gardner, William Kidston, B.Sc. (Glas.), Dorra-Tor, Cambridge Avenue, Clydebank, Glasgow. Gupta, Setysranjan Das, M.Sc. (Cal.), Dr. Ing. (Darmstadt), Hooghly College, Chinsura P.O., Bengal, India. Henderson, Stanley Thomas, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), The Cottage, Balmoral, Belfast. Jackson, Charles Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 113, Victoria Road, Alexandra Park, London, N.22.Johnson, Christopher Hollis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Craven Road, Reading. Marshall, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 434, Halifax Road, Buttenshaw, Bradford Martin, Austin Raymond, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 4, Alexandra Villas, Dorchester, Dorset. 159 Puttick, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 61, The Grove, Hammersmith, London, W.6. Rees, Ralph Llewellyn, B.A. (Cantab.), Ty Gwyn, Pembroke Dock. Rogers, Edward, Ph.D. (Liv.), Woodlands, Llanasa, Holywell, N. Wales. Rothwell, Raymond Seymour, Dunham, The Grove, Radlett, Herts. Stephen, Herbert William, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 28, Alexandra Place, Stirling, Scotland. Stern, Isaac, B.Sc. (Lond.), 120, Sidney Street, Mile End, London, E.l. Sutton, George Donald, M.Sc.(Liv.), 9, Blundell Avenue, Birkdale, Southport. New Associates (by Examination). Hatt, Harold Herbert, Weybrook Farm, Sherborne St. John, Basingstoke,Rants. Smith, Ernest Lester, 637, Garratt Lane, Earlsfield, London, S.W. 18. Smith, Norman Heath, B.Sc.Tech. (Vict.), Hillcroft, Spencer Avenue, Leek, Staffs. New Students. Abercrombie, John Calder, 14, Ardeer Cottages, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Coppock, Philip Dalton, 60, Albany Road, Victoria Park, Manchester. Craddock, Thomas John, 75, Endsleigh Gardens, Ilford, Essex. Dearnley, Frank, 138, Worsley Road, Winton, Patricroft, Manchester. Field, Thomas Howard John, 20, Ellkcombe Road, Charlton, London,S.E.7. Gordon, Joseph, 6, Tinkler’s Terrace, Lumley, Fence Houses, Co. Durham. Hutchings, George Charles, 109, Palmerston Road, Wimbledon, London, S.W.19. Lawrence, Arthur Jack Lloyd, Halkyn, Rhyl, N.Wales. Lindsey, Arthur James, 3, Clifton Avenue, Walthamstow, London, E. 17. Meggy, Francis Alfred, 60, Alleyn Road, Dulwich, London, S.E.21. Mollet, Tom Vincent, 98, Inderwick Road, Hornsey, London, N.8. Roberts, Arthur Loten, 44, Blenheim Street, Prince’s Avenue, Hull. Rogers, Reginald Charles, 11, Waddon Road, Croydon, Surrey. Storm, Francis Cecil, 36, Margravine Gardens, Baron’s Court, London, W.6. Thorn, Miss Vera Millicent, 72, Harlescott Road, Nunhead, London, S.E.16. Wilson, Thomas Norman Gold, 6, Caledonian Road, Ardeer, Stevenston, Ayrshire. DEATHS. Fellow. Charles James Shaw Makin. Associate. Bernard Cecil Hartley.160 General Notices. September Examinations, 1 926.-Examinations will be held from 20th to 25th September, and 27th September to 2nd October next. The list of entries will close on 19th July. Notice to Associates,-Associates elected prior to June, 1923, who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations for admission to the Fellowship. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s.6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. 161 The Library,-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held.The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemica1,Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesel1schaft.-- The Council will be grateful to any member who will assist in making up the Institute’s set of the Berichte for the year 1924.Dr. R. S. Cahn, A.I.C., has kindly presented the volume for 1925; and Mr. John Wilson, A.I.C., is continuing to lend the Institute the current numbers of this journal. Changes of Add ress.-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanenzt addresses for registration. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal.Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms:-Buckram case, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and pasking, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. 162 Lanter n SI ides for Lect u res,-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry.Sir George Beilby Memorial.-The Joint Committee of Officers and representatives of the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Metals, and the Society of Chemical Industry will be glad to receive further contributions towards the fund for the establishment of a memorial to the late Sir George Beilby. From the income of the Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, awards will be made to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work in science, bearing in mind the special interests of Sir George Beilby, viz., applied chemistry, chemical engineering, and metallurgy. The proposal does not imply an award on the result of a competition for work on a set theme or the solution of a definite scientific problem, but the recognition of work of exceptional merit.The Joint Committee hopes to raise a sum of not less than .&ooo-providing an income of about L250 a year for awards. Contributions may be addressed to the Hon. Secretaries, Beilby Memorial Fund, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1.