THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1930. PART VI. -_I__________ Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C. I. December, 1930. Publications Committee, 1930-31 LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), H.B. BROWN, H.V. A. BRISCOE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, A. M. CAMERON, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, C. 5.GIBSON, W. H.GIBSON, T.P. HILDITCH, L. E. HINKEL, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Xon. Treasurev), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H.M. MASON, C.A. MITCHELL, W. D. ROGERS, WILLIAM WARDLAW, F. J. WILSON, A. W.M.WINTLE. 309 Proceedings of the Council. NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1930. Edward William Voe1cker.-The Council reports with deep regret the death of Mr. Edward William Voelcker, and places on record its high appreciation of his valuable services to the Institute. He had been a Fellow for 50 years, had served as a Member of Council for four periods of three years each, and as a Vice-president for two such periods. He will be remembered especially as Honorary Treasurer from 1918to 1924,a period of considerable difficulty, during which the affairs of the Institute were, largely through his enthusiasm and devotion, put upon an assured basis.The Council also recalls that during the same period the Benevolent Fund was inaugurated and was administered under his chairmanship from 1920until his retirement from the office of Honorary Treasurer in 1924. Proposed Petition for a Supplemental Charter.-With this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Fellows and Associates will receive copies of a Draft Petition to H.M. the King in Council and of a Supplemental Charter, the object of which is to secure exclusively to the members of the Institute the privilege and right to describe themselves as “Chartered Chemists.” The reasons which have prompted the Council to take this action are clearly indicated in the Petition. The Council intends to submit the proposed Petition and Supplemental Charter to the Annual General Meeting, to be held on 2nd March, 1931,and to ask for the approval of the Fellows and Associates thereto.Fellows and Associates are invited to express their views on this matter before 30th January, 1931. The documents will then be put into final form and, in due course, will be issued to the members with the notice convening the Annual General Meeting. 310 The Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act.-The statement r?n the impending lapse of the Dyestuffs Act, which was published in the JOURSAL AXD PROCEEDIXGS,Part V, pages 279 to 282, and issued to members of both Houses of Parliament and to thv public press, dealt with the influence of the -4ct on the education of British chemists and on the progress of research in industry.On 19th November the President of the Board of Trade announced in the House of Commons that the Government had decided to allow the Act to lapse on the appointed date-15th January, 1931. He said that it had been provided that the Act should lapse in ten years, and the confidential report of the Committee of Inquiry showed that the industry had reached a stage at which it was capable of meeting a large proportion of the needs of dyestuff users. Organisations of employers and em-ployees concerned with textile interests in Yorkshire and Lancashire had represented that the burden of developing the dyestuffs industry had fallen mainly on them. There had, however, been controversy as to whether dye users would be prejudiced by the continuance of the Act, and the Minister saw no reason why the matter should not be further discussed.The views expressed by the Council of the Institute, that the result of the lapse of this legislation would check the supply of trained organic chemists, so essential in modern industry, received a considerable measure of support in the public press, and from correspondents, including Field Marshal Sir W. R. Robertson, whose letter, published in The Times on 25th Novem- ber, dealt with the matter from the point of view of national safety and acknowledged the services rendered by chemists in the provision of munitions and drugs during the war. On 1st December, moreover, The Tivzes published a manifesto to the Prime Minister, signed by fifteen professors of chemistry in British Universities, showing that anything which tended to check the growth of the schools of organic chemistry was a blow at the future of a great many industries, besides those most obviously and immediately concerned, and pleading for recon- sideration by the Government of their decision, so as to ensure conditions which would allow the continued development of the dyestuff and organic chemical industries in this country.It was obvious that a matter of such an exceptional character and of such grave consequence deserved full consideration. The matter was debated by the House of Commons in Committee on the 4th November, on an amendment, moved by Sir P. Cunliffe 31 1 Lister, to provide that the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act, 1920, should be included in the Expiring Laws Continuance Bill, and that the Act be continued until January qth, 1936.In the course of the debate, Sir John Simon pleaded for a continuance of the Act for a time and for a really effective enquiry in the meantime, but the amendment was eventually negatived by 255 votes to 225. In the House of Lords, however, when the Expiring Laws Continuance Bill was under consideration on the 15th December, an amendment was passed, by 87 votes to 14, to ensure that the Dyestuffs Act should continue in force for twelve months, which decision was eventually adopted by both Houses, the Expiring Laws Continuance Act receiving the Royal Assent on 19th December.Methylated Spirits.-In JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111, 1929, it was reported that a Committee had been ap- pointed by the Commissioners of Customs and Excise to revise the Statutory Regulations dealing .with Methylated Spirits, and that the Council of the Institute had been invited to make observations and suggestions on a preliminary draft of the new Regulations which had already been prepared. A Special Committee was appointed to deal with the matter, and in Part IV, 1929 (pages 188-191), a Report was given of a Conference between representatives of the Institute and the Customs Commit tee. The Council has now received from the Commissioners a letter of appreciation of the assistance afforded by the Institute in this connection, accompanied by copies of :-The Methylated Spirits Regulations, 1930 (S.R. & 0. 1930, No. 832. Price 5d. net.) A Form of application (Ex. No. 225) for authority to receive Industrial Methylated Spirits and/or Industrial Methy- lated Spirits (Pyridinised) under the Methylated Spirits Regulations, 1930. Notice to Users of Methylated Spirits (No. 50). Notice by the Commissioners of Customs and Excise (No. 53). Notice No. 50 includes the conditions to be observed by Authorised Users; Notice No. 53 deals with the Sale of Industrial Methylated Spirits in quantities not exceeding 312 four gallons at a time, to any authorised users, by wholesale chemists and dispensing chemists specially authorised to sell Industrial Methylated Spirits.The Commissioners have directed special attention to (i) Note 7 on the form of application which states that- “Where it is desired to use Industrial Methylated Spirits for purposes of teaching, research, experiment or trial (including the carrying-on of an industrial process for purposes of ex-periment or trial) the application need only give such informa- tion as will enable the Commissioners to determine whether the authority can properly be granted.” (ii) Paragraph 3 in Notice 50-“No person who on 1st January, 1931,holds any authority to receive methylated spirits is required to apply for a re-grant of that authority. His authority will hold good, but he will be subject to the new Regulations,” and (iii) Paragraph I (a) in Notice 53-“I.Under Regulation No. 50 of the Methylated Spirits Regulations, 1930 (operative as from 1st January, 1931)the Commissioners of Customs and Excise may authorise any wholesale chemists or dispensing chemist who holds (or takes out) a Methylated Spirits Retailer’s Licence, on application by him, to receive Industrial Methylated Spirits for sale as follows :-(a) In any quantity not exceeding four gallons at one time to any ‘authorised user,’ i.e. any person authorised to receive Industrial Methylated Spirits. This is primarily intended to facilitate the purchase of Industrial Methy- lated Spirits by dispensing chemists, medical prac-titioners, dentists, veterinary surgeons, hospitals, nurs- ing homes, universities, colleges, schools, and scientific workers.Sales may, however, be made under this provision to any authorised user, and it will be the duty of the supplying chemist to see that on each occasion he receives from the purchaser a Requisition in the official form.” It appears to be advantageous, from the manufacturer’s point of view, that one bond can be made to cover all uses for a variety of processes, and that uses may be classified into groups instead of being dealt with individually. 313 Attention may also be directed to Note 2 to the Schedule on Form 225, viz.:-In respect of each proposed process or manufacture, such +articulars of the formula to be employed, or of any sub- stances which it is intended to add to or mix with the Methylated Spirits should be given as will enable the Commissioners to determine whether, and, if so, upon what conditions the authority may be gra-nted.(The italics are not in the form.) The Council has been informed, in the course oi discussion with H.M. Customs and Excise, that the intention of Note No. 2 on Form Ex. No. 225 (quoted above) is to permit applicants to confine the disclosure of details of processes to the minimum necessary to enable the Department to judge whether an application can be allowed with due regard to the safety of the Revenue. The essential points on which it is necessary for the Department to be satisfied are (a) that the Industrial Methylated Spirits shall be adequately safeguarded against pilfering or other abuse during the performance of a process, and (b) that no product made with them shall be capable of use as a beverage, or internally as a medicine.Applicants will be well advised to bear these points in mind and to frame the information which they give in their applications accordingly. With regard to research and experiment, in particular, the Council understands that the Customs and Excise Department fully appreciate the impractic- ability of giving more than a certain amount of information, and that the essential thing which will be required from applicants of reputable professional standing is sufficient evidence that the grant of the facilities sought will not expose the Revenue to danger. The Council has been given the fullest assurance that the Commissioners of Customs and Excise will do all in their power to deal reasonably with all questions as they arise, and will consider sympathetically any representations which may be received both from scientific workers and manufacturers. Entrance Fee to the Fellowship.-On a suggestion received from the South Wales Section, the Council proposes to submit at the Annual General Meeting to be held on 2nd March, the following recommendation :-“That as from 2nd March, 1931,the Entrance Fee to the Fellowship for Associates, who have paid an Entrance 314 Fee on admission to the Associateship be reduced to three guineas-(i.e.instead of five guineas) .” The entrance fee of two guineas for-4ssociateshipwas approved by the Annual General Meeting in March, 1922.Theproposed recommendation, therefore, applies to Associates elected since that date. Regulations.