Mental disorders are not only common in the general population but are also one of the most prevalent group of conditions seen in primary care populations.The growing awareness of the need to organize services at the primary care level has resulted in a large number of studies of the general population and those attending primary care. The general population studies show that majority of the ill people are not getting treatment. Of those attending primary care, 3-35% are suffering from depressive disorders, with a median value of 10%. Special population groups have higher prevalence rates. Another emerging issue is the comorbidity of anxiety disorders with depressive disorders, alcohol and drug abuse and physical and mental disorders. There is growing recognition of the burden of untreated depression on the individuals and community. Research is also emphasizing the role of social factors as causes. A number of innovative programmes of care and training materials for the primary care personnel have been developed both in developed and developing countries.