-The Council has approved the following additions to the Regulations. At the end of the requirements for admission to the Associate- ship and for exemption from the examination of the Institute, the following paragraph has been added :-5. Candidates who have satisfied the above provisions will also be required to produce satisfactory reports on their careers up to the date of application. If such reports are not considered satisfactory by the Council, an examination may be imposed, even if the candidate has complied with the requirements as regards training and degrees. As an addition to the list of Universities, Colleges and Institutions recognised for the training of Candidates for the examinations of the Institute, the following paragraph has been inserted : Training in the required subjects at a College or Institution recognised by the Institute and the Board of Education under the arrangements for the award of National Certificates in Chemistry, but not included in this List, will be accepted in respect of the first two years of the course or its equivalent, provided that the candidate has previously passed an approved preliminary examination. Pedler Research Scholarship.-The Council has decided to proceed with the appointment of the second Pedler Research Scholar.Applications are therefore invited from Fellows and Associates, who desire to become candidates for the scholarship and are willing to work on one of the following problems:- (a) The accurate determination of very small quantities of (b) The study of the sterols of natural fats, with a view to (c) The study of the acids and esters of fruits, with a view to (d) The study of reactions in emulsions; e.g., the mechanism the alkaline earth metals, under varying conditions.their quantitative separation and diagnostic value. their differentiation and determination. 315 of the saponification of oils and fats by aqueous alkali, or allied subject. The Council will also be prepared to consider an application from any candidate who desires to work on a problem suggested by himself, provided that the solution of such problem is needed in the public interest.The appointment of the scholar will be subject to such conditions as the Council may prescribe, including the following :-The Pedler Scholar will not be permitted to hold any other Scholarship or Bursary, except with the knowledge and consent of the Council. The award will be of the annual value of k300, payable monthly, and be tenable for one calendar year, but at the discre- tion of the Council may be extended for any further period at the same rate. The work shall be conducted in a laboratory approved by the Council and under the general direction of any person or persons duly authorised by the Council for this purpose, who shall report to the Pedler Fund Committee from time to time as required.The Council will defray any necessary expenses of the research out of the Pedler Fund, all such expense being subject to the approval of the Council or of any officer duly authorised for this purpose. The results of the investigations undertaken by the Scholar shall be the property of the Institute and shall be published as the Council may direct. Any such publication, however, shall be in the name of the Scholar solely. Applications should include particulars as to the candidates’ knowledge or experience in the selected field of work, and the names of references. Suggestions may also be made as to the laboratorv in which the work mav be conducted. All amlications &A should be addressed to the Registrar, and should be received at the offices of the Institute not later than Mondav.2nd February, 1931. It is hoped that the successful candidate may be informed of his or her appointment on or before Monday 2nd March, with a view to commencing work as soon as possible after that date. 316 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-The thirteenth Streat- feild Memorial Lecture was given at the Institute on the 21st November by Mr. Bernard F. Howard, Vice-president, who selected as his subject- “Some Notes on the Cinchona Industry.” Mr. Arthur J. Chapman, Vice-president, presided in the unavoidable absence of the President. At the conclusion of the lecture, appreciative remarks were made by Sir Robert Robertson, Professor G. T.Morgan, and Dr. David Hooper, and also by Dr. Roche Lynch and Mr. E. M. Hawkins, on whose motion a vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer. (The lecture will be published and issued to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students as a separate monograph.) Salary Statistics.-The letter issued to all Fellows and Associates in November asking for anonymous, but accurate, information as to their remuneration has resulted in the return up to date of about 3,000 cards. In the past many statements have been made in the press and elsewhere as to the remuneration of the chemical profession. The true position can only be ascer- tained if definite figures are available. Fellows and Associates who have not yet returned the cards sent to them are therefore urged to do so as soon as possible.Contracts of Service.-A draft of a form of contract for chemists in industry has been propared by the Legal and Parlia- mentary Committee, and is now under the consideration of representative employers. This form is not necessarily intended to serve as a model, but has been framed to cover comprehen- sively the terms and conditions which may be incorporated in such a contract, having regard to the interests of both the chemist and his employer. In due course, the form will be referred to legal advisers and will then be published with a view to obtaining the opinions of Fellows and Associates thereon. S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-The second S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, was given at the Institute on 19th December, by Dr.A. E. Dunstan, Member of Council, under the title of ‘‘The Transmutation of the Chemist.” Dr. G. C. Clayton, President of the Institute, presided. 31 7 Dr. Dunstan dealt with the development of the chemist into the man of affairs. Sir Robert Robertson, Mr. Bernard F. Howard, Mr. Edward Hinks and the President, having con-gratulated the lecturer on his discourse, a vote of thanks was accorded to him, and the hope was expressed that he would allow the lecture to be published. British Engineering Standards Association.-Mr. William Macnab has kindly consented to represent the Institute on Sub-committee CH/2gt'4 which is concerned with the Mechani- cal Handling and Treatment of Liquids and Gases.Dr. H. G. Colman has kindly consented to represent the Institute on the Committee for the Revision of the British Standard Specification No. 135-BenzoIe for Motor Fuel. Faraday Centenary Celebrations Fund.-The sum of ,&0 has been subscribed from the general funds of the Institute to the Faraday Centenary Celebrations Fund. Linen Research.-At the opening, by Lord Parmoor, of the Exhibition, arranged by the British Linen Research Association, at the Science Museum, South Kensington, London, on the 24th November, Mr. E. R. Bolton, Member of Council, attended as the representative of the Institute. 318 Local Sections. -Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section of the Institute, held at Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 28th November, Mr.W. Godden read a paper entitled “The occurrence of traces of certain elements in Foodstuffs, and their r81e in Animal Nutrition.” Mr. Godden dealt with the occurrence of iodine in plants and foodstuffs, indicating the variations which were likely to be found and the factors responsible for these. In discussing the rBle of iodine in animal nutrition, he out- lined the earlier work on this aspect and indicated the connection with the study of goitre. More recent feeding trials with different classes of stock were then considered and reference was made to work in progress at the Rowett Research Institute. He emphasised the necessity for large scale trials continued over long periods, using small doses of potassium iodide in order to obtain the requisite information for clear guidance as to the conditions under which it may be advisable to supplement a given ration with small doses of this element.He discussed iron, manganese and copper, and, after giving figures showing their occurrence in plants and foodstuffs, indicated the possible inter-relationship of these three elements in animal metabolism, particularly from the point of view of blood regenera- tion and haemoglobin formation. Finally, he referred briefly to aluminium, indicating the different views held as to the possible r61e of this element in nutrition. Mr. Godden expressed the opinion that, apart from iodine and iron, whatever might be their r61e in nutrition, the merest trace of the other elements discussed sufficed to enable this r81e to be fulfilled, and that, under normal conditions, the requirements of an animal for these elements is likely to be met by an ordinary mixed ration.Following a short discussion, Professor Hendrick, who presided, in the absence of Dr. Tocher, proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Godden for his interesting paper. 319 Belfast and District.-On 7th November, Mr. J. C. A. Brierley, Chairman of the Section, and Mrs. Brierley very kindly entertained the members of the Section and friends at their own house. A most enjoyable evening was spent, and thanks were accorded to Mr. and Mrs. Brierley for their hospitality. The Annual Dinner of the Section was held in the Grand Central Hotel, on 3rd December.The guests included Professor and Mrs. Hummel, Mr. Shepherd, and Mr. and Mrs. Matthew. Birmingham and Midlands.-On 31st October, under the chairmanship of Dr. W. Wardlaw, the Section held a meeting at the Grand Hotel, Birmingham, when the Registrar of the Institute opened a discussion on "Co-operation." He said that the Council invited the members to express their views on the scope and activities of the Local Sections having regard to the interests of other chemical societies. He mentioned that a joint committee of the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute had been appointed to consider suggestions regarding the sectional meetings of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, and the possibility of making arrangements for the Fellows of the Chemical Society to participate in such meetings. The Council also desired to obtain the views of the members on the possibility of reducing expenditure by the prevention of unnecessary overlapping of publication of papers, and to receive suggestions as to any further means for providing closer co-operation between the three bodies.The Registrar reviewed briefly the objects of the three Societies; he indicated their present points of contact and co- operation, showing how they were working in harmony and friendly relations with one another, each having members serving on the three Councils. He realised that many members were obtaining the use of the journals of the other societies without personally subscribing for them.This was common to all journals, but he felt that the increase in membership of the other bodies had not been so rapid as that of the Institute, owing to the fact that a large number of useful specialised societies had come into existence in comparatively recent times. He said that, generally, papers on scientific and technical subjects which had been read at Local Sections were offered. in the first 320 instance, to other journals, and were not published in extenso in the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute; but that the Institute considered it part of its educational policy to print certain selected lectures as separate monographs. He explained why the Institute had not been able to par- ticipate in the scheme for providing a central building for scientific and technical societies.In this scheme, the Institute had been invited to participate, but having regard to the fortunate possession of a long lease, the convenient situation of its premises, and the extent of the accommodation necessary for its work, the Council, although appreciating the thought which prompted the invitation, had no other course open to it except to decline the offer. He added that the Institute enjoyed, on very economi- cal terms, the occupation of premises providing over 20,000 square feet of floor area with scope for extension; but nothing like that accommodation could be offered to the Institute in the proposed scheme. The other societies looked for the support of more Fellows and Associates of the Institute, however, and he suggested that no chemist could afford to confine his interests entirely to his own branch of work or to the particular industry in which he was engaged; he could learn so much from leaning over the fence to see what the other fellow was doing in his garden. That seemed a very good reason why chemists should endeavour to support more than one society.From time to time, schemes had been suggested for federating all the chemical bodies in one institution, consisting of various grades of membership, including those which signified and conferred professional qualification,-such as Fellowship and Associateship of the Institute,-as well as those who were inter- ested in the industrial and commercial aspects of chemistry, but did not claim to be qualified chemists.In the initial stages of federation, all who were not already recognised as professional members, but wished to be regarded as in that category, would have to agree to a review of their claims for such recognition. The adjudicating authority would have great difficulty in deciding borderline cases. A large number would be disappointed and aggrieved, if a high standard were insisted upon; but no standard would be worth recognition unless it were a good one, and many would be disposed to decline to accept the grade allotted to them, or to submit to examination. Some favoured the idea of keeping the professional registration body entirely separate, as at present.On financial grounds, 321 some of the bodies would find that they could not be federated with the Institute without endangering certain advantages which they had enjoyed in respect of exemption from rates and taxes. He referred to the multiplicity of societies in the pro- fessions of medicine, law, accountancy, architecture and engineer- ing, all of which tended to illustrate the impossibility of complete federation. The best form of co-operation appeared to be that which would provide for the fair and proper distribution of effort among the various bodies concerned, so that each recognised that it had its own work to do for its members, without unduly competing, but being ready at all times to co-operate, with others for the common good of all.In matters of general interest, co-operation was often desirable ; but it was necessary that there should be ample time to consider what was to be done, owing to the inevitable delays caused by the necessity of bringing many parties together. Where the business was definitely the recognised concern of any one party, that party should take it in hand and deal with it promptly. In some cases independent action by councils, representing different interests and different points of view, was most effective. Many members participated in the discussion which followed, and it was resolved that the Council be asked to consider any possible means whereby the Institute might join with the Association for the Promotion of Co-operation among Scientific and Technical Institutions, other than participation in the pro- posed building scheme.The Section held that Sections of the Institute should con- tinue to hold meetings for the discussion of scientific and tech- nical matters, and that means should be found for admitting Fellows of the Chemical Society to meetings of the Local Sections of the other Societies when the business was not entirely restricted to the private affairs of any one society. Some members, however, appeared to disapprove of the use of the expression “joint meeting.” They preferred that the local section of each society should issue invitations to the members of other societies, as it thought fit. They were strongly in favour of the Institute continuing to publish lectures on matters of general interest as monographs, and expressed the view that the Joint Committee of the three bodies should consider how far it was possible to avoid duplication 322 of published matter.The members would welcome any means whereby the aggregate subscriptions payable by them individ- ually could be reduced, but felt that this was a question for the consideration of the Joint Committee. On 19th November, Professor E. C. C. Baly visited the Section, and delivered a most interesting and stimulating lecture entitled ‘‘The Photosynthesis of Carbohydrates and the Chemistry of Life.” The lecturer discussed the more recent results obtained in his laboratory with reference to the production of carbohydrates by the interaction of carbon dioxide and water.A large proportion of the lecture was devoted to the description of the ingenious methods adopted in the preparation of a suitable surface catalyst, which had been shown to be a necessary factor in the preparation of the products of photosynthesis in vitro. In view of the probable early publication of Professor Baly’s results in extenso, further details need not be given here. (.4n abstract, approved by Professor Ealy, of a lecture dealing with the same subject, given by him before the Huddersfield Section, will be found on page 334.) The lecture was enjoyed by a large audience, and the best thanks of the Section were accorded to Professor Baly.On 3rd December, a meeting of the Section was held in Derby. This was the first meeting held outside Birmingham for a number of years, and proved a very successful venture. On this occasion, Dr. F. L. Pyman, was the guest of the Section, and Mr. J. White occupied the Chair. Dr. Pyman chose as the title of his lecture, ‘‘ Medicinal Chemicals.” Sub-dividing Medicinal Chemicals into two main groups : Natural and Synthetic, the lecturer proceeded to deal with five sub-groups, namely: Xatural : External ; Internal: Hormones; Vitamins. Synthetic: Accidental discoveries ; Deliberate inventions. 323 The lecturer described the nature and function of hormones and vitamins, with a detailed outline of those hormones, such as adrenalin and thyroxin, which have been isolated, synthesised, and produced on a commercial scale; insulin and its preparation was also discussed.Interesting recent work on the active principle involved in the liver treatment of pernicious anaemia was described, including the identification of this principle which appears to be a 10-carbon acid yielding, on hydrolysis, /3-hydroxy- glutamic acid and hydroxyproline. Vitamin D was discussed as a type of its class. Commencing with the classic researches of Hopkins, the lecturer detailed the history of the discovery of vitamins and, dealing with the parti- cular one selected, the earlier work on the causation and pre- vention of rickets, concluding with the preparation of irradiated ergosterol which is now available in quantity. Experimental methods for the determination of antirachitic efficiency were also described.The lecturer concluded with a brief account of synthetic methods in chemotherapy, describing anti-malarial products and experiments illustrating the variation of antiseptic power observed in series of substituted cresols, etc. Particular reference was made to 4-~t-amyl-m-cresol, which has a phenol co-efficient of 280, and is finding application in medicine. An appreciative audience returned a cordial vote of thanks to Dr. Pyman at the conclusion of a very interesting lecture. Bristol and South-Western.-Mr. Frank Southerden presided at the second meeting of the session held in Bristol University on 17th November, when Dr.R. C. Menzies read a paper entitled ‘‘ Some Thallium Compounds.” Dr. Menzies said that thallium, which occurred as the last element in group 111, sub-group B, displayed in its trivalent condition the characteristic behaviour of the third group, its trichloride, for instance, being easily hydrolysed by water and also soluble in organic solvents. This, when contrasted with the strong resemblance between monovalent thallium compounds and those of the alkali metals, most conspicuously displayed by the hydroxide, was frequently cited as affording an outstand- ing example of change of chemical properties with change of valency. It was, however, to be remarked that this change in 324 the case of thallium was only a well-marked instance of a common behaviour, and was paralleled closely by the differences between compounds of tetravalent and those of divalent lead, and by the resemblances between the compounds of divalent lead and those of strontium.A number of other similar instances were given, and as a generalisation it was stated that in many cases when an element loses one or more valencies, the properties of the relative com- pounds change to those characteristic of correspondingly lower groups in the periodic classification. If any other cause could be found which had an effect similar to that produced by the loss of a valency, then these two different causes producing similar effects might be mutually explanatory. Such a cause was to be found in the combination of metals (and other elements) with hydrogen or with hydrocarbon radicals such as CH, or C,H,.Thus the cornbination of nitrogen with four hydrogen atoms (or with four alkyl groups) had the same effect as might result from four of the five valencies becoming latent, the element being degraded from the fifth to the first group, the close resemblance between ammonium salts and those of the alkali metals being well known. Pentaphenyl chromium hydroxide (Brit. Chem. Abs., 1921, 1, 826) was a strong base, and in the case of gold, diethyl auric bromide (C,H,),AuBr (Pope and Gibson, J.C.S. Trans., 91, 2064) resem-bled the chlorides of monovalent copper and silver in being colourless and insoluble in water, while mono-ethyl gold di- bromide C,H,AuBr, resembled the salts of divalent copper in being coloured and soluble in water.The above were examples of change of group type due to valencies becoming latent or of covalent combination of an element with one or more organic radicals. Cases, however, where two different causes led to similar effects in the same element were not so common, the best example known to the speaker being afforded by thallium. Thallium was degraded from the third to the first group either by reduction from the trivalent to the monovalent condition or by covalent combination with two alkyl groups. There was a close resemblance between thallous salts and the diethyl and dimethyl thallium salts. TlOH, (CH,),TlOH and (C,H,),TlOH were all strong bases.(CH,),TlQC,H, and TIOC,H, were both liquids. T1C1, (CH,),TlCl, and (C,H,),TlCl were all sparingly soluble. 325 While a complete explanation of the nature of the change in the behaviour of an element brought about by change in valencies or by combination with organic radicals was beyond the scope of the pure chemist, the work outlined in the remainder of the lecture, and described in greater detail in papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society, had been undertaken in the hope that more complete information as to the resemblances and differences of thallous compounds and of dialkyl thallous com- pounds with each other and with those of the alkali metals might ultimately lead to an explanation. This work was admittedly incomplete, but had already led to the following results.(I) A knowledge of the best methods of preparation of dimethyl and diethyl thallium compounds, and an apprecia- tion of the remarkable capacity displayed by those com- pounds for crystallisation. (2) The discovery that thallous compounds resembled the compounds of the alkali metals not only in crystalline form-this was well known-but also in their general chemical behaviour. As reagents in organic chemistry, for methylations and for malonic ester syntheses, thallous compounds and compounds of the alkalis could be used interchangeably. -1 discussion, which centred round the possible commercial and technical uses of thallium compounds, was initiated by Mr. C. L. L. Claremont, after which, on the proposition of Mr.E. Russell, a vote of thanks was accorded Dr. Menzies for his valued paper. The next meeting will be held jointly with the Bristol Uni- versity Chemical Society on January 20th, 1931,at 5.15 p.m., in the large chemical lecture theatre of Bristol University, when Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, will visit the Section. The Committee of the Section has nominated Mr. Edward Russell as District Member of the Council for 1931-32, and Mr. A. W. M.Wintle as District Representative on the Benevo- lent Fund Committee. 326 Cape.-A meeting of the Section was held in Cape Town on 15th October,-Dr. C. F. Juritz, in the Chair. Dr. W. Pugh, Hon. Secretary of the Section, read a paper on “Artificial Ripening and Colouring of Fruit.” Dr.Pugh said that artificial treatment of fruit had been of great importance in America for many years and, with the proximity of the coming fruit season in South Africa, the new method of treatment should be of considerable interest and value to fruit growers and dealers in that country. He had demonstrated to a leading local fruit dealer that it was possible to bring green Transvaal tomatoes to full red colour in half the time required by air storage. There was no objection to hastening the colouring process of mature fruit. There were many types of fruit which were quite ripe, so far as the taste was concerned, long before they acquired a marketable colour. If these were allowed to ripen on the plant, they became too soft to withstand bruising during transport.Tomatoes, for example, were picked green and acquired a pleasing colour during two or three weeks’ storage. If this period could be reduced, space would be rendered available for other purposes. During transport a very considerable proportion of the fruit was spoiled. This loss could be considerably reduced if the fruit were picked when firmand hard and then artificially ripened. It was now claimed that the new ethylene treatment could, to some extent, stimulate the normal ripening processes which were checked on picking. Best prices were paid at the beginning of the season and the new process would enable the progressive grower to get his crop on the market early.It also made it possible for the crop to be harvested at the first sign of frost, and marketed, sub- sequently, according to the demand. In America the treatment of fruit with the fumes from burning oil stoves had been in use for many years. This method was never really successful, but in 1923 investigations were undertaken to determine the constituent of the oil fumes respon- sible for the effect. This was ultimately found to be minute traces of ethylene, very low concentrations of this gas being effective. The use of one part of ethylene in I,OOO,OOO parts of air was as efficient as the old stove process. Higher concentra- tions had a better effect, but it was not necessary to use more than one part per 1,000of air. The temperature was important, 327 and in all cases should be between 65 and 85” F.Two charges of gas should be given each day and ventilation was recommended between each charge. Almost every kind of fruit had been found amenable to this treatment. With proper care there was no danger in the use of ethylene at these low concentrations. Ethylene gas was supplied in steel cylinders of about 350 cubic feet. It was not obtainable in the Union, but had to be imported. The gas cost about i3, but, in addition, a charge of roughly E6 was made for the cylinder, which, however, was returnable. Dr. Pugh said this was a process which might well be more widely used in South Africa. It should then be possible for tropical fruit from the north and from Natal to be more available in other parts of the country.The process was, however, open to abuse. It would be a pity if the process, in its infancy, came to be used by irresponsible persons for the purpose of imparting the appearance of ripeness to immature fruit, thereby bringing discredit to a process which, when properly applied, could be of great value. Subsequently, Sir George Cory communicated a few notes on an early South African dye. During his researches among dispatches of 1861, he had come across several references to the dye which was made by Mr. Gelstam, an apothecary, from a lichen which grew in large quantities in British Kaffraria at that time. He wondered whether the lichen was still to be found and whether it might be put to profitable use.Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The second meeting of the session was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in Mackie’s, Princes Street, Edinburgh, on 13th November, Mr. A. M.Cameron in the Chair. Mr. H. Stafford Hatfield read a paper entitled L‘Instrumental Supervision and Control of Water Supply,” After remarking that the use of instruments in all aspects of works control was extending rapidly, the lecturer proceeded to describe an instrument of his own invention for measuring the hardness of water, and concluded by demonstrating the operation of the instrument. Considerable discussion followed. While Dr. Hatfield’s instrument was commended for the ingenuity of its con-struction, some doubt was expressed as to its applicability in chemical works.328 On the motion of Mr. Vi'. R. Guy, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer. The third meeting of the session was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Mining Laboratories of the University. Mr. G. F. Merson presided. Professor H. Briggs, O.B.E., DSc., read a paper entitled ''The Evolution of Coal," which will be published in Chemistry and Industry. Prior to the meeting, members and friends were shown the Mine Rescue Station and the Mining Laboratories by Professor Briggs and his assistants, to whom a vote of thanks was accorded at the close of the meeting. The fourth meeting of the Section will be held jointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Pharmaceutical Hall, York Place, Edinburgh, on 27th January, 1931,and will take the form of an Exhibition.Local manu- facturers will display their intermediates and products, and exhibits will also include chemicals and chemical apparatus. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 24th October,-Mr. F. W. Harris, Chairman of the Section, presiding. The Chairman introduced a number of new Associates, and after presenting their Certificates, briefly addressed them on the profession of chemistry and welcomed them to the Institute. Mr. Harris announced that his period of office as Chairman of the Section had expired and that Mr.Hugh Findlay, who was well known to all members of the Section, and had served for the past three years on the local committee, was the sole nominee for the vacant office. He, therefore, declared Mr. Findlay elected. Mr. Findlay thanked members of the Section for the honour conferred on him. He paid tribute to the work done for the Institute by Mr. Harris and also by Professor F. J. Wilson, the retiring Vice-chairman, both as members of Council, and of the Committee of the Section. Dr. P. F. Gordon was re-elected Hon. Secretary, and Dr. Stotherd Mitchell, Hon. Treasurer. Mr. Thomas Cockburn, Dr. WT.M. Cumming, and Mr. J. S. Hill were declared elected to the Committee. The reports of the Hon.Secretary and Hon. Treasurer for Session 192g-1930 were read and approved. 329 The Hon. Secretary announced the Syllabus for Session 1930-1931,and directed attention to a new series of short meet- ings, to be held immediately before joint meetings, in order to provide an opportunity for social intercourse among local members, as well as for the discussion of matters of professional interest. At the conclusion of the meeting a visit was made to the Technical Chemistry Laboratories, where the members inspected an exhibition of scientific apparatus of interest to Chemists, provided by the courtesy of members and of manufacturers. The exhibits were described and demonstrated by members and by representatives of the makers.A joint meeting of the Section with the Local Sections of the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 28th November, in the George Hotel, Glasgow, when an address was given by Mr. Francis W. Lake on “Dyeing and Cleaning: Some Problems of the Industry.” Mr. Cyril Eastman (London), President of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, presided. Before introducing Mr. Lake, he congratulated the Scottish Sections on the large attendance, and spoke of the value of co-operation between Industry and Science in maintaining the standard of British products. With-out this co-operation, the work of the salesman would become more and more difficult. Mr. Lake, in opening his address, directed attention to the difficulties confronting dyers and cleaners on account of the variety in composition of the materials of which garments were made.Dyeing was rendered difficult by wear, fading, etc. He outlined general dyeing practice, “stripping ”of dyes, re- dyeing and “dry” dyeing. With reference to dry-cleaning, he compared the use of “white spirit,” naphthas, and halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, and surveyed the usual practice of dry cleaning and recovery of solvents. The address, which was of general chemical interest, was followed by a keen discussion, in which both chemists and specialists in the trade participated. A full report of the paper was contributed to in the Journal gf the Society of Dyers and Colourists. 330 The Ramsay Chemical Dinner was held in the Ca’doro Restaurant, Glasgow, on 9th December.Dr. G. C. Clayton, President of the Institute, presided over a large attendance of ladies and gentlemen, representative of the various societies interested in chemistry in the West of Scotland. Those present included Prof. and 33rs. Henderson, Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Findlay, Mr. Rosslyn Mitchell, Mr. H. Talbot, Prof. and Mrs. Kendall, Dr. Norman Picton, Lord Provost Thomas Kelly, C.A.,and his daughter Mrs. McCready. Mr. E. Rosslyn Mitchell, proposing the toast of “Sir William Ramsay and the Profession of Chemistry,” said that in Sir William Ramsay and his colleagues they had men who held that the universe was so harmonious that if they found certain elements in a certain relationship, and in progress of the relationship they found blanks, they were able to state that although they did not know the true occupants of those blanks the true occupants did exist.Along that line of faith to guide them, and with determination in the pursuit of truth, they had, one by one, been able to dis- cover in the universe those elements which had filled up the blanks. After outlining the career of Sir William Ramsay, Mr. Rosslyn Mitchell said that if Sir William Ramsay found, in the course of his researches, that nitrogen did not always behave as nitrogen should, he did not begin to say that nitrogen ought to be elimin- ated. He inquired into the reason why nitrogen did not behave as it ought to. What a good thing it would be if they applied a similar point of view to their human friends who did not agree with their views. Sir William Ramsay discovered new elements in the universe, and was able to isolate a new element which had enabled the United States to climb still higher in the world on the shoulders of the British scientist.Britain, having produced the man who isolated helium, had to keep airships in their hangars until the Americans were willing to allow them to use a certain amount of the gas. He was daily indebted to Sir William Ramsay for having isolated that peculiar gas, which was put into tubes to allow commercial men to advertise their goods by flashing electric signs. There was, in fact, hardly a discovery which had been the product of scientific research that had not been taken up by 33 1 industrialists to their own great profit, and to the benefit of the world.The great men of our race, and indeed of all other races, were the signposts for them all, not that they might follow exactly in the line which they had travelled, but that they might travel in their own line with something of their spirit. However they might analyse and disintegrate and isolate, none of them could yet reach the stage of fully explaining the mind that lay behind the brain that could analyse, could disintegrate, and could isolate. In the world of philosophy, is in the world of chemical research, there had been pioneers. They who were beneficiaries of the work of those men and heirs of their accumulated wisdom did well to honour them and follow their life with something of their spirit.(Applause.) Dr. Clayton, replying, said that the appalling disaster of the R IOI proved the absolute necessityfor the use in airshipsof a non- inflammable gas if airships were to be made feasible at all. It was interesting to consider that they owed the discovery of helium to Sir William Ramsay, and it was also interesting that at the present moment there was in America a factory producing helium to the extent of 20,000,000 cubic feet per annum at a cost of ijper 1000feet. One of the advantages of helium, which was discovered in 1898, was that it diffused more slowly than hydrogen from the fabric of the balloon of the airship.Hydrogen diffused jo times faster than helium, so that the additional cost and the additional weight of helium as compared with hydrogen was compensated for by the slowness of diffusion. He thought there was not the slightest doubt that the R IOI disaster was caused by the loss of hydrogen. Sir William Ramsay had isolated a number of other elements, and it was very extraordinary that his research work at the time was looked upon as of theoretical interest only and that in such a short time the work should have achieved such value for commercial purposes. Glasgow had always been renowned for its chemical works. He believed that the first chemical works in the city were erected by Sir William Ramsay’s grandfather. That was in 1785. They were followed in 1797 by those of Charles Tennant, who erected works which were still in existence at St.Rollox, and, two years later, took out the patent for bleaching powder. It was of interest 332 that the first bleaching powder chamber ever erected was at St. Rollox, and was in existence at the present time. It was only as a result of the war that the railway companies were obliged to alter their rules with regard to the movement of liquid gases. Nowadays, they had in commercial use liquid chlorine which was conveyed from the factories to the works by rail. During the war they had to use poison gases. One of these was phosgene, which it was interesting to note, was now being used in the production of artificial silk for ladies’ stockings.From nitro-cellulose, which was used for explosives, they now made varnishes and artificial leather. Thus, the research chemist had been able to find a use for products introduced by war. The Lord Provost (Mr. Thomas Kelly), replying to the toast of “The City of Glasgow,” proposed by Mr. H. Talbot, said that at the present time there was a movement to have a development board for the city. The committee would soon be formed, and on it there would be representatives of the Town Council, Merchants’ House, Trades House, Chamber of Commerce, and other leading citizens, and by its means they hoped that they would be able to produce a scheme to spread abroad the advan- tages which Glasgow undoubtedly possessed for the setting up of new industries.He hoped they would see good fruits from their labours. They also hoped that the proposed Civic Week would bring many people to Glasgow to see what the city had to offer. The toast of “The Guests” was proposed by Dr. K.Picton, and replied to by Professor J. Kendall. A letter was read from R. R. Tatlock, the City Alnalyst, who expressed regret that his advanced years prevented him from being present. He recalled that his first pupil was Sir William Ramsay. It was agreed to send a telegram of congratulation to Mr. Tatlock on having attained the age of 94 years. After dinner the party engaged in dancing for the remainder of the evening. Mr. A. R. Jamieson, Convener of the Dinner Committee, was heartily cheered for the successful manner in which he had carried through the arrangements.Huddersfie1d.-The first meeting of the session was held in Field’s CafC, on 28th October, when Dr. A. E. Everest presided over a good attendance of members and friends. 333 “Chemistry and Foodstuffs” was the subject of a very interesting address by Dr. L. H. Lampitt . “A good cook is half a physician for the chief physic doth come from the kitchen; wherefore the physician and cook must consult together.” Dr. Borde, who wrote these words in the seventeenth century, was apparently the first physician to recognise the close connection between food and science, for the physician of that time was medical man and chemist in one. The changing manners of to-day had necessitated the scientific study of food, for whereas, only a few years ago, each small group of human beings grew and prepared all its own food and con- sumed it in due season, to-day food was transported from one end of the world to the other and was eaten in and out of season.This inevitably demanded preservation, and preservation de-manded science. Science had also become a necessity owing to the growth of large food-manufacturing firms, and the develop- ment of the habit of feeding in restaurants and such places, where preparation was carried out. The work of the scientist could be divided into three main sections :-(a) The valuation of food; (b) The control of purity, either of raw products or of the food itself: (c) The preservation of food. The first naturally demanded close collaboration between the chemist, the biologist and the clinician.It was worthy of note that the War provided one of the finest comparisons between the old “calorific” school (on which system the German army was fed) and the newer school of the Allied armies, which, whilst using the calorific value, also recognised the value of vitamins. The second group included the work of the Public Analyst and the routine examination of food, such as should be applied by all firms producing or dealing in food. Kotwithstanding the extensive literature, many gaps in our knowledge of food analysis remained to be filled. The work of the Society of Public Analysts was to be noted in that respect, for its sub-committees were giving attention to methods whereby results of a reproducible character could be secured.The preservation of food had been the study of man from early times. Methods of preservation, by heat and chemical 334 means, had been developed, but the future seemed to be in the field of refrigeration. The process known as “ Quick Freezing,” whereby food was brought quickly to a very low temperature, was in its infancy, and promised to supplant the older methods to a large extent. The development of the process depended upon the activities of chemists and engineers in collaboration. In the discussion which followed, many points of interest were raised, particularly with regard to food preservation. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to Dr.Lampitt. At the second meeting of the session, held in Field‘s Caf6 on 25th Kovember, Professor E. C. C. Baly gave a lecture entitled ‘‘ Recent Results in the Photosynthesis of Carbohydrates.” In all the known chemical reactions the critical increment, that is to say the amount of energy necessary to initiate them, has a maximum value of about 40,000 calories for a gram mole- cule of the reacting substance. Since the heat of combustion of a gram molecule of glucose is 673,000 calories, it follows that in the photosynthesis of glucose from carbonic acid this amount of energy must be absorbed and that the critical incre- ment is at least 112,300 calories for each gram molecule of carbonic acid.Since the light corresponding to this absorption was in the ultraviolet (2552 A.U.), it had at first appeared that the formation of sugar by the actim of sunlight was theoretically impossible, and the discovery that the reaction in the plant was favoured by light from the red end of the spectrum had made the problem still more confusing. For a considerable time, also, no satisfactory explanation could be given for the fact that the reaction in the plant had a definite temperature coefficient, the formation of sugar being linearly proportional to the temper- ature up to 36”, after which the rate rapidly diminished, Early laboratory experiments had shown that carbonic acid absorbed light at 2100 A.U.; there was definite evidence of formaldehyde, and it was subsequently shown that this was formed by the decomposition of the sugar.Ultimately it was proved that the essential feature of the synthesis was a suitable surface, and by exposing to ultraviolet light substances known to adsorb carbon dioxide (e.g. nickel carbonate), small yields of a syrup which gave all the glucose reactions were obtained. This result had explained the earlier problems; the energy of activation of the carbonic acid was supplied in two stages, part 336 on the surface and part in the form of light. It had been found that the synthetic reaction was linearly proportional to tempera- ture up to 31', above which the yield rapidly fell, and close analogy with the plant reaction had thereby been established.It had been proved that the sudden decrease in activity above the critical temperature was due to the fact that 31' marked the limit of stability of the adsorption complex of carbonic acid. Proceeding to discuss the more recent work, Professor Baly explained the disadvantages of nickel carbonate ; for the best results previous activation by light was necessary, and the powder was only effective for about two hours. Considerable advance had been made by using ferric oxide (containing some thorium oxide as promoter) deposited on aluminated keiselguhr. These powders required no previous activation, and their efficiency varied with the proportion of thorium oxide present; sharp maxima were observed when the thorium oxide content was about 1.67% and 2.00%, with minima on either side of these amounts.It had also been found that their photosynthetic activity was proportional to the magnitude of the electropositive charge assumed, when suspended in water saturated with carbon dioxide. This observation was of great value, since it enabled the activity of any powder to be rapidly determined. The powders were poisoned by oxygen produced in the photo- synthetic reaction, and cataphoresis measurements had made it possible to determine the rates of poisoning and of the subsequent de-poisoning by carbonic acid. When kept in the dark the pow- ders maintained a constant cataphoretic velocity, but when exposed to light the electropositive charge decreased at a rate directly proportional to the intensity of the light.Above a certain definite intensity of light, the powder was completely flocculated and fell to the bottom of the containing vessel. If the irradiation was stopped, the powder was de-flocculated and regained its original maximum electropositive charge. It therefore followed that if the intensity of the light was not too great, the photosynthetic production of carbohydrates became a continuous process. Commenting on the progress which had been made in recent weeks, Professor Baly said that many of the difficulties en- countered in earlier work had been overcome. A stage had now been reached where definite and constant results were obtained, 336 and it appeared that complete analogy between the laboratory process and that in the living plant had been established. Al-though the yields of sugar were still small, he considered that the work had a potential economic value and that the commercial production of synthetic sugar was a possibility of the r‘uture.In the discussion which followed many points of interest were raised. In reply to one question, Professor Baly assured his audience (amidst laughter and applause) that the synthetic sugar appeared to undergo fermentation. On the motion of the Chairman, Dr. A. E. Everest, the meeting accorded Professor Baly an enthusiastic vote of thanks. Irish Free State.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Trinity College, Dublin, on the 26th Kovem- ber-Professor W. E.Adeney in the chair. The financial statement for the previous session was sub-mitted by Dr. Bell and approved. The following were elected to the Committee :-Professor Adeney, Dr. J. Bell (Hon. Treasurer), Mr. B. G. Fagan, Dr. A. G. G. Leonard (Hon. Secretary), Dr. J. H. Millar, Professor A. O’Farrelly, and Mr. J. 1%’. Parkes. The Chairman said that before proceeding further he wished to express his appreciation of the work done for the Section for so many years by the Hon. Secretary. Mr. Andrews thought it desirable that an official record of this should be made in the minutes, and he therefore proposed that the meeting express its gratitude to Dr. Leonard for his services to the Section. Mr. Fagan having seconded, the motion was passed unanimously, the Chairman adding that he would undertake to see that Dr.Leonard made a suitable record in the minute book. The Hon. Secretary, in thanking the members for their kind remarks, said that he had received very valuable assistance from Dr. Bell and Miss Brookes in organising the meetings, and mentioned that in no case had any member refused to con-tribute a paper when asked to do so. A note from Headquarters was read requesting members to complete and return the salary statistics cards recently circulated. Mr. J. J. Hutchinson then gave a short account of the pro- cesses employed in biscuit manufacture. He explained how the manufacturer classed flours into “weak” and “strong” according to the gluten content, and the 337 quality of the dough produced from them.The ovens used were of various types, those heated electrically being highly satisfactory, but rather expensive. The work in Messrs. Jacobs’ laboratory was of the most varied nature, and the chemical staff were always meeting new problems, so that their interest was never allowed to flag. He trusted that the members would enjoy their visit to the factory in December. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to Mr. Hutchinson. A visit was paid to Messrs. W. & R. Jacobs’ Biscuit Factory, on 12th December, when the members were received and con- ducted over the bakery by Mr. Hutchinsan, who did everything possible to render the visit pleasant and instructive. Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting was held on 27th November, at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds,-Mr.H. M. Mason in the Chair. Mr. J. Firth, Professor F.Challenger and Mr. A. Taylor were elected to the Committee. Mr. H. J. Hodsman was re-elected Honorary Secretary. Messrs. J. T. Thompson and J. M. Wishart were elected auditors. The Secretary read the letter from the Council requesting the views of the Section on co-operation between chemical organisations. It was agreed to adopt the Committee’s pro- posed reply and to add a further paragraph (No. 5 below). In the discussion, divergent views were expressed as to the advis- ability of publishing the Institute’s Journal. The meeting agreed to report that :-I. The Section supports the action of the Council in explor- ing the possibilities of co-operation with other chemical organisat ions.2. That the Section had practised co-operation with the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry for some years in the production of a joint programme. 3. That the Section was ready to co-operate with the Chemical Society if the local members of that body could suggest any practicable proposals. 4. That the Section was without data for making useful suggestions regarding joint subscriptions and would await the proposals which the joint Committee of the three bodies might bring forward. 338 j. That joint efforts should be made by the three bodies to reduce the expenditure on publications. Afterward, an informal Smoking Concert was held in associa- tion with the Yorlishire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.Contributions were made by Mr. C. H. Manley, G. Steele and party, Mr. J. M. Tucker (Halifax), Mr. R. C. Tucker (Rotherham), Mr. H. J. Wood and hlr. J. Emsley. On 8th December, members of the Section were invited to a meeting convened by the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Dr. W. J. S. liaunton opened a dis- cussion on “Antioxidants.” Mr. Harry Malkin Mason has been elected Chairman of the Committee of the Section for the ensuing year. The annual dinner and dance, convened jointly by the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute, will be held at Powolny’s Rooms, Bond Street, Leeds, on Friday, the 30th January, 1931.Tickets 8s. each, will be obtainable from the Honorary Secretaries. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Annual General Meeting was held at the Institute, on 26th h’ovember. The following officers and Committee were elected for the ensuing year:-Dr. L. H. Lampitt, Chairman; Mr. E. B. Hughes and Prof. J. C. Drummond, Vice-Chairmen; Mr. A. J. Chapman, Hon. Treasurer; Mr. J. R. Nicholls, Hon. Secretary; Committee : Messrs. C. A. Adams, R. J. Atkinson, J. J. V. Backes, -4.W. Barratt, M. Bogod, L. K. Boseley, A. J. C. Cosbie, Miss K. Culhane, Messrs. L. Eynon, T. H. Fairbrother, F. B. Gatehouse, G. N. Grinling, C. L. Hinton, A. S. Houghton, W. Partridge, W. H. Simmons, Dr. Martha Whiteley, and Mr. W. 0. R. Wynn. The business of the meeting was followed by an enjoyable smoking concert to which the following contributed :-Messrs.Cunningham, Gaskin, Harmsworth, Hope, Maltby, Messenger, Smith, Mrs. Smith, Miss Towsey, and Miss Wilson. Malaya.-On 29th October, at a meeting held in Singapore, Dr. Strahan read a paper entitled ‘‘ Chemical Exchanges in Muscle ” After explaining the older theories of the chemical reactions accompanying fatigue in muscle, the lecturer outlined recent 339 researches on the subject, and pointed out that whereas the older theories were now no longer tenable, the recent work had not yet advanced sufficiently far for any other theory to be put forward which would embrace all the reactions which are known to take place and give a quantitative explanation of the products formed. The lecture was followed by a practical demonstration of fatigue in frog’s muscle under intermittent electrical stimula- tion, and an exhibition of microscope slides.The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the lecturer. Future arrangements for the Section include a paper by Dr. F. E. Byron on “The Chemistry of the Blood,” and a paper by Dr. C. F. Flint on “Spectrography.” The annual meeting of the Section has been provisionally fixed for zIst February, 1931, at Kuala Lumpur. Manchester and District.-On 7th November, at the College of Technology, a meeting was held jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Society of Dyers and Colourists, and the Manchester Literary and Philoso- phical Society, when Sir William B.Hardy, F.R.S., gave a lecture on 6b Problems of the Boundary State ” before a large audience. An abstract of the lecture was published in The Chemical Age, Ijth Sovember, 1930, p. 456. The Annual Dinner and Dance of the Section was held at “The Manchester” on 4th December,-Mr. by. D. Rogers, Chair- man of the Section, presiding. Over 260 members and their friends participated in a most enjoyable and successful evening. Professor T. M. Lowry and the Registrar of the Institute responded to the toast of “The Guests.” Manchester and District Students’ Section.-A Dance was held on the 13th December in the St. George’s CafB, Man- Chester, and was thoroughly enjoyed by members and friends, including several honorary members.The Annual General Meeting, followed by a smoking concert and social evening, will be held at the Clarion CafC, joa, Market Street, Manchester, on 6th January, 1931. Students who intend to be present should notify (immediately) hZr. Frank Sowerbutts, Hon. Secretary, 244, M’ellington Road South, Stockport. 340 Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Annual General Meeting was held on 19th November, in thc Newcastle-upon-Tyne Chemical Industry Club. Dr. A. A. Hall occupied the Chair. The Committee’s report and the Treasurer’s financial state- ment were considered and adopted. The Chairman referred to the loss to the Section caused by the death of Dr. W. B. Davidson, who had served on the Committee and also as an Hon.Auditor. Mr. F. H. Walker was unanimously re-elected as Hon. Secretary, Mr. M. A. W. Brown and Mr. N. J. Ivison were elected to fill vacancies on the Committee which is now constituted as follows: Dr. A. A. Hall, Chairman; Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe (Member of Council), M. A. W. Brown, N. J. Ivison, Dr. R. D. Haworth, F. Nicholls, Prof. Irvine Masson; N.Dawson (Hon. Treasurer); F. H. Walker (Hon. Secretary). Dr. J, T. Dunn and Mr. E. W. Muddiman were elected Hon. Auditors. The interviewing sub-committee, which consists of Dr. J. T. Dunn, Mr. H. C. I.. Bloxam, Dr. P. L. Robinson and the Hon. Secretary was re-elected. Discussion took place on a letter from the Council on the scope and activities of the Institute having regard to the interests of other chemical societies.It was resolved to refer the matter to a sub-committee, consisting of the Chairman, Dr. P. L. Robinson, and the Hon. Secretary, to consider and draft motions for presentation and discussion at the next meeting. 341 Notes. British Engineering Standards Association.-Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Member of the Council of the Institute, has been elected a Member of the Council of the British Engineering Standards Association, as the Professional Member representing the Public Works Industry Section of the Association. Association of Scientific and Technical Institutions. -H.R.H. the Prince of Wales attended a banquet held at the Guildhall of the City of London, on 13th November, under the auspices of the above Association, the registered title of which is-Association for the Promotion of Co-operation between Scientific and Technical Societies and Institutions within the British Empire.The constituent Institutions of the Association are :-The Empire Council of Mining and Metallurgical Institutions. The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. The Institution of Mining Engineers. The Institution of Petroieum-Technologists. The Iron and Steel Institute. The Institute of Metals. The Institute of Fuel. The Chemical Society. The Society of Chemical Industry. The Institution of Chemical Engineers. The Institution of the Rubber Industry. The Association seeks to establish in London, or elsewhere, a central building or buildings for the use and convenience of such Societies and Institutions, and the members thereof, and to lease portions of such central building or buildings to any such Societies or Institutions and to establish, equip and main- tain therein, libraries, reading rooms, museums, laboratories, council and other meeting rooms, offices and facilities, for pro- moting such co-operation and co-ordination between such bodies.The toasts of “The King” and “Her Majesty the Queen and other Members of the Royal Family” having been duly honoured, Sir John Cadman proposed the health of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, who, in reply, proposed “The Association of Scientific and Technical Institutions.” He warmly supported the movement to raise funds for the establishment of a central 342 building to house the institutions.When he had heard of the scheme, eight years earlier, he had welcomed it heartily, and he was glad to think that out of it had grown a much greater enterprise; if steadily supported and wisely guided, it might confer benefits upon industry as a whole, both in this country and in the Empire, the extent of which could only dimly be foreseen. The Association might have a not less beneficial effect in an even wider sphere by promoting what an enlightened American had referred to as “ the four C’s”-Contact, Consul-tation, Confidence, Co-operation. The time had long passed when any one industry or any one branch of science could hope to develop to its full stature without an intimate knowledge of what was going on in other departments of human activity.Further research was urgently necessary in almost every branch of industry and science : the chemists and the metallurgists, the engineers and the fuel technologists, all had a great part to play in making a ton of coal, or, for that matter, a ton of oil, more valuable to the nation to-morrow than it was yesterday. There was the great problem of the better utilisation of the energy contained in a ton of coal, involving technical and com- mercial problems, towards the solution of which the members of the Association might make contributions of decisive value, involving, as it did, almost every branch of physical science.He was tempted to wonder whether he might not live to see lorries in which the petrol tank had been replaced by a bottle of compressed gas, carrying the products of agriculture, grown with the aid of fertilisers derived from coal, to towns no longer defiled by coal as used to-day. The sum required by the Association was large, but it was insignificant in comparison with the importance of the industries concerned. He felt sure, with the realisation of the aims of the Association, that still greater scientific development of the resources, not only of this country, but of the Empire as a whole, would result. He proposed the toast of the early success of the Association. Sir Robert Home and Dr. G. C. Clayton, President of the Institute, in reply, thanked the Prince for the encouragement and stimulus he had given to the Association.The toast of “The Guests,” was proposed by Sir Ernest Rutherford, President of the Royal Society, who occupied the chair. Sir A4uckland Geddes, Sir William J. Larke, and Mr. Eric 343 Macfadyen, in responding, also made sympathetic allusions to the aims of the Association. Institution of Professional Civil Servants.-At the Annual Dinner of the Institution of Professional Civil Servants, held on 27th November, Sir Richard Redmayne, the President of the Institution, claimed that the professional man engaged in the service of the State should be given adequate status-a position of authority, enabling him to take his full share in the shaping of policy and of its execution.The men upon whose advice any action was contemplated should have the opportunity of explaining the grounds for their advice to the controlling administrative authority. In industry, the technical element should be represented on Boards of Directors; in public adminis- tration experts should sit in council on equal terms with the administrators, or should have full access to the ultimate con-trolling authority represented by the Permanent Secretary of the Department and the Minister. At the same time, Sir Richard drew attention to the inadequate salaries attaching to certain high official positions involving the control of very large staffs, and also to the multiplicity of grades, salary scales, and methods of recruitment, which he hoped the Royal Commission on the Civil Service would find means to simplify.Beit Fellowships for Scientific Research.-Th e Eigh-teenth election of Beit Fellows will take place on or about 14th July, 1931. Not more than three Fellowships will be awarded. The annual value of every Fellowship is &50; the Fellow- ships are tenable for two years, subject to a favourable report to the Trustees at the end of the first year. Candidatesmust have taken a degree or be in possession of a diploma approved by the Trustees. Candidates must be under the age of 25 years on the date of election. Forms of application and all information may be obtained by letter addressed to the Rector, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, S.W.7.Applications must be received on or before 14th April, 1931. Lecture.-On 5th December, Dr. G. M. Bennett presided at a meeting of the Sheffield University Chemical Society, when the Registrar of the Institute gave his lecture on “Alchemists in Art and Literature.” 344 Obituary. EDWARDWILLIAM VOELCKER died at Oakwood Court, Kensington, on 22nd Kovember, in his 74th year. The son of Dr. Augustus Voelcker, F.R.S., he was born at Cirencester, where his father was at that time Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Agricultural College. Educated at University College School, London, he proceeded to the Royal Schoo! of Mines in 1875, was awarded the De la Beche Medal and the Prize for Metallurgy, and obtained the Diploma of A.R.S.M.in Mining and Met,al- hrgy in 1877, afterwards participating in chemico-geological expeditions to Sew Guinea and adjacent Islands in search of sources of phosphates,visiting Australia at the same time. On his return he joined his father, who had become Consulting Chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England and had established a practice in the City of London. Dr. Augustus Voelcker died in 1884, but the practice still continued under the style of Augustus Voelcker & Sons. Dr. John Augustus Voelcker, having succeeded his father in the appointment under the Royal Agricultural Society of England, Mr. Edward William Voelcker acted as deputyduring the absence of his brother in India from 1889 to 1891.The partner- ship now includes Mr. Eric Voelcker, the youngest son of Edward William Voelcker, representing the third generation, all Fellows of t,he Institute. Edward William Voelcker held appointments as Public Analyst for the Counties of Hereford and Northampton, and, jointly with D. J. A. Voelcker, for the Counties of Bucks and Oxford, and the Boroughs of Aylesbury and Banbury. He was also Official Agricultural Analyst for Herefordshire and Northants, and Deputy Official Agricultural Analyst for the Counties of Berks and Bucks, Northumberland, Oxford, the East Riding of Yorkshire, and the Isle of Ely. He was Treasurer (for 19 years), and President of the Society of Public Anaiysts (1910-11). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1880, served as a Member of Council for four periods, as a Vice-president for two periods, and as Honorary Treasurer for six years (1918-24), and was thus intimately connected with the work of the Institute for 24 years, during which he also served for three years as a Censor.He was Chairman of the Publica- tions Committee from 1913 to 1916, and in that capacity supervised the compilation of the History of the Institute (1877-1914). As Treasurer, he was Chairman of the Finance and House Committee, and from 1920 to 1924 he was also Chairman of the Benevolent Fund Committee. In the latter year he was compelled, through ill-health, to relinquish these offices in which he had served the Institute a-ith conspicuous ability He was then re-elected a Vice-president, and continued in that office until 1927.At the memorial service held at St. John’s Presbyterian Church, Kensington, on 25th Xovember, the Institute was represented by Mr. Edward Hinks, Vice-president; Rfr. E. R. Bolton, Member of Council; and the Registrar. EDWARDJOHX PVRVIS, who died at Cambridge on 1st Xovember, received his professional education at the Royal College of Science for Ireland, where he obtained the Diploma of Associateship, and at St. John’s College, Cambridge, where he studied chemistry, physics, 345 mineralogy and geology. He graduated B.A. with honours in Part I1 of the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1893, and proceeded to &LA. in 1896. In 1893 he was appointed Assistant to the Professor of Chemistry, and in 1909 University Lecturer in chemistry and physics in their application to hygiene and preventive medicine, in which position he devoted much attention to biochemistry in relation to water supplies and sewage disposal.At the time of his death he was an Alderman and Deputy Mayor of Cambridge, having been Mayor of the Borough for the year 1928-29. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and a Fellow in 1902. 346 Books and their Contents. -Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V, 1930, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Paint, Powder and Patches.” A Handbook of Make-up for Stage and Carnival.H. S. Redgrove and G. A. Foan. Pp. xi+ 170. (London : William Heinemann (Medical Books), Ltd.) 7s. 6d. Part I: Preparation of Theatrical Cosmetics: Colouring matters; dry and liquid make-up requisites; fats and waxes; grease-paints. Part 11: Practical Art of Xaliing-up: groundwork and lining; alteration of features; theatrical postiche; portrayal of national types; some classical types; miscellaneous stage and carnival characters; make-up for the cinematograph. “ Plants, The Chemical Investigation of.” L. Rosenthaler. Translated from the third German edition by Sudhamoy Ghosh. Pp. viii+1g7. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. The fundamental principles involved in the systematic chemical in- vestigation of plants for the use of pharmaceutical and agricultural chemists and for research workers engaged in the study of plant products from medicinal, pharmacological and purely scientific points of view. Section I: General; short outline of the history of plant chemistry; general remarks on the preparation of plant constituents; preliminary tests; process of Stas-Otto; detection of cane-sugar and glucosides.Section I1: Special : alkaloids; glucosides; bitter substances; colouring matters; fats, oils and waxes; lecithins; resins; tannins; phlobaphenes; organic acids; carbohydrates; proteins and their products; enzymes; toxalbumins; inorganic constituents. Cinchona.-The Founder and Director of the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum has forwarded a Souvenir of the Cinchona Tercentenary Celcbration and Exhibition opened at the Museum on 8th December.The volume contains a brief his- torical foreword by Dr. Henry s. Wellcome, the Director, in which he states that the Celebration has been organised to mark the first recognised use of Cinchona bark by Europeans, and that the collection of exhibits has been arranged to illustrate the history of Cinchona bark and its active principles during the last 300 years. The Exhibition, which will remain open until February, 1931, includes exhibits from H.M. the King of Spain, H.E. the Ambassador of Spain, and from a large number of societies as well as firms and individuals interested in the 347 subject-over 1,200items of interest associated with the culti- vation of the Cinchona plant, the gathering, drying and prepara- tion and transport of the bark, and a great variety of specimens relating to the manufacture of Cinchona alkaloids and their uses, especially in connection with the treatment of malaria.I' Repertorium Technicum. "-The Nederlandsch Instituut vooi Documentatie en Registratuur (Dutch Institute for Documentation and Indexing), has announced the issue of a new periodical under the title of Repertorium Technicum, a bi-monthly periodical of approximately 60 sheets printed on one side, comprising a systematically arranged bibliography of the more important publications of a technical nature appearing in book form and in periodicals, throughout the world. It is intended to be a Bibliograpity of Bibliographies, and will be indexed in accordance with the universal decimal classification.The President of the Provisional Committee appointed for the publication of the Repertorium is Colonel Sir Frederick Nathan; the subscription will be k3 per annum, and a specimen of the publication can be obtained from the Nederlandsch Instituut voor Documentatie en Registratuur, 30, Care1 Van Bylandtlaan, The Hague, Holland. The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has announced the publication of Fuel Research Technical Paper, No. 27, The Measurement of a Rapidly Fluctuating Flow of Gas (H.M. Stationery Office, 6d. net; postage extra); and of The Investigation of Atmospheric Pollution, 15th Report (H.M.Stationery Office, 3s. 6d. net.) The Cambridge University Press announces the publication of Radiations from Radioactive Substances, by Sir Ernest Rutherford, James Chadwick, and C. D. Ellis. This work, which will take the place of Radioacti.de Substances and their Radiations, published in 1913,is confined to an account of the radiations from active matter and their application to physical problems,-the authors' object being to give a concise and connected account of our knowledge of radiations, and of the bearing of the results on the problem of the structure of the atomic nucleus. The Report of the Fuel Research Board for the year ended 31st March, 1930,with the Report of the Director of Fuel Re- search, was published on 19th December. (H.M.Stationery Office, 2s. net.) 348 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on zIst November and 19th December, 1930,10 Associates were elected to the Fellow- ship, 48 new Associates were elected, and 31 Students were admitted. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Abraham, Ernest Edward Unwin, B.Sc. (Liv.), c/o Beechams Pills, Ltd., St. Helens. Gilbert, Lionel Felix, B.Sc. (Lond.), Frogmore, Beaconsfield, Bucks. Harding, George, Chelston, Church Road, Lower Bebington, Cheshire. Joachim, Anian Walter Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Crown Agents for Colonies, 4, Millbank, London, S.W.1. Jones, Brynmor, M.Sc. (Wales), 19, Howard Gardens, Cardiff. Levy, Frank, Colas House, Buckingham Gate, London, S.W.1. Parrish, Percy, 57, Westcombe Park Road, London, S.E.3.Saunders, Wilfrid, B.Sc. (Lond.), Technical Institute, Jamshedpur,Tatanagar, B.N.Rly., India. Williams, Hugh Amphlett, A.C.G.F.C., 66, Harold Road, London, S.E. 19. Wishart, James Miller, B.Sc. (Edin.), 5, Houghley Avenue, ArmleyRidge Road, Leeds. New Associates. Ainsworth, Arthur Nicholls, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Lillies, Chaplin Road, Wembley.Attfield, George Cooper, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Oaks, Stoke Park, Slough. Baker, Stanley, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Dun.), York Mansion, Petty France, London, s.w.1. Baskett, Ronald Gilbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.Sc. (Reading), Thornfleet, Balmoral Drive, Belfast. Chew, Clifford, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 16, Kenmere Grove, Moston, Manchester. Coulson-Smith, Carl, M.Sc. (Dun.), 23, Boycroft Avenue, Church Lane, London, N.W.9.Cowdrey, Geoffrey Wilson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 53, Edgar Road, Sanderstead, Surrey.Crawford, Malcolm, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Monro, 296, Bath Street, Clasgow, c.2. Crawley, Blick, B.A. (Oxon.), 88, Church Street, London, W.8. Cutler, Leonard Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 59, Totteridge Road, Enfield Wash. Davis, Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Weighton Road, Harrow Weald, Niddx. Dyke, Wilfrid James Cecil, B.Sc. (Wales), 54, The Hill, Beaufort, Mon. Gray, Harry Mervyn, B.A. (Oxon.), 18, Beaufort Road, Clifton, Bristol. Hales, Roland Edwards, B.Sc. (Lond.), Mexicana de Petroleo, El Aguila, Apartado 16, Minatitlan, Ver., Mexico. 349 Halson, Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 32, Sunny Hill, Hendon, London, N.W.4. Harris, William Edward, B.Sc.(Wales), Glyndwr, Commercial Road, Machen, &Ion. Jones, Karl Bryce Warner, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., U.P.A.S.I.Tea Experimental Station, Devarshola P.O., Silgiris, India. Kellett, Stanley, B.Sc. (Leeds), 8, Croft Terrace, New Farnley, Leeds. Lloyd, Edric lvor, B.Sc. (\Tales), Hendreladis, Penrhos, Ystradgynlais, Breconshire. &Combs, Terence Henderson, RI.Sc. (N.Z.), Clifton, Sumner, K.Z. Miller, Ernest John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm,), 30, Sunnyside Road, Ealing, London, W.5. Norton, James Hogg, BSc. (Lond.), 21, Walker Street, Paisley. Mosses, Arthur Neville, M,Sc. (Sheffield), 33, St. Ann's Road, Rotherham. Pettinger, Arthur Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Berners Street, Wakefield, Yorks. Pitt, Arthur Trapp, RSc.(Lond.), 17, Werter Road. Putney, London, S.W.15. Preston, Graham Holmes, B.Sc. (Birm,), 124, Emscote Road, Warwiclr. Price, Leslie Slater, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Lyndene, Sorthway, Winnington, Korthwich. Rains, Harry Gascoyne, M.Sc. (Sheff.), 23, Sycamore Road, Linthorpe, 31iddlesbrough. Rees, Alyn Idris, M.Sc. (Wales), Ellan Vanmn, Heol-y-Forlan, Whit- church, Cardiff. Roberts, Robert Emrys, B.Sc. (\t7a1es), Rydal Mount, Dinorwic Street, Caernarvon. Robertson, Hamish, B.Sc. (Glas.), The Old Schoolhouse, High Street, Oban, Scotland. Scott, Percy Douglas, JLSc. (Dun.), 2, Church Street, Marley Hill, New- castle-on-Tyne.Silcox, Arthur Leonard, B.Sc. (Wales), Eastbourne, Langland Bay,Mumbles, Swansea. Sinclair, Ian, B.Sc. (Glas.), Lochvicw, Killearn, Stirlingshire. Smith.Gordon, BSc., Ph.D. (Edin.), The Schoolhouse, Nurthly, Perthshire. Smith, Mervyn Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Carshalton Road, Nitcham Junction, Surrey. Soan!, Oscar Vincent, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Attock Oil Co., Ltd., Rawalpindi, India. Stein, Norman Oscar, B.Sc. (Manitoba), 3l.S. (Michigan), 216, Burdett Road, London, E.3. Steinmann, Henry Albert, 40, Hawthorn Terrace, Xew Earswick, York. Stoyle, John Alexander Robertson, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 49, Caledonia Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Taylor, Edward Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 38, Nailour Street, Caledonian Road, London, K.7. Thonison, Thomas, B.Sc. (Glas.), 4, Paxton Street, Iiilmarnock. Avrshire. Upton, Charles Treyhern, B.Sc. (Birm.), 156, Kenelm Road, Small Heath, Birmingham.S'asundhara, Niss Adipudi, M.A.(Madras), B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Nuthukrishna Mudali Street, Nylapore, Madras, S. India. Walters, Thomas Morgan, B.Sc. (Wales), Gwalia, Victoria Road, Waunarl- wydd, Swansea. Weighton, David Jamieson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Park Street, Hull. Weir, Arthur Rose, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Lancaster Park, Richmond, Surrey. Williams, Emlyn, B.Sc. (Wales). 30, Friar3 Avenue, Bangor, S. Wales. 350 New Students. Allen, Eric Charles, 37, Vivian Avenue, Wembley Hill. Anderson, James Henry, 403, Alum Rock Road, Saltley, Birmingham. Armitage, Rowland, 57, Lee Green, Mirfield, Yorks. Bean, Cecil Morris, 23, Devereux Road, London, S.W.11. Briggs, Harold, 61, Kings Mill Lane, Huddersfield. Browne, Reginald Hunt, 3, Freeland Road, London, W.5. Davis, Arthur Leslie, 8, Broadfields Avenue, Edgware, Jliddx.Donaldson, Edward, 104, Dalry Road, Edinburgh. Dunton, George Herbert, 27, Upcot Street, Hatcham, London, S.E. 15. Fisher, Harold Maurice, 28, Albert Street, Burton-on-Trent. Fleming, William Alexander Latto, 23, Sairn Street, Glasgow, C.3. Crindley, David Noel, 28, Tollemache Road, Claughton, Birkenhead. Hodson, William Frederick, 87, Burton Road, Woodville, nr. Burton-on- Trent. Jarrett, Frank Ralph, 18, Warren Road, Purley. Johnston, 3liss Hilda Ellen, 126, Clifford Gardens, Kensal Rise, London, N.W.6. Kent, Arthur Vincent, 8, Beverley Street, Port Talbot. Killcross, Eric Leathu-ood, 105, St. Helens Road, Leigh, Lanes. Latham, Harold Hall, 226, Hagley Road, Birmingham.Lucas, Ernest, 41, Ukraine Road, Lower Kersal, Salford. Jlacnair, John Aitken, 39, Monksbridge AT-enue, Knightswood, Glasgowr-, w.3. LIIcKinlay, Robert Hay, 415, Shields Road, Pollokshields, Glasgow. Milner, George, 119, Tan y groes Street, Port Talbot. Pay, Arthur Stafford, 34, Nethercourt Road, Church End, Finchley, S.3. Rodway, Leslie Willliam, 13, Portland Street, Cheltenham. Sheppard, George Wilhelm, 15, Norbury Court Road, London, S.TV.16. Staynes, Miss Gertrude Margaret, 33, Highfield Street, Leicester. Stratford, Claude Lawson, 7, Winifred Road, Didsbury, Manchester. Sweeten, John Langhorne, 52, Park Road, Blackpool. Wilson, Hector Nuir Dam-son, 35, Iiingswood Drive, Cathcart, Glasgow.Winfield, Richard, 43, Westmorland Road, Urmston, Manchester. Woolgar, Cedric Warren. 17, St. Matthew's Road, Worthing. DEATHS. Fellows. John Edward Purvis, M.A. (Cantab), A.K.C.Sc.1. Edward William Voelcker, A.R.S.M. 351 General Notices. Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council:-By-law 26. (1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form: “We the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24 (2). No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer, for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up as on a casual vacancy.The Vice-president and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, and March, 1931,in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election, are as follows:- Vice-President. Arthur Jenner Chapman. Members of Council. Alfred Archibald Boon, D.Sc. Frank George Edmed, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. George Davidson Elsdon, B.Sc. William Howieson Gibson, O.B.E., D.Sc. Douglas William Kent-Jones, B.Sc., Ph.D. Leslie Herbert Lampitt, D.Sc.Charles Ainsworth Mitchell, &LA.,D.Sc. Peter Wright Tainsh, O.B.E., A.R.T.C. Oliver Trigger, M.B.E. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 4.30 p.m. on Monday, 19th January, 193 1. 352 The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Monday, 2nd March, 1931. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council who will continue in office are as follows:- (i) Birmingham and Midlands : William Wardlaw, D.Sc. (iii) Liverpool and Xorth-Western: Walter Ferguson Buist, B.Sc. (iv) London and South Eastern Counties: George Stubbs, C.B.E. (v) Manchester and District: William David Rogers, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (ri) North-East Coast and Yorkshire: Harry Malkin Mason, M.Sc. (vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Alee Munro Cameron, B.Sc.(viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland: Frederick William Harris. (ix) Wales and the Countyof Monmouth: Leonard. EricHinkel, D.Sc. (x) Northern Ireland: John Hawthorne, B.A., Ph.D. (xi) Irish Free State: William Robert Fearon, M.A., Sc.D. Mr. Edward Russell, B.Sc., has been nominated as District Member of Council in succession to Mr. A. W. M. Wintle for (ii) Bristol and South Western Counties District. KOnomination has been received for District (xii) The Over- seas Dominions and elsewhere abroad, in succession to Col. S. W. Bunker, D.S.O., M.C., BSc. The vacancy will be filled in due course by the Council. Examinations in 1931.---The arrangements for examina- tions after January, 1931 are as follows:- Dates of Examinations.Entries close. 13th to 17th April or 20th to 24th April. Monday, 16th February, 1931. 14th to 18th September or zIst to 25th September. Monday, 20th July, 1931. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. Pedler Research Scholarship.-Under the regulations for the award of the Pedler Scholarship, the scholar is required to undertake work on a problem or problems to be chosen by the Council, having special regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest. 353 The selected problem will be announced in due course, and the Pedler Fund Committee will invite applications from candi- dates for the scholarship.The successful candidate will be informed of his or her appointment as soon as possible after the award. The scholarship is of the annual value of E300, payable monthly, and tenable for one year, but, at the discretion of the Council, may be extended for any further period at the same rate. The work shall be conducted in a laboratory approved by the Council, and under the general direction of any person or persons, duly authorised by the Council for this purpose, who shall report to the Pedler Fund Committee from time to time as required. The Council will defray the expenses of the research out of the Pedlet Fund, all such expenses being subject to the approval of the Council or of an officer duly authorised for this purpose.The results of the investigations undertaken by the scholar shall be the property of the Institute, and shall be published as the Council may direct. Any such publication, however, shall be in the name of the scholar solely. (See pp. 314-315.) Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register, Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. 354 Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s.6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute provides a collection of books primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations, but is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10 a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of 355 the Sooo periodicals in the Library which may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. 2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain Sr Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms: buckram case, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s.8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection consists mainly of portraits of al-chemists and chemists and is constantly being augmented by the addition of new slides to meet the wishes of lecturers.The loan of other slides can often be arranged. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. 356 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES, 1ST MARCH TO 19~~DECEMBER, 1930. Council Council in Committees Committee IG.C. Clavton. Pres.* .. .. *. 70 2.5_. 3 A. J. Chapman, V.P. .. .. .. 7 6 5 33 F. D. Chattaway, V.P. .. .. .. 1 2 73 L. Eynon, V.P. .. .. *. .. 8 6 28 25 3 E. Hinks, V.P. .. .. .. .. 8 6 18 16 4 B. F.Howard, V.P. .. .. .. 8 7 19 18 3 A. Smithells, V.P. .. .. .. 2 0 A2P.H. Kirkaldy, Treas. .. .. .. 8 7 33 32 7 E. R. Bolton .. .. .. .. 6 1 24 7 1 A. A. Boon . . .. *. .. .. 0 0 20 H. V.A. Briscoe ,. .. .. .. 3 1 s 0 H.B. Brown ,. .. .. .. 1 4 19 4 1 W. F.Buist .. .. .. .. it Ot 12 2 S. W.Bunker . . .. .. .. 0 0 ti0 W. J. A. Buttefield .. .. .. 8 6 5 2 1 A. M.Cameron . . .. .. .. 1 1 50 ,4.Coulthard .. .. .. .. 4 0 12 0 A. E. Dunstan .. .. .. .. 3 1 18 2 1 F. G. Edmed .. .. .. .. 8 5 65 G. D. Elsdon .... .. .. 2 0 4 21 W. R. Fearon . . .. .. .. 1 0 .i 0 C. S. Gibson .. .. .. .. 4 1 7 03 W. H. Gibson . . .. .. .. 0 0 19 0 F. W.Harris .. .. *. .. 3 0 16 0 J. Hawthorne . . .. .. .. 3 0 11 T. P. Hilditch ., *. .. .. 6 0 91 L. E. Hinkel .. .. .. .. 4 3 .i 0 G. N. Huntly .. .. .. .. 6 4 4 31 D. W.Kent-Jones .. .. .. 4 3 14 6 J. G. King .... .. .. .. 1 2 19 3 2 L. H. Lampitt . . .. .. .. 5 5 18 5 1 H. Levinstein .. .. .. .. 2 0 40 P. Lewis-Dale . . .. .. .. 4 5 42 D.Jordan Lloyd .. .. .. .. 5 5 64 H. M. Mason .. .. .. .. 5 1 3 0 H.McCombie . . .. .. .. 3 0 I1 C. A. Mitchell . . .. .. .. 6 4 21 7 1 B. P. Ridge .. .. .. .. .. 6 1 41 W. H. Roberts . . .. .. .. 1 2 I 0 1 W. D. Rogers .. .. .. .. 1 1 50 G. Stubbs .... .. .. .. 8 7 20 15 3 P. W. Tainsh .. *. .. .. 1 0 40 A. R.Tankard .. .. .. .. 0 0 60 0. Trigger .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 16 0 W. Wardlaw .. .. .. .. 5 2 91 F. J. Wilson. , .. .. .. .. 1 2 71 -4.W.M. Wintle .. .. .. .. 8 7 3 51 * Ex-oflcio member of all Committees. t Of a possible 6.